Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

List of mayors of Esch-sur-Alzette

2014-02-07T09:04:39Z

Baltshazzar: update and correction of obvious error (second term of Schmit)

The following persons have been '''[[mayor]]''' of the [[Communes of Luxembourg|commune]] and [[List of cities in Luxembourg|city]] of '''[[Esch-sur-Alzette]]''' in [[Luxembourg]].

==List of mayors==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 width=250px | Name
! width=80px | Start
! width=80px | End
|-
!
| [[Johannes-Nepomuk Haas]]
| 1814
| 1828
|-
!
| [[Henri Motté]]
| 1828
| 1830
|-
!
| [[Jacques Schmit]] (first time)
| 1830
| 1836
|-
!
| [[François-Joseph Hoferlin]]
| 1836
| 1841
|-
!
| [[Dominique Stoffel]]
| 1841
| 1843
|-
!
| [[Jacques Schmit]] (second time)
| 1843
| 1861
|-
!
| [[Pierre Claude]]
| 1861
| 1878
|-
!
| [[Dominique Joseph Hoferlin]]
| 1879
| 1906
|-
!
| [[Léon Metz]]
| 1906
| 1909
|-
!
| [[Armand Spoo]]
| 1909
| 1911
|-
!
| [[Jean-Pierre Michels]]
| 1912
| 1917
|-
! style="background-color: {{Party of the Right (Luxembourg)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Nicolas Biwer]]
| 1917
| 1919
|-
! style="background-color: {{Party of the Right (Luxembourg)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Pierre Pierrard]]
| 1919
| 1920
|-
! style="background-color: {{Socialist Party (Luxembourg)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Victor Wilhelm]]
| 1921
| 1934
|-
! style="background-color: {{Socialist Party (Luxembourg)/meta/color}}" |
| [[Hubert Clément]]
| 1935
| 1945<ref>Mayor in name only under [[German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II|Nazi occupation]] (1940 - 1944)</ref>
|-
! style="background-color: {{Communist Party of Luxembourg/meta/color}}" |
| [[Arthur Useldinger]] (first time)
| 1946
| 1949
|-
! style="background-color: {{Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Michel Rasquin]]
| 1949
| 1951
|-
! style="background-color: {{Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Antoine Krier]]
| 1951
| 1965
|-
! style="background-color: {{Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Jules Schreiner]]
| 1965
| 1969
|-
! style="background-color: {{Communist Party of Luxembourg/meta/color}}" |
| [[Arthur Useldinger]] (second time)
| 1970
| 1978
|-
! style="background-color: {{Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Joseph Brebsom]]
| 1978
| 1990
|-
! style="background-color: {{Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[François Schaack]]
| 1990
| 2000
|-
! style="background-color: {{Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Lydia Mutsch]]
| 2000
| 2014
|-
! style="background-color: {{Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Vera Spautz]]
| 2014
| ''Present day''
|}

==Footnotes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

[[Category:Mayors of Esch-sur-Alzette| ]]
[[Category:Lists of mayors of places in Luxembourg|Esch-sur-Alzette]]

San Luis Obispo, California

2013-06-11T09:47:33Z

Baltshazzar: /* Notable ordinances */

{{Redirect|San Luis Obispo}}
{{Infobox settlement

|official_name = City of San Luis Obispo |
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname = SLO
|settlement_type = [[City (California)|City]]
|motto =

|image_skyline = sanluisobispo.jpg |
|imagesize =
|image_caption = The city of San Luis Obispo looking east from the top of [[Bishop Peak (California)|Bishop Peak]].
|image_flag = Slocityflag.gif|
|flag_size =
|image_seal = San Luis Obispo ca seal.png
|seal_size =
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|image_map = San_Luis_Obispo_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_San_Luis_Obispo_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location in [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County]] and the state of [[California]]
|image_map1 =
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[County (United States)|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
|established_title = Incorporated
|established_date = February 16, 1856

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Jan Howell Marx
|leader_title1 = [[California State Legislature|State Senate]]
|leader_name1 = [[Sam Blakeslee]] ([[California Republican Party|R]])
|leader_title2 = [[California State Assembly|State Assembly]]
|leader_name2 = Katcho Achadjian
|leader_name21856<ref>http://www.slochamber.org/cm/Doing_Business_in_SLO/Economic%20Profile/Home.html</ref>

|area_magnitude =
| unit_pref =US
| area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt U.S. Census]</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 12.930
| area_land_sq_mi = 12.777
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.153
| area_total_km2 = 33.489
| area_land_km2 = 33.093
| area_water_km2 = 0.396
| area_water_percent = 1.18
| area_note =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
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|area_blank1_title =
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|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 45119
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi = auto
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|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 35 |latm = 16 |lats = 27 |latNS = N
|longd = 120 |longm = 39 |longs = 47 |longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m = 71
|elevation_ft = 233

|postal_code_type = [[ZIP codes]]
|postal_code = 93401-93403, 93405-93410, 93412
|area_code = [[Area code 805|805]] |area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 06-68154
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1652788
|website = http://www.slocity.org/, http://wikiSLO.org/
|footnotes =
}}
'''San Luis Obispo''' ({{IPAc-en|s|æ|n|_|ˈ|l|uː|ɪ|s|_|ɵ|ˈ|b|ɪ|s|p|oʊ}}; Spanish for ''[[Saint Louis of Toulouse|St. Louis, the Bishop of Toulouse]]'') is a city in [[California]], located roughly midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the [[Central Coast (California)|Central Coast]]. Founded in 1772 by Spanish Fr. [[Junípero Serra]], San Luis Obispo is one of California's oldest [[communities]]. The city, locally referred to as ''San Luis,'' ''SLO,'' or ''SLO Town'' (as its county is also referred to as ''SLO'') is the [[county seat]] of [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County]] and is adjacent to [[California Polytechnic State University]]. The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census.<ref name=slodemog>{{USCensus-2010CA}}</ref> The population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010.

==History==
[[File:San Luis Obispo, 1876.jpg|thumb|400px|left|The city in 1876]]

The earliest human inhabitants of the local area were the [[Chumash people]]s. One of the earliest villages lies south of San Luis Obispo and reflects the landscape of the early [[Holocene]] when estuaries came farther inland. These Chumash people exploited marine resources of the inlets and bays along the Central Coast and inhabited a network of villages including sites at [[Los Osos, California|Los Osos]] and [[Morro Creek]].<ref>C.Michael Hogan (2008) ''Morro Creek'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502]</ref>

During the [[Spanish Empire]] expansion throughout the world, specifically in 1769, Spanish Franciscan [[Junípero Serra]] received orders from Spain to bring the Catholic faith to the Natives of [[Alta California]]; the idea was to unify the empire under the same religion and language. [[Mission San Diego]] was the first [[Spanish missions in California|Spanish mission]] founded in Alta California that same year.

On September 7–8, 1769, [[Gaspar de Portolà]] traveled through the San Luis Obispo area on his way to rediscover the [[Monterey Bay]]. The expedition's diarist, Padre [[Juan Crespí]], recorded the name given to this area by the soldiers as llano de los Osos, or the level of the bears (Bear Plain), as this was an area with an abundance of bears. Since then, various translations of the Crespí Diary have called this area La Cañada de Los Osos (The track of the Bears) which has been further mistranslated as the Valley of the Bears.
In 1770, Junípero Serra founded the second mission, [[Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo|San Carlos Borromeo]], in [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] which was moved to [[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|Carmel]] the following year. As supplies dwindled in 1772 at the then-four missions, the people faced starvation. Remembering the Valley of the Bears, a hunting expedition was sent to bring back food in the summer of 1772. Over twenty-five mule loads of dried bear meat and seed was sent north to relieve the missionaries, soldiers, and neophytes (baptized Natives). The Natives were impressed at the ease by which the Spaniards could take down the huge grizzlies with their weapons. Some of the meat was traded with the local people in exchange for edible seed. It was after this that Junípero Serra decided that La Cañada de Los Osos would be an ideal place for the fifth mission. The area had abundant supplies of food and water, the climate was also very mild, and the local [[Chumash people|Chumash]] were very friendly. With soldiers, muleteers, and pack animals carrying mission supplies, Junípero Serra set out on a journey to reach the Valley of the Bears. On September 1, 1772, Junípero Serra celebrated the first Mass with a cross erected near San Luis Creek. The very next day, he departed for San Diego leaving Fr. [[José Cavaller]], with the difficult task of building the mission. Fr. José Cavaller, five soldiers and two neophytes began building what is today called [[Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa]] and would become later the town of San Luis Obispo.

After Junípero Serra left, the difficult task of actually building the mission remained. The mission was built with adobe and tile structures. The mission included: the church, the priest's residence, the convento, the storerooms, residences for single women and families from Spain, soldiers' barracks, and mills. The mission also had land for farming and raising livestock, as the whole community of priests, Natives and soldiers needed to produce goods for their own livelihood.

When the [[Mexican War of Independence]] from Spain broke out in 1810, all California missions were virtually self-sufficient, receiving few funds from Spain.

With the independence from Spain there was little left of the thriving community of earlier times. Soon after Mexico won her independence from Spain (1821), the Missions were secularized by the Mexican government. However, the community remained in the same location of what is today San Luis Obispo.

San Luis Obispo once had a burgeoning Chinatown in the vicinity of Palm St. and Chorro St. Laborers were brought from China by [[Ah Louis]] in order to construct the [[Pacific Coast Railway]], roads connecting San Luis Obispo to [[Paso Robles, California|Paso Robles]] and Paso Robles to [[Cambria, California|Cambria]], and also the 1884 to 1894 tunneling through Cuesta Ridge for the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]]. The town's Chinatown revolved around [[Ah Louis]] Store and other Palm Street businesses owned and run by Chinese business people. Today, Mee Heng Low chop suey shop is all that remains of the culture, although a slightly Chinatown-themed commercial development is being planned. A display of some of the unearthed relics from this period can be seen on the first floor of the Palm Street parking garage, which was built over the location where Chinatown once stood. The San Luis Obispo Historical Society (adjacent to the Mission) also contains rotating historical exhibits.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/5views/5views3h2.htm ''Five Views: An Ethnic History Site Survey'']</ref>

San Luis Obispo was also a popular stop on both [[U.S. Route 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]] and [[California State Route 1]] with the rise of car culture. Due to its popularity as a stop, it was the location of the first [[motel]], the [[Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo|Milestone Mo-Tel]].

Among San Luis Obispo's historical buildings is the former San Luis Obispo [[Carnegie Library]], located at 696 Monterey Street. The San Luis Obispo Carnegie Library was built in 1905 with a grant of $10,000 from [[Andrew Carnegie]], who funded the establishment of 142 California libraries in the early 1900s. The [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque style]] building was designed by architect [[W. H. Weeks]] of [[Watsonville, California]] and was built by contractor Joseph Maino of San Luis Obispo. As one of numerous California public buildings designed by W. H. Weeks, it shares features with Carnegie libraries in nearby [[Lompoc, California|Lompoc]] and [[Paso Robles, California|Paso Robles]].<ref>http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=11605</ref> The San Luis Obispo Carnegie building served as the city library until 1955, when a new public library was built at the corner of Palm and Morro Streets.<ref>http://www.slochs.org/museum.asp</ref> It has been home to the San Luis Obispo County Historical Museum since 1956.<ref>http://www.slochs.org/building.asp</ref> The Carnegie Library building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CA/San+Luis+Obispo/state.html</ref>

San Luis Obispo's largest and oldest voluntary organization is the [http://slochamber.org/cm/Home.html San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce], which also is the oldest and largest voluntary organization in San Luis Obispo County.

==Geography==
San Luis Obispo is located at 35°16'27" North, 120°39'47" West (35.274305, −120.663192).{{GR|1}}

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|12.93|sqmi}}, of which, {{convert|12.78|sqmi}} of it is land and {{convert|0.15|sqmi}} of it (1.18%) is water.

San Luis Obispo is on the [[West Coast of the United States]] and in the [[Central Coast (California)|Central Coast of California]]. The Pacific Ocean is only about {{convert|11|mi|km}} west of San Luis Obispo. The [[Santa Lucia Mountains]] lie just east of San Luis Obispo. These mountains are the headwaters for [[San Luis Obispo Creek]], whose watershed encompasses {{convert|84|sqmi|km2}} surrounding the city and flows to the Pacific Ocean at [[Avila Beach, California|Avila Beach]].<ref>{{cite report |title=San Luis Obispo Creek Watershed Enhancement Plan |authors=Brian B. Stark, Brett Wilkison |date=2002-01 |publisher=The Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County |pages=93 |url=http://www.coastalrcd.org/images/cms/files/SLO%20Creek%20Watershed%20Enhancement%20Plan.pdf |accessdate=2013-01-20 }}</ref>

San Luis Obispo is a seismically active area; there are a number of nearby faults including the [[San Andreas Fault]]. The [[Nine Sisters]] are a string of hills that partially run through San Luis Obispo. They are [[geologically]] noteworthy for being [[volcanic plug]]s. Six of the nine peaks are open to the public for recreation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://santalucia.sierraclub.org/ninesis.html |title=The Nine Sisters of San Luis Obispo County |accessdate=2007-02-12 |work=[[Sierra Club]]}}</ref>

{{Panorama|image=Image:360-SLO-Calpoly.jpg |fullwidth=22113 |fullheight=1916 |caption=360° panorama of Cal Poly and San Luis Obispo, California taken from the top of Poly Canyon; [[Cerro San Luis]] and Bishop Peak in the middle with Cal Poly below. |height=300}}

===Climate===
San Luis Obispo experiences a cool [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csb''). On average it has 50 days with measurable rain per year – mostly during winter months. Summers are generally warm and sunny, often with morning fog from the Pacific coast. Winters are generally mild, though below freezing lows may be expected 4 nights per year.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Temperatures do, however, vary widely at any time of the year, with {{convert|80|°F|°C|abbr=on}} readings in January and February not uncommon. Storms of any kind are rare (although in October 2009 an unusually powerful early-season storm drenched the city with nearly {{convert|8|in|mm}} of rain).{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

{{Weather box
|location = San Luis Obispo (1981–2010 normals)
|single line = Y |imperial first = Y
|Jan high F = 61.1
|Feb high F = 62.0
|Mar high F = 63.6
|Apr high F = 66.4
|May high F = 69.3
|Jun high F = 73.0
|Jul high F = 76.0
|Aug high F = 76.9
|Sep high F = 76.8
|Oct high F = 73.7
|Nov high F = 67.3
|Dec high F = 61.1
|year high F = 69.0
|Jan low F = 43.6
|Feb low F = 44.8
|Mar low F = 45.8
|Apr low F = 47.0
|May low F = 49.2
|Jun low F = 52.1
|Jul low F = 54.5
|Aug low F = 54.8
|Sep low F = 54.3
|Oct low F = 51.5
|Nov low F = 47.1
|Dec low F = 43.1
|year low F = 49.0
|Jan precipitation inch = 4.95
|Feb precipitation inch = 5.12
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.97
|Apr precipitation inch = 1.39
|May precipitation inch = .47
|Jun precipitation inch = .10
|Jul precipitation inch = .02
|Aug precipitation inch = .04
|Sep precipitation inch = .26
|Oct precipitation inch = .93
|Nov precipitation inch = 2.16
|Dec precipitation inch = 3.71
|year precipitation inch = 23.12
|precipitation colour = green
|source 1 = <ref>http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliNORMNCDC2010.pl?ca7851</ref>
|date=December 2012
}}

==Demographics==

{{USCensusPop
|1870= 1579
|1880= 2243
|1890= 2995
|1900= 3021
|1910= 5157
|1920= 5805
|1930= 8276
|1940= 8881
|1950= 14180
|1960= 20437
|1970= 28036
|1980= 34252
|1990= 41958
|2000= 44174
|2010= 45119}}

[[Image:San Luis Obispo in Fall and Spring.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Cerro San Luis as seen from Bishop's Peak. A montage of two photos taken in September 2006 and March 2007. (The differences between plant cover in the hot and the cold season are typical for the city's [[Mediterranean climate]].)]]

===2010===
The [[2010 United States Census]]<ref name=slodemog /> reported that San Luis Obispo had a population of 45,119. The population density was 3,489.4 people per square mile (1,347.3/km²). The racial makeup of San Luis Obispo was 38,117 (84.5%) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 523 (1.2%) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 275 (0.6%) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2,350 (5.2%) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 65 (0.1%) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1,973 (4.4%) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1,816 (4.0%) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 6,626 persons (14.7%).

The Census reported that 43,937 people (97.4% of the population) lived in households, 967 (2.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 215 (0.5%) were institutionalized.

There were 19,193 households, out of which 3,178 (16.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,690 (29.6%) were [[marriage|opposite-sex married couples]] living together, 1,336 (7.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 586 (3.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,104 (5.8%) [[POSSLQ|unmarried opposite-sex partnerships]], and 124 (0.6%) [[same-sex partnerships|same-sex married couples or partnerships]]. 6,213 households (32.4%) were made up of individuals and 1,957 (10.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29. There were 7,612 [[family (U.S. Census)|families]] (39.7% of all households); the average family size was 2.81.

The population was spread out with 5,522 people (12.2%) under the age of 18, 15,670 people (34.7%) aged 18 to 24, 9,630 people (21.3%) aged 25 to 44, 8,866 people (19.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,431 people (12.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26.5 years. For every 100 females there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.2 males.

There were 20,553 housing units at an average density of 1,589.5 per square mile (613.7/km²), of which 7,547 (39.3%) were owner-occupied, and 11,646 (60.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.7%. 17,225 people (38.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 26,712 people (59.2%) lived in rental housing units.

===2000===
As of the 2000 census{{GR|2}}, there are 44,750 people, 18,639 households, and 7,697 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] is 4,144.5 people per square mile (1,600.0/km²). There are 19,306 housing units at an average density of 1,811.3 per square mile (699.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 84.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 5.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.7% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.1% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 4.8% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.6% from two or more races. 11.7% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There are 18,639 households out of which 17.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them. 31.3% are married couples living together, 7.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 58.7% are non-families. 32.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.27 and the average family size is 2.86.

In the city the population is spread out with 14.2% under the age of 18, 33.6% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 26 years. For every 100 females there are 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 106.3 males.

The median [[income]] for a household in the city is $31,926, and the median income for a family is $56,319. The median household income in [http://slochamber.org/cm/Doing_Business_in_SLO/Economic%20Profile/Demographics.html San Luis Obispo County] is $60,534, and the median family income is $72,327. Males have a median income of $41,915 versus $27,407 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $20,386. 26.6% of the population and 7.1% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 9.3% of those under the age of 18 and 4.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
{{-}}

==Government==

===Local===
San Luis Obispo is an [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] as a [[charter city]]. It is also the [[county seat]] of [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County]]. The [[city charter]] provides for a "Council-Mayor-City Manager" form of municipal government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slocity.org/cityclerk/download/citycharter2008.pdf |title=San Luis Obipso City Charter |accessdate=2010-12-15 |work=City of San Luis Obispo}}</ref> The City Council has five members, a [[mayor]] who is elected to two year terms, with each mayor limited to serving no more than four consecutive terms, and four city council members who are elected to four year terms, with each council member limited to serving no more than two consecutive terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slocity.org/organization.asp |title=City Government: City Structure |accessdate=2007-02-12 |work=City of San Luis Obispo}}</ref>

====Fire department====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2008}}
The fire department of San Luis Obispo was first organized in 1872 and now has 45 full-time [[firefighter]]s and four [[fire station]]s ({{As of|2007|lc=on}}).<ref name="ci.san-luis-obispo.ca.us">{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.san-luis-obispo.ca.us/fire/about.asp |title=City of San Luis Obispo Fire Department |work=City of San Luis Obispo |accessdate=2007-05-22}}</ref> The SLO City Fire Stations are staffed with three-man ALS engine companies and a four-man ALS Truck company. Each apparatus has at least one paramedic on duty each day. The department responds to over 4,500 calls each year. The San Luis Obispo City Fire Department also maintains a bike medic program which is used at the Farmers' Market and other special events throughout the city. Four members of the Fire Department are also on the San Luis Obispo SWAT Team as SWAT Medics and respond using Squad 1 (an ALS equipped ambulance which also carries some light rescue gear and other specialty tools) The front-line members of the department are represented by the San Luis Obispo City Firefighters' IAFF Local 3523.<ref name="ci.san-luis-obispo.ca.us"/>

====Notable ordinances====
In June 1990 City Councilman [[Jerry Reiss]] proposed a city ordinance to [[Smoking ban|ban smoking]] in all indoor public areas. Following a failed effort by [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]] to defeat the ordinance, the City Council voted 4–1 in favor on June 19, 1990 with only Mayor [[Ron Dunin]] dissenting. As a result, on August 2, 1990, San Luis Obispo became the first municipality in the world to ban smoking in all public buildings, including bars and restaurants. This statute has been a catalyst worldwide in anti-smoking legislation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tobacco.org/News/010129garth.html |title=Letter to Nebraska Senators from San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce in favor of Smokefree Legislation |work=Tobacco.org |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-02/news/mn-1350_1_san-luis-obispo | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Miles | last=Corwin | date=August 2, 1990 | title=Smokers Snuffed : San Luis Obispo Will Implement Nation's Toughest Tobacco Law Today}}</ref><ref>STRICT SMOKING BAN OK'D, San Jose Mercury News, June 21, 1990</ref> In April, 2010, San Luis Obispo strengthened its anti-smoking legislation, making smoking in public, excepting for certain conditions, a citable offense beginning on June 20, 2010.<ref>[http://920kvec.com/San-Luis-Obispo-Smoking-Ban-Now-In-Effect/7596314 San Luis Obispo Smoking Ban Now in Effect]</ref>

In 1982, following public hearings, the City Council approved an ordinance forbidding the construction of "[[drive-through]]" businesses.<ref>http://www.sanluisobispo.com/178/story/73096.html</ref> [[In-N-Out Burger]] opened a restaurant in the nearby town of Atascadero because of the ban.<ref>http://www.atascadero.org/media/council/2c72cfcC-1-Drive-thrus.pdf</ref> In 2008 the City Council voted 3–2 to keep the ban.<ref>http://www.qsrmagazine.com/articles/features/120/emissions-1.phtml</ref><ref>http://www.qsrweb.com/article.php?id=9886</ref>

In 1982 a city ordinance was passed that prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages at any business selling gasoline, with the exception of one Mobil (now Union 76) service station on South Higuera Street that was [[Grandfather clause|grandfathered in]] prior to the ordinance. The city council voted 3–2 to abolish the ordinance in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-regional/10274368-1.html|title= San Luis Obispo, California, City Council Allows Gas Stations to Sell Beer, Wine|last= Lynem|first= Julie|date= February 18, 2004|accessdate=2008-12-22|work= [[The Tribune (San Luis Obispo)]]|publisher= [[AllBusiness.com]]}}</ref>

In April 2010, an "unruly gathering" ordinance passed with a vote of 4–1. This ordinance poses a fine of $700 for the hosts of gatherings with more than 20 people on private property which create a substantial disturbance in a significant amount of the neighborhood. Unlawful conduct includes [[Noise regulation|excessive noise]]; [[public drunkenness]]; serving alcohol to minors; fighting; urinating in public; crowds overflowing into yards, sidewalks, or streets; or similar unlawful behaviors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mustangdaily.net/unruly-gathering-ordinance-passes-without-protest/|last=Barba|first=Jessica|publisher=Mustang Daily|title = Unruly Gathering Ordinance Passes Without Protest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.san-luis-obispo.ca.us/police/pdfs/unrulgathrules.pdf|last=Tregenza|first=Ardith|publisher=San Luis Obispo Police Department|title=Unruly Gathering Rules|format=PDF}}</ref>

===State and federal===
In the [[California State Legislature|state legislature]] San Luis Obispo is located in the 15th [[California State Senate|Senate]] District, represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Sam Blakeslee]], and in the 33rd [[California State Assembly|Assembly]] District, represented by Republican Katcho Achadjian. Federally, San Luis Obispo is located in [[California's 23rd congressional district]], which has a [[Cook Partisan Voting Index|Cook PVI]] of D +9<ref>{{cite web | title = Will Gerrymandered Districts Stem the Wave of Voter Unrest? | publisher = Campaign Legal Center Blog | url=http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-85.html | accessdate =2008-02-10}}</ref> and is represented by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Lois Capps]].

==Economy==
Six of San Luis Obispo County's top ten employers, as shown below, fall in the [[Standard Industrial Classification|classification]] of Services, four fall in Public Administration. Downtown San Luis Obispo is centered around the carefully restored [[Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa]]. The downtown area also has many eclectic shops and boutiques. New downtown shopping centers have been added in recent years. The Court Street Center and Downtown Center house stores that belong to nationwide chains. One of the primary draws of this area for students, visitors, and residents alike is the plethora of outdoor sports such as hiking, kayaking, surfing, windsurfing, skimboarding, diving, sailing, and kite boarding. Southwest of the town center, several large shopping centers have developed since 2003. [[Takken's Shoes]] is headquartered in San Luis Obispo. [[Ernie Ball]]'s Music Man factory is located in San Luis Obispo.

Scenes from the 1990 film ''[[My Blue Heaven (1990 film)|My Blue Heaven]]'' were filmed in commercial areas of San Luis Obispo. Scenes from the 2002 film ''[[Murder by Numbers]]'' were filmed in and around San Luis Obispo.
===Top employers===

According to the City's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref>[http://www.slocity.org/finance/download/cafr/cafr09.pdf City of San Luis Obispo CAFR]</ref> the top employers in the city are:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
| 1
|[[California Polytechnic State University]]
|2,693
|-
|2
|[[San Luis Obispo County, California|County of San Luis Obispo]]
|2,570
|-
|3
|[[California Men's Colony]]
|2,000
|-
|4
|[[Pacific Gas and Electric Company|Pacific Gas and Electric]] ([[Diablo Canyon Power Plant|Diablo Canyon]])
|1,719
|-
|5
|Cal Poly Corporation
|1,641
|-
|6
|[[Cuesta College]]
|1,559
|-
|7
|[[Tenet Healthcare]]
|1,100
|-
|8
|San Luis Coastal Unified School District
|873
|-
|9
|City of San Luis Obispo
|583
|-
|10
|[[Community Action Agencies|Community Action Partnership]] of San Luis Obispo County
|403
|-
|}

==Education==
[[Image:Cal-Poly-performing-arts-center.jpg|thumb|right|Cal Poly Performing Arts Center]]
All public K-12 institutions in San Luis Obispo are operated by [[San Luis Coastal Unified School District]], which contains seven elementary schools, one middle school (Laguna Middle School), and one high school, [[San Luis Obispo High School]]. There are also two private elementary schools and one private high school, [[Mission College Preparatory High School (San Luis Obispo, California)|Mission College Prep]].

San Luis Obispo is also home to [[California Polytechnic State University]] (Cal Poly), a public university enrolling nearly 20,000 students. The school is located just outside city limits and provides on-campus housing for nearly 6,000 freshmen and sophomores. The community is also served by [[Cuesta College]], a [[community college]] a short driving distance away.

A [[city wiki]] website for San Luis Obispo at http://wikiSLO.org is available for local knowledge sharing.

==Transportation==
[[Image:San Luis Obispo, CA - Highway 101 - Flickr - Moto@Club4AG.jpg|thumb|[[U.S. Highway 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]] in San Luis Obispo]]
[[Image:Bike blvd stencil.jpg|thumb|The Bill Roalman (Morro Street) bicycle boulevard]]

The city is home to [[San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport]] which offers private air service and non-stop commercial air service to San Francisco, Los Angeles, and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]. [[Amtrak]] provides daily rail transport service here as the northern terminus of the [[Pacific Surfliner]] line from [[San Diego]], and as a stop on the [[Coast Starlight]] line. The Amtrak train goes north to [[Oakland]], [[San Francisco]] (via [[Emeryville, CA]]), [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], and [[Seattle]], and south to Los Angeles. [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] closed its doors in San Luis Obispo on March 12, 2009. It still continues to service San Luis Obispo and currently uses a transit bus stop on Railroad Avenue.
[[Public transit]] includes the city-wide [http://www.slocity.org/publicworks/download/busmap.pdf SLO Transit] bus lines as well as the county-wide [http://www.slorta.org/ SLO Regional Transit] system. [http://www.rideshare.org/buses.htm Rideshare] encourages the use of the local public transit, as well as [[carpooling]] and cycling. Riders for the SLO Transit system are now able to plan their trips using Google Transit. [http://rideshare.org/cm/bus/Google%20Transit%20Trip%20Planner.html] The SLO Car Free program provides an online one-stop-shop for all car-free vacationing needs from bus schedules and bike maps, to discounts on transportation, lodging, and attractions. [http://SLOCarFree.org]

[[U.S. Highway 101 in California|U.S. Route 101]] and [[California State Route 1]] are the major north-south highways in San Luis Obispo, linking the city to the rest of the Central Coast region, San Francisco to the north, and Los Angeles to the south. Both enter the city from the south as a [[concurrency (road)|concurrency]]. As they head north, Highway 1 then splits towards the coast to [[Morro Bay, California|Morro Bay]], while Highway 101 stays more inland to [[Paso Robles, California|Paso Robles]]. [[California State Route 227]] provides an alternate route to Highway 101 from San Luis Obispo south to [[Arroyo Grande, California|Arroyo Grande]].

Bicycling is increasing as a mode of transportation. The Bill Roalman (Morro Street) Bicycle Boulevard gives priority to bicycle traffic while a special bicycle traffic signal (one of only a handful in the United States) allows bicyclists their own phase in traffic flow. The [http://www.slobikelane.org SLO County Bicycle Coalition] offers a free bicycle valet service during the weekly Farmers' Market. In 2007, the city was designated as a Bicycle Friendly Community at the Silver level by the [[League of American Bicyclists]].

The city provides parking in three multistory [[parking structures]] downtown [http://www.slocity.org/publicworks/download/parkingguide06.pdf]. Street parking downtown is [[parking meter|metered]] except on Sundays and holidays. The city's innovative [http://www.ci.san-luis-obispo.ca.us/publicworks/transportation/racks.asp Racks with Plaques] program has increased bike racks in the downtown area and has cut down on parking congestion.

==Culture==
[[Image:SanLuisObispoCalifCityView600.jpg|thumb|250px|The city of San Luis Obispo with [[Bishop Peak (California)|Bishop Peak]] on the right and [[Cerro San Luis]] on the left.]]

The [[Madonna Inn]] is a famous local landmark. Established by [[Alex Madonna]] in 1958, the inn is famously eccentric. The [[Fremont Theater]], a historic [[Art Deco]] theater from the 1940s, still plays first run movies on the huge screen. Murals adorn the walls of the main theater while neon swirls light the ceiling. The [[Palm Theatre, San Luis Obispo|Palm Theatre]] boasts solar heating and is home to the [[San Luis Obispo International Film Festival]]. Another destination is [[Bubblegum Alley]]. Since about 1960, people have been sticking chewed gum on the walls of this alley. The doctor's office on the corner of Santa Rosa and Pacific streets is one of very few commercial buildings designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. San Luis also has a [[Carnegie Library]] which is now home to the San Luis Obispo County Historical Museum.<ref>[http://www.slochs.org/]</ref>
[[Image:MissionBearSculpturePanorama.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A sculpture of a child and bear at the Mission in downtown San Luis Obispo. A fish was added after the photograph was taken.]]

Lots of mystery surrounds the "underground city", or the series of tunnels that exists beneath the city.<ref>http://www.ksby.com/news/what-lies-beneath-the-truth-behind-san-luis-obispo-s-tunnels/</ref>

One of the largest [[Mardi Gras]] parades West of the [[Mississippi]] used to be held in San Luis Obispo, but it has been [[San Luis Obispo Mardi Gras controversy|canceled recently]] because of difficulties related to crowd control and alcohol consumption.

Cal Poly's open house, Poly Royal, was held annually from 1933 to 1990. It was canceled in 1945 due to war rationing.<ref>http://lib.calpoly.edu/universityarchives/history/polyroyal/print.html</ref> It began as a show-and-tell for students to display their projects. It traces its origins to the 1904 Farmer's Institute and Picnic Basket. By the 1980s, as the college became "the most popular...university in the 19-campus CSU system", Poly Royal began drawing over 100,000 people from throughout the state, including 126,000 people in 1985. Concerts, parties, and other entertainment were added and it earned $3–4 million in revenue for the city every year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-05-28/news/mn-16267_1_cal-poly-pomona | work=Los Angeles Times | first=David G. | last=Savage | date=May 28, 1985 | title='Cow Poly' : Rural, Yes, but Country Club It's Not}}</ref><ref>http://www.centennial.calpoly.edu/poly_royal.html</ref>

Following a "mini-riot" in 1989 at an off-campus apartment during Poly Royal, the events in 1990 would cancel the event "indefinitely." Two nights of rioting on April 28–29 led to 127 arrests, over 100 injuries and 14 police injuries on top of "several hundred thousand dollars" worth of damage. A liquor store near campus, Campus Bottle, was destroyed by revelers demanding alcohol. The second night was much larger than the first as people were leaving a concert on campus and parties off-campus were broken up and revelers flooded the streets. Mayor Dunin called the events "the worst experience in the history of San Luis Obispo." After a meeting between Mayor Dunin and University President Warren Baker the following Monday, Poly Royal was canceled from that point forward. The name Poly Royal returned in 2001 as "Open House Presents Poly Royal", a scaled down version that was designed for students and parents.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-29/news/mn-498_1_cal-poly | work=Los Angeles Times | first1=Miles | last1=Corwin | first2=Sheryl | last2=Stolberg | date=April 29, 1990 | title=Cal Poly Festival Revelers Rampage in San Luis Obispo : Riot: Cars, homes and businesses are vandalized by mobs. Tear gas and high-pressure water hoses are used by police}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-30/news/mn-112_1_cal-poly-student | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Miles | last=Corwin | date=April 30, 1990 | title=Melees Might Be Ignoble End for Festivals : Riot: Civic leaders, Cal Poly officials and students will begin meeting to decide the future of the Poly Royal after a weekend of violence}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-01/news/mn-145_1_cal-poly | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Miles | last=Corwin | date=May 1, 1990 | title=Cal Poly Ends Annual Fest; Blames Rioting}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-04-30/news/mn-277_1_cal-poly | work=Los Angeles Times | date=April 30, 1990 | title=STATE : Cal Poly Pulls Plug on Festivals}}</ref><ref>http://sloblogs.thetribunenews.com/slovault/2009/04/30/poly-royal-riot-1990/</ref>

San Luis Obispo has been home of several other events, including a stop on the way of the [[Olympic Flame]] Relay, the [[Amgen Tour of California|Tour of California]] bicycle race, [[Cinco de Mayo]] celebrations, an annual [[Mozart]] festival, held every July, and a long-standing Christmas Parade. Another attraction is the development of Edna Valley into a well-known wine region. Just south of the city, people can spend an afternoon wine tasting several wineries in the area with a very short drive. The wine region extends north beyond [[Paso Robles]] (30 miles north) and south to [[Santa Ynez]] (70 miles south).{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

During Summer months, local residents and visitors congregate in the Mission Plaza for a free outdoor concert every Friday evening. The event is called Concerts in the Plaza. Other noteworthy events include the [http://www.slofilmfest.org/2009/index.shtml San Luis Obispo International Film Festival], [http://www.festivalmozaic.com/wintermezzo.html Festival Mosaic], and the [http://www.sloartcenter.org/events.htm Plein Air Festival].<ref>[http://sanluisobispovacations.com/events/]</ref>

San Luis Obispo hosts a Farmer's Market every Thursday night from 6-9PM on Higuera Street, between Osos and Nipomo Streets. During this weekly event, the street is closed to vehicle traffic while vendors sell food and goods and various visual and music artists perform for the crowds.

Since June 2000, the first Thursday of every month is The Bike Happening (also known as Bike Nite) in San Luis Obispo. People gather after the Farmer's Market at the Mission Plaza with their bikes. The bikers then go around on multiple circuits on the main streets of downtown adhering to the traffic laws (for the most part). The ride is considered a fun/social ride meant to encourage people to get back on their bikes and to have fun. Each Bike Happening has a theme and a large portion of the crowd is in some costume adherent to the theme.<ref>[BikeHappening.org]</ref>

One of the cultural focal centers of San Luis Obispo is the Christopher Cohen Performing Arts Center built on the Cal Poly Campus, which was constructed utilizing the donations of local businesses and individuals. The Performing Arts Center consists of multiple venues, including the original Spanos Theatre. The largest venue, Harmon Hall, seats 1,300. Many high school and college programs are scheduled. Local artists perform plays, music and dance. The addition of the Performing Arts Center attracts many touring performances which are usually not found in communities of comparable size to San Luis Obispo. The Summer of 2007 was the opening concert of the Forbes Pipe Organ, which was built elevated into a side wall of Harmon Hall and required the donation of a further $3 million for purchase and installation.<ref>[pacslo.org]</ref>

==Notable residents==
===Born or raised in San Luis Obispo===
*[[Vern Burke]], [[American football]] player
*[[Zac Efron]], actor
*[[Wolfgang Gartner]], house music producer and DJ
*[[Robert Hunter (lyricist)|Robert Hunter]], [[lyricist]] for the [[Grateful Dead]]
*[[Jenaveve Jolie]], porn star
*[[Tim Kennedy (fighter)|Tim Kennedy]], [[UFC]] fighter
*[[Jim Lonborg]], [[baseball]] player
*[[Arron Oberholser]], golfer
*[[Chris Pontius]], [[stunt performer|daredevil]] entertainer (''[[Jackass (TV series)|Jackass]]'')
*[[Paul Rachubka]], [[soccer]] player
*[[Loren Roberts]], golfer
*[[Chris Seitz]], soccer player
*[[Najahe Sherman]], television news anchor and reporter
*[[Stephanie Brown Trafton]], Olympic athlete
*[[William H. Young (labor leader)|William H. Young]], labor union leader

===Lived in San Luis Obispo===
*[[Jon Anderson]], musician ([[Yes (band)|Yes]])
*[[Ernie Ball]], [[guitar]]ist and [[entrepreneur]]
*[[John Barbata]], musician
*[[Peter Buck]], musician ([[R.E.M.]])
*[[Ronnie Bucknum]], racing driver
*[[John Darnielle]], musician ([[The Mountain Goats]])
*[[Rich Ferguson]], magician
*[[Allen Fox]], [[tennis]] player (ranked as high as # 4) and coach
*[[Jack Kerouac]], writer<ref>http://www.newtimesslo.com/cover/2443/off-the-road/</ref>
*[[Mike Krukow]], [[baseball]] player and [[sportscaster]]
*[[Chuck Liddell]], former UFC light-heavyweight champion [[mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]]
*[[Scott Lighty]], [[mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]]
*[[Ah Louis]], [[Chinese American]] pioneer and businessman
*[[Hannah Marks]], actress<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/magazine/04actors.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all Hollywood Elementary, New York Times Magazine, June 4, 2006]</ref>
*[[Lee Michaels]], musician
*[[The Pendragons]], magicians
*[[Gene Romero]], motorcycle racer
*[[G.D. Spradlin]], actor
*[[John Sturges]], director
*[[Jason Von Flue]], UFC and Ultimate Fighter season II veteran [[mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]]

===Attended California Polytechnic State University===
{{For|people who are associated with San Luis Obispo because they attended Cal Poly|List of California Polytechnic State University alumni}}

===Notable bands===
*[[Double Take (group)|Double Take]], [[teen pop]] duo
*[[Lakes (band)|Lakes]], [[indie rock]] band
*[[Scissors for Lefty]], indie rock band
*[[The Sentinals (band)|The Sentinals]], 1960s [[surf rock|surf]] band
*[[Sherwood (band)|Sherwood]], indie rock band
*[[Still Time]], indie rock band
*[[Watashi Wa]], [[pop rock]] band

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|California}}
{{Commons category|San Luis Obispo, California}}
{{Wikivoyage|San Luis Obispo|San Luis Obispo, California}}
*[http://www.sloevc.org/ Economic Vitality Corporation of San Luis Obispo County]
*[http://www.slolibrary.org/ The San Luis Obispo City-County Public Library]
* [http://www.sanluisobispo.com/ The Tribune, the largest daily newspaper serving all of San Luis Obispo County]
* [http://www.newtimesslo.com/ San Luis Obispo New Times, alternative weekly newspaper with 100,000 circulation founded in 1986]
* [http://www.rockofthecoast.com/ The ROCK, an online newspaper covering news, events and local features]
*[http://www.slocity.org/ City of San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.downtownslo.com Downtown SLO Association] has information about concerts in the plaza and Farmers' Market.
*[http://www.visitslo.com San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce] promotes member business and serves as the city's contracted tourism promoter. Also runs the city's Visitors Center, 1039 Chorro St.
*[http://www.slochs.org/ San Luis Obispo County Historical Society]
*[http://www.sloweather.com/ San Luis Obispo local weather]
*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=nTcilEDHQtwC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=obispo+%22ah+louis%22&source=bl&ots=wB1XJEtkl9&sig=i7ody3zh7uR99y2s4MnBs5oEnEM&hl=en&ei=P_jyTa_-FYz0tgO7_rW-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCTgo#v=onepage&q=obispo%20%22ah%20louis%22&f=false San Luis Obispo: a history in architecture] by Janet Penn Franks, 2004


{{San Luis Obispo County, California}}
{{California Central Coast}}
{{California county seats}}
{{California}}

[[Category:Cities in San Luis Obispo County, California]]
[[Category:County seats in California]]
[[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1772]]
[[Category:San Luis Obispo, California| ]]
[[Category:University towns in the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish mission settlements in North America]]

Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard

2013-05-03T15:12:11Z

Baltshazzar: /* Libel (or other criminal qualification) in article "Martin van Rijn" */ new section

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== Nina Dobrev ==

{{la|Nina Dobrev}} 
I was redirected by another editor to post here about an edit request.The request is about changing Canadian to Bulgarian-Canadian.My reliable sources and arguments are the following:

In an official interview for Sofia News Agency(www.novinite.com) Nina Dobrev says "Everyone who knows me knows I am Bulgarian and that I am proud of it!".Here is the link: http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=122426 .If Nina Dobrev herself is saying that she is Bulgarian, then I don't see a logical reason why in her wikipage should be written only Canadian?!Sofia News Agency refers to Nina Dobrev as Bulgarian-Canadian and even one of the references used in the wikipage of Nina Dobrev- NIKKI FINKE, Editor in Chief from deadline.com also refers to her as Bulgarian-Canadian http://www.deadline.com/2011/04/123303/ .If NIKKI FINKE is good enough to be used by other editors in BLP I don't see a logical reason why she wouldn't be good enough to be used by me as a reference. --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 23:56, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
:I just want to clarify something (I'm the editor who directed this here), regarding [[MOS:BIO]]. That guideline says that in the first sentence, we may only refer to a living person's nationality, not their ethnicity/descent. The question then becomes, when Dobrev calls herself "Bulgarian", does she mean "of Bulgarian ethnicity" or "of Bulgarian citizenship"? Similarly, is the newspaper saying "Canadian citizen of Bulgarian descent" (like the way we usually use the phrase in the U.S.) or does it mean "dual citizen of Bulgaria and Canada"? I'm not sure how we can tell. The article does currently state further down that she was born in Bulgaria; my personal inclination is always to err on the side of caution w.r.t. ethnicity/citizenship issues, but I can understand the argument that Dvrt09 is making. Outside opinions will be appreciated. [[User:Qwyrxian|Qwyrxian]] ([[User talk:Qwyrxian|talk]]) 07:12, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
:::Just say "Canadian, born in Bulgaria" seems the logical move. [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 13:10, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
::::But Nina Dobrev didn't said "I am born in Bulgaria", she said "I am Bulgarian".The term Bulgarian refers to nationality as well since there is a national state of Bulgaria and the people coming from there are called Bulgarians.Besides as far as I know wiki editors are not supposed to interpret sources but only to use them as references.The real questions here are:1.Do reliable sources refer to Nina Dobrev as Bulgarian-Canadian?Yes, they do!; 2.Does Nina Dobrev say that she is Bulgarian?Yes, she does! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 14:20, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::If there's a reliable source where she says she is Bulgarian, then it would appear that [[WP:BLPCAT]] is satisfied. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 15:34, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::Yes, there is! "Everyone who knows me knows I am Bulgarian and that I am proud of it!"-Nina Dobrev for Sofia News Agency(www.novinite.com): http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=122426 --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 15:57, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::The source looks okay to me. I don't see a problem. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 19:15, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::I could be referring to myself as American (ethnically), but if I don't have American citizenship, I am not legally an American. I think we should be cautious as per the concerns of Qwyrxian above. [[User:Nymf|Nymf]] [[User_talk:Nymf|talk to me]] 20:35, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::Yes. Many people will emphatically state "I am <ethnicity>!", even if they're a third or fourth generation immigrant to another country. But I just might be willing to let this particular one go, given the variety of sources and the unsourced OR which makes it likely to be true. Just a side note: do we know that both Bulgaria and Canada allow dual citizenship? [[User:Qwyrxian|Qwyrxian]] ([[User talk:Qwyrxian|talk]]) 23:30, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::@Nymf I already said that wiki editors are not supposed to interpret sources and to say what they mean or what they don't mean.Besides Nina Dobrev is not "third or fourth generation immigrant", she is native to Bulgaria and born there under the name Николина Костантинова Добрева!The facts are that Nina Dobrev herself claims to be Bulgarian and the term Bulgarian refers to nationality as well since there is a national state of Bulgaria and the people coming from there are called Bulgarians-exactly the case of Nina Dobrev! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 00:48, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::@Qwyrxian According to this information Canadian law permits dual or multiple citizenships: http://travel.gc.ca/travelling/publications/dual-citizenship Another source confirms that both Bulgaria and Canada recognise dual citizenship: http://www.thelaw.com/guide/immigration/dual-citizenship-countries-list/ --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 01:59, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::@Qwyrxian According to the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria: Chapter 2, Article 25 (1):"...anyone who was born on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria is a Bulgarian citizen" ; (3): "A Bulgarian citizen by birth may not be deprived of his Bulgarian citizenship". Here is the link : http://www.investbulgaria.com/laws/constitution.pdf --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 02:21, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::Another source about the Constitution of Bulgaria: "Constitution-Making in the region of the former Soviet dominance" by Rett R Ludwikowski page 353-354 Here is the link: http://books.google.bg/books?id=qw8o0_c0m74C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Constitution-Making+in+the+region+of+the+former+Soviet+dominance&hl=en&sa=X&ei=48B0Ue_2CMPStQbNrIGgBA&redir_esc=y --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 04:31, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::Nina Dobrev was born in Bulgaria and according to the Constitution of Bulgaria this makes her automatically Bulgarian citizen.Besides Nina claims herself to be Bulgarian so everything looks pretty clear to me. --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 04:35, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::::Saying "She was born in Bulgaria, the constitution of Bulgaria says that people born in Bulgaria are citizens, therefore she is a citizen" is prohibited [[WP:OR]]. [[User:Ken Arromdee|Ken Arromdee]] ([[User talk:Ken Arromdee|talk]]) 19:50, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::::But saying "she is Bulgarian" -- using a source where she says "I am Bulgarian" -- is not prohibited [[WP:OR]]. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 19:57, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Thank you for your understanding @Nomoskedasticity. If Nina's own words are not important then I don't know what is?! I see double standard in wikipedia:(( "Everyone who knows me knows I am Bulgarian and that I am proud of it!"-Nina Dobrev for Sofia News Agency(www.novinite.com): http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=122426 --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 21:21, 22 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Her own words aren't any good here because they are ambiguous--it's not clear whether she means she is a Bulgarian citizen or whether she is of Bulgarian ethnicity. [[User:Ken Arromdee|Ken Arromdee]] ([[User talk:Ken Arromdee|talk]]) 03:43, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::No worries, Ken -- we don't have to be any more specific than she was. We can just say "she is Bulgarian" -- consistent with the source. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 04:02, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::@Ken Arromdee I already said multiple times that wiki editors are not supposed to interpret sources and to say what they mean or what they don't mean, but only to use them as references!!Besides according to the law in Bulgaria she is Bulgarian citizen by birthright and saying that she is only canadian is nothing more than a lie and false information!! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 04:49, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
{{outdent}}So I'm seeing a consensus here that we can't be sure that she meant "Bulgarian citizen". If that is the case, then we cannot say "Bulgarian-Canadian" in the lead, but we can state somewhere later, "In an interview, Dobrev stated "I am Bulgarian"." Does that seem reasonable? [[User:Qwyrxian|Qwyrxian]] ([[User talk:Qwyrxian|talk]]) 10:41, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
:I'm not sure it is. Someone has already made the point that the lead, in saying she is "a Canadian actress", implies quite strongly that Canadian is the ''only'' citizenship she holds. In that respect it is evidently misleading, a disservice to our readers and an insult to her to the extent that the Bulgarian element of her identity is important to her. On the basis of that latter point, I favor "Canadian/Bulgarian" in the lead. What gets in the way, apparently, is MOSBIO -- though there is some wiggle room in what it says about ethnicity. To the extent that MOSBIO is getting in the way here, that seems like a problem with MOSBIO. If editors are nonetheless going to insist on slavishly following it, then [[WP:BLP]] in my reading would lead to removing any mention of citizenship from the lead. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 10:50, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
::Absolutely agree with you @Nomoskedasticity!This is the reason why there are complains about this article on the talk page of Nina Dobrev."Canadian actress" really implies the she has only one canadian citizenship without sources to prove this and at the same time it downplays her Bulgarian element which is very important for her.I hope a solution can be found on how to balance this article better. --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 12:01, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

All of this stuff -- and it appears 1. she calls hereself "Bulgarian" but does not assert she is a Bulgarian citizen. 2. She has Canadian citizenship, which no one seems to regard as a contentious claim. 3. We have no standard for saying that hyphens assert citizenship, or whether they assert national identification, or whether they assert ancestry. Ergo: It is reasonable for us to call her a ''Canadian citizen who is Bulgarian by birth'', avoiding any possible misuse of hyphens here. It is not required or even logical that we find a source stating a negative, which means we can not assume she has dual citizenship, or, more tellingly, separate passports. Absent positive statements that she is in that category, it would by OR for Wikipedia to make that assumption. BTW, a person saying "I am Italian" in the US generally means "Italian ancestry" and ''not'' "citizenship." [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 12:14, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
:What I mean about "canadian actress" was that the way it is written mislead people to beleive that Nina Dobrev is related only and only to Canada which couldn't be further from the truth.The complaints on the talk page are exactly about this.That's why I suggest to write that she is "Bulgarian with Canadian citizenship" this has the same meaning like your suggestion "Canadian citizen who is Bulgarian by birth" but with less words.I also think this would be more accurate because Nina refers to herself as Bulgarian without specifying anything and I think it would be better to leave it that way to be consistent with the source.And when we write "Bulgarian with Canadian citizenship" we acknowledge the fact that she does have canadian citizenship but at the same we leave some space to the possibility that she may have another citizenship as well, because we don't specify what the term Bulgarian refers to exactly like Nina did in her interview.About the italians you are talking about-How many of them are born in US and how many of them are born in Italy?!Paul Wesley for example is born to polish parents, but he is born in US and he has nothing to do with the country Poland.Nina Dobrev is exactly the opposite case-she is born in Bulgaria and related to this country. --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 04:37, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:MOSBIO says that ethnicity can be emphasized in the opening if it is relevant to the subject's notability.Yes it is relevant, Nina stars as Katherine Pierce(Katerina Petrova) on The CW American television teen drama "The Vampire Diaries".Katherine Pierce was chosen to be a Bulgarian lady because of Nina's ethnicity.Some of the events in The Vampire Diaries take place in Nina's native country Bulgaria like Season 2 Episode 9 where we see in the opening scene, Katherine Pierce giving birth in the year 1492 in Bulgaria and talking in bulgarian language with her family.Clearly Nina's ethnicity helped her with the role of Katherine Pierce who became the only Bulgarian character on American television.This is an interview with Nina Dobrev made by Sara Bibel: http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2011/03/03/vampire-diaries-nina-dobrev-sinks-her-teeth-into-dual-role/ Sara Bibel asked Nina:"Did the writers make Katherine Bulgarian because you were born in Bulgaria?" Nina replied:"In the books, Katherine comes from a German heritage. It may be because I’m Bulgarian, but I think we all agreed that Bulgaria has a sense of mystique that is strangely unique. Plus, it doesn’t hurt that I already speak Bulgarian. The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day. One thing led to the other and voila!" --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 10:27, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::her candianness and her bulgarianness are not equal. and so, to solve the problem one needs to mention what it is about each, since the single word canadian and single word bulgarian are not sufficient, even if combined like canadian/bulgarian, which would imply equality (citizenship, country of birth, where she grew up, went to school, etc.). so, something like Canadian citizen who is Bulgarian by birth, or in reverse, would be fine, and appropriate based on RS and all other policies. [[User:Soosim|Soosim]] ([[User talk:Soosim|talk]]) 10:45, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::Her canadianness is only her citizenship.Her Bulgarianness is her Country of origin,DNA,family and relatives:)You can change your citizenship whenever you want but you can't change your origin and DNA:))Once born Bulgarian, always Bulgarian:))Anyway what do you think about "Bulgarian with Canadian citizenship", "Bulgarian by birth with Canadian citizenship" or "Bulgarian by birth who is Canadian citizen"?! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 11:29, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::DNA? Seriously? As an argument on Wikipedia? Nah ... but it is a great argument ''not'' to call her Bulgarian when so expressed. [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 11:44, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::dlv - not sure about your pov use of 'only' (canandianness is only her citizenship). some people are very proud of their citizenship. and she left bulgaria at age two, right? so she might not even care about being bulgarian. of course, she says she is proud of that too. so, how about: "born in bulgaria and raised in canada". then later, we can say that is proud to be bulgarian and that is a canadian citizen. (we're talking about the lede, right?) [[User:Soosim|Soosim]] ([[User talk:Soosim|talk]]) 11:49, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::@Soosim Agree with your suggestion:))Yes, we are talking about the lead.About "canadian" as far as I know this term refers only to citizenship because there is no such thing as canadian ethnicity.And when I said DNA I was refering to ethnicity.Is DNA a forbidden word in wikipedia?!I am a new editor and I don't know all the wiki rules... --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 12:12, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::No, but DNA precedes any states or statelike organizations. There is simply no "Bulgarian" DNA; where would you like to draw the line, historically? [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] ([[User talk:Lectonar|talk]]) 12:16, 26 April 2013 (UTC) And if you look back even farther: would it be Thracian DNA then? Ethnicity simply does not equal DNA. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] ([[User talk:Lectonar|talk]]) 12:19, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::Of Course in general DNA precedes any states or statelike organizations.But the population of some european countries have specific Genetic markers,IGENEA for example make DNA maps based on country of origin. --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 12:39, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::And? That is a very unspecific remark, and no breaking news......and, btw, IGENEA just samples for region of origin (and uses the word "Urvolk" for associating it to tribes/people like Vikings, Celts etc.), all that only in the time spam 900BC to 900AD. Which is in itself no argument for a Bulgarian DNA, provided there are special markers inherent to Bulgarians. Regards. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] ([[User talk:Lectonar|talk]]) 12:49, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::@Lectonar If you want we can continue our discussion on my talk page,because we will be offtopic if we continue here:))I would be happy to argue with you :))Regards --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 13:00, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::You brought up the DNA for discussion, so this is not off-topic, and no, I do see no need for further "arguing". Someone will close this thread sooner or later (not me, btw), and will take into account the arguments as presented.[[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] ([[User talk:Lectonar|talk]]) 13:06, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::OK, but I don't agree with you:)As i said some european countries have specific genetic markers... --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 13:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::@Collect What is this supposed to mean?!Is this how new editors are treated in wikipedia?!Please read this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 13:41, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::I fully follow Wiki-precepts about newcomers. That does ''not'' encompass, however, catering to those who believe there is a ''genetic'' nationality which can be ascribed to anyone. Including "''some european countries have specific genetic markers.''" [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 14:06, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::Where did I said that there is a genetic nationality.Yes according to dna labs some nationalities have specific genetic markers because their population is more homogenous for example countries like japan, china, russia etc.What is your problem really?!Anyway this is not the topic here... --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 14:40, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::Actually it appears to be ''precisely'' the topic - as to why it is "important" to you that she be labelled as "Bulgarian." China, by the way, has more than fifty "nationalities" and is certainly not as "homogeneous" as you appear to think. Wikipedia is ''not'' the place to promote "racial purity" as a "nationality" in any case. Cheers. [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 14:46, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::Well, as a German I wanted to stay away from mentioning racial purity, out of reasons that should be obvious....but I feel I must concur with Collect here. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] ([[User talk:Lectonar|talk]]) 14:49, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::@Collect So now you are putting words in my mouth?!Where did I said "racial purity"?!If you can't find these words in my posts,you should apologize!!I am sick and tired from the arrogant attitude from some editors towards me just because I am new!! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 14:56, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::Well, [[WP:AGF|assume good faith]] and even [[WP:AAGF|assume the assumption of good faith]]. You are trying to lift this to a level which has nothing to do with with the article or your edit-request; this is not personal, you know. [[User:Lectonar|Lectonar]] ([[User talk:Lectonar|talk]]) 15:01, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::::::He(@Collect) made it personal!!If there is a little honor in him,he should apologize to me for accusing me of something that I never said!!Anyway I will not respond to other provocations... --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 15:12, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::I was not sure whether to add this source or not,but finally I decided that it is better to be here.In a Funny or Die music video with Nick Braun called SPF, Nina Dobrev says again that she is Bulgarian and she even shows a map of her country Bulgaria.After the "The Vampire Diaries" where she plays the role of the Bulgarian lady Katherine Pierce, this music video again clearly shows that being Bulgarian is relevant to her notability and something important for her.This source is already used as a reference in her wiki page.Here are the links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7r_mvVVg08 http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/3d673108bf/spf-with-nina-dobrev --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 05:39, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::::I think we should also add ethnic category in the infobox as well since it is relevant to her notability and Nina also says herself that she is Bulgarian. --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 07:02, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
{{outdent}} And for me, the topic is now done, becuse Dvrt09 has completely crossed over to nonsense arguments. Her ethnicity is not in any way related to her notability. She is notable as an actress. Period. She is not a Bulgarian freedom fighter, a leader of a prominent Bulgarian civil rights groups, etc. Nor is she regularly labelled as Bulgarian, like "The first Bulgarian to do X in Canada/the US". She just happens to be Bulgarian. The fact that they played the video in the show does not make her famous specifically for being Bulgarian. And the fact that you're willing to go this far shows that this is not about improving the encyclopedia in a way that is compliant with [[WP:BLP]]. [[User:Qwyrxian|Qwyrxian]] ([[User talk:Qwyrxian|talk]])`
:This is not even my main argument.Saying "she is Bulgarian" -- using a source where she says "I am Bulgarian" -- is not prohibited WP:OR."Everyone who knows me knows I am Bulgarian and that I am proud of it!"-Nina Dobrev for Sofia News Agency(www.novinite.com): http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=122426 Nina became famous with "The Vampire Diaries" show where she plays the role of Katherine Pierce who was chosen to be a Bulgarian lady because of Nina's ethnicity http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2011/03/03/vampire-diaries-nina-dobrev-sinks-her-teeth-into-dual-role/ .Nina is notable for playing the role of "the only Bulgarian character on American television(Katherine Pierce)".Her ethnicity is quite relevant to her career and notability!!The complaints about this article on the talk page show that I am right!!Besides MOSBIO is satisfied!!It is also a fact that some editors don't want the word "Bulgarian" to be written in the article despite all the sources.I would think that someone want to mislead the readers intentionally!! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 04:01, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
::No one here has said "Bulgaria" is not to be mentioned -- only that the most logical course is to accurately state she was born there. Claims about DNA etc. do not impress folks here, and thus most of your posts actually undermine your position. [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 07:02, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
:::@Collect I hope you realize that I am complete newbie in wikipedia, but another editor helped me with some ideas and I know that my main arguments above your post are pretty good and strong.If we write only that she is born in Bulgaria without mentioning that she is bulgarian(ethnicity) this could be misleading because a lot of other ethnic groups(armenians, russians) live in Bulgaria but they are only citizens not ethnic bulgarians and they don't identify themselves as such.Besides all my posts were made in good faith-I realize that I lack experience, but I am still learning. --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 08:11, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
:::It was not a pleasant surprise for me to see that some editors are fighting tooth and nail not to write that she is also Bulgarian in the article despite the reliable sources and the fact that I proved that her ethnicity is relevant to her notability-"Katherine became the only Bulgarian character on American television."-Sara Bibel.I find this attitude very offensive and discriminative to her fans,to the bulgarian community and to Nina herself.After all this is her wiki page and if she says that she is "Bulgarian and proud of it", let it be... --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 10:46, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
::Since I already proved my point and since my main arguments and sources are in accordance with WP:NOR and WP:MOSBIO, I expect the other editors to leave their feelings aside and to follow the wiki policy.I will post here once again my main arguments and sources to emphasize them: "Saying "she is Bulgarian" -- using a source where she says "I am Bulgarian" -- is not prohibited WP:OR."Everyone who knows me knows I am Bulgarian and that I am proud of it!"-Nina Dobrev for Sofia News Agency(www.novinite.com): http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=122426 Nina became famous with "The Vampire Diaries" show where she plays the role of Katherine Pierce who was chosen to be a Bulgarian lady because of Nina's ethnicity http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2011/03/03/vampire-diaries-nina-dobrev-sinks-her-teeth-into-dual-role/ .Nina is notable for playing the role of "the only Bulgarian character on American television(Katherine Pierce)".Her ethnicity is quite relevant to her career and notability which means that WP:MOSBIO is satisfied." Also I would like to remind that: "Editing from a neutral point of view (NPOV) means representing fairly, proportionately, and as far as possible without bias, all significant views that have been published by reliable sources...NPOV is a fundamental principle of Wikipedia and of other Wikimedia projects. This policy is nonnegotiable and all editors and articles must follow it." --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 06:08, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
:::My proposition for improving the article is the following:1.In the opening paragraph instead of "Canadian actress" it can be written that she is "Canadian citizen who is Bulgarian by birth" or vice versa like other editors already suggested.We can also write that she plays the role of Katherine Pierce who "became the only Bulgarian character on American television" and use this source as a reference: http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2011/03/03/vampire-diaries-nina-dobrev-sinks-her-teeth-into-dual-role/ 2.In the infobox under nationality(canadian) it can be added ethnicity(bulgarian) since its relevant to her career and notability as explained above.3.Somewhere in the article it can be written that she is "proud of being Bulgarian" and the other source can be used as a reference here: http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=122426 Are there any objections?! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 07:36, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
::::"born in Bulgaria" was what I suggested a long way back -- using ''multiple mentions'' of "Bulgarian" is UNDUE in almost all cases unless the "only Bulgarian character" has a much stronger source - it looks like a TV show PR blurb item here. [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 08:15, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
:::::Ok,let's try to reach consensus.Your suggestion for the opening paragraph was "Canadian citizen who is Bulgarian by birth".Do we have agreement about that?! --[[User:Dvrt09|Dvrt09]] ([[User talk:Dvrt09|talk]]) 08:42, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== K. P. Yohannan ==

{{la|K. P. Yohannan}}

I have concerns with the content on this page. Please check my User Talk page to see my discussion with the original editor. I have posted this here because there is unverified and potentially libelous information on this Biography. I believe the content should be removed and discussed in talk pages before being restored. My comments will be in italics below.

The missionary organisation has been surrounded by controversies events such as Kerala Government filing petition aganist K P Yohannan in High Court[7], - ''This source only states an allegation and the text here is misleading because it doesn't give any details in an effort to alter NPOV. This text clearly shows bias.''

Kerala home minister had requested the help of central investigating agenies in tracking the money trail of Rs 1048 crores received by Gospel Of Asia[8], - ''this is hardly a "controversy" and looks like a routine audit according to the source. Also, how is this relevant to KP Yohannan. He may be the President, but I don't see how this should be in his biography section.''

being accused of land grab [9], - ''it would be better to actually include details rather than saying something which means nothing''

having a submission in the Kerala's High Court that the home department is investigating the functioning of Gospel For Asia[10], - ''once again, irrelevant in a biography on KP Yohannan''

K P Yohannan is not a traditionaly ordained priest. He was paster and it was never occured in the history of any Christian organizations that a pastor was directly declared as a Bishop[11], - ''Reference doesn't state this''

crores collected for charity and rehabilitation of Orphans used to purchace 2800 acres of land in Kerala. [12] - ''reference doesn't make this statement''

On a case filed by the Government Of Kerala the High Court Of Kerala had ordered not to sell the land held by him or create any liability. [15] - ''hardly a reliable source of information for a Biography''

[[User:LoveYourNeighbor1|LoveYourNeighbor1]] ([[User talk:LoveYourNeighbor1|talk]]) 03:20, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
:I've dealt with some editorialising issues and am looking at some of the other points. I may not get them all. --[[User:Dweller|Dweller]] ([[User talk:Dweller|talk]]) 12:28, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
::The English is so mangled and the controversy section so poorly put together, I don't have the head for it, I'm afraid. I've made a start, but I'll let someone else sort this out. --[[User:Dweller|Dweller]] ([[User talk:Dweller|talk]]) 12:33, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

*'''Could use assistance''' from experienced editors who may be able to reach a nuanced solution for fair coverage. :) I'm not able to help there, since I'm involved as an admin, but there's an RFC on the talk page now that is almost entirely populated by single-purpose editors - at least 12 as of this writing. (The other two are debatable, so I didn't flag them.) It seems quite likely that there is some external struggle being fought-out here. --[[User:Moonriddengirl|Moonriddengirl]] [[User talk:Moonriddengirl|(talk)]] 11:52, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

I would like to revisit the “Controversies” section on the [[K. P. Yohannan]] page, as well as [[Gospel for Asia]] and [[Believers Church]] pages, particularly in the presentation of the material.

[[WP:SOAP]] clearly condemns “Scandal mongering,” specifically stating that “''Articles and content about living people are required to meet an especially high standard, as they may otherwise be libellous or infringe the subjects' right to privacy. Articles should not be written purely to attack the reputation of another person.''”

I call into question the intent behind the “Controversies” section on the Believers Church page, as well as the K.P. Yohannan page. Particularly this sentence: “''This move stunned the christian community as in a normal course only a priest can become a Bishop and Mr Yohannan was only a pastor.''” The word “stunned” connotes opinion rather than objective fact (see [[WP:YESPOV]], point 1), as well as the source that it cited continues in the same vein of presenting very little fact and more speculation about the motives of the individuals involved. There is also no source on the “normal course” described here to become a bishop. Given these facts, I believe this sentence falls short of the “especially high standard” for [[WP:BLP]].

Given the weakness of the previous sentence, the next sentence can hardly be interpreted as an honest attempt at objective journalism, and seems to fall under the same category outlined in [[WP:SOAP]]. I would request that the editors reexamine the material presented here and duly consider the relevance of the “Controversies” section in these articles, based on weak sourcing and what appears “Scandal Mongering.”

Finally, according to [[WP:BLP]], “''A person accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty and convicted by a court of law. For people who are relatively unknown, editors must give serious consideration to not including material in any article suggesting that the person has committed, or is accused of committing, a crime unless a conviction is secured.''”

If no conviction in court of law has ever been secured against K.P. Yohannan, why should the greater part of his biography be spent discussing poorly sourced allegations? This is particularly applicable in the Gospel for Asia page, where the Controversies section is in the same vein as the Believer’s Church and K.P. Yohannan pages.

I noticed these edits came from the same editor, which raises a red flag. Thanks so much for taking the time to look at this!

[[User:LivingIsSimple|LivingIsSimple]] ([[User talk:LivingIsSimple|talk]]) 19:36, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

I was able to find a post addressing the allegations about the financial accusations on the [[Gospel for Asia]] page. This post contains a download to the affidavits from the government investigation, Case 20812, 2010, High Court of Kerala. Quote from section 15: "''As per the returns and other records, the funds are utilized in the most appropriate manner and there is absolutely no chance of diversion of funds to any illegal purpose or there is any nexus with terrorists or fundamentalist groups as alleged in the said petition and those allegations are without any basis or data. As far as the present case, nothing has been found against the above trust.''"

[http://www.believerschurch.com/investigation-report-home-ministry-india-government/ Investigation Report from Home Ministry of India Government: Home Ministry Exonerates Believers Church]

[http://www.believerschurch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2010-affidavit.zip Direct download link to affidavits]

[[User:LivingIsSimple|LivingIsSimple]] ([[User talk:LivingIsSimple|talk]]) 21:07, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

One more note: The [[Gospel for Asia]] page says: "Evangelist K. P. Yohannan, founder of Gospel For Asia, is under the scanner for improper misappropriation of donations received by his trusts."

This implies that K.P. is under active investigation, which is false. The cases that are mentioned were done and ruled upon in 2011. In all cases, K.P. and Believer's Church were exonerated of any wrongdoing.

[[User:HappyPmachine|HappyPmachine]] ([[User talk:HappyPmachine|talk]]) 16:58, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== Judith Miller ==

Judging from comments on the talk page, it appears that the article on American journalist [[Judith Miller]] contains a signifiant amount of controversial and potentially libelous material. Unfortunately I myself am not available to edit it at this time, but something ought to be done. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Davidhof|Davidhof]] ([[User talk:Davidhof|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Davidhof|contribs]]) 10:24, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 
:That's a lot of article to go through. At first glance I don't see anything that could be a blatant issue, but maybe you could help us out and tell us what you think the issue is. Aside from some "she said he said" paragraphs that could be pruned I don't see anything truly problematic from a BLP perspective. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 22:22, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== Photos of private people doing things they might be embarrassed about later ==


*Article: [[Exhibitionism]]
*Talk page thread: [[Talk:Exhibitionism#Image at top of page]]

I'd like an opinion regarding the privacy of a non-Wikipedian, so I'm posting here even though this isn't an actual biography of a person.

Say Commons has a correctly-licensed picture of someone where (a) they are not a public person; i.e. they aren't "notable", not in the public eye, however you want to define it; (b) the person's face is clearly visible, so they could be easily identified in real life as the person in the image; (c) we have no reason to think that they would give permission to use their image in something as public as an encyclopedia article; (d) they are not an incidental part of the picture, they are the main subject of the picture, and (e) the picture is of them doing something that they would possibly find embarrassing later in life, either the morning after or a few years down the road (in the particular case that got me involved, a young woman flashing the crowd at Mardi Gras, but I'm more interested in the general case).

Should we use an image like this in an article? I believe, if all five of these things are true, the answer should definitely be "no"; this is not how humans treat other humans. We shouldn't be taking the approach "Well she should have thought of that beforehand".

I would also have concerns if some more of the things above weren't true - for example, what if all that were true except it wasn't embarrassing, or they weren't the main subject of the picture. Or as another example, is this even legal without a release from the subject of the photo? I'm not even going to touch whether Commons should host the image, whether or not we use it in an article. But I think it would be difficult finding a consensus on all those questions, and I don't want a whole sprawling discussion that ends up as "no consensus", so I'd like to try to keep it focused just on the case with conditions (a) thru (e) for now, and maybe follow up on other more complicated issues after that, either here or somewhere more appropriate.

One more thing: to head one thing off at the pass: This is not a "NOTCENSORED" argument, and I'm going to get really depressed if someone trots that out. If I had reason to think that the person in the photo is OK with this being in an article, I would not be trying to remove it. I've left a different photo in that article because the person's face couldn't be easily identified. This is a question about how we treat a person, not about prudishness. --[[User:Floquenbeam|Floquenbeam]] ([[User talk:Floquenbeam|talk]]) 16:13, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

:I fully agree with your points above. It seems to me that what you're asking for is little more than reasonable adult behaviour. I've no idea if [[Flickr#Virgin_Mobile_ad_copyright|this legal case]] has any formal relevance, but it seems to me pertinent to point it out.

:I also agree that NOTCENSORED is depressingly misused in cases like this - we also have [[WP:GRATUITOUS]]. Particularly when - as seems likely in practically all such situations - it is possible to make the same point without using potentially damaging material (i.e. that doesn't fail when compared to your (a) through (e)) then we should never be using the more potentially questionable material. ''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]'' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 17:30, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::The title of this section refers to "people doing embarrassing things". I don't see any sign that the person in the photograph motivating this discussion is embarrassed. I could understand the concern being raised if the situation were somehow accidental ("nipple slip"), but that's clearly not what is going on here. I understand that the question has been raised "in general", and I agree that we ought not violate people's privacy by exposing them in ways they did not intend. But this woman clearly intended to expose her breasts in public. Some individuals discussing here might feel embarrassment at the thought of exposing their own breasts in public, but I don't think we have reason to project those feelings onto someone else. The article in question is "exhibitionism": some people embrace it, something evidently demonstrated in the photo. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 20:01, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::She was obvious not embarrassed at the moment the picture was taken. I even concede she probably knew some tourists were taking pictures. What I doubt she knew is that it would end up plastered on a high viewership website, and she would be singled out. It's certainly ''possible'' she still feels no embarrassment, but knowing what I know about most people, it's not ''likely'' she still feels no embarrassment. That's not projecting my feelings onto her; that's projecting what in all honesty is what most people's feeling would be onto her, in the absence of better information. --[[User:Floquenbeam|Floquenbeam]] ([[User talk:Floquenbeam|talk]]) 20:19, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::But doesn't that view imply that "exhibitionism" doesn't really exist? [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 20:24, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::I don't understand the question. --[[User:Floquenbeam|Floquenbeam]] ([[User talk:Floquenbeam|talk]]) 20:29, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
::::::I think what you're saying (particularly with your last sentence two posts above, 20:19) is that anytime someone exposes their "private parts" in public we should assume that they will end up feeling embarrassed about it. That's the opposite of exhibitionism: exhibitionism is the practice of voluntarily exposing oneself (typically for pleasure of some sort). It seems you're suggesting that people don't actually expose themselves voluntarily for pleasure -- instead, they feel embarrassed by it. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 20:34, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:::::::That has naught to do with either the legality or propriety of placing such images on Wikipedia. Clearly the consensus here is that recognizable images of people ought ''not'' be used. [[User:Collect|Collect]] ([[User talk:Collect|talk]]) 20:40, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

:::::::(e/c) Ah, OK. No, I'm not saying there's no such thing as an exhibitionist, just that they aren't nearly as common as people who do something like this without thinking it through (and probably 90% of the time drunk), and then regret it later. I think we should assume they'll feel embarrassed about it later, unless there is evidence to the contrary; the default assumption should not be that they are exhibitionists. --[[User:Floquenbeam|Floquenbeam]] ([[User talk:Floquenbeam|talk]]) 20:45, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
: I completely agree with Floquenbeam's points, and framing this as a living-person privacy issue, not a censorship issue. This kind of thing will get even more problematic as the technology improves for searching the Internet via face-recognition programs. [[User:Paul Erik|Paul Erik]] [[User_talk:Paul Erik|(talk)]][[Special:Contributions/Paul Erik|(contribs)]] 21:22, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:Agree as well. The moment you use an image that can be used to identify a person, the article becomes about that person and not about the topic it's supposed to be covering. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 21:29, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
*'''nuke it now''' It's so obviously a BLP violation that I don't know why we even need to discuss it. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] ([[User talk:Mangoe|talk]]) 22:35, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
**If it was "obviously a BLP violation" then there would be no good faith arguments to keep it. Such arguments have been made, therefore it is not "obvious". Indeed, I don't see what the BLP issues arise from a photograph taken in a public place of a subject who obviously knows they are being photographed. Whether someone else feels that the subject should be embarrassed by what they did is completely irrelevant. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 23:01, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
***There are always people who refuse to see the obvious. Rd232 has it right: it's not reasonable to assume a young woman (in a context where inebriation is hardly unlikely) has consented for all time to be made the official representative of exhibitionism. We shouldn't be turning her into a public figure of potential and perpetual embarrassment; the fact that she didn't feel embarrassed then is not excuse for us to take advantage of an injudicious act and use her reputation for our own benefit. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] ([[User talk:Mangoe|talk]]) 12:53, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
****And there are people who are so full of themselves that they think "it's obvious" is the ultimate trump in a debate. Both sides make good arguments, but yours is not helped by behaving in such an arrogant fashion. [[User:Resolute|Reso]][[User Talk:Resolute|lute]] 20:16, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*****The feeling I'm having here is anger at all the people who don't care about the injury to this woman that they are advocating in the name of "she volunteered for us to take advantage of her." Well, and I feel dismay. Since we are apparently free to infer intent I feel free to impute to you refusal to admit your moral culpability under the guise of misrepresenting my use of a word. Surely nobody is stupid enough to think that "obvious" or for that matter anything short of a box around the debate and then archiving is sufficient to close off debate. I used the word precisely because I think it '''is''' obvious that increasing the promulgation of the image has the potential for harm. I don't think people don't notice she can be harmed; the reading I get in the arguments (and even more so in the far more reprehensible Commons discussion) is that everyone does see that she is harmed by increasing promulgation, but that most people don't care if they hurt her by doing so. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] ([[User talk:Mangoe|talk]]) 12:35, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

*There are three different issues here:
:#A photograph of a living person (ignoring status of dress or undress or embarrassing act), absolutely in the UK, and 0.95 probability in the EC, is personal data within the meaning of the various European pieces of enabling legislation for Data Privacy Directive number {some number or other}, and may not lawfully be used without the consent of the individual in that picture if the subject is a under local legal jurisdiction and the organisation which uses the picture is subject to local legislation. WMF is subject to that jurisdiction on some EC nations. Other nations have different legislation.
:#I am not altogether certain what "Embarrassing things" are. The definition is imprecise. I have no concerns about my anatomy being on display online.
:#To be suitable for display at all the picture must be licenced correctly by the copyright owner.
:So this gets complex. Item 1 is a legal issue. For this the legal team must give an opinion. It is not a community issue since it may result in a problem for WMF. The community often disregards laws of which it is ignorant or which it wishes would go away. That is appalling and must be remedied, but it is an Office action to remedy it.
:Item 2 is a matter of taste. It is either tasteful or not, and that is with regard to its context in the article. Gratuitous decoration of any article with a load of images is frowned upon. This is the same whatever the image. That it may be of a personal displaying body parts most commonly covered is not relevant at all. There is a censorship issue here, whatever the introduction says. However it is not an issue of "The image must not be removed because that would be censorship." If the image adds value to the article then removal is a form of censorship. If it adds no value then that is a form of editing. I applaud good editing and I deplore censorship. So I am not in favour of gratuitous removal of a picture, nor am I in favour of gratuitous addition of one.
:Item 3 is a legal issue. It is either correctly licenced and should remain and be used wisely in articles or is not and should go.
:The whole is complicated further by BLP issues. Broadly, those issues are handled in laws like the UK's [[Data Protection Act 1998]] and in similar EC and other legislation. WMF and thus WIkipedia is subject to some of these laws despite being US headquartered.[[User:Timtrent|Fiddle Faddle]] ([[User talk:Timtrent|talk]]) 23:12, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

*This is an easy call based on Floquenbeam's description of the image (although there will always be more difficult or borderline cases). Based on the situation described in the top of the thread, the image should not be used on Wikipedia. I see this as a significant ethical issue, and am not even going to get into the potential legal aspects, which however are nontrivial. [[User:Newyorkbrad|Newyorkbrad]] ([[User talk:Newyorkbrad|talk]]) 23:14, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
:*This precisely. Speaking from the perspective of someone with a fair amount of media law training, at least in the United States it would be technically legal to publish the picture. However, our editing standards have '''never''' been "we will publish anything that is legal." Selective, sensitive and common-sense editorial policies are not censorship, and given that we have a perfectly good alternative picture that well-illustrates the subject without identifying a person, I see absolutely no reason that we should use it. [[User:Polarscribe|polarscribe]] ([[User talk:Polarscribe|talk]]) 23:24, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
**{{ec}} Floquenbeam's description is far from a neutral presentation of the facts. I see no reasons we should not use an image like this if it best illustrates the topic. Wikipedia is not censored, so the only question that matters is what it is in fact the best image we have. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 23:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
*Some facts for clarity:
**The image under discussion here is [[:File:Mardi Gras Flashing - Color.jpg]].
**It has been nominated for deletion on Commons: [[:Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Mardi Gras Flashing - Color.jpg]] (currently 5-2 keep-delete, although it is obviously not a vote).
***Update:the image was kept as within scope, legal and presenting no problems regarding photos of identifiable people. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 11:15, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
**The file is sourced from flickr and licensed cc-by-sa-2.0. The license has been verified by Commons users.
**Wikipedia follows the laws of the United States, specifically the law of Florida (where it is hosted), under those laws it is legal to take and to use photos of people taken in a place where they have no reasonable expectation of privacy.
**There are no legal reasons why this image cannot be used on Wikipedia.
**The image at the top of the [[Exhibition]] article has been changed to [[:File:Budapest girl.jpg]] because at least one editor feels it better illustrates the topic of the article. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 23:33, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
***Its legality notwithstanding, Wikipedia's policy has never been "whatever is legal is suitable for the encyclopedia." It was perfectly legal for Reddit to host wild speculation about the identity of the Boston Marathon bombers and allow users to post outlandish, terribly-wrong theories as to who was responsible. That does not mean it was right for them to do so. [[User:Polarscribe|polarscribe]] ([[User talk:Polarscribe|talk]]) 23:57, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
****I brought up the legality as it mentioned above, but because Wikipedia is not censored the policy ''is'' "whatever is legal is suitable for the encyclopaedia", i.e. it can be used in the encyclopaedia. That does not mean that the image is suitable for every article, or that it is the best image for every article it is suitable for. Specifically this image is suitable for the [[Exhibitionism]] article because it is legal and illustrates exhibitionism, but that does not mean it is the most suitable image or that there are no better images available. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 00:47, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*****Again, not true. There are plenty of things which might be legal that cannot be used in the encyclopedia because of our own policies. NOTCENSORED is not a license to include anything and everything. I gave the example above of speculation about the identity of a criminal suspect. That might be perfectly legal under United States law, but it has no place in the encyclopedia because it violates other core content policies. As NOTCENSORED itself states: "Content that is judged to violate Wikipedia's biographies of living persons policy, or that violates other Wikipedia policies (especially neutral point of view)... will also be removed." [[User:Polarscribe|polarscribe]] ([[User talk:Polarscribe|talk]]) 01:04, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
******Yes there are things that are legal but not encyclopaedic, but the point of NOTCENSORED is that everything that is legal can be considered for inclusion in the encyclopaedia on equal terms. For images the sole relevant question is whether that image is the best illustration of the topic - an image that would be a BLP violation in that context would obviously not be the best illustration. In this specific case though I am not seeing any BLP violations and so that isn't a factor in determining whether this is the best illustration of [[Exhibitionism]]. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 01:54, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*Looks like an open and shut BLP case to me, unless we can find the woman in question and she says it's okay. It's a little like reposting a non-famous person's name here on Wikipedia after it's been printed in a local police blotter. If this were a photo of a car accident victim, drunk, or a text description of these or any of a number of other things, same concern. We're taking a publicly accessible but not widely known potentially embarrassing fact about someone, and spreading it for hundreds of thousands of people to see, likely including the girl herself, her friends and family, etc. There's been a lot in the news about bullying, people sending naked pictures of others around in order to shame them, and all the mental trauma that creates. We can assume that if this girl's coworkers or classmates or neighbors find the image they'll be doing the same thing. Yes, she voluntarily did it in public and who knows if she cares? But same thing if we showed a photo of a guy who peed on himself in an article about bladder control. There is no encyclopedic reason why we have to use someone who is so clearly identifiable here, so it's gratuitous harm. - [[User:Wikidemon|Wikidemon]] ([[User talk:Wikidemon|talk]]) 03:36, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
**Private citizens have zero expectation of privacy while in public. Any person can have their picture taken on the street, or visible from the street, and that picture can legally be published, with no problem of personality rights. That is black letter law in the United States. That someone has exposed a part of their body normally kept private makes absolutely no difference, there is still no expectation of privacy, and we break no moral or ethical code by publishing the photo. In fact, one can make the case that my deliberately and freely exposing her breasts, the subject has '''''invited''''' attention, and has even less expectation of privacy than a person strolling down the street.To frame this as a BLP problem make little or no sense. The exposure is a '''''fact''''', it was clearly done freely and not under duress, in a public place. The law is clearly on our side, and there is no real BLP reason for not publishing. It is neither our job nor our responsibility to protect people from their own actions, and to speculate that the person may now or in the future '''''might possibly be embarasssed by their actions''''' is to impose on someone else one's own moral sensibility. '''''That''''' is clearly a violation of NPOV, as we do not edit using our own POV as a reference point, which is essentially what Floquenbeam wants to do here. [[User:Beyond My Ken|Beyond My Ken]] ([[User talk:Beyond My Ken|talk]]) 05:26, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
***Once again, you're not addressing the question. I am not doubting its '''legality''' as a matter of law. What I am doubting is whether we, as an encyclopedia, should be in the business of posting for the entire world for all eternity an embarrassing and potentially-damaging picture of an otherwise-anonymous person. The fact that Wikipedia is not censored is not license to put anything and everything up willy-nilly. We can and should afford to be sensitive and thoughtful about what we publish, particularly what we publish about non-public figures who have not invited themselves to become a permanent part of an encyclopedia article.
***Not one person has yet attempted to rebut or deal with this argument - the image's defenders are simply assuming that we should not care about this person because she probably can't sue us. That kind of thinking is not humane and ignores the fact that public sentiment is not limited to that which may be illegal. Editorial discretion is not censorship. The community decides all the time what it will publish and what it won't. [[User:Polarscribe|polarscribe]] ([[User talk:Polarscribe|talk]]) 05:41, 27 April 2013 (UT)
****I would further note that this issue would be solved by simply finding an exhibitionist who is explicitly and affirmatively willing to be used in a picture for Wikipedia. I can't imagine it would be super-difficult. [[User:Polarscribe|polarscribe]] ([[User talk:Polarscribe|talk]]) 05:44, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*BLP implies that an identifiable image of a non-notable person should be used only with great care. The questions "is the image legal?" (yes), and "is removing it censorship?" (no) are not relevant as we are considering whether to use a certain image in a certain article which is a question of editorial judgment. There is no reason to assume the woman knew that a picture of her would be taken, and it is obvious that there was no consent for such a picture to be used as a defining illustration of [[exhibitionism]] (the argument "it's legal, we don't need consent" is not relevant as the question being asked concerns ''editorial judgment''—given an image of a non-consenting person, should that image be used to define "exhibitionism" in an encyclopedia?). My judgment is that any picture should be of a non-identifiable person, or should be accompanied with consent. [[User:Johnuniq|Johnuniq]] ([[User talk:Johnuniq|talk]]) 07:39, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*I share the concerns of Floquenbeam, and strongly endorse the comments of Newyorkbrad and Polarscribe. There is simply no reason to use this particular photo; Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, ''not'' "Girls Gone Wild." Regardless of the legal niceties in particular American or European jurisdictions, I might also add that even the "Girls Gone Wild" producers have the good sense to get an all-encompassing legal release from their photo and video subjects before publishing clearly recognizable private citizens in various states of nakedness. In short, there is no encyclopedic reason to use this particular photo of a clearly recognizable person. It's time to exercise some editorial discretion as if we were a professional publication, not a group of volunteers rattling on about "censorship." Censorship is not the issue; editorial judgment and potential liability are. [[User:Dirtlawyer1|Dirtlawyer1]] ([[User talk:Dirtlawyer1|talk]]) 08:50, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*Yank the picture. I have no doubts about the legality of it. But legal does not make it necessary, right, or over-ride BLP concerns. This is a non-notable person plastered over one of the most viewed websites in the world. Hiding behind 'oh but its totally legal' is a cowardly way to defer personal responsibility for one's actions. In this case the action of potentially humiliating another human being for no good reason. [[User:Only in death|Only in death does duty end]] ([[User talk:Only in death|talk]]) 09:38, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
**Why, objectively, is this picture more potentially humiliating than any other photo of an identifiable person? Where is your evidence that this subject considers this humiliating? Given that this picture is clearly a picture of exhibitionism there is encyclopaedic justification to use it in the [[exhibitionism]] article - that doesn't mean that it's the right picture to use editorially, but that question is one for editors on the article talk page. The question for this board is whether it is a BLP violation to show a picture of an adult voluntarily engaging in a legal activity in a public place while fully aware that they are being photographed? Honestly I don't see how it can be without projecting one's morals onto the subject - [[WP:NPOV|which is something that Wikipedia does not do]]. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 11:15, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*'''Remove photo from article.''' Yes the photo (and especially the [[:File:Showing_breasts_in_New_Orleans.jpg]] variant, with photographer in shot) are actually good illustrations of exhibitionism. And yes, it's entirely possible that the subject would beam with pride if she found out her image was used in this way. But being used as a prominent emblem of "exhibitionism" is quite different from consenting to be photographed or videoed for Girls Gone Wild, I think, and I don't think we can assume so. Ergo, editorial caution should apply, and the photo not used. [[User:Rd232|Rd232]] [[user talk:rd232|talk]] 12:20, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*The picture should be pulled and not used. Such pictures should only be used with the consent of those being photographed. There are plenty of people who would consent to such photographs being used, so why are people insisting on using this image where no consent has been granted? More generally, how should such articles be illustrated? Stop a moment and think about how a reputable encyclopedia would illustrate an article on exhibitionism, if at all. Some encyclopedias might not even have an article on exhibitionism, but might cover that topic in a subsection of a larger article. And even if they did have an article, they might choose not to have an image to illustrate it. The whole mindset that we need to have pictures to illustrate certain topics is wrong. Often a verbal description is sufficient. And even if images are requested, you need to be be able to say with 100% certainty that what is being shown is exhibitionism. This is one of those situations where pictures need to come from a reputable source, such an established archive with picture information that states unequivocally what the image is showing. Not some random picture taken by some random person of another random person. [[User:Carcharoth|Carcharoth]] ([[User talk:Carcharoth|talk]]) 12:35, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
**Maybe drifting off topic here, but I cannot understand why people get so upset about seeing a picture of a pair of breasts, something that every woman in the world has. Leave it in. [[User:Hohenloh|Hohenloh]][[User_talk:Hohenloh| + ]] 12:39, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
***(EC) Not actually an issue, no one (that I can see) above has said they are offended by breasts or pictures thereof. For those of us outside the US its actually a fairly normal thing. Beaches, sunbathing in the city etc. However there is a marked difference between 'informed consent' and 'photo taken while probably drunk and having a good time'. There is also a difference between flashing someone and having your picture adorning a worldwide encyclopedia accessed by millions daily. But given the licence its been uploaded to commons with, why doesnt someone just take the picture, blur the face and re-upload for use? Being able to identify her face is not required for the article. [[User:Only in death|Only in death does duty end]] ([[User talk:Only in death|talk]]) 12:55, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
****If the face was blurred it wouldn't be a very good illustration. It also wouldn't be enough to prevent identification; see [[:commons:Commons:BLP#Identification]]. [[User:Rd232|Rd232]] [[user talk:rd232|talk]] 13:14, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*****Ah so its your opinion that for it to be a 'good illustration for exhibitionism' she must be identifiable? Or do you mean that it wouldnt be a 'good' illustration in that the picture quality would suffer? The first is refuted by the other non-identifable pictures, the second by finding a better picture with a subject who has given informed consent. Commons policy on identifable people is irrevelevant for wikipedia articles. However I would point out that even there it admits there are moral and ethical arguments. But for all practical purposes, a good scramble will mask her identity. It seems a reasonable compromise. [[User:Only in death|Only in death does duty end]] ([[User talk:Only in death|talk]]) 13:39, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
******No, the subject doesn't need to be identifiable, but a blurred subject would be very distracting. Better not to have an image at all - though certainly replacements can be found (and there's currently an undisputed image in the article anyway, so it's not exactly a crisis). I mentioned Commons policy on identifiable people, specifically about identification issues, because you talked about uploading a blurred version to Commons!! [[User:Rd232|Rd232]] [[user talk:rd232|talk]] 14:25, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
*******Not offended at all, they are quite nice in fact, and the photo is a pretty good one. I think cropping would be a better option than blurring, but a better option yet would be to find an apt illustrative image where due to the pose, or costume, etc., makes the subject harder to identify. - 15:46, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

*Seems to me, notice has been given here, and further discussion, if any, should go in the article's talk page or other forum appropriate to the topic. [[User:Jim.henderson|Jim.henderson]] ([[User talk:Jim.henderson|talk]]) 12:46, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

'''A horrible article spawns all sorts of problems, not the least of which are the BLP issues.''' First of all, without a shred of reliable sourcing, the article equates any willingness to appear any willingness to appear unclad in a public or "semi-public" situation as exhibitionism. Then it categorizes exhibitionism among paraphilias, sex crimes, and sexual fetishes. Then it's illustrated with images of identifiable people. Taking the article on its own terms, the average high school or college athletic shower room is a hotbed of exhibitionism. Blow the damn thing up and start over, with an emphasis on reliable sources. 
And, on the narrow BLP issue about a single photo: It's clearly staged; as is apparent from the uncropped image at Commons, the subject is clearly posing for a photographer. That doesn't make her an exhibitionist, in the sense the term is ordinarily understood. [[User:Hullaballoo Wolfowitz|Hullaballoo Wolfowitz]] ([[User talk:Hullaballoo Wolfowitz|talk]]) 19:14, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
:That's fair (the article is pretty terrible), but those points about the article need making on the talk page (in a separate section, I guess). [[User:Rd232|Rd232]] [[user talk:rd232|talk]] 19:40, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Responding to those (more than one) who have taken the position above that because the image is "legal," that is the end of the matter. Making sure that Wikipedia's content (text and files) is "legal" is the beginning, not the end, of our editorial responsibilities. We delete, or decline to include, content all the time whose inclusion would be perfectly legal. For example, every time we delete an article because its subject is non-notable, we are making an ''editorial'' decision (sometimes a good one and sometimes a bad one) that the encyclopedia we are building is better off without that content. Only rarely (mostly in the case of copyvios) does "legality" play a role in deletion discussions; we retain or delete content because we think it improves the encyclopedia to include it, bearing in mind all relevant considerations. The relevant considerations in a given case may include completeness, accuracy and reliability, notability, as well as the potential effect of encyclopedic content on article subjects and third parties. We certainly do not privilege the last of these considerations over the others, but it has its place in our discussion, and the idea of excluding it from consideration as a matter of principle is repellent. [[User:Newyorkbrad|Newyorkbrad]] ([[User talk:Newyorkbrad|talk]]) 19:31, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

*'''So find a better picture'''. The entire "remove it" argument is predicated on numerous assumptions and POV projections of how individual editors presume someone else would think. But the simplest solution here is simply to find a better picture to illustrate the subject. That would completely eliminate the need for all this argumentation. [[User:Resolute|Reso]][[User Talk:Resolute|lute]] 20:20, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

*'''Reject the general argument, BUT don't use the picture'''. [[WP:NOTCENSORED]] is a real policy - it's not just some whipping boy to be pulled out at the beginning and mocked every time someone comes up with a proposal to blanket-reject every possible image of a topic, say exhibitionism, based on the notion that "somebody might decide on second thought it was a bad idea". Should our article on [[FEMEN]] be suitably illustrated or not? However, that said, it does violate BLP to portray this particular woman as the illustration for exhibitionism, when we don't know she is an ''exhibitionist''. We don't know the circumstances well enough to have a BLP-confident level of sourcing to say that she is a good example. Sure, she ''might'' be a good example, but this we don't play guessing games about that sort of stuff (we don't use Prince Charles to illustrate [[Fragile X]], even if some people online say yeah, well, maybe he looks like he might carry it). I would appreciate keeping separate track of the two closes for this discussion, because I don't want the weak case for using this picture in this article to become an excuse to claim a more general consensus against more appropriate uses of potentially embarrassing photos. [[User:Wnt|Wnt]] ([[User talk:Wnt|talk]]) 21:45, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

If we have picture of a woman who is not naked, she could still be embarrassed about that later for all sorts of reasons. E.g. she could convert to Islam and decide to wear a burqa. To someone who wears a burqa, women who wear ordinary clothes are exhibitionists. [[User:Count Iblis|Count Iblis]] ([[User talk:Count Iblis|talk]]) 21:52, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

:Get rid of it. I have all sorts of issues with this pic being up, most of them covered by other Eds upthread and the other 2 this has created. If I see another WP IS NOT CENSORED-centric argument I shall trash my screen. Is this even an accurate pic to illustrate the topic? I thought exhibitionism was outside of the mainstream culture? This is not so with the event and subject I would argue. A much better pic would be an elderly man in a long overcoat hanging around a park.[[User:Irondome|Irondome]] ([[User talk:Irondome|talk]]) 21:59, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

:Whenever I read discussions such as these (and the one at Jimbo's talk page, and Commons) I always end up wondering "where in the world does Wikipedia manage to find the scumbags that manage to make these kinds of comments with a straight face???". The only logical explanation that I can come up with is that there's purposeful trolling going on because there's just no way that such a number of people can be so ethically damaged. But maybe that's what Wikipedia has become.[[User:Volunteer Marek|Volunteer ]][[User talk:Volunteer Marek|Marek]] 02:36, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

:::I was going to ignore that contentious comment, and maybe I still ''ought'' to, but it is just outrageous. You're calling us "scumbags", "trolls", "ethically damaged" for trying to maintain uniform, logical standards for Wikimedia projects --- even as we have very patiently AGF-argued against the myriad wrong justifications of a crusade which from the beginning has been focused only on trying to remove all "porn" from Wikipedia. [[User:Wnt|Wnt]] ([[User talk:Wnt|talk]]) 06:25, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

::There are several attitudes that appear to have been displayed so far. 1/ A blind and literal adherence to certain WP guidelines, which seems to reduce this person to the status of a lab rat. "System men" with no empathy to this person at all. 2/ An ethical issue, as VM mentioned above. Only use if we get permission from the subject (and I stick by my claim that this pic does not accurately represent the article subject). Just a gut feeling that having the pic up in the present time is wrong. I believe it would be illegal in the UK anyway, I think it would fall under the data protection act.[[User:Irondome|Irondome]] ([[User talk:Irondome|talk]]) 03:09, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
:::I don't get what the UK has to do with it. It's an American picture on an American server and there's no reason to pay them any attention. For example, some of the European countries have database copyright stupidity, and I've fully and flagrantly ignored it, and intend to keep doing so. Nor is this a matter of "blind adherence"; this ''is'' a matter of ethics - the ethics that we should accurately cover the topics at hand, and not help to coerce women into feeling more unnecessarily ashamed of themselves for being female than they already do in furtherance of a wrong-headed societal taboo. As it happens, portraying the girl as the type specimen of an "exhibitionist" would be probably false. However, the picture could conceivably be properly used in illustration of the Mardi Gras festival in particular (though one would expect that far better street-scene photos of flashing by larger groups with more context should be available for that article) [[User:Wnt|Wnt]] ([[User talk:Wnt|talk]]) 05:53, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
::::This isnt Watergate. So your ethical system is confined to the dictates of WP guidance? also, you seem to be asserting that pictures of women with their tits out is somehow empowering them? I note the tortuous use of some kind of unconvincing pro-feminist reasoning to let you have your cake and eat it. Sounds a pretty desperate argument. Glad you agree about the inappropriateness of the pic to the article. So lets get rid of it. [[User:Irondome|Irondome]] ([[User talk:Irondome|talk]]) 06:46, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

Fully agree with Floquenbeam. It should go without saying. [[User:Jayen466|Andreas]] [[User_Talk:Jayen466|JN]][[Special:Contributions/Jayen466|466]] 07:54, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

Why don't we do what is usually done in such cases in the media, i.e. blur the face of the woman so she becomes unrecognizable? [[User:Count Iblis|Count Iblis]] ([[User talk:Count Iblis|talk]]) 12:59, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
:Because it's essentially pointless, see [[commons:Commons:BLP#Identification]]. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 17:00, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

::That's true in general, but for this particular problem [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=552714332 it should work.] [[User:Count Iblis|Count Iblis]] ([[User talk:Count Iblis|talk]]) 12:27, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
:::A noble, unprovable theory that is completely irrelevant. We'd link from the derivative version (pixellated) to the original (unpixellated) version (as required by policy and license) meaning she'd be trivially identifiable even if the non-technological factors (e.g. squinting) are ignored. The problem isn't that she's identifiable (if it were we would have no pictures of identifiable non-notable people) but that some people wish to hold images of people displaying body parts a mainstream western cultural attitude says shouldn't be shown in public to a different standard to images of people displaying body parts that other cultures say shouldn't be public but western mainstream cultural attitudes are fine with. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 13:49, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

My original question is somewhat undermined by the fact that this was probably not, as claimed in the file description on Commons, a woman flashing the crowd at Mardi Gras, but instead a staged photo shoot. If that is indeed the case, I'm not as concerned ''about this particular case'' as I was before. But the more general point remains, and could apply to a lot of cases. Can we take a picture of a drunk in the gutter and use it to illustrate "alcoholism"? Indeed, should we be able to do something as "innocent" as to take a picture of someone who is shy, but happens to have been in public, and use it to illustrate "blond hair"?

My takeaway from this discussion is that, while it is certainly not unanimous, there is definitely a consensus that in a situation where a '''private individual''' has been photographed (even knowingly photographed) in a public place, can be '''easily identified''', is '''not incidental''' to the photo but instead is the subject of the photo, has '''not given explicit permission''' to use their likeness for this purpose, and there is a '''reasonable expectation''' they might be embarrassed by the picture being used on Wikipedia, that we will not use that photo, even if it is licensed properly and would be of encyclopedic use. Regardless of what Commons thinks about the issue.

My own preference is much more restrictive than this; I believe we shouldn't use a photo of anyone who has not given their explicit consent, even if there is no reasonable expectation of embarrassment. Whether it makes the encyclopedia slightly less useful or not. I don't think I should have to wear a burqa to avoid being used to illustrate some encyclopedia article, just because I left my house to get groceries, and I think the right to privacy in a public place is currently not valued enough on WP, nor in the US. But that is not the subject of this particular discussion, and I am certainly not claiming there is currently a consensus for that. If I do decide to propose that in the future, I'll notify everyone who has commented in this thread. --[[User:Floquenbeam|Floquenbeam]] ([[User talk:Floquenbeam|talk]]) 18:41, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
:This issue comes up repeatedly (for instance, search [[Talk:Abortion/Archive_41|this thread]] for the words "there is a strong ethical argument against including photos of aborted fetuses without some sort of indication that the patient consented to their prominent display on a highly-viewed page of a top-10 website"). I agree with Floquenbeam that the marginal utility added by a image is easily outweighed if there's a possibility that by prominently publishing it, we will harm or embarrass its subject. Like most such discussions on Wikipedia, the focus is on ''can we?'' rather than on ''should we?'' If there's one takeaway from this discussion, how about we try to focus future discussions on the latter question rather than the former? '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 19:55, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
::Oh my ''God'' should we include photos in the abortion article - I can't believe this "ethical" claptrap! Asking if it's morally acceptable that we use a free image of an actual fetus to illustrate the abortion article! When we might not have the actual permission of the mother of the poor discarded object, who having had it torn out and thrown away for our examination, should be counted on to tell us whether or not it would have wanted us to be able to look at it for an educational article! A person would be better off having a clever surgeon stick a probe in his brain and burn his sense of ethics into ashes than to rely on judgment like this. [[User:Wnt|Wnt]] ([[User talk:Wnt|talk]]) 17:13, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
* '''Remove it'''. I can't help but think that if there actually are real [[Exhibitionists]], it shouldn't be impossible to find one to pose for a photo and attach a written disclaimer that we can publish that he/she is perfectly happy to be viewed on a top-10-or-5-or-what-are-we-up-to-now website. If we can't get such a disclaimer, it's not unreasonable to suppose that this person is not as much of an exhibitionist as we would want to serve as an illustration of our article. --[[User:GRuban|GRuban]] ([[User talk:GRuban|talk]]) 21:12, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
* Explicit permission is important for identifiable photos of anyone who is not a public figure. As GRuban says, there are many exhibitionist communities, which would be a fine source for photos with explicit subject release. – [[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj| +]] 21:54, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

== [[Sensible Sentencing Trust]] - Gratuitous insult against living person, sourced from someone's blog ==

Quick question. Is this edit [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sensible_Sentencing_Trust&diff=551200099&oldid=551199936] even remotely acceptable? I wouldn't have thought so, but the last time I tried fixing any of that editor's BLP violations a lot of people got bent out of shape so I'd rather leave it to the experts.
(The organisation in question actually bears little or no resemblance to the organisation described in the article, which has been converted into a hatchet job by an editor who is in an off-wiki dispute with the organisation, but it would require people with a lot more spare time than myself to fix that mess).
Thanks in advance. [[User:Daveosaurus|Daveosaurus]] ([[User talk:Daveosaurus|talk]]) 14:19, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
:No, not acceptable. I have removed it, but it would be helpful if other regulars here commented as well, because I suspect this isn't the last we'll see of it, and it will help if there's a clear message here about BLP and RS for this particular gem. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 14:26, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
:: Thanks for that. Hopefully this will start putting an end to the nonsense. Cheers. [[User:Daveosaurus|Daveosaurus]] ([[User talk:Daveosaurus|talk]]) 19:06, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== Stephanie Black ==

The article is too short and the last half is pretty much nonsensical. Either that or someone is making unsourced claims with major grammatical errors. Unable to edit, don't know anything about the Director. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/216.165.95.78|216.165.95.78]] ([[User talk:216.165.95.78|talk]]) 19:56, 28 April 2013 (UTC) 
*I've had a look at the [[Stephanie Black]] article, and I've trimmed the excessive lists of awards (that should go in the articles about the films) and marked a couple of statements as not being referenced. I didn't see any BLP problems though - could you be more specific? The article being a stub isn't a biographical issue, and editors here are unlikely to be able to expand it (I've never heard of her). The best place to request expansion is on the talk page or at the WikiProject. I've tagged this for the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject New York|New York]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers|Actors and Filmmakers]] projects, and I'll place a note on the latter's [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers|Actors and Filmmakers|talk page]] where someone with knowledge of the subject is most likely to see it. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 22:02, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

== Jason Bermas ==

{{la|Jason Bermas}}

I tried to add a couple sources and clean up some uncited material, but short that it is, it needs some more hands and eyes. Thanks. --[[User:Joe Decker|j⚛e decker]][[User talk:Joe Decker|talk]] 02:17, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== Allan Bell MHK ==

{{la|Allan Bell}}

Comments about IOM Government support for the Sefton Group:-
a) Should be identified as relating to a current event.
b) Source 5 references newspaper opinion, which does not belong in a biography.
c) The wording gives the impression that the Sefton is not profitable, which is not the case. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/87.254.86.29|87.254.86.29]] ([[User talk:87.254.86.29|talk]]) 07:29, 29 April 2013 (UTC) 

== Suman Sahai ==

{{la|Suman Sahai}}

A number of IPs and single-cause users keep removing the 'Controversy' section from the [[Suman Sahai]] article. As far as I can see that section is properly sourced and there aren't any BLP concerns. Am I right or should the section be removed? [[User_talk:Yintan|''' Yinta''''''n ''']] 11:54, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
*As the editor who put it there in the first place, I obviously think that it is OK :-) The source is impeccable and compared to what the source actually says, this section is quite neutral in tone... --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 12:30, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
:*Note that the subject has filed an OTRS request to delete both her bio and the stub on the organization that she established ([[Gene Campaign]]). --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 16:29, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
::I hope the Gene Campaign article isn't deleted because of a OTRS request given the RS coverage of the organization. '''[[User:Sean.hoyland|Sean.hoyland]]''' - '''[[User talk:Sean.hoyland|talk]]''' 17:28, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== William J. Kyte Bio Update ==

I need to update the bio of William J. Kyte. I would also like to insert a photo.

The article should be listed as follows:

William J. Kyte

Bill Kyte currently resides in Scottsdale, Arizona.

He was Founder, CEO and principal stockholder of Roanoke Companies, purchased by the H.B. Fuller Company in 2006.

Kyte attended the University of Arizona until 1965 when he returned to his native Kansas City, Missouri. He has developed a 50+ year entrepreneurial career in distribution, manufacturing and product development. Whilst with Roanoke Companies, Kyte also invented and attained patents D472,787 and US 7,241,828.

Currently, Kyte is the principal of Roanoke Capital Management (RCM), a group of extensive investments in private equity, real estate, as well as direct investments in the banking and energy sectors.

Mr. Kyte serves on the National Board of Advisors for the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. In June,1993 he was awarded a Certificate of Achievement from the Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.

His philanthropic interests focus on medical research, education for underprivileged children and hunger in the United States. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Sarahferry|Sarahferry]] ([[User talk:Sarahferry|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sarahferry|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 April 2013 (UTC) 

:Wikipedia relies on [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] to [[WP:V|verify]] information; and Wikipedia is certainly not a [[WP:PROMOTION|promotional tool]]. [[User:GiantSnowman|Giant]][[User talk:GiantSnowman|Snowman]] 16:52, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

*Further input welcome - Sarah has a COI here, is edit-warring with me, and has stopped responding to e-mails. [[User:GiantSnowman|Giant]][[User talk:GiantSnowman|Snowman]] 18:36, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
::I just closed a ticket re: this, with the suggestion that this is better handled through here. Not sure if she understands how this works, but we don't just paste over a bio with material provided by the subject's assistants. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 22:18, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== Jason Collins ==

*{{la|Jason Collins}}

The page for NBA player who just came out as gay in the new Sports Illustrated is being called a "faggot" on his Wikipedia page. I believe it's in the first sentence. Please correct this immediately and do something to protect bigoted people from attacking him on Wikipedia.
:Par for the course, unfortunately. Watched and will request protection if the vandalism gets too bad. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 16:45, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== Paul Maher Jr. ==

Under "talk" section, someone inserted a lie about "stealing thousands of books" which is a complete fabrication.

Thank you,
Paul Maher Jr, — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.62.4.209|24.62.4.209]] ([[User talk:24.62.4.209|talk]]) 19:10, 29 April 2013 (UTC) 
:It had been removed back in 2009, but it was inexplicably readded by another user. Removed now, thanks for the heads up. [[User:J.delanoy|J'''.'''delanoy]][[User Talk:J.delanoy|gabs]][[Special:Contributions/J.delanoy|adds]] 19:12, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== Sondra Peterson ==

This article is suffereing from some fallout from other BLP articles that are relatives to this subject. Mostly puffery and promotion edits and now socking. More eyes is usually the best solution.  [[User:Little_green_rosetta|little green rosetta]]{{SubSup||[[Special:Contributions/Little_green_rosetta|central scrutinizer]]|[[User talk:Little green rosetta|(talk)]]}} 20:43, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
:I am not sure what is being requested. The article does need development but could you specify your other concerns? Thanks.[[User:Coaster92|Coaster92]] ([[User talk:Coaster92|talk]]) 23:02, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

== Diane Gilliam Fisher ==

{{la|Diane Gilliam Fisher}}

Diane Gilliam Fisher has been divorced and wants the married name "Fisher" removed from the title of her article. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2602:306:CE3A:8EE0:223:12FF:FE52:FB4F|2602:306:CE3A:8EE0:223:12FF:FE52:FB4F]] ([[User talk:2602:306:CE3A:8EE0:223:12FF:FE52:FB4F|talk]]) 22:42, 29 April 2013 (UTC) 
:That's fine, but we need a source for it. Can you provide one? §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 23:07, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
::Also: [[:WP:COMMONNAME|we don't go by the subject's wishes but rather by how the subject is commonly known]]. Are there sources calling her Gilliam rather than Fisher? --[[User:Orangemike|Orange Mike]] | [[User talk:Orangemike|Talk]] 12:47, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

::: It looks like she's published under both names. [[User:Barney the barney barney|Barney the barney barney]] ([[User talk:Barney the barney barney|talk]]) 17:05, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
: http://www.aroomofherownfoundation.org/home.php has her with just the one name. It is recent but is it RS enough? Can she try OTRS with a copy of legal documents? Poets may not be published in more common RS very often.--[[User:Canoe1967|Canoe1967]] ([[User talk:Canoe1967|talk]]) 17:23, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
: http://www.currentbooks.com/poet-diane-gilliam-wins-gift-of-freedom-award.html Found another.--[[User:Canoe1967|Canoe1967]] ([[User talk:Canoe1967|talk]]) 17:49, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
: http://www.cortlandreview.com/features/10/spring/gilliam.html#1 The about page on this source states "The Cortland Review has twice been distinguished with a Forbes "Best of the Web" citation for a literary journal." Should I bring up a page move discussion on the article talk page?--[[User:Canoe1967|Canoe1967]] ([[User talk:Canoe1967|talk]]) 17:59, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
::I don't have a problem moving this, so long as we have some sources. If we do (and looks like we do) then let's just move it. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 18:20, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
:::Would you like to do the honors? I may have others stalking my edits.--[[User:Canoe1967|Canoe1967]] ([[User talk:Canoe1967|talk]]) 21:24, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
::::{{done}} Can I stalk your edits too? {{=D}} §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 21:29, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== Elisa Gaudet ==

* {{la|Elisa Gaudet}}
* {{user|Kristopher Carpenter}}
* {{user|Alicia Bowerman}}
* {{user|Josh Steinbrener}}
* {{user|KeithCarpenter3}}

Pure puff piece with copyright violations, just created by an account edit-warring to retain the unacceptable content. See also user sandbox for duplicate, with copyright violations [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kristopher_Carpenter/sandbox]. [[Special:Contributions/99.0.83.243|99.0.83.243]] ([[User talk:99.0.83.243|talk]]) 01:49, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
*SPI report now filed. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Kristopher_Carpenter]. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 07:04, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

== John Astin ==

[[Patty Duke]]'s official website says [[Sean Astin]] is John Astin's real son, not simply adopted by [[John Astin]] as the bio on John Astin states.

http://www.officialpattyduke.com/ — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/166.137.116.28|166.137.116.28]] ([[User talk:166.137.116.28|talk]]) 11:43, 30 April 2013 (UTC) 

:To be precise, it's on [http://www.officialpattyduke.com/bio.htm this bio page]. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] ([[User talk:Mangoe|talk]]) 11:11, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

::That bio page dates back as far as 2003, and never seems to have been updated. From Sean Astin's own article we have [http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2003/dec/19/lordoftherings.features this link] which indicates a conclusive result from a 1994 paternity test, so I think we can disregard the website bio. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] ([[User talk:Mangoe|talk]]) 12:15, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== Danario Alexander ==

{{la|Danario Alexander}}

Danario Alexander does not have a son named Danario Alexander Jr, please delete this information as it is incorrect. Someone is constantly adding this information and it is not a true piece of information on this man. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Teixste|Teixste]] ([[User talk:Teixste|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Teixste|contribs]]) 17:19, 30 April 2013 (UTC) 

:I don't see any reference to a son in the article. Are you sure you saw this on Wikipedia?--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 17:56, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

::It's on the Google search page for his name. Wikipedia has no control over this. [[User:Rojomoke|Rojomoke]] ([[User talk:Rojomoke|talk]]) 18:03, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

== Martin Blinder ==

{{la|Martin Blinder}}

I am hoping that I could get a few more eyes on this article. It appears as though an ISP with a grudge has been cherry-picking negative details of the subject in violation of WP:WEIGHT. Thanks! [[User:Location|Location]] ([[User talk:Location|talk]]) 20:46, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

== Bob Brozman ==

*{{la|Bob Brozman}}

Bio of recently deceased musician, grossly libelous and unsubstantiated claims added by SPA and revdel'ed. Need a few more eyes on it please. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 22:03, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
:I have simplified the sentence about his death to the basic fact. Note though that technically one cannot libel the dead, but of course BLP does apply to recent deaths.--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 00:50, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

::I have now requested that page be locked.--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 01:43, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

:::Request for protection withdrawn, we appear to have reached a compromise.--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 02:09, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
::::Yep, looks like it. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 05:17, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

== Michael Spitzer ==

This article claims that "Michael Spitzer" is the pseudonym of Arthur MacArthur IV. No references that
support this are cited. This bio should be deleted{{unsigned|96.251.58.17}}

:Now tagged for speedy deletion.--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 13:42, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

::And deleted.--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 14:24, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

== [[George Pataki]] ==

This article is laughably biased, filled with simplistic cheerleading. I have nothing against the guy, but this is embarrassing. The article also reads, honestly, like it was written by someone whose English was shaky. It's filled with grammatical errors. It ought to be completely rewritten. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.86.177.141|67.86.177.141]] ([[User talk:67.86.177.141|talk]]) 13:34, 1 May 2013 (UTC) 

:I have confirmed that the article can be edited by unregistered users, so you are cleared to go ahead with the re-write. Please proceed. --[[User:Demiurge1000|Demiurge1000]] ([[User_talk:Demiurge1000|talk]]) 01:07, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== [[Vicki Gunvalson]] ==

the article is an advertisement of the person in question, highly nonobjective and of poor quality. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/81.227.20.151|81.227.20.151]] ([[User talk:81.227.20.151|talk]]) 21:02, 1 May 2013 (UTC) 

:Now a one-sentence stub.--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 02:51, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== Barbara Boxer ==

The entry for Barbara Boxer is rife with errors. Specifically, the biographical section regarding her pre-political career requires correction. As for example, Boxer is said to have worked as a newspaper reporter during the early seventies, this despite the fact that a multitude of online listings assert instead that she worked as a full fledged newspaper editor. Boxer's wikipedia entry should be updated so as to reflect this ambiguity. One would hope that this issue could be resolved by way of consulting Boxer's official webpage. Unfortunately, Boxer and her staff have opted to omit all reference to her pre-political career. thus leaving this issue un-resolved. Mind you, this is not the only error in the Wikipedia entry. I'm Barbara Boxer's nephew. I know of what I speak. Please refrain from further threats against me. It's imperative that Boxer's entry be corrected so as to properly reflect the record. Please, we must initiate a conversation so as to resolve this dispute in the manner of educated and intelligent people do. thanks, Noel G. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Antidisinfodoc|Antidisinfodoc]] ([[User talk:Antidisinfodoc|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Antidisinfodoc|contribs]]) 21:05, 1 May 2013 (UTC) 

: The article says [[Barbara Boxer]] was a [[journalist]], which seems to be accurate, whatever her specific job description was. [[User:Barney the barney barney|Barney the barney barney]] ([[User talk:Barney the barney barney|talk]]) 18:22, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== [[Massoud Barzani]] ==

A section has been posted to the [[WP:Help Desk|Wikipedia Help Desk]] stating that information about this person is incorrect. I haven't investigated but am listing it here. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 22:02, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
: The criticism section contains unsourced speculation about "opaque financial systems" possibly hiding corruption that should be removed. The [[Massoud_Barzani#Massoud Barzani's family|Massoud Barzani's family]] section is mainly sourced to a [http://especialview.wordpress.com/ wordpress blog]. Some of the allegations in that blog are supported by links to other, possibly [[WP:RS|RS]] media. The section should be removed, claims examined and any notable & reliably sourced examples reworked into the article...as it is semi'd I cannot clean it myself. regards [[Special:Contributions/149.241.58.254|149.241.58.254]] ([[User talk:149.241.58.254|talk]]) 03:50, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

::I have removed that section as a blatant BLP violation. The rest of the article needs to be closely examined for compliance.--[[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 13:50, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== [[Murders of Christine and Amber Lundy]] ==

On [[Talk:Murders of Christine and Amber Lundy]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMurders_of_Christine_and_Amber_Lundy&diff=553105502&oldid=552947548 this series of edits], [[User:Offender9000]] said of [[Nigel Latta]]: "Latta made it up and Wikipedia does not validate pseudo psychological disorders on behalf of populist TV psychologists trying to make a buck out of other peoples misery. The "diagnosis" suggests bias and doesn't meet criteria for NPOV. It also contravenes WP:BLP [...]". That reads as an attack to me, but I'm a involved party; could someone else please take a look? [[User:Stuartyeates|Stuartyeates]] ([[User talk:Stuartyeates|talk]]) 22:28, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
:At some point someone is going to have to take a good hard look at the editing of {{User|Offender9000}}. [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 17:28, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
::I was involved with [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Offender9000]], but it went nowhere. [[User:Stuartyeates|Stuartyeates]] ([[User talk:Stuartyeates|talk]]) 22:01, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== [[Talk:Robby Robinson (bodybuilder)]] ==

Some very polar editing going on here. See Andrewa's appeal for input. [[User:In ictu oculi|In ictu oculi]] ([[User talk:In ictu oculi|talk]]) 03:19, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
== 100x foreigner BLPs ==

Sigh... This has been round WT:BLP before about a year ago after the overwhelming rejection of WP:TENNISNAMES, but seeing as it is an ongoing slow burn edit war on 100x BLPs it probably is worth just linking here. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Vitoux_%28tennis%29&diff=552308828&oldid=552254891 persistent always-on-top editing counter consensus]. In an unrelated case [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zo%C3%AB_Baird&diff=494555376&oldid=478733944 one similar edit from another editor] was prelude to a ban. Can't really see what the difference is between such an edit to 1x American BLP and 100x foreigner BLPs. Yawns all round, I know. [[User:In ictu oculi|In ictu oculi]] ([[User talk:In ictu oculi|talk]]) 05:18, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== Julio_Borges ==

The article says Borges and another congressman were assaulted by the "National Socialist Party of Venezuela".

[[Julio Borges]]

"National Socialism" was the name for the murderous Hitler version of fascism.

According to the article on Venezuela, the party involved is presumably the "United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)"

[[Venezuela#Government]]

Being called a Nazi would be seen as a major insult by most of the communists I know.

Please correct the party name.

[[Special:Contributions/79.110.95.2|79.110.95.2]] ([[User talk:79.110.95.2|talk]]) 11:22, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
:You are correct, and the correction has been made. For future reference, you are welcome to correct any errors you might find in articles, such as this one. [[User:Polarscribe|polarscribe]] ([[User talk:Polarscribe|talk]]) 04:42, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== [[Benjamin A. Neil]] ==

A request has been posted to the [[WP:Help Desk|Help Desk]]. This article needs to be reviewed for possible deletion as notable for one event. [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|talk]]) 15:02, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
:Looks like a clear [[WP:BLP1E]] to me, but it would probably benefit from discussion at AFD, unless someone wants to PROD it. I'm not seeing that the whole "scandal" rises to significant coverage level, but I might be missing sources. §[[User:FreeRangeFrog|FreeRangeFrog]][[User talk:FreeRangeFrog|croak]] 18:23, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

== Hamid Algar ==

{{la|Hamid Algar}}
Hello,

I ran into this biography article and found a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Algar#Genocide_commemoration_incident section] that talks about a controversial event. I first found some unsourced material which I removed myself, but then I wondered if the sources used in this section are in actually neutral enough. The sources essentially belong to one side of the dispute, i.e. the Armenian society. I am therefore writing here to ask for help. As I understand Wikipedia has very strict rules when it comes to biographies of living people.--[[User:Kazemita1|Kazemita1]] ([[User talk:Kazemita1|talk]]) 21:17, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
:Neither of the cited sources for the section are [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] for contentious material about living people. One is a reprinted press release, the other is reposted from a student journal written by Armenian students. Neither source can thus be considered to present a balanced, neutral or objective view of the incident. Accordingly, I have removed the entire section. [[User:Polarscribe|polarscribe]] ([[User talk:Polarscribe|talk]]) 04:29, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== Alistair Moffat ==

I declined a request for the deletion of this article. It appears that the section BritainsDNA is the cause of the contention, and an edit war has taken place. Have protected for one week, and would ask for your views on this section. '''[[User:StephenBuxton|Stephen!]]''' ''[[User talk:StephenBuxton|Coming...]]'' 09:30, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
:The contentious section is well referenced. (I created the section, an IP editor expanded it and added most of the references.) One reference is from [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']], which had an article on Moffat's use of threats of libel to try to silence those who were criticising the obviously false (denied by his own company) statements he had made. The deletions have been by IP editors, by the single-purpose account [[User:Detaerc]], and by [[User:MRobertsQC]]. MRobertsQC's contributions to Wikipedia almost all praise Moffat (like [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Cleese&diff=prev&oldid=453899256 this one]). None of these editors has explained the reason for their deletions, or indicated what statements in the section they consider libellous. [[User:Maproom|Maproom]] ([[User talk:Maproom|talk]]) 10:14, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
:(Obviously) I have also reverted the IP/casual users. The section in question could use a bit of a rewrite (it reads to me like it begs a question and then goes ahead and answers itself), but otherwise seems fine and reasonably well sourced. Another source or two wouldn't hurt either. [[User:Dp76764|DP76764]] ([[User_Talk:Dp76764|Talk]]) 14:46, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ewen Macdonald]] ==

There is a mess at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ewen Macdonald]], with the nom incorrectly stating that a living person was a murderer (he appears to have been found not guilty). Then the article creator claimed that the subjects' lawyer committed suicide, when all the sources we have say 'suspected suicide'. When I asked the article creator to produce a source or stop making the claim he removed the article space claim but restated the claim in the AfD. Disclaimer: I have a history with the article creator. [[User:Stuartyeates|Stuartyeates]] ([[User talk:Stuartyeates|talk]]) 09:48, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
:My apologies for the misstatement in the nomination. In looking at the article, I saw a section title "The Murder" and concluded that Macdonald was a murderer (speaking of BLP problems...). [[User:Nomoskedasticity|Nomoskedasticity]] ([[User talk:Nomoskedasticity|talk]]) 10:08, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== Libel (or other criminal qualification) in article "Martin van Rijn" ==

In connection with this: http://forum.netzwerk-rauchen.de/cgi-bin/YaBB.pl?num=1224011042/256#256 ,

this:

Maarten Johannes (Martin) van Rijn (born February 7, 1956 in Rotterdam) is a Dutch '''asshole''' and former CEO and civil servant. As a member of the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) he has been State Secretary for the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, dealing with nursing and care, elderly policy, youth policy and biotechnology in the Second Rutte cabinet since November 5, 2012. Previously he was CEO of pension fund PGGM.

In his capacity as a civil servant he was director-general for health care at the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport from 2003 to 2007, director-general for management and personnel policy at the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations from 2000 to 2003, and deputy director-general for housing at the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment from 1995 to 2000.

Van Rijn studied economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam.

'''Van Rijn's first boyfriend was a smoker and broke up with Van Rijn because of his awful temper. Van Rijn was devestated by this and has hated smokers ever since. This is the reason he wants to ban smoking in all pubs, restaurants etc. It's all a personal revenge he's after. Since Van Rijn is a member of the Labour party we know his IQ his about 90.'''

seems unacceptable behaviour by editor 2001:4c98:2:0:3c9b:8577:aba8:71bc

I think appropriate measures against this editor should be taken.

Martin van Rijn

2013-05-03T15:01:33Z

Baltshazzar: Undid revision 553335356. That revision (see also http://forum.netzwerk-rauchen.de/cgi-bin/YaBB.pl?num=1224011042/256#256 could (and should) be liable to criminal pursuit.

{{Infobox Politician
| name = Martin van Rijn
| image = Martin_van_Rijn_2012_(highres).jpg
| imagesize =
| office = [[State Secretary (Netherlands)|State Secretary]] for [[Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Netherlands)|Health, Welfare and Sport (Netherlands)]]
| term_start = November 5, 2012
| term_end =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|02|07|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
| birthname = Maarten Johannes van Rijn
| nationality = [[Netherlands|Dutch]]
| party = [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA)
| spouse =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[economics]])
| occupation = Politician, CEO, civil servant
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Maarten Johannes (Martin) van Rijn''' (born February 7, 1956 in [[Rotterdam]]) is a Dutch politician and former [[CEO]] and civil servant. As a member of the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (Partij van de Arbeid) he has been [[State Secretary (Netherlands)|State Secretary]] for the [[Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Netherlands)|Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport]], dealing with nursing and care, elderly policy, youth policy and [[biotechnology]] in the [[Second Rutte cabinet]] since November 5, 2012. Previously he was CEO of [[pension fund]] [[PGGM]].

In his capacity as a civil servant he was [[director-general]] for [[health care]] at the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport from 2003 to 2007, director-general for management and personnel policy at the [[Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (Netherlands)|Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations]] from 2000 to 2003, and deputy director-general for [[housing]] at the [[Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)|Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment]] from 1995 to 2000.

Van Rijn studied economics at [[Erasmus University Rotterdam]].

== Decorations ==
In 2008, he was awarded Officer of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]].

== References ==
* {{nl}} [http://www.parlement.com/9353000/1/j9vvhy5i95k8zxl/vj46fcrjfu8n Parlement.com biography]

{{Commons category}}

{{start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[State Secretary (Netherlands)|State Secretary]] for [[Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Netherlands)|Health, Welfare and Sport]]
| years = 2012-
| before = [[Marlies Veldhuijzen van Zanten]]
| after =
}}
{{end}}

{{Second Rutte cabinet}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Rijn, Martin van
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Rijn, Maarten Johannes van
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Dutch politician, CEO and civil servant
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 7, 1956
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rijn, Martin Van}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch chief executives]]
[[Category:Dutch civil servants]]
[[Category:Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni]]
[[Category:Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:People from Rotterdam]]
[[Category:State Secretaries of the Netherlands]]

{{Netherlands-PvdA-politician-stub}}

List of smoking bans

2013-02-13T07:28:21Z

Baltshazzar: Russia's anti-tobacco law passed

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
This is a '''list of [[smoking ban]]s''' by country. Smoking bans are public policies, including [[criminal law]]s and [[occupational safety and health]] regulations, which prohibit [[tobacco smoking]] in workplaces and/or other [[public space]]s. Legislation may also, in some cases, restrict the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.azleg.gov/ars/36/00601-01.htm
|title= Smoke-free Arizona act
|work=Arizona Revised Statutes Title 36 – Public Health and Safety
|publisher=Arizona State Legislature
|accessdate=18 June 2009
}}</ref>

[[File:Smoke Ban ABC.ogv|thumb|1973 and 2007 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] news reports on the initial, and then the complete, indoor smoking bans in [[Victoria, Australia]].]]

{{TOC right}}
[[Image:No smoking symbol.svg|thumb|180px|A [[pictogram]] often used to denote a smoking ban]]

==Smoking bans by country==

===Albania===
{{Main|Smoking in Albania}}
A law went into effect on 30 May 1977 restricting smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco, although the measure has reportedly been poorly enforced in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-urged-to-enforce-smoking-ban |title=Albania urged to enforce smoking ban |publisher=Balkaninsight.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Andorra===
Since 1994, smoking is prohibited in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.<ref>[http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1794 Una proposta ciutadana vol que no es pugui fumar a la feina] – Diari d'Andorra</ref>

Finally, Andorra introduces a smoking ban in all public places on 13 December 2012. However, an exemption was made for bars and restaurants, which allows special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, such as food and drink can't be provided in it. <ref>[http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/sociedad/andorra-prohibe-fumar-los-espacios-publicos-2271733 Andorra prohíbe fumar en los espacios públicos Bares y restaurantes podrán habilitar zonas para fumadores pero no podrán consumir bebida ni comida] - ElPeriodico</ref>

===Argentina===
{{Main|Smoking in Argentina}}
A 2006 smoking ban in Buenos Aires city prohibits smoking in public areas including bars and restaurants except if the bar is more than 100 m2 where it is possible to provide an area for smoking customers. Similar bans in other Argentine cities require bigger establishments to provide a separate, contained area for smoking customers.

Argentina introduced a ban on smoking in all public places on 1 June 2011.

===Armenia===
A law went into effect in March 2005 prohibiting smoking in hospitals, cultural and educational and mental institutions and on public transportation. On 1 March 2006 new rules came into effect requiring all public and private institutions, including bars and restaurants, to allow smoking only in special secluded areas. Absence of any legal sanctions against those who violate the smoking laws have made them completely ineffectual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2006/03/484fbde7-796a-4798-b4d1-b99aa705fa47.asp |title=Smoking Restrictions Widened In Armenia |publisher=Armenialiberty.org |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|List of smoking bans in Australia}}
In Australia, smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:
* South Australia: Smoking prohibited in all indoor dining areas since January 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au/ |title=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |publisher=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Banned in all enclosed public places since November 2007.
* Western Australia: Incremental restrictions introduced from January 2005 with a comprehensive total restriction upon smoking in all enclosed public spaces taking effect from July 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=115987 |title=WA Government media statement, 28 November 2004 |publisher=Mediastatements.wa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Tasmania: Total indoor smoking ban in force since January 2006. From January 2008 the regulations were extended to include smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite news|author=AAP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html |title=Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania |work=The Australian |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Queensland: Comprehensive smoking ban in effect since July 2006. Smoking is prohibited in all pubs, clubs, restaurants and workplaces, commercial outdoor eating and drinking areas, outdoor public places, and within 4 metres of non-residential building entrances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.qld.gov.au/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp |title=Outdoor public areas |publisher=Health.qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Australian Capital Territory: A restriction upon smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since December 2006.
* Victoria: : A restriction upon smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since July 2007. It is also an offence to smoke in a vehicle where there is a person under the age of 18 present, since January 2010.
* New South Wales: A restriction upon smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in July 2007. From 1 July 2009, smoking in a car with a child under the age of 16 is against the law. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 creates a new offence of smoking in a car with a child under 16 years of age in the vehicle. A $250 on-the-spot fine applies to the driver and any passenger who breaks the law. This is enforced by NSW Police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/healthpromotion/tobacco/smoke_free_cars.asp |title=Smoke-free Cars – NSW Department of Health |publisher=Health.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Northern Territory: A restriction upon smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in 2 January 2010.

===Austria===
Austria laws limit or outlaw smoking in certain areas:
* Smoking is prohibited in all offices with certain exceptions such as bars, discos, restaurants etc. If all employees agree on allowing smoking in a work place, smoking may continue.
* Smoking was prohibited in all trains and railway stations when Germany introduced such a smoking ban in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1350131.php |title=Austria inches towards smoking ban |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=31 August 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* A January 2009 law mandates that all restaurants, bars, discos, and pubs larger than 80 m² must introduce smoking rooms and non-smoking rooms. Below 50 m² the owner may opt to either be a smoking or non-smoking place, between 50 m² and 80 m² there is an option under certain circumstances. The law provided for a long transition phase ending July 2010.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/getaways/03/05/austria.germany.travel/index.html |publisher=CNN | accessdate=4 April 2010 | title=A wunderbar welcome in Austria and Germany - CNN.com | date=5 March 2009 | deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> The smoking ban has encountered controversy initially, as well as inconsistent enforcement.

===Bahrain===
Bahrain outlawed smoking in public places on 27 February 2008.

===Belgium===
* 2005: Companies should have implemented smoking plans to discourage smoking.
* January 2006: Smoking prohibited in the work area.
* January 2007: Smoking prohibited in restaurants and bars, except in those that serve "light meals" (e.g. cold meals, pizzas and warm meals that are served with bread instead of French fries) ''and'' have less of 30% of their sales from food servings. Small bars are also not included in the regulations. Larger bars, such as concert venues, should enforce the regulations although the initial experience was variable.
* September 2008: Smoking no longer allowed in schools.
* January 2010: A general smoking ban that included all types of bars had been discussed but was watered-down to a set of regulations that apply only when food is served.<ref>[http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=G692344PG General smoking ban on 1 July 2010]</ref>
* July 2011: On 15 March 2011, Belgium's Constitutional Court ruled that the discrimination between bars serving food and those not serving food (and casinos) distorted competition and that, as a consequence, the partial exemption had to end by July 2011, thus banning smoking in Belgium's bars, restaurants and casinos without exemptions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110315/lf_afp/belgiumtobaccohealth |title= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2013-01-14}}{{dead link|date=January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.const-court.be |title=Grondwettelijk Hof - Cour constitutionnelle |publisher=Const-court.be |date= |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Bermuda===
As of 1 October 2006, smoking is banned in all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.<ref>[http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=31037&TM=10964.17 Smoking ban kicks in on Sunday] – Bermuda Sun</ref>

===Bhutan===
Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national prohibition upon the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco would still be permitted with very heavy taxes.<ref>''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]'': [http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation] by Eric Weiner</ref> Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright. However, there is little enforcement. Cigarettes are widely smuggled, and bars in the Bhutanese capital Thimphu are usually smoky.

The National Council<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/newsDetail.php?id=1331%20&%20cat=5 |title=Bhutan Portal |publisher=Bhutan.gov.bt |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> decided on 10 July 2009 to lift the bar upon the sale of tobacco and tobacco products while discussing the tobacco control bill.

The council, with a majority, agreed to delete the section C in chapter three of the bill, which says, “No person shall sell tobacco and tobacco products.” The council chairperson, Namgay Penjore, said that they discussed including a new clause to control the sale of tobacco and tobacco products through pricing.

Council members said that the bar upon sales had been ineffective and led to a black market. Some said tobacco was easily available anywhere, but at exorbitant prices because of the ineffective restrictions.

“The idea is to make tobacco expensive by imposing higher taxes,” said the chairperson. The name of the bill is “Tobacco control bill” and not ‘… ban’. “The change (deleting the clause) was to do away with the thriving black market,” he said.

Meanwhile, the council also suggested inserting another clause restricting the sale of tobacco products to youth below 18 years. However, Namgay Penjore said the bill was still under discussion and not endorsed. The bill will be submitted to the National Assembly.

3 June 2010 
According to the bill, people selling tobacco products will be punished for the offence of misdemeanour liable for a prison term of one to three years. Smuggling tobacco products into the country will be punished for the offence of felony of fourth degree liable for prison term of three to five years.
However, the bill was passed with 61 “yes” votes and five “no” votes.
Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency (BNCA) will serve as the secretariat of the tobacco control office and its board members will also be the board members of the tobacco control board, according to the Health Minister.
The tobacco control board, among other functions, will provide effective leadership and coordination in implementing the act, formulate and implement national tobacco control strategy, monitor the enforcement of the provisions under the act and approve rules framed under the act.
The Health Minister said that, once His Majesty gives his assent to the bill, the rules and regulations will be drafted

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] has prohibited smoking in public buildings nationwide since 1 September 2007.

===Brazil===
{{main|Smoking in Brazil}}
Smoking in Brazil is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces except for specifically designated smoking areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/LEIS/L9294.htm |title=Article 2 of Brazil Federal law no. 9294 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Since 15 December 2011, Federal Law 12546 (article 49) forbids smoking in enclosed spaces in the entire country, including restaurants and bars.<ref>[http://www2.inca.gov.br/wps/wcm/connect/observatorio_controle_tabaco/site/status_politica/ambientes_livres_tabaco INCA (National Cancer Institute)]</ref>

In [[Brazil]], the legal age for sale and consumption of [[tobacco]] is 18. [[Tobacco advertising]] is restricted to posters in shops,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/leis/L9294.htm |title=Law 9294, 15 July 1996 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and is banned on television and radio. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse [[health effects of smoking]].

===Bulgaria===
Smoking was restricted in 2010 for all indoor public spaces except bars, restaurants and clubs.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/15/idUSLF125440 Ban in public places]</ref> A comprehensive smoking ban has been introduced prohibiting smoking in all public places including bars, restaurants, clubs, workplaces, stadiums, etc. and came into power since 1 June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnes.dir.bg/news/zabrana-luben-kornezov-merki-srestu-pusheneto-11164950?nt=4 |title=Забраниха пушенето на закрито, по стадиони и детски площадки - Днес.dir.bg |publisher=Dnes.dir.bg |date=2012-04-23 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{Main|Smoking in Canada}}
In [[Smoking in Canada|Canada]], [http://www.smokesolution.com/ indoor smoking] is restricted by all territories and provinces and by the federal government. As of 2010, smoking bans within each of these jurisdictions are mostly consistent, despite the separate development of legislation by each. The federal government's workplace smoking ban applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses, such as airports. [http://www.smokesolution.com/ Smoking rooms] are available in select hotels and motels in most jurisdictions. Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Ontario have also prohibited smoking within vehicles with children under 14.<ref>[http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/265625 Cars with kids under 16]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.mb.ca/drivers/smoking_law.html |title=Province of Manitoba | Effective July 15, it's the law |publisher=Gov.mb.ca |date=2010-07-15 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Chile===
Chile prohibits smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking indoors in universities is restricted, although it is allowed outdoors. Restaurants with large dining areas (over 100 m²) must have fully partitioned non-smoking sections. Smaller restaurants can choose between being smoke-free or not, as is the case for cafes and pubs. Clubs, despite their size, are able to choose between being smoke-free or not, although in practice almost all are not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/aug06/08-15-06-1.html |title=Chile: New Smoking Ban in Effect [08/15/06-1] |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Chile's legislative body approved a ban on all smoking in public enclosed spaces nationwide, in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilovechile.cl/2013/01/03/smoking-ban/76919 |title=Chile's Congress Passes Monumental Public Smoking Ban | I Love Chile |publisher=Ilovechile.cl |date=2013-01-03 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Smoking in the People's Republic of China}}
[[Shanghai Municipality]] expanded a smoking ban from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, as of 1 March 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/11/content_12629545.htm |title=Shanghai to impose wider ban on smoking in public venues_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and had attempted to restrict smoking in restaurants for the [[2010 World Expo]], but compliance in restaurants was reportedly poor and enforcement lax.

In [[Guangdong]] Province, the municipalities of [[Guangzhou]] and [[Jiangmen]] restricted smoking in public places in 2007, but the law was not effectively enforced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm |title=Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places |publisher=Newsgd.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

A new national smoking ban, which extends to all enclosed public areas, came into effect on 1 May 2011. However enforcement of this is patchy at the best of times, especially outside developed cities like Beijing.<ref>[http://english.cri.cn/7146/2011/05/06/2702s635887.htm New smoking ban in effect]</ref>

===Colombia===
{{Main|Smoking in Colombia}}
In summer 2009, Colombia has extended its existing tobacco control regulations by requiring all indoor work places and public places be immediately smoke-free; prohibiting tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship, and the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ on packaging, requiring large, pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging (covering 30 per cent of the front and back) within a year, preventing the sale of tobacco products to minors; and mandating public education programs on the deadly effects of tobacco use.

===Costa Rica===
In March 2012, Costa Rica passed one of the strictest smoking regulations in the world by a 45-2 vote in favor. This legislation has banned smoking in buses, taxis, trains and their terminals, work places, public buildings, restaurants, bars, casinos, and all enclosed public-access buildings, granting no exceptions (no separate “smoking areas” are permitted). It also bans smoking in outdoor recreational or educational areas such as parks, stadia and university campi. The bill requires cigarette packs to display text and photo warnings on at least 50 percent of packaging.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Costa-Rican-lawmakers-pass-sweeping-anti-tobacco-reforms-_Monday-February-27-2012 |title=Costa Rican lawmakers pass sweeping anti-tobacco reforms / News Briefs / Current Edition / Costa Rica Newspaper, The Tico Times |publisher=Ticotimes.net |date=2012-02-27 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref> It introduced a 20 colones tax per cigarette and prohibits any form of tobacco advertising, the use of misleading terms such as “light” or “mild” and the sale of small packages or individual cigarettes (setting a minimum of 20 cigarettes per package). Violators will be fined a minimum of 180.000 colones (US$355 dollars).<ref>{{cite web|author=http://www.insidecostarica.com/ |url=http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2012/february/28/costarica12022801.htm |title=It's Butts Out In Costa Rica! |publisher=Insidecostarica.com |date=2012-02-28 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref> Compliance with the law has been surprisingly high and smoking has disappeared in banned areas. Several programs and promotional campaigns have been started by the government and private institutions to promote quitting smoking, with very positive results.

===Croatia===
As of January 16th 2013 smoking is allowed in almost EVERY bar and club in Zagreb. There is certainly no smoking ban here and these venues also lack any air cleansing systems. On 22 November 2008 the Croatian Parliament passed legislation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/342110.html |title=125 29.10.2008 Zakon o ograničavanju uporabe duhanskih proizvoda |publisher=Narodne-novine.nn.hr |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prohibiting smoking in public institutions such as hospitals, clinics, schools, nurseries and universities with infractions punishable with up to 1000 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]] (140 euros). A notable exception in the Act are psychiatric wards in Croatia's hospitals. The law went further in May 2009 when smoking was banned in all enclosed public areas including bars, restaurants and cafes. The smoking ban applies to all public areas where non-smokers could suffer from [[second-hand smoke]] including open public areas like sport stadiums, arenas, open air theatres, tram and bus stations etc.<ref>[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_10_125_3560.html Law on restriction of tobacco-product use] ''Narodne novine 125/08'''</ref>
It is estimated that 30 percent of Croatia’s adult population are smokers.<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14639/ "Croatia Bans Smoking"] ''[[Balkan Insight|balkaninsight.com]]'' 7 November 2008 Link accessed 7 November 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/news/croatia/2984810/index.do;jsessionid=D79A733AC59D1CA3E5574A6864ED2916.2 Croatia banning smoking] ''vecernji.hr'''</ref> On 10 September 2009 the regulations restricting smoking in bars and cafes in Croatia was partially repealed for a grace period until 9 April 2010, local media has reported. Proprietors with establishments that are up to 50 sq m that meet very strict conditions will now be able to choose whether to allow smoking. One of the conditions is a ventilation system that is able to change indoor air at least 10 times per hour. By March 2010 only 16 (out of 16,000) establishments in all of Croatia had met the conditions and been permitted to allow smoking.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/2010/03/15/od-16000-kafica-pusacki-status-z.aspx "Od 16.000 kafića, pušački status zatražilo samo 16 ''Novi list''']</ref> Larger establishments will have to include a designated and separately ventilated smoking area<ref>{{cite web|author=byNick Iliev |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2009/09/11/783081_croatia-reverses-smoking-ban-in-public-places |title=Croatia reverses smoking ban in public places – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cuba===
{{main|Smoking in Cuba}}
Cuba has prohibited smoking in most work places, removed cigarette machines and made it illegal to sell tobacco products close to schools since February 2005.<ref>{{cite web|author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/no-smoking.htm |title=In a country famed for its cigars, Cuba adds no-smoking rules |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=18 January 2005 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
On 9 July 2009 Cyprus passed a new law, tightening up ineffective 2002 legislation, which banned smoking in bars, restaurants, nightclubs and workplaces as of 1 January 2010.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/cyprussmokinghealth ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Since the implementation of the smoking ban on 1 January 2010, compliance levels have been variable, apparently mainly due to a lack of enforcement by the police. A spokesman for some restaurant & bar owners has nevertheless complained that the introduction of the ban has led to a drop in revenue<ref>{{cite web|author=+ – Text size //var addthis_pub="49f59059007d44e8"; // |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/strong-compliance-smoking-ban/20100105 |title=Strong compliance with smoking ban |publisher=Cyprus Mail |date=5 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> but produced no evidence to support this statement.

===Czech Republic===
The second German anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]].
In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from Austria at the end of World War I.<ref>{{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert|title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |pmid=9302840 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2008|quote=The first German anti-tobacco organisation was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded.|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139}}</ref>
Currently, there is a law in force that restricts smoking in some public places such as institutions, hospitals, bus stops and other public service stops, but not in restaurants, bars and clubs. In June 2009 the parliament approved a bill ostensibly regulating smoking in public places. However, this only requires bars and restaurants to post a sign saying whether smoking is allowed, not allowed, or whether there are separate rooms for smokers and non-smokers in the establishment.
In February 2011, the popular initiative "stop kouření" announced, that 115,000 people had signed their petition demanding a ban on smoking in restaurants and denouncing the country's high cancer rate, poor rating concerning tobacco control and possible corruption of members of the Czech parliament.<ref>[http://www.praguepost.com/opinion/7561-petition-pushes-for-czech-smoking-ban.html Prague Post]</ref>

===Denmark===
Since 15 August 2007, smoking in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, [[public transport]], and all private and public workplaces has been restricted. Exemptions to the law are bars with a floor space less than 40 m² and offices only used by a single employee. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. The law's initially controversial reception was accompanied by variable enforcement.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Smoking in Ecuador}}
[[Smoking in Ecuador|Smoking]] is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador.<ref name="Ockene">{{cite journal
| pmc= 1759503
| title= Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes
| last= Ockene
| first= J. K.
| publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information
| year= 1996
| pmid=8910993
| volume=5
| issue=2
| journal=Tob Control
| pages=121–6
}}</ref> Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in [[Quito]] are generally respected.

===Estonia===
Smoking has been restricted in indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Subsequently, a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (although smoking is still allowed in isolated smoking rooms).

===Falkland Islands===
Smoking has been prohibited in all enclosed public places (including pubs, restaurants, social clubs, hotels and shops), enclosed workplaces, and public vehicles (taxis and buses) since 1 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5873 |title=Falkland Islands News Network |publisher=Falklandnews.com |date=2011-01-22 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Faroe Islands===
Smoking has been prohibited in all enclosed public spaces since 1 July 2008.

===Finland===
{{Main|Smoking in Finland}}
Smoking has been restricted in indoor public areas and workplaces from 1 March 1995, and permitted only in specially designated [[smoking room]]s; restaurants were included in 2007. Legislation aimed towards voluntary reduction of [[second-hand smoke]] was enacted, but was not successful; few establishments installed effective ventilation systems. Dividing a restaurant into a smoking and non-smoking section was also an ineffective measure. As a result, smoking has since been prohibited in all indoor public and workplaces, including bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants, from 1 June 2007, except in some places permitted a transition period of up to two years. Smoking in bars and trains is still allowed in enclosed smoking booths, where it is not permitted to serve or consume food or drink. Many smaller bars have not been able to build such smoking booths and patrons must smoke outside.

As of early 2010, Finland's government has openly considered planning gradual moves towards phasing-out smoking completely.<ref name="ban all smoking">{{cite web
| url= http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/finland-embarks-plan-will-ban-all-smoking-117181
| title= Finland embarks on plan that will ban all smoking
| publisher=National Business Review
| date= 15 January 2010
| accessdate =13 August 2010
}}</ref>

===France===
{{Main|Loi Evin}}
Smoking is banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, as below. However, a special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. until 1 January 2008,<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/SQHYN.htm Decree n°2006-1386 of 15 November 2006] taken as an application of [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L3511-7 article L3511-7] of the Public Health Code, restricting smoking in public places.</ref> although the French government allowed a day of reflection on New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7163178.stm |title=French cafes set to ban smoking |accessdate=28 December 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 December 2007}}</ref> Opinion polls suggest 70% of people support the ban.<ref>{{Cite news| title=France to ban smoking in public | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6032125.stm | accessdate=9 October 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=8 October 2006}}</ref> However, a 2009 story by Time Magazine suggested that some smokers were blatantly ignoring the smoking ban due to law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news| title=
Smoking Ban? The French Light Up Again in Public | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1949817,00.html | accessdate=3 January 2010 | work=Time | date=26 December 2009}}</ref>

Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m²; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation that replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they must have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; and cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}

Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated. In larger establishments, smoking and non-smoking sections could be separate rooms, but often they were just areas within the same room.

A legal challenge against the new regulations was filed before the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]] in 2007, but was rejected.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0713.shtml Ruling of 19 March 2007] of the Conseil d'État ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=JADE&nod=JGXAX2007X03X000000300467 copy] on [[Légifrance]])</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Smoking in Germany}}
With some of Europe's highest smoking rates, Germany's patchwork of smoke-free regulations continues to be controversial. In February 2009, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that bans on smoking in bars were being very weakly controlled by the authorities, and that in some places the ban was not being observed at all.<ref name="spiegel">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,609404,00.html|title=Dichter Qualm trotz Rauchverbot|last=Wiesel|first=Christian|date=28 February 2009|work=Der Spiegel|language=German|accessdate=26 May 2009}}</ref>

===Gibraltar===
Smoking has been prohibited in all enclosed public spaces since 1 October 2012.<ref>[http://vox.gi/local/6005-smoking-ban-comes-into-force.html Smoking ban comes into force] - Vox Gibraltar</ref>

===Greece===
{{main|Smoking in Greece}}
[[Image:Anti-smoking Law Greece 1856.PNG|thumb|right|235px|[[Royal decree]] of 1856, introducing the first restriction upon smoking in modern Greece. Prohibition was valid only within state buildings and was grounded on the need to prevent [[accident]]s.]]
As of 2010, Greece was the country with the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epha.org/a/4088|title=2010 Eurobarometer survey on tobacco – European Public Health Alliance|last=Staff|date=13 July 2010|publisher=[[European Public Health Alliance]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> Since older legislation was not very efficient a new, more comprehensive law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law prohibits smoking ''and'' consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all work-places, transport stations, taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking is already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 m2 were given eight months to apply the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us-winston.com/greece-to-ban-smoking-in-all-indoor-public-places/ |title=Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places | US Winston Online Club |publisher=Us-winston.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Enforcement of the law is reportedly weak, with most owners of coffee shops, pubs, and restaurants continuing to allow smoking.

===Guatemala===
Guatemala has implemented a comprehensive smoking ban covering all types of places and institutions. On December 2008 the Guatemalan Congress approved Decree 74-2008 and it became effective on February 2009. This law restricts smoking in all work-places including health-care facilities, governmental facilities, schools, universities, airports, bars and restaurants. However, two years after the law's implementation enforcement has been deficient. Governments are facing pressures to permit work-place smoking once more by local tobacco companies.<ref>Decreto 74-2008, Ley de Creación de los Ambientes Libres de Humo de Tabaco, El Congreso de la República de Guatemala Diciembre del 2008 url=http://www.congreso.gob.gt/archivos/decretos/2008/gtdcx74-2008.pdf</ref>

===Guernsey===
Smoke-free ordinances were introduced at different times in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]. Smoking was restricted in all enclosed public places in the island of [[Guernsey]], including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, on 2 July 2006, under the ''"Smoking (Prohibition in Public Places and Workplaces) (Guernsey) Law 2005"''. Anyone who breaks the law, upon conviction, could be fined up to the maximum of £1000 (~€1150, ~$1470). Smoking is allowed anywhere outside and in whatever company.<ref>[http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/health---social-services/environmental-health---pollution-regulation/smoke-free-guernsey/ Information about the Guernsey smoking ban]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Alderney]], the [[States of Alderney]] passed a smoke-free law with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alderneyjournal.com/readnews.php?id=1145 |title=Alderney Journal |publisher=Alderney Journal |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoking in indoor public places continues to be permitted in [[Sark]].

===Hong Kong===
{{Main|Smoking in Hong Kong}}
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Hong Kong]] has seen all public smoking restricted from 1 January 2007 under the [[Hong Kong Government|government]]'s revised [[Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance]] (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoke-free regulations to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoke-free regulations pertaining to lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminals and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The smoke-free requirements in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades have been in place since July 1998.

An anomaly exists on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and the Chinese Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Any person who smokes or carries a lighted tobacco product in a statutory no smoking area commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a maximum fine of HK$5,000. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Hong Kong does not place the onus on licensees of liquor licensed premises to enforce smoke-free regulations bans with subsequent loss of licence for non compliance. A 2009 law provides for fixed-penalty arrangement (HK$1,500) for smoking, on a par with that for littering. At the same time smoking was to be prohibited in designated public transport interchanges, but the government has yet to clarify how it will enforce this against non Hong Kong ID card-holders and tourists, since the offender has 21 days after the ticket issue to pay up.

The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in China 63% of males smoke.

===Hungary===
Smoking has been restricted for several years on public transport, in hospitals and airports and in public and federal buildings, including the Parliament. From 2010, smoke-free has been in effect in [[playground]]s and [[underpass]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/08/05/matol_tilos_a_dohanyzas_az_aluljarokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Mától tilos a dohányzás az aluljárókban |publisher=Index.hu |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Several cities, including Budapest, have prohibited smoking in public transport stops.<ref>[http://index.hu/belfold/2009/03/12/varosok_csatlakoztak_a_dohanytilalomhoz/ Városok csatlakoztak a dohánytilalomhoz. Index.hu]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/12/15/tilos_lesz_a_dohanyzas_a_bkv-megallokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Tilos lesz a dohányzás a BKV-megállókban |publisher=Index.hu |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Following a decade of resistance by the tobacco lobby, a comprehensive nationwide smoke-free law covering all public spaces (including workplaces, clubs, pubs, restaurants) is in effect from January 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.napi.hu/magyar_gazdasag/kit_fognak_megbuntetni_ha_tiltott_helyen_dohanyzik.481182.html |title=Kit fognak megbüntetni, ha tiltott helyen dohányzik? - Megszavazták a törvényt - Napi Gazdaság |publisher=Napi.hu |date= |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20110223-dohanyzas-betiltjak-a-vendeglatohelyeken-kocsmakban-ettermekben-a-cigit.html |title=Dohányzás, betiltják a vendéglátóhelyeken, kocsmákban, éttermekben a cigit |publisher=Origo.hu |date=1999-01-31 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Iceland===
{{Main|Smoking in Iceland}}
Smoking and the use of other tobacco products is prohibited in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/134/2002006.html |title=2002 nr. 6 31. janúar/ Lög um tóbaksvarnir |publisher=Althingi.is |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===India===
{{Main|Smoking in India}}
A nationwide smoke-free law pertaining to public places came into effect from 2 October 2008. Smoking is prohibited in public places but is allowed on roads, inside one's home or vehicle and in designated smoking areas. Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of {{INR}}200.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |publisher=Spiritindia.com |date=23 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> The sale of tobacco products within 100 yards of educational institutions is also prohibited. But, this particular rule is seldom enforced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressbuzz.com/cities/bangalore/Bangalore-Smoking-ban-still-long-way-to-go/302146.html |title=The New Indian Express |publisher=Expressbuzz.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

The Cable Television Network (Regulation) Amendment Bill, in force since 8 September 2000, completely prohibits cigarette and alcohol advertisements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/publications/theglobe/globe200103-04/gl200103-04_p27.html |title=Alcohol in India |publisher=Ias.org.uk |date=2000-09-08 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
{{main|Smoking in Indonesia}}
In [[Jakarta]]'s restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is not permitted. Restaurants want to allow smoking must provide a separate smoking space, as of 4 February 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/bloomberg/sxsmoke.php |title=A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – ''International Herald Tribune'' |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> As in some other Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/news/248932.html |title=Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban |publisher=Tobacco.org |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoke-free regulations were extended to [[Bali]] in November 2011, affecting tourist sites, including restaurants and hotels; plus schools, government buildings, places of worship and other public places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/a-holiday-without-cigarettes-smoking-ban-to-hit-bali/481329 |title=A Holiday Without Cigarettes: Smoking Ban To Hit Bali |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |date= |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref> A ban on sale and advertising tobacco in schools was also enacted, although this would not stop tobacco companies offering sponsorship to schools.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roberts |first=George |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-30/cigarette-ads-banned-in-bali-schools/3702976 |title=Cigarette ads banned in Bali schools - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2011-11-30 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref> However, regulations were not strong enough, leading to a new stricter promulgation for June 2012.

Smoking in trains of state company PT Kereta Api Indonesia has been banned as of 1 March 2012.<ref>http://baliholidayinfo.com/content/smoking-trains-be-banned</ref>

Bali has banned smoking to be effective 1 June 2012, also having heavy fines. Hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, places of worship, healthcare facilities and schools are to be smoke-free areas. Smoking and advertising for tobacco products have also been banned in playgrounds, traditional and modern markets, transportation terminals, airports, government offices and on public transportation.<ref>{{cite web|author=29 November, 2011 |url=http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/life/smokers-bali-your-days-are-numbered-452425 |title=Calling all smokers in Bali: The end is nigh | CNN Travel |publisher=Cnngo.com |date=2011-11-29 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Iran===
{{main|Smoking in Iran}}

===Ireland===
{{Main|Smoking in Ireland}}
[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] became the first country in the world to institute a nationwide comprehensive smoke-free workplaces law on 29 March 2004. Before this comprehensive smoke-free law was instituted, smoking had already been outlawed (1988) in public buildings, hospitals, public pharmacies, schools, banking halls, cinemas, public hairdressing premises, restaurant kitchens, part of all restaurants, on public transport aircraft and buses, and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).<ref>[http://www.eu2004.ie/templates/standard.asp?sNavlocator=3,242,455 EU 2004 – "Smoking ban is first in world"]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, Ireland prohibited in-store [[tobacco advertising]] and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and new controls on tobacco [[vending machine]]s.

===Isle of Man===
The [[Isle of Man]]'s smoke-free law is similar to the one introduced in England, and came into effect on 30 March 2008. This also included Europe's first fully smoke-free prison.<ref>[http://www.iomtoday.co.im/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=870&articleid=2015621 Exact Date Set For Smoking Ban – Isle Of Man Today]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Israel===
In Israel, it is prohibited to smoke in public enclosed places or commercial areas via several laws:
particularly, since 1983, the "Israel Clean Air Act" ([[:he:חוק אוויר נקי לישראל|חוק אוויר נקי לישראל]] (in Hebrew)) laws<ref>{{cite web|title=Law for the restriction of smoking in public places|publisher=(in Hebrew) | url=http://www.linshom.com/law/public.htm|accessdate=21 November 2007}}</ref> The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The second means by which smoking is regulated in Israel is via the environmental hazard law,<ref>[http://www.avir-naki.com/Laws/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%20%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA%20%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D.doc (in Hebrew)]</ref> and via criminal law smoking (or the introduction of second-hand smoke) may even be considered an assault.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1439141 Judge smoking is an assult and should be a reason to fire a person ]</ref><ref>[http://www.avir-naki.com/Laws/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%20%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F.doc the criminal act law defines smoking as an assault] (in Hebrew)</ref>

The restrictions include all commercial entities such as lavatories, office buildings, gyms, cafés, restaurants, discos, pubs and bars, and it is illegal for the owners of such places to put ashtrays anywhere inside enclosed spaces. Also, owners of public places must display "no smoking" signs and prevent visitors from smoking. They can also designate a well-ventilated and completely separate area for smokers, as long as the non-smokers' area does not fall below 75% of the whole area. The fine for owners of public places is [[New Israeli sheqel|₪]] 5,000 (around US$1400) and for smokers – ₪ 1000.
In spite of all of this, the smoke-free law has not met with 100% compliance and smoking is still encountered in some pubs, bars and clubs. In Israel, a 2011 law restricts smoking in railway stations and at bus stops, and prohibits the sale of tobacco from automated vending machines.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} An individual may call the police in cases of smoking in a restricted environment and can also sue (via the citizen's court) the smoking entity (i.e., both the person smoking and the facility that allowed smoking to occur).<ref>[http://www.articles.co.il/article/24611/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D%20%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2%20%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F%20%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%20%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%99%20%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9%20%D7%92%D7%9D%20%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%94%20%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%20%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%20%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%9F passive smoker is allowed to sue smokers when he can prove damages] (in Hebrew)</ref><ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3584649,00.html person won a case in witch he sued a smoking worker]</ref><ref>[http://www.avir-naki.com/Verdicts_Summary.aspx aggregation of verdicts against smokers in Israel](in Hebrew)</ref>

Some cities are known for their rigorous enforcement of the smoke-free laws, such as the city hall of [[Be'er Sheva]] (which raised a revenue of 799,000 NIS (~215K USD) in 2011 through fining smoking in public places)<ref>[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/54/ART2/335/689.html?hp=54&cat=873&loc=8 799,000 profit from smoking related fines]</ref> And [[Tel-Aviv]]<ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3974539,00.html how some cities are getting rid of the clean air act]</ref> but in many municipalities the law isn't enforced.<ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3974539,00.html how some municipalities are burying the clean air act]</ref>

===Italy===
{{Main|Smoking in Italy}}
Italy was the fourth country in the world to enact a nationwide smoke-free law. Since 10 January 2005 it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos. However, special smoking rooms are allowed. In such areas food can be served, but they are subjected to strict conditions: they need to be separately ventilated, with high air replacement rates; their air pressure must constantly be lower than the pressure in the surrounding rooms; they must be equipped with automatic sliding doors to prevent smoke from spreading to tobacco-free areas; they may occupy at most 50% of the establishment. Only 1% of all public establishments have opted for setting up a smoking room.
Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.
It is indeed allowed to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit on the outside tables and people still smoke there.

===Jamaica===
Smoking is not permitted in the airport or generally indoors at shops and malls and places of business. However smoking is usually permitted in bars, discos and other licensed premises that serve alcohol indoors, but not in restaurants or casinos. Smoking is often permitted in tourist resorts in places that would be typically considered indoors in North America (roof but no walls), but this does not apply to indoor air-conditioned places. Jamaica has no national smoke-free law, but most places have a no-smoking sign if smoking is not permitted and it is open-air with a roof. Most places that permit smoking indoors will have ashtrays on the table to signify that it is permitted. However, if there is a sandbox at the entrance of a building then it usually signals that the place you are entering does not permit indoor smoking.

===Japan===
{{Main|Smoking in Japan}}
Although there are no consistent nationwide smoke-free regulations in Japan, and all moves to introduce such reforms are strongly opposed by the powerful [[Lobbying|lobby]] groups, there are a growing number of local ordinances restricting smoking. Smoking is forbidden on the streets of the [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] wards of Tokyo<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2292007.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Smoking ban on Tokyo's streets | date=2 October 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> for reasons of child safety (not health). Smoking is prohibited on public transport and subway platforms, while above ground train station platforms typically have smoking areas. Unlike Tokyo wards' ability to fine people for smoking on the streets, public transportation companies don't have the authority to enforce no smoking rules. Due to this inability, there are smokers not respecting no smoking rules, in some cases on a very frequent basis such as at Minami Urawa station in Saitama Prefecture, adjacent to Tokyo. [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] has implemented in April 2010 the nation's first prefecture-wide smoking ban, banning smoking in public facilities, including hospitals, schools and government offices. The ordinance requires large restaurants and hotels to choose whether to become nonsmoking or create separate smoking areas, while [[mah-jong]] and [[pachinko]] parlours, restaurants with floor space of up to 100 sq. meters and hotels of up to 700 sq. metres are merely required to "make efforts" to reduce [[second-hand smoke]]. Another Kanagawa ordinance to restrict smoking at swimming beaches was expected to be implemented in May 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100402a5.html |title=Kanagawa enforces first antismoking code | The Japan Times Online |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Although still relatively few, there are a growing number of private businesses implementing voluntary smoking restrictions bans in restaurants, taxis, buildings and bars<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wa-shoi.com/?page=100595 |title=Wa-Shoi.com |publisher=En.wa-shoi.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7083.php |title=Noose tightening on Japanese smokers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Jersey===
Smoking is restricted in public places in [[Jersey]] (a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]).

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825_restrictiononsmokinglaw1973_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Smoking Law |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> enabled the [[States of Jersey]] to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the ''Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825.30_restrictiononsmoking(publictransport)regs.1982_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Regulations |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973'' was amended by the ''Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fhtm%2fLawFiles%2f2006%2fL-24-2006.htm |title=Jersey Law | RESTRICTION ON SMOKING (AMENDMENT NO. 2) (JERSEY) LAW 2006 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> adopted 16 May 2006 that enabled the States to make regulations that prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

===Kazakhstan===
Kazakhstan partially restricted smoking in public places on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/kazakhstan/?top_only=1 |title=Articles:Listing Kazakhstan |publisher=Tobacco.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A comprehensive smoke-free law was instituted in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan bans public smoking, raises drinking age|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 September 2009|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-NAuAgHUsedOw6RSuV_07PHo-5g}}</ref>
Enforcing the smoke-free law appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.respublika-kaz.info/news/society/9121/ |title=Алматинские потомки японских камикадзе – Общество – Информационно-аналитический портал РЕСПУБЛИКА |publisher=Respublika-kaz.info |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Smoking in public indoor areas is restricted in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, since July 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11808541.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Kenyan capital Nairobi starts smoking ban |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Small private bars will be exempted. [[Mombasa]] already has a similar pre-existing smoke-free ordinance.

===Kuwait===
Kuwait has outlawed smoking indoors in public places as of 2012, including restaurants, cafes and hotels, but exempting shisha parlours.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lyon |first=Charlie |url=http://www.hoteliermiddleeast.com/13687-kuwait-smoking-ban-good-for-restaurant-business/ |title=Kuwait smoking ban 'good for restaurant business' |publisher=HotelierMiddleEast.com |date=2012-02-26 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Latvia===
As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely outlawed in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking areas had to be larger than half of the total area of the establishment. Smoking is also restricted in parks and for ten metres around entrances of public buildings as well as public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

In late 2011 some municipalities, for example, [[Ozolnieku novads]], prohibited smoking on balconies and by open windows in apartment blocks and others multi-storey buildings.

===Lithuania===
Smoking has been restricted in restaurants, bars, places where food is served, clubs (except for special cigar and pipe clubs), and nightclubs since 1 January 2007. Furthermore, smoking on public transportation is forbidden except on long-distance trains with special facilities. The law is well respected, at least in the main cities.

===Lebanon===
{{main|Smoking in Lebanon}}
As of 3 September 2012, smoking has been prohibited in enclosed public places such as restaurants, cafes, and hotel. Anybody violating this ban will be charged with a fine of over 100$, and the restaurant, the cafe or the hotel will be charged with a fine between 1300$ and 4000$<ref>[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2354743938494310251#editor/target=post;postID=2455717628525252480 Blog]</ref>

===Luxembourg===
Smoking is prohibited in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés where meals are served.

===Macedonia===
Macedonia has a comprehensive national smoke-free law covering all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is prohibited in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010.<ref name="SETimes">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Railway line making a comeback
|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/10/23/roundup-bs-03
|publisher=SETimes.com
|date=23 October 2009
|accessdate=23 October 2009
}}</ref>
Smoking is permitted only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.<ref name="MINA">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Macedonia's Smoking Ban Obeyed
|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/11591/2/
|publisher=MINA
|date=4 January 2010
|accessdate=4 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
By official law, smoking is prohibited in [[taxi-brousse]]s, but this is not enforced. The only transport environments in which smoking is prohibited are Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also prohibited to smoke in pubs and clubs.

===Malawi===
No smoke-free ordinance is in place, nor is one planned (December 2011)

===Malta===
In April 2004, smoking was restricted in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed.

===Malaysia===
In all, 21 areas are smoke-free, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning. However, enforcement is lax, and the government claims to have plans to get tougher on offenders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/17/nation/18052672&sec=nation |title=Smoking ban to be extended |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seatca.org/upload_resource/%7B9285BDD5-8E92-4215-9FCE-A31CD321BC7A%7D_Malaysia%20Report%20Card.pdf Status Of Tobacco Use And Its Control – Malaysia Report Card]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/1/nation/6374646&sec=nation |title=No more puffing away at work |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Mauritius===
Since 1 March 2009, smoking is completely prohibited in all public places and workplaces.

===Mexico===
Smoking in hospitals and airports has been restricted for at least 15 years. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at the Cancun Airport. Mexico City's current smoking policy, passed in April 2004, requires physically separate smoking and non-smoking areas, and for non-smoking areas to make up at least 30% of all space in restaurants and bars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/april04/04-07-04-2.html |title=Mexico City Imposes Tougher Smoking Laws (7 April 2004) |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A proposal debated early in 2007 to extend Mexico City's smoking policy to provide completely smoke-free restaurants, bars, schools, taxis, and buses, did not pass.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexsmoke29jun29,0,4368264.story?coll=la-home-center Mexican Smoking Bans] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> It was proposed again in the middle of 2007.

Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide, although now some restaurants and other public places have the same designated areas for smokers as those that existed before the introduction of the law. Some bars and clubs continue to tolerate illegal indoor smoking at night, regardless of the law.

Advertisement of tobacco products has been barred from TV and radio for approximately 6 years.

===Monaco===
There has been a smoke-free law pertaining to public indoor places in Monaco since 1 November 2008, including bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

===Montenegro===
Smoking in public places is prohibited in Montenegro. The law also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3527234.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Montenegro bans smoking in public | date=2 August 2004 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | first=Matt | last=Prodger}}</ref>

===Morocco===
Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a smoke-free law pertaining to public places.

===Mozambique===
Since 2007, smoking has been restricted in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.<ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/francisco/2007/11/smoking-banned.html] Blog of Francisco Cabo</ref><ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/jackie/2007/12/mozambique-bans.html#more] Blog of Jackie Tumwine</ref>

===Namibia===
There is currently no smoke-free law in Namibia (December 2011), but on 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, potentially one of the most comprehensive smoke-free ordinances. The law, (once implemented) will prohibit "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance". The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010 but has yet (Dec 2011) to be implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/grnes-licht-fr-gesetzentwurf.102269.php |title=Namibian Newspaper |publisher=Az.com.na |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/bills_documents/44_tobacco_products_control_bill_b7-2009.pdf |title=B7-2009 Tobacco Control |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Nepal===
Nepal Government implemented a smoke-free law covering public places, effective from 7 August 2011. The Tobacco (Control and Regulatory) Act restricts smoking in airports, hotels, restaurants, government offices and other public places. The act also makes it obligatory for tobacco product manufacturers to ensure that product packs carry graphic warnings about the adverse effects of smoking and the harmful ingredients the products contain. The warnings should cover at least 75% of the total pack area.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ITC-subsidiary-faces-double-whammy-in-Nepal/articleshow/9684569.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=ITC subsidiary faces double whammy in Nepal - The Times of India}}</ref> The act also prohibits sales of tobacco products to pregnant women and people below the age of 18.

The Tobacco Control and Regulation Act-2068 was signed by President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav on 29 April.

The Act includes provisions for officials to inspect implementation of the new law. A fine of Rs 100-100,000 will be slapped on anyone who smokes in public places or sells tobacco products to people below 18 or to pregnant women.

===Netherlands===
Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco legislation states that employers are obliged to take measures to ensure that employees are able to carry out their work without being bothered or affected by smoke from others. On 1 January 2008 [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] became the first completely smoke-free European airport; however, since August 2008 smoking has been allowed in designated smoking rooms. Since 1 July 2008 the smoke-free law has also applied to all hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes in The Netherlands. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking of [[cannabis]] (marijuana and hashish) in coffee-shops is permitted as long as it is not mixed with tobacco. In 2010 the new government spoke out against the effects of the smoke-free law upon small catering businesses. The law was widely ignored with statistics showing that around 41% of bars and discos had flouted it.<ref name="BT">{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/smoking-ban-uturn-by-dutch-government-14995132.html |title=Smoking ban U-turn by Dutch government, Belfast Telegraph, 4 November 2010 |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2010 the new government lifted the smoke-free regulations for bars of 70 square metres or less that did not employ any staff other than the owner.<ref name="BT"/> Around 3,000 of the 5,500 bars in The Netherlands are staffed by the owner alone.<ref name="BT"/>

On the 12th of February 2013, the Dutch parliament agreed on a total ban in the hospitality sector with 77-73, with no exception for smaller, owner-operated bars.

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Tobacco in New Zealand}}
The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the [[Old Government Buildings (Wellington)|Old Government Building]] in [[Wellington, New Zealand]], in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic Government Buildings|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/wellington-kapiti/wellington/government-buildings/|publisher=Department of Conservation|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref>

New Zealand passed an amendment to the [[Smoke-free Environments Act 1990]] law on 3 December 2003 (effective in 2004) that covers all indoor public workplaces and inside hospitality venues (pubs, bars, restaurants and casinos). Studies have shown very high levels of compliance with the law. Also the air quality inside hospitality venues is very good compared to similar settings in other countries where smoking is still permitted. In New Zealand, tobacco and tobacco products cannot be sold or supplied to anyone under 18. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |title=Smokefree Law |publisher=Moh.govt.nz |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the [[University of Auckland]], in 2010). Victoria University of Wellington has restricted smoking rules with specified areas where one may smoke. The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

There are also increasing numbers of local councils implementing educative smokefree policies. South Taranaki District Council was the first. In May 2005 the Council made its playgrounds, parks and swimming pools smokefree, as well as ensuring that all Council events held in South Taranaki parks were to be promoted as smoke-free events and in May 2006 the [[Upper Hutt]] city council followed suit and declared all "open areas for which members ofthe public gather" (i.e., parks, playgrounds, pools) smoke-free however this by-law lacks in enforcement other than a polite request by city council officials and [[Security Guards]] (rather than confisacation and court penalty). At least 19 of New Zealand's other Councils have followed suit. (Source: www.smokefreecouncils.org.nz).

On 5 September 2007, [[Action on Smoking and Health]] (ASH) New Zealand called for the removal of tobacco from sale by 2017.<ref>[http://www.ash.org.nz/index.php?pa_id=4&news_id=159&expand_section=1 Welcome to ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The Government wants to be smokefree by 2025.<ref name="stuff.co.nz">{{cite web|author=Jody O'Callaghan |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/features/6822327/Running-out-of-puff |title=Running out of puff |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |date= |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{Main|Smoking in Nigeria}}
Smoking is prohibited in public places in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806030435.html Nigeria: Smoking – Top Officials Defy Govt Order] Leadership, 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/africa-news/nigeria's-capital-city-bans-smoking-in-public-200806015574.html Nigeria's capital city bans smoking in public] Afrique en ligne, 1 June 2008</ref>

===Norway===
In Norway, smoking has been restricted in public buildings, workplaces and public transportation since 1988, often allowing for separate, walled-off smoking areas of restaurants, pubs, etc. Since 1 June 2004, smoking has been prohibited in all public areas. Outside some places this ban includes the immediate area surrounding the doorways, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norwegians ban smoking in bars |author=|publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3765071.stm |accessdate=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |author=|date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Innovation Norway]] |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Norway’s ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – A review of the first year |publisher=Directorate for Health and Social Affairs |date=May 2005 |pages= |url=http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00003/Norway_s_ban_on_smoki_3413a.pdf |format=PDF |version=IS-1275 E |accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref>

===Panama===
Since 2008, All restaurants, bars, and dance clubs are non-smoking. Smoking also isn't allowed in outside dining areas or balconies. The law also prohibits people from lighting up in indoor spaces that also include transport terminals and many other locales considered a workplace.

===Paraguay===
Effective April 2010, Paraguay has restricted smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/paraguay-bans-smoking-in-all-closed-public-spaces_100346455.html |title=Paraguay bans smoking in all ‘closed public spaces’ |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2012}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.
The law had the following aspects:
restriction upon tobacco use in public buildings and transportation,
limiting tobacco advertising,
prohibiting tobacco sale within 50 metres of educational institutions, and
requiring “no smoking” signs displayed in public places.

===Peru===
In Peru, it is illegal to smoke in any public place (indoors), according to Law 28704. Though initially unenforced, the law has been increasingly enforced in the past years.

===Philippines===
[[Davao]] has prohibited smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.<ref>{{cite web|author=Virgilio M Gaje |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060627.htm&no=3&date= |title=PIA Information Services – Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Pia.gov.ph |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Manila]] has restricted smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as [[Makati]] in 2002 Ordinance 2002-090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/ |title=(Philippines) government news bulletin |publisher=Makati |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> After many attempts, finally in June 2011 Metro Manila banned smoking with heavy penalties including community service time for offenders, after 3 months the ban seems to be well respected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/node/331193/public- |title=Public smoking ban stays – MMDA | The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online |publisher=Mb.com.ph |date=2011-08-15 |accessdate=2013-01-14}}</ref>

Four jurisdictions have smoke-free regulations including bars and restaurants, albeit with designated smoking rooms permitted: [[Davao City]], [[Makati City]], [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] and [[Talisayan]].

In common with the experience of several other countries, regulators in the Philippines have reported that tobacco companies have misrepresented the science on [[second-hand smoke]] and have successfully prevented or delayed introduction of policies at the national level; there also appears to be evidence that the [[tobacco industry]] is lobbying against local smoke-free laws.

===Poland===
Smoking is prohibited in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc.).

Since 1 January 2011, it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos, though enclosed smoking areas within facilities are permitted.<ref>{{cite web|author=byAgnes Sekowski, The Krakow Post |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2010/11/09/990229_poland-smoking-ban-economics |title=Poland: smoking ban economics – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=9 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Portugal===
Portuguese Law 37/2007 governs various aspects of the consumption, sale and control of tobacco in Portugal, and lists a large number of enclosed spaces where smoking is not permitted, including such obvious cases as schools, hospitals and theatres. The law states that exceptions to the no-smoking rule may be made in the cases, inter alia, of enclosed eating and drinking establishments (i.e. restaurants, cafes and bars) not frequented by under-18s if the smoking area is physically separated from the non-smoking area or where ventilation and air extraction systems directed towards the exterior are effective to the point of preventing smoke from entering the non-smoking area, and that in the case of establishments with a floor area of more than 100 square metres no more than 40% (if physically separated) or 30% otherwise may be designated a smoking area.
In effect, restaurants are almost always smoke-free as are most cafes whose trade is mainly for food, whereas in bars the law is ignored by customers and bar owners alike. A study published in 2011 by the Ministry of Health showed 90% compliance with the law in establishments with a total smoking ban, but only 50% compliance in establishments where smoking is partly or wholly permitted (i.e., most bars).
<ref>Infotabac Relatório page 71 http://www.dgs.pt/</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antt.dgarq.gov.pt/files/2008/10/37_2007.pdf |title=Diário da República, 1a. série, No. 156, 14 de Agosto de 2007, Lei 37/2007 de 14 de Agosto|publisher=Imprensa Nacional (PDF)|date= |accessdate=9 March 2011}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lisbon.angloinfo.com/countries/portugal/smoke.asp |title=Smoking & Tobacco Law in Portugal|publisher=AngloInfo.com|date= |accessdate=9 March 2011}}</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
The Law No. 40 from 1993, the ''Law to Regulate the Smoking Practice in Public Places'', and its later 1996 amendment Law 133, regulate smoking in private and public places. The most recent modification established in [2 March 2007], Law 66, amended articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of Law Num. 40, forbids this practice inside jails, pubs, restaurants (including open-air terraces with one or more employees), bars, casinos, workplaces, educational institutions, cars with children under age 13 and most public places. Smoking sections are not allowed. Fines start at $250.

===Qatar===
The capital of Qatar, [[Doha]], restricted smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=192251&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper – Qatar |publisher=Gulf-times.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Romania===
[[File:Visieu de Jos Gara1.jpg|thumb|right|No smoking sign in a rural train station in northern Romania]]
Smoking is banned in "indoor public places" such as schools, office buildings and public institutions, though specially-designed smoking areas may be established on the premises under certain conditions. Hospitals, [[Căile Ferate Române|CFR]] passenger trains and the [[Bucharest Metro]], among others, are completely smoke-free.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.avocatnet.ro/content/articles/id_30234/Fumatul-in-spatii-publice-inchise-Cand-este-permis.html#axzz2IFbtpQIq | title=Fumatul in spatii publice inchise: Cand este permis? Citeste mai mult: http://www.avocatnet.ro/content/articles/id_30234/Fumatul-in-spatii-publice-inchise-Cand-este-permis.html#ixzz2IFhyAywv Follow us: Avocatnetro on Facebook | date=September 8, 2012 | accessdate=January 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1160447-cfr-interzice-fumatul-tren.htm | title=CFR interzice fumatul in tren | date=August 29, 2006 | accessdate=January 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/Social/9658/Fumatul-la-metrou-se-amendeaza-cu-zece-milioane-de-lei.html | title=Fumatul la metrou se amendeaza cu zece milioane de lei | date=April 27, 2005 | accessdate=January 17, 2013}}</ref> Since 2011, bars and restaurants may be designated either as smoke-free or exclusively for smokers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/fumatul-interzis-complet-in-localuri-restaurante-si-alte-spatii-inchise-933138.html | title=Senatul României a interzis complet fumatul în localuri, restaurante şi alte spaţii închise Citiţi mai mult: Senatul României a interzis complet fumatul în localuri, restaurante şi alte spaţii închise > EVZ.ro http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/fumatul-interzis-complet-in-localuri-restaurante-si-alte-spatii-inchise-933138.html#ixzz2IFjTgKAi EVZ.ro | date=June 8, 2011 | accessdate=January 17, 2013}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia had been a tobacco industries' paradise for a long time, with almost no regulation. However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking. See R. Cooper, 'Smoking in the Soviet Union', ''Br Med J'' (Clin Res Ed). 21 August 1982; 285(6341): 549–551.</ref>The law "on the protection of the population from the harmful effects of cigarette smoke and the consequences of tobacco consumption" has passed the third and final vote in the State Duma and will be effective partly from 1st July 2013 and completely from 1st July 2014.
Starting 1st July 2013, smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings will be restricted and tobacco advertising and sponsorship forbidden. Graphic warnings will become compulsory.
Starting 1st July 2014, smoking will also be prohibited in restaurants and cafés.<ref>[http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_02_12/No-smoking-in-Russia/]</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Saudi Arabia once had almost no restrictions against smoking. However, on 20 June 2010, the Council of Ministers urged the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) to restrict smoking at all airports and their facilities in the Kingdom, and strict rules were imposed. It also advised GACA to impose a fine of SR200 on people who violate the new regulations.<ref>{{cite web|last=News |first=Arab |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article70606.ece |title=Smoking banned at airports |publisher=Arab News |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Many commercial buildings and work places have banned smoking at offices in an attempt to stop smoking in public places. In addition, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Dhahran, for instance, launched a program in 2010 to make their university smoke-free, and Makkah’s Umm Al-Qura University launched a campaign with the same title in 2011.<ref>[http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article571987.ece ]{{dead link|date=January 2013}}</ref>

===Serbia===
The Serbian Parliament passed a new law on public smoking in November 2010. It forbids smoking in every indoor working or public space, and any outdoor space that is a functional part of a facility connected with health care, education, or child care. This law prescribes very high fines for employers and restaurant owners who do not post smoking ban notifications. Outlets (bars, cafés, restaurants, night clubs etc.) smaller than 80 sq m can choose whether to ban smoking or not, and outlets larger than this margin have to have divided areas for smokers and non-smokers.

===Singapore===
{{Main|Smoking in Singapore}}
[[Image:Singapore-smoking-area.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A sign in Singapore to indicate that smoking is allowed]]
Smoking was restricted in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the regulations have been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.<ref>[http://app.mewr.gov.sg/view.asp?cid=168&nid=168&id=SAS765 Smoking Ban in Singapore]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2007, the regulations were extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for construction of designated smoking rooms that can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

On 1 January 2009, the regulations were extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. Coverage was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/332003/1/.html |title=Smoking ban to be extended to more areas from January 2009 |publisher=Channelnewsasia.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smokers found flouting the rules are fined [[S$]]200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. The initiative was put forward by a team consisting of a lung cancer surgeon, medical officers, a university professor and a civil servant. The proposal has received strong public support and has attracted media interest.

As of 2011, no-smoking enforcement has not been effective as the enforcement officers are few and sporadically make checks. Furthermore, smokers will light up again when these enforcement officers leave the premise.<ref>{{cite web
| url= http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info
| title= Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign launched
| publisher=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore
}}</ref>
[[List of smoking bans#Proposed bans|Link to Section on Proposed ban in Singapore]]

===Slovakia===

Smoking is prohibited in most indoor places. Since 2004, employers have been obliged to provide separate smoking rooms or a designated outdoor smoking place if smoking is allowed at work. Smoking is also prohibited in the majority of indoor public places. The regulations currently exempt bars that do not serve food. Restaurants are also excepted from indoor smoking restrictions. Since 2010 there has been no requirement for restaurants to have separate smoking and non-smoking areas. Smoking is also prohibited in shopping centres but a loop-hole in the law allows smoking on the balconies of cafeterias in shopping centres. Enforcement of this law is the responsibility of the Slovak Business Inspection (SOI) service.

There is also a partial restriction upon outdoor smoking, especially around railways stations and bus termini, and close to the entrances of government buildings. Local police forces are responsible for enforcing these laws, although this has on occasion been lax, reportedly due to a mix of corruption and insufficiently clear legislative requirements.

===Slovenia===
On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.
The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment."<ref>[http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4994/5005/ Slovenia Gets Tough Anti-Smoking Legislation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

===South Africa===
The [[South African government]] passed the first [[Tobacco Products Control Act]] in 1993 and started implementing the act in 1995. The act regulated smoking in public areas and prohibited tobacco sales to people under the age of 16. Some aspects of tobacco advertising were also regulated for example labelling.<ref>[http://www.acts.co.za/tobacco/index.htm Tobacco Products Control Act 1993]</ref> The 1993 act was not considered to be comprehensive enough and the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act prohibitsall advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. The act also restricts smoking in public places, which includes workplaces, restaurants, bars, and public transport. The act also stipulates penalties for transgressors of the law, and specifies the maximum permissible levels of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]]. The regulations were implemented in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/corp8.html |title=The Great South African Smokeout: Anna White, 2001 |publisher=Multinationalmonitor.org |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 that sought to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the Act. These amendments also aim to bring the current law into [[compliance (regulation)|compliance]] with the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). This framework has been [[ratified]] by the [[South African government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article.php?a_id=106646 |title=Madlala-Routledge: Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill (29/03/2007) |publisher=Polity.org.za |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The South African government is currently looking at increasing the minimum legal age for smokers to 18.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,,2-7-12_2285432,00.html News 24: Smoking ban for under 18's? ]</ref>

===South Korea===
{{main|Smoking in South Korea}}
[[South Korea]]’s Health, Welfare and Family Affairs Ministry banned smoking in 16 kinds of public places in March 2011 in a bid to lower the male smoking rate from 47 percent to 20 percent. Those places included the nation’s largest buildings, hotels, schools, sports arenas, large restaurants, comic book stores, government buildings, train stations and airports.<ref>[http://dailycaller.com/2012/01/11/south-korean-anti-smoking-activists-ask-constitutional-court-to-ban-all-tobacco-sales/ South Korean anti-smoking activists ask Constitutional Court to ban all tobacco sales] 01/11/2012</ref>

===Spain===
From 2006 to 2010, Spain had a partial restriction upon smoking in public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers' section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4574734.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Spain sees smoking ban take hold | date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

After 2 January 2011, smoking is restricted in every indoors public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may have 30% of smoking rooms; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also prohibited at childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8236170/Spain-introduces-smoking-ban.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Fiona | last=Govan | title=Spain introduces smoking ban | date=2 January 2011}}</ref>

Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoke-free law, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in [[Marbella]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/10/spain.smoking/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Spain shutting down restaurant for defying smoking ban|date=10 February 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>

===Sweden===
In Sweden, smoking was restricted in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs in June 2005. Smoking rooms are, however, allowed in these institutions. The smoking rooms contain a few restrictions: no serving or consumption of food or beverages is allowed in the smoking rooms and it may not cover more than 25% of the institution's total area. The smoke-free law was very popular amongst the population and even the industries affected.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article____13429.aspx Swedish snuff – not just for men – SWEDEN.SE]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, [[Swedish Prison and Probation Service|The Swedish Prison and Probation Service]] prohibited smoking indoors in prisons.<ref>{{cite web| title='Rökfri kriminalvård'| publisher=Swedish Prison and Probation Service | author=| language=Swedish | url=http://www.kriminalvarden.se/templates/KVV_InfopageGeneral.aspx?id=4846 | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
The [[Swiss Federal Assembly]] enacted a law for protection against [[second-hand smoke]] in 2008, which came into force on 1 May 2010. It prohibits smoking in enclosed, publicly accessible areas and in rooms that are workplaces for several persons. There are exceptions for bars and restaurants, which may allow smoking in separate, ventilated rooms or in establishments smaller than 80 square meters, but the federal statute allows for more stringent cantonal smoking bans.<ref name="BAG2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/00612/00764|title=Passivrauchen|last=[[Swiss Federal Office of Health]]|language=German, French and Italian|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref> 11 cantons (Jura, Aargau, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Zug, Schwyz, Glarus, Schaffhausen, Thurgau, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden) have imposed only the national mandated restrictions, with the remaining 15 (Genf, Waadt, Neuenburg, Wallis, Fribourg, Bern, Solothurn, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Zürich, Uri, Tessin,
Graubünden, St. Gallen, Luzern) imposing stricter laws by not excluding establishments smaller than 80 square meters. All 15 cantons however permit separate smoking rooms with 6 (Bern, Solothurn, Zürich, Uri, Tessin, Graubünden) permitting service.

===Syria===
{{Main|Smoking in Syria}}
Smoking is restricted inside cafes, restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree issued on 12 October 2009 and came in to force on 21 April 2010. Syria claims to be the first Arab country to introduce such a ban.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The decree also outlaws smoking in educational institutions, health centres, sports halls, cinemas and theatres and on public transport. The restrictions include the [[nargile]], or waterpipe. According to the official news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], fines for violating the law range from 500 to 100,000 Syrian pounds (US$11 to $2,169).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Syria smoking ban enters into force
| newspaper=BBC News
| date = 21 April 2010
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8634411.stm
| accessdate =22 April 2010}}
</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8302794.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Assad decrees Syria smoking ban | date=12 October 2009 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

A decree in 1996 banned tobacco advertising while a 2006 law outlawed smoking on public transport and in some public places, introducing fines for offenders. Under-18s are not allowed to buy tobacco.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007.

===Thailand===
Indoor smoking restrictions have been in effect in all indoor air-conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have had graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

On 10 January 2008, Thailand announced further restrictions that came into force on 10 February 2008, in that smoking would be banned (indoors and outdoors) in establishments open the public, including restaurants, bars, and open-air markets. Members of the public face a 2,000 baht fines for not complying, and establishments face a 20,000 baht fine for not enforcing the ban (including not displaying mandated 'no smoking' signs). In addition to fines, those who fail to comply may be arrested. Most legal bars comply with these regulations, but in establishments that operate illegally or semi-legally they are mostly disregarded.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Smoking in Turkey}}
Turkey currently restricts smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries.<ref name=BBC719>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8157747.stm|title=Turkey smoke ban extends to bars |publisher=BBC News |date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Turkey's smoke-free law ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 69 liras (~€32/$45/£28) and bar owners who fail to enforce the lawcould be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.<ref name=BBC719 />

Smoking was first restricted in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92824 |title=New era begins in Turkish social life with smoking ban |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref>

On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also restricts smoking in [[stadium|sports stadia]], and the gardens of mosques, hospitals and schools. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking restrictions to include bars, restaurants, village [[coffeehouse]]s and [[nargile]] (hookah) bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7407985.stm|title=Turkey expands curbs on smoking |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2008}}</ref>

===Turkmenistan===
Under decree from [[President for life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], has prohibited the chewing of tobacco.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} In 2000, Turkmenistan banned smoking in all public places. People say the ban was implemented because the president was advised by his doctor to quit smoking.<ref>[[BBC News]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/602581.stm Turkmen face smoking ban]. 13 January 2012</ref>

===Uganda===
In March 2004, smoking was prohibited in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

===Ukraine===
Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, including restaurants, discos, nightclubs, indoor workplaces and all state and cultural institutions, including football stadiums.<ref name=whoukr>{{cite news | url = http://www.euro.who.int/en/where-we-work/member-states/ukraine/sections/news/2012/06/ukraine-moves-closer-to-full-implementation-of-who-framework-convention-on-tobacco-control | title = Ukraine moves closer to full implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control | work = World Health Organization | date = 20 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name=kp120613>{{cite news | url = http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-law-prohibiting-smoking-in-certai.html#.T-_2d7We6y5 | title = Yanukovych signs law prohibiting smoking in certain areas | work = Interfax-Ukraine | publisher = Kyiv Post | date = 13 June 2012 }}</ref>

===United Arab Emirates===
Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started restricting smoking in shopping malls, beaches, gardens. States leading the regulations on smoking include [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/January/theuae_January264.xml&section=theuae |title=Abu Dhabi plans ban on smoking in malls |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Ajman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/05/10158079.html |title=Gulf News – Ajman bans smoking in malls and markets |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Dubai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/May/theuae_May244.xml&section=theuae&col |title=Stricter smoking ban in Dubai |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=9 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/March/theuae_March403.xml&section=theuae |title=Smoking ban to be in place next year |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Since 1 July 2007 smoke-free workplace laws have been in effect across the whole of the UK. These were introduced in each constituent administration of the United Kingdom separately, as decided by the partially [[devolved]] governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|Scotland]], [[List of smoking bans#Wales|Wales]], [[List of smoking bans#Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and [[List of smoking bans#England|England]].

====England====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
{{Main|Smoking ban in England}}
Smoke-free regulations covering all indoor work-places in England, including bars, clubs and restaurants, came into force on 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) were initially exempted, as well as Royal Palaces,<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Parliamentary Privilege First Report
| work=
| publisher=The Stationery Office
| date =4 September 2007
| url =http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt199899/jtselect/jtpriv/43/4309.htm
| doi =
| accessdate =4 September 2007 }}</ref> although members of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] agreed to ban all smoking in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'
| work=
| publisher=BBC News Online
| date =5 July 2007
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6273830.stm
| doi =
| accessdate =12 August 2007 }}</ref>

The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), £30 (~€45/~$60) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows smoking can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000). Smoking largely remains permitted outdoors, apart from railway stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokefreeengland.co.uk |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, an internal government briefing obtained by ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper reveals that powers are available to extend coverage to further outdoor areas if required.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2725720.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Going for smoke: Today's ban is just the start. Could your home be next? | date=1 July 2007 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=December 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
In [[Northern Ireland]], a smoke-free law has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.
Like Scotland, the smoke-free law is comprehensive in that places such as telephone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows smoking can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

A £200 fine may be levied by local councils if businesses fail to display no-smoking signs.
An opinion poll showed that 91% of people supported the law.<ref>{{cite web|author=30 April 2007 – 07:15:42 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=308472&rss=rss2 |title=Northern Irish Smoking Ban |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacetobreathe.org.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=spacetobreathe.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{Main|Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005}}
On 26 March 2006, Scotland prohibited smoking in enclosed (more than 50% covered) public places, which includes public buildings, workplaces, sports stadiums, bars and restaurants. Exemptions are in place to allow hotel guests to smoke in their own rooms, as long as the hotel has designated them as smoking rooms. The law restricts smoking in bus shelters, phone boxes or other shelters that are more than 50% enclosed. It also prohibits smoking in trucks and vans owned by a company, whether or not the driver is the only person inside (though smoking while driving was already legally questionable as it could be presented as "driving without due care and attention"). Businesses covered by the smoking ban must display a statutory smoking sign at the entrance to, and around the building<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/faqs/pdf/A4Poster.pdf |title=Standard no smoking sign in Scotland |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> as well as a smoke-free policy. Opinion polls at its introduction showed a clear majority of the Scottish public were in favour of the ban<ref>[http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=629&Itemid=] 'Widespread support for smoking ban in Scotland'</ref>

As in New Zealand, the smoke-free law was initially criticised by certain interested groups (e.g., publicans, cafe and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall owners, etc.) who feared that it would adversely impact their businesses. A survey published by the Scottish Beer & Pubs Association one year on from implementation concluded that "the number of pub licensed premises in Scotland has remained more or less constant over the last year"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottishpubs.co.uk/Aboutus/News/PR%202006%20Licensing%20Statistics.pdf |title='Research on liquor licenses for Scotland, March 2007, SBPA' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> indicating fears of an adverse impact of the ban on the hospitality industry were unfounded. Widespread concerns prior to implementation about the impact on bingo halls<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/half-of-scottish-bingo-halls-threatened-by-smoking-ban-405794.html |title='Half of Scottish bingo halls threatened by smoking ban' |work=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011 |first=Julia |last=Kollewe}}</ref> prove harder to objectively assess: As at May 2008 there is anecdotal evidence<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4140 |title='Bingo related News, the Smokers Club inc.' |publisher=Smokersclubinc.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> to suggest an increase in closures of bingo halls since implementation. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted and speculation within the betting and gaming industry is that a decline could also be the result of demographic changes and increases in online gaming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bingo-uk.co.uk/smoking-bingo-players.htm |title='Smoking Ban, bingo.co.uk' |publisher=Bingo-uk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[NHS Scotland]] Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the smoke-free law was introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=clearingtheairscotland.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following implementation reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/09/10081400 'Smoking ban brings positive results, the Scottish Government']</ref>

====Wales====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking was restricted across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and public houses report increases in takings since the law came into place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smokingbanwales.co.uk/english/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokingbanwales.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, six months after implementation, the Licensed Victuallers Association (LVA), which represents pub operators across Wales, claimed that pubs have lost up to 20% of their trade.<ref>{{cite web|author=Darren Devine |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/12/smoking-ban-has-hit-trade-says-lva-91466-19938086/ |title=ic Wales |publisher=icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=12 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Public places must display a special bilingual no smoking sign:
* "Mae ysmygu yn y fangre hon yn erbyn y gyfraith" (Welsh)
* "It is against the law to smoke in these premises" (English)

===United Nations===
As United Nations buildings are not the subject of any national jurisdiction, the United Nations has its own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradual introduction of partial smoking restrictions between 1985 and 2003, Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] introduced in 2003 a total prohibition upon smoking at [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/468/96/doc/N0346896.DOC?OpenElement|title=Smoking ban at United Nations Headquarters}}</ref> Similar restrictions have not been introduced in field offices of the United Nations worldwide. Some specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] and the [[WHO|World Health Organization]] have their own strict smoke-free regulations that apply to their offices worldwide, but the same is not necessarily true for entities of the Secretariat, such as the [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]] and the [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)]]. Only on 13 December 2007, OCHA introduced a smoke-free regulation applicable to all its field offices.

===United States===
{{double image|right|US states smoking bans.svg|325|Smoking ban key.svg|250|Map of current and scheduled future statewide smoking bans as of 6 November 2012.}}
{{Main|List of smoking bans in the United States}}
In the United States, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not attempted to enact any nationwide [[law of the United States|federal]] smoking ban. Therefore, smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of state and [[local government in the United States|local]] [[criminal law|criminal]] and [[occupational safety and health]] laws. As a result, the existence and aggressiveness of smoking bans varies widely throughout the United States, ranging from total bans (even outdoors), to no regulation of smoking at all. Jurisdictions in the greater [[Southern United States|South]] tend to have the least restrictive smoking bans or no statewide bans at all. Of the 60 [[List of United States cities by population|most populated cities in the United States]], all but 17 ban smoking in all bars and restaurants.

According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of October 2012, 81.3% of the U.S. population is covered by bans on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |title=Overview List – How many Smokefree Laws? |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=5 October 2012}}</ref> although only 48.7% are covered by bans in all workplaces ''and'' restaurants ''and'' bars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf |title="Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 2 October 2012 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=5 October 2012}}</ref>

As of November 2012, 28 states have banned smoking in all general workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants (though many of these exempt tobacconists, cigar bars, casinos, private clubs, and/or small workplaces). Six have enacted smoking bans exempting all adult venues including bars, and in some cases casinos and restaurants (Tennessee exempts any place not admitting patrons under 21). [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[Nevada]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]] have particularised state laws banning smoking in specific places but leaving out all others. The remaining 10 states have no statewide smoking bans at all, though many cities and/or counties in those states have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees (except [[Oklahoma]], which prohibits local governments from regulating smoking at all).

As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, as of November 2012 smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in [[American Samoa]], the [[District of Columbia]], [[Puerto Rico]] and [[United States Virgin Islands]]. [[Guam]] prohibits smoking in restaurants, but not in any other workplaces. The [[Northern Mariana Islands]] prohibits smoking in most workplaces and in restaurants but not in bars.

===Uruguay===
{{Main|Smoking in Uruguay}}
In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.<ref name=bbcuruguay>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4761624.stm |title=Uruguay curbs smoking in public |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. [[President of Uruguay|President]] [[Tabaré Vázquez]], a practicing [[oncologist]], has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.<ref>[http://www.tobaccofree.org/news%20articles/2006-03-02-Associated-Press/2006-03-02-Associated-Press-Uruguay.htm?SITE=VACUL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Public smoking ban takes effect in Uruguay] – TobacoFree.org</ref>

===Vatican City===
A July 2002 law signed by [[Pope John Paul II]] banned smoking on all places accessible to the public, and in all closed places of work within the [[Vatican City]], and within all extraterritorial [[properties of the Holy See]]. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory had already been in force for a long time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-4800?l=english|title=Smoking Banned in Public Areas of Vatican|publisher=Zenit|date=28 June 2002|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref>

===Venezuela===
On 31 May 2011 [[Venezuela]] introduced a ban on smoking in all enclosed public and commercial spaces, including malls, restaurants, bars, discos, workplaces, etc.

The owners or managers of the establishments where smoking is banned, must post a notice measuring 80 cm. (31.5 inches) wide and 50 cm (19.7 inches) high; The poster should contain an international smoking ban pictogram and the following text: "Este es un ambiente 100% libre de humo de tabaco, por resolución del ministerio del poder popular para la salud" (This is a 100% Smoke-free environment, by resolution of the Ministry of Popular Power for Health), owners or managers also have the obligation to ensure compliance with this rule.

Owners or managers that do not post the notice or do not ensure compliance with the rule may be penalized with the closure of the establishment and / or a fine that can be up to 190,000 VEF (44,186.05 USD), however, regulation does not provide sanctions for smokers.<ref>[[Venezuelanalysis.com]], 30 May 2011, [http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6226 Smoking Banned in Public and Commercial Closed Spaces in Venezuela]</ref>

To see the notice that should be posted [http://www.mpps.gob.ve/images/stories/pdf/aviso_oficial_articulo_4.pdf Click Here]

To see the official publication of the law [http://www.tsj.gov.ve/gaceta/Marzo/232011/232011-3087.pdf#page=63 Click Here]

===Vietnam===
The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport nationwide<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/17/content_6112701.htm |title=Xinhua – English |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=17 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

===Zambia===
Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400,000 or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290606.html allAfrica.com: Zambia: The Move by the Government to Ban Smoking in Public Places (Page 1 of 1)]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=775667 |title=Zambia gets tough on smokers |work=The Times |location=UK |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Specific restrictions==

===Outdoor smoking restrictions===
*It is illegal to smoke at a bus shelter in Ireland. It was also the first country in the world to impose a restriction upon smoking outdoors within 3-metres of a public building.
*In the Australian state of Queensland, smoking is prohibited within four metres of entrances to public buildings, within 10 metres of children's playground equipment, in commercial outdoor eating or drinking areas, at patrolled beaches, and at all major sports stadiums.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atods/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp Outdoor public areas] Queensland Government</ref>
**Some beaches in [[Sydney, Australia]] have smoking restrictions place.
**Smoking on land owned by the NSW Department of Education is prohibited.
*[http://www.cmh.org/ Cambridge Memorial Hospital] in [[Cambridge, Ontario]], Canada, enacted a total (outdoor) smoke-free regulation, believed to be the first in the entire province if not country, as of October 2004. At the same time, [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in the nearby [[Waterloo, Ontario|city of Waterloo, Ontario]], proposed a similar total smoke-free regulation on its property, after its [http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=158&s_id=146&sb_id=286&p_id=147 10 metre outdoor proximity restriction] (enacted in 2002) failed. WLU was presumed to be the third Canadian (public) post-secondary institution to consider such measures, after Carleton and Acadia.
**Smoking is prohibited in [[Hamilton Street Railway]] bus shelters in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter as well as any less than 4 metres from any entrance in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].
**[[Calgary, Alberta]], prohibited all outdoor patio smoking at bars, restaurants and casinos on 1 July 2005. Nova Scotia did the same on 1 December 2006.
*[[Calabasas]], California, United States, prohibited smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest such regulations in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have prohibited smoking on their beaches, at least four other California cities (including San Francisco) ban smoking in parks or outdoor venues. For more information, see [[List of smoking bans in the United States#Outdoor smoking bans]].
**[[Belmont, California]], prohibited smoking in outdoor places on 25 September 2007; this also applies inside condominiums, apartments and other kinds of multi-unit housing.<ref>[http://www.belmont.gov Welcome to Belmont] The City of Belmont</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/12/BAG9ROK7LN3.DTL Belmont to hold meeting about proposed anti-smoking law] San Francisco Chronicle, 12 March 2007</ref>
**California has prohibited smoking within {{convert|20|ft|m}} of entrances to any public building.
*Selected wards in Tokyo, Japan, prohibit smoking on the streets; this is enforced and violators are fined.
**56% of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda ward]]'s land area is a no-smoking zone as of April 2007.
**[[Kyoto]], Japan, has prohibited smoking on 7.1 km of its streets in 2007, including busy areas along [[Kawaramachi Street|Kawaramachi]], [[Karasuma Street|Karasuma]]-dori and [[Shijo Street]] avenues.
**[[Railway stations]] in Japan are no-smoking except for a few remaining long distance services.
*Many UK[[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] organisations prohibit smoking on their premises both inside and outside hospitals, including places such as car parks.
* In Hong Kong, smoking restrictions are imposed on most public recreational areas and beaches. It is up to districts to designate which public recreational areas are exempt, and some prohibit smoking districtwide. Many playgrounds in public housing estates have also become smoke-free. Some public transport interchanges, as designated by the government, have been smoke-free since 1 September 2009.
*Smoking is prohibited on all railway platforms in England, regardless of whether they are covered or not. These measures were introduced before any national smoking ban for safety reasons<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/faq/vehicles.html#train |title=Non-smoking train platforms |publisher=Smokefreeengland.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
*It is illegal to smoke on the outdoor property of the institutions of public education in Slovenia, penalties are dictated by internal orders of the concerned institutions.
*It is illegal to smoke in some bus shelters (complex rules determine which, leading to variable compliance) and telephone boxes in Scotland.

===Other restrictions===
In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, earlier smoke-free regulations allowed for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

*All public and Catholic schools in the [[Region of Waterloo]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, prohibited smoking on school property in Autumn 1994. A province-wide smoking ban on school property was scheduled to begin for the 2007/2008 school year in [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*A [[tobacco fatwa]] was issued in Iran in 1891 and Egypt in 2000.
*Australia has a federal law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all smokeless tobacco products. The sale of oral snuff and chewing tobacco has been banned since 1989 under the Trade Practices Act 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P278_IA.pdf |title=Please Refer To Anzfa'S Guide To Applications And Proposals For A More Detailed Explanation Of The Process On How To Undertake |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed smoke-free laws==
In the Czech Republic, there is a bill to prohibit smoking in all public areas and in all enclosed areas in pubs, restaurants, bars and others that do not have a separate room designated for smoking that has permanent ventilation and does not have an effect on smoke-free sections. There have recently been several bills proposing similar smoking restrictions, but these have never been enacted by the [[Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>[http://www.praguepost.com/news/7561-petition-pushes-for-czech-smoking-ban.html Push for ban]</ref>

[[New Caledonia]] is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a 2007 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.<ref>{{cite web|author=Posted at 00:53 on 2 June 2007 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=32704 |title=New Caledonia in line for anti-smoking law |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Niue]] is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10520567 |title=World's smallest state aims to become first smoke-free island paradise – World – NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=9 July 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011 |first=Kathy |last=Marks}}</ref> In 2008, a bill was introduced in outlawing both the sale of tobacco and smoking, but it is yet to be implemented.<ref name="stuff.co.nz"/>

Some Singapore citizens have launched an online campaign to support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info |title=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore | Support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000 |publisher=Tobaccofreesingapore.info |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]], there have been calls from MPs for the prohibition of smoking in cars that have children in them <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-13875513 | work=BBC News | title=MP calls for smoke ban in cars carrying children | date=22 June 2011}}</ref> This has been further advocated by doctors and the devolved governments of Wales and Northern Ireland <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-16065035|title=bbc.co.uk | work=BBC News | date=7 December 2011}}</ref>

==Lack of smoke-free regulation==
Some countries have no legislation restricting smoking whatsoever; these include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and a number of other countries in Central and Western Africa.

==See also==
*[[Tobacco control]]
*[[Smokeasy]]
*[[Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany]]
*[[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inforesearchlab.com/bansmoking.chtml Smoking bans around the world] (updated)
*[http://ask.yahoo.com/20070214.html List of countries with smoking bans (Yahoo)]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/map-globalsmokingbans/ Interactive map on some global smoking bans]
*[http://edutube.org/interactive/prevalence-smoking-men-and-women/ Interactive map on prevalence of smoking among men and women]
*[http://www.tobacco.org/articles/category/smoking_bans/ Smoking ban news]
*[http://howtoquitcigarettes.web-omnibus.com/ Quitting Smoking Blog - Help With Quitting]

{{Smoking by country}}
{{Cigarettes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Smoking Bans}}
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Smoking bans]]
[[Category:Smoking]]
[[Category:Health-related lists]]

[[cs:Seznam zákazů kouření]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwaharddiadau ysmygu yn ôl gwlad]]
[[de:Liste der Rauchverbote nach Land]]
[[es:Ley antitabaco]]
[[fr:Liste des législations sur le tabac par pays]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen met een rookverbod]]

Harvey Pitt

2013-02-12T08:37:28Z

Baltshazzar: wikilink

{{Cleanup|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harvey Pitt
| order=26th
| title=Chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]]
| term_start=August 3, 2001
| term_end=February 18, 2003
| predecessor=[[Arthur Levitt]]
| successor=[[William H. Donaldson]]
| president=[[George W. Bush]]
| image name=HLP2004.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|February 28, 1945|February 28, 1945}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| religion=
| spouse=
| alma_mater= [[Brooklyn College]] (B.A.) [[St. John's University (New York)|St. John's University]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])

}}

'''Harvey Pitt''' (b. Brooklyn, New York, February 28, 1945) was the 26th chairman of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), serving from 2001-2003.
== History ==
Pitt graduated from [[Stuyvesant High School]] in 1961,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.tradersmagazine.com/issues/20010731/959-1.html |title=The SEC's New Pit Bull: But Religious Right' Want Another Chairman |first=Sanford |last=Wexler |journal=Traders Magazine |month=July |year=2001 |accessdate=November 2, 2007}}</ref> [[Brooklyn College]] with a bachelor's degree in 1965, and from [[St. John's University (New York)|St. John's University]] School of Law with a [[Juris Doctor|JD]] degree in 1968. From 1968 to 1978, he served on the staff of the SEC, eventually becoming the agency's youngest-ever General Counsel in 1975, aged 30.

Pitt received an honorary LL.D. degree from St. John's University School of Law in 2002, and received the President's Medal of Distinction from the President of [[Brooklyn College]] in 2003.

He is the father of four, a [[columnist]] with ''[[Compliance Week]]'', and a speaker and regular commentator in [[webcast]]s and [[television]] interviews on financial matters.

== Criticism ==

Pitt became the target of criticism when the [[Enron scandal]] broke out on his watch. Democrats alleged that he was too close to the accounting industry <ref>{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Milbank |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/134630871.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+11%2C+2002&author=Dana+Milbank&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=A.06&desc=SEC+Chairman+Pitt+A+Potential+Liability+To+Administration%3B+Bush+Defends+Regulator+From+Critics |title=SEC Chairman Pitt A Potential Liability To Administration; Bush Defends Regulator From Critics |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 11, 2002 |p=A6}}</ref> and that he subverted efforts to tighten regulation in the wake of the [[Enron]] scandal and other cases of corporate malfeasance. Pitt resigned after attempting to appoint a board member ([[William Hedgcock Webster]] - former FBI and CIA Director) from a company under SEC investigation to head a commission overseeing the accounting industry. The GAO later cleared Pitt. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accountingweb.com/item/96854 |title=GAO Report Expected to Clear SEC's Harvey Pitt|publisher=AccountingWEB |date=December 13, 2002 |accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref>

==Other==
* He was a founder and first president of the SEC Historical Society.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

* He is now the Chief Executive Officer of the strategic consulting firm, ''Kalorama Partners, LLC.''<ref name="Kalorama-bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.kaloramapartners.com/BiographyDetails.aspx?Id=18 |title=Harvey Pitt - Chief Executive Officer |publisher=Kalorama Partners, LLP |accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kaloramapartners.com/ Kalorama Partners] website
* [http://www.complianceweek.com/contributors/harvey-pitt Harvey Pitt's Compliance Week column]{{dead link|date=September 2011}}
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/regulation/ PBS Frontline: Bigger Than Enron]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/regulation/lessons/two.html PBS Frontline: A Tale of Two Chairmen]

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| title=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission Chair]]
| before=[[Arthur Levitt]]
| after=[[William H. Donaldson]]
| years=2001 – 2003}}
{{End}}

{{SEC}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Pitt, Harvey
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 28, 1945
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Brooklyn, New York]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pitt, Harvey}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:American lawyers]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission]]
[[Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni]]
[[Category:Brooklyn College alumni]]
[[Category:St. John's University School of Law alumni]]

Weezer

2013-01-14T06:37:25Z

Baltshazzar: Tobacco promotion by Weezer (Concert in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 8th January 2013)

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Weezer
| image = Weezer 2005.jpg
| Img_width = 275
| caption = From left to right: [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]], [[Rivers Cuomo]], [[Patrick Wilson (musician)|Patrick Wilson]] and [[Scott G. Shriner|Scott Shriner]]
| background = group_or_band
| associatedem_acts = [[Avant Garde band)|Avant Garde]], [[Space Twins]], [[Goat Punishment]], [[The Special Goodness]], [[The Relationship]], [[The Rentals]]e
| origin = [[Los Angeles]], California, United States
| genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[power pop]], [[pop punk]], [[emo]], [[indie rock]]
| years_active = 1992–present
| label = [[DGC Records|DGC]], [[Geffen Records|Geffen]], [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] (1993-2010) W Records, [[Epitaph Records|Epitaph]] (2010-Present)
| associated_acts = [[The Relationship]], [[The Rentals]], [[Scott & Rivers]], Shriners, [[Space Twins]], [[The Special Goodness]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.weezer.com/}}
| current_members = [[Rivers Cuomo]] [[Patrick Wilson (musician)|Patrick Wilson]] [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]] [[Scott G. Shriner|Scott Shriner]]
| past_members = [[Matt Sharp]] [[Jason Cropper]] [[Mikey Welsh]]
}}

'''Weezer''' is an American [[alternative rock]] band from [[Los Angeles]], California, formed in 1992. The band consists of [[Rivers Cuomo]] (lead vocals, guitar), [[Patrick Wilson (musician)|Patrick Wilson]] (drums, guitar, backing vocals), [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]] (guitar, backing vocals, keyboards), and [[Scott G. Shriner|Scott Shriner]] (bass, backing vocals, keyboards). The band's line-up has changed four times since its formation in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weezer-online.com/history.html/ |title=weezer – history |publisher=Weezer-online.com |accessdate=2010-09-26 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080108104019/http://www.weezer-online.com/history.html/ |archivedate=January 8, 2008}}</ref> They have released nine full-length albums, six [[Extended play|EPs]], and a DVD.<ref name="KROQhurley">{{cite web | url = http://kroq.radio.com/2010/10/12/weezer-set-to-release-hurley-follow-up-album-in-november/ | title = Weezer Set To Release "Hurley" Follow-up Album In November | publisher=[[KROQ-FM]] | accessdate = 2010-12-06}} "'Together, they are the album that should logically follow Hurley,' says Weezer front-man Rivers Cuomo."</ref><ref name="AVCLUBhurley">{{cite web | url = http://www.avclub.com/articles/rivers-cuomo,45071/ | title = Rivers Cuomo Music Interview| publisher=The A.V. Club | accessdate = 2010-12-06}} '''RC:'''... we just started working on our 10th record. (In reference to an upcoming album, with Hurley being their 8th album and Death to False Metal being their 9th)</ref>

The band is best known for their successful [[Single (music)|singles]]  "[[Buddy Holly (song)|Buddy Holly]]", "[[Undone – The Sweater Song]]", "[[Say It Ain't So]]", "[[Perfect Situation]]", "[[Island in the Sun (song)|Island in the Sun]]", "[[Beverly Hills (song)|Beverly Hills]]" and "[[Pork and Beans (song)|Pork and Beans]]". The band's eighth studio album, ''[[Hurley (album)|Hurley]]'', was released on September 14, 2010 on [[Epitaph Records]].<ref>{{cite web|author=stereokill.net |url=http://stereokill.net/news/10042-weezer |title=Weezer confirm new album & label |publisher=stereokill.net |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Additionally, a deluxe release of their 1996 album ''[[Pinkerton (album)|Pinkerton]]'' and a compilation of rare and previously unreleased songs titled ''[[Death to False Metal]]'' were released on November 2, 2010.<ref name="weezer.com">(2010-08-26). [http://weezer.com/profiles/blogs/20100826-the-inexorable-return The Inexorable Return To Old Blighty] Weezer.com. Retrieved 2010-08-27.</ref>
Recently Weezer has been criticized for appearing in a Tobacco-sponsored concert in Jakarta, Indonesia, on January 8th, 2013, for an undisclosed amount of money. Tobacco-sponsored concerts and tobacco promotion, especially tobacco promotion directed towards teenagers, are illegal in the US and most countries around the world. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/12/opinion/tobacco-and-the-stars.html?emc=tnt&tntemail0=y&_r=1&]</ref> <ref>[http://ctfk.salsalabs.com/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=532]</ref>

==History==

===Formation and debut album (1992–1995)===
{{Main|Weezer (1994 album)}}
Weezer, consisting of [[Rivers Cuomo]], [[Patrick Wilson (musician)|Patrick Wilson]], [[Matt Sharp]], and [[Jason Cropper]], formed in 1992, had their first practice on February 14 of that year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weezer.com/info/bios/bio.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100324143728/http://www.weezer.com/info/bios/bio.html |archivedate=2010-03-24 |title=weezer bio |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref> and their first gig was opening for [[Keanu Reeves]]' band [[Dogstar (band)|Dogstar]] shortly thereafter. Weezer signed with [[Geffen Records]] on June 25, 1993 and recorded their debut album with producer [[Ric Ocasek]] at [[Electric Lady Studios]] in New York City. During the recording, guitarist [[Jason Cropper]] left the band and was replaced by [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]]. The band released ''[[Weezer (1994 album)|Weezer]]'' (also referred to as "The Blue Album") in May 1994. The record label originally did not wish to release a single, to see what sales could be generated by word-of-mouth alone. Soon after the release of ''[[Weezer (1994 album)|Weezer]]'', DJ Marco Collins of the Seattle radio station [[KNDD|The End]] started playing "[[Undone – The Sweater Song]]", leading Geffen to release it as the first single. The music video was directed by [[Spike Jonze]].<ref name="yahoo">"[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800019717/bio movies.yahoo.com Spike Jonze Biography]", ''Yahoo! Movies''. Retrieved on September 5, 2006</ref> Filmed in an [[Long take|unbroken take]], it featured Weezer performing on a sound stage with little action, bar a pack of dogs swarming the set.<ref>Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 120</ref> The video became an instant hit on MTV.<ref>Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 121</ref>

Jonze also directed the band's second video, "[[Buddy Holly (song)|Buddy Holly]]".<ref name="yahoo"/> The video featured footage from the television sitcom ''[[Happy Days]]'' spliced with the band performing in a remade "Arnold's Drive-In."<ref name="wanadoo.typepad">[http://web.archive.org/web/20061130214036/http://wanadoo.typepad.com/pixelbox/television/index.html ''Pixelbox: Television "Buddy Holly" Music Video Description'' at]</ref> The video achieved heavy rotation on MTV<ref>Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 132</ref> and went on to win Jonze and the band four [[MTV Video Music Award]]s, including Breakthrough Video and Best [[Alternative Music]] Video, and two ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' Music Video Awards.<ref name="latimes">''LA Times Past Winners Database-VMA's 1995 '' at [http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/ Theenvelope.latimes.com];retrieved on September 5, 2006</ref> The clip was also featured on the companion CD for the [[Microsoft]] [[Windows 95]] computer operating system. A third single, "[[Say It Ain't So]]", followed. ''Weezer'' is certified triple [[RIAA certification|platinum]] in the United States,<ref name=riaasales>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Weezer&format=ALBUM&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2008&sort=Artist&perPage=25|title=Gold & Platinum Search Results: Weezer|publisher=RIAA.com|accessdate=2008-08-20}}</ref> making it Weezer's all-time best seller. It is certified double platinum in Canada.

===''Pinkerton'' (1996–1997)===
{{Main|Pinkerton (album)}}
In late December 1994, Weezer took a break from touring for the Christmas holidays.<ref name="sftbh">Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 137</ref> Cuomo traveled back east to his home state of Connecticut, and using an [[Multitrack recording|eight-track recorder]], he began piecing together demo material for Weezer's next album. The original concept for Weezer's second album was to be a space-themed [[rock opera]], ''[[Songs from the Black Hole]]''.<ref name="weezerofficalpage">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100207151556/http://www.weezer.com/info/recording/WeezRecHist7.htm] Weezer.com; retrieved on September 6, 2006</ref> The album was intended to feature songs that flowed together seamlessly and end with a special [[coda (music)|coda]] that briefly revisited the major musical elements of the piece.<ref name="sftbh"/> The band began demoing and working on Cuomo's concept through intermittent recording sessions in the spring and summer of 1995.<ref name="sftbh2">Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 139</ref> Ultimately, the ''Songs from the Black Hole'' album concept was dropped.<ref name="sftbh2"/> The album would instead feature songs composed before the band's first album (which had briefly been incorporated into the space opera) as well as some new ones written while Cuomo was at Harvard.<ref name="weezerofficalpage"/>

Weezer's second album, [[Pinkerton (album)|''Pinkerton'']], was released on September 24, 1996.<ref name="allmusic2">''Pinkerton Album Overview'' at [{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r241030|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic.com];retrieved on September 6, 2006</ref> Three singles were taken from the album: "[[El Scorcho]]", "[[The Good Life (Weezer song)|The Good Life]]", and "[[Pink Triangle (song)|Pink Triangle]]". The album's title sparked a legal challenge. [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkerton Securities]] of Encino, Calif., filed a temporary injunction against the band and its Geffen record label for trademark infringement two days before the album was to be released on September 24, 1996.<ref name="page203">Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 203</ref> A judge ruled for Weezer, and the album was finally released.<ref name="page205">Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 205</ref> This injunction caused Geffen to hold back some of the initial advertising and promotion for the album, possibly contributing to the album's slow initial sales. Due to initial weak sales (it peaked at No. 19 in the U.S.),<ref name="billboard">''Weezer Album Chart Positions'' at [http://billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFomatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=36614&model.vnuAlbumId=678014 Billboard.com]{{dead link|date=September 2010}};retrieved on September 1, 2006</ref> the album was, at first, viewed as a commercial failure,<ref name="themichigandaily">''Anticipated return has Weezer in the ''Green'' '' at [http://web.archive.org/web/20070313132216/http://www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2001/05/14/Arts/Anticipated.Return.Has.Weezer.In.The.green-1408671.shtml Michigandaily.com]; retrieved on September 18, 2006</ref> especially when viewed in light of the multi-platinum success of their debut album. The album failed to gain traction in the mainstream music world, perhaps due to its darker, more abrasive sound.<ref name="allmusic2"/> ''Pinkerton'' was labeled "one of the worst albums of 1996" by a ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' reader poll.<ref>Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 228</ref> However, word of mouth kept the trickle of sales going and eventually the record achieved cult status. In the book ''The '90s'' (2010), Rolling Stone ranked Pinkerton number 48 in the 100 Best Albums of the Nineties.<ref name="rs90s">[http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-nineties-20110427 ''Rolling Stone 100 Best Albums of the Nineties'' at]</ref>

===On hiatus (1997–2000)===
Weezer completed their touring for ''Pinkerton'' in the summer of 1997. The members of the band took a break, with drummer Patrick Wilson returning to his home in [[Portland, Oregon]] to work on his side project, [[The Special Goodness]]; Matt Sharp left to complete the follow-up album for his group [[The Rentals]];<ref name="mattsharp" /> and [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]] went to work on his group, [[Space Twins]].

Rivers Cuomo returned to [[Boston, Massachusetts]], but took a break from Harvard to focus on songwriting. Cuomo gathered Boston-area musicians and rehearsed new material, including possible songs for the next Weezer album. The group, referred to by fans as the Rivers Cuomo Band, had several different lineups and played several shows at local clubs, including their first show at T.T. the Bear's on October 8, 1997. Future Weezer bassist [[Mikey Welsh]] was a constant of the group's evolving lineups. Pat Wilson eventually flew to Boston to sit in on drums. The Boston songs were later abandoned and not used on the next Weezer album, but live recordings of the Boston shows are openly traded on the internet. In February 1998, Rivers left Boston and returned to Los Angeles.

Pat Wilson and Brian Bell joined Cuomo in Los Angeles to start work on the next album. Matt Sharp did not rejoin the band and officially left the group in April 1998.<ref name="mattsharp">{{cite web | url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453586/20020424/weezer.jhtml | title=Former Weezer Bassist Matt Sharp Sues Band Over Royalties |publisher=MTV | date=April 24, 2002 | accessdate=June 26, 2009 }}</ref> The group decided on [[Mikey Welsh]] as Sharp's replacement. Weezer continued rehearsing and cut demos until the fall of 1998. Frustration and creative disagreements led to a decline in rehearsals, and in late fall of 1998, drummer Pat Wilson left for his home in Portland pending renewed productivity from Cuomo. In November 1998, the band (with a substitute drummer) played two club shows in California under the name ''Goat Punishment''. The shows consisted entirely of Nirvana and Oasis cover songs, respectively. In the months following, Rivers Cuomo went into a period of admitted depression, painting the walls of his home black and putting "fiberglass insulation all over the windows and then black sheets of fiberglass so that no light could get through.<ref name="page 266">Luerssen D., John, 2004 p. 266</ref>

The band would not reunite until April 2000, when the Fuji Rock Festival in Japan offered Weezer a high-paying gig to play in August 2000. The festival served as a catalyst for Weezer's productivity, and from April to May 2000, the band rehearsed and demoed new songs in Los Angeles. The band returned to live shows in June 2000, playing small unpromoted concerts under the pseudonym Goat Punishment. In June 2000, the band joined the [[Warped Tour]] for nine dates.

===Renewed popularity and ''The Green Album'' (2000–2001)===
{{Main|Weezer (2001 album)}}
In the summer of 2000, Weezer (now consisting of Rivers Cuomo, Mikey Welsh, Pat Wilson, and Brian Bell) went on tour (including dates on the popular [[Vans Warped Tour]]). Weezer's set-list consisted of 14 new songs that fans have labeled the ''Summer Songs of 2000'' (commonly abbreviated, ''SS2K''). When 13 of these songs did not appear on Weezer's next album, fans of the songs started a petition demanding the release of studio versions.

Eventually, the band went back into the studio to produce a third album. They chose the title, ''[[Weezer (2001 album)|Weezer]]'' (2001), to repeat the self-titled name of their first release. This album quickly became known as "The Green Album" due to its distinctive bright green coloring. Shortly after the release of the album, Weezer went on another American tour. They attracted a new generation of fans thanks to heavy MTV rotation for the videos of their hit singles "[[Hash Pipe]]" and "[[Island in the Sun (song)|Island in the Sun]]".

As reported on August 16, 2001, by MTV, bassist Mikey Welsh was checked into a psychiatric hospital. His whereabouts were previously unknown, as he mysteriously went missing before the filming of the second video for "Island in the Sun". Weezer was prompted to find a temporary replacement for Welsh. Through a mutual friend, Cuomo received [[Scott G. Shriner|Scott Shriner]]'s number and asked if he was interested in filling in for Welsh. Shriner accepted the invitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weezer.com/info/bios/index.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608051816/http://www.weezer.com/info/bios/index.html |archivedate=2007-06-08 |title=Weezer Bios |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2007-06-08 |accessdate=2011-10-31}}</ref>

===''Maladroit'' (2002–2003)===
{{Main|Maladroit}}
The band took an experimental approach for the recording process of their fourth album by allowing fans to download demos from their official website in return for feedback. After the release of the album, the band said that this process was something of a failure, as the fans did not supply them with coherent, constructive advice. Cuomo eventually delegated song selection for the album to the band's original A&R rep, Todd Sullivan, saying that Weezer fans chose the "wackest songs." Only the song "Slob" was included on the album due to general fan advice.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

The recording was also done without input from Weezer's record label, [[Interscope]]. Cuomo had what he then described as a "massive falling out" with the label. In early 2002, well before the official release of the album, the label sent out a letter to radio stations requesting the song be pulled until an official, sanctioned single was released. Interscope also briefly shut down Weezer's audio/video download webpage, removing all the MP3 demos. Online Weezer fans staged a brief protest, with several websites proclaiming "Free ''Maladroit''".{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

In April 2002, former bassist Matt Sharp sued the band, alleging, among several accusations, that he was owed money for cowriting several Weezer songs. The suit was later settled out of court.<ref name=allm>{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p44726|pure_url=yes}} |title=Weezer – Biography|publisher=allmusic |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

The fourth album, ''[[Maladroit]]'', was released on May 14, 2002, only one year after its predecessor. The album served as a harder-edged version of the band's trademark catchy pop-influenced music, and was replete with busy 1980s-style guitar solos. Although met with generally positive critical reviews, its sales were not as strong as those for "The Green Album". Two singles were released from the album. The music video for "[[Dope Nose]]" featured an obscure [[Bōsōzoku|Japanese motorcycle gang]], and was put into regular rotation. The music video for "[[Keep Fishin']]" combined Weezer with [[The Muppets]], and had heavy rotation on MTV. Both videos were directed by Marcos Siega.

As soon as ''[[Maladroit]]'' had wrapped up, the band immediately began work on their fifth album, recording numerous demos between tours (often recording as many as 24 songs in a day){{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}. These songs were eventually scrapped, and Weezer took a break after the release of two albums in quick succession. During this break, Bell and Wilson released LPs from their respective side projects [[Space Twins]] and [[The Special Goodness]].

Weezer released their much-delayed first DVD on March 23, 2004. The ''[[Video Capture Device]]'' DVD chronicles the band from its beginnings through ''[[Maladroit]]'''s Enlightenment Tour. Compiled by Karl Koch, the DVD features home video footage, music videos, commercials, rehearsals, concert performances, television performances, and band commentary. The DVD was certified "gold" on November 8, 2004.

===''Make Believe'' (2003–2006)===
{{Main|Make Believe (Weezer album)}}
From December 2003 to the fall of 2004, the members of Weezer recorded a large amount of material intended for a new album to be released in the spring of 2005 with producer [[Rick Rubin]]. The band's early recording efforts became available to the public through the band's website. The demos were a big hit, but none of the songs recorded at this time were included on the finished album. That album, titled ''[[Make Believe (Weezer album)|Make Believe]],'' was released on May 10, 2005. Despite commercial success, ''Make Believe'' got a mixed reception from critics, receiving an average score of 52 on review collator [[Metacritic]].<ref name='Metacritic MakeBelieve'>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/weezer/makebelieve?q=Make%20Believe |title=Weezer: Make Believe |accessdate=2007-05-30 |work=metacritic |publisher=metacritic }}</ref> Although some reviews, such as AMG's, compared it favorably to ''Pinkerton'',<ref name='AMG'>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r738466|pure_url=yes}} |title=Make Believe: Review |accessdate=2007-05-30 |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen |publisher=allmusic |publisher=AMG }}</ref> others, among them [[Pitchfork Media]]'s score of 0.4 out of 10, panned the album as predictable and lyrically poor.

The album's first single, "[[Beverly Hills (song)|Beverly Hills]]", became a hit in the U.S. and worldwide, staying on the charts for several months after its release. It became the first Weezer song to hit No. 1 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart. "Beverly Hills" was nominated for Best Rock Song at the 48th Annual [[Grammy Awards]], the first ever Grammy nomination for the band. The video was also nominated for Best Rock Video at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. The second single off ''Make Believe'' was "We Are All on Drugs". MTV refused to play the song, so Weezer re-recorded the lyrics by replacing "on drugs" with "in love" and renaming the song "We Are All in Love". In early 2006, it was announced that ''Make Believe'' was [[RIAA certification|certified platinum]], and "Beverly Hills" was the second most popular song download on iTunes for 2005, finishing just behind "[[Hollaback Girl]]" by [[Gwen Stefani]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = Koch
| first = Karl
| title = breadfan, take it all away, never give an inch
|date=2006-01-18
| url = http://www.weezer.com/community/news_comment.asp?ParentAssetID=1378551&ArtistID=479&Start=&FullStory=Y&type=
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061129185644/http://www.weezer.com/community/news_comment.asp?ParentAssetID=1378551&ArtistID=479&Start=&FullStory=Y&type=
| archivedate = 2006-11-29
| accessdate = 2006-11-03 }}</ref> ''Make Believe'''s third single, "Perfect Situation", spent four weeks in a row at number one on the Billboard Modern Rock chart. "This Is Such a Pity" was the band's fourth single from the album, but no music video was made for its release. The ''Make Believe'' tour also found the band using additional instruments onstage, adding piano, synthesizers, pseudophones, and guitarist [[Bobby Schneck]].

The band has announced the possible release of a live DVD composed of footage from the 2005 Japan tour. It will consist of a two-day, seven-camera shoot of the shows in Japan, plus material that will be drawn from various behind-the-scenes footage. The DVD was announced in late 2005, but in a 2006 update on the band's Web site, Karl Koch noted it was "apparently edited, but has been put on hold for now."<ref name="karlkoch20060924">{{cite web
| last = Koch
| first = Karl
| title = i want people to be afraid of how much they love me
|date=2006-09-24
| url = http://www.weezer.com/community/news_comment.asp?ParentAssetID=1498175&ArtistID=479&Start=&FullStory=Y&type=
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061129172837/http://www.weezer.com/community/news_comment.asp?ParentAssetID=1498175&ArtistID=479&Start=&FullStory=Y&type=
| archivedate = 2006-11-29
| accessdate = 2006-11-03 }}</ref>

===''The Red Album'' (2007–2008)===
{{Main|Weezer (2008 album)}}
''[[Weezer (2008 album)|Weezer]]'' (also referred to as "The Red Album") was released in June 2008. [[Rick Rubin]] produced the album<ref>{{cite web | last = Thompson | first = Paul | url = http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/46465-rivers-cuomo-dishes-on-new-weezer-lp-ialonei-demos | title = Rivers Cuomo Dishes on New Weezer LP, Alone Demos | publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] | accessdate = 2007-10-25}}</ref> and [[Rich Costey]] mixed it. The record was described as "experimental", and according to Cuomo, included longer and non-traditional songs, [[Roland TR-808|TR-808 drum machines]], synthesizers, [[Southern rap]], [[baroque music|baroque]] [[counterpoint]], and band members other than Cuomo writing, singing, and switching instruments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/48163-interview-rivers-cuomo |title=Pitchfork Feature: Interview: Rivers Cuomo |publisher=Pitchforkmedia.com |date=2008-01-28 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Pat Wilson said the album cost about a million dollars to make, contrasting it with the $150,000 budget of "The Blue Album".<ref>{{cite web|author=Running time: 1:48:42 |url=http://twit.tv/mbw82 |title=The TWiT Netcast Network with Leo Laporte |publisher=Twit.tv |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> The album's singles were produced by [[Jacknife Lee]]. Its lead single, "[[Pork and Beans (song)|Pork and Beans]]", topped the ''Billboard'' [[Modern Rock Tracks]] charts for 11 weeks, and its music video won a Grammy for [[Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]]. The second single, "[[Troublemaker (Weezer song)|Troublemaker]]", debuted at No. 39 on the ''Billboard'' Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart and peaked at No. 2. In October 2008, the group announced that the third single would be "[[The Greatest Man That Ever Lived (Variations on a Shaker Hymn)]]".

On May 30, 2008, the [[Toledo Free Press]] revealed in an interview with [[Scott G. Shriner|Scott Shriner]] that Weezer would be unveiling the "Hootenanny Tour", in which fans would be invited to bring their own instruments to play along with the band. Said Shriner: "They can bring whatever they want... oboes, keyboards, drums, violins, and play the songs with us as opposed to us performing for them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toledofreepress.com/?id=7947 |title=Toledoan still ‘freaks out' over being in Weezer |publisher=Toledofreepress.com |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

The band performed five dates in Japan at the beginning of September and then embarked on what was dubbed the 'Troublemaker' tour, consisting of 21 dates around North America, including two in Canada. [[Angels and Airwaves]] and [[Tokyo Police Club]] joined them as support at each show, and Brian Bell's 'other' band [[The Relationship]] also performed at a handful of dates. Shortly before the encore at each show, the band would bring on fans with various instruments and perform [[Island in the Sun (Weezer)|Island in the Sun]] and [[Beverly Hills]] with them. At a show in Austin, after Tokyo Police Club had played their set, Rivers was wheeled out in a box and mimed to a recording of rare Weezer demo, 'My Brain', dressed in pajamas and with puppets on his hands, before being wheeled off again. This bizarre event later surfaced as the climax to a promo video for Cuomo's second demo album, [[Alone 2]].

Cuomo also wrote a song with pop duo [[Aly & AJ]], and was very pleased with the way the girls worked. It is unknown if the song will be made public on an album.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/feature/the-billboard-q-a-rivers-cuomo-1003919936.story?pn=3 "The Billboard Q&A: Rivers Cuomo"]. ''Billboard''. December 7, 2008.</ref>

On December 4, [[iOS]] developer [[Tapulous]] released the game ''Christmas With Weezer'', featuring gameplay similar to ''[[Tap Tap Revenge]]'' and six [[Christmas carols]] performed by the band. A digital EP featuring the songs, titled "Christmas with Weezer", was also released on December 16, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karlophone |url=http://weezer.com/blog/default.aspx?nid=18690 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090130030414/http://weezer.com/blog/default.aspx?nid=18690 |archivedate=2009-01-30 |title=Weezer : News : 12/10/08 Christmas With Weezer EP + Video Game Awards! |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref>

===''Raditude'' (2009–2010)===
{{Main|Raditude}}
Weezer toured with [[Blink-182]] in 2009, including an August 30 stop at the [[Virgin Festival]] at [[Merriweather Post Pavilion]] in [[Columbia, Maryland]]. Drummer [[Josh Freese]] joined Weezer on a temporary basis to play drums on the tour, while Pat Wilson switched to guitar. Wilson said in an interview for Yahoo! Music that Cuomo wanted "to be active and more free on stage and him having guitar on was an impediment." Freese stated he was a Weezer fan and did not want to pass up the opportunity to play with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/live/3112/weezer-guitar-hero-5-fridays-on-yahoo-music/ |title=Weezer: Guitar Hero 5 Fridays on Yahoo! Music - Maximum Performance |publisher=New.music.yahoo.com |date=2009-09-25 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

''[[Raditude]]'''s album artwork was revealed on September 11, featuring a [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] contest-winning photograph of a jumping dog named Sidney.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lindsay |first=Andrew |url=http://stereokill.net/2009/09/11/weezer-unveil-album-cover/ |title=Weezer unveil album cover |publisher=stereokill.net |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> The record's release was pushed to November 3, 2009, where it debuted as the seventh best-selling album of the week on the [[Billboard 200]] chart. The band scheduled tour dates in December 2009 extending into early 2010 to coincide with the new album's release. On December 6, 2009, Cuomo was injured when his tour bus crashed in upstate New York due to [[black ice]]. Cuomo suffered three broken ribs, and his assistant broke two ribs. His wife, baby daughter, and their nanny were also on the bus, but they escaped injury. Weezer cancelled tour dates the following day.<ref>(2009-12-07). [http://www.nme.com/news/weezer/48758 "Weezer cancel tour following 'severe' bus crash"] NME.com. Retrieved 2010-03-11.</ref> The band resumed touring on January 20, 2010.<ref>D'Aliesio, Valentina. (2010-01-18). [http://www.chartattack.com/news/78591/weezer-set-to-resume-tour "Weezer Set To Resume Tour"] ChartAttack. Retrieved 2010-03-11.</ref>

In December 2009, it was revealed that the band was no longer with [[Geffen Records]]. The band stated that they would still release new material, but they were unsure of the means, whether it be self-released, released online, or getting signed by another label.<ref>{{cite web | last = Lindsay | first = Andrew | title = Weezer become free agents | publisher=Stereo Kill | date = 2009-12-17 | url = http://stereokill.net/2009/12/weezer-become-free-agents/ | accessdate = 2010-09-09}}</ref> Eventually, the band was signed to the independent label [[Epitaph Records|Epitaph]].<ref name="drive"/>

The band also recorded a cover of "[[I'm a Believer]]" for the movie ''[[Shrek Forever After]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lindsay |first=Andrew |url=http://stereokill.net/2010/01/weezer-record-new-track-for-shrek-4/ |title=Weezer record new track for Shrek 4 |publisher=stereokill.net |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

Weezer co-headlined [[The Bamboozle]] in May, 2010,<ref>Lustig, Justin. (2010-01-19). [http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2010/01/mgmt_added_to_bamboozle_festiv.html "MGMT added to Bamboozle Festival, as co-headliner"] nj.com. Retrieved 2010-03-09.</ref> and performed at the [[Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival]] in [[Manchester, Tennessee]] in June.<ref>(2010-02-09) [http://web.archive.org/web/20100413161217/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2010/02/09/bonnaroo-2010-lineup-rolls-out-weezer-jeff-beck-the-flaming-lips-and-more/ "Bonnaroo 2010 Lineup Rolls Out: Jay-Z, Weezer, Jeff Beck, The Flaming Lips and More"] ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Retrieved 2010-02-09.</ref> In August, 2010, Weezer performed at the [[Reading and Leeds Festival]],<ref>(2010-03-29) [http://www.getbracknell.co.uk/entertainment/music/s/2068490_2010_reading_festival_lineup_announced "2010 Reading Festival line-up announced"] getbracknell.com. Retrieved 2010-03-29.</ref> and performed at the [[Voodoo Experience|Voodoo Experience festival]] in [[New Orleans, LA]] in October 2010.<ref>pera, Kevin. (2010-06-17). [http://www.nola.com/voodoofest/index.ssf/2010/06/ozzy_osbourne_muse_mgmt_weezer.html Ozzy Osbourne, Muse, MGMT, Drake coming to Voodoo Fest in New Orleans] Times-Picayune. Retrieved 2010-06-17.</ref>

On June 11, 2010, the band released a new single, "Represent". The song was said to be an "unofficial [[United States men's national soccer team|US]] anthem" to coincide with the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lindsay |first=Andrew |url=http://stereokill.net/2010/06/weezer-release-world-cup-anthem/ |title=Weezer release World Cup anthem |publisher=stereokill.net |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

===''Hurley'' and ''Death to False Metal'' (2010–present)===
{{Main|Hurley (album)|Death to False Metal}}
The album ''[[Hurley (album)|Hurley]]'' was released in September 2010 through [[Epitaph Records]]. The name comes from the character [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes]] from the television show ''[[Lost (TV Series)|Lost]]''. [[Jorge Garcia]], the actor who portrayed Hurley, stated that being featured on the album cover is "one of the biggest honors of [his] career." <ref name="drive">{{cite web |url=http://www.drivenfaroff.com/2010/08/04/weezer-signs-to-epitaph-new-album-in-september/|title=Weezer Signs To Epitaph, New Album in September |publisher=Drivenfaroff.com|date=2010-08-04 |accessdate=2010-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Posted 8/11/10 |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1645570/20100811/weezer.jhtml |title=What Does 'Lost' 's Hurley Think Of Weezer's Hurley? We Asked Him! - Music, Celebrity, Artist News |publisher=MTV |date=2010-08-11 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Weezer used internet streaming service YouTube as a way to promote the album. Weezer loaned itself to 15 amateur online video producers, "going along with whatever plans the creator could execute in about 30 minutes." They have used many of the popular channels to promote themselves, such as [[Barely Political]], [[Ray William Johnson]] and [[Fred Figglehorn]]. [[The Gregory Brothers]] solicited musical and vocal contributions from the band on one of its compositions built around speeches by [[Charlie Rangel|Rep. Charles Rangel]] and [[Barack Obama|President Barack Obama]]. Weezer calls the promotion "The YouTube Invasion".<ref>Smith, Ethan. (2010-09-13). [http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/09/13/weezer-the-youtube-infestation-begins/ Weezer: The “YouTube Invasion” Begins] Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-09-14.</ref>

In November 2010, Weezer released a compilation album composed of re-recorded versions of unused recordings spanning various years, ''[[Death to False Metal]]''.<ref name="KROQhurley"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.avclub.com/articles/rivers-cuomo,45071/ | title = Rivers Cuomo Music Interview
| publisher=The A.V. Club | accessdate = 2010-12-06}} '''RC:'''... we just started working on our 10th record. (In reference to an upcoming album, with Hurley being their 8th album and Death to False Metal being their 9th)</ref> On the same day a deluxe version of ''[[Pinkerton (album)|Pinkerton]]'', which includes "25 demos, outtakes and live tracks" was also released.<ref>Graff, Gary. (2010-10-30). [http://www.macombdaily.com/articles/2010/10/30/entertainment/doc4ccae19243728608191628.txt?viewmode=fullstory Weezer sets out to rewrite legacy of ‘Pinkerton’] The Macomb Daily. Retrieved 2010-11-02.</ref> A third volume of Rivers Cuomo's solo ''[[Alone: The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo|Alone]]'' series, titled ''Alone III: The Pinkerton Years'', consisting of demos and outtakes from the ''Pinkerton'' sessions, was released on December 12, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/11/rivers-cuomo-details-pinkerton-diaries-and-alone-iii/ |title=Rivers Cuomo details The Pinkerton Diaries and Alone III « Consequence of Sound |publisher=Consequenceofsound.net |date=2011-11-10 |accessdate=2012-09-04}}</ref> They also contributed a cover of [[The Cars]]' "[[You Might Think]]" for the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]]-[[Pixar]] film ''[[Cars 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Weezer record song for Cars 2 soundtrack|work=Kerrang!|date=June 14, 2011|url=http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2011/06/weezer_record_song_for_cars_2.html|accessdate=September 17, 2011}}</ref>

On October 8, 2011 former bassist Mikey Welsh was found dead in a [[Chicago, Illinois]] hotel room. Weezer performed in Chicago the very next day, and dedicated the concert to Welsh (Welsh was supposed to be a surprise guest at that concert).<ref>{{cite news|last=Nickeas|first=Peter|title=Drug overdose suspected in death of former Weezer bass player|date=October 9, 2011|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-weezer-bass-player-dies-in-chicago-20111009,0,2187723.story|accessdate=October 9, 2011}}</ref>

The band began working on their tenth studio album in September 2010 with the intent of a 2011 release,<ref name="ninthalbum">(2010-09-14). [http://www.nme.com/news/weezer/52975 Weezer start work on 'Hurley' follow-up] NME.com. Retrieved 2010-09-15.</ref> but the year ended without seeing a release. The band headlined a four-day rock-themed Carnival Cruise from Miami to Cozumel that set sail on January 19, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/music/8052293-421/weezer-still-sailing-own-way-including-cruise-concert.html|title=Weezer still sailing own way, including cruise concert |date=2011-10-05|accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2011/07/13/the-weezer-cruise-awkwardness-ahoy/|title=The Weezer Cruise Promises Awkwardness Ahoy|date=2011-07-13|accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/weezer-announce-caribbean-cruise-20110712|title=Weezer Announce Caribbean Cruise|date=2011-07-12|accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

In May 2012, drummer [[Patrick Wilson (musician)|Patrick Wilson]] released his fourth studio album with side-project, [[The Special Goodness]], entitled ''[[Natural (The Special Goodness album)|Natural]]''.

In July 2012, Weezer headlined the inaugural [[Bunbury Music Festival]] in Cincinnati, Ohio.<ref>Death Cab, Weezer to headline Bunbury fest; The Cincinnati Enquirer; 02/16/2012.</ref> Also, in July they announced plans for an [[Australia]]n tour in early 2013, their first since 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weezer.com/profiles/blogs/2012-07-12-a-u-s-t-r-a-l-i-a |title=2012/07/12 A U S T R A L I A ! |publisher=Weezer |date=2012-07-12 |accessdate=2012-09-04}}</ref>

On December 25, 2012, according to official Weezer website, assistant Karl Koch stated Weezer is looking to record another album, but had no official info as of yet. He wrote, "While its impossible to say when the next Weezer album will come out, rest assured the band is excited and united in their desire to make it great."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weezer.com/profiles/blogs/2012-12-25-happy-holidays-and-merry-christmas-from-weezer | title = Happy Holidays and Merry Christmas from Weezer!|publisher=Weezer.com |date=2012-12-25 |accessdate=2013-01-06}}</ref>

== Musical style and influences==
While Weezer are most commonly an [[alternative rock]]<ref name=allm/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/33621328/Rock_Band_Weezer_Uses_Snuggie_to_Promote_New_Album |title=News Headlines |publisher=Cnbc.com |date=2009-11-04 |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hogan |first=Marc |url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/weezer-bluedeluxe/ |title=Weezer: Weezer (Blue Album) [Deluxe Edition] < PopMatters |publisher=Popmatters.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref> and [[power pop]]<ref name="allm"/><ref name=roll>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/20949199/review/20961611/weezer |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090423133617/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/20949199/review/20961611/weezer |archivedate=2009-04-23 |title=Album Reviews |work=Rolling Stone |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/w/weezer-st.shtml |title=Weezer: Weezer ("The Green Album") - PopMatters Music Review |publisher=Popmatters.com |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref><ref name=pop>{{cite web|author=JR |url=http://au.music.ign.com/articles/878/878741p1.html |title=Weezer – Weezer (The Red Album) Review – Music Review at IGN |publisher=Au.music.ign.com |date=2008-06-03 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> band, they have also been associated with other genres, such as [[pop punk]],<ref name=allm/><ref>{{cite web|last=Garrett |first=Jon |url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/feature/ash-020814 |title=World Domination . . . Almost: An Interview with Ash < PopMatters |publisher=Popmatters.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-13}}</ref> [[emo]]<ref name=allm/><ref name="MTVimportant">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/w/weezer/news_feature_102504 |title=Weezer Are The Most Important Band Of The Last 10 Years |last1=Montgomery |first1=James |work=[[MTV|MTV.com]] |publisher=[[MTV Networks]] |accessdate=2011-04-06}}</ref> and [[indie rock]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Justin Ward |url=http://www.livemusicblog.com/2010/04/26/tour-dates-weezer-is-indie-rock-again/ |title=Tour Dates: Weezer is Indie Rock Again |publisher=Livemusicblog.com |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref name=geek>{{cite web|url=http://livedaily.com/news/4415.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100102184148/http://livedaily.com/news/4415.html|archivedate=2010-01-02|title=Weezer to Bring Geek Rock to the Masses on Summer Tour |publisher=Livedaily.com |date=2002-05-28 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

Many modern bands, such as [[Dinosaur Pile-Up]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Words by Dan Cairns, Interview by Greg Cochrane |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/11654560 |title=Newsbeat - Dinosaur Pile-Up excited about 'new beginning' |publisher=BBC |date=2010-11-01 |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref> [[Cymbals Eat Guitars]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Ball |first=Billy |url=http://www.indyweekblogs.com/scan/2009/09/tonight-cymbals-eat-guitars-talk-follow-up-wilco-and-longevity/ |title=Tonight: Cymbals Eat Guitars talk follow-up, Wilco and longevity | Scan | Independent Weekly |publisher=Indyweekblogs.com |date=2009-09-29 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> and [[The Fall of Troy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/interviews/interviews/fall_of_troys_thomas_erak_i_cant_honestly_say_im_a_guitar_player.html |title=Fall Of Troy's Thomas Erak: 'I Can't Honestly Say I'm A Guitar Player' | Interviews @ |publisher=Ultimate-guitar.com |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> list Weezer as an influence. Weezer themselves have listed several influences, among them [[Kiss (band)|KISS]] (with direct references in the song "In the Garage"), [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] (who were their labelmates at DGC for a very brief time before Kurt Cobain's death), [[The Beach Boys]], [[Pixies]] (especially early in their career), [[Sonic Youth]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], and [[Wax (rock band)|Wax]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown |first=Lane |url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/10/weezers_rivers_cuomo_on.html |title=Weezer’s Rivers Cuomo on Flubbing Lil Wayne’s Lyrics - Vulture |publisher=Nymag.com |date=2009-10-20 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref><ref>http://www.spin.com/articles/weezers-rivers-cuomo-covers-beach-boys</ref> Early Weezer demos, such as "Paperface", have obvious musical ties to the Pixies and Nirvana. Also, the song "Susanne" originally contained the lyrics, "Even [[Kurt Cobain]] and [[Axl Rose]]", before being changed to "Even [[Izzy Stradlin|Izzy]], [[Slash (musician)|Slash]], and [[Axl Rose]]" after Cobain's death. There is also a direct reference to ''[[Nevermind]]'' in "Heart Songs", a track found on ''The Red Album''. As a side project, Weezer briefly played Nirvana and [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] covers under the stage moniker "Goat Punishment". In 1998, Weezer covered "Velouria" by the Pixies for a tribute album, and in 2005 briefly got to tour with their idols for a few dates. [[Green Day]] has also been said to be an influence (there is a lyric about them in "El Scorcho"), and it has been acknowledged that the two bands are friends and enjoy each other's music. Weezer contributed the song "Worry Rock" to ''A Different Shade of Green: Tribute to Green Day''. Cuomo also covered "[[Brain Stew]]" in a 2009 AOL Sessions set.

== Solo work ==
Rivers Cuomo released a demo-compilation album titled ''[[Alone: The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo]]'' on December 18, 2007. The album contains demos of Cuomo's that span from 1992 to 2007, including songs from Weezer's abandoned second album, ''[[Songs from the Black Hole]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/10/17/rivers-cuomo-talks-solo-work-new-weezer-album-ice-cube/ |title=Rivers Cuomo Talks Solo Work, New Weezer Album, Ice Cube |work=Rolling Stone |date=2010-09-22 |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

[[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]] has been working on a solo project called [[The Relationship]], and did not write any songs for ''Raditude'' in order to save material for his solo work.<ref>Kaufman, Gil. (2009-08-31). [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1619822/20090828/weezer.jhtml Weezer's New Album Will Get 'Back To The Rock Element'] MTV.com. Retrieved 2010-08-27.</ref> He has also collaborated with [[Space Twins]].

Cuomo's second demo album, ''[[Alone II: The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo]]'', was released on November 25, 2008. The album includes further tracks from Songs from the Black Hole, early versions of songs later released as full-band demos, and other demo tracks.

Also, Mikey Welsh played with [[Juliana Hatfield]], [[The Kickovers]], Heretix, Jocobono, Slower and Left Nut; Patrick Wilson records with [[The Special Goodness]]; and Matt Sharp is in [[The Rentals]] and performs alone under [[Matt Sharp|his own name]].

==Band members==

===Current members===
* [[Rivers Cuomo]] – lead vocals, [[lead guitar]], keyboards, drums, harmonica (1992–present)
* [[Patrick Wilson (musician)|Patrick Wilson]] – drums, percussion, guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (1992–present)
* [[Brian Bell (musician)|Brian Bell]] – [[rhythm guitar]], backing vocals, keyboards, harmonica (1993–present)
* [[Scott G. Shriner|Scott Shriner]] – bass guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2001–present)

===Former members===
* [[Matt Sharp]] – bass guitar, backing vocals (1992–1998)
* [[Jason Cropper]] – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1992–1993)
* [[Mikey Welsh]] – bass guitar, backing vocals (1998–2001)

===Former touring members===
* Bobby Schneck – guitar, percussion (2005)
* Karl Koch – keyboards (2008), percussion (2010–2012)
* [[Josh Freese]] – drums, percussion (2009–2012)

==Discography==
{{Main|Weezer discography}}

* ''[[Weezer (1994 album)|Weezer]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Pinkerton (album)|Pinkerton]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Weezer (2001 album)|Weezer]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Maladroit]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Make Believe (Weezer album)|Make Believe]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Weezer (2008 album)|Weezer]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Raditude]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Hurley (album)|Hurley]]'' (2010)
*''[[Death to False Metal]]'' (2010)

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.weezer.com/}}

==Related information==
{{Weezer}}

[[Category:Weezer| ]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Alternative rock groups from California]]
[[Category:American power pop groups]]
[[Category:Grammy Award-winning artists]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1992]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Musical quartets]]
[[Category:Rock Sound Hall of Fame inductees]]

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Al Seef Towers

2012-12-05T19:35:05Z

Baltshazzar: Unknown careless smoker responsible for the fire, according to police report

{{Infobox building
|name = Tamweel Tower
|image =
|caption = Tamweel Tower nearing completion on 10 September 2007
|building_type = Residential
|location = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|latd = 25
| latm = 4
| lats = 47.17
| latNS = N
|longd = 55
| longm = 9
| longs = 11.85
| longEW = E
|iso_region = AE
|coordinates_display= title
|roof =
|floor_count =
|start_date =
|completion_date = 2008
|opening =
|elevator_count =
|floor_area =
|developer = [[Nakheel]]
|architect = DAR Consult
}}

The '''Al Seef Towers''' is a cluster of three residential buildings in the [[Jumeirah Lake Towers]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The complex has two towers that will be 35 floors and one tower 40 floors. Construction of the Al Seef Towers was completed in 2008.

==Towers==
The complex consists of 3 buildings:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! Name
! Height* metres / ft
! Floors
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 1
| Al Seef Tower 2
| /
| 40
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Seef Tower 2 |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=seeftower2-dubai-unitedarabemirates |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2=
| Al Seef Tower 3
| /
| 35
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Seef Tower 3 |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=seeftower3-dubai-unitedarabemirates |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2=
| Tamweel Tower
| 160 / 525
| 35
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamweel Tower |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=tamweeltower-dubai-unitedarabemirates |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Fire 2012==
At 1:30 am on November 18th 2012 a fire broke out at Tamweel Tower, which forced the temporary evacuation of the building. <ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/emergencies/fire-breaks-out-at-tamweel-tower-in-jumeirah-lake-towers-1.1106387 ''Fire breaks out at Tamweel Tower in Jumeirah Lake Towers''] at golfnews.com on 2012-11-18</ref> The fire was later proven to have been started by a cigarette butt, dicarded by a careless smoker. <ref>[http://www.7daysindubai.com/Resident-slams-careless-culprit-discarded/story-17495653-detail/story.html ''Resident slams 'careless' culprit after discarded cigarette caused JLT fire''] 7days on 2012-12-05</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Dubai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=111462 Emporis]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nob1qGFA95w Tamweel Tower Fire] (video, 27 secs)

{{Dubai skyscrapers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

[[Category:Residential skyscrapers in Dubai]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2007]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]

{{UAE-struct-stub}}

[[id:Tamweel Tower]]

Kenya

2012-11-26T08:20:15Z

Baltshazzar: Correction of a minor mistake ("kumi" means ten and "nne" means four in KiSwahili)

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya''
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Kenya
|common_name = Kenya
|image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Kenya.svg
|national_motto = "[[Harambee]]" ([[Swahili language|Swahili]]) "Let us all pull together"
|image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg
|national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' O God of All Creation <center>[[File:National Anthem of Kenya.ogg]]</center>
|official_languages = [[Swahili language|Swahili]] [[English language|English]]<ref>Constitution (2009) Art. 7 [National, official and other languages] "(1) The national language of the Republic is Kiswahili. (2) The official languages of the Republic are Kiswahili and English. (3) The State shall–-–- (a) promote and protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya; and (b) promote the development and use of indigenous languages, Kenyan Sign language, Braille and other communication formats and technologies accessible to persons with disabilities."</ref>
|demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kenyan]]
|ethnic_groups = {{nowrap|22% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] 14% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] 13% [[Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania|Luo]] 12% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] 11% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] 6% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] 6% [[Meru people|Meru]] 15% other African 1% non-African}}
|capital = [[Nairobi]]
|latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E
|government_type = {{nowrap|[[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]]}}
|leader_title1 = [[President of Kenya|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Mwai Kibaki]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Kenya|Vice President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Kalonzo Musyoka]]
|leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Kenya|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name3 = [[Raila Odinga]]
|leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya|National Assembly Speaker]]
|leader_name4 = [[Kenneth Marende]]
|leader_title5 = Chief Justice
|leader_name5 = [[Willy Munyoki Mutunga]]
|legislature = [[National Assembly (Kenya)|National Assembly]]
|largest_city = [[Nairobi]]
|area_km2 = 580,367
|area_sq_mi = 224,080 
|area_rank = 47th
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|percent_water = 2.3
|population_estimate = 43,013,341<ref name=cia/>
|population_estimate_year = 2012
|population_estimate_rank = 31st
|population_census = 38,610,097<ref>[http://www.knbs.or.ke/Census%20Results/KNBS%20Brochure.pdf Kenya 2009 Population and housing census highlights]. knbs.or.ke</ref>
|population_census_year = 2009
|population_density_km2 = 67.2
|population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 
|population_density_rank = 140th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2011
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP = $71.427 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=44&pr1.y=12&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Kenya |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,746<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $34.796 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2011
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $850<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|HDI_year = 2011
|HDI = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.509<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 |year=2011 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2 November 2011}}</ref>}}
|HDI_rank = 143rd
|HDI_category = low
|Gini = 42.5
|Gini_rank = 48th
|Gini_year = 2008
|Gini_category = medium
|FSI = {{nowrap|91.3 {{increase}} 2.7}}
|FSI_year = 2007
|FSI_rank = 31st
|FSI_category = Alert
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|established_event1 = {{nowrap|from the [[United Kingdom]]}}
|established_date1 = 12 December 1963
|established_event2 = Republic declared
|established_date2 = 12 December 1964
|currency = [[Kenyan shilling]]
|currency_code = KES
|time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
|utc_offset = +3
|time_zone_DST = not observed
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|drives_on = left
|cctld = [[.ke]]
|calling_code = [[+254]]
|footnotes = According to [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html cia.gov], estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex, than would otherwise be expected.<big><ref name=cia/></big>
}}

'''Kenya''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|k|ɛ|n|j|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|iː|n|j|ə}}), officially the '''Republic of Kenya''', is a country in [[East Africa]] that lies on the [[equator]]. With the [[Indian Ocean]] to its south-east, it is bordered by [[Tanzania]] to the south, [[Uganda]] to the west, [[South Sudan]] to the north-west, [[Ethiopia]] to the north and [[Somalia]] to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of a little over 43 million residents.<ref name=cia/> The country is named after [[Mount Kenya]], a significant landmark and second among [[highest mountain peaks of Africa|Africa's highest mountain peaks]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Nairobi]].

Modern day [[Mount Kenya|Mt. Kenya]] was originally referred to as "Mt. Kirinyaga" by the indigenous people. "Kirinyaga or Kerenyaga, meaning ‘mountain of whiteness’ because of its snow capped peak"; The name was subsequently changed to Mt.Kenya due to the inability of the British to pronounce "Kirinyaga" correctly. <ref name="Kenya in Brief">
{{cite web
| last = Kenya
| first = Information
| title = Kenya in Brief
| publisher = Kenya in Brief
| date = 2011-06-21
| url = http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/kenya.html
| accessdate = 2012-11-25 }}</ref>

Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean, which changes to wildlife-rich [[savannah]] grasslands moving inland towards the capital. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-[[desert]] landscapes. [[Lake Victoria]], the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after [[Lake Superior]] in the US and Canada) and the world's largest [[tropical]] lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its [[safari]]s and diverse wildlife reserves such as the [[Tsavo East National Park|East]] and [[Tsavo West National Park|West Tsavo National Park]], the [[Maasai Mara]], [[Lake Nakuru National Park|Nakuru National Park]], and [[Aberdares National Park]].

The [[African Great Lakes]] region, of which Kenya is a part, has seen human habitation since the [[Lower Paleolithic]] period. The [[Bantu expansion]] reached the area from [[West Africa|West]]-[[Central Africa]] by the first millennium AD, and the borders of the modern state comprise the crossroads of the [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]], [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] and [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] ethno-linguistic areas of the continent, making Kenya a multi-cultural country. European and Arab presence in [[Mombasa]] dates to the Early Modern period, but [[European exploration of Africa|European exploration]] of the interior began only in the 19th century. The [[British Empire]] established the [[East Africa Protectorate]] in 1895, known from 1920 as the [[Kenya Colony]]. The independent Republic of Kenya was founded in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new [[Constitution of Kenya|constitution]] that replaced the old one that was inherited from the British at independence, Kenya is now divided into 47 counties that are interdependent with the National government and conduct their mutual relations on the basis of consultation and cooperation. The counties are governed by elected [[governor]]s and operate independent of the central government in Nairobi.

The capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The [[economy of Kenya]] is the largest by [[GDP]] in East and Central Africa.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org (2006-09-14). Retrieved on 9 April 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org (2006-09-14). Retrieved on 9 April 2012.</ref> Agriculture is a major employer and the country traditionally exports tea and coffee, and more recently fresh flowers to Europe. The [[service industry]] is a major economic driver. Kenya is a member of the [[East African Community]].

==Etymology==
{{Further2|[[List of Names on Mount Kenya|Names on Mount Kenya]]}}

The word ''Kenya'', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|n|j|ə}}, originates from the [[Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]], [[Embu people|Embu]] and [[Kamba language|Kamba]] names for [[Mount Kenya]], "''Kirinyaga''", "''Kirinyaa''" and "''Kiinyaa''".{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} Prehistoric volcanic eruptions of Mount Kenya (now [[Extinct Volcano|extinct]]) may have resulted in its association with divinity and [[creation myth|creation]] among the indigenous Kikuyu-related ethnic groups who are the native inhabitants of the agricultural land surrounding Mount Kenya.{{or|date=September 2011}}

The [[Wakamba]] first pointed out the second mountain to Dr. Krapf called "''Kĩ-Nyaa''" or "''Kĩĩma- Kĩĩyaa''" which is similar to Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in [[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]]... probably because the pattern of black rock and white snow on its peaks reminded them of the feathers of the cock ostrich.<ref name="sullivan">{{Cite book |last = Sullivan |first = Paul |year = 2006 |title = Kikuyu Districts |publisher = Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |location = Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}}</ref>

The word "''Nyaga''" is a [[Gikuyu language|Kikuyu]] – [[Embu language|Embu]] word meaning "spot". It is a diminutive for "''Manyaganyaga''" (spots). The spots of the black rock and the white snow could be the origin of the words "''Kĩrĩ-nyaga''" which in this case means 'spotted'. Therefore, Mwene- Nyaga ([[Agikuyu]] God) means "The owner/guardian of the spotted Mountain".

In the 19th century, the German explorer [[Ludwig Krapf]] recorded the name as both ''Kenia'' and ''Kegnia'' believed by some to be a corruption of the Kamba version.<ref name=Krapf>{{cite book
| last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig | authorlink=Johann Ludwig Krapf
| title= Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa
| year=1860 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | location=London
| isbn= }}</ref><ref name=krapf_452>{{cite journal
| last=Krapf | first=Johann Ludwig
| authorlink = Johann Ludwig Krapf | date = 13 May 1850
| title = Extract from Krapf's diary
| journal=Church Missionary Intelligencer
| volume=i | page=452}}</ref><ref name=foottit>{{cite book
| last = Foottit | first = Claire | origyear=2004
| title = Kenya | series = The Brade Travel Guide
| year=2006 | publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd
| isbn=1-84162-066-1}}</ref>
Others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|n|j|ə}}.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=B. J. Ratcliffe | title=The Spelling of Kenya
| journal=Journal of the Royal African Society | pages=42–44
| volume= 42| issue = 166 | year=1943 | month=January
| jstor=717465}}</ref>
A map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, 1882 a Scottish geologist and Naturalist indicated Mt. Kenya as Mt. Kenia, 18620.<ref name="sullivan"/>

==Geography and climate==
{{Main|Geography of Kenya|Climate of Kenya}}
{{See also|Environmental issues in Kenya}}
[[File:Pt Thomson Batian Nelion Mt Kenya.JPG|thumb|[[Mount Kenya]] is the highest peak in Kenya at {{convert|5199|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rough_guide_map">{{cite map| publisher=Rough Guides Ltd.| title = Kenya and Northern Tanzania | edition =9th| year = 2006| cartography =World Mapping Project| scale =1:900,000| series = The Rough Guide Map| isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> Kenya is named after the mountain.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times|articlename=British East Africa Annexed--"Kenya Colony" |author=Reuter |section=News|day_of_week=Thursday|date=8 July 1920|page_number=13|issue=42457|column=C}}</ref>]]
At {{convert|580367|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name=cia>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Kenya |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |year=2009|accessdate=23 January 2010}}</ref> Kenya is the world's forty-seventh largest country (after [[Madagascar]]). It lies between latitudes [[5th parallel north|5°N]] and [[5th parallel south|5°S]], and longitudes [[34th meridian east|34°]] and [[42nd meridian east|42°E]].
From the coast on the Indian Ocean, the low plains rise to central highlands. The highlands are bisected by the [[Kenyan Rift Valley|Great Rift Valley]]; a fertile plateau lies in the east. The Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. The highlands are the site of the highest point in Kenya and the second highest peak on the continent: [[Mount Kenya]], which reaches {{convert|5199|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and is the site of glaciers. [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] ({{convert|5895|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=s}}) can be seen from Kenya to the South of the Tanzanian border.<ref name="rough_guide_map"/>

Kenya's climate varies from [[tropical]] along the coast to temperate inland to [[arid]] in the north and northeast parts of the country. The area receives a great deal of sunshine every month, and summer clothes are worn throughout the year. It is usually cool at night and early in the morning inland at higher elevations. The "long rains" season occurs from March/April to May/June. The "short rains" season occurs from October to November/December. The rainfall is sometimes heavy and often falls in the afternoons and evenings. The temperature remains high throughout these months of tropical rain. The hottest period is February and March, leading into the season of the long rains, and the coldest is in July and August.
[[File:Giraffe - Skyline - Nairobi - Park.jpg|thumb|A [[giraffe]] at [[Nairobi National Park]], with Nairobi's skyline in background]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ {{resize|110%|Average annual temperatures}}
!colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| City
! Elevation (m) !! Max (°C) !! Min (°C)
|-
|align="left" | Mombasa{{nbsp|2}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|coastal town}}
| 17 || 30.3 || 22.4
|-
|align="left" | Nairobi
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|capital city}}
| 1,661 || 25.2 || 13.6
|-
|align="left" | Eldoret
| style="text-align:center;"|
| 2,085 || 23.6 || 9.5
|-
|align="left" | Lodwar
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|dry north plainlands}}
| 506 || 34.8 || 23.7
|-
|align="left" | Mandera
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Smaller|dry north plainlands}}
| 506 || 34.8 || 25.7
|}

Kenya has considerable land area devoted to [[wildlife]] habitats, including the [[Masai Mara]], where [[Blue Wildebeest]] and other [[bovid]]s participate in a large scale annual migration. Up to 250,000 {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} blue wildebeest perish each year in the long and arduous movement to find forage in the dry season. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} The [[Big Five Game|"Big Five"]] animals of Africa can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular: the [[lion]], [[leopard]], [[African buffalo|buffalo]], [[rhinoceros]] and [[elephant]]. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the [[List of national parks of Kenya|national parks]] and game reserves in the country. The annual [[wikt:migration|animal migration]] – especially migration of the [[wildebeest]] – occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part.

Kenya is the setting for one of the Natural Wonders of the World – the great wildebeest [[animal migration|migration]]. 11.5 million of these ungulates migrate a distance of 1,800 miles from the [[Serengeti]] in neighbouring [[Tanzania]] to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies.

==History==
{{Main|History of Kenya}}

===Prehistory===
[[File:Spinosaurus BW2.png|thumb|left|The African theropod ''[[Spinosaurus]]'' was the largest known carnivorous dinosaur.]]
[[Prehistoric reptile|Giant crocodile]] fossils have been discovered in Kenya, dating from the [[Mesozoic Era]], over 200 million years ago. The fossils were found in an excavation conducted by a team from the [[University of Utah]] and the [[National Museums of Kenya]] in July–August 2004 at [[Lokitaung|Lokitaung Gorge]], near [[Lake Turkana]].<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200503/s1320324.htm Kenya's first dinosaur dig yields fossil wealth], ''ABC News Online'', 10 March 2005</ref>

Fossils found in East Africa suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent finds near Kenya's Lake Turkana indicate that [[hominids]] such as ''[[Homo habilis]]'' (1.8 and 2.5 million years ago) and ''[[Homo erectus]]'' (1.8 million to 350 000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' and lived in Kenya during the [[Pleistocene]] epoch. In 1984, one particular discovery made at Lake Turkana by famous palaeoanthropologist [[Richard Leakey]] and [[Kamoya Kimeu]] was the skeleton of a [[Turkana boy]], belonging to ''Homo erectus'' from 1.6 million years ago. Previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with [[Mary Leakey]] and [[Louis Leakey]], who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at [[Olorgesailie]] and [[Hyrax Hill]]. Later work at the former was undertaken by [[Glynn Isaac]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Kenya has been inhabited by people for as long as [[human history]] has existed.

===Pre-colonial history===
{{unbalanced|date=August 2012}}
The first inhabitants of present-day Kenya were [[hunter-gatherer]] groups, akin to the modern [[Khoisan]] speakers.<ref name="EhretC18">C. Ehret, ''The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800,'' University Press of Virginia. 2002.</ref> These people were later replaced by agropastoralist [[Cushitic]] speakers from the [[Horn of Africa]].<ref name="EhretHRSC">C. Ehret, ''The historical reconstruction of Southern Cushitic phonology and vocabulary'', Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5, Bd. (Reimer, Berlin, 1980), pp. 407.</ref> During the early [[Holocene]] the regional climate shifted from dry to wetter climatic conditions, providing an opportunity for the development of cultural traditions, such as [[agriculture]] and [[herding]], in a more favorable environment.<ref name=EhretC18/>

Around 500 BC [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilotic]] speaking [[pastoralism|pastoralists]] (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) started migrating from present-day Southern Sudan into Kenya.<ref name="EhretCHS">C. Ehret, ''Culture History in the Southern Sudan'', J. Mack, P. Robertshaw, Eds. (British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, 1983), pp. 19–48 ISBN 1872566049.</ref><ref name="AmbroseALR">S.H. Ambrose, (1982). ''Archaeological and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa.'' In Ehert, C., and Posnansky, M. (eds.), The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African history, University of California Press.</ref><ref name="AmbroseSG">S.H. Ambrose, ''Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika'' 7.2, 11 (1986).</ref> Nilotic groups in Kenya include the [[Samburu people|Samburu]], [[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo]], [[Turkana people|Turkana]], [[Maasai people|Maasai]].<ref name="ILO">International Labour Office, [http://books.google.com/books?id=_84Gg-o5BhYC&printsec=frontcover ''Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends''], (International Labour Organization: 2000), p. 55 ISBN 9221122581.</ref>

By the first millennium AD, [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking farmers moved into the region.<ref name="EhretACA">C. Ehret, ''An African Classical Age : Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400.'', (University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville,
1998), pp. xvii, 354.</ref> The Bantus originated in [[West Africa]] along the [[Benue River]] in what is now eastern [[Nigeria]] and western [[Cameroon]].<ref name="WayneSmith">C. Wayne Smith, ''Crop Production: Evolution, History, and Technology.'', pp 132.</ref> The Bantu migration brought new developments in agriculture and [[History of ferrous metallurgy|iron working]] to the region.<ref name=WayneSmith/> Bantu groups in Kenya include the [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]], [[Luhya people|Luhya]], [[Kamba people|Kamba]], [[Gusii people|Kisii]], [[Ameru People|Ameru]], [[Aembu]], [[Ambeere]] and [[Mijikenda peoples|Mijikenda]] among others.

Remarkable prehistoric sites in the interior of Kenya include the archaeoastronomical site [[Namoratunga]] on the west side of [[Lake Turkana]] and the walled settlement of ThimLich Ohinga in [[Nyanza Province]].

Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the 1st century AD. Kenya's proximity to the [[Arabian Peninsula]] invited [[colonization]], and Arab and [[Iranian peoples|Persian]] settlements sprouted along the coast by the 8th century.

The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of [[ironwork]]ers and communities of subsistence farmers, hunters and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production and trade with foreign countries.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm |title=Wonders of the African World |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref>
[[Image:GreatMosque.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The Great Mosque of [[Kilwa Kisiwani]], one of the many mosques built by the Persian founders of the [[Kilwa Sultanate]].<ref name="Watson"/>]]
The [[Kilwa Sultanate]] was a medieval [[sultanate]], centered at [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] in modern-day [[Tanzania]]. At its height, its authority stretched over the entire length of the [[Swahili Coast]], including Kenya. It was founded in the 10th century by [[Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi]],<ref>شاكر مصطفى, ''موسوعة دوال العالم الأسلامي ورجالها الجزء الثالث'', (دار العلم للملايين: 1993), p. 1360</ref> a [[Persian people|Persian]] Prince of [[Shiraz]].<ref>James Hastings, ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 24'', (Kessinger Publishing: 2003), p. 847</ref> The Persian rulers would go on to build elaborate coral mosques and introduced copper coinage.<ref name="Watson">Beatrice Nicolini, Penelope-Jane Watson, [http://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&printsec=frontcover ''Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar''], Volume 3 of Islam in Africa, (BRILL, 2004), p. 62 ISBN 9004137807.</ref>

During this period, [[Arab]]s from southern Arabia settled on the coast. They established many new autonomous city-states, including [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]] and [[Zanzibar]]. The Arab migrants also introduced [[Islam]] and the [[Omani Arabic|Omani dialect]] of Arabic to the area. This blending of cultures left a notable Arabian influence on the local Bantu [[Swahili culture]] and [[Swahili language|language]] of the coast.<ref name="Nanjira">Daniel Don Nanjira, [http://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&printsec=frontcover ''African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st century''], (ABC-CLIO: 2010), p. 114 ISBN 0313379823.</ref> The Arabs built Mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states, as well as commercial centers in Persia, Arabia, and even India.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22 |title=Hybrid Urbanism |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date= 30 March 2001|accessdate=16 April 2010|isbn=978-0-275-96612-6|author1=Alsayyad, Nezar}}</ref> By the 15th-century, Portuguese voyager [[Duarte Barbosa]] claimed that "Mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships, both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail to the island of Zanzibar."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA24|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan |publisher=Books.google.com|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|author1=Ali, Shanti Sadiq|year=1996}}</ref>

In the centuries preceding colonization, the Swahili coast of Kenya was part of the east African region which traded with the Arab world and India especially for [[ivory]] and [[slavery|slaves]] (the [[Ameru]] tribe is said to have originated from slaves escaping from Arab lands sometime around the year 1700). Initially these traders came mainly from [[Arab states]], but later many came from Zanzibar (such as [[Tippu Tip]]).<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast]. Nationalgeographic.com.</ref> Close to 90% of the population on the Kenya coast was enslaved.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies Slavery (sociology)]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> Swahili, a Bantu language with Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]], and other Middle Eastern and South Asian [[loanword]]s, later developed as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' for trade between the different peoples.<ref name="pbs.org"/>

Throughout the centuries the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivaled Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa. Malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the Arab Sultan of Malindi initiated diplomatic relations with [[Ming Dynasty]] China during the voyages of the explorer [[Zheng He]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/expl2_01.html |title=Sultan of Malinda, PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Malindi authorities welcomed Portuguese explorer,
[[Vasco da Gama]], in 1498.

===Colonial history===
{{Main|History of Kenya#Colonial history}}
[[File:Britisheastafrica 1.png|thumb|right|Britain's possessions in [[British East Africa]] during the colonial period.]]
The colonial history of Kenya dates from the establishment of a [[German Empire|German]] protectorate over the Sultan of [[Zanzibar]]'s coastal possessions in 1885, followed by the arrival of the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]] in 1888. Incipient imperial rivalry was forestalled when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890. This was followed by the building of the [[Uganda Railway|Kenya–Uganda railway]] passing through the country. This was resisted by some tribes — notably the [[Nandi people|Nandi]] led by ''[[Orkoiyot]]'' [[Koitalel Arap Samoei]] for ten years from 1890 to 1900 — still the British eventually built the railway. The ''Nandi'' were the first tribe to be put in a native reserve to stop them from disrupting the building of the railway. During the railway construction era, there was a significant inflow of Indian peoples, who provided the bulk of the skilled manpower required for construction.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005">[[R. Mugo Gatheru]], ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970'' (2005)</ref>

While building the railroad through [[Tsavo]], a number of the Indian railway workers and local African labourers were attacked by two lions known as the [[Tsavo maneaters]]. They and most of their descendants later remained in Kenya and formed the core of several distinct Indian communities such as the [[Ismailism|Ismaili Muslim]] and [[Sikh]] communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1 |title=Ismaili muslim |publisher=Magicalkenya.com |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Orville Boyd Jenkins |url=http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html |title=Sikh |publisher=Orvillejenkins.com |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Dedan Kimathi Nairobi, Kenya.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Dedan Kimathi, a Kenyan rebel leader with the [[Mau Mau]] who fought against British colonization in the 1950s.]]
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the governors of [[British East Africa]] (as the Protectorate was generally known) and [[German East Africa]] agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities. [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck|Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] took command of the German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. Completely cut off from Germany, von Lettow conducted an effective [[guerrilla warfare|guerilla warfare]] campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in [[Zambia]] eleven days after the Armistice was signed in 1918. To chase von Lettow the British deployed the [[British Indian Army]] troops from India and then needed large numbers of porters to overcome the formidable logistics of transporting supplies far into the interior on foot. The [[Carrier Corps]] was formed and ultimately mobilised over 400,000 Africans, contributing to their long-term politicisation.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005"/>

During the early part of the 20th century, the interior central highlands were settled by British and other European farmers, who became wealthy farming [[coffee]] and tea.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901759-3,00.html "We Want Our Country"]. Time. 5 November 1965.</ref> (One depiction of this period of change from one colonist's perspective is found in the memoir "[[Out of Africa]]" by Danish author Baroness Karen von Blixen-Finecke, published in 1937.) By the 1930s, approximately 30,000 white settlers lived in the area and gained a political voice because of their contribution to the market economy. The area was already home to over a million members of the [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] people, most of whom had no land claims in European terms, and lived as itinerant farmers. To protect their interests, the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour. A massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled.<ref name="R. Mugo Gatheru 2005"/> By the 1950s, the white population numbered 80,000.<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=R-r3g6OdLEUC&pg=PA28 Kenya]''". Matthew Firestone (2009). p. 28. ISBN 1741047730</ref>

In 1952, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] and her husband [[Prince Phillip]] were on holiday at the [[Treetops Hotel]] in Kenya when her father, [[King George VI]], passed away in his sleep. The young princess cut-short her trip and returned home immediately to take her throne. Queen Elizabeth II was crowned at the Westminster Abbey in 1953 and, as one gentleman put it, she went up a tree in Africa a princess, and came down a queen.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/the_queens_diamond_jubilee/9046958/Diamond-Jubilee-the-moment-that-Princess-Elizabeth-became-Queen.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Hugo | last=Vickers | title=Diamond Jubilee: the moment that Princess Elizabeth became Queen | date=29 January 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Kurve bei Mombasa.jpg|thumb|right|Kenya–Uganda railway near [[Mombasa]], about 1899]]
From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state of emergency arising from the [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau rebellion]] against British rule. The governor requested and obtained British and African troops, including the [[King's African Rifles]]. The British began [[counter-insurgency]] operations; in May 1953 General Sir [[George Erskine]] took charge as commander-in-chief of the colony's armed forces, with the personal backing of [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993">Wunyabari O. Maloba, ''Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of Peasant Revolt'' (1993)</ref>

The capture of Warũhiũ Itote (aka [[General China]]) on 15 January 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure. [[Mau Mau Uprising#British gain the initiative|Operation Anvil]] opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation effectively placed Nairobi under military siege, and the occupants were screened and the Mau Mau supporters moved to [[detention camp]]s. The Home Guard formed the core of the government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces like the [[British Army]] and King's African Rifles. By the end of the emergency, the Home Guard had killed 4,686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42% of the total insurgents. The capture of [[Dedan Kimathi]] on 21 October 1956 in [[Nyeri]] signified the ultimate defeat of the Mau Mau and essentially ended the military offensive.<ref name="Wunyabari O. Maloba 1993"/> During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred. The most important of these was the [[Swynnerton Plan]], which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.

===Post-colonial history===
The first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" African rivals, it was the [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government shortly before Kenya became independent on 12 December 1963, on the same day forming the first Constitution of Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kenyadocex.com/political.html |title=Political – Welcome to THE Kenya Document Exchange |publisher=Kenyadocex.com |date= |accessdate=1 August 2010}}</ref> During the same year, the Kenyan army fought the [[Shifta War]] against ethnic [[Somali people|Somalis]] who wanted Kenya's [[Northern Frontier District]] joined with the Republic of [[Somalia]]. The Shifta War officially ended with the signature of the Arusha Memorandum in October, 1967, but relative insecurity prevailed through 1969.<ref name="Hogg1986">{{cite journal | last1 = Hogg | first1 = Richard | year = 1986 | title = The New Pastoralism: Poverty and Dependency in Northern Kenya | journal = Africa: Journal of the International African Institute | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 319–333 | jstor = 1160687 | doi = 10.2307/1160687 }}</ref><ref name="Howell1968">{{cite journal | last1 = Howell | first1 = John | year = 1968 | title = An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy | journal = The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | month = May | pages = 29–48 | jstor = 158675 | doi = 10.1017/S0022278X00016657 }}</ref> To discourage further invasions, Kenya signed a defence pact with [[Ethiopia]] in 1969, which is still in effect.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm |title=Post-Independence Low Intensity Conflict In Kenya |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Jomo Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|left|125px|The former Kenyan President and founder of Kenya, [[Jomo Kenyatta]].]]
On 12 December 1964 the Republic of Kenya was proclaimed, and [[Jomo Kenyatta]] became Kenya's first president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenya at the United Nations |author=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kenya to the United Nations |url=http://kenyaun.org/polhistory.html |year=2002 |publisher=Consulate General of Kenya in New York |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref> At Kenyatta's death in 1978, [[Daniel arap Moi]] became President. Daniel arap Moi retained the Presidency, being unopposed in elections held in 1979, 1983 ([[snap election]]s) and 1988, all of which were held under the single party constitution. The 1983 elections were held a year early, and were a direct result of [[1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt|an abortive military coup attempt]] on 2 August 1982.

The abortive coup was masterminded by a low ranked Air Force serviceman, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka and was staged mainly by enlisted men in the Air Force. The attempt was quickly suppressed by Loyalist forces led by the Army, the General Service Unit (GSU) — a paramilitary wing of the police — and later the regular police, but not without civilian casualties. This event led to the disbanding of the entire Air Force and a large number of its former members were either dismissed or court-martialled.

The election held in 1988 saw the advent of the ''mlolongo'' (queuing) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot.<ref>Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html :The 'Washington Post''Article date:25 February 1988 Author:Blaine Harden</ref> This was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform. Several contentious clauses, including one that allowed for only one political party were changed in the following years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html |title=kenya.html |publisher=Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> In democratic, multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997, Daniel arap Moi won re-election. In 2002, Moi was constitutionally barred from running, and [[Mwai Kibaki|Mwai Kǐbakǐ]], running for the opposition coalition "National Rainbow Coalition" — [[National Rainbow Coalition|NARC]], was elected President. Anderson (2003) reports the elections were judged free and fair by local and international observers, and seemed to mark a turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = David M. | year = 2003 | title = Kenya's Elections 2002 – The Dawning of a New Era? | url = | journal = African Affairs | volume = 102 | issue = 407| pages = 331–342 | doi = 10.1093/afraf/adg007 }}</ref>

==Government and Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Kenya}}
[[File:Mwai Kibaki, October 2003.jpg|thumb|Current president [[Mwai Kibaki]]]]
Kenya is a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], whereby the President is both the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the [[National Assembly of Kenya|National Assembly]]. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Following general elections held in 1997, the Constitution of Kenya Review Act designed to pave the way for more comprehensive amendments to the Kenyan constitution was passed by the local parliament.<ref>[http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/history/ A short history of the 2010 Kenya constitution]</ref>

In December 2002, Kenyans held democratic and open elections, most of which were judged free and fair by international observers. The 2002 elections marked an important turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution in that power was transferred peacefully from the [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU), which had ruled the country since independence to the [[National Rainbow Coalition]] (Narc), a coalition of political parties.

Under the presidency of [[Mwai Kibaki]], the new ruling coalition promised to focus its efforts on generating economic growth, combating corruption, improving education, and rewriting its constitution. A few of these promises have been met. There is free primary education. In 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education would be heavily subsidised, with the government footing all tuition fees. <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7239577.stm</ref>

===2007 elections===
{{Main|Kenyan presidential election, 2007|}}
[[File:ODM - Raila Odina portrait.jpg|thumb|right|[[Orange Democratic Movement]] supporters at a rally during the [[2007–08 Kenyan crisis]]]]
The latest general elections were held on 27 December 2007. In them, President Kibaki under the [[Party of National Unity (Kenya)|Party of National Unity]] ran for re-election against the main opposition party, the [[Orange Democratic Movement]] (ODM). The elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards. After a split which would take a crucial 8% of the votes away from the ODM to the newly formed [[Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya]] (ODM-K)'s candidate, [[Kalonzo Musyoka]], the race tightened between ODM candidate [[Raila Odinga]] and [[Kibaki]]. As the count came in to the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) headquarters, Odinga was shown to have a slight, and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early. As the ECK continued to count the votes, Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga declaring himself the "people's president" and calling for a recount.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm Kenya election violence threatens its economic gains]. chinadaily.com.cn (7 January 2008)</ref>

The protests [[2007–08 Kenyan crisis|escalated into ethnic violence]] and destruction of property, almost 1,000 people were killed and nearly 600,000 displaced.<ref name="reuters">"[http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL0743589._CH_.2400 Up to 1,000 killed in Kenya crisis – Odinga]". Reuters. 7 January 2008.</ref><ref>"[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080113081804606C678503 Kenya death toll hits 693: report]". IOL: News for South Africa and the World. 13 January 2008.</ref><ref name=ODI>Samir Elhawary (2008) [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1522&title=crisis-kenya-land-displacement Crisis in Kenya: land, displacement and the search for 'durable solutions'] [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> The dispute caused underlying tensions over land and its distribution to re-erupt, as it had in the 1992 and 1997 elections.<ref name=ODI/> Hundreds of thousands were forced off their land to relatives elsewhere in the country and some claim weapons are being bought in the region, perhaps in anticipation of the 2013 elections.<ref name=ODI/>

A group of eminent persons of Africa, led by former United Nations secretary-general [[Kofi Annan]], brokered a peaceful solution to the political stalemate.

Since the election riots, the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future, sais Agnes R. M. Aboum – executive director of TAABCO Research and Development Consultants in Nairobi – in the magazine [http://www.dandc.eu/articles/220704/index.en.shtml D+C Development and Cooperation]. For example, the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission initiated community dialogues, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Kenya started peace meetings and the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process was started.

===2008===
[[File:Raila Odinga, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Current prime minister [[Raila Odinga]]]]
On 28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a [[coalition]] government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both [[Party of National Unity (Kenya)|PNU]] and [[Orange Democratic Movement|ODM]] camps depending on each party's strength in [[Parliament]]. The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a [[vice-president]] and two deputy [[Prime Ministers]]. After being debated and passed by Parliament, the coalition would hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

The new office of the PM will have [[power (sociology)|power]] and [[authority]] to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government and will be occupied by an elected [[Member of Parliament|MP]] who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in [[Parliament]]. The world watched Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete as they brought together the erstwhile rivals to the signing ceremony, beamed live on [[nation]]al TV from the steps of [[Nairobi]]'s [[Harambee]] House. On 29 February 2008, representatives of PNU and ODM began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement.<ref>[http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080305205228/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/02/29/us.kenya.ap/index.html 'Hope is back' for Kenya – CNN.com] at edition.cnn.com</ref> Kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 March 2008, aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in Africa. The deal brought Kibaki's PNU and Odinga's ODM together and heralded the formation of the [[grand coalition]], in which the two political parties would share power equally.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2008/03/200852512613636225.html Kenyan MPs pass power-share law]. Al Jazeera English (18 March 2008)</ref>

===Grand coalition===
On 13 April 2008, President Kibaki named a grand coalition cabinet of 41 [[minister (government)|Ministers]]- including the prime minister and his two deputies. The cabinet, which included 50 Assistant Ministers, was sworn in at the State House in Nairobi on Thursday, 17 April 2008 in the presence of Dr. [[Kofi Annan]] and other invited dignitaries.

A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8486238.stm |title=Kenya MPs opt to scrap prime minister position |publisher=BBC News |date=28 January 2010 |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A [[Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2010|referendum]] to vote on the [[Proposed Constitution of Kenya, 2010|proposed constitution]] was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin.<ref name="bbc20100805">{{cite news
| title = Kenyans back change to constitution in referendum
| work=BBC
| date = 5 August 2010
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10876635
| accessdate =6 August 2010}}</ref> Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a [[bill of rights]].<ref name="Gettleman">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/world/africa/06kenya.html?_r=1|title=Kenyans Approve New Constitution |publisher=The New York Times |date=5 August 2010 |accessdate=11 August 2010 | first=Jeffrey | last=Gettleman}}</ref> It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's [[Uhuru Park]], accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was graced by a number of African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.

==Administrative regions==
{{Main|Provinces of Kenya|Districts of Kenya|Divisions of Kenya}}
[[File:Kenya Provinces numbered.svg|260px|thumb|Provinces of Kenya]]

Kenya is divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties that will be headed by [[governors]] who will be elected in the first general election under the new constitution in March 2013. Under the old constitution, Kenya comprised eight [[Provinces of Kenya|provinces]] each headed by a Provincial Commissioner (centrally appointed by the president). The provinces (''mkoa'' singular ''mikoa'' plural in [[Swahili language|Swahili]]) were subdivided into [[Districts of Kenya|districts]] (''[[wilaya]]''). There were 69 districts as of 1999 census. Districts are then subdivided into 497 [[Divisions of Kenya|divisions]] (''taarafa''). The divisions are then subdivided into 2,427 [[Locations of Kenya|locations]] (''mtaa'') and then 6,612 sublocations (''mtaa mdogo'').<ref>Central Bureaus of Statistics (Kenya): [http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA26/Session%203/ODHIAMBO%20E.A.pdf Census cartography: The Kenyan Experience]</ref> The City of Nairobi enjoys the status of a full administrative province. The government supervises administration of districts and provinces. The provinces are:

<div style="width:50%; -moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
# [[Central Province (Kenya)|Central]]
# [[Coast Province|Coast]]
# [[Eastern Province (Kenya)|Eastern]]
# [[Nairobi Province|Nairobi]]
# [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|North Eastern]]
# [[Nyanza Province|Nyanza]]
# [[Rift Valley Province|Rift Valley]]
# [[Western Province (Kenya)|Western]]
</div>

Under the current Kenya constitution, local government authorities are not recognized. However, under the old constitution, local governance in Kenya was practised through [[Local authorities of Kenya|local authorities]]. Many urban centres host city, municipal or town councils. Local authorities in rural areas are known as county councils. Local councillors are elected by civic elections, which are held alongside general elections.

Constituencies are an electoral subdivision. An Interim Boundaries commission was formed in year 2010 to review the constituencies and in its report, it recommended creation of additional 80 constituencies. Currently, there are 210 [[Constituencies of Kenya|Constituencies in Kenya]].<ref>Kenya Roads Board [http://web.archive.org/web/20080113052023/http://www.krb.go.ke/constituency.php Constituency funding under the RMLF]</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Kenya}}
[[File:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|20 shilling note from 1994, depicting then-President Daniel arap Moi]]
Although Kenya is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central Africa, it is still a poor developing country with a [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) of 0.509, putting the country at position 143 out of 185 – one of the lowest in the world and half of Kenyans live in absolute [[poverty]]. The important agricultural sector is one of the least developed and largely inefficient, employing 75 percent of the workforce compared to less than 3 percent in the [[food security|food secure]] [[developed countries]].

Despite western donors' early disillusionment with the government, the economy has seen much expansion, seen by strong performance in tourism, higher education and [[Telecommunications in Kenya|telecommunications]], and acceptable post-drought results in agriculture, especially the vital tea sector.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Kenya's economy grew by more than 7% in 2007, and its foreign debt was greatly reduced.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> But this changed immediately after the disputed presidential election of December 2007, following the chaos which engulfed the country.

East and Central Africa's biggest economy has posted tremendous growth in the service sector, boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade, and now contributes 62 percent of [[GDP]]. Unfortunately, a massive 22 percent of GDP still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75 percent of the labor force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained [[food security]] – an important catalyst of economic growth) and a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on [[food aid]]. Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector that accounts for 16 percent of the GDP.

Kenya has traditionally been a liberal market with minimal government involvement (price control) seen in the oil industry. However, recent legislation allows the government to determine and gazette price-controls on essential commodities like maize flour, kerosine and cooking oil.

Privatisation of state corporations like the defunct Kenya Post and Telecommunications Company, which resulted in East Africa's most profitable company – [[Safaricom]], has led to their revival due to massive private investment.

As of May 2011, economic prospects are positive with 4–5% GDP growth expected, largely because of expansions in tourism, telecommunications, transport, construction and a recovery in agriculture. The [[World Bank]] predicts growth of 4% in 2010 and a potential of 4.9% growth in 2011.<ref name=WorldBanki>{{cite web|url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/KENYAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22600594~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:356509,00.html|title=Kenya Economic Update|publisher=The [[World Bank]]|author=Fengler, Wolfgang |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref>

In March 1996, the Presidents of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda re-established the [[East African Community]] (EAC). The EAC's objectives include harmonizing tariffs and customs regimes, free movement of people, and improving regional infrastructures. In March 2004, the three East African countries signed a [[Customs union|Customs Union Agreement]].

The more efficient and lucrative technology-knowledge-and-skill-based service; industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25 percent of the labor force but contributes the remaining 75 percent of the GDP.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf |publisher=Library of Congress |work=Federal Research Division|title=Country Profile: Kenya |date=June 2007 |accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref>

Kenya ranks poorly on [[Transparency International]]'s corruption perception index.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results|url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results|publisher=Transparency International|accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Kenya is East and Central Africa's hub for Financial services. The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) is ranked 4th in Africa in terms of Market capitalization. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} The Kenya banking system is supervised by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). As of late July 2004, the system consisted of 43 commercial banks (down from 48 in 2001), several [[non-bank financial institution]]s, including mortgage companies, four savings and loan associations, and several score foreign-exchange bureaus.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Kenya}}
[[File:Kenya safari.jpg|thumb|Tourists on a safari in Kenya]]

Kenya's services sector, which contributes about 63 percent of GDP, is dominated by tourism. The tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number from Germany and the United Kingdom, are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the [[game reserve]]s, notably, the expansive [[Tsavo East National Park|East]] and [[Tsavo West National Park|West Tsavo National Park]] (20,808 square kilometers) in the southeast. Tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country's economic growth. Tourism is now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earning sector, followed by flowers, tea, and coffee. In 2006 tourism generated US$803 million, up from US$699 million the previous year.

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Kenya}}
[[File:Cultivation.jpg|Cultivation on the slopes of [[Mount Kenya]]|upright|thumb]]
Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including [[forestry]] and [[fishing]], accounted for about 24 percent of GDP, as well as for 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and [[coffee]]; horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as [[Maize|corn]] is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of Kenya's intermittent [[droughts]]. {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. [[Livestock]] predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. [[Coconuts]], [[pineapples]], [[cashew nuts]], [[cotton]], [[sugarcane]], [[sisal]], and [[Maize|corn]] are grown in the lower-lying areas.

Unfortunately, the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee [[food security]] and coupled with resulting [[poverty]] (53 percent of the population lives below the [[poverty line]]), a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid. Poor roads, an inadequate railway network, under-utilised water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly [[arid]] and [[semi-arid]] areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they cannot access markets. This was last seen in August and September 2011 prompting the [[Kenyans for Kenya]] initiative by the [[Red Cross]].<ref>[http://conferences.ifpri.org/2020africaconference/program/day1summaries/kinyua.pdf Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya]. Joseph Kinyua, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya; 1 April 2004, Kampala, Uganda</ref>

===Industry and manufacturing===
Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in East Africa, [[manufacturing]] still accounts for only 14 percent of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centers, [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], and [[Kisumu]], is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a vibrant and fast growing cement production industry. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Kenya has an [[oil refinery]] that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding [[informal sector]] commonly referred to as [[Jua Kali]] engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements. {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the U.S. Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act ([[AGOA]]) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years. Since AGOA took effect in 2000, Kenya's clothing sales to the United States increased from US$44 million to US$270 million (2006). {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government's favorable tax measures, including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials. {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

===Energy===
[[File:Kenya Electricity Generating Company logo.png|thumb|Logo of [[Kenya Electricity Generating Company|KenGen]], the largest electricity producer in Kenya.]]
The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], as well as the [[Turkwel Gorge Dam]] in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, [[Geothermal power in Kenya|geothermal facilities]] at [[Olkaria]] (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from [[Uganda]] make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed capacity stood at 1,142 [[megawatts]] between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned [[Kenya Electricity Generating Company|Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen)]], established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while the Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC), which is slated for privatization, handles transmission and distribution. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when [[drought]] reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-20/kenya-aims-to-build-a-nuclear-power-plant-by-2017-minister-nyoike-says.html bloomberg.com – Kenya Aims to Build a Nuclear Power Plant by 2017] 20. September 2010</ref>

[[File:Worker in Olkaria Kenya.jpg|thumb|Workers at Olkaria Geothermal Power Plant]]
Kenya has proven deposits of oil in [[Lake Turkana National Parks|Turkana]] but the commercial viability of drilling not known. Kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements. Kenya, east Africa's largest economy, has no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers' 21-day oil reserves required under industry regulations. Petroleum accounts for 20 to 25 percent of the national import bill.<ref>[http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE74J0F220110520?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 – Kenya plans strategic oil reserve] 10. November 2011</ref>

===Vision 2030===
[[File:Vision2030 logo.svg|thumb|right|200px|The official logo of [[Kenya Vision 2030|Vision 2030]].]]
In 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled [[Kenya Vision 2030|Vision 2030]], an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the [[Four Asian Tigers|Asian Economic Tigers]] by the year 2030.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ style="line-height:0.8em;"| {{resize|120%|Economic summary}}
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| GDP
| $32.16 billion (2010) at Market Price. $ 66.03 billion (Purchasing Power Parity, 2010)
There exists an informal economy that is never counted as part of the official GDP figures.
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Annual growth rate
| 5.8% (2005): 2006 = 6.1% : Estimate for 2007 = 7.2%
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Per capita income
| Per Capita Income (PPP)= $1,600
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Natural resources
| Wildlife, land (5% [[arable land|arable]]),Titanium,Coal
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Agricultural produce{{nbsp|2}}
| tea, [[coffee]], [[sugarcane]], horticultural products, [[Maize|corn]], [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[sisal]], pineapples, [[pyrethrum]], dairy products, meat and meat products, hides, skins
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Industry
| petroleum products, grain and sugar milling, cement, beer, soft drinks, textiles, vehicle assembly, paper and light manufacturing, tourism
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ style="line-height:0.8em;"| Trade in 2010
|-

!style="text-align:left;"| Exports
| $5.22 billion
| tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products, cement, pyrethrum, soda ash, sisal, hides and skins, fluorspar
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Major markets (2010)<ref name=cia/>
|colspan="2"|[[Uganda]] 10.1%, [[Tanzania]] 9.8%, UK 8.8%, Netherlands 8.2%, US 5.8%, Egypt 4.7%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.3% (2010)<ref name=cia/>
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Imports
| $11.2 billion
| machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| Major suppliers{{nbsp|2}}
|colspan="2"| [[China]] 13.6%, [[India]] 13.4%, UAE 9.7%, [[South Africa]] 8.4%, Saudi Arabia 6.8%, Japan 4.7% (2010)<ref name=cia/>
|}

===Oil exploration===
Kenya has proven oil deposits in [[Turkana District]]: President Mwai Kibaki announced on 26 March 2012 that [[Tullow Oil]], an Anglo-Irish oil exploration firm, had struck oil but its commercial viability and subsequent production would take about three years to confirm.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17513488 BBC News – Kenya oil discovery after Tullow Oil drilling]. Bbc.co.uk (2012-03-26). Retrieved on 9 April 2012.</ref>

Early in 2006 Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] signed an oil exploration contract with Kenya, part of a series of deals designed to keep Africa's natural resources flowing to China's rapidly expanding economy.

The deal allowed for China's state-controlled offshore oil and gas company, [[China National Offshore Oil Corporation|CNOOC]], to prospect for oil in Kenya, which is just beginning to drill its first exploratory wells on the borders of Sudan and Somalia and in coastal waters. There are formal estimates of the possible reserves of oil discovered.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html|title=China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya |last=Barber |first=Lionel |coauthors=Andrew England|date=10 August 2006|work=Financial Times |accessdate=27 June 2008}}</ref>

===Child labour===
Child labour is common in Kenya.
Most working children are active in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Country profile report – Kenya|year=2009|publisher=United Nations|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4d4a6806d.pdf}}</ref> In 2006, UNICEF estimated, that up to 30% of girls in the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kalifi, and Diani were subject to [[prostitution]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=Country profile report – Kenya|year=2009|publisher=United Nations|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4d4a6806d.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs employed 400 child
protection officers in 2009. <ref>{{cite web|title=Country profile report – Kenya|year=2009|publisher=United Nations|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4d4a6806d.pdf}}</ref> The causes of child labour include [[poverty]], the lack of access
to [[education]] and weak government institutions. <ref>{{cite web|title=Country profile report – Kenya|year=2009|publisher=United Nations|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4d4a6806d.pdf}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Country profile report – Kenya|year=2009|publisher=United Nations|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4d4a6806d.pdf}}</ref> Kenya has ratified Convention No. 81 on labour inspection in industries and Convention No. 129 on labour inspection in agriculture.
<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Invisible Child Worker in Kenya: The Intersection of Poverty, Legislation and Culture|author=Collette Suda|journal=Nordic Journal of African Studies|volume=10|number=2|pages=163–175|year=2001|url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol10num2/suda.pdf}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Kenya}}
[[File:Kikuyu woman traditional dress.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] woman in traditional attire.]]
Kenya has a diverse population that includes most major ethnoracial and linguistic groups found in Africa. There are an estimated 42 different communities, with [[Bantu peoples|Bantus]] (67%) and [[Nilotic peoples|Nilotes]] (30%) constituting the majority of local residents.<ref name="Asongumarr">{{cite book|last=J. J. Asongu|first=Marvee Marr|title=Doing Business Abroad: A Handbook for Expatriates|year=2007|publisher=Greenview Publishing Co.|isbn=0979797632|pages=12 & 112}}</ref> [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] groups also form a small [[ethnic minority]], as do [[Arab]]s, [[India]]ns and [[Europe]]ans.<ref name="Asongumarr"/><ref name="Okothndaloh">A. Okoth & A. Ndaloh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=bfT2njyPThgC&pg=PA60 ''Peak Revision K.C.P.E. Social Studies'', (East African Publishers), pp. 60–61 ISBN 9966254501.</ref>

According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|U.S. CIA]], ethnic groups in the nation are represented as follows: [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] 22%, [[Luhya people|Luhya]] 14%, [[Luo (family of ethnic groups)|Luo]] 13%, [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] 12%, [[Kamba people|Kamba]] 11%, [[Gusii people|Kisii]] 6%, [[Ameru|Meru]] 6%, other African 15%, non-African ([[Asian people|Asian]], [[Europe]]an, and [[Arab people|Arab]]) 1%.<ref name=cia/>

The country has a young population, with 73% of residents aged below 30 years due to rapid population growth;<ref>"[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0114/p17s01-wmgn.html Why a new president may slow population growth]". Csmonitor.com. 14 January 2008.</ref> from 2.9 million to 40 million inhabitants over the last century.<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/opinion/17iht-edheinsohn.1.9292632.html Exploding population]". The New York Times. 7 January 2008.</ref>

Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their [[mother tongue]]s within their own communities. The two [[official language]]s, [[English language|English]] and [[Swahili language|Swahili]], are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government.<ref name="Cugrwed">{{cite book|last=Proquest Info & Learning (COR)|title=Culturegrams: World Edition|year=2009|publisher=Proquest/Csa Journal Div|isbn=0977809161|pages=98}}</ref> Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages.<ref name="Broassim">{{cite book|last=E. K. Brown, R. E. Asher|first=J. M. Y. Simpson|title=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics, Volume 1, Edition 2|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=0080442994|pages=181}}</ref>

According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'', there are a total of 69 languages spoken in Kenya. Most belong to two broad linguistic families: [[Niger-Congo languages|Niger-Congo]] ([[Bantu languages|Bantu branch]]) and [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] ([[Nilotic languages|Nilotic branch]]), spoken by the country's Bantu and Nilotic populations, respectively. The Cushitic and Arab ethnic minorities speak languages belonging to the separate [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family, with the Hindustani and European residents speaking languages from the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] phylum.<ref name="Ethnken">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=KE Ethnologue – Languages of Kenya]</ref>

In addition, Kenya's capital, Nairobi, is home to [[Kibera]], one of the world's largest [[Shanty town|slums]]. The shanty town is believed to house between 170,000<ref name="nation1">{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Kibera%20numbers%20fail%20to%20add%20up/-/1056/1003404/-/13ga38xz/-/index.html|title=Myth shattered: Kibera numbers fail to add up|date=3 September 2010|publisher=[[Daily Nation]]|first=Muchiri|last=Karanja|accessdate=4 September 2010}}</ref> and 1 million locals.<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100322/swimming-in-sewage-for-world-water-day/ |title=World Water Day Focus on Global Sewage Flood |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=22 March 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> The UNHCR base in [[Dadaab]] in the north also currently houses around 500,000 people.<ref name="DadaabPop">[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=4e579df59&query=dadaab The UN Refugee Agency]. Unhcr.org. Retrieved on 9 April 2012.</ref>

{{Largest cities of Kenya}}

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Kenya}}
[[File:Holy Ghost RC cathedral in Mombasa.jpg|thumb|right|Holy Ghost RC cathedral in Mombasa.]]
The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian (83%), with 47.7% regarding themselves as [[Protestant]] and 23.5% as [[Catholic Church in Kenya|Roman Catholic]].<ref name="KNBS">[http://www.knbs.or.ke/docs/PresentationbyMinisterforPlanningrevised.pdf 2009 POPULATION & HOUSING CENSUS RESULTS]. Wycliffe Ambetsa Oparanya, Minister of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030. knbs.or.ke 31 August 2010</ref> 621,200 of Kenyans are Orthodox Christians.<ref>http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/africa/kenya.html</ref> Notably, Kenya has the highest number of [[Quaker]]s in the world, with around 133,000 members.<ref>http://www.fwccamericas.org/publications/images/fwcc_map_2007_sm.gif</ref>
Sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist ([[Islam in Kenya|Muslim]] 11.2%, irreligious 2.4%, [[African traditional religion|indigenous beliefs]] 1.7%).<ref name="KNBS" /> Sixty percent of the Muslim population lives in [[Coast Province]], comprising 50 percent of the total population there. Western areas of Coast Province are mostly Christian. The upper part of Eastern Province is home to 10 percent of the country's Muslims, where they constitute the majority religious group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108374.htm |title=U.S. Department of State |publisher=State.gov |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> In addition, there is a large Hindu population in Kenya (around 50,000), who have played a key role in the local economy. There is also a small group of [[Baha'is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |title=Largest Baha'i Communities |publisher=Adherents.com |date= |accessdate=26 June 2010}}</ref>

===Health===
{{Main|Health in Kenya}}
{{see also|Healthcare in Kenya}}
Nurses treat 80 percent of the population who visit dispensaries, health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas. Complicated cases are referred to [[clinical officer]]s, [[medical officer]]s and consultants (specialists). According to the [[Kenya National Bureau of Statistics]], in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors for the population of 43 million people (These figures from official registers include those who have died or left the profession hence the actual number of these workers may be lower).

Despite major achievements in the health sector, Kenya still faces many challenges. The [[life expectancy]] estimate has dropped to approximately 55 years in 2009 – five years below 1990 levels.<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/kenya_statistics.html#85 UNICEF Statistics: Kenya]. Unicef.org. Retrieved on 9 April 2012.</ref> The [[infant mortality]] rate is high at approximately 44 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html?countryName=Kenya&countryCode=ke&regionCode=afr&rank=53#ke CIA World Factbook]: Infant Mortality ranks</ref> The WHO estimated in 2011 that only 42% of births were attended by a skilled health professional.<ref>{{citation | url = [http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2011_Part1.pdf WHO Health-Related Millennium Development Goals Report 2011] | publisher = WHO | accessdate =2012-23-4}}</ref>

[[Diseases of poverty]] directly correlate with a country's [[economy|economic performance]] and [[wealth distribution]]: Half of Kenyans live below the poverty line near a struggling [[middle-class]] and preventable diseases like malaria, [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], pneumonia, diarrhea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers and responsible for much morbidity; weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, HIV [[prevalence]] is about 6.3% of the adult population.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html?countryName=Kenya&countryCode=ke&regionCode=afr&rank=11#ke CIA World Factbook: HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate Rankings]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 23 April 2012.</ref> However, the 2011 UNAIDS Report suggests that the HIV epidemic may be improving in Kenya, as HIV prevalence is declining among young people (ages 15–24) and pregnant women.<ref>{{citation | url = [http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011] | publisher = UNAIDS | accessdate =2012-28-2}}</ref>

The [[total fertility rate]] in Kenya is estimated to be 4.49 children per woman in 2012.<ref>[http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=n4ff2muj8bh2a_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=TFR&fdim_y=scenario:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=world&idim=country:KE&ifdim=world&tstart=1106895600000&tend=2842498800000 Forecast provided] by [[International Futures]] and hosted by Google's [[Public Data Explorer]]</ref> [[Maternal mortality]] is high, partly because of [[female genital cutting|female genital mutilation]].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>
This practice is however on the decline as the country becomes more modernised and the practice was also banned in the country in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/sarah-boseley-global-health/2011/sep/08/women-africa | last=Boseley | first=Sarah | accessdate=7 January 2012 | title=FGM: Kenya acts against unkindest cut | date=8 September 2011 | publisher=The Guardian | location=London}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Kenya}}
[[File:US Navy 101117-N-7241L-004 U.S. Navy Lt. Perry Choi, 3rd from right, team leader for Maritime Civil Affairs Team (MCAT) 205.jpg|thumb|250 px|School children in a classroom.]]

===History===
Independent Kenya's first system of [[education]] was introduced by British colonists.<ref name="edu">{{cite web|title=Education|url=http://www.information.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57&Itemid=183|work=Ministry of Information and Communications|publisher=Government of Kenya|accessdate=23 April 2011}}</ref> After Kenya's independence on 12 December 1963, an authority named the Ominde Commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty. The commission focused on [[Cultural identity|identity]] and unity, which were critical issues at the time. Changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion. Between 1964 and 1985, the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted – seven years of primary, four years of lower secondary, two years of upper secondary, and three years of university. All schools had a common [[curriculum]].<ref name="edu"/>

In 1981, the Presidential Working Party on the Second University was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system.<ref name="edu"/> The committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education). The table under Present-day education in Kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system. Although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985, the last batch of students from the former system graduated from Kenyan Universities in 1992.<ref name="edu"/>

The current 8–4–4 system was launched in January 1985.<ref name="ferre">{{cite journal| last=Ferre | first=Celine | year=2009 | month=February | title=Age at First Child: Does Education Delay Fertility Timing? The Case of Kenya | publisher=World Bank | series=Policy Research Working Paper | issue=4833 |url=http://library1.nida.ac.th/worldbankf/fulltext/wps04833.pdf}}</ref><ref name="eshiwani">{{cite journal| last=Eshiwani | first=G.S. | year=1990 | title=Implementing Educational Policies in Kenya | publisher=World Bank | series=Africa Technical Department Series Discussion Paper | issue=85 |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/01/11/000178830_98101903573855/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf}}</ref> It put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school dropouts at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure [[employment]] in the informal sector. In January 2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrollment increased by about 70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrollment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance. In 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education would be heavily subsidized, with the government footing all tuition fees.

===Present-day===
[[File:MSc student at Kenyatta University.jpg|thumb|right|An [[MSc]] student at [[Kenyatta University]] in Nairobi]]
Children attend nursery school, or kindergarten in the private sector, until they are five years old. This lasts one to three years (KG1, KG2 and KG3) and is financed privately because there has been no government policy regarding it until recently. There is much celebration and a graduation ceremony at the end of KG3 when the children are ready to join class one in primary school.

Basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school. Primary school is free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair, brick-laying and masonry for about two years. Those who complete high school can join a [[Institute of technology|polytechnic]] or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years. Graduates from the polytechnics and colleges can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training, or join the university – usually in the second or third year of their respective course. The [[higher diploma]] is accepted by many employers in place of a bachelors degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies is possible in some universities.

Public universities in Kenya are highly commercialised institutions and only a small fraction of qualified high school graduates are admitted on limited government-sponsorship into programmes of their choice. Most are admitted into the social sciences, which are cheap to run, or as self-sponsored students paying the full cost of their studies. Most qualified students who miss-out opt for middle-level diploma programmes in public or private universities, colleges and polytechnics.

The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the [[Kenya Certificate of Primary Education]] (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the [[Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education]] (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit [[examinations]] in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, KiSwahili (Languages) and Mathematics are compulsory subjects. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. In form four of secondary schools the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination (KCSE) is taken.

The Joint Admission Board (JAB) is responsible for selecting students joining the public universities. Other than the public schools, there are many private schools in the country, mainly in urban areas. Similarly, there are a number of [[international school]]s catering for various overseas educational systems.

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Kenya}}
[[File:Maasai tribe.jpg|thumb| Dressed up [[Maasai people|Maasai]] warriors]]
Kenya is a diverse country and, although [[tribalism]] is a major problem in Kenya, tribal [[stereotype]]s and imitating regional accents is a great source of amusement all over the country. Addressing someone by their tribe is not offensive.

Notable peoples include the [[Swahili people|Swahili]] on the coast, [[pastoralism|pastoralist]] communities in the north, and several different communities in the central and western regions. The [[Maasai people|Maasai]] culture is well known because of tourism, despite being a minor percentage of the Kenyan population. They are renowned for their elaborate upper body adornment and jewelry.

Kenya has an extensive music, television and theatre scene.

===Literature===
{{Main|Literature of Kenya}}

[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] is one of the best known writers of Kenya. His book, ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'', is an illustration of life in Kenya during the British occupation. This is a story about the effects of the Mau Mau on the lives of Kenyans. Its combination of themes—[[colonialism]], education, and love—helped to make it one of the best-known novels in Africa.

[[M.G. Vassanji]]'s 2003 novel ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' won the [[Scotiabank Giller Prize|Giller Prize]] in 2003. It is the fictional memoir of a Kenyan of Indian heritage and his family as they adjust to the changing political climates in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Since 2003, the literary journal ''[[Kwani?]]'' has been publishing Kenyan contemporary literature.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Kenya}}
[[File:Juacali 2.jpg|thumb|right|Popular Kenyan musician [[Jua Cali]].]]
Kenya has a diverse assortment of popular music forms, in addition to multiple types of [[folk music]] based on the variety over 40 regional languages.<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2007/04/article_0001.html "On the Beat – Tapping the Potential of Kenya's Music Industry "], a [[WIPO]] Magazine article</ref>

The [[guitar]] is the most dominant [[musical instrument|instrument]] in Kenyan popular music. Guitar rhythms are very complex and include both native beats and imported ones, especially the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]lese [[cavacha]] rhythm. Music usually involves the interplay of multiple parts, and more recently, showy guitar solos as well.

Lyrics are most often in [[Swahili language|Swahili]] or English. There's also some emerging aspect of [[Lingala language|Lingala]] borrowed from [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]lese musicians. Lyrics are also written in the indigenous languages, though urban [[radio]] will generally not play music in one of the "tribal" languages. This however has been seen through the emergence of vernacular radio stations that broadcast in native languages.

[[Benga music]] has been popular since the late 1960s, especially around [[Lake Victoria]]. The word ''benga'' is occasionally used to refer to any kind of pop music. [[Bass guitar|bass]], guitar and [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] are the usual instruments.

===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in Kenya}}
[[File:Loroupe, Tegla.JPG|thumb|right|190xpx|Kenyan 20, 25 and 30 kilometres world record holder [[Tegla Loroupe]] in 2007, at a meet in [[Schortens]], [[Germany]]]]
Kenya is active in several sports, among them [[cricket]], [[rallying]], [[football (soccer)]], [[rugby union]] and [[boxing]]. But the country is known chiefly for its dominance in Middle-distance and [[Long-distance track event|long-distance]] [[athletics (sport)|athletics]]. Kenya has consistently produced Olympic and [[Commonwealth Games]] champions in various distance events, especially in 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon. Kenyan athletes (particularly [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]]) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from [[Morocco]] and [[Ethiopia]] has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's best-known athletes included the four-time women's [[Boston Marathon]] winner and two-time world champion [[Catherine Ndereba]], former [[Marathon (sport)|Marathon]] world record-holder [[Paul Tergat]], and [[John Ngugi]].

Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, five gold, five silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as [[Pamela Jelimo]], the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the [[IAAF Golden League]] jackpot, and [[Samuel Wanjiru]] who won the men's marathon.
Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion [[Kipchoge Keino]] helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion [[Henry Rono]]'s spectacular string of world record performances.
Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly [[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]].<ref name="IAAF">IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.org/newsfiles/42196.pdf Changes of Allegiance 1998 to 2005]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref> The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with [[Bernard Lagat]] the latest, choosing to represent the United States.<ref name="IAAF"/> Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
[[File:David Rudisha Daegu 2011.jpg|thumb|left|Kenyan Olympic and world record holder in the 800 meters, [[David Rudisha]]]]
Kenya has been a dominant force in women's [[volleyball]] within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade. {{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The women's team has competed at the Olympics and [[Volleyball World Championship|World Championships]] but without any notable success.
Cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport. [[Kenyan cricket team|Kenya]] has competed in the [[Cricket World Cup]] since [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]. They upset some of the World's best teams and reached semi-finals of the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 tournament]]. They won the inaugural World Cricket League Division 1 hosted in Nairobi and participated in the World T20. Their current captain is [[Collins Obuya]]. They participated in the [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2011]].
Kenya is represented by [[Lucas Onyango]] as a professional rugby league player who plays with [[Oldham Roughyeds]]. Besides the former [[Super League|European Super League]] team, he has played for [[Widnes Vikings]] and rugby union with [[Sale Sharks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/sports/rugby/-/1106/629940/-/xq30p7z/-/index.html |title=Nakuru upset KCB in Kenya Cup |publisher=Nation.co.ke |date= |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref>
Rugby union is increasing in popularity. It is popular in Kenya especially with the annual [[Safaricom Sevens|Safari Sevens]] tournament. [[Kenya national rugby union team (sevens)|Kenya sevens team]] ranked 9th in IRB Sevens World Series for the 2006 season.
[[Kenya national football team|Kenya]] was a regional power in soccer but its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the [[Kenya Football Federation]].<ref>New Vision, 3 June 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles land Kenya indefinite FIFA ban]</ref> This has led to a suspension by [[FIFA]] which was lifted in March, 2007.
In the motor rallying arena, Kenya is home to the world famous [[Safari Rally]], commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world,<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 July 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA RALLY: Delecour takes points finish on Safari Rally debut]</ref> and a part of the [[World Rally Championship]] for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties. Some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally, such as [[Björn Waldegård]], [[Hannu Mikkola]], [[Tommi Mäkinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] and [[Colin McRae]]. Though the rally still runs annually as part of the Africa rally championship, the organisers are hoping to be allowed to rejoin the World Rally championship in the next couple of years.

===Cuisine===
Kenyans generally have three meals in a day – breakfast in the morning (''kiamsha kinywa''), lunch after noon (''chakula cha mchana'') and supper in the evening (''chakula cha jioni''). In between they will have the 10 o'clock tea (''chai ya saa kumi'') and 4 p.m. tea (''chai ya saa nne''). Breakfast is usually tea or porridge with bread, [[chapati]], [[mahamri]], boiled potatoes or [[Sweet potato|yams]]. [[Ugali]] with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew is generally eaten by most of the population for lunch or supper. Regional variations exist though and each region has their own preferred food.

In western Kenya, among the [[luhya people|Luhya]], [[Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)|Luo]] and [[kalenjin people|Kalenjin]], [[lye]] is a common ingredient in most traditional foods and [[mursik]] – a traditional milk drink. It is not yet known whether [[lye]] is responsible for the high prevalence of [[throat cancer]] in these region.

==See also==
{{portal|Geography|Africa|||Kenya}}
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Outline of Kenya]]
* [[Index of Kenya-related articles]]
* [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
* [[Foreign relations of Kenya]]
* [[Kiu]]
* [[Languages of Kenya]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Kenya]]
* [[List of Kenyans]]
* [[List of World War II prisoner of war camps in Kenya]]
* [[Military of Kenya]]
{{Colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Anderson, David, ''Histories of the Hanged: Testimonies from the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya'', (Phoenix, 2006)
* Barsby, Jane. ''Kenya: Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1857333497 excerpt and text search]
* Bindloss, Joe. ''Kenya'' (Country Guide) (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1741047730 excerpt and text search]
* Branch, Daniel, ''Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization'', (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
* Branch, Daniel, ''Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963–2011'' (Yale University Press, 2011)
* DK. ''Kenya'' (Eyewitness Travel Guide) (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0756653703 excerpt and text search]
* Elkins, Caroline, ''Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya'', (Pimlico, 2005)
* Gatheru, R. Mugo. ''Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970.'' McFarland, 2005. 236 pp.
* Haugerud, Angelique. ''The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1995. 266 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521595908 excerpt and text search]
* Hewitt, Peter, ''Kenya Cowboy: A Police Officer's Account of the Mau Mau Emergency '', (30 Degrees South Publishers, 2008)
* {{cite web|last=Hoorweg|first=Jan|title=Kenya Coast bibliography |url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/Publications/Bibliographies/KenyaCoast/ |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]]|accessdate=23 April 2011|date=27 January 2010}}
* {{cite book| last = Kimaiyo| first = Towett J.| title = Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices, 1902–2004| publisher=Ogiek Welfare Council | year = 2004 | location = Nakuru, Kenya | url = http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/| archivedate = 29 October 2007}}
* Maxon, Robert M. and Ofcansky, Thomas P. ''Historical Dictionary of Kenya.'' (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2000). 449 pp
* Mwaura, Ndirangu. ''Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa.'' Algora, 2005. 238 pp.
* Ndege, George Oduor. ''Health, State, and Society in Kenya.'' U. of Rochester Press, 2001. 224 pp.
* Ochieng, William R., ed. ''Themes in Kenyan History.'' Ohio U. Press, 1991. 261 pp.
* Ochieng, William R., ed. ''A Modern History of Kenya: In Honour of Professor B. A. Ogot.'' Nairobi, Kenya: Evans Brothers, 1989. 259 pp.
* Ogot, B. A. ''Historical dictionary of Kenya'' (1981)
* Parkinson, Tom, and Matt Phillips. ''Lonely Planet Kenya'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.ca/dp/1740597435 except and text search]
* Pinkney, Robert. ''The International Politics of East Africa.'' Manchester U. Pr., 2001. 242 pp. compares Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
* Press, Robert M. ''Peaceful Resistance: Advancing Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms.'' Ashgate, 2006. 227 pp.
* ''Rough Guide To Kenya'' (8th ed. 2006)
* Various, ''Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93'', (James Currey, 1995)
* Various, ''Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration'', (James Currey, 2003)
* Wrong, Michaela, ''It's Our Turn to Eat: The Story of a Kenyan Whistle-Blower'', (Harper Perennial, 2010)

==External links==
{{InterWiki|Swahili language|code=sw}}
{{Sister project links}}
; Government
* [http://www.communication.go.ke/ Government Spokesperson] Office of the Government Spokesperson of the Republic of Kenya.
* [http://www.kenya.go.ke/ Government of Kenya] Official site.
* [http://www.kenyalaw.org/ Kenya Law Reports] Kenyan Legislation, Case Law, Official Gazette Notices and legal Info.
* [http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/ State House Kenya] Official site State House, Kenya.
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kenya.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

; General
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1024563.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.kenya.info/ Republic of Kenya General Info]
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Kenya Kenya] from the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* [http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2011/09/01/armenia/ Country Profile] from [[New Internationalist]]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ke|Kenya}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kenya.htm Kenya] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Kenya}}
* {{cite web|title=Kenya|url=http://reliefweb.int/taxonomy/term/131|work=Countries + Disasters|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]}}
* {{Wikia|solarcooking|Solar Cookers World Network|Kenya}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Kenya}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KE Key Development Forecasts for Kenya] from [[International Futures]]

; Media
* [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/kenya/kenyanews.html Kenya news media] list from [[Stanford University]]
* [http://newsinkenya.com/ Kenya Video news ] aggregated from all Kenya Media Houses

; Tourism
* [http://www.magicalkenya.com/ Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya)] ''official travel and tourism guide''
* {{Wikitravel}}

; History
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Kenya_Colony 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica on the Kenya Colony]
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Abyssinia#Army 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica on the 1908 Demarcation of the Ethiopian-Kenyan Border]


{{Geographic location
| Centre = Kenya
| North = {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Northeast = {{flag|Somalia}}
| East = [[Indian Ocean]]
| Southeast =
| South = {{flag|Tanzania}}
| Southwest =
| West = {{flag|Uganda}}
| Northwest = {{flag|South Sudan}}
}}

{{Kenya topics}}
{{Navboxes
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{{Navboxes
|title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
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[[Category:Kenya| ]]
[[Category:Countries in Africa]]
[[Category:Bantu countries and territories]]
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[[Category:Swahili-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Commonwealth republics]]



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False billing

2012-10-24T06:41:30Z

Baltshazzar: interwiki japanese

{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
'''False billing''' is a [[fraud]]ulent act of [[invoice|invoicing]] or otherwise requesting funds from an individual or firm without showing [[Law of obligations|obligation]] to pay. Such notices are often sent to owners of [[domain name]]s, purporting to be legitimate renewal notices, although not originating from the owner's own [[Domain name registrar|registrar]].

{{Fraud}}
{{Econ-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:False Billing}}
[[Category:Finance fraud]]

[[fi:Huijauslasku]]
[[ja:架空請求詐欺]]

Nataliya Medvedeva (singer)

2012-08-31T12:09:55Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{About||the similarly named Ukrainian tennis player|Natalia Medvedeva}}

'''Natalya Medvedeva''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Наталия Георгиевна Медведева}}) (July 14, 1958, [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]—February 3, 2003, Moscow) was a Russian poet, writer, musician, and member of Tribunal rock band.

==Career==
At the age of 17, Medvedeva moved to Los Angeles where she found work as a model, posing for ''[[Playboy]]'' and for the cover of [[The Cars]]' [[The Cars (album)|self-titled debut album]] in 1978 as well as their fourth album 'Shake It Up'.

She was married to [[Eduard Limonov]], a controversial novelist and [[National Bolshevik Party]] leader whom she met in 1982 in Los Angeles. Her LA period is depicted in her novel ''Hotel California'' (1989). In 1982, Medvedeva moved to Paris and became a piano bar singer. She wrote poetry, essays for French magazines, and published two novels in 1985 and 1987. In 1989 she participated in a collective poetry project, ''The Last December 16, 1989'', together with poets Oleg Prokofiev and [[Anton Koslov Mayr]]. This project was published as a book the same year by William Brui.

In the early 1990s, Medvedeva introduced herself as a [[Novy Vzglyad]] representative in France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://read.newlibrary.ru/read/medvedeva_natalija/page2/nochnaja_pevica.html |title=Медведева Наталия / Ночная певица – Скачать электронные книги |publisher=Read.newlibrary.ru |date=October 4, 2007 |accessdate=October 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rnp-chel.narod.ru/texty008.htm |title=Движение «Русь Нового Поколения» |publisher=Rnp-chel.narod.ru |accessdate=October 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scilla.ru/works/raznoe/limon.htm |title=ЛИМОНОВ (САВЕНКО) Эдуард Вениаминович |publisher=Scilla.ru |date=June 29, 2005 |accessdate=October 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>http://exbicio.boom.ru/library/lemon/bio.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://grani.ru/Society/m.21741.html |title=Грани.Ру // Общество / Умерла бывшая жена Эдуарда Лимонова Наталья Медведева |publisher=Grani.ru |date=January 31, 2003 |accessdate=October 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Михаил Толпегин |url=http://www.ng.ru/events/2003-02-05/6_medvedeva.html |title=Умерла звезда андеграунда |publisher=Ng.ru |date=February 5, 2003 |accessdate=October 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fashiontime.ru/article/3084.html |title=Наталья Медведева: загадка российской богемы |publisher=Fashiontime.ru |accessdate=October 18, 2011}}</ref><ref>http://exbicio.boom.ru/library/lemon/bio.htm</ref>).

In October 1993 Medvedeva initiated an appeal to end [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|the siege]] of the [[White House, Moscow|White House (Russian parliament)]] organized by [[Boris Yeltsin]]. An open letter signed by a number of Russian artists and writers was published by the French press. In late 1993 Medvedeva, following Limonov, moved to Moscow. They divorced in 1994. In the late 1990s Medvedeva had a relationship with Serguei Vysokosov, the lead guitarist from [[Corrosia Metalla]]. She recorded two albums in Russia – ''Trubinal Natalii Medvedevoi'' (Natalya Medvedeva's Tribunal) and ''A U Nikh Byla Strast''' ("They had a passion").

At the time of her death, Medvedeva was living in Moscow. She died in her sleep of a heart attack on February 3, 2003; she was 44. Her ashes were spread over St. Petersburg, Paris and Los Angeles.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

==Published works==
*''Mama,ia zhulika liubliu!: roman.'' New York: Russica Publishers, 1988, c1987. ISBN 0-89830-114-9
* "Poslednee 16-e Dekabrya 1989 goda", Atelier William Brui, Paris, 1989
*''Otelʹ "Kalifornia": roman, rasskazy'' Moskva: Literaturno-khudozh. zhurnal "Glagol", 1992. ISBN 5-87532-008-7
*''Moya borʹba'' Belgorod: "Vspyshki", 1994. ISBN 5-900303-96-9
*''Ia reyu znamenem--: stikhi'' Sankt-Peterburg: "Iskusstvo-SPB", 1995. ISBN 5-210-01478-9
*''Liubovʹ s alkogolem; V strane chudes (Russkaya tetradʹ)'' Belgorod: "Vspyshki", 1995. ISBN 5-900303-94-2
*''A u nikh byla strastʹ--'' Moskva: Vagrius, 1999. ISBN 5-264-00059-X
*''Zhiznʹ v "No future"'' Moskva: Zapasnyĭ vykhod/Emergency Exit, 2005. ISBN 5-98726-016-7

==See also==
* [[Novy Vzglyad]]
* [[Dodolev]]
* [[Valeriya Novodvorskaya]]
* [[Alexander Prokhanov]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nbp-info.ru/partydead/med/ Natalya Medvedeva]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPkEy0TpZK8 Natalya Medvedeva "Poedem Na Voinu" Music Video]
http://vremya.ru/2003/20/10/32065.html

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Medvedeva, Natalyac
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1958
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Medvedeva, Natalyac}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:American musicians of Russian descent]]
[[Category:American writers of Russian descent]]
[[Category:National Bolshevik Party politicians]]
[[Category:Burials in Russia]]

[[es:Natalia Medvédeva]]
[[lv:Natālija Medvedeva]]
[[ru:Медведева, Наталия Георгиевна]]

Mechanically powered flashlight

2012-08-16T20:26:00Z

Baltshazzar: interwiki zh

[[Image:US Navy 100124-N-6214F-019 A Haitian child uses the hand crank on his multi-purpose self-powered radio.jpg|thumb|A Haitian boy turns the crank on his crank-powered flashlight radio. Mechanically powered flashlights were distributed by aid organizations to survivors of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] since electric power was lost for a long period. ]]

A '''mechanically powered flashlight''' is a [[flashlight]] that is powered by electricity generated by the muscle power of the user, so it does not need replacement of batteries, or recharging from an electrical source. There are several types which use different operating mechanisms.<ref name="Preparedness101">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Batteryless Flashlights
| work = [http://www.preparedness1.com/ Emergency Preparedness]
| publisher = Preparedness101 website
| date = 2011
| url = http://www.preparedness1.com/batteryless-flashlight.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = June 13, 2012}}</ref> They use different motions to generate the required power; such as squeezing a handle, winding a [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]], or shaking the flashlight itself. These flashlights can also be distinguished by the technique used to store the energy: a [[spring (device)|spring]]<ref name="PS1">{{cite journal
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Tiny Dynamo Operates New Batteryless Flashlight
| journal = Popular Science
| volume = 114
| issue = 2
| pages = 74
| publisher = Popular Science Publishing Co.
| location = New York
| date = February 1929
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zSkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA74
| issn =
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2012-01-30}}</ref>, a [[flywheel]], a [[battery (electricity)|battery]] or a [[capacitor]].

Since they are always ready for use, mechanically powered flashlights are often kept as emergency lights in case of [[power outage]]s or other emergencies.<ref name="Preparedness101" /> They are also kept at vacation homes, cabins, and other remote locations because they are not limited by battery shelf life like ordinary flashlights. They are considered a [[Green tech|green technology]], because the [[Primary cell|disposable batteries]] used by ordinary flashlights are very wasteful in terms of resources used for the amount of energy produced, and also contain [[Heavy metal (chemistry)|heavy metal]]s and toxic chemicals which end up in the environment.<ref name="Finley">{{cite web
| last = Finley
| first = Tiffany
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Green living: It's all in the hands
| work =
| publisher = Just Means
| date = Feb 27, 2010
| url = http://www.justmeans.com/Green-Living-It-s-all-in-Hands/9767.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = June 10, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Swanson">{{cite web
| last = Swanson
| first = Marc
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Battery tossing blues? Go rechargeable
| work =
| publisher = [http://www.goinggreentoday.com/blog/ Going Green Today website
| date =
| url = http://www.goinggreentoday.com/blog/battery-tossing-blues-go-rechargeable/
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = June 10, 2012}}</ref>

==Dyno torch==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Phillips WW2 dynamo torch.jpg
| caption1 = [[Philips]] dynamo torch, made in [[History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|the occupied Netherlands]] during [[World War II]].
| width1 = 160
| image2 = Knijpkat lantaarn.jpg
| caption2 = Modern dyno torch
| width2 = 150
| image3 = Knijpkat 996637.JPG
| caption3 = Interior of a dyno torch
| width3 = 152
}}

A '''dyno torch''', '''dynamo torch''' or '''squeeze flashlight''' is a [[flashlight]] or pocket torch which stores energy in a [[flywheel]].<ref name="Preparedness101" /> The user repeatedly squeezes a handle to spin a flywheel attached to a small [[electrical generator#Dynamo|dynamo]], supplying electrical current to an [[incandescent bulb]] or light-emitting diode. The flashlight must be pumped continuously during use, with the flywheel turning the generator between squeezes to keep the light going continuously. Because electrical power is produced only when the handle is squeezed, a [[switch]] is not needed. Dyno torches were issued to soldiers during [[World War II]], and were popular in Europe during the war<ref name="Hofmeester">Patricia Hofmeester [http://www.123rf.com/photo_6491634_historical-hand-driven-mechanically-powered-torch-light-used-during-the-second-world-war.html Photo 6491634: Historical hand-driven mechanically powered torch light used during the Second World War], [123RF.com 123RF stock photo site]</ref><ref name="McClellan">A collection of 15 World War 2 era dynamo fashlights is viewable at Dave McLellan [http://www.flashlightmuseum.com/flashlights_list.cfm?method=browse2&style=Generator Flashlights: Generator style], FlashlightMuseum.com<, accessed January 24, 2012</ref> because the electrical power supply to homes was not very reliable. A version using a pull-cord was used in World War 1 (see picture below).<ref name="PopularMechanics">{{cite journal
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = German pocket flashlight contains own dynamo
| journal = Popular Mechanics
| volume = 32
| issue = 4
| pages = 804
| publisher = Popular Mechanics Co.
| location = Chicago
| date = December 1919
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=f4PVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA804&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false
| issn =
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = June 13, 2012}}</ref>

The photo at right shows the internal mechanism. The L-shaped handle has a gear [[Rack and pinion|rack]], which spins the white step-up gear, which in turn spins the flywheel on which is mounted the dark grey [[Permanent magnet|magnet]], seen on the lower left. The magnet induces an electrical current in the red copper winding, seen on the lower right. The current from the copper winding flows through the filament of an [[incandescent light bulb]] (not shown), giving off light. A spring and ratchet returns the handle to its original position after each engagement.

== Shake type design ==
[[Image:Linear induction flashlight.jpg|thumb|300px|A linear induction flashlight is charged by shaking it along its long axis, causing a magnet ''(visible at right)'' to slide through a coil of wire ''(center)'' to generate electricity.]]

The '''linear induction''' or '''Faraday flashlight''' or "'''shake flashlight'''" is another design of a mechanically powered flashlight. It has been sold in the US beginning with [[direct marketing]] campaigns in 2002.

This design contains a linear [[electrical generator]] which charges a batterylike [[ultracapacitor]] when the flashlight is shaken lengthwise.<ref name="Preparedness101" /> The battery or capacitor powers a white [[LED]] lamp. The linear generator consists of a sliding [[rare earth magnet]] which moves back and forth through the center of a [[solenoid]], a coil of copper wire, when it is shaken. A current is induced in the loops of wire by [[Faraday's law of induction]] each time the magnet slides through, which charges the capacitor.

An [[ultra-capacitor]] is used instead of a [[rechargeable battery]] since it doesn't wear out like a battery. This, along with the long-life LED lamp which doesn't burn out like an incandescent bulb, can give the flashlight a long lifetime, making it a useful emergency light. A disadvantage of many current models is that the ultracapacitor can't store much energy, limiting the operating time per charge. In most designs, vigorously shaking the light for about thirty seconds may provide up to five minutes of light, though the light may become dim after 2 or 3 minutes. Shaking the unit for 10 to 15 seconds every 2 or 3 minutes as necessary permits the device to be used continuously. It is often viewed as a toy, or an emergency backup for other flashlights.

Fraudulent counterfeit versions of these flashlights have been sold, which appear similar to real versions but the "generator" is nonfunctional and they are actually powered by thin [[lithium cell]]s. These cheap "knockoff" flashlights eventually stop working, since their internal batteries cannot be recharged or replaced, and the case is often permanently glued shut.<ref name=FakeLights>{{cite web|title=Fakes, Frauds, and Fallacies: Products to Avoid!|url=http://www.flashlightreviews.com/features/fff.htm|work=flashlightreviews.com|accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref><ref name=FakeShake>{{cite web|title=Shake Flashlights FAQ|url=http://www.shake-flashlights.com/faq.html|work=Shake Flashlights Info|publisher=Shake-Flashlights.com|accessdate=2011-08-15}}</ref>

==Crank powered design==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Handheld Flashlight Radio.jpg
| caption1 = Crank-charged flashlight with built-in AM/FM radio.
| width1 = 118
| image2 = Crank powered flashlight disassembled.jpg
| caption2 = Crank powered flashlight disassembled to show parts: (1) Crank (2) Reduction gears (3) Brushless AC generator (4) Rechargeable lithium-ion cell (5) Full-wave rectifier (6) On switch (7) LED lamps
| width2 = 300
}}

Another common type is the '''windup''' or '''crank-powered flashlight'''.<ref name="Preparedness101" /> In this design, the light is powered by a battery which is recharged by a generator turned by a hand crank on the flashlight. One minute of cranking typically provides about 30 to 60 min of light. It has the advantage that it doesn't have to be pumped continually during use like the dyno torch or shake flashlight. However it may be less reliable as an emergency light since the rechargeable battery it contains eventually wears out. The [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion cells]] typically used are rated for around 500 charges.<ref name="Preparedness101" />

Crank powered flashlights often have radios and other features. One popular feature is a USB jack for recharging [[cell phone]]s when an outlet is not available.

In an alternate "Clockwork Torch" design, produced by [[Freeplay Energy]], the energy is stored in a flat spiral wound [[mainspring]], rather than a battery. The owner winds the spring up by turning the crank. Then when the light is turned on, the spring unwinds, turning a generator to provide power to run the light. The purpose of this design, originally invented for use in the developing world, was to improve its reliability and useful lifetime, by avoiding or reducing reliance on a battery. As of 2012, the original design is no longer made, but updated smaller hand-cranked models using LEDs are available.

==Other functions==
Some mechanically powered flashlights include additional functions and features beyond just a source of light. Models sold as emergency lights have additional functions useful in emergencies, such as flashing red or yellow lights for roadside emergencies, sirens, and [[AM broadcasting|AM]]/[[FM broadcasting|FM]], [[NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards|weather]] or [[shortwave]] [[radio]]s. They may also include alternate means of charging the battery, such as [[solar cell]]s, or cords that plug into a car cigarette lighter jack.

The quality and long-term reliability of these devices vary over a wide range, from high-reliability [[mil-spec]] emergency equipment down to one-time-use non-repairable throwaways.

[[Image:German dynamo flashlight from World War 1.jpg|thumb|German dynamo flashlight from World War 1.<ref name="PopularMechanics" /> Pulling the pull-chain spun a flywheel, generating electricity to light the bulb on the front for about 5 seconds.]]

== 'Steel mills' ==
The first mechanically powered portable illumination was the 'steel mill', used in coal mining during the 1800s. These consisted of a steel disk, rotated at high speed by a crank mechanism. Pressing a [[flint]] against the disk produced a shower of sparks and dim illumination.<ref name="Lakeland Mining Heritage" >{{Cite book
|title=Lakeland's Mining Heritage
|editor=Cameron, Alastair
|chapter=Coal
|author=Calvin, Ronnie
|publisher=Cumbria Amenity Trust Mining History Society
|year=2000
|isbn=0-9539477-0-X
|page=60
}}</ref> These mills were only used in [[coal mine]]s, where a risk of explosive [[firedamp]] made candle lighting unsafe. These mills were troublesome to use and were often worked by a boy, whose only task was to provide light for a group of miners. One of the first of these mills was the 18th century Spedding mill<ref >An example of a Spedding steel mill may be seen in [[Whitehaven]] museum.</ref>, the Spedding family having a long association as the agents for the [[Lowther Baronets|Lowther]] family of [[Westmorland]] and the [[Whitehaven]] collieries.<ref name="Lakeland Mining Heritage" />

Steel mills went out of favour after the introduction of the much brighter and simpler [[Davy lamp|Davy]] and [[Geordie lamp]]s from 1815.

==See also==
*[[Human-powered equipment]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Dynamo torches}}
*[http://www.electroniccrafts.org/?n=Main.Shakelight ElectronicCrafts.org]: Homemade shakelight
*[http://www.instructables.com/id/E5BLCRZ178ES9J6A88/ Instructables]: A homemade solenoid type dyno torch inside a [[TicTac]] box.
*[http://www.b-kainka.de/bastel48.htm Die Goldcap-Dynamolampe] (in [[German language|German]]) — converting a dyno torch to LED operation with capacitor storage

[[Category:Flashlights]]

[[da:Mekanisk energiforsynet lygte]]
[[nl:knijpkat]]
[[zh:動力燈]]

Aleksey Novikov-Priboy

2012-08-07T12:24:35Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Aleksey Silych Novikov-Priboi
| image =1977 CPA 4684.jpg
| caption = 1977 Soviet postage stamp honoring Novikov-Priboi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1877|03|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tambov Oblast]], [[Russia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|04|29|1877|03|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| occupation = Writer
| genre = novels, short stories
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Tsushima''
| influences =
| influenced =
}}
[[File:Музей А.С. Новикова-Прибоя.jpg|300px|right|thumb|room from Novikov-Priboi's dacha near Moscow]]
'''Aleksey Silych Novikov-Priboi''' ({{lang-ru| Алексей Силыч Новиков-Прибой}} March 12, 1877 – April 29, 1944) was the pen-name of '''A. S. Novikov''', an ethnic [[Russian people|Russian]] writer in the [[Soviet Union]], noted for his stories with a nautical theme.

==Biography==
Novikov-Priboi was the second son of a peasant family from [[Tambov Oblast]]. His mother, of Polish descent, had hoped that he would enter the church as a monk, but he was attracted to the thought of adventure by hearing stories from travelling sailors, and volunteered for the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] instead. He served as a seaman with the [[Russian Baltic Fleet]] from 1899-1906. He became involved with revolutionary activities from an early age and after publishing an article in a [[Kronstadt]] newspaper in 1903, was arrested from spreading “subversive propaganda”. However, due to the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–05, he was soon released, and with his records marked “unreliable” was transferred to the 2nd Pacific Squadon’s [[battleship]] {{ship|Russian battleship|Orel||2}}, on which he participated at the climatic [[Battle of Tsushima]].

Taken as a [[prisoner-of-war]] by the Japanese, while in prison camp he began gathering stories from fellow survivors. After the war, he returned to his home town and began writing, and his first works describing the war in highly critical terms were published in 1906. However, he soon fell afoul with the tsarist authorities who banned his works, and Novikov-Priboi was forced to go into hiding. He fled to [[Finland]] in 1907, and between 1907-1913 lived in [[England]], visiting [[France]], [[Spain]], [[North Africa]] and [[Capri]], where he befriended the exiled [[Maxim Gorky]], who provided him with advice on his writing. Novikov-Priboi supported himself working part time as a blacksmith, accountant, and as a merchant sailor. He returned to Russia in 1913 under a false passport.

During [[World War I]], from 1915–1918, Novikov-Priboi worked on [[hospital train]]s, and afterwards settling at [[Barnaul]], where he lived to 1920 in a commune with fellow writers and artists.
His first collection of short stories, Sea Stories, was published in 1917 after some difficulties with the publishers. Novikov-Priboi’s early works were influenced by Gorky and are part of the mainstream of Russian [[Socialist realism|realistic]] literature. These include classic “seafaring” works, including (the [[novella]] ''The Call of the Sea'' (1919) and the novels ''The Submariners'' (1923) and ''The Salty Font'' (1929).

From 1920, Novikov-Priboi began work on a historical epic ''Tsushima'', and was able to access government achieves. The first part of the book was published in 1932, and the 2nd part was awarded the [[USSR State Prize|Stalin Prize]], (2nd degree). The novel describes the heroism of Russian sailors and certain officers the increasing of revolutionary activity, and what he considered criminal negligence of the Imperial Russian Naval command.

After the start of [[World War II]], Novikov-Priboi continued to publish works about the navy. He died in 1944 in [[Moscow]], with his final novel ''Captain First Class'', unfinished.
His grave is at the [[Novodevichy Cemetery]]. Novikov-Priboi was honored by [[commemorative postage stamp]]s issued in 1952 and 1977, and numerous streets in the former Soviet Union were named after him. His honors include [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] and [[Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"]].

In 1969, his daughter opened a private museum in his honor, at his former ''[[dacha]]'' at Cherkizovo, near [[Pushkino, Moscow Oblast]].

==English Translations==
*''The Captain'', Hutchinson International, 1946.
*''The Sea Beckons'', Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1965.
*''Tsushima'', Hyperion Press, 1978.

==References==
*Prokhorov, A. M. (Editor). Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Bol'shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia) (A Translation Of The Third Edition, Volumes 1 thru 31) . Collier Macmillan Publishers (1973) ASIN: B000Q70HJQ

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Novikov-Priboi, Aleksey Silych
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 12, 1877
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Tambov Oblast]], [[Russia]]
| DATE OF DEATH = April 29, 1944
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Novikov-Priboi, Aleksey Silych}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Russian writers]]
[[Category:Soviet novelists]]
[[Category:Soviet short story writers]]
[[Category:Russian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Stalin Prize winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]

[[de:Alexei Silytsch Nowikow-Priboi]]
[[la:Alexius Novikov-Priboj]]
[[ja:アレクセイ・ノビコフ＝プリボイ]]
[[ru:Новиков-Прибой, Алексей Силыч]]
[[fi:Aleksei Novikov-Priboi]]
[[uk:Новиков-Прибой Олексій Силович]]

Cherry bomb (disambiguation)

2012-08-06T19:41:05Z

Baltshazzar:

A [[cherry bomb]] is a spherically-shaped firework.

'''Cherry bomb''' may also refer to:

* [[Cherry Bomb (film)|''Cherry Bomb'' (film)]], an 2010 American film
* [[Cherrybomb (film)|''Cherrybomb'' (film)]], a 2009 Irish film
* [[Cherry Bomb (wrestler)]], Canadian professional wrestler Laura Dennis
* "Cherry Bomb" (song), a song by John Mellencamp from the album ''[[The Lonesome Jubilee]]''
* [[Cherry Bomb (song)|"Cherry Bomb" (song)]], a 1976 song by the Runaways
* [[Cherry Bomb (muffler)]], or "Glasspack", a brand of automotive exhaust systems

== See also ==
* [[Cherri Bomb]], an all-girl rock band from Los Angeles signed to Hollywood Records

{{disambig}}

Pandorum

2012-07-25T13:58:31Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{For|the game based on the film|Pandorum (video game)}}
{{Original research|table|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pandorum
| image = Pandorum-Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Christian Alvart]]
| producer = [[Paul W. S. Anderson]] [[Jeremy Bolt]] Robert Kulzer
| writer = Travis Milloy Christian Alvart
| starring = [[Dennis Quaid]] [[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]] [[Cam Gigandet]] [[Antje Traue]] [[Cung Le]] [[Eddie Rouse]]
| music = Michl Britsch
| cinematography = Wedigo von Schultzendorff
| editing = Philipp Stahl
| studio = [[Constantin Film]] Impact Pictures
| distributor = [[Overture Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2009|9|25|United States|2009|10|2|United Kingdom}}
| runtime = 108 minutes<ref>http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/ClassifiedWorks/8EC74EB0656FEC5C802576390033C2CA</ref>
| country = United States United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget = US$33 million
| gross = $20,645,327<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{cite web|title=Pandorum|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2011-09-20|url= http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pandorum.htm}}</ref>
}}
'''''Pandorum''''' is a 2009 science fiction thriller film written by Travis Milloy, directed by [[Christian Alvart]] and produced by [[Paul W.S. Anderson]]. The film stars [[Dennis Quaid]] and [[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]]. Filming began in [[Berlin]] in August 2008. ''Pandorum'' was released on September 25, 2009 in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/films.php?id=41441 |title=Pandorum |work=ComingSoon.net |publisher=Coming Soon Media, L.P |accessdate=2009-06-25}}</ref> and on October 2, 2009 in the UK. The film's title refers to a fictional psychological condition of astronauts who fly through [[deep space]].

==Plot==
Corporal Bower ([[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]]) wakes up from [[hypersleep]] by a power surge to find himself alone, with no memory of who he is or what happened to the crew of the 60,000-passenger [[sleeper ship]] ''[[Elysium]]''. Another power surge manages to awaken Lieutenant Payton ([[Dennis Quaid]]) who is also suffering from amnesia. They are unable either to access the ship's bridge or to communicate with anyone else, including the three-man flight crew team that they are supposed to relieve. With the ship wracked by power surges from a failing reactor, Bower assumes that he must be a technician automatically awakened by the principal on-board computer in order to effect repairs.

Bower begins exploring the spacecraft under Payton's radio guidance. Noticing odd physical symptoms, Bower talks with Payton about Pandorum, a psychological condition brought on by extended periods of deep-space travel (similar to [[cabin fever]]) and hypersleep. Its symptoms and effects include severe paranoia, vivid hallucinations, and [[epistaxis]]. Payton recounts the story of another ship called the ''Eden'', whose Captain went insane and became convinced that the ship was cursed, so he jettisoned 5000 hibernating passengers casting them out into space to their death.

As Bower continues searching the ship he encounters dead bodies, fast-moving humanoid tribal creatures (dubbed Hunters), and a non-lethal (but deadly up close, according to Payton) riot control energy projectile weapon which he uses. Escaping from one of the creatures, he encounters other amnesia suffering survivors: Manh ([[Cung Le]]), a Vietnamese man working in Agriculture, and Nadia ([[Antje Traue]]), a German genetic engineer safeguarding millions of samples of plant and animal life from Earth. Following a struggle, Bower convinces them to assist him.

On the flight deck, Payton discovers another crew member, Corporal Gallo ([[Cam Gigandet]]), who reveals that he was part of the flight crew that received the final message from Earth. He claims that his other two crew mates suffered from an onset of Pandorum, and that he had to kill them in self-defense. Payton is wary of Gallo, noting his strange behavior.

During their journey to the reactor Bower and his allies enter the hunter's main hunting ground. There Bower and Nadia fall into a pool filled with skeletons and blood of the hunter's prey. After exiting the pool the three manage to get into a savage fight with one of the creatures. After killing the cannibal the three noticed the leader of hunters was watching the battle. The leader then gives the group time to run and the hunters feed on the corpse of the fallen beast.

Bower, Manh, and Nadia run into the lair of Leland (Eddie Rouse) who has been awake for years. Leland tells what happened to the ship from what he heard from other members and the etchings on the walls of his lair depicting the events. Suffering from massive [[overpopulation]], launched the ''Elysium'' on a 123-year voyage to an [[terrestrial planet|Earth-like planet]] called Tanis to create a [[space colonization|settlement]]. When the ship received a message of Earth's destruction, conflict had happened between the crew leaving only one alive (Gallo). The etchings on the walls depict the last member with lightning bolts around his head and blood around his nose suggesting that he had developed Pandorum. He had then awakened some of the passengers so that they too would develop Pandorum (also depicted on the etchings), then ordered them into the hold of the ship to fight each other and feed on the corpses of the fallen as part of a "game". When he grew tired of this, he went back into suspended animation, and left the rest of the passengers awake. While he slept the passengers had, over time, adapted to their animalistic living conditions by becoming the primitive creatures that now roam the ship, still playing the game Gallo had started. Nadia postulates that the passengers mutated due to an enzyme that was given to them in their feeding tubes that was intended to accelerate evolution so that their bodies may adapt to living conditions on Tanis, but instead have [[Adaption|adapted]] to the ship and believes that they have been asleep longer than they thought for this to be possible.

Listening to this story, the survivors lose consciousness, having been gassed by their host. While at the same time Payton starts to show symptoms of Pandorum after hearing what had happened to Earth from Gallo. Upon awakening, Bower, Manh, and Nadia find themselves in shackles, with Leland preparing to kill them for food. Nadia then berates Leland, to which he responds by stabbing her. He prepares to kill her first but is convinced by Bower to allow them to restart the ship's [[nuclear reactor]], which is about to shut down. The group fights their way down to the reactor, where the mutants have taken refuge. While Manh lures some of the cannibals away, Bower activates the reactor, averting disaster. After a climactic battle, Manh defeats the Hunter leader, only to be killed by a Hunter child. Leland, Bower and Nadia make a break for the bridge.

A fight with Gallo results in Payton being injected with a sedative, which dissolves his hallucination and awakens his memories: ''he'' is Gallo, having lost all recollection of his identity and crimes during his second bout of hibernation. Leland arrives ahead of Bower and Nadia, and Payton/Gallo kills him with the hypodermic gun and retreats to the bridge. Bower and Nadia confront him about his deception and his actions, and Gallo responds by retracting the inner bulkhead to reveal a blackened sky surrounded by fluorescent sea creatures. The ship has crash landed on Tanis and sunken into one of its oceans; the flight recorder indicates that the 123-year mission has extended into 923 years.

Gallo attempts to exploit Bower's fragile mental state to convert him to his side and create an ecosystem of homicidal competition to combat overpopulation. Nadia attacks him, but is defeated due to her injuries. Bower hallucinates Hunters breaking into the bridge and fires at a console; debris damages the observation window and the ocean breaches the ship. Bower and Nadia dive into an escape pod as Gallo and the Hunters drown. The ship begins an emergency evacuation protocol and purges the remaining 1211 hibernating crew members to the surface of the Earth-like planet of Tanis.

The final shot reveals Tanis to be a blue, earth-like planet with two moons. A title card appears displaying: "Tanis Year One" followed by "Population 1,213..."

== Cast ==
* [[Dennis Quaid]] as Lieutenant Payton
* [[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]] as Corporal Bower
* [[Cam Gigandet]] as Corporal Gallo
* [[Antje Traue]] as Nadia
* [[Cung Le]] as Manh
* [[Eddie Rouse]] as Leland
* [[André Hennicke]] as Hunter Leader
* [[Norman Reedus]] as Shepard
* [[Wotan Wilke Möhring]] as Young Bower's Father
* [[Niels-Bruno Schmidt]] as Insane Officer Eden

== Production ==
Travis Milloy wrote a preliminary script which was set on a prison ship. The characters played by [[Antje Traue]] and [[Cung Le]] were inmates. [[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]]'s character was a non-prisoner who did not trust anyone. The producers gave the script to director Christian Alvart who was struck by the similarities to his own screenplay titled ''No Where''. His dramatic story was about four astronauts aboard a settlers' ship who suffer from amnesia. Alvart decided that they should weld the two screenplays together, and the producers and Milloy agreed.

''Pandorum'' was announced in May 2008 with Dennis Quaid and Ben Foster in lead roles. Christian Alvart was attached to direct the film, based on a script by Travis Milloy. The movie was financed by [[Constantin Film]] through a joint venture deal with subsidiary Impact Pictures.<ref name="quaid">{{cite journal | first=Dave | last=McNary | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117985339.html?categoryid=1238&cs=1 | title=Quaid, Foster set for 'Pandorum' | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] | publisher= | date=May 8, 2008 | accessdate=August 8, 2008 }}</ref> The partnership helped fund the $40 million production. Constantin drew subsidies from Germany's Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg (MBB) regional film fund, the German Federal Film Board (FFA) and the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF). The German Federal Film Fund provided $6 million to the production, the fund's second-largest 2008 payout after $7.5 million for ''[[Ninja Assassin]]''.<ref name="impact">{{cite journal | last=Roxborough | first=Scott | title=Impact finds $40 mil to make 'Pandorum' | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i431ca797a370fbb2a3ea2b9931986666 | journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=November 7, 2008 | accessdate=December 1, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=Christian | last=Koehl | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117990076.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title='Pandorum' secures German funds | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher= | date=August 5, 2008 | accessdate=August 8, 2008 }}</ref> Filming took place at [[Babelsberg Studios]] in [[Potsdam]] in August 2008.<ref name="quaid" /><ref name="impact" />

===Allegory===
According to the bonus content on the DVD, Christian Alvart had claimed that he approached the film as an allegory for human [[life on Earth]]. The ship is addressed as its own [[world]] twice in the film, especially in its [[backstory]], as told by Eddie Rouse's character, which is spoken with a strong [[Mythology|mythological]] tone that involved the presence of a god/devil-like figure responsible for the "evils" in that world and the degradation of the human condition, somewhat similar to the stories in the poems [[Works and Days]] and [[Paradise Lost]]. The film's title also appears to be derived from two names that are present in the poems, [[Pandora]] and [[Pandæmonium (Paradise Lost)|Pandæmonium]].

Another mythological reference is the name of the ship, Elysium, which was the resting place for heroes in classical mythology that bordered the [[River Lethe]], the part of the underworld where the memories of "earthly lives" were erased so that souls could be [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] — similar to how the characters onboard the Elysium mostly have no memory of their lives on Earth and are even referred to as "heroes". Another reference to the underworld is the Hunter lair that Leland calls "Hell itself", which resembles The Third Circle of Hell that [[Dante Alighieri]] crossed during his journey through Hell into the "Earthly Paradise" in [[The Divine Comedy]]. Additionally, the poem also mentions Elysium, a man looking for his lost love, features a confrontation with the Devil, and also features people swimming in blood.

== Release ==
[[File:Pandorum panel at WonderCon 2009.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]], [[Cung Le]] and [[Antje Traue]] talk about ''Pandorum'' at a panel discussion at [[WonderCon]] 2009.]]

Summit Entertainment handled foreign sales and presented ''Pandorum'' to buyers at the [[2009 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="quaid" /> [[Overture Films]] distributed ''Pandorum'' in North America, Icon in the United Kingdom and Australia, Svensk in Scandinavia, and Movie Eye in Japan. The film was set up as a possible franchise, so that if it performed well, Impact Pictures could [[green-light]] one or more sequels.<ref name="impact" />

The [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] release occurred on January 19, 2010 in the United States<ref>[http://www.pandorummovie.com/ The official Pandorum movie site]</ref> over [[Anchor Bay Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34552/exclusive-shock-festival-wallpapers-and-radio-spots|title=First Word on Pandorum Home Video Release}}</ref>

The director and producer commentaries on the DVD indicate that an unrated version of the movie exists but has not been released.

== Reception ==
The film received mostly mixed to negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports the film as holding a 27% approval rating based on 77 reviews.<ref name="rottentomatoes">{{rotten-tomatoes|id=pandorum|title=Pandorum}}</ref> The site's consensus is that "While it might prove somewhat satisfying for devout sci-fi fans, ''Pandorum''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s bloated, derivative plot ultimately leaves it drifting in space."<ref name=rottentomatoes/> At [[Metacritic]], which judges on a 0-100 scale, the film holds a "generally unfavorable" score of 28 based on 13 reviews.<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web |title=Pandorum|publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=2009-10-14 |url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/pandorum}}</ref> Science fiction magazine ''[[SFX (magazine)|SFX]]'' was more positive, stating that "''Pandorum'' is the finest interstellar horror in years", and awarding the film 4 stars out of 5.<ref>http://www.sfx.co.uk/2009/09/30/film_review_pandorum/</ref> ''[[Film Ireland]]'' also gave ''Pandorum'' a positive review, appreciating the film's synergy of cinematic techniques, set design, and developed characters.<ref>{{cite news|title=''Pandorum'' Review|url=http://www.filmireland.net/2009/10/29/pandorum/|first=Jack|last=McGlynn|date=October 29, 2009|publisher=[[Film Ireland]]|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>

The film grossed $20,645,327 worldwide, therefore failing to bring back its $33 million budget.<ref name=boxofficemojo.com/> The film opened at #6 at the US box office with weekend receipts totaling $4,424,126.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album 
| Name = Pandorum
| Type = soundtrack
| Artist = Michl Britsch
| Cover = Pandorum OST.jpg
| Released = September 25, 2009
| Recorded = 2009
| Genre = [[Electronic music|Electronic]]
| Length = 71:06
| Label = Königskinder Schallplatten GmbH
| Producer = Michl Britsch
| Reviews =
}}

'''Track listing'''
# "All That Is Left of Us" (2:43)
# "Pandorum" (3:58)
# "Anti Riot" (4:17)
# "Shape" (2:03)
# "Hunting Party" (2:48)
# "Kulzer Complex" (4:40)
# "Tanis Probe Broadcast" (2:01)
# "Scars" (2:20)
# "Fucking Solidarity" (3:28)
# "Gallo's Birth" (2:22)
# "Biolab Attack" (2:25)
# "Kanyrna" (3:22)
# "The Stars All Look Alike" (4:32)
# "Boom" (3:55)
# "Reactor" (4:08)
# "Skin on Skin" (3:21)
# "Fight Fight Fight" (2:56)
# "Bower's Trip" (7:51)
# "Discovery / End Credits" (7:55)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Hull Zero Three]]''
*''[[Orphans of the Sky]]''
*''[[Non-Stop (novel)|Non-Stop]]'' (originally titled ''Starship'')
*''[[Metamorphosis Alpha]]''
*''[[The Ark In Space]]''
*''[[The Starlost]]''
*''[[Ship of Fools (Russo novel)]]''

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.pandorummovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1188729}}
* {{AllRovi title|472864}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|pandorum}}

{{Christian Alvart}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2000s horror films]]
[[Category:2000s science fiction films]]
[[Category:2000s thriller films]]
[[Category:Action horror films]]
[[Category:American science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Space adventure films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 31st century]]
[[Category:Films set within one day]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:D-BOX motion-enhanced films]]
[[Category:Underwater action films]]
[[Category:Independent films]]
[[Category:Overture Films films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Germany]]
[[Category:Generation ship fiction]]

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Nivola

2012-06-11T12:47:57Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{About|the literary genre|the rite of the Nivola held yearly in Milan's cathedral|Rito della Nivola|the Italian sculptor|Costantino Nivola|the Italian driver nicknamed Nivola|Tazio Nuvolari}}
'''Nivola''' is a term created by [[Miguel de Unamuno]] to refer to his works that contrasted with the realism prevalent in Spanish novels during the early 20th century. Since his works were not fully novels, or "novelas" in Spanish, Unamuno invented a nonsense word, "nivolas," to describe them.

==Origin of the term: ''Niebla''==

The term ''nivola'' appears for the first time as a subtitle for Unamuno's book [[Niebla (novel)|Niebla]]'' With this term, the writer was trying to express his rejection of the dominant principles of realism as expressed in novels: the psychological characterization of the characters, the realistic environments, and the third person omniscient narrator.

He expresses this in his prologue to Niebla:

ORIGINAL
{{cita|"[...] He oído también contar de un arquitecto arqueólogo que pretendía derribar una basílica del siglo X, y no restaurarla, sino hacerla de nuevo como debió haber sido hecha y no como se hizo. Conforme a un plano de aquella época que pretendía haber encontrado. Conforme al proyecto del arquitecto del siglo X. ¿Plano? Desconocía que las basílicas se han hecho a sí mismas saltando por encima de los planos, llevando las manos de los edificadores. También de una novela, como de una epopeya o de un drama, se hace un plano; pero luego la novela, la epopeya o el drama se imponen al que se cree su autor. O se le imponen los agonistas, sus supuestas criaturas. Así se impusieron Luzbel y Satanás, primero, y Adán y Eva, después, a Jehová. ¡Y ésta sí que es ''nivola'', u ''opopeya'' o ''trigedia''! Así se me impuso Augusto Pérez. Y esta trigedia la vio, cuando apareció esta mi obra, entre sus críticos, Alejandro Plana, mi buen amigo catalán. Los demás se atuvieron, por pereza mental, a mi diabólica invención de la nivola. Esta ocurrencia de llamarle nivola –ocurrencia que en rigor no es mía, como lo cuento en el texto– fue otra ingenua zorrería para intrigar a los críticos. Novela y tan novela como cualquiera otra que así sea. Es decir, que así se llame, pues aquí ser es llamarse. ¿Qué es eso de que ha pasado la época de las novelas? ¿O de los poemas épicos? Mientras vivan las novelas pasadas vivirá y revivirá la novela. La historia es resoñarla."}}

IN TRANSLATION
{{quote|"[...] I've heard about an archaeologist who studied architecture who was wanting to knock down a bascilica from the 10th century. He didn't want to restore it, but rather to make it how it should have been made in the first place. It was based on a plan from that period that he intended to have found. It conformed to the project of the 10th century architect. What he didn't realize was that bascilicas make themselves, jumping over any plans thought out in advance, using the very workers' hands as their tools in self-creation. Such is the novel, like epics or drama. A plan is made, but later the novel, the epic, or the drama imposes itself upon the author's vision. The characters, his supposed creations, impose themselves on him. In this way Lucifer and Satan, and later Adam and Eve, imposed themselves on Jehovah. This is not a ''novel'', but a ''nivel'', not a tragedy but a ''trigidy!'' In this way Augusto Perez imposed himself on me. And between my critics, my good Catalan friend Alejando Plana saw this tragedy when this my work appeared. Because of sheer mental laziness, allll the others didn't catch on to this, my diabolical invention: the nivola. This idea, to call it a nivola, which in truth is not truly mine, as I tell in the text - it was another ingenious trick to intrigue the critics. A novel, and as much of a novel as any other. That is to say, that this is its name, therefore to be is to have a name. Who says the age of novels or epic poems has passed? As long past novels live, the novel shall live and live again. The story is to redream it.}}

''Niebla'' is the story of [[Augusto Pérez]], a single man, philosophic and melancholy, that dedicates his time to long walks and reflection with his dog Orfeo. Augusto falls in love with Eugenia, and idealizes her in a similar way to Don Quijote's idealization of Dulcinea. He dedicates himself to winning her love. The most famous passage of the novel occurs towards the end, when the principal character decides to confront the real author, [[Miguel de Unamuno]], to ask for advice about his destiny. The encounter degenerates into a confrontation in which the author decides to kill his character, which leads to the character's death a few pages later.

==Characteristics of the ''nivolas''==

A ''nivola'' is characterized by the following characteristics:

*Predominance of ideas over form: Just like in his poetry and plays, the Unamuno's ''nivolas'' give priority to content over form. In fact, novels like ''[[Amor y pedagogía]]'' approach the genre of [[thesis novel]] or [[novela de tesis]], cultivated by [[Benito Pérez Galdós]] or [[Blasco Ibáñez]], among others.

*Scarce psychological development of the characters: the characters of thelos ''nivolas'' many times are characterized by on single personal quality, which some see as making them seem a little flat, in contrast to the multifaceted characters of realist novels. The characters of ''Niebla'', ''Amor y Pedagogía'' or ''Abel Sánchez'' are incarnations of an idea or a passion, which impedes them from relating with the world in a normal way.

*Scarce realism in the environment: Except for his first novel ''[[Peace in the War]]'', and perhaps his last, ''[[San Manuel Bueno, mártir]]'', Unamuno's novels hardly describe the place or time in which they develop. In this form, they accent their abstract nature.

*Rapid writing process: in contrast to the slow and progressive writing of realist novels, Unamuno's nivolas, according to him, came out of a pressured birth, without a long period of preparation, documentation, and planning.

==Other works==

Beyond ''Niebla'', the following works can be classified as ''nivolas'': [[Abel Sánchez]], ''Love and Pedagogy'' and ''Aunt Tula''. Arguably a ''nivola'', [[San Manuel Bueno, Mártir]] contains greater psychological development and narrative description than the other works, and is generally considered Unamuno's masterpiece.

==See also==
*[[Miguel de Unamuno]]

==Further reading==
*Ayala, Francisco: ''La Novela: Galdós y Unamuno'', Seix Barral, [[Barcelona]], 1974
*Elizalde, Ignacio: ''Miguel de Unamuno y su novelística'', [[Zarauz]], Caja de Ahorros Provincial de Guipuzcoa, 1983
*Moncy, Agnes: ''La Creación del personaje en Miguel de Unamuno'', La Isla de los Ratones, [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]], 1963

[[Category:Literary genres]]
[[Category:Literary theory]]
[[Category:Literary terms]]

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Pronuntiatio

2012-04-19T14:08:10Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{Rhetoric}}
'''Pronuntiatio''' was the discipline of delivering speeches in Western classical [[rhetoric]]. It is the one of five canons of classical rhetoric (the others being [[inventio]], [[dispositio]], [[elocutio]], and [[memoria]]) that concern the crafting and delivery of speeches. In literature the equivalent of ancient ''pronuntiatio'' is the [[recitation]] of [[epics]] (Aris. Po. 26.2.) <ref>Heinrich Lausberg, David E. Orton, R. Dean Anderson, ''Handbook of literary rhetoric: a foundation for literary study'', BRILL, 1998, pp. 480</ref>.

As with ''memoria'', the canon that dealt with the memorization of speeches, ''pronuntiatio'' was not extensively written about in Classical texts on rhetoric. Its importance declined even more, once the written word became the focus of rhetoric, although after the eighteenth century it again saw more interest in the works of men such as [[Gilbert Austin]]. In public speaking today, it may be somewhat over-emphasized, but that is probably more because other parts of rhetoric are downplayed.

Rhetoricians laid down guidelines on the use of the voice and gestures (''actio'') in the delivery of oratory. There were instructions on the proper modulation of the voice (volume and pitch), as well as the phrasing, pace, and emphasis of speech. Also covered were the physical aspects of oration: stance, gestures, posture, and facial expressions. There was also the concept of ''exercitatio'' (or practice exercises) that enabled speakers to both memorize their speeches and to practice their delivery.

This excerpt from [[Quintilian]]'s ''Institutio oratoria'' provides an example of the types of advice provided by rhetoricians:

:"The head, being the chief member of the body, has a corresponding importance in delivery, serving not merely to produce graceful effect, but to illustrate our meaning as well. To secure grace it is essential that the head should be carried naturally and erect. For a droop suggests humility, while if it be thrown back it seems to express arrogance, if inclined to one side it gives an impression of languor, while if it is held too stiffly and rigidly it appears to indicate a rude and savage temper." (''Institutio oratoria'', XI iii 68-69, translated by H. E. Butler, Loeb Classical Library, 1922)

While the content, structure, and style of oration were (and continue to be) the most important elements of oratory, there is no doubt that effective delivery enhances its persuasive power, and that poor delivery detracts greatly from its intended effect.

Delivery is based on the technology of the times.
During Cicero's time, delivery was predominantly speaking. Written delivery developed because of the written language, and now delivery is both spoken and written. Technology has taken away the distinctions between written and oral delivery.

Written discourse did not become important until reading became more common. Because the ancients did not use punctuation, their writing consisted of one long stream of words called ''scriptio continua''.
During the editing process, modern rhetors must go through three stages: correctness rule, formatting, and presentation.
Writers face more problems than speakers because they must be conscious of spelling, punctuation, and grammar.
Punctuation is useful in written discourse because it marks the end of a thought and allows the reader to pause and process the information.
Visual rhetoric focuses on images and how words function as images. The delivery of ocular demonstration is the use of words to produce mental images in the audience. Textual presentation allows the writer to grab the reader's attention before actually reading the text based on the appearance of the text. The invention of word processors has allowed writers to enhance the appearance of their text and use effects to put emphasis on certain words or thoughts.
Delivery refers not only to written or spoken language, but also refers to photographs, paintings, or movies.
From ''Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students'' by Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, 3rd edition, Pearson Longman, 2004.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Rhetoric]]

===Other forms===
* [[Elocution]], modern form
* [[Tajwid]], Muslim form

[[Category:Rhetoric]]

François Biltgen

2012-03-16T07:24:31Z

Baltshazzar: update presidency CSV

'''François Biltgen''' (born September 28, 1958 in [[Esch-sur-Alzette]], [[Luxembourg]]) is a [[Luxembourger]] [[politician]], currently serving as [[Minister for Justice of Luxembourg|Minister for Justice]], Minister for Communications and the Media, and Minister for Religious Affairs, the Minister for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform, and the Minister for Higher Education and Research, in the government of Luxembourg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/gouvernement/membres-gouvernement-2009/biltgen/en/index.html|title=''Minister posts of Biltgen''|publisher=gouvernement.lu|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref>

He was born in Esch-sur-Alzette, in the south-western Luxembourg and studied law in [[Paris]]. In 1987 he was elected to the [[Communes of Luxembourg|communal]] council of Esch-sur-Alzette, and in 1994 he was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg|Chamber of Deputies]] as a [[Christian Social People's Party]] (CSV) candidate. He was elected as President of the CSV in 2003.

After the elections which was held in June 2009, he was appointed the Minister of Justice, the Minister for the Civil Service and Administrative Reform, Minister for Higher Education and Research, Minister for Communications and Media as well as the Minister for Religious Affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luxembourgforict.lu/en/news/2009/07/minister-biltgen/index.html|title=''In the News Biltgen Appointed Minister''|publisher=luxembourgforict.lu|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref>

Biltgen has two children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mady Delvaux-Stehres]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Communications of Luxembourg|Minister for Communications]] (first time)
|years=1994 – 1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean-Louis Schiltz]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jean-Louis Schiltz]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Communications of Luxembourg|Minister for Communications]] (second time)
|years=2009 – }}
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|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Luc Frieden]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Justice of Luxembourg|Minister for Justice]]
|years=2009 – }}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Erna Hennicot-Schoepges]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Christian Social People's Party|President of the CSV]]
|years=2003 – 2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Michel Wolter]]}}
{{end}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Membership of government ministries of Luxembourg
|list =
{{Juncker-Polfer}}
{{Juncker-Asselborn I}}
{{Juncker-Asselborn II}}
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gouvernement.lu/gouvernement/membres-gouvernement-2009/biltgen/index.html Luxembourg Government: François Biltgen]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Biltgen, Francois
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 1958-09-28
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Biltgen, Francois}}
[[Category:Ministers for Communications of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Ministers for Justice of Luxembourg]]
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{{Luxembourg-politician-stub}}

[[cs:François Biltgen]]
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[[pl:François Biltgen]]

Hindi literature

2012-03-14T07:32:26Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{Distinguish2|[[Hindu literature]], the specific literature of the Hindu religious tradition.}}

'''Hindi literature''' ({{lang-hi|हिन्दी साहित्य}}), is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being ''[[Bhakti]]'' (devotional - Kabir, Raskhan); ''Shringar'' (beauty - [[Keshav]], [[Bihari (poet)|Bihari]]); ''Veer-Gatha'' (extolling brave warriors); and ''Adhunik'' (modern). It includes literature in the various [[Hindi languages]] which have written forms.
{{History of literature5}}

==Regions and dialects==
{{Main|Hindi languages}}

[[Modern Standard Hindi]], one of the [[official languages of India]] according to the [[Constitution of India]], (Article 343),<ref>[http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/snibandh/hindi_diwas/samvidhan_me_hindi.htm Hindi in Constitution]</ref> is only the basis of modern literature, from the 19th century. Earlier Hindi literature was based on other [[Hindi languages]], including the dialects of [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Bundeli]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Kannauji]], and [[Khariboli]] in [[Devnagari]] script. In addition, regional Hindi languages such as [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] continue to be important; although Maithili is a separate language, it was long considered as a dialect of Hindi.<ref>[http://languages.iloveindia.com/hindi.html Hindi literature]</ref>

==History==
{{History of literature}}

===Adi kaal or Veer Gatha kaal (आदिकाल या वीरगाथा काल) (1050 to 1375) ===
In the ancient period of Hindi or ''Adi Kaal'' (before 1400 [[Common Era|CE]]), Hindi literature was developed in the states of [[Kannauj]], [[Delhi]], [[Ajmer]], stretching up to central India, modern [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>[http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/hindi/hindi_intro.htm Introduction to Hindi] [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]</ref>

[[Delhi]] was ruled by [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] (1168-1192 CE), that is when his court poet, [[Chand Bardai]], composed a eulogy to him, titled [[Prithviraj Raso]], which was considered one of the first works in the History of Hindi Literature.

[[Kannauj]]'s last [[Rathore]] ruler was Jayachand, who gave more patronage to [[Sanskrit]] (which was no longer the common man's language). His court poet was Harsha (whose major poetic work was ''Naishdhiya Charitra''). [[Mahoba]]'s royal poet Jagnayak (or Jagnik) and [[Ajmer]]'s Nalha were other literary figures in this period. However, after Prithviraj Chauhan's defeat, most literary works belonging to this period were destroyed during [[Muhammad Ghori]]'s campaign. Very few scriptures or manuscripts from this period are available and their genuineness is also doubted.

Some [[Siddha]] and [[Nathpanthi]] poets' works belonging to this period are also found, but their genuineness is again, doubted. Siddhas belonged to [[Vajrayana]], a later [[Buddhist]] cult. Many argue that the language of Siddha poetry is not earlier Hindi, but [[Magadhi]] [[Prakrit]]. Nathpanthis were [[yoga|yogis]] who practised [[Hatha yoga]]. Some [[Jain]] and ''Rasau'' (heroic poets) poetry works are also available from this period.

In the [[Deccan]] region in South India, [[Dakkhini]] or Hindavi was used. It flourished under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later under the [[Nizam]]s of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. It was written in the [[Persian language|Persian]] script. Nevertheless, the Hindavi literature can be considered as proto-Hindi literature. Many Deccani experts like Sheikh Ashraf or Mulla Vajahi used the word ''Hindavi'' to describe this dialect. Others such as Roustami, Nishati etc. preferred to call it Deccani. Shah Buharnuddin Janam Bijapuri used to call it Hindi. The first Deccani author was Khwaja Bandanawaz Gesudaraz Muhammad Hasan. He wrote three prose works - Mirazul Aashkini, Hidayatnama and Risala Sehwara. His grandson Abdulla Hussaini wrote ''Nishatul Ishq''. The first Deccani poet was Nizami.

During the later part of this period and early Bhakti Kala, many saint-poets like [[Ramanand]] and [[Gorakhnath]] became famous. The earliest form of Hindi can also be seen in some of [[Vidyapati]]'s [[Maithili language#Literature|Maithili]] works.

===Bhakti Kaal (भक्तिकाल)(1375 to 1700) ===
The medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of [[Bhakti]] movement and composition of long, epic poems.

[[Avadhi]] and [[Brij Bhasha]] were the dialects in which literature was developed. The main works in Avadhi are [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]]'s ''Padmavat'' and [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Ramacharitamanas]]''. The major works in Braj dialect are [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Vinaya Patrika]]'' and [[Surdas]]'s ''[[Sur Sagar]]''. [[Sadhukaddi]] was also a language commonly used, especially by [[Kabir]] in his poetry and dohas.<ref>[http://www.crl.edu/focus/Spr05litGems.asp?issID=3 Mystic poet Kabir]</ref>

The Bhakti period also marked great theoretical development in poetry forms chiefly from a mixture of older forms of poetry in Sanskrit School and the Persian School. These included Verse Patterns like ''Doha'' (two-liners), ''Sortha'', ''Chaupaya'' (four-liners) etc. This was also the age when Poetry was characterized under the various [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasas]]. Unlike the [[Adi Kaal]] (also called the [[Vir Gatha Kaal]]) which was characterized by an overdose of Poetry in the ''Vir Rasa'' (Heroic Poetry), the Bhakti Yug marked a much more diverse and vibrant form of poetry which spanned the whole gamut of [http://wapedia.mobi/hi/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) rasas] from ''Shringara rasa'' (love), ''Vir Rasa'' (Heroism).

Bhakti poetry had two schools - the ''Nirguna'' school (the believers of a formless God or an abstract name) and the ''Saguna'' school (the believers of a God with attributes and worshippers of Vishnu's incarnations). [[Kabir]] and [[Guru Nanak]] belong to the Nirguna school, and their philosophy was greatly influenced by the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy of [[Adi Sankaracharya]]. They believed in the concept of [[Nirgun Nirakaar Bramh]] or the Shapeless Formless One. The [[Saguna]] school was represented by mainly [[Vaishnava]] poets like [[Surdas]], [[Tulsidas]] and others and was a logical extension of the Dvaita and Vishishta Advaita Philosophy propounded by the likes of Madhavacharya etc. This school was chiefly [[Vaishnava]] in orientation as in seen in the main compositions like [[Ramacharitamanas]], [[Sur Saravali]], [[Sur Sagar]] extoling [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]].

This was also the age of tremendous integration between the Hindu and the [[Islam]]ic elements in the Arts with the advent of many Muslim Bhakti poets like [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]] who was a court poet to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] and was a great devotee of Krishna. The Nirgun School of Bhakti Poetry was also tremendously secular in nature and its propounders like Kabir and Guru Nanak had a large number of followers irrespective of caste or religion.
it is all about period of veer ras

===Ritikavya Kaal (रीतिकाल)(1700 to 1900)===
In ''Ritikavya'' or ''Ritismagra Kavya'' period, the erotic element became predominant in [[Hindi]] literature. This era is called Riti (meaning 'procedure') because it was the age when poetic figures and theory were developed to the fullest. But this emphasis on poetry theory greatly reduced the emotional aspects of poetry—the main characteristic of the Bhakti movement—and the actual content of the poetry became less important. The Saguna School of the Bhakti Yug split into two schools (Rama bhakti and Krishna bhakti) somewhere in the interregnum of the Bhakti and the Reeti Eras. Although most Reeti works were outwordly related to [[Krishna]] [[Bhakti]], their emphasis had changed from total devotion to the supreme being to the
[[Shringar]] or erotic aspects of Krishna's life—his Leela, his pranks with the Gopis in [[Braj]], and the description of the physical beauty of [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]],(Krishna's Consort). The poetry of [[Bihari (poet)|Bihari]], and [[Ghananand Das]] fit this bill. The most well known book from this age is the [[Satasai|Bihari Satsai]] of [[Bihari (poet)|Bihari]], a collection of Dohas (couplets), dealing with ''[[Bhakti]]'' (devotion), ''Neeti'' (Moral policies) and ''Shringar'' (love).

===Adhunik Kaal: 1900 onwards===
In 1800, the [[British East India Company]] established [[Fort William College]] at [[Calcutta]]. The College President [[John Borthwick Gilchrist|J. B. Gilchrist]] hired professors to write books in Hindi and Urdu. Some of these books were ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/psa/index.htm Prem Sagar]'' by Lallu Lal, ''Naasiketopaakhyan'' by Sadal Mishra, ''Sukhsagar'' by Sadasukhlal of Delhi and ''Rani Ketaki ki kahani'' by Munshi Inshallah Khan.

[[File:Surya chariot.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A depiction of [[Surya]] in a 1884 book, ''Indrajalakala'' (The Art of Magic); Jwala Prakash Press, [[Meerut]] ]]

The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was [[Munshi Premchand]], who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement. Before Premchand, the Hindi literature revolved around fairy or magical tales, entertaining stories and religious themes. Premchand's novels have been translated into many other languages.

====Bhartendu Yug (भारतेन्दु युग)====

====Dwivedi Yug (द्विवेदी युग)====
The ''Dwivedi Yug'' ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918.It is named after [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], who played a major role in establishing modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love. He encouraged poetry in Hindi dedicated to nationalism and social reform.<ref name=lmnph>Lucy (aka "Ludmila") Rosenstein, editor, translator, author of the [http://books.google.com/books?id=yt2ROIhYfC4C&printsec=frontcover#PPA1,M1 "Introduction"], ''New Poetry in Hindi: Nayi Kavita: An Introduction'', Anthem Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84331-125-6</ref>

Dwivedi became the editor of ''Sarasvati'' in 1903 and used it to crusade for reforms in Hindi literature. One of the most prominent poems of the period was [[Maithilisharan Gupta]]'s ''Bharat-bharati'', which evokes the past glory of India. [[Shridhar Prathak]]'s ''Bharatgit'' is another renowned poem of the period.<ref name=lmnph/>

Some scholars have labeled much of the poetry of this period as "versified propaganda". According to Lucy Rosenstein: "It is verse of public statement; its language is functional but aesthetically unappealing. Earnest, concerned with social issues and moral values, it is puritanical poetry in which aesthetic considerations are secondary. Imagination, originality, poetic sensibility and expression are wanting, the metre is restrictive, the idiom clumsy." She adds, however, that the period was important for laying the foundations for modern Hindi poetry, it did reflect sensitivity to social issues of the time, and the inelegance is a typical feature of a "young" poetry, as she considers Modern Hindi.<ref name=lmnph/>

Without a poetic tradition in modern Hindi, poets often modeled their forms on Braj, and later on Sanskrit, Urdu, Bengali and English forms, often ill-suited to Hindi. The subjects of the poems tended to be communal rather than personal. Characters were often presented not as individuals but as social types.<ref name=lmnph/>

====Chhayavaadi Yug (छायावाद)====
In 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as ''[[Chhayavaad]]'' (''shadowism'') and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as ''Chhayavaadi''. [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], [[Mahadevi Varma]] and [[Sumitranandan Pant]], are the four major ''Chhayavaadi'' poets. Poet [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']] was another great poet with some Chayavaadi element in his poetry although he wrote in other genres as well.

This period of [[Neo-romanticism]], represents the adolescence of Hindi Poetry. It is marked by beauty of expression and flow of intense emotion. The four representative poets of this era represent the best in Hindi Poetry. A unique feature of this period is the emotional (and sometimes active) attachment of poets with national freedom struggle, their effort to understand and imbibe the vast spirit of a magnificent ancient culture and their towering genius which grossly overshadowed all the literary 'talked abouts' of next seven decades.

Other important genres of ''Adhunik Sahitya'' (Modernism) are: '''Prayogvad''' (Experimentalism) of [[Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya'|Ajneya]] and the ''Tar Saptak'' poets, also known as ''Nayi Kavita'' (New Poetry) and ''Nayi Kahani'' (New Story) of [[Nirmal Verma]] and others; followed by '''Pragativad''' (Progressivism) of [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] and other authors.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20091026144551/http://geocities.com/indian_poets/hindi.html Indian Poets Writing In Hindi]</ref>

===Nakenwad===
Among the numerous schools of poetry which sprang up in the fifties of this century was ''Nakenwad'', a school deriving its nomenclature from the first letters of the names of its three pioneers - [[Pandit Nalin Vilochan Sharma]], [[Kesari Kumar]], and [[Naresh Mehta]] all poets of note in their own right.<ref name="Lal 1992 820">{{cite book
| first = Mohan
| last = Lal
| title = Encyclpopaedia of Indian Literature
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 1992
| pages = 820
| isbn = 978-8126012213
}}</ref> Apart from being poets, Nalin Vilochan and Kesari Kumar were also brilliant critics, with a wide perspective on literary history.<ref name="Lal 1992 820"/> Their critical attitude is marked by a synthesis or coordination of various disciplines of human knowledge - [[philosophy]], [[history]], [[art]] and [[culture]], all pressed into the service of literary appraisal and analysis.<ref name="Lal 1992 820"/>

===Hindi travel literature===
[[Rahul Sankrityayan]], [[Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan]], [[Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya']] and [[Baba Nagarjun]] were some of the great Indian writers who dedicated themselves entirely to the Hindi [[Travel Literature]] (''Yatra Vritanta''). [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] was one of the greatest traveled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home. He is known as the (''"Father of Hindi [[Travel literature]]"''). [[Baba Nagarjun]] was a major Hindi and Maithili poet who has also penned a number of novels, short stories, literary biographies and travelogues, and was known as ("''Janakavi- the People's Poet''").

===Hindi playwriting===
The pioneer of [[Hindi theatre]] as well as playwrighting, [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]] wrote ''Satya Harishchandra'' (1875), ''Bhar Durdasha'' (1876) and ''Andher Nagari'' (1878), in late 19th century, [[Jaishankar Prasad]] became the next big figure in Hindi playwriting with plays like ''Skanda Gupta'' (1928), ''Chandragupta'' (1931) and ''Dhruvswamini'' (1933).<ref>[[#Dm|Dimitrova, p. 15]]</ref><ref>[[#Da|Datta, p. 1075]]</ref>

As the Independence struggle was gathering steam playwrights broaching issues of nationalism and subversive ideas against the British, yet to dodge censorship they adapted themes from mythology, history and legend and used them as vehicle for political messages, a trend that continues to date, though now it was employed to bring out social, personal and psychological issues rather than clearly political, though street theatre broke this trend in coming decades in post-independence era, like IPTA-inspired, Naya Theatre of [[Habib Tanvir]] did in 1950s-90s, [[Jana Natya Manch]] of [[Safdar Hashmi]] did in 1970s-80s. Post-independence the emerging republic threw up new issues for playwrights to tackle and express, and Hindi playwriting showed greater brevity and symbolism, but it was not as prolific as in case with Hindi poetry or fiction.<ref>[[#Na|Nagendra, p. 661]]</ref> Yet we have playwrights like Jagdish Chandra Mathur (''Konark'') and Upendranath Ashk (''Anjo Didi''), who displayed a steadily evolving understanding of stagecraft. These were followed another generation of pioneers in Hindi playwrighting, [[Mohan Rakesh]], who started with ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (1958), ''Adhe Adhure'' and ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'', [[Dharamvir Bharati]], who wrote ''[[Andha Yug]]'', and other playwrights like [[Surendra Verma]], and [[Bhisham Sahni]].

===Hindi essay-writing===
[[Acharya Kuber Nath Rai]] is one of the writers who dedicated themselves entirely to the form of essay-writing.<ref name="Datta 1988 914">{{cite book
| first = Amaresh Datta
| last = Datta
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| year = 1988
| pages = 914
| isbn = 978-8126011940
}}</ref> His collections of essays ''Gandha Madan'', ''Priya neel-kanti'', ''Ras Aakhetak'', ''Vishad Yog'', ''Nishad Bansuri'', ''Parna mukut'' have enormously enriched the form of [[essay]].<ref>{{cite book
| first = Amaresh Datta
| last=
}}</ref> A scholar of [[Indian culture]] and [[western literature]], he was proud of Indian heritage.<ref name="Datta 1988 914"/> His love for natural beauty and Indian [[Oral tradition|folk literature]]s and preference for agricultural society over the age of machines, his romantic outlook, aesthetic sensibility, his keen eye on contemporary reality and classical style place him very high among contemporary [[essayists]] in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Datta 1988 914"/>

==Prominent Figures of Hindi literature==
{{Main|List of Hindi authors}}

* [[Chand Bardai]] (1148–1191), author of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''
* [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Sheikh Farid]] (c.1173-c.1266)
* [[Amir Khusro]] (1253-1325 AD), author of pahelis and mukris in the "Hindavi" dialect.
* [[Vidyapati]] (1352–1448), a prominent poet of Eastern dialects.
* [[Kabir]] (1398–1518), a major figure of the [[bhakti]] (devotional) movement.
* [[Nanak]] (1469–1538) author of a section of the ''Adi Granth''
* [[Surdas]] (1467–1583) author of [[Sahitya lahri, Sur Sarawali]], 'Sur Sagar'' etc.
* [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]] author of the ''[[Padmavat]]'' (1540) etc.
* [[Mirabai]] (1504–1560) author of ''Mira Padavali'' etc.
* [[Goswami Tulasidas]] (1532–1623) author of ''[[Ramacharitamanas]]'' ''[[Vinay Patrika]]''
* [[Keshavdas]] (1555–1617) author of ''Rasikpriya'' etc.
* [[Bihari (poet)|Bihari]] (1595–1664) became famous by writing ''[[Satasai]]'' (Seven Hundred Verses).
* [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1669–1708) author of ''Bichitra Natak'' etc.
* [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] (1850–1885), whose works are compiled in ''Bharatendu Granthavali''
* [[Ganga Das]](1823–1913) was a revered saint of udasi sect and known for piety and Hindi poetry, who composed about 50 kavya-granthas and thousands of padas, who is known as Bhismpita of the Hindi poetry.<ref>[http://www.panchjanya.com/8-4-2001/18c.html]</ref>
* [[Munshi Premchand]] (1880–1936), considered one of the greatest Hindi novelists of all time
* [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] (1893–1963), widely traveled scholars of India
* [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]] (1889–1950), books on peasant movement and the nationalist struggle, autobiography(mera jeevan sangharsh) and many others.
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]] (1889–1937), stalwart of the literary movement called [[Chhayavaad]].
* [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']] (1899–1961)
* [[Hazariprasad Dwivedi]] (1907–1979)
* [[Mahadevi Varma]], one of the "four pillars" of the ''Chhayavada'' movement
* Rani movement of the 1950s
* [[Dharmavir Bharati]] (1926–1997), a renowned Hindi writer and editor
* [[Raghuvir Sahay]] (1929–1990) was a versatile Hindi poet, translator, short-story writer and journalist.
* [[Rajkamal Chaudhary]] (1929–1967) poet, short story writer, novelist, critic
* [[Nirmal Verma]] (1929–2005), one of the founders of the ''Nai Kahani'' (new short story) school
* [[Bhupendra nath Kaushik"fikr"]] (1925–2007), Urdu, Hindi writer "Koltar main aks"
* [[Narendra Kohli]] (b. 1940) known for his plays, satires, short stories and novels
* [[Harishankar Parsai]], known for satirical works
* [[Jainendra]]: An extremely influential figure in 20th century Hindi literature.
* [[Babu Gulabrai]] (1888–1963): an eminent critic, philosopher and essay writer, known for his biography ''Meri Asafaltaein''
* [[Guru Bhakt Singh 'Bhakt']] (1893–1983)
* [[Yashpal]] (1903–1976), author of ''Jhutha Sach''
* [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]] (1861–1913) author of ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' etc.
* [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] (1886–1964), pioneer of [[Khadiboli]] poetry
* [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]] (b. 1951), a renowned modern Hindi writer and Police Superintendent.
* [[Kumar Vishwas]] (b. 1974), a renowned modern Hindi poet
* [[Viveki Rai]] (b. 1927)
* [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]] (b. 1955) short story writer, playwright, drama critic. Pioneer of modern Hindi theatre in Bihar.
* [[Paigham Afaqui]] (b.1956) Novelist,short-story-writer and poet and author of novel [[Makaan]].
* [[Ram Ratan Bhatnagar]] (b.1914) writer and critic of Hindi literature and poetry.
*[[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']] (b.1921) freedom fighter, socialist, his best work considered to be Maila Anchal

==Eminent Hindi Journalists==
{{Refimprove|date=February 2011}}

'''Durgaprasad Mishra'''

Born in Kashmir, he came to Calcutta and started Bharat Mitra in 1878.
In 1879, he began another weekly magazine- Saar Sudhanidhi but it closed down in that same year. On 17 August 1880, he started a 3rd weekly- Ucchit Vakta- meaning Right or Best Time. Ucchit Vakta focused on spreading the truth (about the British Raj) and fighting for justice. It became very popular for many years.

Mishra underwent a lot of difficulties trying to bring out a critical publication at the time of the British Raj. At times he was the editor, writer and also sold the paper himself.
He was an inspiration for many journalists, particularly Bal Mukund Gupta.

'''Dharmveer Bharati'''

Born on 25 December 1926, he graduated in BA (first class) in 1945 and in 1947 completed his MA in Hindi literature (first class) and finally did his PhD from Allahabad University. For some time he was principal of Allahabad University.

He began his journalist career in Abhyudaya, a journal by Padmakant Malviya. He then joined Sangam, edited by Ilachand Joshi and then became editor of Dharmayug. Thanks to Bharati, this journal became very popular.

During the 1971 war, Bharati reported from the frontlines of the battle. He covered all the horrors of the war. His series of reports, the finest in Hindi war journalism, were published under the title of 'Yudh Yatra'. As an honest and dedicated reporter, Bharati was unrivaled. After the war, he became editor of 2 more journals- Aalochana and Nikarshak.

Bharati was also famous as a short story writer, poet, essayist and novelist. The best known of his works are 'Band Galli ka Aakhiri Makaan', 'Andha Yug', 'Kunpriya'.

'''Bharatendu Harishchandra'''

Began a journalists career at the age of 17. Published Kavi Vachan Sudha (1867) a monthly dedicated to ancient and medieval poetry. Published Harishchandra Magazine in 1873- a general interest magazine
Published Bala Bodhini from 1874- for women and young girls.

KVS was acknowledged to be the finest literary journal in any Indian language of that time, and was on par with the best of English journals. Bharatendu kept the journal up until his death 1885.
Because of his extraordinary achievements, he is considered the most prolific Hindi journalist.

'''Madan Mohan Malviya'''

He was born in 1861 in Allahabad to a Brahmin family. From 1885 to 1887 was the editor of Indian Opinion. He was a strong supporter of the Congress. He helped launch the newspaper Dainik Hindustan and was its editor from 1887 to 1889. He was a close friend of many eminent Hindi writers like Gopalram Gehmari, Amrutlal Chakravarty and Pandit Pratap Narayan Mishra.

Along with Bal Mukund Gupta, he launched an Urdu journal 'Kohinoor' from Lahore. In those days, Gupta was not a facile Hindi scholar, but under Malviya's training, Gupta became editor of Bharat Mitra.
In 1908, Malviya founded a new revolutionary journal Abhyudaya from Prayag. The renowned writer Purushottamdas Tando was a frequent contributor to it.

After Abhyudaya, Malviya founded a monthly magazine 'Maryada', in 1909 he founded a daily 'Leader' and later on another daily- 'Bharat'.

Malviya was a great patriot and his love for his country was seen in all of his writings.
He also contributed to Aaj, and helped to found the Hindustan Times in 1933, along with its Hindi counterpart Hindustan.
Babu Gulabrai (January 17, 1888 - April 13, 1963) (pen name: Gulabrai MA) was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi literature.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Literature}}
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], an [[Central University (India)|Indian central university]] with a literary focus

==Further reading==
* ''Hindi Literature'', by Ram Awadh Dwivedi. Published by Hindi Pracharak Pustakalaya, 1953.
* ''A History of Hindi literature'', by K. B. Jindal. Published by Kitab Mahal, 1955.
* ''Hindi Literature from Its Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century'', by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Published by Harrassowitz, 1984. ISBN 3-447-02413-5.
* ''Hindi Literature of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries'', by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Published by Harrassowitz, 1974. ISBN 3-447-01607-8.
* ''A New Voice for New Times: The Development of Modern Hindi Literature'', by Ronald Stuart McGregor. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1981. ISBN 0-909879-13-3.
* ''An Encyclopaedia of World Hindi Literature'', by Ganga Ram Garg. Published by Concept Pub. Co., 1986.

==References==
<references/>
* {{cite book |title=Indian Literature|author=Dr. Nagendra |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=1988|isbn= |page= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC&pg=PA661&dq=%22Hindi+drama%22+-inpublisher:icon&cd=20#v=onepage&q=%22Hindi%20drama%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false |ref=Na}}
* {{cite book |title=Western tradition and naturalistic Hindi theatre|author=Diana Dimitrova |authorlink= |coauthors= |publisher=Peter Lang|year=2004|isbn=0820468223 |page= |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FA9qAKpUtTIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hindi+theatre#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=Dm }}
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2|author=Amaresh Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2006|isbn=8126011947|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1075&dq=%22Hindi+drama%22+-inpublisher:icon&cd=11#v=onepage&q=%22Hindi%20drama%22%20-inpublisher%3Aicon&f=false |ref=Da }}

==External links==
*[http://www.indohistory.com/hindi_literature.html Hindi Literature on Indohistory]
*[http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/hindi_literature.html Culturopedia: Indian literature - Hindi literature]
*[http://www.prayogshala.com/poems A compilation of Hindi Poems in unicode hindi font]
*[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/hindiint.html Hindi Language and Literature]
*[http://www.kavitakosh.org/ Collection of Hindi Poems]
*[http://www.hindisahitya.org/ Large collection of Hindi Poems] '''Hindi'''
{{Hindi topics}}
{{Urdu topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi Literature}}
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Hindi literature]]
[[Category:Literature by language]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]
[[Category:History of Hindi languages]]

[[et:Hindi kirjandus]]
[[fr:Littérature hindi]]
[[ko:힌디 문학]]
[[hi:हिंदी साहित्य]]
[[ru:Литература на языке хинди]]
[[sa:हिन्दी साहित्यं]]
[[tl:Panitikang Hindi]]

Chinghiz Aitmatov

2012-01-23T21:14:05Z

Baltshazzar: added category

{{Infobox writer 
| image = Tschingis Ajtmatow.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|12|12}}
| birth_place = [[Sheker]], [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz ASSR]], [[USSR]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|6|10|1928|12|12}}
| death_place = [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]
| genre = Fiction
| notableworks = ''[[Jamilya]]''
}}
'''Chyngyz Aitmatov''' ({{lang-ky|Чыңгыз Айтматов}} {{IPA-ky|tʃɯŋˈʁɯs ɑjtˈmɑtəf|}}; {{lang-ru|Чинги́з Тореку́лович Айтма́тов}}) (12 December 1928, [[Sheker]], [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz ASSR]], [[USSR]] - 10 June 2008, [[Nuremberg]], Germany<ref name=reuters>"[http://uk.reuters.com/article/stageNews/idUKL1059845020080612 Kyrgyz writer, perestroika ally Aitmatov dies]," Reuters UK, 10 June 2008</ref>) was a [[USSR|Soviet]] and Kyrgyz author who wrote in both Russian and [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]. He was the best known figure in [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s literature.

== Life ==
He was born to a Kyrgyz father and Tatar mother. Aitmatov's parents were civil servants in [[Sheker]]. In 1937 his father was charged with "[[bourgeois nationalism]]" in Moscow, arrested and executed in 1938.<ref name=reuters/>

Aitmatov lived at a time when Kyrgyzstan was being transformed from one of the most remote lands of the [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]] to a republic of the [[USSR]]. The future author studied at a Soviet school in Sheker. He also worked from an early age. At fourteen he was an assistant to the Secretary at the Village [[Soviet (council)|Soviet]]. He later held jobs as a tax collector, a loader, an engineer's assistant and continued with many other types of work.

In 1946 he began studying at the [[Animal Husbandry]] Division of the Kirghiz Agricultural Institute in [[Bishkek|Frunze]], but later switched to literary studies at the [[Maxim Gorky Literature Institute]] in Moscow, where he lived from 1956 to 1958. For the next eight years he worked for [[Pravda]]. His first two publications appeared in 1952 in Russian: "The Newspaper Boy Dziuio" and "Ашым." His first work published in Kyrgyz was "Ак Жаан" (White rain, 1954), and his well-known work "[[Jamilya]]" (Jamila) appeared in 1958. 1980 saw his first novel ''The Day Lasts More than a Hundred Years''; his next significant novel, ''The Scaffold'' was published in 1988. ''The Day Lasts More than a Hundred Years'' and other writings were translated into several languages. In 1994, he was a member of the jury at the [[44th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="Berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1994/04_jury_1994/04_Jury_1994.html |title=Berlinale: 1994 Juries |accessdate=2011-06-09 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref>

Aitmatov suffered [[kidney failure]], and on 16 May 2008 was admitted to a hospital in Nuremberg, Germany, where he died of [[pneumonia]] on 10 June 2008 at the age of 79.<ref name=reuters/> After his death, Aitmatov was flown to Kyrgyzstan, where there were numerous ceremonies before he was buried in Ata Beyit cemetery, which he helped found<ref name="eurasianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp061108.shtml |title=KYRGYZSTAN: CHINGIZ AITMATOV, A MODERN HERO, DIES |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=2008-06-11 |accessdate=2009-07-26}}</ref> and where his father most likely is buried,<ref name="rferldeath">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Chyngyz_Aitmatovs_Lifelong_Journey_Toward_Eternity/1359041.html |title=Chingiz Aitmatov's Lifelong Journey Toward Eternity |publisher=Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty |date=2008-12-12 |accessdate=2009-07-26}}</ref> in Chong-Tash village, [[Alamüdün district]], [[Chüy oblast]], Kyrgyzstan.

His obituary in [[The New York Times]] characterized him as "a Communist writer whose novels and plays before the collapse of the Soviet Union gave a voice to the people of the remote Soviet republic of Kyrgyz" and adds that he "later became a diplomat and a friend and adviser to the Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/books/15aitmatov.html?ref=obituaries Chingiz Aitmatov, Who Wrote of Life in U.S.S.R., Is Dead at 79] by Bruce Weber in The New York Times, 15 June 2008</ref>

== Work ==

[[Image:Tschingis aitmatow 20070309.jpg|right|thumb|Aitmatov in 2007]]

Chinghiz Aitmatov belonged to the post-war generation of writers. His output before "[[Jamilya]]"
<ref name="jami">Chingiz Aitmatov. [http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Stories/Jamila.html Jamila]. Translated by Fainna Glagoleva. Prepared for the Internet by Iraj Bashiri, 2002.</ref> was not significant, a few short stories and a short novel called ''Face to Face''. But it was Jamilya that came to prove the author's work.<ref name="jami"/> Aitmatov's representative works also include the short novels ''Farewell, Gulsary!'',<ref name="gu">Chingiz Aitmatov. [http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Stories/Gyulsary.html FAREWELL, GYULSARY!] Translation into English by Progress Publishers, © 1973 {{en}}</ref> ''The White Ship'', ''[[The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years]]'',<ref name="the day">[http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/weblog/archives/000099.html The Day Lasts More than a Hundred Years by Chingiz Aitmatov], book preview</ref> and ''The Scaffold''.

Aitmatov was honoured in 1963 with the [[Lenin Prize]] for ''Tales of the Mountains and Steppes'' (a compilation including "Jamilya", "First Teacher" and "Farewell Gulsary") and was later awarded a State prize for ''Farewell, Gulsary!''.<ref name="gu"/> Aitmatov's art was glorified by admirers.<ref>Iraj Bashiri. ''[http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Aitmatov/Jamila.html The Art of Chingiz Aitmatov's Stories]''{{en}} (discussion of Aitmatov's characters)</ref> Even critics of Aitmatov mentioned the high quality of his novels.<ref>[[Sofia Kallistratova|S.V.Kallistratova]]. [http://www.memo.ru/library/books/sw/chapt55.htm#_VPID_131 We were not silent]. Open letter to writer Chingiz Aitmatov, May 5, 1988 {{ru icon}}</ref>

Aitmatov's work has some elements that are unique specifically to his creative process. His work drew on folklore, not in the ancient sense of it; rather, he tried to recreate and synthesize oral tales in the context of contemporary life. This is prevalent in his work; in nearly every story he refers to a myth, a legend, or a folktale.<ref name=reuters/> In ''The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years,'' a poetic legend about a young captive turned into a [[mankurt]] serves as a tragic allegory and becomes a significant symbolic expression of the philosophy of the novel.

A second aspect of Aitmatov's writing is his ultimate closeness to our "little brothers" the animals, for their and our lives are intimately and inseparably connected. The two center characters of ''Farewell, Gulsary!'' are a man and his stallion. A camel plays a prominent role in ''The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years''; one of the key turns of the novel which decides the fate of the main character is narrated through the story of the camel's rut and riot. ''The Scaffold'' starts off and finishes with the story of a wolf pack and the great wolf-mother Akbara and her cub; human lives enter the narrative but interweave with the lives of the wolves.

== Diplomatic career ==

In addition to his literary work, Chinghiz Aitmatov was the Kyrgyzstan ambassador to the [[European Union]], [[NATO]], [[UNESCO]] and the [[Benelux]] countries.<ref name=reuters/>

== Major works ==

''(Russian titles in parentheses)''
* ''A Difficult Passage'' (1956)
* ''Face to Face'' ("Лицом к лицу", 1957)
* ''[[Jamilya]]''<ref name="jami">
Chingiz Aitmatov. ''Jamila''. Translated by Fainna Glagoleva. Prepared for the Internet by Iraj Bashiri, 2002. http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Stories/Jamila.html</ref> ("Джамиля", 1958)
* ''The First Teacher'' ("Первый учитель", 1962)
* ''Tales of the Mountains and Steppes'' ("Повести гор и степей", 1963)
* ''Farewell, Gulsary!''<ref name="gu">Chingiz Aitmatov. FAREWELL, GYULSARY! Translation into English by Progress Publishers, 1973;http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Stories/Gyulsary.html (Text in English)</ref>("Прощай, Гульсары", 1966)
* ''[[The White Ship (Aitmatov novel)|The White Steamboat]]'' ("Белый пароход", 1970)
* ''The Ascent of Mt. Fuji'' ("Восхождение на Фудзияму", 1973)
* ''Spotted Dog Running On Seashore'' ("Пегий пес, бегущий краем моря", 1977)
* ''Cranes Fly Early'' (Ранние журавли, 1979)
* ''The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years'' ("И дольше века длится день", 1980)
* ''The Scaffold'' ("Плаха", 1986)
* ''Cassandra's Brand'' ("Тавро Кассандры", 1996)
* ''When The Mountains Fall'' ("Когда горы падают", 2006)

'''English translations'''
*''Short Novels'', Progress Publishers (1964).
*''Farewell Gul'sary'', Hodder & Stoughton Ltd (June 29, 1970). ISBN 978-0340128640
*''White Steamship'', Hodder & Stoughton Ltd (August 14, 1972). ISBN 978-0340159965
*''The White Ship'', Crown Publishing Group; 1St Edition edition (November 1972). ISBN 978-0517500743
*''Tales of the Mountains and the Steppes'', Firebird Pubns; Second Printing edition (June 1973). ISBN 978-0828509374
*''Ascent of Mount Fuji'', Noonday Press (June 1975). ISBN 978-0374512156
*''Cranes Fly Early'', Imported Pubn (June 1983). ISBN 978-0828526395
*''[[The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years]]'', Indiana University Press (February 1, 1988). ISBN 978-0253204820
*''The Place of the Skull'', Grove Pr; 1st edition (March 1989). ISBN 978-0802110008
*''The place of the skull: Novel'', International Academy of Sciences, Industry, Education & Arts (USA) (2000). ISBN 978-5726100623
*''Time to Speak'', International Publishers (May 1989). ISBN 978-0717806690
*''The time to speak out (Library of Russian and Soviet literary journalism)'', Progress Publishers (1988). ISBN 978-5010004958
*''Mother Earth and Other Stories'', Faber and Faber (January 8, 1990). ISBN 978-0571152377
*''Jamila'', Telegram Books (January 1, 2008). ISBN 978-1846590320

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Chinghiz Aitmatov}}
* [http://lib.ru/PROZA/AJTMATOW/ An online collection of Aitmatov's works] {{ru icon}}
* [http://www.sovlit.com/bios/aitmatov.html Biography at SovLit.com]
* [http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/literature/chinghiz-aitmatov/ Biography at RT Russiapedia]
{{Austrian State Prize for European Literature}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Aitmatov, Chinghiz
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Soviet writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 12, 1928
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Sheker]], [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz ASSR]], [[USSR]]
| DATE OF DEATH = June 10, 2008
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aitmatov, Chinghiz}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Midrange apparat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Deaths from renal failure]]
[[Category:Kyrgyz literature]]
[[Category:Kyrgyzstani writers]]
[[Category:Soviet novelists]]
[[Category:Soviet short story writers]]
[[Category:Tatar people]]
[[Category:Austrian State Prize for European Literature winners]]
[[Category:Lenin Prize winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Luxembourg]]

[[ar:جنكيز أيتماتوف]]
[[az:Çingiz Aytmatov]]
[[ba:Айтматов, Сыңғыҙ Төрөкул улы]]
[[be:Чынгіз Тарэкулавіч Айтматаў]]
[[be-x-old:Чынгіз Айтматаў]]
[[bg:Чингиз Айтматов]]
[[cv:Айтматов Чингиз Торекулович]]
[[cs:Čingiz Ajtmatov]]
[[cy:Tshingiz Aitmatof]]
[[da:Tjingiz Ajtmatov]]
[[de:Tschingis Aitmatow]]
[[el:Τζινγκίζ Αϊτμάτωφ]]
[[es:Chingiz Aitmátov]]
[[eu:Txingiz Aitmatov]]
[[fa:چنگیز آیتماتوف]]
[[fr:Tchinguiz Aïtmatov]]
[[hy:Չինգիզ Այթմատով]]
[[id:Chinghiz Aitmatov]]
[[it:Čyngyz Ajtmatov]]
[[he:צ'ינגיז אייטמטוב]]
[[ka:ჩინგიზ აითმათოვი]]
[[kk:Шыңғыс Айтматов]]
[[ky:Айтматов, Чыңгыз Төрөкулович]]
[[lv:Čingizs Aitmatovs]]
[[lb:Tschingis Aitmatow]]
[[lt:Čingizas Aitmatovas]]
[[hu:Csingiz Ajtmatov]]
[[mn:Чингиз Айтматов]]
[[nl:Tsjyngyz Ajtmatov]]
[[ja:チンギス・アイトマートフ]]
[[no:Tsjingiz Ajtmatov]]
[[nn:Tsjingiz Ajtmatov]]
[[uz:Chingiz Aytmatov]]
[[ps:چنګېز ايتمانوف]]
[[pl:Czingiz Ajtmatow]]
[[pt:Chinghiz Aitmatov]]
[[ro:Cinghiz Aitmatov]]
[[ru:Айтматов, Чингиз Торекулович]]
[[fi:Tšingiz Aitmatov]]
[[sv:Tjingiz Ajtmatov]]
[[tt:Чыңгыз Айтматов]]
[[tr:Cengiz Aytmatov]]
[[uk:Айтматов Чингіз Торекулович]]
[[vi:Chyngyz Torekulovich Aytmatov]]
[[zh:钦吉斯·艾特玛托夫]]

World No Tobacco Day

2012-01-11T14:48:24Z

Baltshazzar: no need for bold text here

{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name = World No Tobacco Day
|type = international
|longtype =
|image = Bluete in Aschenbecher.jpg
|caption = Ash trays with fresh flowers are a common symbol of World No Tobacco Day
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = All [[Member states of the United Nations|UN Member States]]
|date = May 31
|celebrations =
|relatedto =
}}

'''World No Tobacco Day''' (WNTD) is observed around the world every year on May 31. It is meant to encourage a 24-hour period of abstinence from all forms of [[tobacco]] consumption across the globe. The day is further intended to draw global attention to the widespread prevalence of tobacco use and to negative [[health effects of tobacco|health effects]], which currently lead to 5.4 million deaths worldwide annually. The member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) created World No Tobacco Day in 1987. In the past twenty years, the day has been met with both enthusiasm and resistance across the globe from governments, public health organizations, smokers, growers, and the tobacco industry.

==WHO and World No Tobacco Day==
World No Tobacco Day is one of many other world health awareness days throughout the year organized by the WHO, including [[World Mental Health Day]], [[World AIDS Day]], and World Blood Donor Day, among others.

===Timeline===
*In 1987, the [[World Health organization]] of the WHO passed Resolution WHA40.38, calling for April 7, 1988 to be "a world no-smoking day". April 7, 1988 was the 40th anniversary of the WHO. The objective of the day was to urge tobacco users worldwide to abstain from using tobacco products for 24 hours, an action they hoped would provide assistance for those trying to quit.<ref> for Disease Control. 1990. MMWR Weekly (April 6, 1990). http://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001591.htm</ref>
*In 1988, Resolution WHA42.19 was passed by the World Health Assembly, calling for the celebration of World No Tobacco Day, every year on May 31. Since then, the WHO has supported World No Tobacco Day every year, linking each year to a different tobacco-related theme.
*In 1998, the WHO established the Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), an attempt to focus international resources and attention on the global health epidemic of tobacco. The initiative provides assistance for creating global public health policy, encourages mobilization across societies, and supports the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). <ref>World Health Organization. 2010. Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI).http://web.ebscohost.com.libproxy.wustl.edu/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=108&sid=9f40a449-8b2a-441a-95a2n738915e20dcf@sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=33440955http://www.who.int/tobacco/about/en/index.html</ref> The WHO FCTC is a global public health treaty adopted in 2003 by countries across the globe as an agreement to implement policies that work towards tobacco cessation.
*In 2008, on the eve of the World No Tobacco Day the WHO called for a worldwide ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship. The theme of that year’s day was Tobacco-free youth; therefore, this initiative was especially meant to target advertising efforts aimed at youth. According to the WHO, the tobacco industry must replace older quitting or dying smokers with younger consumers. Because of this, marketing strategies are commonly observed in places that will attract youth such as movies, the Internet, billboards, and magazines. Studies have shown that the more youth are exposed to tobacco advertising, the more likely they are to smoke.<ref>Chan, Margaret. 2008. WHO calls for banning all tobacco advertising, promotion. Nation’s Health. 38 (6):21.
</ref>

===Themes===
====Discussion====
Each year, the WHO selects a theme for the day in order to create a more unified global message for WNTD. This theme then becomes the central component of the WHO’s tobacco-related agenda for the following year.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 2010. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/announcement/en/index.html</ref> The WHO oversees the creation and distribution of publicity materials related to the theme, including brochures, fliers, posters, websites, and press releases.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day, 31 May 2009: Campaign Materials. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/en/index.html</ref> In 2008 for the theme Tobacco-free youth, [http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/multimedia/en/ Youtube videos] were created as a part of the WNTD awareness campaign, and podcasts were first used in 2009.

In many of its WNTD themes and related publicity-materials, the WHO emphasizes the idea of “truth.” Theme titles such as “Tobacco kills, don’t be duped” (2000) and “Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise” (2006) indicate a WHO belief that individuals may be misled or confused about the true nature of tobacco; the rationale for the 2000 and 2008 WNTD themes identify the marketing strategies and “illusions” created by the tobacco industry as a primary source of this confusion.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 200. http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2000/en/index.html</ref> The WHO’s WNTD materials present an alternate understanding of the “facts” as seen from a global public health perspective. WNTD publicity materials provide an “official” interpretation of the most up-to-date tobacco-related research and statistics and provide a common ground from which to formulate anti-tobacco arguments around the world.

====List====
*2012 Tobacco Industry Interference
*2011 The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
*2010 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/announcement/en/index.html Gender and tobacco with an emphasis on marketing to women]
*2009 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/en/index.html Tobacco health warnings]
*2008 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/en/index.html Tobacco-free youth]
*2007 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2007/en/index.html Smoke free inside]
*2006 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2006/en/index.html Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise]
*2005 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2005/en/index.html Health professionals against tobacco]
*2004 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2004/en/index.html Tobacco and poverty, a vicious circle]
*2003 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2003/en/index.html Tobacco free film, tobacco free fashion]
*2002 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2002/en/index.html Tobacco free sports]
*2001 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2001/en/index.html Second-hand smoke kills]
*2000 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2000/en/index.html Tobacco kills, don't be duped]
*1999 Leave the pack behind
*1998 Growing up without tobacco
*1997 United for a tobacco free world
*1996 Sport and art without tobacco: play it tobacco free
*1995 Tobacco costs more than you think
*1994 Media and tobacco: get the message across
*1993 Health services: our windows to a tobacco free world
*1992 Tobacco free workplaces: safer and healthier
*1991 Public places and transport: better be tobacco free
*1990 Childhood and youth without tobacco: growing up without tobacco
*1989 Women and tobacco: the female smoker: at added risk
*1988 Tobacco or Health: choose health

===Event coordination===
The WHO serves as a central hub for coordinating WNTD events around the world. The WHO website provides a place for groups to [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/registration_form/en/index.html register their planned WNTD events]. The WHO publishes this information, by country, on its website. The registry helps foster communication and awareness between groups (locally, nationally, and globally) interested in the public health effects of tobacco, and it also serves as a way for interested individuals to quickly see if there is an event in their area.

===Awards===
Since 1988 the WHO has presented one or more Awards to organizations or individuals, like DR.RAKESH MISHRA (M.D.), who have made exceptional contributions to reducing tobacco consumption. World No Tobacco Day Awards are given to individuals from six different world regions (Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific), and Director-General Special Awards and Recognition Certificates are given to individuals from any region.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 2009 Awards – the winners. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/awards/en/index.html</ref>

==Global observance==
Groups around the world—from local clubs to city councils to national governments—are encouraged by the WHO to organize events each year to help communities celebrate World No Tobacco Day in their own way at the local level. Past events have included letter writing campaigns to government officials and local newspapers, marches, public debates, local and national publicity campaigns, anti-tobacco activist meetings, educational programming, and public art.<ref>For examples, search “celebrations around the world” within each theme’s page of the World Health Organization’s website. Try World Health Organization. 2010. 31 May 2008, World No Tobacco Day activities. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/activities/en/index.html to get started.</ref>

In addition, many governments use WNTD as the start date for implementing new smoking bans and tobacco control efforts. For example, on May 31, 2008, a section of the Smoke Free Ontario Act came into effect banning tobacco "power walls" and displays at stores, and all hospitals and government offices in Australia will become smoke free on May 31, 2010.<ref>CBC News. 2008. Cigarette display ban begins in Quebec, Ontario. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/31/cigarette-display.html</ref><ref>Pengelley, Jill and Ben Harvy. 2009. . Smoking to be Banned on Public Hospital Grounds. Adelaide Now... September 29http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/smoking-to-be-banned-on-public-hospital-grounds/story-e6freo8c-1225779306000?from=public_rss</ref>

The day has also been used as a springboard for discussing the current and future state of a country as it relates to tobacco. For example, in India, (which, with 120 million smokers, has one of the highest rates of tobacco consumption in the world),<ref>Campaign for Tobacco-free kids. 2010. India: Overview. http://tobaccofreecenter.org/resources_country/india</ref> a special section of the Indian journal ''Current Science'', together with the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, was published in time for WNTD, 2009. This section examined tobacco use and control in India in an attempt to spread awareness and build support for stricter tobacco control.<ref>Current Science. 2009. Contents: Vol. 96 No. 10, 25 May 2006. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/may252009/contents.htm</ref>

==Resistance==
For some, WNTD is nothing more than a “futile attempt to curb smoking” which has little to no visible effect in places like the former [[USSR]], [[India]], and [[China]].<ref>RiaNovosti. 2009. Opinion & Analysis: World No Tobacco Day, Futile Attempt to Curb Smoking. http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20090529/155119204.html</ref> For others, WNTD is seen as a challenge to individual freedom of choice or even a culturally acceptable form of discrimination. From ignoring WNTD, to participating in protests or acts of defiance, to bookending the day with extra rounds of pro-tobacco advertisements and events, smokers, tobacco growers, and the tobacco industry have found ways to make their opinions of the day heard.

===Smoker response===
There has been no sustained or wide-spread effort to organize counter-WNTD events on the part of smokers. There is, however, an active community of smokers’ rights advocates who see the WNTD as unfairly singling them out and challenging their rights. The WHO maintains a listing of these organizations on its website.

Some small groups have created local pro-smoking events. For example, the [[Oregon Commentator]], an independent conservative journal of opinion published at the [[University of Oregon]], hosted a “Great American Smoke-in” on campus as a counter to the locally more widespread [[Great American Smokeout]]: “In response to the ever-increasing vilification of smokers on campus, the Oregon Commentator presents the Great American Smoke-in as an opportunity for students to join together and enjoy the pleasures of fine tobacco products.”<ref>2007. OC to host Great American Smoke-in. The Oregon Commentator. November 26. http://www.oregoncommentator.com/category/smoking-ban/page/2/</ref> Similarly, “Americans for Freedom of Choice” a group in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] organized “World Defiance Day” in response to WNTD and Hawaii’s statewide ban on smoking in restaurants.<ref>Zimmerman, Malia. 2007. Defiance—one puff at a time. Hawaii Reporter. July 6. http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?f3bafc22-9167-4aaa-83d2-b5648c90a890</ref>

===Industry response===
Historically, the tobacco industry has supported initiatives that provide resources to help smokers quit smoking. For example, [[Phillip Morris USA|Phillip Morris]] USA operates a [http://www2.pmusa.com/en/quitassist/index.asp “Quit Assist”] website that acts as a guide for those who choose to quit smoking. Acknowledging the fact that quitting is possible puts the power back into the hands of the individual and therefore alleviates responsibility from the tobacco companies. Additionally, advocating for cessation of smoking can allow companies to still advocate for alternative forms of tobacco, while cessation of tobacco would eliminate business completely {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}.

World No Tobacco Days have not induced a positive vocal response from the tobacco industry. For example, a memo made publicly available through [http://www.tobaccoarchives.com/ www.tobaccoarchives.com] was sent out to executives of [[R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]] in preparation for the third annual World No Tobacco Day, which had the theme of “Childhood and Youth Without Tobacco.” The memo includes a warning about the upcoming day, a document that explains the arguments they anticipate the WHO making, and an explanation of how the company should respond to these claims. For example, in response to the anticipated argument that their advertisements target children, the company’s response includes arguments that claim their advertisements are targeted towards adults by using adult models, and that advertisements lack the power to influence what people will actually purchase.<ref>R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Online Litigation Document Archive. 1990. Infotab. WHO World No-Tobacco Day, 31 May 1990: Growing up without tobacco, The Industry Response. http://rjrtdocs.com./rjrtdocs/image_downloader.wmt?MODE=PDF&SEARCH=0&ROW=1&DOC_RANGE=511992389+-2390&CAMEFROM=1.</ref> In [[Uganda]], since the World No Tobacco Day is the one day that the media is obligated to publicize tobacco control issues, the British American Tobacco company uses the eve of the day to administer counter-publicity. In 2001, their strategy included events such as a visit with the President of the International Tobacco Growers Association.<ref>The Environmental Action Network. 2002. Tobacco Industry Tactics in Uganda. http://tean.globalink.org/tobaccotactics.html</ref>

Unlike the tobacco industry, some big pharmaceutical companies do publicly support WNTD. For example, [[Pfizer]] was a large sponsor for many WNTD events in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in 2008. At the time, Pfizer was preparing to release its drug Champix ([[Varenicline]]) into the Middle Eastern market. The drug was “designed to activate the nicotinic receptor to reduce both the severity of the smoker's craving and the withdrawal symptoms from nicotine.”<ref>UAS Interact. 2007. Today’s News Stories: World No Tobacco Day is “Critically Important” for the Middle East.http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/World_No_Tobacco_Day_is_Critically_Important_for_the_Middle_East/25385.htm.</ref>

===Grower response===
Many tobacco growers feel that anti-tobacco efforts by organizations such as the WHO jeopardize their rights. For example, the International Tobacco Growers Association (ITGA) argues that poor farmers in Africa may suffer the consequences if WHO anti-tobacco movements succeed. They also argue that these efforts may gang up on manufacturers of tobacco and be an attack on the industry, therefore hurting the growers.<ref>Yach, Derek and Douglas Bettcher. 2000. Globalisation of tobacco industry influence and new global response. Tobacco Control. 9:206-219. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/9/2/206.full</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Great American Smokeout]] – the third Thursday in November
* [[Smoking ban]]
* [[Smoking cessation]]
* [[Tobacco smoking]]
* [[World Health Organization]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
[http://vikramkarve.sulekha.com/blog/post/2011/05/world-no-tobacco-day.htm Celebrate World Tobacco Day Quit Smoking]

http://vikramkarve.sulekha.com/blog/post/2011/05/world-no-tobacco-day.htm

*[http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/en/ World Health Organization World No Tobacco Days]
*[http://www.vatikashaktipeeth.com/tobacco/ World No Tobacco Days - Gayatri Pariwar]

[[Category:1987 introductions]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Health awareness days]]
[[Category:United Nations days|No Tobacco Day, World]]
[[Category:Public health education]]
[[Category:Tobacco]]

[[ar:اليوم العالمي دون تدخين]]
[[gn:Petỹ'ỹ Ára]]
[[cs:Světový den bez tabáku]]
[[de:Weltnichtrauchertag]]
[[es:Día Mundial Sin Tabaco]]
[[fr:Journée mondiale sans tabac]]
[[gl:Día Mundial sen Tabaco]]
[[ko:세계 금연의 날]]
[[hr:Svjetski dan nepušenja]]
[[is:Reyklausi dagurinn]]
[[it:Giornata mondiale senza tabacco]]
[[lb:Weltdag ouni Tubak]]
[[lt:Diena be tabako]]
[[ml:ലോക പുകയില വിരുദ്ധദിനം]]
[[mr:जागतिक तंबाखूसेवन विरोधी दिन]]
[[ms:Hari Dunia Tanpa Tembakau]]
[[nl:Werelddag zonder tabak]]
[[ja:世界禁煙デー]]
[[no:Verdens tobakksfrie dag]]
[[or:ବିଶ୍ଵ ତମାଖୁହୀନ ଦିବସ]]
[[pl:Dzień bez Papierosa]]
[[ro:Ziua mondială fără tutun]]
[[ru:Всемирный день без табака]]
[[sq:Dita Botërore pa Duhan]]
[[sh:Svjetski dan nepušenja]]
[[fi:Kansainvälinen tupakaton päivä]]
[[ta:உலக புகையிலை எதிர்ப்பு நாள்]]
[[th:วันงดสูบบุหรี่โลก]]
[[tg:Рӯзи ҷаҳонии бидуни тамоку]]
[[uk:День боротьби з тютюнопалінням]]
[[zh-yue:世界唔食煙日]]
[[zh:世界无烟日]]

World No Tobacco Day

2012-01-11T14:46:06Z

Baltshazzar: removed the words "Bold text", which make no sense

{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name = World No Tobacco Day
|type = international
|longtype =
|image = Bluete in Aschenbecher.jpg
|caption = Ash trays with fresh flowers are a common symbol of World No Tobacco Day
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = All [[Member states of the United Nations|UN Member States]]
|date = May 31
|celebrations =
|relatedto =
}}

'''World No Tobacco Day''' (WNTD) is observed around the world every year on May 31. It is meant to encourage a 24-hour period of abstinence from all forms of [[tobacco]] consumption across the globe. The day is further intended to draw global attention to the widespread prevalence of tobacco use and to negative [[health effects of tobacco|health effects]], which currently lead to 5.4 million deaths worldwide annually. The member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) created World No Tobacco Day in 1987. In the past twenty years, the day has been met with both enthusiasm and resistance across the globe from governments, public health organizations, smokers, growers, and the tobacco industry.

==WHO and World No Tobacco Day==
World No Tobacco Day is one of many other world health awareness days throughout the year organized by the WHO, including [[World Mental Health Day]], [[World AIDS Day]], and World Blood Donor Day, among others.

===Timeline===
*In 1987, the [[World Health organization]] of the WHO passed Resolution WHA40.38, calling for April 7, 1988 to be "a world no-smoking day". April 7, 1988 was the 40th anniversary of the WHO. The objective of the day was to urge tobacco users worldwide to abstain from using tobacco products for 24 hours, an action they hoped would provide assistance for those trying to quit.<ref> for Disease Control. 1990. MMWR Weekly (April 6, 1990). http://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001591.htm</ref>
*In 1988, Resolution WHA42.19 was passed by the World Health Assembly, calling for the celebration of World No Tobacco Day, every year on May 31. Since then, the WHO has supported World No Tobacco Day every year, linking each year to a different tobacco-related theme.
*In 1998, the WHO established the Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), an attempt to focus international resources and attention on the global health epidemic of tobacco. The initiative provides assistance for creating global public health policy, encourages mobilization across societies, and supports the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). <ref>World Health Organization. 2010. Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI).http://web.ebscohost.com.libproxy.wustl.edu/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=108&sid=9f40a449-8b2a-441a-95a2n738915e20dcf@sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=33440955http://www.who.int/tobacco/about/en/index.html</ref> The WHO FCTC is a global public health treaty adopted in 2003 by countries across the globe as an agreement to implement policies that work towards tobacco cessation.
*In 2008, on the eve of the World No Tobacco Day the WHO called for a worldwide ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship. The theme of that year’s day was Tobacco-free youth; therefore, this initiative was especially meant to target advertising efforts aimed at youth. According to the WHO, the tobacco industry must replace older quitting or dying smokers with younger consumers. Because of this, marketing strategies are commonly observed in places that will attract youth such as movies, the Internet, billboards, and magazines. Studies have shown that the more youth are exposed to tobacco advertising, the more likely they are to smoke.<ref>Chan, Margaret. 2008. WHO calls for banning all tobacco advertising, promotion. Nation’s Health. 38 (6):21.
</ref>

===Themes===
====Discussion====
Each year, the WHO selects a theme for the day in order to create a more unified global message for WNTD. This theme then becomes the central component of the WHO’s tobacco-related agenda for the following year.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 2010. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/announcement/en/index.html</ref> The WHO oversees the creation and distribution of publicity materials related to the theme, including brochures, fliers, posters, websites, and press releases.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day, 31 May 2009: Campaign Materials. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/en/index.html</ref> In 2008 for the theme Tobacco-free youth, [http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/multimedia/en/ Youtube videos] were created as a part of the WNTD awareness campaign, and podcasts were first used in 2009.

In many of its WNTD themes and related publicity-materials, the WHO emphasizes the idea of “truth.” Theme titles such as “Tobacco kills, don’t be duped” (2000) and “Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise” (2006) indicate a WHO belief that individuals may be misled or confused about the true nature of tobacco; the rationale for the 2000 and 2008 WNTD themes identify the marketing strategies and “illusions” created by the tobacco industry as a primary source of this confusion.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 200. http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2000/en/index.html</ref> The WHO’s WNTD materials present an alternate understanding of the “facts” as seen from a global public health perspective. WNTD publicity materials provide an “official” interpretation of the most up-to-date tobacco-related research and statistics and provide a common ground from which to formulate anti-tobacco arguments around the world.

====List====
*2012 Tobacco Industry Interference
*2011 The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
*2010 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/announcement/en/index.html Gender and tobacco with an emphasis on marketing to women]
*2009 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/en/index.html Tobacco health warnings]
*2008 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/en/index.html Tobacco-free youth]
*2007 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2007/en/index.html Smoke free inside]
*2006 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2006/en/index.html Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise]
*2005 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2005/en/index.html Health professionals against tobacco]
*2004 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2004/en/index.html Tobacco and poverty, a vicious circle]
*2003 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2003/en/index.html Tobacco free film, tobacco free fashion]
*2002 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2002/en/index.html Tobacco free sports]
*2001 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2001/en/index.html Second-hand smoke kills]
*2000 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2000/en/index.html Tobacco kills, don't be duped]
*1999 Leave the pack behind
*1998 Growing up without tobacco
*1997 United for a tobacco free world
*1996 Sport and art without tobacco: play it tobacco free
*1995 Tobacco costs more than you think
*1994 Media and tobacco: get the message across
*1993 Health services: our windows to a tobacco free world
*1992 Tobacco free workplaces: safer and healthier
*1991 Public places and transport: better be tobacco free
*1990 Childhood and youth without tobacco: growing up without tobacco
*1989 Women and tobacco: the female smoker: at added risk
*1988 Tobacco or Health: choose health

===Event coordination===
The WHO serves as a central hub for coordinating WNTD events around the world. The WHO website provides a place for groups to [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/registration_form/en/index.html register their planned WNTD events]. The WHO publishes this information, by country, on its website. The registry helps foster communication and awareness between groups (locally, nationally, and globally) interested in the public health effects of tobacco, and it also serves as a way for interested individuals to quickly see if there is an event in their area.

===Awards===
Since 1988 the WHO has presented one or more Awards to organizations or individuals like '''DR.RAKESH MISHRA(M.D)who have made exceptional contributions to reducing tobacco consumption. World No Tobacco Day Awards are given to individuals from six different world regions (Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific), and Director-General Special Awards and Recognition Certificates are given to individuals from any region.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 2009 Awards – the winners. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/awards/en/index.html</ref>

==Global observance==
Groups around the world—from local clubs to city councils to national governments—are encouraged by the WHO to organize events each year to help communities celebrate World No Tobacco Day in their own way at the local level. Past events have included letter writing campaigns to government officials and local newspapers, marches, public debates, local and national publicity campaigns, anti-tobacco activist meetings, educational programming, and public art.<ref>For examples, search “celebrations around the world” within each theme’s page of the World Health Organization’s website. Try World Health Organization. 2010. 31 May 2008, World No Tobacco Day activities. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/activities/en/index.html to get started.</ref>

In addition, many governments use WNTD as the start date for implementing new smoking bans and tobacco control efforts. For example, on May 31, 2008, a section of the Smoke Free Ontario Act came into effect banning tobacco "power walls" and displays at stores, and all hospitals and government offices in Australia will become smoke free on May 31, 2010.<ref>CBC News. 2008. Cigarette display ban begins in Quebec, Ontario. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/31/cigarette-display.html</ref><ref>Pengelley, Jill and Ben Harvy. 2009. . Smoking to be Banned on Public Hospital Grounds. Adelaide Now... September 29http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/smoking-to-be-banned-on-public-hospital-grounds/story-e6freo8c-1225779306000?from=public_rss</ref>

The day has also been used as a springboard for discussing the current and future state of a country as it relates to tobacco. For example, in India, (which, with 120 million smokers, has one of the highest rates of tobacco consumption in the world),<ref>Campaign for Tobacco-free kids. 2010. India: Overview. http://tobaccofreecenter.org/resources_country/india</ref> a special section of the Indian journal ''Current Science'', together with the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, was published in time for WNTD, 2009. This section examined tobacco use and control in India in an attempt to spread awareness and build support for stricter tobacco control.<ref>Current Science. 2009. Contents: Vol. 96 No. 10, 25 May 2006. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/may252009/contents.htm</ref>

==Resistance==
For some, WNTD is nothing more than a “futile attempt to curb smoking” which has little to no visible effect in places like the former [[USSR]], [[India]], and [[China]].<ref>RiaNovosti. 2009. Opinion & Analysis: World No Tobacco Day, Futile Attempt to Curb Smoking. http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20090529/155119204.html</ref> For others, WNTD is seen as a challenge to individual freedom of choice or even a culturally acceptable form of discrimination. From ignoring WNTD, to participating in protests or acts of defiance, to bookending the day with extra rounds of pro-tobacco advertisements and events, smokers, tobacco growers, and the tobacco industry have found ways to make their opinions of the day heard.

===Smoker response===
There has been no sustained or wide-spread effort to organize counter-WNTD events on the part of smokers. There is, however, an active community of smokers’ rights advocates who see the WNTD as unfairly singling them out and challenging their rights. The WHO maintains a listing of these organizations on its website.

Some small groups have created local pro-smoking events. For example, the [[Oregon Commentator]], an independent conservative journal of opinion published at the [[University of Oregon]], hosted a “Great American Smoke-in” on campus as a counter to the locally more widespread [[Great American Smokeout]]: “In response to the ever-increasing vilification of smokers on campus, the Oregon Commentator presents the Great American Smoke-in as an opportunity for students to join together and enjoy the pleasures of fine tobacco products.”<ref>2007. OC to host Great American Smoke-in. The Oregon Commentator. November 26. http://www.oregoncommentator.com/category/smoking-ban/page/2/</ref> Similarly, “Americans for Freedom of Choice” a group in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] organized “World Defiance Day” in response to WNTD and Hawaii’s statewide ban on smoking in restaurants.<ref>Zimmerman, Malia. 2007. Defiance—one puff at a time. Hawaii Reporter. July 6. http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?f3bafc22-9167-4aaa-83d2-b5648c90a890</ref>

===Industry response===
Historically, the tobacco industry has supported initiatives that provide resources to help smokers quit smoking. For example, [[Phillip Morris USA|Phillip Morris]] USA operates a [http://www2.pmusa.com/en/quitassist/index.asp “Quit Assist”] website that acts as a guide for those who choose to quit smoking. Acknowledging the fact that quitting is possible puts the power back into the hands of the individual and therefore alleviates responsibility from the tobacco companies. Additionally, advocating for cessation of smoking can allow companies to still advocate for alternative forms of tobacco, while cessation of tobacco would eliminate business completely {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}.

World No Tobacco Days have not induced a positive vocal response from the tobacco industry. For example, a memo made publicly available through [http://www.tobaccoarchives.com/ www.tobaccoarchives.com] was sent out to executives of [[R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]] in preparation for the third annual World No Tobacco Day, which had the theme of “Childhood and Youth Without Tobacco.” The memo includes a warning about the upcoming day, a document that explains the arguments they anticipate the WHO making, and an explanation of how the company should respond to these claims. For example, in response to the anticipated argument that their advertisements target children, the company’s response includes arguments that claim their advertisements are targeted towards adults by using adult models, and that advertisements lack the power to influence what people will actually purchase.<ref>R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Online Litigation Document Archive. 1990. Infotab. WHO World No-Tobacco Day, 31 May 1990: Growing up without tobacco, The Industry Response. http://rjrtdocs.com./rjrtdocs/image_downloader.wmt?MODE=PDF&SEARCH=0&ROW=1&DOC_RANGE=511992389+-2390&CAMEFROM=1.</ref> In [[Uganda]], since the World No Tobacco Day is the one day that the media is obligated to publicize tobacco control issues, the British American Tobacco company uses the eve of the day to administer counter-publicity. In 2001, their strategy included events such as a visit with the President of the International Tobacco Growers Association.<ref>The Environmental Action Network. 2002. Tobacco Industry Tactics in Uganda. http://tean.globalink.org/tobaccotactics.html</ref>

Unlike the tobacco industry, some big pharmaceutical companies do publicly support WNTD. For example, [[Pfizer]] was a large sponsor for many WNTD events in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in 2008. At the time, Pfizer was preparing to release its drug Champix ([[Varenicline]]) into the Middle Eastern market. The drug was “designed to activate the nicotinic receptor to reduce both the severity of the smoker's craving and the withdrawal symptoms from nicotine.”<ref>UAS Interact. 2007. Today’s News Stories: World No Tobacco Day is “Critically Important” for the Middle East.http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/World_No_Tobacco_Day_is_Critically_Important_for_the_Middle_East/25385.htm.</ref>

===Grower response===
Many tobacco growers feel that anti-tobacco efforts by organizations such as the WHO jeopardize their rights. For example, the International Tobacco Growers Association (ITGA) argues that poor farmers in Africa may suffer the consequences if WHO anti-tobacco movements succeed. They also argue that these efforts may gang up on manufacturers of tobacco and be an attack on the industry, therefore hurting the growers.<ref>Yach, Derek and Douglas Bettcher. 2000. Globalisation of tobacco industry influence and new global response. Tobacco Control. 9:206-219. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/9/2/206.full</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Great American Smokeout]] – the third Thursday in November
* [[Smoking ban]]
* [[Smoking cessation]]
* [[Tobacco smoking]]
* [[World Health Organization]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
[http://vikramkarve.sulekha.com/blog/post/2011/05/world-no-tobacco-day.htm Celebrate World Tobacco Day Quit Smoking]

http://vikramkarve.sulekha.com/blog/post/2011/05/world-no-tobacco-day.htm

*[http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/en/ World Health Organization World No Tobacco Days]
*[http://www.vatikashaktipeeth.com/tobacco/ World No Tobacco Days - Gayatri Pariwar]

[[Category:1987 introductions]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Health awareness days]]
[[Category:United Nations days|No Tobacco Day, World]]
[[Category:Public health education]]
[[Category:Tobacco]]

[[ar:اليوم العالمي دون تدخين]]
[[gn:Petỹ'ỹ Ára]]
[[cs:Světový den bez tabáku]]
[[de:Weltnichtrauchertag]]
[[es:Día Mundial Sin Tabaco]]
[[fr:Journée mondiale sans tabac]]
[[gl:Día Mundial sen Tabaco]]
[[ko:세계 금연의 날]]
[[hr:Svjetski dan nepušenja]]
[[is:Reyklausi dagurinn]]
[[it:Giornata mondiale senza tabacco]]
[[lb:Weltdag ouni Tubak]]
[[lt:Diena be tabako]]
[[ml:ലോക പുകയില വിരുദ്ധദിനം]]
[[mr:जागतिक तंबाखूसेवन विरोधी दिन]]
[[ms:Hari Dunia Tanpa Tembakau]]
[[nl:Werelddag zonder tabak]]
[[ja:世界禁煙デー]]
[[no:Verdens tobakksfrie dag]]
[[or:ବିଶ୍ଵ ତମାଖୁହୀନ ଦିବସ]]
[[pl:Dzień bez Papierosa]]
[[ro:Ziua mondială fără tutun]]
[[ru:Всемирный день без табака]]
[[sq:Dita Botërore pa Duhan]]
[[sh:Svjetski dan nepušenja]]
[[fi:Kansainvälinen tupakaton päivä]]
[[ta:உலக புகையிலை எதிர்ப்பு நாள்]]
[[th:วันงดสูบบุหรี่โลก]]
[[tg:Рӯзи ҷаҳонии бидуни тамоку]]
[[uk:День боротьби з тютюнопалінням]]
[[zh-yue:世界唔食煙日]]
[[zh:世界无烟日]]

Classical language

2011-12-29T10:56:34Z

Baltshazzar: Undid revision 467585702 by Urdurai (talk) <-- in view of Urdurai's obvious agenda, I have doubts whether his expansion of the quotation is authentic, but even if it was it's not appropriate.

A '''classical language''' is a language with a [[literature]] that is ''classical''. According to [[UC Berkeley]] linguist [[George L. Hart]], ''it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature.''<ref name="GHart">[http://tamil.berkeley.edu/tamil-chair/letter-on-tamil-as-a-classical-language,University of California-Berkeley]</ref>

Thus classical languages tend to be either [[dead language]]s, or show a high degree of [[diglossia]], as the spoken varieties of the language diverge further and further away from the classical written language over centuries.

== Classical studies ==
In the context of traditional European [[Classical studies]], the "Classical Languages" refer to [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] and [[Classical Latin|Latin]], which were the literary languages of the Mediterranean world in [[Classical Antiquity]].

In terms of worldwide cultural importance, [[Edward Sapir]] in ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12629 Language]'' (1921) would extend the list by [[Classical Chinese|Chinese]], [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]], and [[Classical Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]:

<blockquote>''When we realize that an educated Japanese can hardly frame a single literary sentence without the use of Chinese resources, that to this day Siamese and Burmese and Cambodgian bear the unmistakable imprint of the Sanskrit and Pali that came in with Hindu Buddhism centuries ago, or that whether we argue for or against the teaching of Latin and Greek [in schools] our arguments are sure to be studded with words that have come to us from Rome and Athens, we get some indication of what early Chinese culture, Buddhism, and classical mediterranean civilization have meant in the world's history. There are just five languages that have had overwhelming significance as carriers of culture. These are classical Chinese, Sanskrit, Arabic, Greek, and Latin. In comparison with these, even such culturally important languages as Hebrew and French sink into a secondary position.''</blockquote>

In this sense, a classical language is a language that has a broad influence over an extended period of time, even after it is no longer a colloquial mother tongue in its original form. If one language uses roots from another language to coin words (in the way that many [[European languages]] use Greek and Latin roots to devise new words such as "telephone" etc.), this is an indication that the second language is a classical language.

Living languages with a large sphere of influence are known as [[world language]]s.

== General Usage ==
The following languages are generally taken to have a "classical" stage. Such a stage is limited in time, and is considered "classical" if it comes to be regarded as a literary "golden age" retrospectively. Thus, [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]] is the language of 5th to 4th century BC [[History_of_Athens#Classical_Athens|Athens]], and as such only a small subset of the varieties of the [[Greek language]] as a whole. A "classical" period usually corresponds to a flowering of literature following an "archaic" period, such as [[Classical Latin]] succeeding [[Old Latin]], [[Sumerian language|Classical Sumerian]] succeeding Archaic Sumerian, Classical Sanskrit succeeding [[Vedic Sanskrit]], [[Classical Persian]] succeeding [[Old Persian]]. This is a partly a matter of terminology, and for example [[Old Chinese]] is taken to include rather than precede [[Classical Chinese]]. In some cases, such as those of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the "classical" stage corresponds to the earliest attested literary variant.
<ref>{{Citation|last=Ramanujan|first= A. K.|authorlink = A. K. Ramanujan|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|publisher= New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. 329|year = 1985|isbn=0231051077|url =http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC&dq}}Quote (p.ix–x)
"Tamil, one of the four classical languages of India, is a Dravidian language ... These poems (''[[Sangam literature]]'', 1st century BC to 3rd century AD) are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilization."</ref>

;Antiquity
* [[Classical Sumerian]] (literary language of [[Sumer]], ca. 26th to 23rd c. BC)
* [[Middle Egyptian]] (literary language of [[Ancient Egypt]] from ca. the 20th century BC to the 4th century AD)
* [[Akkadian language|Old Babylonian]] (The Akkadian language from ca 20th to 16th c. BC, the imitated standard for later literary works)
* [[Biblical Hebrew language|Classical Hebrew]] (the language of the [[Tanakh]], in particular of the [[Nevi'im|prophetic books]] of ca. the 7th and 6th c. BC)
* [[Classical Chinese]] (based on the literary language of the [[Zhou Dynasty]] from ca. the 5th c. BC)
* [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]] ([[Attic dialect]] of the 5th c. BC)
* [[Classical Tamil]] ([[Sangam literature]] ca. 3rd c. BC to 4th c. AD, defined by [[Tolkāppiyam]])<ref>{{Citation|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|year = 1997|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India: On Tamil Literature of South India|publisher=BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 378|isbn=9004035915|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VF2VMUoY_okC&printsec=frontcover&dq=smile+of+murugan#PPA7,M1}} Quote: "Chart 1 literature: 1. the "Urtext" of the ''Tolkappiyam'', i.e. the first two sections, ''Eluttatikaram'' and ''Collatikaram'' minus later interpolations, '''ca. 100 BC''' 2. the earliest strata of bardic poetry in the so-called ''Cankam'' anthologies, '''ca. 1 Cent. BC–2 Cent. AD.'''"</ref>
* [[Classical Sanskrit]] (defined by [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]] grammar, ca. 4th c. BC) <ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/pa/Panini.html Article "Panini" from ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (Sixth Edition. 2001-07) at Bartleby.com]</ref>
* [[Kannada|Classical Kannada]] (language of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] / [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] / [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] literature, 4th c.)<ref name=BritannicaLit>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2008. "Kannada literature" Quote: "''The earliest literary work is the ''Kavirājamārga'' (c. AD 850), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model.''" "Telugu literature", Quote: "''The literature, beginning in the 10th or 11th century, is mainly poetry and secular and religious epics ...''" "Sanskrit literature", Quote: "Two main periods in the development of the literature are discernible: the Vedic period, approximately 1500–200 BC; and, somewhat overlapping it, the classical period, approximately 500 BC–AD 1000." "Tamil literature", Quote: "''Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century bc, but Tamil literature proper begins around the 1st century AD.''"</ref><ref>[http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov12008/scroll2008110198257.asp Kannada gets classical tag]</ref>
* [[Classical Latin]] (literary language of the 1st c. BC)
* [[Classical Mandaic]] (literary [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] of [[Mandaeism]], 1st c. AD)
* [[Classical Syriac]] (literary [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] of the [[Syriac church]], 3rd to 5th c.)
* [[Classical Armenian]] (oldest attested form of [[Armenian language|Armenian]] from the 5th c. and literary language until the 18th c.)
* [[Middle Persian]] (court language of the [[Sassanid Empire]], 3rd to 7th c.)

;Middle Ages
* [[Classical Telugu]] (Dravidian language, Kakatiya literature,9th c.)
* [[Classical Arabic]] (based on the language of the [[Qur'an]], 7th c.)
* [[Persian language#New Persian|New Persian]] (language of classical [[Persian literature]], 9th to 17th c.)
* [[Classical Japanese language|Classical Japanese]] (language of [[Heian period]] literature, 10th to 12th c.)
* [[Classical Icelandic]] (the language of the [[Icelandic sagas]], 13th c.)
* [[Classical Gaelic]] (language of the 13th to 18th c. Scottish and Irish Gaelic literature)
;Pre-Colonial Americas
* [[Classic Maya language|Classical Maya]] (the language of the mature [[Maya civilization]], 3rd to 9th c.)
* [[Classical Quechua]] (lingua franca of the 16th c. [[Inca Empire]])
* [[Classical Nahuatl]] (lingua franca of 16th c. central Mexico)
* [[Classical K'iche' language|Classical K'iche']] (language of 16th c. [[Guatemala]])
* [[Classical Tupi]] (language of 16th -18th c. [[Brazil]])
;Early Modern period
* [[Early Modern English]] (language of [[Authorized King James Version|KJV Bible]] and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], 16th to 17th c.)
* [[Classical Ottoman Turkish]] (language of poetry and administration of the [[Ottoman empire]], 16th to 19th c.)

== See also ==
*[[Aureation]], an aspect of the influence of a classical language on a later language
*[[Classical languages of India]]
*[[Classics]]
*[[Classicism]]
*[[Literary language]]
*[[Sacred language]]
*[[Official language]]
*[[Standard language]]
*[[World language]]
*[[List of languages by first written accounts]]
*[[The Primary Classical Language of the World]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}}

[[Category:Classical languages| ]]

[[bn:ধ্রুপদী ভাষা]]
[[zh-min-nan:Kó͘-tián gú-giân]]
[[ca:Llengua clàssica]]
[[de:Klassische Sprache]]
[[el:Κλασική γλώσσα]]
[[es:Lengua clásica]]
[[gu:શાસ્ત્રીય ભાષા]]
[[kn:ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಭಾಷೆ]]
[[ms:Bahasa klasik]]
[[nl:Klassieke talen]]
[[ja:古典言語]]
[[no:Klassisk språk]]
[[sl:Klasični jezik]]
[[fi:Klassinen kieli]]
[[sv:Klassiska språk]]
[[ta:செம்மொழி]]
[[th:ตันติภาษา]]

Classical language

2011-12-29T10:50:28Z

Baltshazzar: Undid revision 467585494 by Urdurai (talk) <-- manipulation of a quotation in order to further a certain POV or agenda (exalting Tamil)

A '''classical language''' is a language with a [[literature]] that is ''classical''. According to [[UC Berkeley]] linguist [[George L. Hart]], ''it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature.''<ref name="GHart">[http://tamil.berkeley.edu/tamil-chair/letter-on-tamil-as-a-classical-language,University of California-Berkeley]</ref>

Thus classical languages tend to be either [[dead language]]s, or show a high degree of [[diglossia]], as the spoken varieties of the language diverge further and further away from the classical written language over centuries.

== Classical studies ==
In the context of traditional European [[Classical studies]], the "Classical Languages" refer to [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] and [[Classical Latin|Latin]], which were the literary languages of the Mediterranean world in [[Classical Antiquity]].

In terms of worldwide cultural importance, [[Edward Sapir]] in ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12629 Language]'' (1921) would extend the list by [[Classical Chinese|Chinese]], [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]], and [[Classical Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]:

<blockquote>''When we realize that an educated Japanese can hardly frame a single literary sentence without the use of Chinese resources, that to this day Siamese and Burmese and Cambodgian bear the unmistakable imprint of the Sanskrit and Pali that came in with Hindu Buddhism centuries ago, or that whether we argue for or against the teaching of Latin and Greek [in schools] our arguments are sure to be studded with words that have come to us from Rome and Athens, we get some indication of what early Chinese culture, Buddhism, and classical mediterranean civilization have meant in the world's history. There are just five languages that have had overwhelming significance as carriers of culture. These are classical Chinese, Sanskrit, Arabic, Greek, and Latin. In comparison with these, even such culturally important languages as Hebrew and French sink into a secondary position.''</blockquote>

In this sense, a classical language is a language that has a broad influence over an extended period of time, even after it is no longer a colloquial mother tongue in its original form. If one language uses roots from another language to coin words (in the way that many [[European languages]] use Greek and Latin roots to devise new words such as "telephone" etc.), this is an indication that the second language is a classical language.

Living languages with a large sphere of influence are known as [[world language]]s.

== General Usage ==
The following languages are generally taken to have a "classical" stage. Such a stage is limited in time, and is considered "classical" if it comes to be regarded as a literary "golden age" retrospectively. Thus, [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]] is the language of 5th to 4th century BC [[History_of_Athens#Classical_Athens|Athens]], and as such only a small subset of the varieties of the [[Greek language]] as a whole. A "classical" period usually corresponds to a flowering of literature following an "archaic" period, such as [[Classical Latin]] succeeding [[Old Latin]], [[Sumerian language|Classical Sumerian]] succeeding Archaic Sumerian, Classical Sanskrit succeeding [[Vedic Sanskrit]], [[Classical Persian]] succeeding [[Old Persian]]. This is a partly a matter of terminology, and for example [[Old Chinese]] is taken to include rather than precede [[Classical Chinese]]. In some cases, such as those of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the "classical" stage corresponds to the earliest attested literary variant.
<ref>{{Citation|last=Ramanujan|first= A. K.|authorlink = A. K. Ramanujan|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|publisher= New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. 329|year = 1985|isbn=0231051077|url =http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC&dq}}Quote (p.ix–x)
"Tamil, one of the four classical languages of India, is a Dravidian language ... and it is the mother of all Languages in the world, These poems (''[[Sangam literature]]'', 1st century BC to 3rd century AD) are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Most of the ancient Poem's are destroyed by the mughal and aryan invasions,Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilization."</ref>

;Antiquity
* [[Classical Sumerian]] (literary language of [[Sumer]], ca. 26th to 23rd c. BC)
* [[Middle Egyptian]] (literary language of [[Ancient Egypt]] from ca. the 20th century BC to the 4th century AD)
* [[Akkadian language|Old Babylonian]] (The Akkadian language from ca 20th to 16th c. BC, the imitated standard for later literary works)
* [[Biblical Hebrew language|Classical Hebrew]] (the language of the [[Tanakh]], in particular of the [[Nevi'im|prophetic books]] of ca. the 7th and 6th c. BC)
* [[Classical Chinese]] (based on the literary language of the [[Zhou Dynasty]] from ca. the 5th c. BC)
* [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]] ([[Attic dialect]] of the 5th c. BC)
* [[Classical Tamil]] ([[Sangam literature]] ca. 3rd c. BC to 4th c. AD, defined by [[Tolkāppiyam]])<ref>{{Citation|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|year = 1997|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India: On Tamil Literature of South India|publisher=BRILL Academic Publishers. p. 378|isbn=9004035915|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VF2VMUoY_okC&printsec=frontcover&dq=smile+of+murugan#PPA7,M1}} Quote: "Chart 1 literature: 1. the "Urtext" of the ''Tolkappiyam'', i.e. the first two sections, ''Eluttatikaram'' and ''Collatikaram'' minus later interpolations, '''ca. 100 BC''' 2. the earliest strata of bardic poetry in the so-called ''Cankam'' anthologies, '''ca. 1 Cent. BC–2 Cent. AD.'''"</ref>
* [[Classical Sanskrit]] (defined by [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]] grammar, ca. 4th c. BC) <ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/pa/Panini.html Article "Panini" from ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (Sixth Edition. 2001-07) at Bartleby.com]</ref>
* [[Kannada|Classical Kannada]] (language of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] / [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] / [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] literature, 4th c.)<ref name=BritannicaLit>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2008. "Kannada literature" Quote: "''The earliest literary work is the ''Kavirājamārga'' (c. AD 850), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model.''" "Telugu literature", Quote: "''The literature, beginning in the 10th or 11th century, is mainly poetry and secular and religious epics ...''" "Sanskrit literature", Quote: "Two main periods in the development of the literature are discernible: the Vedic period, approximately 1500–200 BC; and, somewhat overlapping it, the classical period, approximately 500 BC–AD 1000." "Tamil literature", Quote: "''Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century bc, but Tamil literature proper begins around the 1st century AD.''"</ref><ref>[http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov12008/scroll2008110198257.asp Kannada gets classical tag]</ref>
* [[Classical Latin]] (literary language of the 1st c. BC)
* [[Classical Mandaic]] (literary [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] of [[Mandaeism]], 1st c. AD)
* [[Classical Syriac]] (literary [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] of the [[Syriac church]], 3rd to 5th c.)
* [[Classical Armenian]] (oldest attested form of [[Armenian language|Armenian]] from the 5th c. and literary language until the 18th c.)
* [[Middle Persian]] (court language of the [[Sassanid Empire]], 3rd to 7th c.)

;Middle Ages
* [[Classical Telugu]] (Dravidian language, Kakatiya literature,9th c.)
* [[Classical Arabic]] (based on the language of the [[Qur'an]], 7th c.)
* [[Persian language#New Persian|New Persian]] (language of classical [[Persian literature]], 9th to 17th c.)
* [[Classical Japanese language|Classical Japanese]] (language of [[Heian period]] literature, 10th to 12th c.)
* [[Classical Icelandic]] (the language of the [[Icelandic sagas]], 13th c.)
* [[Classical Gaelic]] (language of the 13th to 18th c. Scottish and Irish Gaelic literature)
;Pre-Colonial Americas
* [[Classic Maya language|Classical Maya]] (the language of the mature [[Maya civilization]], 3rd to 9th c.)
* [[Classical Quechua]] (lingua franca of the 16th c. [[Inca Empire]])
* [[Classical Nahuatl]] (lingua franca of 16th c. central Mexico)
* [[Classical K'iche' language|Classical K'iche']] (language of 16th c. [[Guatemala]])
* [[Classical Tupi]] (language of 16th -18th c. [[Brazil]])
;Early Modern period
* [[Early Modern English]] (language of [[Authorized King James Version|KJV Bible]] and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], 16th to 17th c.)
* [[Classical Ottoman Turkish]] (language of poetry and administration of the [[Ottoman empire]], 16th to 19th c.)

== See also ==
*[[Aureation]], an aspect of the influence of a classical language on a later language
*[[Classical languages of India]]
*[[Classics]]
*[[Classicism]]
*[[Literary language]]
*[[Sacred language]]
*[[Official language]]
*[[Standard language]]
*[[World language]]
*[[List of languages by first written accounts]]
*[[The Primary Classical Language of the World]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}}

[[Category:Classical languages| ]]

[[bn:ধ্রুপদী ভাষা]]
[[zh-min-nan:Kó͘-tián gú-giân]]
[[ca:Llengua clàssica]]
[[de:Klassische Sprache]]
[[el:Κλασική γλώσσα]]
[[es:Lengua clásica]]
[[gu:શાસ્ત્રીય ભાષા]]
[[kn:ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಭಾಷೆ]]
[[ms:Bahasa klasik]]
[[nl:Klassieke talen]]
[[ja:古典言語]]
[[no:Klassisk språk]]
[[sl:Klasični jezik]]
[[fi:Klassinen kieli]]
[[sv:Klassiska språk]]
[[ta:செம்மொழி]]
[[th:ตันติภาษา]]

Saint Stephen's Day

2011-12-26T07:01:15Z

Baltshazzar: official holiday in Luxembourg

{{about|the feast day of [[Saint Stephen]]|Hungarian saint|Stephen I of Hungary}}
{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name = St. Stephen's Day
|type = Christian
|image =
|caption =
|official_name =
|nickname = Feast of St Stephen
|observedby = Christians
|date = 26 December (Western) 27 December (Eastern)
|celebrations =
|observances =
|relatedto = [[Boxing Day]] (concurrent)
}}
{{seealso|Boxing Day}}
'''St. Stephen's Day''', or the '''Feast of St. Stephen''', is a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[saint's day]] celebrated on 26 December in the [[Western Church]] and 27 December in the [[Eastern Church]]. Many [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] churches adhere to the [[Julian calendar]] and mark St. Stephen's Day on 27 December according to that calendar, which places it on 9 January of the [[Gregorian calendar]] used in secular contexts. It commemorates [[Saint Stephen|St. Stephen]], the first Christian [[martyr]] or [[list of protomartyrs|protomartyr]].
It is an official public holiday in [[Austria]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Catalonia]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Montenegro]], [[Norway]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Sweden]] and [[Poland]]. The date is also a Public Holiday in those countries that celebrate [[Boxing Day]] on the day instead/as well.

==Ireland==
In [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the day is one of nine official public holidays.<ref>[http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/employment/employment-rights-and-conditions/leave-and-holidays/public-holidays-in-ireland/?searchterm=holidays www.citizensinformation.ie]</ref>

In [[Irish Language|Irish]], it is called ''Lá Fhéile Stiofán'' or ''Lá an Dreoilín''{{ndash}} the latter translates literally as another [[English language|English]] name used, the ''Day of the Wren'' or ''Wren's Day''. When used in this context, "wren" is often pronounced "ran". This name alludes to several legends, including those found in [[Irish mythology|Ireland]], linking episodes in the life of [[Jesus]] to the [[winter wren|wren]]. Although now mostly a discontinued tradition, in certain parts of Ireland persons carrying either an effigy of a wren or an actual caged wren [live or dead], travel from house to house playing music, singing and dancing. Depending on which region of the country, they are called [[Wrenboys]] and [[Mummers]]. A Mummer's Festival is held at this time every year in the village of [[New Inn, County Galway|New Inn]], [[County Galway]] and [[Dingle]] [[County Kerry]]. St Stephen's Day is also a popular day for visiting family members. A popular [[rhyme]], known to many Irish children and sung at each house visited by the mummers goes as follows (this version popularized by the Irish group [[The Clancy Brothers]]):

:The wren, the wren, the king of all birds,
:St. Stephen's Day was caught in the furze,
:Although he was little his honour was great,
:Jump up me lads and give us a treat.

:As I was going to Killenaule,
:I met a wren upon the wall.
:Up with me wattle and knocked him down,
:And brought him in to Carrick Town.

:Drooolin, Droolin, where's your nest?
:Tis in the bush that I love best
:In the tree, the holly tree,
:Where all the boys do follow me.

:Up with the kettle and down with the pan,
:And give us a penny to bury the wren.

:I followed the wren three miles or more,
:Three miles or more three miles or more.
:I followed the wren three miles or more,
:At six o'clock in the morning.

:I have a little box under me arm,
:Under me arm under me arm.
:I have a little box under me arm,
:A penny or tuppence would do it no harm.

:Mrs. Clancy's a very good woman,
:a very good woman, a very good woman,
:Mrs. Clancy's a very good woman,
:She give us a penny to bury the wren.

==Wales==
St. Stephen's Day in [[Wales]] is known as ''Gŵyl San Steffan''.
Ancient [[Welsh culture|Welsh]] custom, discontinued in the 19th century, included bleeding of livestock and "holming" (beating or slashing with [[holly]] branches) of late risers and female servants.<ref>Welsh Customs and Traditions, Brittania.com [http://www.britannia.com/wales/culture2.html]; see also archived version from 1997 [http://web.archive.org/web/19970816160612/http://www.britannia.com/wales/culture2.html]</ref>

==Catalonia==
St. Stephen's Day (''Sant Esteve'') on 26 December is a [[Traditions of Catalonia|traditional Catalan holiday]]. It is celebrated right after [[Christmas]], with a big meal including [[canelloni|''canelons'']]. These are stuffed with the ground remaining meat from the [[escudella|escudella i carn d'olla]], [[turkey]], or [[Capon|capó]] of the previous day.

==Serbia==
St. Stephen is the [[patron saint]] of Serbia. St. Stephen's Day falls on 9 January because the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] adheres to the [[Julian calendar]]. Serbian medieval rulers' title was Stefan (Stephen). The day is not a public holiday in Serbia.

{{see also|Public holidays in Serbia}}

==Republika Srpska==
St. Stephen is also the [[patron saint]] of [[Republika Srpska]], one of [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|two entities]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. St. Stephen's Day, 9 January, is celebrated as the Day of the Republika Srpska or [[Republic Day#January 9th in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina|''Dan Republike'']], though mainly as an anniversary of the 1992 events rather than as a religious feast.

{{see also|Public holidays in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

==See also==
* [[Good King Wenceslas]]
* [[Boxing Day]]
* [[St. Stephen's Day pie]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.irishfestivals.net/saintstephensday.htm St. Stephen's Day] at [http://www.irishfestivals.net IrishFestivals.net]
* [http://www.holidayyear.com/holidays/stephens-day.html St. Stephen's Day Celebration]
* [http://www.fustar.info/2005/12/26/caught-in-the-furze/ The Weird Side of St. Stephen's day in Ireland & Elsewhere] (Fustar.info)

{{Ireland Holidays}}
{{UK Holidays}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Stephen's Day}}
[[Category:Christian festivals and holy days]]
[[Category:Christmas-linked holidays]]
[[Category:Catholic holy days]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:Saints days|Stephen]]

[[af:Welwillendheidsdag]]
[[ca:Sant Esteve (festivitat)]]
[[cs:Svátek svatého Štěpána]]
[[cy:Gŵyl San Steffan]]
[[da:Jul#Anden juledag]]
[[de:Stephanitag]]
[[fy:Sint Steffensdei]]
[[ga:Lá Fhéile Stiofán]]
[[it:Giorno di Santo Stefano]]
[[lb:Stiefesdag]]
[[fi:Tapaninpäivä]]
[[sv:Annandag jul]]

Yuri Nikitin (author)

2011-12-22T14:26:27Z

Baltshazzar: typo

'''Yuri Aleksandrovich Nikitin''' ({{lang-ru|Ю́рий Алекса́ндрович Ники́тин}}), born in [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]], [[USSR]] in 1939, is a Russian science fiction and fantasy writer.

Although he was active in science fiction before [[perestroika]], he become famous when he wrote a fantasy with a Slavic motif, ''Three from the Forest'' (Russian: Трое из Леса). One of the protagonists is a character based on the Russian [[Rurikid]] Prince [[Oleg]], who is a mainstay in many sequels. Nikitin also wrote a pair of novels about [[Vladimir I of Kiev]]. Nikitin created a [http://nikitin.wm.ru/ website] called Inn (Russian: Корчма) as a community portal to help young writers.

Nikitin's books have a distinct, free, and often intentionally primitive and repetitive style with many jokes, reflecting his intent to keep the reader on topic and carry his ideas through. His later books develop the ideas of becoming a [[Transhuman]] through self-development and survival of the spiritually fittest.

==Bibliography==

"The Three from the Forest":
*The Three from the Forest (Russian: Трое из леса)
*The Three at the Sands (Russian: Трое в песках)
*The Three and the Gods (Russian: Трое и боги)
*The Three in the Valley (Russian: Трое в долине)
*The Secret Seven (Russian: Семеро тайных)
*Darkness (Russian: Мрак)
*A Respite in Barbus (Russian: Передышка в Барбусе)
*The Outcast (Russian: Изгой)
*Faramund (Russian: Фарамунд)
*The Hyperborean (Russian: Гиперборей)
*Holy Grail (Russian: Святой грааль)
*Stonehendge (Russian: Стоунхендж)
*The Revelation (Russian: Откровение)
*"Tower-2" (Russian: Башня-2)
*Man with the Axe (Russian: Человек с топором)
*Beyond-man (Russian: Зачеловек)
*Return of the Thomas (Russian: Возвращение Томаса)

"The prince feast":
*The prince feast (Russian: Княжеский пир)
*Final fight (Russian: Главный бой)

"Hyperborea":
*Prince Rus (Russian: Князь Рус)
*Ingvar and Olha (Russian: Ингвар и Ольха)
*Prince Vladimir (Russian: Князь Владимир)

"Teeth open wide":
*Teeth open wide (Russian: Зубы настежь)
*Ears in a tubule (Russian: Уши в трубочку)
*Three-handed sword (Russian: Трехручный меч)

"The three kingdoms":
*Artania (Russian: Артания)
*Pridon (Russian: Придон)
*Kuyavia (Russian: Куявия)

"Megaworld":
*Megaworld (Russian: Мегамир)
*The overlords of megaworld (Russian: Владыки мегамира)

"Strange novels":
*Baimer (Russian: Баймер)
*The great mage (Russian: Великий маг)
*Our land is great and plentiful (Russian: Земля наша велика и обильна...)<ref>A quote from the Russian [[Primary Chronicle]],</ref>
*Imago (Russian: Имаго)
*The immortist (Russian: Имортист)
*The last stronghold (Russian: Последняя крепость)
*The singomakers (Russian: Сингомэйкеры)
*Scythians (Russian: Скифы)
*The makers of worlds (Russian: Творцы миров)
*Transhuman (Russian: Трансчеловек)
*The sorcerer of the starship "Agudy" (Russian: Чародей звездолета "Агуди")
*I live in that body (Russian: Я живу в этом теле)
*I am a singular (Russian: Я - сингуляр)

"Russians gone":
*Fury (Russian: Ярость)
*Empire of evil (Russian: Империя зла)
*On a dark side (Russian: На темной стороне )
*Horn of Jericho (Russian: Труба Иерихона)

*The gold sword (Russian: Золотая шпага)
*How to become a writer (Russian: Как стать писателем)
*I'm 65 (Russian: Мне 65)
*Fire-worshippers (Russian: Огнепоклонники)

Collections of stories:
*A distant bright tower(Russian: Далекий светлый терем)
**The person who changed the world (Russian: Человек, изменивший мир)

==Notes==
{{commonscat|Yury Nikitin}}
<references/>

==External links==
*http://nikitin.wm.ru/books.htm
*http://t-human.com/nikitin.html

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Nikitin, Yuri
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1939
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikitin, Yuri}}
[[Category:Russian fantasy writers]]
[[Category:Russian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ukrainian people]]
[[Category:People from Kharkiv]]

[[lt:Jurijus Nikitinas]]
[[ru:Никитин, Юрий Александрович]]

Mankurt (film)

2011-12-20T21:42:10Z

Baltshazzar: typo "Aitmasatov"

{{Orphan|date=July 2011}}

:''This article is for the 1990 film. For information on the term "mankurt", please see the section ''[[The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years#Mankurt|The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years'' – Mankurt]]''.''
{{Infobox film
| name = Mankurt (Russian: Манкурт)
| image =
| image size =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Khodzha Kuli Narliyev
| producer =
| writer = Mariya Urmatova
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on = {{based on|''[[The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years]]''|Chinghiz Aitmatov}}
| narrator =
| starring = Tarik Tardzhan Maya-Gozel Aymedova Jylmaz Duru Khodzhadurdy Narliev Maysa Almazova
| music = Redzhep Redzhepov
| cinematography = Nurtai Borbiyev
| editing =
| studio = Turkmenia Studios Tugra Film
| distributor =
| released = 1990 ([[Soviet Union]])
| runtime = 86 minutes
| country = [[Turkmenistan]] [[USSR]]
| language = Russian
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mankurt''''' (Russian: Манкурт - "Manwolf", or "Bird memory")<ref name="book4"/> is a [[1990 in film|1990]] [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] film written by Mariya Urmatova<ref name="book3"/> and the last film directed by Khodzha Narliyev.<ref name="book1"/> The main cast were Tarik Tardzhan, Maya-Gozel Aymedova, Jylmaz Duru, Khodzhadurdy Narliev, Maysa Almazova.<ref name="kultur sanat"/><ref name="mustafacetin"/><ref name="mustafacetin2"/><ref name="mustafacetin3"/><ref name="mustafacetin4"/><ref name="amc"/><ref name=answers>{{cite web|author=Clarke Fountain|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/mankurt-film |title=Mankurt |publisher=[[All Movie Guide]], hosted by [[Answers.com]]}}</ref>

==Background==
The film was partially filmed on location in [[Syria]] and in [[Turkey]], representing a Turkish-Soviet cooperation in filmmaking.<ref name="web1"/> The film is based on one narrative strand within the novel ''[[The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years]]'' ("И дольше века длится день") by [[Chinghiz Aitmatov]],<ref name="book2"/> a philosophical tale about what can happen to people if they forget their motherland, language, and history.<ref name="book1"/> The [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] legend mentioned in the novel tells about a cruel way of making a ''mankurt'' of a captive man in the hopes that he will forget everything but basic activities and, thus, becomes an ideal [[slavery|slave]] of ''Djungar'' masters.

==Synopsis==
The film is about a Turkmenian who defends his homeland from invasion. He is captured, tortured, and brainwashed into serving his homeland's conquerors. He is so completely turned that he kills his mother when she attempts to rescue him from captivity.

==Cast==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Maya-Gozel Aimedova
* Nurberdy Allaberdyyev
* Maysa Almazova
* Baba Annanov
* Kerim Annanov
* Yylmaz Duru
* Altyn Khodzhayeva
{{col-break}}
* Khommat Mullyk
* Khodzha Durdy Narliyev
* Takhyr Narliyev
* Mergen Niyazov
* Maya Nuryagdyyeva
* Sapar Odayev
* Tarik Tardzhan
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[Pitchcapping]]
* [[Turkey|Turkish]] sources:
**HOCAKULU NARLIYEV İLE KONUŞMA-MART 2001-KINO KULTURA-GULNARA ABIKEEVA
**:(WITH SPEECH-MARCH 2001-Kino Kultura HOCAKULU NARLIYEV-Gulnara ABIKEEVA)
**"GORBAÇOV DÖNEMİDEN TAM YARARLANAMADIK",(MANKURT FİLMİNİN ÇEKİMLERİ-ANTALYA)(KONUŞAN:BURÇAK EVREN)HOCAKULU NARLIYEV,GÜNEŞ GAZ.,11.10.1989VAHŞETİN DAVULLARI-MANKURT-SINOPSIS HAZ.:RIFAT ORAK
**:"Gorbachev YARARLANAMADIK FULL PERIOD", (filming MANKURT-Antalya) (TALKING: BURÇAK UNIVERSE) HOCAKULU NARLIYEV, SUN GAS., 11.10.1989VAHŞETİN MANKURT Drums-JUN-Synopsis.: RIFAT SICKLE

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="book1">{{cite book | title=Historical dictionary of Russian and Soviet cinema | author=P. Rollberg | year=2009 | publisher=Scarecrow Press | pages=35, 37, 482 | isbn=0810860724, 9780810860728 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Cuw1vHuxITYC&pg=PA482&dq=%22Mankurt%22,+Soviet+film#v=onepage&q=%22Mankurt%22%2C%20Soviet%20film&f=false}}</ref>

<ref name="book2">{{cite book | title=The zero hour: glasnost and Soviet cinema in transition | author=Andrew Horton, Michael Brashinsky | year=1992 | publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] | pages=16, 17 | isbn=0691019207, 9780691019208 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9gZPIRMv-EIC&pg=PA16&dq=%22Mankurt%22,+Soviet+film#v=onepage&q=%22Mankurt%22%2C%20Soviet%20film&f=false}}</ref>

<ref name="book3">{{cite web | title=Directory of Eastern European film-makers and films, 1945-1991| author=Grzegorz Balski | year=1992 | publisher=Flicks Books}}</ref>

<ref name="book4">{{cite book | title=Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film | author=Oliver Leaman | year=2001 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | pages=17 | isbn=0415187036, 9780415187039}}</ref>

<ref name="web1">{{cite web | url=http://www.aytmatov.org/default.asp?pid=71&lng=1 | title=KHODZHAKULI NARLIEV | accessdate=2011-02-21 | publisher=aytmatov.org}}</ref>

<ref name="amc">{{cite web | url=http://movies.amctv.com/movie/170348/Mankurt/overview | title=Mankurt (1990) | accessdate=2011-02-21 | work=[[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]]}}</ref>

<ref name="kultur sanat">{{cite news
|url=http://www.mustafacetin.org/tr/kole-mangutlar-ve-kaprisli-develermankurt-filminini-kakadokya-cekimleritempo-dergisi18081998s6667
|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5wg55Fpo2
|archivedate= 21 February 2011
|title=DR. MUSTAFA ÇETİN,FUAT UZKINAY,CENGİZ DAĞCI,CENGİZ AYTMATOV KÖLE
|last=staff
|date=August 18, 1988
|work=Kultur Sanat
| pages=66, 67
|language=Turkish
|accessdate=9 February 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="mustafacetin">{{cite news
|url=http://www.mustafacetin.org/tr/kultur-kokunuzu-ve-torenizi-untmayinmankurt-filmi-cekimleriolcay-yaziciturkiye-gaz1708198811
|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5wg5f66NZ
|archivedate= 21 February 2011
|title=DR. MUSTAFA ÇETİN,FUAT UZKINAY,CENGİZ DAĞCI,CENGİZ AYTMATOV KÜLTÜR
|last=staff
|date=August 17, 1988
|work=mustafacetin.org
| pages=66, 67
|language=Turkish
|accessdate=9 February 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="mustafacetin2">{{cite news
|url=http://www.mustafacetin.org/tr/gun-uzar-yuzyil-olur-film-oluyoryeni-dusunce02101987
|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5wg64K0Kk
|archivedate= 21 February 2011
|title=GÜN UZAR YÜZYIL OLUR FİLM OLUYOR,YENİ DÜŞÜNCE
|last=staff
|date=October 2, 1987
|work=mustafacetin.org
| pages=
|language=Turkish
|accessdate=9 February 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="mustafacetin3">{{cite news
|url=http://www.mustafacetin.org/tr/mankurt-bird-memorymankurt-filminin-sinopsis-ve-tanitimisdtarihsiz
|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5wg6GvHht
|archivedate= 21 February 2011
|title=MANKURT -BIRD MEMORY,"MANKURT" FİLMİNİN SİNOPSİS VE TANITIMI,SD
|last=
|date=February 2, 1988
|work=mustafacetin.org
| pages=
|language=Turkish, English & French
|accessdate=9 February 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="mustafacetin4">{{cite news
|url=http://www.mustafacetin.org/tr/sinemada-turksovyet-isbirligimilliyet07021988
|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5wg6dRrMz
|archivedate= 21 February 2011
|title=SİNEMADA TÜRK-SOVYET İŞBİRLİĞİ,MİLLİYET
|last=
|date=October 2, 1988
|work=mustafacetin.org
| pages=
|language=Turkish
|accessdate=9 February 2011}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1631774/fullcredits ''Mankurt''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

[[Category:Soviet films]]
[[Category:Turkic mythology]]
[[Category:1990 films]]

[[az:Manqurt]]
[[cv:Манкурт]]
[[hu:Mankurt]]
[[pl:Mankurt]]
[[ro:Mankurt]]
[[ru:Манкурт]]
[[tr:Mankurt]]
[[uk:Манкурт]]

White-collar crime

2011-12-08T21:06:29Z

Baltshazzar: interwiki jp

{{CriminTheo}}
Within the field of [[criminology]], '''white-collar crime''' has been defined by [[Edwin Sutherland]] as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation" (1939). Sutherland was a proponent of [[Symbolic interactionism|Symbolic Interactionism]], and believed that criminal behavior was learned from interpersonal interaction with others. White-collar crime, therefore, overlaps with [[corporate crime]] because the opportunity for [[fraud]], [[bribery]], [[insider trading]], [[embezzlement]], [[computer crime]], [[copyright infringement]], [[money laundering]], [[identity theft]], and [[forgery]] are more available to [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] employees.

==Historical background==
The term white-collar crime only dates back to 1939. Professor Edwin Hardin Sutherland was the first to coin the term, and hypothesize white-collar criminals attributed different characteristics and motives than typical street criminals. Mr. Sutherland originally presented his theory in an address to the [[American Sociological Society]] in attempt to study two fields, crime and high society, which had no previous empirical correlation. He defined his idea as "crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation" (Sutherland, 1949). Many denote the invention of Sutherland's idiom to the explosion of U.S business in the years following the Great Depression. Sutherland noted that in his time, "less than two percent of the persons committed to prisons in a year belong to the [[upper-class]]." His goal was to prove a relation between money, social status, and likelihood of going to jail for a white-collar crime, compared to more visible, typical crimes. Although the percentage is a bit higher today, numbers{{Which?|date=July 2011}} still show a large majority of those in jail are poor, "blue-collar" criminals, despite efforts to crack down on white-collar, and [[corporate crime]]. The introduction of white-collar crime was a relatively new issue to criminology at that time. He was urging other criminologists to stop focusing on the socially and economically disadvantaged. The types of individuals who committed these crimes lived successfully and were respected by society in general-also criminologists; because these criminals were held to such a high regard, these individuals were given a blind eye to the crimes they committed.

Other fiscal laws were passed in the years prior to Sutherland's studies including antitrust laws in the 1920s, and social welfare laws in the 1930s. After the Depression, people went to great lengths to rebuild their financial security, and it is theorized this led many hard workers, who felt they were underpaid, to take advantage of their positions.

Much of Sutherland's work was to separate and define the differences in [[blue collar]] street crimes, such as [[arson]], [[burglary]], [[theft]], [[assault]], [[rape]] and [[vandalism]], which are often blamed on psychological, associational, and structural factors. Instead, white-collar criminals are opportunists, who over time learn they can take advantage of their circumstances to accumulate financial gain. They are educated, intelligent, affluent, confident individuals, who were qualified enough to get a job which allows them the unmonitored access to often large sums of money. Many also use their intelligence to con their victims into believing and trusting in their credentials. Many do not start out as criminals, and in many cases never see themselves as such.<ref>[http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/corporate_crime/history.htm Providence.edu]</ref>

==Definitional issues==
Modern criminology generally rejects a limitation of the term by reference, rather classifies the type of crime and the topic:
*By the type of offense, e.g. property crime, economic crime, and other corporate crimes like [[environmental law|environmental]] and [[health and safety]] law violations. Some crime is only possible because of the identity of the offender, e.g. transnational [[money laundering]] requires the participation of senior officers employed in banks. But the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] has adopted the narrow approach, defining white-collar crime as "those illegal acts which are characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence" (1989, 3). This approach is relatively pervasive in the [[United States]], the record-keeping does not adequately collect data on the socioeconomic status of offenders which, in turn, makes research and policy evaluation problematic. While the true extent and cost of white-collar crime are unknown, it is estimated to cost the United States somewhere between $300–$660 billion annually, according to the [[FBI]] (Lane and Wall 2006, cited; in Friedrichs, 2007, p46).
*By the type of offender, e.g. by [[social class]] or high socioeconomic status, the occupation of positions of trust or [[profession]], or academic qualification, researching the motivations for criminal behavior, e.g. greed or fear of loss of face if economic difficulties become obvious. Shover and Wright (2000) point to the essential neutrality of a crime as enacted in a [[statute]]. It almost inevitably describes conduct in the abstract, not by reference to the character of the persons performing it. Thus, the only way that one crime differs from another is in the backgrounds and characteristics of its perpetrators. Most if not all white-collar offenders are distinguished by lives of privilege, much of it with origins in class [[Social inequality|inequality]].
*By organizational culture rather than the offender or offense which overlaps with [[organized crime]]. Appelbaum and Chambliss (1997, 117) offer a twofold definition:
**Occupational crime which occurs when crimes are committed to promote personal interests, say, by altering records and overcharging, or by the cheating of clients by professionals.
**Organizational or corporate crime which occurs when corporate executives commit criminal acts to benefit their company by overcharging or [[price fixing]], false advertising, etc.

==Relationship to other types of crime==
===Blue-collar crime===
The types of crime committed are a function of what is available to the potential offender. Thus, those employed in relatively unskilled environments and living in inner-city areas have fewer "situations" to exploit (see Clarke: 1997) than those who work in "situations" where large financial transactions occur and live in areas where there is relative prosperity. Blue-collar crime tends to be more obvious and thus attracts more active [[police]] attention (e.g. for crimes such as [[vandalism]] or [[shoplifting]], where physical property is involved). In contrast, white-collar employees can incorporate legitimate and criminal behavior, thus making themselves less obvious when committing the crime. Therefore, [[blue-collar]] crime will more often use physical force, whereas in the corporate world, the identification of a victim is less obvious and the issue of reporting is complicated by a [[culture]] of commercial [[confidentiality]] to protect [[shareholder]] value. It is estimated that a great deal of white-collar crime is undetected or, if detected, it is not reported.

===Corporate crime===
[[Corporate crime]] deals with the company as a whole. The crime benefitting the investors or the individuals who are in high positions in the company or corporation. The relationship white-collar crime has with corporate crime is that they are similar because they both are involved within the business world. Their difference is that white-collar crime benefits the individual involved, and corporate crime benefits the company or the corporation.

===State-corporate crime===
The negotiation of agreements between a state and a corporation will be at a relatively senior level on both sides, this is almost exclusively a white-collar "situation" which offers the opportunity for crime. White-collar crime has become a priority of law enforcement,<ref>.Charles Anzalone, "White-Collar Crime Has Become Priority of Law Enforcement"</ref> however evidence shows that it continues to be a low priority.<ref>[http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/states-white-collar-convicts-get-lighter-sentences-9311 Ryan Gabrielson, "State's white collar convicts get lighter sentences"]</ref>

When senior levels of a corporation engage in criminal activity using the company this is sometimes called [[control fraud]].

===Public a victim of white collar crime===

Common misconception about corporate crime and white collar time is that its effects are mainly financial. However, they can cause harm to the general public, workers and consumers. For example false claims made by pharmaceutical companies about their products or the dumping of toxic wastes. Another good example includes the Hooker Chemical Company dumping toxic waste into the abandoned Love Canal in Niagara Falls and later selling the land after knowing of the problem but choosing not to warn health officials. It was later sold to a private housing developer in the 1950’s and in the 1970’s the families starting experiencing major health problems such as miscarriages and birth defects (O'Grady, 2011){{Citation broken|date=December 2011}}.

===How workers/employees of a company can be victims of white collar crime===

Some ways that employees of a company can become victims of white-collar crime can be that workers are being exposed to the harms and risks of being involved in a crime. Even if the workers are unaware of the crimes his or her corporation is committing, this poses a threat to their job security. Essentially, if a company is charged with a white-collar crime, such a fraud or embezzlement, and loses copious amounts of money forcing the company to declare bankruptcy, the employees are at risk of losing their jobs.
Another harm making employees victims of white-collar crime can be when employers are aware of a physical harm that can affect their employees. An example of this danger can be depicted with miners in Newfoundland who were exposed to Radon gas, which the company (and the Canadian government) were aware was a danger to people’s health, yet there was nothing done to protect the employees (O'Grady, 2011){{Citation broken|date=December 2011}}.

===Occupational Crime===

Individuals who commit crime during the course of their employment roles. The two most common forms are theft and fraud. Examples of occupational thefts are removal by employees of job-related items from the workplace. There are obviously varying degrees of theft ex. from a pencil to furnishings to a car. Most employees do steal and the expense is high. An example of fraud is insider trading. This occurs when an employee uses information not available to the public to gain personal advantage over others in the buying and selling of stock (O'Grady, 2011){{Citation broken|date=December 2011}}.

==See also==
*[[Accounting scandals]]
*[[confidence trick|Con man]]
*[[FBI]]
*[[Franchise fraud]]
*[[Fraud]]
*[[Industrial espionage]]
*[[INTERPOL]]
*[[IRS Criminal Investigation Division]] (IRS-CID)
*[[Money laundering]]
*[[Office of Criminal Investigations]] (OCI)
*[[Organized crime]]
*[[Sarbanes-Oxley Act]]
*[[Securities fraud]]
*[[Terrorist financing]]
*[[United States Postal Inspection Service]]
*[[United States Secret Service]]

==Further reading and references==
*Appelbaum, Richard P. & Chambliss, William J. (1997). ''Sociology: A Brief Introduction''. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-673-98279-3
*Barnett, Cynthia. (Undated). ''The Measurement of White-Collar Crime Using Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Data''.<ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/whitecollarforweb.pdf FBI.com]</ref>
*Clarke, Ronald (ed). (1997). ''Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies'' (2nd edition). New York: Criminal Justice Press. ISBN 0-911577-38-6
*Dillon, Eamon [http://www.dilloninvestigates.com/index_files/Page390.htm Dilloninvestigates.com], ''The Fraudsters – How Con Artists Steal Your Money Chapter 5, Pillars of Society, published September 2008 by Merlin Publishing, Ireland ISBN 978-1-903582-82-4
*Friedrichs, David O. (2003) ''Trusted Criminals: White Collar Crime in Contemporary Society'', Wadsworth. ISBN 0-495-00604-1
*Geis, G., Meier, R. & Salinger, L. (eds.) (1995). ''White-collar Crime: Classic & Contemporary Views''. NY: Free Press.
*Green, Stuart P. (2006). ''Lying, Cheating, and Stealing: A Moral Theory of White Collar Crime''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]].
*Lea, John. (2001). ''Crime as Governance: Reorienting Criminology''.<ref>[http://www.bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/misc/crimgov.htm Blueyonder.do.uk]</ref>
*Leap, Terry L. (2007) ''Dishonest Dollars: The Dynamics of White-Collar Crime''. Ithaca: [[Cornell University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-8014-4520-0
*Newman, Graeme R. & Clarke, Ronald V. (2003). ''Superhighway Robbery: Preventing E-commerce Crime''. Portland, Or: Willan Publishing. ISBN 1-84392-018-2
*Reiman, J. (1998). ''The Rich get Richer and the Poor get Prison''. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
*Pontell, H. & Tillman, R. (1998). ''Profit Without Honor: White-collar Crime and the Looting of America''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
*Shapiro, Susan P. (1990). "Collaring the Crime, not the Criminal: Reconsidering the Concept of White-collar Crime", ''American Sociological Review'' 55: 346–65.
*Simon, D. & Eitzen, D. (1993). ''Elite Deviance''. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
*Simon, D. & Hagan, F. (1999). ''White-collar Deviance''. Boston: Allyn & Bacon
*Shover, Neal & Wright, John Paul (eds.) (2000). ''Crimes of Privilege: Readings in White-Collar Crime''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513621-7
*Sutherland, Edwin Hardin (1949). ''White Collar Crime''. New York: Dryden Press.
* [[Jean-Pierre Thiollet|Thiollet, J.P]]. (2002). Beau linge et argent sale — Fraude fiscale internationale et blanchiment des capitaux, Paris, Anagramme ed. ISBN 2 914571178
*U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (1989). ''White Collar Crime: A Report to the Public''. Washington, D.C.: [[Government Printing Office]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Psychological manipulation}}
{{fraud}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Con artists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:White-Collar Crime}}
[[Category:Criminology]]
[[Category:Corporate crime]]
[[Category:White-collar criminals| ]]

[[bs:Kriminal bijele kragne]]
[[da:Økonomisk kriminalitet]]
[[de:Wirtschaftskriminalität]]
[[es:Delito de guante blanco]]
[[fa:جرم یقه سفید]]
[[fr:Criminalité financière]]
[[he:עבירת צווארון לבן]]
[[ja:経済犯罪]]
[[ms:Jenayah kolar putih]]
[[nl:Witteboordencriminaliteit]]
[[pl:Przestępczość białych kołnierzyków]]
[[pt:Crime do colarinho branco]]
[[ru:Беловоротничковая преступность]]
[[simple:White-collar crime]]
[[sh:Kriminal bijelog ovratnika]]
[[sv:Ekonomisk brottslighet]]

World No Tobacco Day

2011-11-21T11:47:53Z

Baltshazzar: www.who.org

[[Image:Bluete in Aschenbecher.jpg|thumb|Ash trays with fresh flowers are a common symbol of World No Tobacco Day|right]]

'''World No Tobacco Day''' (WNTD) is observed around the world every year on May 31. It is meant to encourage a 24-hour period of abstinence from all forms of [[tobacco]] consumption across the globe. The day is further intended to draw global attention to the widespread prevalence of tobacco use and to negative [[health effects of tobacco|health effects]], which currently lead to 5.4 million deaths worldwide annually. The member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) created World No Tobacco Day in 1987. In the past twenty years, the day has been met with both enthusiasm and resistance across the globe from governments, public health organizations, smokers, growers, and the tobacco industry.

==WHO and World No Tobacco Day==
World No Tobacco Day is one of many other world health awareness days throughout the year organized by the WHO, including [[World Mental Health Day]], [[World AIDS Day]], and World Blood Donor Day, among others.

===Timeline===
*In 1987, the [[World Health Assembly]] of the WHO passed Resolution WHA40.38, calling for April 7, 1988 to be "a world no-smoking day". April 7, 1988 was the 40th anniversary of the WHO. The objective of the day was to urge tobacco users worldwide to abstain from using tobacco products for 24 hours, an action they hoped would provide assistance for those trying to quit.<ref>Center for Disease Control. 1990. MMWR Weekly (April 6, 1990). http://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001591.htm</ref>
*In 1988, Resolution WHA42.19 was passed by the World Health Assembly, calling for the celebration of World No Tobacco Day, every year on May 31. Since then, the WHO has supported World No Tobacco Day every year, linking each year to a different tobacco-related theme.
*In 1998, the WHO established the Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), an attempt to focus international resources and attention on the global health epidemic of tobacco. The initiative provides assistance for creating global public health policy, encourages mobilization across societies, and supports the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). <ref>World Health Organization. 2010. Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI).http://web.ebscohost.com.libproxy.wustl.edu/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=108&sid=9f40a449-8b2a-441a-95a2n738915e20dcf@sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=33440955http://www.who.int/tobacco/about/en/index.html</ref> The WHO FCTC is a global public health treaty adopted in 2003 by countries across the globe as an agreement to implement policies that work towards tobacco cessation.
*In 2008, on the eve of the World No Tobacco Day the WHO called for a worldwide ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship. The theme of that year’s day was Tobacco-free youth; therefore, this initiative was especially meant to target advertising efforts aimed at youth. According to the WHO, the tobacco industry must replace older quitting or dying smokers with younger consumers. Because of this, marketing strategies are commonly observed in places that will attract youth such as movies, the Internet, billboards, and magazines. Studies have shown that the more youth are exposed to tobacco advertising, the more likely they are to smoke.<ref>Chan, Margaret. 2008. WHO calls for banning all tobacco advertising, promotion. Nation’s Health. 38 (6):21.
</ref>

===Themes===
====Discussion====
Each year, the WHO selects a theme for the day in order to create a more unified global message for WNTD. This theme then becomes the central component of the WHO’s tobacco-related agenda for the following year.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 2010. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/announcement/en/index.html</ref> The WHO oversees the creation and distribution of publicity materials related to the theme, including brochures, fliers, posters, websites, and press releases.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day, 31 May 2009: Campaign Materials. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/en/index.html</ref> In 2008 for the theme Tobacco-free youth, [http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/multimedia/en/ Youtube videos] were created as a part of the WNTD awareness campaign, and podcasts were first used in 2009.

In many of its WNTD themes and related publicity-materials, the WHO emphasizes the idea of “truth.” Theme titles such as “Tobacco kills, don’t be duped” (2000) and “Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise” (2006) indicate a WHO belief that individuals may be misled or confused about the true nature of tobacco; the rationale for the 2000 and 2008 WNTD themes identify the marketing strategies and “illusions” created by the tobacco industry as a primary source of this confusion.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 200. http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2000/en/index.html</ref> The WHO’s WNTD materials present an alternate understanding of the “facts” as seen from a global public health perspective. WNTD publicity materials provide an “official” interpretation of the most up-to-date tobacco-related research and statistics and provide a common ground from which to formulate anti-tobacco arguments around the world.

====List====
*2012 Tobacco Industry Interference
*2011 The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
*2010 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/announcement/en/index.html Gender and tobacco with an emphasis on marketing to women]
*2009 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/en/index.html Tobacco health warnings]
*2008 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/en/index.html Tobacco-free youth]
*2007 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2007/en/index.html Smoke free inside]
*2006 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2006/en/index.html Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise]
*2005 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2005/en/index.html Health professionals against tobacco]
*2004 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2004/en/index.html Tobacco and poverty, a vicious circle]
*2003 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2003/en/index.html Tobacco free film, tobacco free fashion]
*2002 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2002/en/index.html Tobacco free sports]
*2001 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2001/en/index.html Second-hand smoke kills]
*2000 [http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/2000/en/index.html Tobacco kills, don't be duped]
*1999 Leave the pack behind
*1998 Growing up without tobacco
*1997 United for a tobacco free world
*1996 Sport and art without tobacco: play it tobacco free
*1995 Tobacco costs more than you think
*1994 Media and tobacco: get the message across
*1993 Health services: our windows to a tobacco free world
*1992 Tobacco free workplaces: safer and healthier
*1991 Public places and transport: better be tobacco free
*1990 Childhood and youth without tobacco: growing up without tobacco
*1989 Women and tobacco: the female smoker: at added risk
*1988 Tobacco or Health: choose health

===Event coordination===
The WHO serves as a central hub for coordinating WNTD events around the world. The WHO website provides a place for groups to [http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/registration_form/en/index.html register their planned WNTD events]. The WHO publishes this information, by country, on its website. The registry helps foster communication and awareness between groups (locally, nationally, and globally) interested in the public health effects of tobacco, and it also serves as a way for interested individuals to quickly see if there is an event in their area.

===Awards===
Since 1988 the WHO has presented one or more Awards to organizations or individuals who have made exceptional contributions to reducing tobacco consumption. World No Tobacco Day Awards are given to individuals from six different world regions (Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific), and Director-General Special Awards and Recognition Certificates are given to individuals from any region.<ref>World Health Organization. 2010. World No Tobacco Day 2009 Awards – the winners. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2009/awards/en/index.html</ref>

==Global observance==
Groups around the world—from local clubs to city councils to national governments—are encouraged by the WHO to organize events each year to help communities celebrate World No Tobacco Day in their own way at the local level. Past events have included letter writing campaigns to government officials and local newspapers, marches, public debates, local and national publicity campaigns, anti-tobacco activist meetings, educational programming, and public art.<ref>For examples, search “celebrations around the world” within each theme’s page of the World Health Organization’s website. Try World Health Organization. 2010. 31 May 2008, World No Tobacco Day activities. http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/activities/en/index.html to get started.</ref>

In addition, many governments use WNTD as the start date for implementing new smoking bans and tobacco control efforts. For example, on May 31, 2008, a section of the Smoke Free Ontario Act came into effect banning tobacco "power walls" and displays at stores, and all hospitals and government offices in Australia will become smoke free on May 31, 2010.<ref>CBC News. 2008. Cigarette display ban begins in Quebec, Ontario. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/31/cigarette-display.html</ref><ref>Pengelley, Jill and Ben Harvy. 2009. . Smoking to be Banned on Public Hospital Grounds. Adelaide Now... September 29http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/smoking-to-be-banned-on-public-hospital-grounds/story-e6freo8c-1225779306000?from=public_rss</ref>

The day has also been used as a springboard for discussing the current and future state of a country as it relates to tobacco. For example, in India, (which, with 120 million smokers, has one of the highest rates of tobacco consumption in the world),<ref>Campaign for Tobacco-free kids. 2010. India: Overview. http://tobaccofreecenter.org/resources_country/india</ref> a special section of the Indian journal ''Current Science'', together with the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, was published in time for WNTD, 2009. This section examined tobacco use and control in India in an attempt to spread awareness and build support for stricter tobacco control.<ref>Current Science. 2009. Contents: Vol. 96 No. 10, 25 May 2006. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/may252009/contents.htm</ref>

==Resistance==
For some, WNTD is nothing more than a “futile attempt to curb smoking” which has little to no visible effect in places like the former [[USSR]], [[India]], and [[China]].<ref>RiaNovosti. 2009. Opinion & Analysis: World No Tobacco Day, Futile Attempt to Curb Smoking. http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20090529/155119204.html</ref> For others, WNTD is seen as a challenge to individual freedom of choice or even a culturally acceptable form of discrimination. From ignoring WNTD, to participating in protests or acts of defiance, to bookending the day with extra rounds of pro-tobacco advertisements and events, smokers, tobacco growers, and the tobacco industry have found ways to make their opinions of the day heard.

===Smoker response===
There has been no sustained or wide-spread effort to organize counter-WNTD events on the part of smokers. There is, however, an active community of smokers’ rights advocates who see the WNTD as unfairly singling them out and challenging their rights. The WHO maintains a listing of these organizations on its website.

Some small groups have created local pro-smoking events. For example, the [[Oregon Commentator]], an independent conservative journal of opinion published at the [[University of Oregon]], hosted a “Great American Smoke-in” on campus as a counter to the locally more widespread [[Great American Smokeout]]: “In response to the ever-increasing vilification of smokers on campus, the Oregon Commentator presents the Great American Smoke-in as an opportunity for students to join together and enjoy the pleasures of fine tobacco products.”<ref>2007. OC to host Great American Smoke-in. The Oregon Commentator. November 26. http://www.oregoncommentator.com/category/smoking-ban/page/2/</ref> Similarly, “Americans for Freedom of Choice” a group in [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] organized “World Defiance Day” in response to WNTD and Hawaii’s statewide ban on smoking in restaurants.<ref>Zimmerman, Malia. 2007. Defiance—one puff at a time. Hawaii Reporter. July 6. http://www.hawaiireporter.com/story.aspx?f3bafc22-9167-4aaa-83d2-b5648c90a890</ref>

===Industry response===
Historically, the tobacco industry has supported initiatives that provide resources to help smokers quit smoking. For example, [[Phillip Morris USA|Phillip Morris]] USA operates a [http://www2.pmusa.com/en/quitassist/index.asp “Quit Assist”] website that acts as a guide for those who choose to quit smoking. Acknowledging the fact that quitting is possible puts the power back into the hands of the individual and therefore alleviates responsibility from the tobacco companies. Additionally, advocating for cessation of smoking can allow companies to still advocate for alternative forms of tobacco, while cessation of tobacco would eliminate business completely {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}.

World No Tobacco Days have not induced a positive vocal response from the tobacco industry. For example, a memo made publicly available through [http://www.tobaccoarchives.com/ www.tobaccoarchives.com] was sent out to executives of [[R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]] in preparation for the third annual World No Tobacco Day, which had the theme of “Childhood and Youth Without Tobacco.” The memo includes a warning about the upcoming day, a document that explains the arguments they anticipate the WHO making, and an explanation of how the company should respond to these claims. For example, in response to the anticipated argument that their advertisements target children, the company’s response includes arguments that claim their advertisements are targeted towards adults by using adult models, and that advertisements lack the power to influence what people will actually purchase.<ref>R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Online Litigation Document Archive. 1990. Infotab. WHO World No-Tobacco Day, 31 May 1990: Growing up without tobacco, The Industry Response. http://rjrtdocs.com./rjrtdocs/image_downloader.wmt?MODE=PDF&SEARCH=0&ROW=1&DOC_RANGE=511992389+-2390&CAMEFROM=1.</ref> In [[Uganda]], since the World No Tobacco Day is the one day that the media is obligated to publicize tobacco control issues, the British American Tobacco company uses the eve of the day to administer counter-publicity. In 2001, their strategy included events such as a visit with the President of the International Tobacco Growers Association.<ref>The Environmental Action Network. 2002. Tobacco Industry Tactics in Uganda. http://tean.globalink.org/tobaccotactics.html</ref>

Unlike the tobacco industry, some big pharmaceutical companies do publicly support WNTD. For example, [[Pfizer]] was a large sponsor for many WNTD events in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in 2008. At the time, Pfizer was preparing to release its drug Champix ([[Varenicline]]) into the Middle Eastern market. The drug was “designed to activate the nicotinic receptor to reduce both the severity of the smoker's craving and the withdrawal symptoms from nicotine.”<ref>UAS Interact. 2007. Today’s News Stories: World No Tobacco Day is “Critically Important” for the Middle East.http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/World_No_Tobacco_Day_is_Critically_Important_for_the_Middle_East/25385.htm.</ref>

===Grower response===
Many tobacco growers feel that anti-tobacco efforts by organizations such as the WHO jeopardize their rights. For example, the International Tobacco Growers Association (ITGA) argues that poor farmers in Africa may suffer the consequences if WHO anti-tobacco movements succeed. They also argue that these efforts may gang up on manufacturers of tobacco and be an attack on the industry, therefore hurting the growers.<ref>Yach, Derek and Douglas Bettcher. 2000. Globalisation of tobacco industry influence and new global response. Tobacco Control. 9:206-219. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/9/2/206.full</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Great American Smokeout]] – the third Thursday in November
* [[Smoking ban]]
* [[Smoking cessation]]
* [[Tobacco smoking]]
* [[World Health Organization]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
[http://vikramkarve.sulekha.com/blog/post/2011/05/world-no-tobacco-day.htm Celebrate World Tobacco Day Quit Smoking]

http://vikramkarve.sulekha.com/blog/post/2011/05/world-no-tobacco-day.htm

*[http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/events/wntd/en/ World Health Organization World No Tobacco Days]
*[http://www.vatikashaktipeeth.com/tobacco/ World No Tobacco Days - Gayatri Pariwar]

[[Category:1987 introductions]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Health awareness days]]
[[Category:United Nations days|No Tobacco Day, World]]
[[Category:Public health education]]
[[Category:Tobacco]]

[[ar:اليوم العالمي دون تدخين]]
[[gn:Petỹ'ỹ Ára]]
[[cs:Světový den bez tabáku]]
[[de:Weltnichtrauchertag]]
[[es:Día Mundial Sin Tabaco]]
[[fr:Journée mondiale sans tabac]]
[[gl:Día Mundial sen Tabaco]]
[[ko:세계 금연의 날]]
[[hr:Svjetski dan nepušenja]]
[[is:Reyklausi dagurinn]]
[[it:Giornata mondiale senza tabacco]]
[[lb:Weltdag ouni Tubak]]
[[lt:Diena be tabako]]
[[ml:ലോക പുകയില വിരുദ്ധദിനം]]
[[mr:जागतिक तंबाखूसेवन विरोधी दिन]]
[[ms:Hari Dunia Tanpa Tembakau]]
[[nl:Werelddag zonder tabak]]
[[ja:世界禁煙デー]]
[[no:Verdens tobakksfrie dag]]
[[or:ବିଶ୍ଵ ତମାଖୁହୀନ ଦିବସ]]
[[pl:Dzień bez Papierosa]]
[[ro:Ziua mondială fără tutun]]
[[ru:Всемирный день без табака]]
[[sq:Dita Botërore pa Duhan]]
[[sh:Svjetski dan nepušenja]]
[[fi:Kansainvälinen tupakaton päivä]]
[[ta:உலக புகையிலை எதிர்ப்பு நாள்]]
[[th:วันงดสูบบุหรี่โลก]]
[[tg:Рӯзи ҷаҳонии бидуни тамоку]]
[[uk:День боротьби з тютюнопалінням]]
[[zh-yue:世界唔食煙日]]
[[zh:世界无烟日]]

Talk:Artemisia annua

2011-07-30T12:19:29Z

Baltshazzar: /* Chinese name */ new section

{{WikiProject Plants|class=Start|importance=Mid}}

== Human Toxicity ==

Does anyone have a reference indicating human toxicity, parts of the plant, and in what concentrations? — [[User:Imeriki al-Shimoni|al-Shimoni]] ([[User talk:Imeriki al-Shimoni|talk]]) 07:32, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

== Chinese name ==

The article gives the Chinese name "青蒿; pinyin: qīnghāo" but the link to the Chinese WP leads to an article named "黄花蒿（学名：Artemisia annua)".I think the Chinese characters 黄花蒿 are pronounced "huanghuahao". Furthermore, when I search for "青蒿" in the Chinese WP I get still another article, where the scientific/ binomial name of 青蒿 qinghao is given as "Artemisia carvifolia", which I didn't find elsewhere.
Could someone with sufficient knowledge in English, Chinese and biology please clarify this discrepancy?
[[User:Baltshazzar|Baltshazzar]] ([[User talk:Baltshazzar|talk]]) 12:19, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Lay judges in Japan

2011-06-30T08:40:20Z

Baltshazzar: typo

'''Lay judges in Japan''' were first introduced to in 1923, led by Prime Minister [[Kato Tomosaburo]]. Although the system generated relatively high acquittal rates,<ref>Johnson, David T., Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials, The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, online 9-07-2009</ref> it was rarely used, in part because it required defendants to give up their rights to appeal of the factual determinations made.<ref>Anna Dobrovolskaia (trans.), The Jury System in Pre-War Japan:
An Annotated Translation of “The Jury Guidebook”
(Baishin Tebiki), Asia-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_09.2_dobrovolskaia.pdf, p. 238 n.7.</ref> The system lapsed by the end of [[World War 2]].<ref>Haley, JO, The Spirit of Japanese Law, Univ. of Georgia Press, 1998, p. 52.</ref> In 2009, as a part of a larger judicial reform project, laws came into force to introduce citizen participation in certain criminal trials by introducing [[lay judge]]s. [[Lay judge]]s comprise the majority of the judicial panel. They do not form a [[jury]] separate from the judges, like in a [[common law]] system, but participate in the trial as [[Inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] judges in accordance with [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] tradition.

== Saiban-in (lay judges) in Japan==
On May 28, 2004, the [[Diet of Japan]] passed a law requiring selected citizens to participate as judges (and not [[juries]]) in trials for certain severe crimes. Citizens chosen for such service, called “saiban-in” (裁判員; "lay judge"), are randomly selected out of the electoral register and, together with professional judges, conduct a public investigation of the evidence in order to determine guilt and sentencing. In most cases, the judicial panel is composed of six saiban-in and three professional judges. In cases where there is no substantial dispute over guilt, the panel is composed of four saiban-in and one professional judge. Unlike under the older jury system, the defendants are not allowed to waive trial by saiban-in. The saiban-in system was implemented in May 2009.<ref>Green, Stephen, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20091208zg.html Ichihashi trial key test of legal reforms: Extensive media coverage could sway lay judges]", ''[[Military Times]]'', December 8, 2009, p. 12.</ref>

=== Process ===
In many respects, the new system is very different from a common law jury system. It is not a (lay) jury of an [[adversarial system]] of common law but one that involves a (lay) "judge" found in [[inquisitorial system]]s of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries, such as those in continental Europe and Latin America. In a common law adversarial system, the judge acts as a referee over the contest between the defence attorney and the prosecutor, in which the two sides present the facts of their case to the panel of jurors; the judge in this system is mainly the referee of court procedure and decides only the applicable law.

In the civil law inquisitorial system, the entire panel of judges conduct a public investigation of the crime at the trial, and pass the verdict and sentence those found guilty. For this reason, each member of the panel can initiate the examination of evidence and witnesses, and by a majority (including at least one professional judge, as explained below) can pass a guilty verdict and impose a penalty.<ref name="Criminal Trials 2004">Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials (Assessor Act), May 28, 2004, Art. 67.</ref> Lay judges roles are nevertheless constrained; notably, legal interpretations and determinations remain with the professional judges.<ref>Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials (Assessor Act), May 28, 2004, Art. 6.</ref> Unlike the Anglo-American rule for criminal jury trials, both convictions and acquittals as well as sentence remain subject to appeal by the prosecution and the defence.<ref>Levin, Mark A. and Tice, Virginia [http://www.japanfocus.org/-Mark-Levin/3141 Japan’s New Citizen Judges: How Secrecy Imperils Judicial Reform, The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus] p. 3, accessed 2010-06-10</ref>

The Japanese system is apparently unique<ref>Levin, Mark A. and Tice, Virginia [http://www.japanfocus.org/-Mark-Levin/3141 Japan’s New Citizen Judges: How Secrecy Imperils Judicial Reform, The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus] (''see'' Part B. Japan’s Saiban-in System in International Comparison), accessed 2010-06-10</ref> in that the panel consists of six lay judges, chosen randomly from the public, together with three professional judges, who come together for a single trial (like an Anglo-American jury) but serve as lay judges. As with any jury or lay judge system, it places a large amount of judicial power on randomly chosen members of the public with the aim of democratizing the judicial process. In this, Japan's law states its purpose explicitly as seeking “the promotion of the public’s understanding of the judicial system and . . . their confidence in it.”<ref>Act Concerning Participation of Lay Assessors in Criminal Trials (Assessor Act), May 28, 2004, Art. 1.</ref>

A guilty verdict requires a numerical majority of nine judges that includes at least one professional judge. Accordingly, the three professional judges as a collective have a ''de facto'' veto on any conviction that would be delivered by the lay judges.<ref name="Criminal Trials 2004"/> The [[Ministry of Justice (Japan)|Ministry of Justice]] specifically avoided using the term "jury" (Baishin-in) and use the term "lay judge" (Saiban-in) instead. Therefore, the current system is categorically not a jury system though this misunderstanding persists in common law countries due to lack of understanding of civil law criminal procedure.

===First lay judge trial under new law===
Katsuyoshi Fuji, 72, was found guilty in the stabbing to death of a 66-year-old neighbour and sentenced to 15 years in jail at the first lay-judge trial held in the Tokyo District Court. On August 3, 2009, six Japanese citizens were chosen, to serve as “saiban-in,” to join three judges at the trial attended by 2,500 people queing to get into the sixty-seat public gallery. Because Fujii had entered a guilty plea, the lay judges' role was primarily pertaining to the severity of the sentence to be handed down. According to the selection process, the judges selected must be a minimum age of 20 and be listed on the election lists. Jurors must also have completed a secondary level education.

A majority not guilty vote by the jurors can proceed, but a majority guilty vote by the lay judges needs a corresponding vote from a minimum of one professional judge. The citizen judge or ''lay judges'' are allowed to directly question the defendant during the course of the trial and decide on the sentencing corresponding to the verdict. The trial was open to the media. The previous system relied only on a panel of professional judges, and the majority of cases brought forward by prosecutors were those where conviction was high. Citizens chosen who do not serve in their role would be fined 100,000 [[yen]].<ref name="Tabuchi">{{Citation
| last = Tabuchi
| first = Hiroko
| last2 = McDonald
| first2 = Mark
| title = In First Return to Japan Court, Jurors Convict and Sentence
| newspaper =New York Times
| date = August 6, 2009
| url =http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/world/asia/07japan.html?_r=1&partner=MOREOVERNEWS&ei=5040
|accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref>
<ref name="BBC">{{Citation
| title = Japan's landmark jury trial ends
| newspaper =BBC News
| date = August 6, 2009
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8188447.stm
|accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref>
<ref name ="Wallacy">{{Citation
| last = Wallacy
| first = Mark
| title = Japan revives jury trials
| newspaper =ABC News
| date = August 6, 2009
| url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/08/05/2646469.htm
|accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref>
<ref name = "McCurry">{{Citation
| last = McCurry
| first = Justin
| title = Trial by jury returns to Japan Thousands queue to witness historic change to country's criminal justice syste
| newspaper = Guardian.co.uk
| date = August 3, 2009
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/03/japan-trial-by-jury-returns
|accessdate=2009-08-06}}
</ref>

===Controversy===
As in most common law countries where people are reluctant to serve as jury members, many Japanese have expressed reluctance to serve as a lay judge. Polls taken in Japan suggest that, similar to other developed jury systems, 70% of the population of Japan would be reluctant to serve as a judge.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/world/asia/16jury.html?ex=1342238400&en=e03e6e32d7b87f74&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title=Japan Learns Dreaded Task of Jury Duty|publisher=''[[New York Times]]''|accessdate=2007-07-16|first=Norimitsu|last=Onishi|date=2007-07-16}}</ref> Some Japanese have been introduced to mock trials over recent years to overcome their reluctance to express public opinion, debate and defy authority figures.<ref name="Tabuchi"/> Others have written with concern regarding the harsh secrecy provision in the statute which includes the risk of criminal penalties for lay judges who would share publicly deliberation room confidences even after trial proceedings are complete.<ref>Levin, Mark A. and Tice, Virginia, [http://www.japanfocus.org/-Mark-Levin/3141 Japan’s New Citizen Judges: How Secrecy Imperils Judicial Reform, The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. accessed 2010-06-10]</ref>

Another issue is that some Japanese criminal trials used to take years if the charge was serious and the defence contested the charge. After the system moved to include lay judges, the trial period was fixed to maximum of few weeks. Some commentators{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} feel justice is compromised for the convenience of lay judges and that cases are not examined in enough detail.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Johnson, David T., Early Returns from Japan's New Criminal Trials, [http://www.japanfocus.org/-David_T_-Johnson/3212 The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus], online 9-07-2009
*Anderson & Saint, trans., [http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_06.1_anderson.pdf An Annotated Translation of Japan's Proposed ''Saiban-In'' Law, Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal] (note that the translation differs in some regards from the law as finally enacted).
* Re. history and development of the pre-war jury system: Anna Dobrovolskaia (trans.), The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of “The Jury Guidebook (Baishin Tebiki), Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_09.2_dobrovolskaia.pdf.
*Anderson & Ambler, [http://law.anu.edu.au/anjel/documents/ZJapanR/ZJapanR21_HP07_Anderson%20Ambler.pdf Anu.edu.au]
*Weber, [http://www.pennealr.com/media/articles/vol4/EALR4(1)_Weber.pdf Pennealr.com]

==External links==
*[http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/issues/issues03.html Saiban-in (Lay Judge) System], [[Ministry of Justice (Japan)|Ministry of Justice]]
*[http://www.saibanin.courts.go.jp/news/video5.html Government video explaining new jury system] (Japanese)
{{jury}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juries In Japan}}
[[Category:Japanese law]]
[[Category:Juries]]

[[de:Jury (Japan)]]
[[ja:裁判員制度]]
[[zh:裁判員制度]]

Ivan Bunin

2011-06-27T19:17:12Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{Redirect|Bunin|other people with the surname "Bunin"|Bunin (surname)}}
{{Infobox Writer 
| name = Ivan Bunin
| Russian: Ива́н Алексе́евич Бу́нин
| image = Ivan Bunin-1901.jpg
| birthname = Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
| birthdate = {{Birth date|1870|10|22|df=y}}
| birthplace = [[Voronezh]], [[Russian Empire]]
| deathdate = {{death date and age|1953|11|8|1870|10|22|df=y}}
| deathplace = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| occupation = Short story writer
| notable works = 'Derévnya' (The Village), Mítina lyubóv (Mitya's Love)
| nationality = [[Russia]]n
| awards = {{Awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1933}}
}}

'''Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin''' ({{lang-ru|Ива́н Алексе́евич Бу́нин}}; {{OldStyleDate|22 October|1870|10 October}} – 8 November 1953) was the first [[Russia]]n writer to win the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]]. The texture of his poems and stories, sometimes referred to as "Bunin brocade", are considered to be one of the richest in the language. Best known for his novelets ''[[The Village (Ivan Bunin novel)|Village]]'' (1910) and ''[[Dry Valley (Ivan Bunin novel)|Dry Valley]]'' (1912), autobiographical novel ''[[The Life of Arseniev]]'' (1933, 1939), the ''[[Dark Avenues]]'' (1946) book of short stories and 1917-1918 diary (''[[Cursed Days]]'', 1926) Bunin was a much revered figure among [[anti-communist]] [[White emigre]]s who viewed him as a true heir to the [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]] and [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov]]'s tradition of realism in the Russian literature.

==Biography==
Ivan Bunin was born on his parents' estate in [[Voronezh]] province in Central Russia, the third and youngest son of Aleksei Nikolaevich Bunin (1827–1906) and Liudmila Aleksandrovna Bunina (née Chubarova, 1835–1910). He had two younger sisters: Masha<ref>Maria Bunina-Laskarzhevskaya, 1873-1930</ref> and Nadya (the latter died very young).<ref name="heywood">{{cite web | author = Anthony J Heywood | datepublished = | url = http://www.buninivan.org.ru/md-ar-author-282/| title = Ivan Alekseevich Bunin | publisher = University of Leeds| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref><ref>Four more of Liudmila Aleksandrovna's children died at an early age.</ref> Having come from a long line of rural gentry family whuch had a distinguished ancestry with Polish roots, Bunin was especially proud of the fact that poets [[Anna Bunina]] (1774–1829) and [[Vasily Zhukovsky|Vasíly Zhukóvsky]] (1783–1852) were among his ancestors. He wrote in his 1952 autobiography: {{quote|''I come from an old and noble house that has given Russia a good many illustrious persons in politics as well as in the arts, among whom two poets of the early nineteenth century stand out in particular: Anna Búnina and Vasíly Zhukóvsky, one of the great names in Russian literature, the son of Athanase Bunin and the Turk Salma.''<ref name="autobio"/>}}
"The Bunins are direct ancestors of Simeon Bunkovsky, a nobleman who came from Poland to the Great Prince [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily Vasilyevich]]," he wrote in 1915, quoting the Russian gentry's ''Armorial Book''. Chubarovs, according to Bunin, "knew very little about themselves except for the fact that their ancestors were land-owners in [[Kostroma|Kostromskaya]], [[Moskovskaya Oblast|Moskovskaya]], [[Oryol|Orlovskya]] and [[Tambov]]skaya [[guberniya]]s". "As for me, from early childhood I was such a libertine as to be totally indifferent both to my own 'high blood' and to the loss of whatever might have been connected to it", he added.<ref name="IX_auto_1915">''Иван Алексеевич Бунин''. Собрание сочинений. Том 9. Автобиографическая заметка 1915 года. Стр. 353-380.</ref>

Ivan Bunin's early childhood spent in Butyrky [[khutor]] and later in Ozerky (that of [[Yelets]] county, [[Lipetsk|Lipetskaya Oblast]]) was a happy one: the boy was surrounded by intelligent and loving people. Father Alexei Nikolayevich was described by Bunin as a very strong man, both physically and mentally, quick-tempered and addicted to gambling, impulsive and generous, eloquent in a theatrical fashion and totally illogical. "Before the Crimea <campaign> he'd neven even known the taste of wine, on return he became heavy drinker, although never a typical alcoholic", he wrote.<ref name="IX_auto_1915"/> Mother Lyudmila Alexandrovna's character was much more subtle, tender and somewhat civilized: this Bunin attributed much to the fact that "her father spent years in [[Warsaw]] where he acquired certain European tastes which made him quite different from fellow local land-owners".<ref name="IX_auto_1915"/> It was Lyudmila Alexandrovna who introduced her boy to the world of Russian folklore.<ref name="noblit_ru">{{cite web
| author = Л. Смирнова
| year = 1993
| url = http://noblit.ru/content/view/410/33/
| title = И.А. Бунин "Русская литература конца XIX - начала ХХ века"
| publisher = Просвещение
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Elder brothers Yuly and Yevgeny showed great interest in mathematics and painting respectively, his mother said later, yet, in their mother's words, "Vanya has been different from the moment of birth <...> none of the others had a soul like his."<ref name="bio_1"/>

Indeed, young Bunin's susceptibility and keenness to nuances of nature were extraordinary. "Quality of my vision was such that I’ve seen all seven stars of [[Pleiades (star cluster)|Pleiades]], heard a [[verst]]-away [[marmot]]'s whistle, and could get drunk with smells of [[Lily of the Valley|landysh]] or an old book," he remembered later.<ref name="bio_4">{{cite web
| author =
| date =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-3.htm
| title = A.I. Bunin biography
| publisher = bunin.niv.ru
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Bunin's experiences of rural life had a profound impact on his writing. "There, amidst deep silence of vast fields, among cornfields – or, in winter, huge snowdrifts which were stepping up to our very doorsteps - I spent my childhood which was full of melancholic poetry", Bunin later wrote of his Ozerky days.<ref name="IX_auto_1915"/>

Ivan Bunin's first home tutor was an ex-student Romashkov<ref name="rustranslator"/> whom he later described as a "positively bizarre character", a wanderer full of fascinating stories, "always thought-provoking even if not altogether comprehensible".<ref name="autobio"/> Later it was university-educated Yuly Bunin (deported home for being a [[Narodniks|Narodnik]] activist) who taught his younger brother [[psychology]], [[philosophy]] and the social sciences as part of his private, domestic education. It was Yuly who encouraged Ivan to read the Russian classics and to write himself.<ref name="noblit_ru"/> Up until 1920 Yuly (who once described Ivan as 'undeveloped yet gifted and capable of original independent thought')<ref name="heywood"/> was the latter's closest friend and mentor. "I had a passion for painting, which, I think, shows in my writings. I wrote both poetry and prose fairly early and my works were also published from an early date," wrote Bunin in his short autobiography.<ref name="autobio"/>

Meanwhile, by the end of the 1870s, the Bunins, plagued by the head of the family's gambling habits, have lost most of its wealth. In 1881 Ivan was sent to a public school in Yelets, but never completed the course: he was expelled in March 1886 for failing to return to the school after the Christmas holidays, due to the family's financial difficulties.<ref name="bio_3"/>

=== Literary career ===
In May 1887 Bunin published his first poem ''Village Paupers'' (Деревенские нищие) in a [[Saint Petersburg]]'s ''Rodina'' (Motherland) literary magazine. In 1891 his first short story ''Country Sketch'' (Деревенский эскиз) appeared in [[Nikolay Mikhaylovsky|N. Mikhaylovsky]]'s journal ''[[Russkoye Bogatstvo]]''.<ref name="kirjasto">{{cite web | author = | date = | url = http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ibunin.htm | title = Ivan Bunin's biography | publisher = www.kirjasto.sci.fi| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> In Spring 1889, Bunin followed his brother to [[Kharkov]], where he became a government clerk, then an assistant editor of a local paper, librarian, and court statistician. In January 1889 he moved to [[Oryol]] to work in the local ''Orlovsky Vestnik'' newspaper first as an editorial assistant later as a de facto editor; this enabled him to publish his short stories, poems and reviews in the paper's literary section.<ref name="heywood"/> There he met Varvara Paschenko and fell passionately in love with her. In August 1892 the couple moved to [[Poltava]] and settled at Yuly Bunin's. The latter helped his younger brother to find a job at the local ''zemstvo'' administration.<ref name="noblit_ru"/>

In 1891 in Oryol Ivan Bunin's debut poetry book ''Poems. 1887-1891'' was published.<ref name="chronology">{{cite web | author = | date = | url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/hronologiya-zhizni.htm| title = Ivan Bunin. Chronology | publisher = bunin.niv.ru| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Some of his articles, essays and short stories, published earlien in local papers, started to feature in St.-Petersburg periodicals.<ref name="chronology"/>
[[File:Russian Writers 1.jpg|thumb|right|280px|'''Bunin''' (bottom row, second from right), with fellow members of the Moscow literary group [[Sreda (literary group)|Sreda]]; From top left: [[Stepan Skitalets|Skitalets]], [[Feodor Chaliapin|Chaliapin]], and [[Yevgeny Chirikov|Chirikov]]; from bottom left: [[Maxim Gorky|Gorky]], [[Leonid Andreyev|Andreyev]], Bunin, and [[Nikolay Teleshov|Teleshov]]. 1902]]
First half of 1894 Bunin spent traveling all over [[Ukraine]]. "Those were the times when I fell in love with Malorossiya, its villages and [[steppes]], was eagerly meeting its people, listened eagerly to <Ukranian> songs, this country's very soul", he later wrote.<ref name="bio_1"/>

In 1895 Bunin visited the Russian capital for the first time. There he met the Narodniks [[Nikolay Mikhaylovsky]] and Sergey Krivenko, [[Anton Chekhov]] (with whom he began a correspondence and became close friends) and [[Alexander Ertel]], poets [[Konstantin Balmont]] and [[Valery Bryusov]].<ref name="chronology"/> 1899 saw the beginning of Bunin's friendship with [[Maxim Gorky]] whom he dedicated his ''Falling Leaves'' (1901) collection of poetry and was later visited at [[Capri]]. and became involved with his ''[[Znanie (publishing company)|Znanie]]'' (Knowledge) group. Another influence and inspiration was [[Leo Tolstoy]] whom he met in Moscow in January 1894. Admittedly infatuated with the latter's prose, Bunin tried desperately to follow the great man's lifestyle too, visiting sectarian settlements and doing a lot of hard work. He was even sentenced to three months in prison for illegally distributing Tolstoyan literature in the autumn of 1894, but avoided jail due to a general amnesty proclaimed on the occasion of the succession to the throne of [[Nicholas II]].<ref name="heywood"/><ref name="muromtseva">{{cite web
| author =
| datepublished =
| url = http://www.history.vuzlib.net/book_o007_page_7.html
| title = Life of I.A. Bunin. Chapter 3.
| publisher = www.history.vuzlib.net
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Tellingly, it was Tolstoy himself who discouraged Bunin from slipping into what he called "total peasantification".<ref name="bio_1">{{cite web | author = | date = | url = http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-1.htm | title = Ivan Alekseevich Bunin | publisher = bunin.niv.ru | accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Several years later, while still admiring Tolstoy's prose, Bunin slightly changed hiw views on his philosophy, seeing now most of the grat man's ideas as utopical.<ref name="bio_2">{{cite web | author = | date =| url = http://noblit.ru/content/category/4/56/33/| title = Ivan Bunin biography | publisher = noblit.ru| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref>

In 1895-1896 Bunin divided his time between [[Moscow]] and Saint Petersburg. In 1897 his first short story collection ''To the Edge of the World and Other Stories'' came out,<ref name="noblit_ru"/> followed a year later by ''In the Open Air'' (Под открытым небом, 1898), his second book of verse.<ref name="chronology"/> In June 1898 Bunin moved to [[Odessa]]. Here he became close to the Southern Russia Painters Comradeship, became friends with E. Bukovetski, V. Kurovsky and [[Pyotr Nilus|P. Nilus]].<ref name="bio_1"/> In the winter of 1897-1898 he started to attend regularly to the literary ''Sreda'' (Wednesday) group in Moscow, striking friendship with the writer [[Nikolay Teleshov]] among others. Here young writer made himself quite a reputation as an uncompromising advocate of classic Russian literature's realistic traditions. "Bunin made everybody uncomfortable. Having got this severe and sharp eye for a real art, feeling acutely the power of a word, he was full of hatred towards every kind of artistic excess. In times when (quoting [[Andrey Bely|Bely]]) "throwing pineapples to the sky" was the order of the day, Bunin's very presence made words stuck in peoples' throats", [[Boris Zaitsev]] later remembered.<ref name="IX_commentary">''Иван Алексеевич Бунин''. Собрание сочинений. Том 9. Комментарии. Стр. 553-569.</ref> Those were the years when he met Anton Chekov (1896), strong friendship resulting in this case too.<ref name="heywood"/>

=== 1900-1909 ===
''Poems and Stories'' (1900) and ''Flowers of the Field'' (1901) collections were followed by ''Falling Leaves'' (Листопад, 1901), Bunin's third book of poetry (including a large poem of the same title first published in October 1900 issue of the ''Zhizn'' magazine). It was welcomed by both critics and colleagues, among them [[Aleksander Kuprin]] who praised it's 'rare subtlety', [[Alexander Ertel]] and [[Alexander Blok]].<ref name="bio_1"/> Many saw it as an antidote to the pretentiousness of 'decadent' poetry which was popular in Russia at the time. ''Falling Leaves'' was "definitely Pushkin-like", full of "inner poise, sophistication, clarity and wholesomeness", according to [[Korney Chukovsky]].<ref>Odesskye novosty. 1903. #5899, February 26.</ref> Soon after the book's release, Gorky called Bunin (in a letter to [[Valery Bryusov|Bryusov]]) "the first poet of out times".<ref name="I_533"/> One great admirer of Bunin's verse was [[Vladimir Nabokov]], who (even if making scornful remarks about Bunin's prose) compared him to Blok. It was for ''Falling Leaves'' (along with the translation of [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s ''[[The Song of Hiawatha]]'', 1898) that Bunin was awarded his first [[Pushkin Prize]].<ref name="chronology"/> A two years' pause in the early 1900s Bunin justified by the need for "inner growth" and spiritual changes.<ref name="noblit_ru"/>

At the turn of the century there was a major switch in Bunin's mode of writing from poetry to prose.<ref name="chronology"/> In 1900 a novella called ''Antonov Apples'' (Антоновские яблоки) was published; later it was included in all the textbooks and is regarded as Bunin’s first real masterpiece, but was criticized at the time as too nostalgic and elitist, allegedly idealizing "Russian nobleman's past".<ref name="bio_3">{{cite web
| author = Е. В. Степанян
| date =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-2.htm
| title = Иван Бунин
| publisher = bunin.niv.ru
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Other acclaimed novellas of this period, ''On the Farm'', ''The News from Home'', ''To the Edge of the World'', made him a popular and well-respected young author. In the early 1900s Bunin travelled a lot. He was a close friend of Chekhov and his family and continued visiting them regularly until 1904.<ref name="bio_1"/>

In the early 1900s ''Znanie'' started publishing a ''Complete Bunin'' series;<ref name="bio_1"/> as many as five volumes appeared between 1902 and 1909.<ref name="heywood"/> Three books - ''Poems (1903)'', ''Poems (1903-1906)'' and ''Poems of 1907'' (the latter published by ''Znanie'' in 1908) - formed the basis anf a special (non-numbered) volume of the ''Complete'' series which in 1910 was published in Saint Petersburg as ''Volume VI. Poems and Stories (1907-1909)'' by the ''Obschestvennaya polza'' publishing house.<ref name="I_533">''Иван Алексеевич Бунин''. Собрание сочинений. Том 1. Комментарии. Стр. 533-534.</ref>

The October [[First Russian revolution|1905 social turmoil]] found Bunin in [[Yalta]], [[Crimea]], from whence he moved to [[Odessa]]. Scenes of "class struggle" there did not impress the writer for he saw them as little more than Russian common people's craving for anarchy and destruction.<ref name="noblit_ru"/>

In November 1906 Bunin's passionate affair with Vera Muromtseva began. The girl's family was unimpressed with Bunin's position as a writer (not to speak of his marital ststus which he managed to get rid of years later), but, social convention defied, the couple moved together and in April 1907 left Russia for an extended tour through [[Egypt]] and [[Palestine]]. As a result of this voyage came Bunin's book ''Bird's Shadow'' (Тень птицы, 1907–11).<ref name="chronology"/><ref>[http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/rasskaz.htm Ivan Bunin. Works]. bunin.niv.ru.</ref> which made a lot of difference with critics. Before it Bunin was regarded as (using his own words) "one melancholy lyric, singing hymns to noblemen’s estates and idylls of the past". After the ''Bird's Shadow'' critics for the first time started to notice bright colours and dynamics in his poetry and prose. "In terms of artistic precision he has no equal among Russian poets", ''Vestnik Evropy'' wrote at the time.<ref name="bio_6">{{cite web
| author = Igor Yanin
| datepublished =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-5.htm
| title = Иван Алексеевич Бунин
| publisher = bunin.niv.ru
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref>
Bunin attributed much importance to his traveling schedule, counting himself among this special "kind of person who tend to feel strongest for alien times and cultures rather than those of his own" and admitted to being drawn to "all necropolises of the world". Besides, foreign voyages had, admittedly, an eye-opening effect on the writer, helping to see the Russian reality more objectively, early 1910s famous novelets coming as a direct result of this change in perspective.<ref>''Иван Алексеевич Бунин''. Собрание сочинений. Том 3. Повести и рассказы. Примечания. Стр. 483.</ref>

In October 1909 Bunin was awarded his second Pushkin Prize, for ''Poems 1903-1906'' and translations ([[Lord Byron]]'s ''Cain'', parts of Longfellow's ''The Golden Legend'').<ref name="rustranslator">[http://www.rustranslater.net/index.php?object=bunin Художественные переводы И. А. Бунина]. - www.rustranslater.net.</ref> The same year saw his election as a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy]].<ref name="kirjasto"/>

=== 1910-1920 ===
In 1910 Bunin published ''[[The Village (Ivan Bunin novel)|Village]]'', a bleak portrayal of the Russian country life, full of stupidity, brutality, and violence. This book caused controversy and made him famous. It's harsh realism (with "characters having sunk so far below the average level of intelligence as to be scarcely human") prompted Maxim Gorky to call Bunin "the best Russian writer of the day".<ref name="bio_1"/> "I’ve left behind my ''narodnichestvo'' which lasted very long, my Tolstoyism too and now I’m closer to social democrats, but still stay away from political parties," Bunin wrote in the early 1910s. He said he realized now that the working class had become "powerful force" enough to "overcome the whole of the Western Europe," but warned against the possible negative effect of Russian workers' lack of organization, the one thing that made them different from their Western counterparts.<ref name="noblit_ru"/> All the while he harshly criticised the Russian [[intelligentsia]] for being ignorant of the common people's life, and spoke of a tragic schism between "the cultured and the uncultured masses".<ref name="noblit_ru"/>
[[Image:Buninturzhansky.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Ivan Bunin by [[Leonard Turzhansky]]. 1905. ]]
In December 1910 Bunin and Muromtseva again went for the [[Middle East]], then visited [[Ceylon]]; this four-month journey inspired such stories as ''Brothers'' (Братья) and ''The Tzar of Tzars City'' (Город царя царей). On his return to Odessa in April 1911, Bunin wrote ''Waters Aplenty'' (Воды многие), a travel diary, much lauded after its publication in 1926.<ref name="bio_1"/> Then in 1912 ''[[Dry Valley (Ivan Bunin novel)|Dry Valley]]'' came out, his second major piece of semi-autobiographical fiction, concerning the dire state of Russian rural community. Again it left the literary critics divided: social demacrats praised its stark honesty, many others were appalled with the author's negativism. Three winters (1912-1914) Bunin and Muromtseva spent on the island of [[Capri]] with Gorky, meeting there [[Fyodor Shalyapin]] and [[Leonid Andreev]], among others. In Russia the couple divided their time mainly between Moscow and a Bunin family estate at Glotovo village nearby [[Oryol]]; it was there that they spent the [[WWI]]'s first couple of years. Dogged by anxieties concerning Russia's future, Bunin was still working hard. In the winter of 1914-15 he finished a new volume of prose and verse entitled ''Chalice of Life'' (Чаша жизни), published in early 1915<ref name="heywood"/> to a wide acclaim (including high praise from the French poet Rene Ghil).<ref name="bio_1"/> The same year saw the publication of ''The Gentleman from San Francisco'' (Господин из Сан-Франциско), arguably the best-known of Bunin's short stories,<ref name="bio_1"/> which was translated into English by [[D. H. Lawrence]]. Bunin was a productive translator himself. After Longfellow's ''The Song of Hiawatha'' (1898) he did translations of [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Byron]], [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Tennyson]], [[Alfred de Musset|Musset]] and [[François Coppée]].

During the War years Bunin completed the preparation of a six-volume edition of his ''Collected Works'', which was published by the Marks' in 1915. Throughout this time Bunin kept aloft from contemporary literary debates. "I did not belong to any literary school; I was neither decadent, nor symbolist or romantic, or naturalist. An literary circles I frequented just a few," he commented later.<ref name="autobio">Website of the Nobel Prize for Literature: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1933/bunin-autobio.html</ref> By the spring of 1916, full of pessimism, Bunin all but stopped writing, complaining to his nephew, N.A. Pusheshnikov, of how insignificant he felt as a writer and how depressed was for being unable to do more than be horrified at the millions of deaths being caused by the War.<ref name="heywood"/>

In May 1917 the Bunins moved to Glotovo and stayed there till autumn. In October the couple returned to Moscow to stay at Vera's parents. Life in the city was dangerous (residents had to guard their own house, maintaining nightly vigils) but Bunin was still visiting publishers and took part in ''Sreda'' and ''The Art'' circles' meetings. All political forces in Russia have lost for him credibility: while dismissive of such politicians as I.L. Goremykin (the 1914-1916 Russian government's Premier), he criticised opposition politicians like [[Pavel Milyukov|P.N. Miliukov]] as "false defenders of the Russian people" and in April 1917 severed all ties with pro-revolutionary Gorky, causing a rift which would never be healed.<ref name="heywood"/> On May 21, 1918, Bunin and Muromtseva obtained official permission to leave Moscow for Kiev, then continued their journey through to [[Odessa]]. By 1919 Bunin was working for the Volunteer Army as the cultural section of the of the anti-Bolshevik newspaper ''Iuzhnoe Slovo'''s editor. On January 26, 1921, the couple went on board the last French ship there and soon were in [[Constantinople]].

===Emigration===
On March 28 (after shorts stint at [[Sophia]] and [[Belgrade]]) Bunin and Muromtseva arrived in Paris<ref name="bio_1"/> from then on dividing their time between apartments at 1, rue Jacques Offenbach in the 16th arrondissement of Paris and rented villas in or near [[Grasse]] in the [[Alpes Maritimes]]. Slowly and painfully, overcoming physical and mental stress, Bunin returned to his ususal mode of writing. ''Scream'', his first book published in France, was compiled of short stories written in 1911-1912, years he referred to as happiest in his life.<ref name="bio_7">{{cite web
| author =
| datepublished =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-6.htm
| title = И. А. Бунин. Биография
| publisher =
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref>

In France Bunin published many of his pre-revolutionary works and collections of original novellas, regularly contributing to the Russian emigre press.<ref name="heywood"/> According to Vera Muromtseva, though, her husband often complained of his inability to get used to life in the new world. He was saying he'd belonged to "the old world, that of [[Ivan Goncharov|Goncharov]] and [[Lev Tolstoy|Tolstoy]], of Moscow and St.-Petersburg, where his muse had been lost never to be found again". Yet his new prose was marked with obvious artistic progress: ''Mitya' Love'' (Митина любовь, 1924), ''Sunstroke'' (Солнечный удаp, 1925), ''The Cornet Yelagin's Case'' (Дело коpнета Елагина, 1925) and especially ''[[The Life of Arseniev]]'' (Жизнь Аpсеньева, written in 1927-1929, published in 1930-1933)<ref name="bio_7">{{cite web
| author =
| date =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-6.htm
| title = И. А. Бунин
| publisher =
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> were praized by critics as Russian literature's new heights.<ref name="bio_1"/> [[Konstantin Paustovsky]] called the latter an apex of the whole of Russian prose and "one of the most striking phenomena in the world of literature".<ref name="bio_6"/>

In 1925-1926 Bunin published ''[[Cursed Days]]'', his diary of the years 1918-1920. According to Bunin scholar [[Thomas Gaiton Marullo]], {{quote|The work is important for several reasons. ''Cursed Days'' is one of the very few anti-Bolshevik diaries to be preserved from the time of the Russian Revolution and civil war. It recreates events with graphc and gripping immediacy. Unlike the works of early Soviets and emigres and their self-censoring backdrop of memory, myth, and political expediency, Bunin's truth reads almost like an aberration. ''Cursed Days'' also links Russian anti-utopian writing of the nineteenth century to its counterpart in the twentieth. Reminiscnet of the fiction of [[Dostoevsky]], it features an 'underground man' who does not wish to be an 'organ stop' or to affirm 'crystal palaces'. Bunin's diary foreshadowed such 'libelous' memoirs as [[Yevgenia Ginzburg|Evgenia Ginsberg]]'s ''[[Journey into the Whirlwind]]'' (1967) and ''[[Within the Whirlwind]]'', and [[Nadezhda Mandelstam]]'s ''Hope Against Hope'' (1970) and ''Hope Abandoned'' (1974), the accounts of two courageous women caught up in the [[Great Purge|Stalinist terror]] of the 1930s. ''Cursed Days'' also preceded the "rebellious" anti-Soviet tradition that began with [[Evgeny Zamyatin]] and [[Yury Olesha]], moved on to [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], and reached an apex with [[Boris Pasternak]] and [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]]. One can argue that, in its painful exposes of political and social utopias, ''Cursed Days'' heralded the anti-utopian writing of [[George Orwell]] and [[Aldous Huxley]]. Bunin and Zamyatin had correctly understood that the Soviet experiment was destined to self destruct."<ref>Ivan Bunin, ''Cursed Days: A Diary of Revolution'', [[Ivan R. Dee]], 1998. Page ''x''.</ref>}}

In the 1920s and 1930s Bunin was regarded as the moral and artistic spokesman for a generation of expatriates who awaited bolshevism's collapse, a revered senior figure among the living Russian writers, true to the tradition of [[Tolstoy]] and [[Chekhov]].<ref name="other_shore">{{cite web
| author =
| datepublished =
| url = http://www.amazon.com/Ivan-Bunin-1920-1933-Portrait-Letters/dp/1566630835
| title = Ivan Bunin: From the Other Shore, 1920-1933: A Portrait from Letters, Diaries, and Fiction
| publisher = www.amazon.com
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Accordingly, he was the first Russian to win the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1933, "for following through and developing with chastity and artfulness the traditions of Russian classic prose". Per Halstroem in his celebratory speech noted the laureate's poetic gift. Bunin in his own right praised the [[Swedish Academy]] for honouring a writer in exile.<ref name="bio_5">{{cite web
| author =
| date =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-4.htm
| title = Иван Бунин. Биография
| publisher = bunin.niv.ru
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> In his speech, addressing the Academy, he said: {{quote|''Having left now behind this first agitation, caused by a barrage of congratulations and telegrams, in a nightly calm I was ruminating over the true significance of the Swedish Academy’s decision. For the first time ever an exile had been awarded the Nobel Prize. <…> Dear Academy members, speaking not on a personal level, I'd like to tell you how beautiful your gesture was, as such. There have to be in the world some spheres of absolute independence. Undoubtedly, there are people of different political and religious beliefs here sitting around this table. But if there is something that unites all of us, it's respect for the freedom of thought and consciousness, freedom that we owe civilization itself. For a writer this freedom is essential, it’s a dogma, an axiom. Your gesture, dear Academy members, has shown what a cult has love of freedom in Sweden has become''.<ref>Иван Алексеевич Бунин. Собрание сочинений. Том 9. Изд. Художественная литература, 1965. Примечания. Стр. 331.</ref>}}
For the first time ever in France Bunin found himself in the center of public attention. He felt profoundly shocked by the barrage of his photos in the press.<ref name="bio_6">{{cite web
| author = Igor Yanin
| date =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-5.htm
| title = Иван Алексеевич Бунин
| publisher = bunin.niv.ru
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> On November 10 Paris newspapers came out with huge headlines: "Bunin - the Nobel Prize laureate" giving the whole of the Russian community in France the cause for celebration.<ref name="bio_7"/> "You see, up until then we, émigrés, felt like the bottom stuff there. Then all of a sudden our writer has been given an internationally acknowledged prize! And not for some political scribblings, but for a real prose!.. <After having been asked to write a first page column for the Paris ''Revival'' newspaper> I stepped in a middle of the night onto the ''Place d'Italie'' and toured local bistros on my way home, drinking in each and every one of them for the health of Ivan Bunin!" fellow Russian writer Boris Zaitsev wrote.<ref name="bio_1"/> Dealing with the Prize, Bunin donated 100.000 francs to a literary charity fund but the process of money distribution caused controversy among fellow Russian émigré writers. It was in during this time that Bunin's relationship with [[Zinaida Gippius|Gippius]] and [[Dmitry Merezhkovsky|Merezhkovsky]] (a fellow Nobel Prize nominee who'd once suggested that they'd divide the Prize between the two, should one of them get it, and been refused) deteriorated.<ref>Иван Алексеевич Бунин. Собрание сочинений. Том 9. Изд. Художественная литература, 1965. Примечания. Стр. 596-597.</ref> Although reluctant to become involved in politics, Bunin was now feted as both a writer and the embodiment of non-Bolshevik Russian values and traditions. Inevitably, his travels throughout Europe featured prominently on the front pages of the Russian emigre press for the remainder of the decade.<ref name="heywood"/>

In 1934-1936 ''The Complete Bunin'' (in 11 volumes) was published in Berlin by ''Petropolis'' company.<ref name="bio_2"/> This edition Bunin cited as the most credible one and warned his future publishers against using any other versions of his work rather than those featured in the Petropolis' collection. The year of 1936 was marred by an incident in [[Lindau]] on a Swiss-German border when Bunin, having completed his European voyage, was stopped and unceremoniously searched. The writer (who caught cold and fell ill after the night spent under arrest) responded by writing a letter to Paris-based ''Latest News'' newspaper. The incident caused disbelief and outrage in France.<ref name="bio_1"/> In 1937 Bunin finished his book ''The Liberation of Tolstoy'', held in highest regard by the Leo Tolstoy scholars.<ref name="bio_7"/>

In 1938 Bunin started working on what later turned to become a celebrated cycle of nostalgic stories with a strong erotic undercurrent and a [[Marcel Proust|Proust]]ian ring. The first 11 stories of it were published as ''[[Dark Avenues]]'' (or ''Dark Alleys'') in New York (1943), then appeared in full version in 1946 (in France). These stories assumed a more abstract and metaphysical tone which has been identified with his need to find refuge from the "nightmarish reality" of Nazi occupation.<ref>A. Baboreko, 'Posledniye gody I. A. Bunina. (Novyye materialy)', Voprosy literatury, 9 (I965), No. 3, 253-6 (p. 254).</ref> Furthermore, Bunin's prose became more introspective, a phenomenon that he attributed to "the fact that the Russian was surrounded by the spectacle of things that were enormous, broad and lasting - the steppes, the sky. In the West everything is cramped and enclosed, and this automatically produced a turning towards the self, inwards."<ref>G. Kuznetsova, 'Grass - Parizh-Stokgol'm. (Iz dnevnika)', Vozdushnyye puti, 4 (1965), 72-99 (p. 84).</ref>''

==== The War years ====
As the [[WWII]] broke out, Bunin's friends in New York, anxious to help the Nobel Prize laureate out, issued officially endorsed invitations for him to travel to the USA, and in 1941 the Bunins got [[Nansen passport]]s enabling them to make such trip. But the couple chose to remain in Grasse.<ref name="heywood"/> The couple spent the war years at Villa Jeanette, high in the mountains. Two young writers became the long-term residents in the Bunin household at the time: Leonid Zurov (1902–1971), who arrived on a visit from [[Latvia]] at Bunin's invitation earlier, in late 1929, and remained with them for the rest of their lives, and Nikolai Roschin (1896–1956), who returned to the Soviet Union after the Second World War.<ref name="heywood"/> Members of this small commune (occasionally including Galina Kuznetsova and Margarita Stepun) were bent on survival: they grew vegetables and greens, helping one another out at the time when, according to Zurov, "Grasse population have eaten all of their cats and dogs".<ref name="VII_368">Иван Алексеевич Бунин. Собрание сочинений. Том 7. Изд. Художественная литература, 1965. Примечания. Стр. 368-270.</ref> A journalist who visited the Villa in 1942 described Bunin as a "skinny and emaciated man, looking very much like an ancient patrician".<ref>Далекие, близкие. Стр. 209.</ref> Strangely, it was this isolation that Bunin regarded as a blessing, refusing to re-locate to Paris where conditions might have been better. "It takes 30 minutes of climbing to reach <our Villa>. But there's not another view in the whole world like the one that's facing us", he wrote. "Freezing cold, though, is the damnation, makes it impossible for me to write", he complained in one of the letters.<ref name="VII_368"/> But Vera Muromtseva-Bunina remembered: "There were 5 or 6 of us... and we were all writing continuously. This was the only way for us to bear the unbearable, to overcome hunger, coldness and fear", she wrote in her memoirs.<ref>''Nikolai Smirnov''. Confessional lines. Vera Muromtseva-Bunina's Three years memorial. April 1961 - April 1964. Russkye Novosty, Paris, #984. April 10, 1964.</ref>

Ivan Bunin was a staunch anti-Nazi. He risked his life, sheltering fugitives (Jews among them) in his house in Grasse after [[Vichy France]] was occupied by the Germans, referring to [[Hitler]] and [[Mussolini]] as "rabid monkeys".<ref name="heywood"/><ref>''M. V. Kovalyov''. [http://www.sgu.ru/files/nodes/10090/035.pdf Russian emigration fighting Nazism.] - На своей вилле И. А. Бунин, несмотря на... риск подвергнуться репрессиям, укрывал евреев, которым грозил арест. Фашизм он ненавидел, а А. Гитлера и Б. Муссолини называл взбесившимися обезьянами.</ref><ref>''Седых А.'' Далекие, близкие. М., 2003. С. 190–191, 198; Рощин М. М. Иван Бунин. М.,2000. С. 205, 306.</ref> According to Zurov, Bunin invited some of the Soviet war prisoners ("straight from [[Gatchina]]", who worked in occupied Grasse) to his home in the mountains, risking his life, seeing as the heavily guarded German forces' headquarters was there at the 300 meters' distance from his home. The athmosphere in the neighbourhood, though was not that deadly, judging by the Bunin's diary's August 1, 1944, entry: "Neaby 'Helios' two guards were there, one German, another Russian prisoner, Kolesnikov, a student. Three of us talked a bit. Saying farewells, a German guard shook my hand firmly".<ref>[http://bookz.ru/authors/bunin-ivan/dnevniki_240/page-23-dnevniki_240.html Бунин, дневники. 1944. Стр. 23]. - Возле "Helios" на часах немец и русский пленный, "студент" Колесников. Поговорили. На прощание немец крепко пожал мне руку.</ref>

Under the occupation Bunin never ceased writing but, according to Zurov, "published not a single word. He was receiving offers to contribute to newspapers in the occupied Switzerland, but declined them. Somebody visited him once, some kind of guest which proved to be an agent, he proposed work, but again Ivan Alekseyevich refused".<ref>L.Zurov, a letter to A.K.Baboreko, April 4, 1962. History Archives, Moscow. P.157.</ref> On September 24, 1944, Bunin wrote to Nikolay Roschin: "Thank God, Germans have fled Grasse without a fight, on <August> 23. In the early morning of the 24th the Americans came. What was going on in the town, and in our souls – that's beyond description".<ref name="complete_311_12">''Иван Алексеевич Бунин''. Собрание сочинений. Том 7. Стр. 371.</ref> «For all this hunger I'm glad we spent the War years in the South, sharing life difficulties with people, glad that we've managed even to help some", Vera Muromtseva-Bunina later wrote.<ref>''A.Baboreko''. The Last Years of Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin. Voprosy Literatury, 1965. #3. P.253</ref>

===Decline and death===
[[Image:Иван Бунин.jpg|thumb|right|Ivan Bunin's grave, [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]]]]
In May 1945 the Bunins returned to 1, rue Jacques Offenbach in Paris. Apart from several spells at the ''Russian House'' (Русский дом, a clinic in [[Juan-les-Pins]]) where he was convalescing, Bunin was to remain in the French capital for the rest of his life.<ref name="heywood"/> On June 15 ''Russkye Novosty'' newspaper published its correspondent's account of his meeting with and elderly writer who looked "as sprightly and lively as if he never had to come through those five years of voluntary exile". According to friend N. Roschin, "the liberation of France for Bunin was the cause of great celebration and exultation".<ref name="complete_372_74">''Иван Алексеевич Бунин''. Собрание сочинений. Том 7. Повести и рассказы. Стр. 372-374.</ref> Once, in the audience at a Soviet ''Russian Theater'' show in Paris, Bunin found himself sitting next to a young Red Army colonel. As the latter rose and bowed, saying: "Do I have the honour of sitting next to Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin?" the writer sprang to his feet: "I do have even greater honour of sitting next to the officer of your great Army!" he passionately retorted.<ref>''Vestnik'', Toronto, 1955, July 20.</ref> On June 19, 1945, Bunin held a literary show in Paris where he read some of the ''Dark Avenue'' novellas. In the autumn of 1945, on the wave of the great patriotic boom, Bunin’s 75th birthday was widely celebrated in the Paris Russian community. Bunin started to communicate closely with the Soviet connoisseurs, journalist Yuri Zhukov and literary agent Boris Mikhailov, the latter receiving from the writer several new stories for the proposed publishing in the USSR. Rumours started circulating that the Soviet version of ''Complete Bunin'' was being in the works already.

In the late 1940s Bunin, having become interested in Soviet literature, [[Aleksandr Tvardovsky]] and [[Konstantin Paustovsky]] in particular, started to entertain plans of returning to the Soviet Russia, as [[Aleksandr Kuprin]] had done before. In 1946, speaking to his Communist counterparts in Paris, Bunin praised the Supreme Soviet's decision to return the Soviet citisenship to Russian exiles in France, still stopping short of saying 'yes' to the continuous urges from the Soviet side for him to return.<ref name="complete_372_74"/> "It is hard for an old man to go back to places where he's pranced goat-like in better times. Friends and relatives are all buried… That for me would be a graveyard trip", he reportedly said to Zhukov, promising though, to "think more of it".<ref>''Yuri Zhukov''. The West After the War. Oktyabr magazine, 1947, #10, pp 130-131.</ref> Financial difficulties and the French reading public's relative indifference to the ''Dark Avenues'' publication were figuring high among his motives, apparently. "Would you mind asking the Union of Writers to send me at least some of the money for books that's been published and re-issued in Moscow in the 1920s and 1930s? I am weak, I am short of breath, I need going to the South but am too skint to even dream of it", Bunin wrote to Nikolai Teleshov in a letter on November 19, 1946.<ref name="complete_372_74"/>

Negotiations as for the writer's possible return came to an end after the publication of his ''Memoirs'' (Воспоминания, 1950), full of scathing criticism of the Soviet cultual life. His health deteriorating, after 1948 Bunin concentrated his creative energies on writing his memoirs and a book about Anton Chekhov. At this he was extensively aided by his wife, who, along with Zurov, completed the work after the author's death and saw it's being published in New York in 1955.<ref name="bio_2"/> . Bunin also revised a number of stories for publication in new collections, spent considerable time looking through his papers and annotated his collected works for a definitive edition.<ref name="heywood"/> In 1951 Bunin was elected the first ever hononary [[International PEN]] member, representing the community of writers in exile. According to A.J.Heywood, one major event of Bunin's last years was his quarrel in 1948 with Maria Tsetlina and Boris Zaitsev, following the decision by the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists in France to expel holders of Soviet passports from its membership, to which Bunin had responded by resigning from the Union. The writer's last years were marred by bitterness, disillusionment and chronic ill-health.<ref name="heywood"/> Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in a [[Paris]] attic flat. He was buried in the [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]].

In the 1950s Bunin became the first of the Russian writers in exile to get published officially in the USSR. In 1965 ''The Complete Bunin'' came out in Moscow in nine volumes. Some of his more controversial books, notably ''Cursed Days'', remained banned in the Soviet Union until the late 1980s.<ref name="bookmix">[http://bookmix.ru/authors/index.phtml?id=105 Бунин И. А. Биография]. - bookmix.ru.</ref>

== Private life ==
Bunin's first love was Varvara Paschenko, his classmate in Yelets, daughter of a doctor and an actress,<ref name="kirjasto"/> whom he fell for in 1889 and then went on to work with in Oryol in 1892. Relations were difficult in many ways: the girl's father detested the union because of Bunin's impecunious circumstances, Varvara herself wasn't sure if she wanted to marry and Bunin too was uncertain whether marriage was really appropriate for him.<ref name="noblit_ru"/> The couple moved to [[Poltava]] and settled in Yuly Bunin's home, but by 1892 relations deteriorated, Pashchenko complaining in a letter to Yuli Bunin that serious quarrels were frequent, and begged for assistance in bringing their union to an end. Eventually the affair ended in 1894 with her marrying actor and writer A.N. Bibikov, Ivan Bunin's close friend.<ref name="bio_2"/> Bunin felt betrayed, and for a time his family feared the possibility of him committing suicide.<ref name="heywood"/> According to some sources it was Varvara Paschenko who many years later would appear under the name of Lika in ''[[The Life of Arseniev]]'' novel (chapter V of the book, entitled ''Lika'', was also published as a short story).<ref name="bio_1"/> Scholar Tatyana Alexanrdrova, though, later put this to doubt (suggesting [[Mirra Lokhvitskaya]] might have been the major prototype), while Vera Muromtseva thought of Lika as a 'collective' character aggregatingh the writer's reminiscences of several women he knew in his youth.

In the summer of 1898 while staying with writer A.M.Fedorov, Bunin became acquainted with N.P. Tsakni, a [[Greeks|Greek]] social-demacrat activist, the publisher and editor of the Odessa newspaper ''Yuzhnoe obozrenie''. Invited to contribute to the paper, Bunin became virtually a daily visitor to the Tsakni family dacha and fell in love with the latter's eighteen-year-old daughter, Anna (1879–1963). On September 23, 1898, the two married, but by the year of 1899 signs of alienation between the two were obvious.<ref name="bio_2"/> At the time of the acrimonious separation in March 1900 Anna was pregnant. She gave birth to son Nikolai, in Odessa on August 30 of the same year. The boy, of whom his father saw very little, died on January 16, 1905, from a combination of [[scarlet fever]], [[measles]] and heart complications.
[[File:Muromceva i Bunin.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Ivan Bunin and Vera Muromtseva, 1910s]]
Ivan Bunin's second wife was Vera Muromtseva (1881–1961, niece of a high-ranked politician [[Sergey Muromtsev]]). The two had initially been introduced to each other by writer Ekaterina Lopatina some years earlier, but it was their encounter at the house of the writer [[Boris Zaitsev]] in November 1906<ref name="pamyat">[http://www.i-bunin.net/pamjat.html И.А.Бунин. Памятные места.] - www.i-bunin.net.</ref> which led to an intense relationship which resulted in the couple becoming inseparate till Bunin's dying day. Officially Bunin and Muromtseva married only in 1922, after he managed at last to divorce Tsakni legally. Decades later Vera Muromtseva-Bunina became famous in her own right with a book ''Life of Bunin''.

In 1927, while in Grasse, Bunin fell for a Russian poet Galina Kuznetsova, on vacation there with her husband. The latter, outraged by the well-publicized affair, stormed off, while Bunin not only managed to somehow convince Vera Muromtseva that his love for Galina was purely platonic but also invite the latter to stay in the house as a secretary and 'a family member'. The affair ended dramatically in 1942 when Kuznetsova fell in love with an opera singer Margo Stepun, sister<ref name="heywood"/><ref>Margarita Dukhanina''. [http://www.vestnik.com/issues/2002/0612/win/dukhanina.htm Монастырь муз] www.vestnik.com</ref> of writer [[Fyodor Stepun]],<ref>[http://www.zhar-ptiza.narod.ru/essay_2.htm Курортный роман Ивана Бунина.] www.zhar-ptiza. First published in ''Uchitelskaya gazeta'', 2002.</ref> and left Bunin who felt disgraced and insulted.<ref name="bio_7">{{cite web
| author =
| date =
| url =http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/bio/biografiya-6.htm
| title = И. А. Бунин
| publisher =
| accessdate = 2011-01-01}}</ref> Bunin's tempestuous private life in emigration became the he subject of the internationally acclaimed Russian movie, ''[[His Wife's Diary]]'' (or ''The Diary of His Wife'') (Дневник его жены) (2000).<ref>{{imdb title|0249474|The Diary of His Wife}}</ref> Vera Muromtseva-Bunina later accepted both Kuznetsova, and Margarita Stepun, as friends: "nashi" ("ours"), as she called them, were living with the Bunins for long periods during the Second World War. According to Anthony J. Heywood of [[Leeds University]], in Germany and then New York, after the war, Kuznetsova and Stepun negotiated with publishers on Bunin's behalf and maintained a regular correspondence with Ivan and Vera up until their respective deaths.<ref name="heywood"/>

== Bibliography ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

=== Novel ===
* ''[[The Life of Arseniev]]'' (Жизнь Арсеньева, 1927–1933, 1939)

=== Novelets ===
* ''[[The Village (Ivan Bunin novel)|Village]]'' (Деревня, 1910)
* ''[[Dry Valley (Ivan Bunin novel)|Dry Valley]]'' (Суходол, 1912)
* ''[[Mitya's Love]]'' (Митина любовь, 1924)

=== Collections of short stories===
* ''To the Edge of the World and Other Stories'' (На край света и другие рассказы, 1897)
* ''Flowers of the Field'' (Цветы полевые, 1901)
* ''Bird's Shadow'' (Тень птицы, Petersburg, 1911; Paris, 1931)
* ''Ioann the Mourner'' (Иоанн Рыдалец, 1913)
* ''Chalice of Life'' (Чаша жизни, Petersburg, 1915; Paris, 1922)
* ''The Gentleman from San Francisco'' (Господин из Сан-Франциско, 1916)
* ''Chang's Dreams'' (Сны Чанга, 1916, 1918)
* ''Temple of the Sun'' (Храм Солнца, 1917)
* ''Primal Love'' (Начальная любовь, Prague, 1921)
* ''Scream'' (Крик, Paris, 1921)
* ''Rose of Jerico'' (Роза Иерихона, Berlin, 1924)
* ''Mitya's Love'' (Митина любовь, Paris, 1924; New York, 1953)
* ''Sunstroke'' (Солнечный удар, Paris, 1927)
* ''Sacred Tree'' (Божье древо, Paris, 1931)
* ''[[Dark Avenues]]'' (Тёмные аллеи, New York, 1943; Paris, 1946)
* ''Judea in Spring'' (Весной в Иудее, New York, 1953)
{{col-2}}

===Poetry===
* ''Poems (1887-1891)'' (1891, originally as an ''Orlovsky vestnik'' literary bonus)
* ''Under the Open Skies'' (Под открытым небом, 1898)
* ''Falling Leaves'' (Листопад, Moscow, 1901)
* ''Poems (1903)'' (Стихотворения, 1903)
* ''Poems (1903-1906)'' (Стихотворения, 1906)
* ''Poems of 1907'' (Saint Petersburg, 1908)
* ''Selected Poems'' (Paris, 1929)

==== Translations ====
* [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]. ''[[The Song of Hiawatha]]'' (1898)

=== Memoirs and diaries ===
* ''Waters Aplenty'' (Воды многие, 1910, 1926)
* ''[[Cursed Days]]'' (Окаянные дни, 1925–1926)<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Cursed-Days-Revolution-Ivan-Bunin/dp/1566631866 ''Cursed Days. Diary of a Revolution'']. Ivan Bunin.</ref>
* ''Memoirs. Under the Sickle and the Hammer.'' (Воспоминания. Под серпом и молотом. 1950)<ref>[http://bunin.niv.ru/bunin/rasskaz/pod-serpom-i-molotom/index.htm Воспоминания. Под серпом и молотом.] - bunin.niv.ru.</ref>
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

==Additional reading==
* ''[[Night of Denial: Stories and Novellas]]'', Ivan Bunin. Trans. Robert Bowie. Northwestern 2006 ISBN 0-8101-1403-8
* ''[[The Life of Arseniev]]'', Ivan Bunin. edited by Andrew Baruch Wachtel. Northwestern 1994 ISBN 0-8101-1172-1
* ''[[Dark Avenues]]'', Ivan Bunin. Translated by Hugh Aplin. Oneworld Classics 2008 ISBN 978-1847490476
* [[Thomas Gaiton Marullo]]. ''Ivan Bunin: Russian Requiem, 1885-1920: A Portrait from Letters, Diaries, and Fiction'' (1993, Vol.1)
* Thomas Gaiton Marullo. ''From the Other Shore, 1920-1933: A Portrait from Letters, Diaries, and Fiction''. (1995, Vol.2)
* Thomas Gaiton Marullo. ''Ivan Bunin: The Twilight of Emigre Russia, 1934-1953: A Portrait from Letters, Diaries, and Memoirs''. (2002, Vol.3)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Ru icon}} [http://bunin.niv.ru/ Ivan Bunin site]. A comprehensive collection of biographies, autobiographies, articles, photos and memoirs.
* {{Ru icon}} [http://noblit.ru/content/category/4/56/33/ Bunin: biography, photos, poems, prose, diaries, critical essays]
* [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ibunin.htm Biography in English]
* [http://www.zecotrend.com/bunin/01/ Biography]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10452526 Ivan Bunin's Gravesite]
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12012 Ivan Bunin in The Literary Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/gentlemanfromsan00bunirich Four Bunin stories at archive.org]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/villagetranslati00buniuoft 'The Village', a novel by Ivan Bunin at archive.org]

{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1926-1950}}
{{Lists of Russians}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 22 October 1870
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Voronezh]], [[Russian Empire]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 8 November 1953
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Paris]], [[France]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich}}
[[Category:Russian diarists]]
[[Category:Russian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Russian poets]]
[[Category:Russian short story writers]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:Pushkin Prize winners]]
[[Category:Russian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Anti-fascists]]
[[Category:Russian refugees]]
[[Category:Russian memoirists]]
[[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:Burials at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]]
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]

[[ar:إيفان بونين]]
[[an:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]
[[az:İvan Bunin]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ivan Alekseevič Bunin]]
[[be:Іван Аляксеевіч Бунін]]
[[be-x-old:Іван Бунін]]
[[br:Ivan Bunin]]
[[bg:Иван Бунин]]
[[ca:Ivan Bunin]]
[[cs:Ivan Alexejevič Bunin]]
[[de:Iwan Alexejewitsch Bunin]]
[[et:Ivan Bunin]]
[[el:Ιβάν Αλεξέιγεβιτς Μπούνιν]]
[[es:Iván Bunin]]
[[eo:Ivan Bunin]]
[[fa:ایوان الکسیویچ بونین]]
[[fr:Ivan Bounine]]
[[ga:Ivan Bunin]]
[[gd:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]
[[gl:Ivan Bunin]]
[[ko:이반 부닌]]
[[hy:Իվան Բունին]]
[[hi:इवान अलेक्सेविच बुनिन]]
[[hr:Ivan Aleksejevič Bunjin]]
[[io:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]
[[id:Ivan Bunin]]
[[it:Ivan Alekseevič Bunin]]
[[he:איוון בונין]]
[[ka:ივანე ბუნინი]]
[[sw:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]
[[ku:Îvan Bunîn]]
[[la:Ioannes Bunin]]
[[lt:Ivanas Buninas]]
[[hu:Ivan Alekszejevics Bunyin]]
[[mr:इव्हान बुनिन]]
[[nl:Ivan Boenin]]
[[ja:イヴァン・ブーニン]]
[[no:Ivan Bunin]]
[[oc:Ivan Alekseievich Bunin]]
[[pnb:آئیون بونن]]
[[pms:Ivan Alekseevič Bunin]]
[[pl:Iwan Bunin]]
[[pt:Ivan Bunin]]
[[ro:Ivan Bunin]]
[[ru:Бунин, Иван Алексеевич]]
[[sk:Ivan Alexejevič Bunin]]
[[sl:Ivan Aleksejevič Bunin]]
[[sr:Иван Буњин]]
[[fi:Ivan Bunin]]
[[sv:Ivan Bunin]]
[[tt:Иван Бунин]]
[[th:อีวาน บูนิน]]
[[tg:Иван Алексеевич Бунин]]
[[tr:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]
[[uk:Бунін Іван Олексійович]]
[[vi:Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]]
[[war:Ivan Bunin]]
[[yo:Ivan Bunin]]
[[zh:伊凡·阿列克谢耶维奇·蒲宁]]

Emblem of ASEAN

2011-06-20T09:54:51Z

Baltshazzar: English

{{Infobox Coat of arms
|name = Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
|image = Seal of ASEAN.svg
|image_width = 250
|middle =
|middle_width =
|middle_caption =
|lesser =
|lesser_width =
|lesser_caption =
|image2 =
|image2_width =
|image2_caption =
|image9 =
|image3_width =
|image3_caption =
|armiger =
|year_adopted = 1997
|crest =
|torse =
|shield =
|supporters =
|compartment =
|motto =
|orders =
|other_elements =
|earlier_versions =
|use =
}}

The '''Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations''' is the emblem of [[ASEAN]] adopted in July 1997<ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/int-asea.html Flags of the World]</ref> together with [[Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN flag]]. Although the current emblem was already in use for years, the official guidelines were adopted at the 6th Meeting of the ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC) in [[Hanoi]], 8 April 2010.<ref>[http://www.asean.org/7095.htm Guidelines on the Use of the ASEAN Emblem]</ref>

== Design ==
=== Construction ===
Set upon a red circle background, ten yellow [[Paddy field|paddy]] or [[rice]] stalks are drawn in the middle. Under the rice stalks the organization name abbreviation "asean" is written in [[lower case]] [[helvetica]] font in blue. The red circle is drawn with a white and blue circumference.

The colors of the emblem are specified as follows:

{| class=wikitable width=60% style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Scheme
!style="background:#22559E"| Blue
!style="background:#E33131"| Red
!style="background:#FFFFFF"| White
!style="background:#F8F400"| Yellow
|-
| [[Pantone]] || Pantone 286 || Pantone Red 032 || || Pantone Process Yellow
|-
| [[CMYK color model|CMYK]] || C100-M60-Y0-K6 || C0-M91-Y87-K0 || C0-M0-Y0-K0 || C0-M0-Y100-K0
|-
| [[RGB color model|RGB]] || 34-85-158 || 227-49-49 || 255-255-255 || 248-244-0
|}

=== Symbolism ===
# The ASEAN Emblem shall be the official emblem of ASEAN.
# The ASEAN Emblem represents a stable, peaceful, united and dynamic ASEAN. The colours of the Emblem — blue, red, white and yellow — represent the main colours of the state crests of all the ASEAN Member States.
# Blue represents peace and stability, red depicts courage and dynamism, white shows purity and yellow symbolises prosperity.
# The ten bound stalks of rice in the centre of the Emblem represent the member states of ASEAN. They represent the dream of ASEAN's Founding Fathers for an ASEAN comprising all the countries in Southeast Asia, bound together in friendship and solidarity.
# The circle represents the unity of ASEAN.
# The ASEAN Emblem is the reserved copyright of ASEAN.

== History ==
The design was based on [[rice]], the [[staple food]] and probably the most important crop for Southeast Asian people. Since ancient times, rice is always associated with prosperity, welfare and wealth. This corresponds to the vision of the founding fathers of ASEAN to create a peaceful and prosperous region in Southeast Asia. The current design is derived from the previous emblem, also featuring a bundle of ''padi'' rice stalks bound together in unity. The different is the rice stalks was six to represent the five founding nations of ASEAN ([[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]]) added with [[Brunei]] (joined in 8 January 1984). The old emblem background was white. The name "asean" was placed under the rice stalks in the center of a yellow circle with cyan circumference. Both the circle border and "asean" letters were in [[cyan]], while the rice stalks was in golden brown.

After the expansion of ASEAN members with the admission of Vietnam in 28 July 1995, motivated by the vision of ASEAN comprising all ten Southeast Asian nations, there was a suggestion to update the emblem and flag of ASEAN; the addition of four more rice stalks to represent the whole ten ASEAN nations. The three remaining nations; Laos, Burma, and Cambodia were scheduled to join ASEAN on July 1997, to commemorate this auspicious event, the new emblem of ASEAN was unveiled. Laos and Burma (Myanmar) joined in 23 July 1997, however the admission of Cambodia was postponed to 30 April 1999 due to their internal politic problems. Despite the Cambodian postponed membership, the ASEAN new emblem still consisted of ten rice stalks unveiled in July 1997.

== See also ==
*[[Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]

== References ==
*[http://www.asean.org/7095.htm Guidelines on the Use of the ASEAN Emblem]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.aseansec.org/logo.htm Logos of ASEAN]

{{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)}}

[[Category:Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Emblem]]
[[Category:1997 establishments]]

[[id:Lambang ASEAN]]

Artur Aristakisyan

2011-06-07T11:46:27Z

Baltshazzar: categories

'''Artur Aristakisyan''' (Артур Аристакисян) is an Armenian-Russian movie director. He was born in Chisinau (Soviet Union, now Moldova) in 1961.
===Filmography===

* Ladoni / Palms (1994)
* A Place on Earth / A Place in the World (2001)

[[lb: Artur Aristakisyan]]

[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian film directors]]

Artur Aristakisyan

2011-06-07T11:38:41Z

Baltshazzar: http://nashekino.ru/data.persons?id=3265

Counterterrorist Intelligence Center

2011-05-17T07:28:38Z

Baltshazzar: minor mistakes corrected

A '''Counterterrorist Intelligence Center''' ('''CTIC''') is, according to a [[Washington Post]] November 18, 2005 [[wikt:front page|front page]] article by [[Dana Priest]], a [[counterterrorist]] operations center run jointly by the [[CIA]] and foreign [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] services as part of the US "[[War on Terror]]" <ref> [[Dana Priest]], [[The Washington Post]], 17 November 2005, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/17/AR2005111702070_pf.html Foreign Network at Front of CIA's Terror Fight] </ref>.

== Description of CTIC ==

According to Dana Priest's article, on which the CIA declined to comment at the time:

* CTICs exist in more than two dozen countries, including [[Uzbekistan]], [[Indonesia]] (intelligence services headed by Lt. Gen. [[Abdullah Hendropriyono]]), [[France]] (see [[Alliance Base]] in Paris, which is headed by a [[DGSE]] French General and includes British, [[BND|German]], Canadian and Australian intelligence agencies).

* They are "financed mostly by the agency and employ some of the best [[espionage]] technology the CIA has to offer". They also have "computers linked to the CIA's central databases, and access to highly classified intercepts."

* They are used by the CIA and the foreign services to jointly "make daily decisions on when and how to apprehend suspects [of terrorism], whether to [[Extraordinary rendition|whisk them off]] to other countries for [[interrogation]] and [[Detention (Imprisonment)|detention]], and how to disrupt [[al Qaeda]]'s logistical and financial support."

* They are distincts from the CIA "[[black sites]]", or secret detention centers.

The CTIC were modeled on the CIA's [[war on drugs|counternarcotics centers]] in Latin America and Asia. In the 1980s the CIA persuaded these states to let it select individuals for the assignment, pay them and keep them physically separate from their own institutions. Officers from the host stations serving in the CTICs are vetted by the CIA, and usually supervised by the CIA's [[Chief of Station]] and augmented by officers sent from the [[Counterterrorist Center]] at [[Langley, Virginia|Langley]].

According to two intelligence officials interviewed by Dana Priest, "the first two CTICs were established in the late 1990s to watch and capture Islamic militants traveling from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt and Chechnya to join the [[Yugoslav Wars|fighting in Bosnia]] and other parts of the former Yugoslavia." The [[National Security Agency]] is a partner in the CTICs, and has established a Foreign Affairs Directorate that now handles sharing information and equipment with 40 countries.

CIA former director [[George Tenet]] convinced [[Yemen]]ite president [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] to work with the CIA. Tenet sent material and 100 Army Special Forces trainers to help Yemen create an antiterrorism unit after the [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]]. He also obtained the authorizations to fly [[Predator drone]]s over Yemen. The CIA killed six al Qaeda operatives, including [[Abu Ali al-Harithi]], suspected mastermind of the [[2000 attack on the USS Cole]], with such a drone, sent from the French military base in [[Djibouti]].

== Alliance Base ==

In Paris, the [[Alliance Base]] is run by a General of the [[DGSE]] French intelligence agency, and gathers the CIA, the [[MI6]], the [[BND]], and Australian and Canadian intelligence agencies. It took part in the arrest of the German convert to Islam [[Christian Ganczarski]], imprisoned in [[Fresnes Prison]] in Paris in June 2003. Investigative journalist [[Dana Priest]] referred to the Alliance Base in a July 3, 2005 article <ref> {{cite news|first=Dana |last=Priest |author= |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/02/AR2005070201361_pf.html|title=Help From France Key In Covert Operations |work= |publisher=Washington Post |pages= |page= |date=July 3, 2005 |accessdate=2006-06-30}} </ref>, and its existence was confirmed on 8 September 2006 by [[Christophe Chaboud]], chief of the [[UCLAT]] ("''Unité de Coordination de la Lutte contre le Terrorisme''", "Fight against Terrorism Coordination Unit"), in an interview to [[Radio France Internationale|RFI]] <ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0%402-3224,36-812394%4051-812238,0.html ''La France abrite une cellule antiterroriste secrète en plein Paris''], ''[[Le Monde]]''</ref>.

== Italy ==

Italy was not invited to participate in Alliance Base, allegedly because of jealousies between the [[SISMI]] and the [[Servizio Informazioni Difesa|SID]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}} However, in the current ''[[Imam Rapito affair]]'', the Milan magistrates have spoken of a "concerted CIA-SISMI operation.<ref name="Biondani"> Paolo Biondani and Guido Olimpio. 11 July 2006 ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', "Un centro segreto Cia-Sismi" [http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/07_Luglio/10/sismi.shtml available here] {{it icon}} </ref>" Former CIA responsible in Italy, [[Jeffrey W. Castelli]], Milan station chief [[Robert Seldon Lady]], as well as 24 others CIA agents, and head of SISMI [[Nicolò Pollari]] and his second [[Marco Mancini]] have been indicted in 2006 by the Italian justice for this affair.

==See also==
* [[Alliance Base]], a CTIC in [[Paris]], [[France]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Counter-terrorism]]

Edi Rama

2011-04-06T08:02:10Z

Baltshazzar: Undid revision 422069206 by 91.187.103.5 (talk) Poor grammar and orthography, no source and obviously polemical

{{BLP sources|date=July 2007}}
{{Infobox mayor
| name = Edi Rama
| image =Edi Rama.jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| order = [[Mayor of Tirana]]
| term_start = October 2000
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[Albert Brojka]]
| successor = Incumbent
| order2 = [[Minister of Culture|Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports]]
| primeminister2 = [[Fatos Nano]]
| term_start2 = April 24, 1998
| term_end2 = 2000
| Prime Minister2 = [[Pandeli Majko]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|07|04}}
| birth_place = [[Tirana]], [[Albania]]
| nationality = [[Albanians|Albanian]]
| party = [[Socialist Party of Albania]]
| spouse = Matilda Makoci (div.) Delina Fico (div.) Linda Basha
|}}

'''Edivin Kristaq Rama''' (born 4 July 1964) is an [[Albania]]n politician. Currently he is the [[Mayor of Tirana]] and the leader of the [[Socialist Party of Albania]].

He has served as president of the [[Albanian Association of Mayors]], and as [[Minister of Culture|Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports]]. Edi Rama has been Mayor of Tirana since 2000 and is currently in his third term.

== Impact on Tirana ==
The most noted impact of Rama has been the many [[kiosk]] demolitions in the city since he took over. In an attempt to widen roads, he has authorized the bulldozing of private properties so that they can be paved over, thus widening streets. He has been accused of corruption and mismanagement of funds by the opposition. Rama's ''Return to Identity'' project rid the city of many illegally constructed buildings on municipal lands such as local parks and the banks of the Lana. His ''Clean and Green'' project in 2000 resulted in the production of 96,700 square metres of green land and parks in the city and the planting of nearly 1,800 trees. He also ordered the painting of many old buildings in what has come to be known as Edi Rama colours (very bright yellow, green, violet). Rama's critics claim that he is focusing too much attention on cosmetic changes without fixing any of the major problems such as shortages of drinking water and electricity.

Rama, a former artist, had this to say about his work as mayor: "It's the most exciting job in the world, because I get to invent and to fight for good causes everyday. Being the mayor of Tirana is the highest form of conceptual art. It's art in a pure state."<ref>[http://www.internationalspecialreports.com/europe/albania/youvegottotear.html You’ve got to tear this old building down: ''Tirana’s mayor: an artistic politician'']. International Special Reports</ref>

In December 2004, Rama was named the [[World Mayor]] 2004, in an international competition that took place over one year, based on direct voting by Internet, organized by the non-commercial organization CITYMAYORS, located in London.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/mayor2004/edirama_2004.html City Mayors]</ref>

Rama was chosen by [[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]] to be one of the 2005 European Heroes, a tribute to 37 people who are changing the world for the better.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

== Life as a painter ==
Rama is also author of several personal painting exhibitions in Europe, North and South America, and other. Personal exhibitions include Janos Gallery , New York (1993), Place de Mediatheque, France (1995), Palais Jalta, Frankfurt (1997), Acud, Berlin (1993), São Paulo, Brazil (1994), National Gallery, Albania (1992) and Gallery XXI, Albania (1999). He is no longer active as an artist.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

In 2009 he published a book containing notes and paintings entitled Edi Rama.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

==Political life in Socialist Party==
Edi Rama is also the head of the left wing in Albania. He became head of SPA in October 2005. In the 2009 elections, SPA was the most voted party, but got only 65 seats on the parliament out of 140 because of the electoral system. SMI and DPA formed a coalition and a government, while SPA started a few protests for "the transparency of vote". Nowadays, the SPA members of the parliament have joined the Parliament sessions and co-work with their right-wing colleagues.
Rama is being criticized by a group of SPA politicians like Ben Blushi, Kastriot Islami and Andis Harasani of leading the party without collaborators. These accusations may be because SPA is the only left party to not have a Secretary General. However, the second-most-powerful person in SPA is [[Gramoz Ruçi]], the head of the Parliamentarian group, 59 years old.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.edirama.al Personal website]
* [http://www.tirana.gov.al/?cid=2 Municipality of Tirana]
* [http://www.tirana.gov.al/?cid=2,204,3007 Biography]
* [http://www2.ronchiato.it/AlbaniaToday/Eng/rama.htm Edi Rama as artist]
* [http://muzika.albasoul.com/play.php?id=3072 Edi Rama on the song Tirona]
* [http://www.worldmayor.com/worldmayor_2004/results_2004.html Edi Rama wins the 2004 World Mayor Award]
* [http://citymayors.com/mayors/tirana_mayor.html CityMayors article]
* [http://www.time.com/time/europe/hero2005/rama.html Edi Rama: European Heroes 2005 by Time Magazine]
* [http://www.lajme.gen.al/teme/edi-rama.html Edi Rama news] (in Albanian)
*News articles
** [http://www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,1068527,00.html Regeneration man]
** [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2069799.stm The mayor transforming Tirana]
** [http://www.internationalspecialreports.com/europe/albania/youvegottotear.html You’ve got to tear this old building down]

==Further reading==
*Budini, Belina. ''Edi Rama, Politikani Pop(ulist)-Star'', Tirana: UET Press, 2009. ISBN 978-99956-39-11-2

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box|title=Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports |before=|after=|years=1998–2000}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Mayor of Tirana]] |before=[[Albert Brojka]] |after=[[Incumbent]]|years=2000-present}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Fatos Nano]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Socialist Party of Albania]]|years=2005-present}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Incumbent]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Rama, Edi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1964-07-04
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Tirana]], [[Albania]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama, Edi}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Albanian politicians]]
[[Category:Harvard University staff]]
[[Category:Mayors of Tirana]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Boston faculty]]

[[als:Edi Rama]]
[[ca:Edi Rama]]
[[da:Edi Rama]]
[[de:Edi Rama]]
[[et:Edi Rama]]
[[es:Edi Rama]]
[[fr:Edi Rama]]
[[hi:एदि रामा]]
[[it:Edi Rama]]
[[lv:Edi Rama]]
[[mk:Еди Рама]]
[[nl:Edi Rama]]
[[pl:Edi Rama]]
[[pt:Edi Rama]]
[[ro:Edi Rama]]
[[ru:Рама, Эди]]
[[sq:Edi Rama]]
[[sr:Edi Rama]]
[[sh:Edi Rama]]
[[fi:Edi Rama]]
[[sv:Edi Rama]]

2009 Albanian parliamentary election

2011-04-06T07:19:05Z

Baltshazzar: grammar

{{Infobox Election
|election_name = Albanian parliamentary election, 2009
|country = Albania
|type = parliamentary
|ongoing = no
|previous_election = Albanian parliamentary election, 2005
|previous_year = 2005
|next_election =
|next_year = Next
|seats_for_election = All 140 seats to the [[Assembly of the Republic of Albania|Assembly]]
|election_date = 28 June 2009
|image1 = [[File:Msc 2006-Saturday, 16.00 - 18.00-Berisha.jpg|100px]]
|leader1 = [[Sali Berisha]]
|leader_since1 = December 1990
|party1 = Democratic Party of Albania
|leaders_seat1 = Tirana
|last_election1 = 56 (71)
|seats1 = 68 (70) seats (Alliance of Changes)
|seat_change1 = +12 (−1)
|popular_vote1 = 712,745
|percentage1 = 46.92%
|image2 = [[File:Edi Rama.jpg|100px]]
|leader2 = [[Edi Rama]]
|leader_since2 = 1 September 2005
|party2 = Socialist Party of Albania
|leaders_seat2 = Did not participate
|last_election2 = 42 (54)
|seats2 = 65 (66) seats (Unification of Changes)
|seat_change2 = +23 (+12)
|popular_vote2 = 688,748
|percentage2 = 45.34%
|image3 = [[File:Ilir Meta detail, 000824-D-9880W-002.jpg|100px]]
|leader3 = [[Ilir Meta]]
|leader_since3 = 2004
|party3 = Socialist Movement for Integration
|leaders_seat3 = Tirana
|last_election3 = 5 (6)
|seats3 = 4 (4) seats (Socialist Alliance)
|seat_change3 = −1 (−2)
|popular_vote3 = 84,407
|percentage3 = 5.56%
|title = [[Prime Minister of Albania|Prime Minister]]
|posttitle = [[Prime Minister of Albania|Prime Minister-designate]]
|before_election = [[Sali Berisha]]
|before_party = Democratic Party of Albania
|after_election = [[Sali Berisha]]
|after_party = Democratic Party of Albania
}}
{{Politics of Albania}}
A '''parliamentary election''' was held in [[Albania]] on 28 June 2009. Prior to the election, the electoral law was changed to a regional and proportional system.<ref>[http://www.javno.com/en/world/clanak.php?id=224229 Albania Sets June 28 Election Date, Looks To EU]. Javno. January 14, 2009</ref> Polls from March and April 2009 saw a very close race, with both the governing [[Democratic Party of Albania]] and the opposition [[Socialist Party of Albania]] around 37%, with minor parties like the [[Socialist Movement for Integration]], the [[G99 Movement]], the [[Unity for Human Rights Party]] and the [[Republican Party of Albania]] in the low single digits.<ref>[http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/33443/albanian_democrats_socialists_in_close_battle Albanian Democrats, Socialists in Close Battle]. Angus Reid Global Monitor. May 15, 2009</ref>

==Alliances==
Shortly before the election, the ethnic Greek Unity for Human Rights Party switched their allegiance, abandoning their alliance with the Democratic Party of Albania to join the Socialist Party of Albania.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6658278.html Albania's labor minister resigns as party jumps boat]. ''People's Daily''. May 15, 2009</ref>. The Party for Justice and Integration, a party representing the interest of ethnic Albanians whose properties in Greece where seized after WW2, joined the coalition in its place. In total, 33 parties organized in four alliances, one party runnings on its own and one independent contested the election:<ref>[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/newsbriefs/2009/05/17/nb-08 Four coalitions to run in Albania's June general elections]. ''Southeast European Times.'' May 17, 2009</ref>

* '''Alliance of Changes''' ''(Aleance e Ndryshimit)''
**[[Democratic Party of Albania]] (PD)
**[[Republican Party of Albania]] (PR)
**[[Environmentalist Agrarian Party]] (PAA)
**[[Democratic Alliance Party (Albania)|Democratic Alliance Party]] (PAD)
**[[Movement of Legality Party|Legality and Unity of the Right]] (PLL)
**[[Democratic National Front Party]] (PBKD)
**National Front Party (PBK)
**[[Liberal Democratic Union]] (BLD)
**[[Party for Justice and Integration]] (PDI)
**Christian Democratic League (LDK)
**[[Democratic Alliance Party (Albania)|Democratic Alliance Party]] (AD)
**[[Democratic National Front Party]] (PBKD)
**Party of New Albanian European Democracy (PRDESh)
**New Party of Denied Rights (PDMR)
**[[Macedonian Alliance for European Integration]] (AMIE)
**Alliance for Democracy and Solidarity (ADS)
**Ora of Albania (POSh)
**Forca Albania (PFA)

* '''Unification for Changes''' ''(Bashkimi per Ndryshim)''
**[[Socialist Party of Albania]] (PS)
**[[Social Democratic Party of Albania]] (PSD)
**[[G99]]
**[[Unity for Human Rights Party]] (PBDNJ)
**[[Social Democracy Party of Albania]] (PDS)

* '''Pole of Freedom'''
**[[Christian Democratic Party of Albania]] (PDK)
**Movement for National Development (LZHK)
**Democratic Union Party (PBD)
**Conservative Party (PKONS)
**Path of Freedoms Party (PRrL)
**Democratic Reform Party (PRDSh)

* '''Socialist Alliance'''
**[[Socialist Movement for Integration]] (LSI)
**Albanian Green Party (PGJ)
**Movement of Human Rights and Freedoms (LDLNJ)
**Real Socialist Party '91 (PSV'91)
**New Tolerance Party (PTR)
**Party for the Protection of Immigrants' Rights (PMDE)

* '''Law and justice party'''

== Polls ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
! Name of polls company
! Polling Date
! Alliance of Change (Democratic Party of Albania)
! Unification for Changes (Socialist Party of Albania)
! Socialist Alliance for Integration (Socialist Movement for Integration)
! Pole of Freedom (Christian Democratic Party of Albania)
|-
|| Zogby || January || 31% || 38% || 5% || 1% ||
|-
||Gani Bobi Institute || February || 46.6% || 43.6% || 6.2% || 1% ||
|-
||Zogby || February || 36% || 42% || 5% || 1% ||
|-
||Zogby || March || 37% || 42% || 5% || 1% ||
|-
||Gani Bobi Institute || April || 46.6% || 45.1% || 6.2% || 1.5% ||
|-
||Zogby || April || 39% || 39% || 6% || 0% ||
|-
||IPR Marketing || April || 39% || 43% || 8% || 2% ||
|-
||IPR Marketing || May || 44.7% || 47.3% || 7% || 0% ||
|-
||Zogby || May–June || 42% || 42% || 4% || 2% ||
|-
||Gani Bobi Institute || June || 41.1% || 33.2% || 3.2% || 0% ||
|-
||IPR Marketing || 17 June || 42.6% || 39.6% || 4.5% || 2% ||
|-
||IPR Marketing || 21 June || 47.9% || 44.1% || 6% || 2% ||
|-
|}

==European Union==
The [[European Union|EU]] delegation head in [[Tirana]], Helmut Lohan, said in January 2009 that the election would be considered by the EU as a "litmus test" for Albania's bid to [[Future enlargement of the European Union|join the union]].<ref>[http://www.albanianeconomy.com/news/2009/01/24/albania-election-a-test-for-eu-bid%E2%80%9D/ Albania Election “A Test for EU Bid”]. AlbanianEconomy.com. January 22, 2009</ref>

==Electoral slogans==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
! Name of party
! Slogan in English
! Slogan in Albanian
|-
||[[Democratic Party of Albania]] || Albania is changing || Shqipëria po ndryshon
|-
||[[Socialist Party of Albania]] || New politics for change || Politikë e re për ndryshim
|-
||[[Socialist Movement for Integration]] || Time for action || Koha për veprim
|-
||[[Republican Party of Albania]] || Family, Property, Nation || Familje, Pronë, Komb
|}

==Exit Polls==
Right after the elections exit-polls were conducted.
According to Gani Bobi, the Democratic Party led the Socialist Party with 47,5% and 38,8% respectively, with the Socialist Movement for Integration getting 6,5%<ref>[http://townhall.com/news/world/2009/06/28/pollsters_say_pm_berisha_leads_albania_elections]</ref>.
According to APR Marketing's exit poll, the Democratic Party won between 42% and 46%, and the Socialist Party between 36,5% and 40,4%.<ref>[http://www.apcom.net/newsesteri/20090628_202100_12b4042_65111.shtml]</ref>.The exit poll by Zogby International gave the Democratic Part 69 seats and to the Socialist Party 55.[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Exit_polls_see_Albania_s_ruling_Democrats_winning.html?siteSect=143&sid=10890014&cKey=1246222376000&ty=ti].

All the exit polls, while they predicted the results of certain regions properly, were rather inaccurate as the election was much closer.

==Results==
===Nationwide Results===
{{electiontable|Albanian parliamentary election, 2009}}'''Summary of the 28 June 2009 [[Assembly of the Republic of Albania|Assembly]] of the [[Republic of Albania]] election results
 
(''Final results'')
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left colspan=2 width=600 valign=top|Parties and coalitions
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|%
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" rowspan=1|Seats
|-
|align=left|[[Democratic Party of Albania|Democratic Party]] (''Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë'')
|align="right" |PD
|align="right" |610463
|align="right" |40.18
|align="right" |68
|-
|align=left|[[Republican Party of Albania|Republican Party]] (''Partia Republikane e Shqipërisë'')
|align="right" |PR
|align="right" |31990
|align="right" |2.11
|align="right" |1
|-
|align=left|[[Party for Justice and Integration]] (''Partia për Drejtësi dhe Integrim'')
|align="right" |PDI
|align="right" |14477
|align="right" |0.95
|align="right" |1
|-
|align=left|[[Environmentalist Agrarian Party]] (''Partia Agrare Ambientaliste'')
|align="right" |PAA
|align="right" |13296
|align="right" |0.88
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Legality Movement Party]] (''Partia Lëvizja e Legalitetit'')
|align="right" |PLL
|align="right" |10711
|align="right" |0.71
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Demochristian League]] (''Lidhja Demokristiane'')
|align="right" |LDK
|align="right" |6095
|align="right" |0.4
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[National Front Party (Albania)|National Front Party]] (''Partia Balli Kombëtare'')
|align="right" |PBK
|align="right" |5112
|align="right" |0.34
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Liberal Democratic Union]] (''Bashkimi Liberal Demokrat'')
|align="right" |BLD
|align="right" |5008
|align="right" |0.33
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Democratic Alliance Party (Albania)|Democratic Alliance Party]] (''Partia Aleanca Demokratike'')
|align="right" |AD
|align="right" |4682
|align="right" |0.31
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Democratic National Front Party]] (''Partia Balli Kombëtar Demokrat'')
|align="right" |PBKD
|align="right" |4177
|align="right" |0.27
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Party of New Albanian European democracy]] (''Partia Demokracia e Re Europiane Shqiptare'')
|align="right" |PDRESh
|align="right" |2111
|align="right" |0.14
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[New Party of Denied Rights]] (''Partia e të Drejtave të Mohuara e Re'')
|align="right" |PDMR
|align="right" |1408
|align="right" |0.09
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Macedonian Alliance for European Integration]] (''Aleanca e Maqedonasve për Integrim Evropian'')
|align="right" |AMIE
|align="right" |1043
|align="right" |0.07
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Alliance for Democracy and Solidarity]] (''Aleanca për Demokraci dhe Solidaritet'')
|align="right" |ADS
|align="right" |1067
|align="right" |0.07
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Ora of Albania]] (''Ora e Shqipërisë'')
|align="right" |POSh
|align="right" |786
|align="right" |0.05
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Forca Albania]] (''Partia Forca Albania'')
|align="right" |PFA
|align="right" |319
|align="right" |0.02
|align="right" |0
|-
|- bgcolor="blue"
|align="left" colspan=2|'''Total "Alliance for Changes"''' (''Aleanca për Ndryshim'')
|align="right" |712745
|align="right" |'''46.92'''
|align="right" |'''70'''
|-
|align=left|[[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]] (''Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë'')
|align="right" |PS
|align="right" |620586
|align="right" |40.85
|align="right" |65
|-
|align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Albania|Social Democratic Party]] (''Partia Socialdemokrate e Shqipërisë'')
|align="right" |PSD
|align="right" |26700
|align="right" |1.76
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Unity for Human Rights Party]] (''Partia Bashkimi për të Drejtat e Njeriut'')
|align="right" |PBDNJ
|align="right" |18078
|align="right" |1.19
|align="right" |1
|-
|align=left|[[G99]] (''Grupim 99'')
|align="right" |G99
|align="right" |12989
|align="right" |0.86
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Social Democracy Party of Albania]] (''Partia Demokracia Sociale e Shqipërisë'')
|align="right" |PDS
|align="right" |10365
|align="right" |0.68
|align="right" |0
|-
|- bgcolor="pink"
|align="left" colspan=2|'''Total "Unification for Changes"''' (''Bashkimi për Ndryshim'')
|align="right" |688748
|align="right" |'''45.34'''
|align="right" |'''66'''
|-
|align=left|[[Socialist Movement for Integration]] (''Lëvizja Socialiste për Integrim'')
|align="right" |LSI
|align="right" |73678
|align="right" |4.85
|align="right" |4
|-
|align=left|[[Real Socialist Party '91]] (''Partia Socialiste e Vërtetë '91'')
|align=right |PSV '91
|align=right |6548
|align=right |0.43
|align=right |0
|-
|align=left|[[Movement of Human Rights and Freedoms]] (''Lëvizja për të Drejtat dhe Liritë e Njeriut'')
|align=right |LDLNj
|align=right |2931
|align=right |0.19
|align=right |0
|-
|align=left|[[Green Party (Albania)|Green Party]] (''Partia e Gjelbër'')
|align=right |PGj
|align=right |437
|align=right |0.03
|align=right |0
|-
|align=left|[[Party for the Protection of Immigrants' Rights]] (''Parti për Mbrojtjen e të Drejtave të Emigrantëve'')
|align="right" |PMDE
|align="right" |376
|align="right" |0.02
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[New Tolerance Party]] (''Partia Tolerancë e Re e Shqipërisë'')
|align=right |PTR
|align=right |437
|align=right |0.03
|align=right |0
|- bgcolor="red"
|align="left" colspan=2|'''Total "Socialist Alliance"''' (''Aleanca Socialiste për Integrim'')
|align="right" |84407
|align="right" |'''5.56'''
|align="right" |'''4'''
|-
|align=left|[[Christian Democratic Party of Albania|Christian Democratic Party]] (''Partia Demokristiane e Shqipërisë'')
|align="right" |PDK
|align="right" |13308
|align="right" |0.88
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Movement for National Development]] (''Lëvizja për Zhvillim Kombëtar'')
|align="right" |LZhK
|align="right" |10753
|align="right" |0.71
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Democratic Union Party (Albania)|Democratic Union Party]] (''Partia Bashkimi Demokrat Shqipëtar'')
|align="right" |PBD
|align="right" |1030
|align="right" |0.07
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Conservative Party (Albania)|Conservative Party]] (''Partia Konservatore'')
|align="right" |PKONS
|align="right" |1047
|align="right" |0.07
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Democratic Reform Party]] (''Partia e Reformave Demokratike Shqiptare'')
|align="right" |PRDSh
|align="right" |495
|align="right" |0.03
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Path of Freedoms Party]] (''Partia Rruga e Lirisë'')
|align="right" |PRrL
|align="right" |1002
|align="right" |0.07
|align="right" |0
|- bgcolor="orange"
|align="left" colspan=2|'''Total "Pole of Freedom"''' (''Poli i Lirisë'')
|align="right" |27655
|align="right" |'''1.82'''
|align="right" |'''0'''
|-
|align=left|[[Law and Justice Party]] (''Partia Ligj dhe Drejtësi'')
|align="right" |PLiDr
|align="right" |4865
|align="right" |0.32
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left|[[Independent (Albania)|Independent]] (''Pavarur'')
|align="right" |PAVARUR
|align="right" |756
|align="right" |0.05
|align="right" |0
|-
|align=left colspan="2"| '''Total (turnout: %)''' 50.77%
|align=right |1519176
|align=right |100.00
|align=right |140
|-
|colspan="8"|Source: [http://www.cec.org.al/ CEC]
|}

===Regional Results===
The electorate was split in twelve regions, in a regional proportional system, each of which elected a specific number of Members of Parliament (deputet). The following table details the regional results going North to South.

{|
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 width=100 valign=top|Regions
!style="background-color:#0000C8" align=center colspan=2|Alliance of Changes
!style="background-color:#E75480" align=center colspan=2|Unification of Changes
!style="background-color:#FF0000" align=center colspan=2|Socialist Alliance for Integration
!style="background-color:orange" align=center colspan=2|Pole of Freedom
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" rowspan=2|Total seats
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats
|-
|align=left|Shkodër
|align="right" |58.11
|align="right" |7
|align="right" |35.18
|align="right" |4
|align="right" |2.9
|align="right" |0
|align="right" |3.45
|align="right" |0
|align="right" |11
|-
|align=left| Kukes
|align="right" | 65.00
|align="right" | 3
|align="right" | 31.31
|align="right" | 1
|align="right" | 2.97
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 0.67
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 4
|-
|align=left| Lezhe
|align="right" | 54.32
|align="right" | 4
|align="right" | 34.47
|align="right" | 3
|align="right" | 5.61
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 3.37
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 7
|-
|align=left| Diber
|align="right" | 57.72
|align="right" | 4
|align="right" | 32.38
|align="right" | 2
|align="right" | 5.72
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 4.08
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 6
|-
|align=left| Durrës
|align="right" | 51.65
|align="right" | 7
|align="right" | 39.22
|align="right" | 5
|align="right" | 8.02
|align="right" | 1
|align="right" | 0.85
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 13
|-
|align=left| Tirane
|align="right" | 46.83
|align="right" | 16
|align="right" | 45.69
|align="right" | 15
|align="right" | 5.24
|align="right" | 1
|align="right" | 1.82
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 32
|-
|align=left| Elbasan
|align="right" | 45.06
|align="right" | 7
|align="right" | 47.77
|align="right" | 7
|align="right" | 5.04
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 1.94
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 14
|-
|align=left| Fier
|align="right" | 39.98
|align="right" | 6
|align="right" | 51.83
|align="right" | 9
|align="right" | 6.47
|align="right" | 1
|align="right" | 1.55
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 16
|-
|align=left| Berat
|align="right" | 33.16
|align="right" | 3
|align="right" | 54.62
|align="right" | 4
|align="right" | 11.35
|align="right" | 1
|align="right" | 0.68
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 8
|-
|align=left| Korce
|align="right" | 46.96
|align="right" | 6
|align="right" | 47.82
|align="right" | 6
|align="right" | 4.21
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 0.59
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 12
|-
|align=left| Vlore
|align="right" | 37.46
|align="right" | 5
|align="right" | 54.89
|align="right" | 7
|align="right" | 5.01
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 2.45
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 12
|-
|align=left| Gjirokastër
|align="right" | 40.10
|align="right" | 2
|align="right" | 55.9
|align="right" | 3
|align="right" | 3.27
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 0.59
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 5
|-
|align=left| '''Total'''
|align="right" | 46.92
|align="right" | 70
|align="right" | 45.34
|align="right" | 66
|align="right" | 5.56
|align="right" | 4
|align="right" | 1.82
|align="right" | 0
|align="right" | 140
|}

==Coalition talks==

Following the results, after a few days when it was unclear whether the PD-led alliance held 70 or 71 seats, the leader of the Socialist Movement for Integration announced on 4 July 2009 that he had accepted Berisha's invitiation to form a government with the PD and stated he wanted to be a stabilising factor in Albania's way towards EU membership.<ref>http://www.easybourse.com/bourse-actualite/marches/albanian-party-agrees-to-join-government-after-split-vote-696271</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Albanian elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albanian Parliamentary Election, 2009}}
[[Category:2009 in Albania]]
[[Category:Elections in Albania]]
[[Category:2009 elections in Europe]]

[[ca:Eleccions legislatives albaneses de 2009]]
[[fr:Élections législatives albanaises de 2009]]
[[it:Elezioni parlamentari albanesi del 2009]]
[[pl:Wybory parlamentarne w Albanii w 2009 roku]]
[[pt:Eleições parlamentares na Albânia em 2009]]

International reactions to the Fukushima nuclear accident

2011-03-17T09:29:34Z

Baltshazzar: typo

'''International reaction to 2011 [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents]]''' has included [[Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]], some of which pertains to the Fukushima crisis,{{Clarify|date=March 2011}} [[Operation Tomodachi]] and also re-evaluation of existing national nuclear energy programs.

== Organized international monitoring ==

Many inter-governmental agencies are responding, often on an ad hoc basis, due to the failure of the Japanese government to formulate and promulgate official requests for assistance. Responders include [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], [[World Meteorological Organization]] and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, which has radiation detection equipment deployed around the world. <ref>http://navyhandbook.org/190/uss-ronald-reagan-exposed-to-radiation/</ref>

==Financial markets==
As a result of the incident, [[stock price]]s of many energy companies reliant on nuclear sources and listed on [[stock exchange]]s have dropped, while renewable energy companies have increased dramatically in value <ref name=pvmag>{{cite web|url=http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/nuclear-power-comes-under-attack-solar-stocks-increase_100002437/ |title=Nuclear power comes under attack; solar stocks increase |publisher=pv magazine |date=|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> and interest in renewable energy has increased among private consumers. <ref>http://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/oekostrom-wird-zum-grossen-renner/3956318.html</ref><ref>http://www.zeit.de/news-032011/16/iptc-bdt-20110316-592-29293128xml</ref>. Stock in some health and life insurance companies have also dropped.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16insure.html</ref>

On 16 March, the [[Japanese Yen]] hit a record high.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/business/18markets.html?src=busln</ref>

== Safety measures related directly to the accident ==

*{{flag|Australia}} - The [[Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency]] recommended that Australians within 80km of the Fukushima nuclear power plant move out of the area as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arpansa.gov.au/News/MediaReleases/mr1_170311.cfm|title=Advice on exposure to radiation arising from nuclear incidents in Japan - 17 March 2011: TIME: 1130|publisher=Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency|date=17 March 2011|accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref>

*{{flag|Russia}} - Russian authorities were reported ready to evacuate the [[Kuril Islands]] and [[Sakhalin]], if needed.<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gp0CYtv3IP9BGAkx3U0vrNUKn9mw?docId=CNG.961169f10a28e87bb4d2f09c4f548ce0.31 |title=AFP: Russia ready to 'evacuate islands' over Japan risk |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

*{{flag|United States}} - On 16 March: [[Voice of America]] reported that US Embassy Tokyo had advised Americans to evacuate at least 80 km from plant, or stay indoors. <ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/US-Urges-Citizens-to-Get-Away-from-Japan-Nuclear-Plant-118105429.html “US Urges Citizens to Get Away from Japan Nuclear Plant” Voice of America March 16, 2011]</ref>
:See also: [[Operation Tomodachi]]

==Re-evaluation of existing national nuclear energy programs==

===Supranational===

*{{flagicon|European Union}} [[European Union]] – In an interview on [[ORF2]], Austrian Environment Minister [[Faymann cabinet|Nikolaus Berlakovich]] said that he would enter a request at the environmental meeting in Brussels on 14 March 2011 for a review of reactor safety. He emphasized both coolant and containment and compared these measures to reviews of the financial system after the banking crisis of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90039901?U.N.%20atomic%20watchdog%20mulling%20increased%20nuclear%20safety%20scrutiny%20after%20Japan%26%23146%3Bs%20Fukushima%20disaster#ixzz1GeXRTLaO |title=U.N. atomic watchdog mulling increased nuclear safety scrutiny after Japan’s Fukushima disaster|publisher=AHN |date=March 14, 2011 |accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

===Americas===

*{{flag|Chile}} - In Chile, there has been much controversy over the installation of nuclear power plants, following the Chilean Government also is ready to sign a cooperation agreement with the United States Government on Nuclear Energy. Chile is a seismically active country like Japan. <ref>http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=470405</ref>

*{{flag|United States}} - ''The New York Times'' stated in an editorial that "the unfolding Japanese tragedy also should prompt Americans to closely study our own plans for coping with natural disasters and with potential nuclear plant accidents to make sure they are, indeed, strong enough. We've already seen how poor defenses left New Orleans vulnerable to [[Hurricane Katrina]] and how industrial folly and hubris led to a devastating blowout and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/opinion/15tue1.html NY Times Editorial]</ref>

:Mark Hibbs, a senior associate at the [[Carnegie Endowment]]'s Nuclear Policy Program, reiterated the theme that "This was a wake-up call for anyone who believed that, after 50 years of nuclear power in this world, we have figured it out and can go back to business as usual."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2011-03-14-japan-nuclear-crisis-a-wake-up-call_N.htm |title=Japan's nuke threat 'a wake-up call' for the U.S. – |publisher=Usatoday.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

:US officials have concluded that the Japanese warnings have been insufficient, and that, deliberately or not, they have understated the potential threat of what is taking place inside the nuclear facility, according to the New York Times. Gregory Jaczko, the chairman of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, earlier said he believed that all the water in the spent fuel pool at Unit 4 had boiled dry, leaving fuel rods stored there exposed. "We believe that radiation levels are extremely high, which could possibly impact the ability to take corrective measures," he told a Congressional committee.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 BBC LIVE: Japan] "BBC LIVE: Japan"</ref>

*{{flag|Venezuela}} - Venezuelan President [[Hugo Chavez]] announced a halt to plans on building a [[nuclear power plant]]. <ref>{{cite web|last=Rodriguez |first=Corina |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-16/chavez-halts-venezuela-nuclear-plans-after-japanese-crisis.html |title=Chavez Halts Venezuela Nuclear Plans After Japanese Crisis |publisher=Bloomberg |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref>

===Asia===

*{{flag|China}} - During a News Conference of the Annual Meeting of National People’s Congress of China, the Deputy Chief of Environmental Protection Authority of China, Mr Lijun Zhang said: "We are concerned about the damage of the Nuclear Facility of Japan, concerned about the further development of this issue, we will learn from it, and will take it into account when we make strategic planning for the nuclear energy development in the future. However, our decision on development of more nuclear power plants and current arrangement on nuclear energy development will not be changed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zsr.cc/zsrFocus/PostdoctorFocus/201103/572385.html/ |title=中国启动沿海核安全监测装置防日本核泄漏 |publisher=zsr |date=|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> On 16 March, China froze nuclear plant approvals.<ref>{{cite web|author=By the CNN Wire Staff |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/16/china.nuclear/?hpt=T2 |title=China freezes nuclear plant approvals - CNN.com |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref>

*{{flag|India}} - The Prime Minister of India, Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]], has ordered the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] to review the safety systems and designs of all the nuclear power reactors. The Government of India is also looking to put in place additional environmental safeguards to ensure safety of newly proposed nuclear reactors. <ref>{{cite web|author=PTI | Mar 15, 2011, 01.20pm IST |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-to-review-safety-at-nuclear-plants-Ramesh/articleshow/7708580.cms |title=Govt to review safety at nuclear plants: Ramesh – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

*{{flag|Pakistan}} - The Government of Pakistan has ordered the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) to check and review the power plants security, system, and designs of all the atomic power reactors in the country.<ref>{{cite web|author=APP | Mar 15, 2011 |url=http://app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=133832&Itemid=2 |title=Nuclear power plants in the country are functioning safely |publisher=Associated Press of Pakistan|date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority]] (PNRA) issued safety guidelines in plants, and ordered to re-evaluate the designs of [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|KANUPP-II]] and [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex|Chashman nuclear power complex]] in Chashman city.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shaiq Hussain | Mar 16, 2011 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/pakistan-news/National/16-Mar-2011/Karachi-Chashma-Nplants-safe-PAEC |title=Karachi, Chashma N-plants safe: PAEC|publisher=Pakistan Times|date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref> The PAEC is continuously monitoring the flow of events in nuclear plants in Japan in the wake of the recent earthquake and tsunami there, [[Associated Press of Pakistan|APP]] concluded.<ref>{{cite web|author=The Financial Daily | Mar 16, 2011 |url=http://thefinancialdaily.com/news/top-stories/pak-n-plants-safe-says-paec-64016.aspx |title=Pakistan's nuclear power plants safe: PAEC|publisher=[[The Financial Daily (Pakistan)|The Financial Daily]]|date= |accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref>

===Europe===

*{{flag|Germany}} - During the chancellorship of [[Gerhard Schröder]], the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|social democratic]]-[[Alliance '90/The Greens|green]] government had decreed [[Germany]]'s final retreat from using nuclear power by 2022, but the phase-out plan was delayed in late 2010, when during the chancellorship of [[Angela Merkel]] the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|conservative]]-[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|liberal]] government decreed a 12-year delay of the schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,750836,00.html |title=Germany Reconsiders Reactor Lifespan Extensions |publisher=DER SPIEGEL |date=|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> This delay provoked protests, including a [[human chain]] of 50,000 from [[Stuttgart]] to the nearby nuclear plant in Neckarwestheim. This protest had long been scheduled for 12 March, which now happened to be the day of the explosion of reactor block 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/mar/12/nuclear-safety-worries-spread-europe |title=Nuclear safety worries spread to Europe |publisher=Guardian UK |date=|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> On 14 March 2011, in response to the renewed grave concern about the use of nuclear energy the Fukushima incident raised in the German public and in light of upcoming elections in several German states, Merkel declared a 3-months moratorium on the reactor lifespan extension passed in 2010.<ref name=neckarwestheimoffline>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,750872,00.html |title=AKW Neckarwestheim muss vom Netz |publisher=DER SPIEGEL |date=|accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref> It is not yet clear what Merkel's moratorium will mean in practice, but there is a possibility that older nuclear plants like [[Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant|Neckarwestheim I]] could be shut down for good.<ref name=neckarwestheimoffline/> On 15 March, the German government announced that it would temporarily shut down 7 of its 17 reactors, i.e. all reactors that went online before 1981.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=germany-to-shut-down-seven-reactors-temporarily-2011-03-15 Germany to shut down seven reactors temporarily], ''Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review'', March 15, 2011</ref> Former proponents of nuclear energy such as [[Angela Merkel]], [[Guido Westerwelle]], [[Stefan Mappus]] have changed their positions <ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14909851,00.html</ref>.

*{{flag|Russia}} - Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered officials to check Russian nuclear facilities and to review the country's ambitious plans to develop atomic energy amid Japan's nuclear crisis.<ref>{{cite web|author=Reuters |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/15/japan-quake-russia-putin-idUSWEA860820110315 |title=Reuters: Putin orders review of Russian nuclear plans |publisher=reuters.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

*{{flag|Spain}} - Spanish Prime Minister [[Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero]] Wednesday ordered a review of his country's nuclear power plants. <ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/03/16/spain.nuclear.power/index.html?eref=edition</ref>

*{{flag|Turkey}} - Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] ordered acceleration of building Turkey's first nuclear plant at Akkuyu, [[Mersin]] province, despite huge protest of [[Academia]] and Turkish people.<ref>http://www.rferl.org/content/erdogan_turkey_tatarstan/2340790.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami}}

[[Category:2011 Japanese nuclear incidents and accidents|Fukushima I nuclear accidents, International reaction]]

List of smoking bans

2011-03-16T12:55:58Z

Baltshazzar: primary source (Constitutional Court of Belgium), rulings available in Dutch, French and German: chose your language, then ruling # 2011-037

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
This is a '''list of [[smoking ban]]s''' by country. Smoking bans are public policies, including [[criminal law]]s and [[occupational safety and health]] regulations, which prohibit [[tobacco smoking]] in workplaces and/or other [[public space]]s. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/36/00601-01.htm
|title=36-601.01 – Smoke-free Arizona act
|author=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date=
|work=Arizona Revised Statutes Title 36 – Public Health and Safety
|chapter=6. Public Health Control
|publisher=Arizona State Legislature
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Jun. 2009
}}</ref>
[[Image:Smoking bans.png|thumb|350px|Smoking bans worldwide as of March 2011:
{{legend|grey|no restrictions or no data}}
{{legend|yellow|patchy and incomplete bans, low enforcement}}
{{legend|pink|no national ban, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|orange|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, or weak enforcement in indoor entertainment areas}}
{{legend|red|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|brown|strong national ban in all public indoor areas with some exceptions}}
Note: Countries with all subnational entities having a ban equates to a nationwide ban here, such as for Canada and Australia]]

{{TOC right}}
[[Image:No smoking symbol.svg|thumb|180px|A [[pictogram]] often used where a smoking ban is in order.]]

==Bans==
===Albania===
A law went into effect on 26 May 2007 banning smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco. The measure has been largely ineffective and not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-urged-to-enforce-smoking-ban |title=Albania urged to enforce smoking ban |publisher=Balkaninsight.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Andorra===
Since 2004, smoking is banned in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.<ref>[http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1794 Una proposta ciutadana vol que no es pugui fumar a la feina] – Diari d'Andorra</ref>

===Argentina===
{{Main|Smoking in Argentina}}
A 2006 smoking ban in Buenos Aires city prohibits smoking in public areas including bars and restaurants except if the bar is more than 100 m2 where it is possible to provide an area for smoking customers. Similar bans in other Argentine cities require bigger establishments to provide a separate, contained area for smoking customers. The rule is not nationwide.

===Armenia===
A law went into effect in March 2005 banning smoking in hospitals, cultural and educational and mental institutions and on public transportation. On 1 March 2006 new rules came into effect requiring all public and private institutions, including bars and restaurants, to allow smoking only in special secluded areas. Absence of any legal sanctions against those who violate the smoking laws have made them completely ineffectual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2006/03/484fbde7-796a-4798-b4d1-b99aa705fa47.asp |title=Smoking Restrictions Widened In Armenia |publisher=Armenialiberty.org |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|List of smoking bans in Australia}}
In Australia smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:
* South Australia: Smoking prohibited in all indoor dining areas since January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au/ |title=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |publisher=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Total enclosed public place smoking ban in force since November 2007
* Western Australia: Incremental restrictions introduced from January 2005 with a total ban on smoking in all enclosed public spaces taking effect from July 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=115987 |title=WA Government media statement, 28 November 2004 |publisher=Mediastatements.wa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Tasmania: Total indoor smoking ban in force since January 2006 {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}. From January 2008 the ban was extended to include smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html |title=Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania |work=The Australian |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Queensland: Comprehensive ban in effect since July 2006. Smoking is prohibited in all pubs, clubs, restaurants and workplaces, commercial outdoor eating and drinking areas, outdoor public places, and within 4 metres of non-residential building entrances<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.qld.gov.au/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp |title=Outdoor public areas |publisher=Health.qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Australian Capital Territory: A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since December 2006{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* Victoria: : A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since July 2007{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* New South Wales: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in July 2007. From 1 July 2009, smoking in a car with a child under the age of 16 is against the law. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 creates a new offence of smoking in a car with a child under 16 years of age in the vehicle. A $250 on the spot fine applies to the driver and any passenger who breaks the law and this will be enforced by NSW Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/healthpromotion/tobacco/smoke_free_cars.asp |title=Smoke-free Cars – NSW Department of Health |publisher=Health.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Northern Territory: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in 2 January 2010.

===Austria===
Austria has implemented several laws which limit or outlaw smoking in certain areas:
* Smoking is prohibited in all offices with certain exceptions such as bars, discos, restaurants etc. If all employees agree on allowing smoking in a work place, smoking may continue.
* Smoking was banned from all trains and train stations when Germany introduced such a ban in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1350131.php |title=Austria inches towards smoking ban |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=31 August 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* As of January 2009, a new law was put in place which mandates all restaurants, bars, discos and pubs which are larger than 80m² to introduce smoking rooms and non-smoking rooms. Below 50m² the owner may opt to either be a smoking or non-smoking place, between 50m² and 80m² there is an option under certain circumstances. The law provides for a very long transition phase.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/getaways/03/05/austria.germany.travel/index.html |publisher=CNN | accessdate=4 April 2010 | title=A wunderbar welcome in Austria and Germany - CNN.com | date=5 March 2009}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

===Bahrain===
Bahrain outlawed smoking in public places on 27 February 2008.

===Belgium===
* 2005: Companies should have implemented smoking plans to discourage smoking.
* January 2006: Smoking prohibited in the work area.
* January 2007: Smoking banned in restaurants and bars, except in the ones that serve "light meals" (e.g. cold meals, pizzas and warm meals that are served with bread instead of French fries) ''and'' have less of 30% of their sales from food servings. Small bars are also not included in the ban. Most large bars, such as concert venues, do little to enforce the ban.
* September 2008: Smoking no longer allowed in schools.
* January 2010: After a general smoking ban, including all types of bars had been discussed, this has been watered down to a smoking ban applying only when food is served.<ref>[http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=G692344PG General smoking ban on 1 July 2010]</ref>
* July 2011: On 15th March 2011, Belgium's Constitutional Court ruled that the discrimination between bars serving food and those not serving food (and casinos) distorted competition and that, as a consequence, the exemption for the latter has to end by July 2011, thus making Belgium's bars, restaurants and casinos smokefree without exemptions.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110315/lf_afp/belgiumtobaccohealth</ref><ref>http://www.const-court.be</ref>

===Bermuda===
As of 1 October 2006, all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda are smoke-free, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.<ref>[http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=31037&TM=10964.17 Smoking ban kicks in on Sunday] – Bermuda Sun</ref>

===Bhutan===
Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco would still be permitted with very heavy taxes.<ref>''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]'': [http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation] by Eric Weiner</ref> Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright. However, there is little enforcement. Cigarettes are widely smuggled, and bars in the Bhutanese capital Thimphu are usually smoky.

The National Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/newsDetail.php?id=1331%20&%20cat=5 |title=Bhutan Portal |publisher=Bhutan.gov.bt |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> decided on 10 July 2009 to lift the ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products while discussing the tobacco control bill.

The council, with a majority, agreed to delete the section C in chapter three of the bill, which says, “No person shall sell tobacco and tobacco products.” The council chairperson, Namgay Penjore, said that they discussed including a new clause to control the sale of tobacco and tobacco products through pricing.

Council members said that the ban on the sale was ineffective and led to a black market. Some said tobacco was easily available anywhere, but at exorbitant prices because of the ineffective ban.

“The idea is to make tobacco expensive by imposing higher taxes,” said the chairperson. The name of the bill is “Tobacco control bill” and not ‘… ban’. “The change (deleting the clause) was to do away with the thriving black market,” he said.

Meanwhile, the council also suggested inserting another clause restricting the sale of tobacco products to youth below 18 years. However, Namgay Penjore said the bill was still under discussion and not endorsed. The bill will be submitted to the National Assembly.

3 June 2010 
According to the bill, people selling tobacco products will be punished for the offence of misdemeanor liable for a prison term of one to three years. Smuggling tobacco products into the country will be punished for the offence of felony of fourth degree liable for prison term of three to five years.
However, the bill was passed with 61 “yes” votes and five “no” votes.
Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency (BNCA) will serve as the secretariat of tobacco control office and its board members will also be the board members of the tobacco control board, according to Health Minister.
The tobacco control board, among other functions, will provide effective leadership and coordination in implementing the act, formulate and implement national tobacco control strategy, monitor the enforcement of the provisions under the act and approve rules framed under the act.
Health Minister said that, once His Majesty gives his assent to the bill, the rules and regulations will be drafted

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the nation has banned smoking in public buildings since 1 September 2007.

===Brazil===
In Brazil, the sale and consumption of tobacco for 18 years older citizens is legal. However, product advertising on television and radio is prohibited. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse health effects.

Smoking is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces, such as shopping malls and libraries, except for specifically- designated smoking areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/LEIS/L9294.htm |title=Article 2 of Brazil Federal law no. 9294 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In restaurants there should be a non smoking section but in reality most restaurants end up having tables side by side, one for non-smokers and another where smoking is allowed. Tobacco advertising is restricted to posters in shops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/leis/L9294.htm |title=Law 9294, 15 July 1996 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo, the most important Latin American state in economic terms, became the first in Brazil to adopt the most comprehensive ban, being followed by Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.<ref>http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/usr/share/documents/legislacao.pdf</ref> Under the new regulation there are no smoking sections in any place around the state.

The law became effective from 7 August 2009 with smoking forbidden in all indoor and enclosed public spaces such as bars and restaurants, clubs, shopping malls, movie theatres, banks, supermarkets, bakeries, chemist shops, health places, government offices and schools.

Also it is no longer allowed on work and study places, libraries, buses, cabs, commercial and residential common areas, hotels and inns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/ |title=Portal da Lei Antifumo – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |publisher=Leiantifumo.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo government has graduated 500 specialised agents to make sure the rule is respected at all times. The first team was trained to measure ambient smoke in an area and to warn smokers about the risks for their health.

Anybody violating the law is charged with a fine. Public sites can be punished with a maximum fine of R$ 1.585,00 (Brazilian currency, ~USD 800,00). If there is a second infraction the site is closed. According to surveys, 88% of São Paulo’s inhabitants support the Smoke Free Law.

===Bulgaria===
Banned in all indoor public spaces except bars and restaurants and clubs.

===Canada===
{{Main|Smoking in Canada}}
In [[Smoking in Canada|Canada]], indoor smoking is banned by all territories and provinces and by the federal government. As of 2010, legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent, despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction. The federal government's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses, such as airports. Smoking rooms are not permitted.

===Chile===
Chile bans smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking in universities indoors is banned, however, smoking is allowed outdoors. Restaurants, with large eateries (over 100 m²) must have fully partitioned nonsmoking sections. Smaller restaurants can choose between being smoke free or being for smokers. The same with cafes and pubs. Clubs, despite their size, are able to choose between being smoke free or being for smokers, however, in practice all clubs are "for smokers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/aug06/08-15-06-1.html |title=Chile: New Smoking Ban in Effect [08/15/06-1] |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Smoking in the People's Republic of China}}
[[Shanghai Municipality]] expanded smoking bans from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, effective 1 March 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/11/content_12629545.htm |title=Shanghai to impose wider ban on smoking in public venues_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and had attempted to ban smoking in restaurants for the [[2010 World Expo]], but restaurants do not stick to the ban and it is not enforced.

In [[Guangdong]] Province, the municipalities of [[Guangzhou]] and [[Jiangmen]] banned smoking in public places in 2007, but the law is not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm |title=Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places |publisher=Newsgd.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
{{Main|Smoking in Hong Kong}}
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Hong Kong]] has seen all public smoking banned from 1 January 2007 under the [[Hong Kong Government|government]]'s revised [[Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance]] (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades has been in place since July 1998.

An anomaly to the smoking ban is on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and Mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and the Chinese Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Any person who smokes or carries a lighted tobacco product in a statutory no smoking area commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a maximum fine of HK$5,000. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Hong Kong does not place the onus on licensees of liquor licensed premises to enforce smoking bans with subsequent loss of licence for non compliance. A new law, that was to enter into force in September 2009, provides for fixed-penalty arrangement (HK$1,500) for smoking, on a par with that for littering. At the same time smoking will be banned in designated public transport interchanges, but the government has yet to clarify how it will enforce this against non Hong Kong ID card holders and tourists, since the offender has 21 days after the ticket issue to pay up.

The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in China 63% of males smoke.

The government has mentioned a full-ban of tobacco import and smoking is technically possible in Hong Kong upon the release of the budget in 2009. However, as the decreasing daily smoking rate in recent years mainly due to increasing tobacco tax, the government currently has no further plans to control sales of tobacco other than by adjusting taxation.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

===Colombia===
{{Main|Smoking in Colombia}}
In summer 2009, Colombia has extended its existing tobacco control regulations by requiring all indoor work places and public places be immediately smoke-free; prohibiting tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship, and the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ on packaging, requiring large, pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging (covering 30 per cent of the front and back) within a year, preventing the sale of tobacco products to minors; and mandating public education programs on the deadly effects of tobacco use.

===Croatia===
On 22 November 2008 the Croatian Parliament passed legislation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/342110.html |title=125 29.10.2008 Zakon o ograničavanju uporabe duhanskih proizvoda |publisher=Narodne-novine.nn.hr |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prohibiting smoking in public institutions such as hospitals, clinics, schools, nurseries and universities with infractions punishable with up to 1000 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]] (140 euros). A notable exception in the Act are psychiatric wards in Croatia's hospitals. The ban went further in May 2009 when smoking was banned in all enclosed public areas including bars, restaurants and cafes. The smoking ban applies to all public areas where non-smokers could suffer from secondhand smoking including open public areas like sport stadiums, arenas, open air theatres, tram and bus stations etc.<ref>[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_10_125_3560.html Law on restriction of tobacco-product use] ''Narodne novine 125/08'''</ref>
It is estimated that 30 percent of Croatia’s adult population are smokers.<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14639/ "Croatia Bans Smoking"] ''[[Balkan Insight|balkaninsight.com]]'' 7 Nov. 2008 Link accessed 7 Nov. 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/news/croatia/2984810/index.do;jsessionid=D79A733AC59D1CA3E5574A6864ED2916.2 Croatia banning smoking] ''vecernji.hr'''</ref> On 10 September 2009 the ban on smoking in bars and cafes in Croatia was partially repealed for a grace period until 9 April 2010, local media has reported. Proprietors with establishments that are up to 50 sq m that meet very strict conditions will now be able to choose whether to allow smoking. One of the conditions is a ventilation system that is able to change indoor air at least 10 times per hour. Until March 2010 only 16 (out of 16 000) establishments in all of Croatia have met the conditions and have been permitted to allow smoking.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/2010/03/15/od-16000-kafica-pusacki-status-z.aspx "Od 16.000 kafića, pušački status zatražilo samo 16 ''Novi list''']</ref> Larger establishments will have to include a designated and separately ventilated smoking area<ref>{{Cite web|author=byNick Iliev |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2009/09/11/783081_croatia-reverses-smoking-ban-in-public-places |title=Croatia reverses smoking ban in public places – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cuba===
Cuba has banned smoking in most work places, cigarette machines removed and it has been illegal to sell tobacco products close to schools since February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/no-smoking.htm |title=In a country famed for its cigars, Cuba adds no-smoking rules |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=18 January 2005 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
On 9 July 2009 Cyprus passed a new law, tightening up ineffective 2002 legislation, that will ban smoking in bars, restaurants, nightclubs and workplaces effective 1 January 2010.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/cyprussmokinghealth ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Since the introduction of the smoking ban on 1 January 2010, compliance levels have been very encouraging. A spokesman for the restaurant & bar owners however have complained that the introduction of the smoking ban has led to a sharp drop in revenue<ref>{{Cite web|author=+ – Text size //var addthis_pub="49f59059007d44e8"; // |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/strong-compliance-smoking-ban/20100105 |title=Strong compliance with smoking ban |publisher=Cyprus Mail |date=5 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> but produced no evidence to support statement.

===Czech Republic===
The second German anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]].
In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from Austria at the end of World War I.<ref>{{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert|title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |pmid=9302840 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2008|quote=The first German antitobacco organization was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded.|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139}}</ref>
Currently, there is a law in force that bans smoking in some public places such as institutions, hospitals, bus stops and other public service stops, but not in restaurants, bars and clubs. In June 2009 the parliament approved a bill allegedly regulating smoking in public places. However, it only requires bars and restaurants where smoking is allowed, i.e. practically all of them, to post a sign.
In February 2011, the popular initiative "stop kouření" announces, that so far 115000 people have signed their petition demanding smokefree restaurants. The high cancer rate, the poor rating concerning tobacco control and possible corruption of members of the Czech parliament are denounced.<ref>[[http://www.praguepost.com/opinion/7561-petition-pushes-for-czech-smoking-ban.html Prague Post]]</ref>

===Denmark===
Since 15 August 2007, smoking in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, [[public transport]], and all private and public workplaces has been banned. Exemptions to the law are bars with a floor space less than 40 m² and offices only used by a single employee. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. The law has caused much controversy and is as of November 2007 not fully enforced.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Smoking in Ecuador}}
[[Smoking in Ecuador|Smoking]] is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador.<ref name="Ockene">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759503/
| title= Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes
| last= Ockene
| first= J. K.
| publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information
| year= 1996
| accessdate = August 2010
}}</ref> Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in [[Quito]] are generally respected.

===Estonia===
Smoking has been banned within indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Later a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (however still allowed in isolated smoking rooms).

===Faroe Islands===
Smoking banned in all enclosed public spaces since 1 July 2008.

===Finland===
{{Main|Smoking in Finland}}
Smoking has been banned in indoor public areas and workplaces from 1 March 1995, except in specially designated [[smoking room]]s; restaurants were included in 2007. Legislation aimed towards voluntary prevention of secondary smoking was enacted, but it was not successful. Few establishments installed ventilation systems capable of eliminating secondhand smoke. Dividing a restaurant into a smoking and non-smoking section was also an ineffective measure. Thus, smoking has been banned in all indoor public and workplaces, including bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants from 1 June 2007, except in those places which have been permitted a transition period of up to two years. Smoking in bars and trains is still allowed in enclosed smoking booths, where is not permitted to serve or consume food or drink. Many smaller bars have not been able to build such smoking booths and patrons have to smoke outside. The bans are respected by the general population.

As of early 2010, Finland plans to phase out smoking completely.<ref name="ban all smoking">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/finland-embarks-plan-will-ban-all-smoking-117181
| title= Finland embarks on plan that will ban all smoking
| publisher=National Business Review
| date= 15 January 2010
| accessdate = 13 August 2010
}}</ref>

===France===

Smoking is now banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, see below. However, a special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. until 1 January 2008,<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/SQHYN.htm Decree n°2006-1386 of 15 November 2006] taken as application of [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L3511-7 article L3511-7] of the Public Health Code, banning smoking in public places.</ref> although the French government allowed a day of reflection on New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7163178.stm |title=French cafes set to ban smoking |accessdate=28 Dec. 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 December 2007}}</ref> Opinion polls suggest 70% of people support the ban.<ref>{{Cite news| title=France to ban smoking in public | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6032125.stm | accessdate=9 Oct. 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=8 October 2006}}</ref> However, a recent story by Time Magazine suggests that smokers are now blatantly ignoring the smoking ban due to low enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news| title=
Smoking Ban? The French Light Up Again in Public | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1949817,00.html | accessdate=3 Jan. 2010 | work=Time | date=26 December 2009}}</ref>

Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m²; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they must have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; and cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}.

Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated. In larger establishments, smoking and non-smoking sections could be separate rooms, but often they were just areas within the same room.

A legal challenge against the new regulations was filed before the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]] in 2007, but was rejected.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0713.shtml Ruling of 19 March 2007] of the Conseil d'État ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=JADE&nod=JGXAX2007X03X000000300467 copy] on [[Légifrance]])</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Smoking in Germany}}
With some of Europe's highest smoking rates, Germany's patchwork of smoking bans continues to be contested.

In February 2009, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that the smoking bans in bars are being very weakly controlled by the authorities, and in many places the ban is not observed at all.<ref name="spiegel">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,609404,00.html|title=Dichter Qualm trotz Rauchverbot|last=Wiesel|first=Christian|date=28 Feb. 2009|work=Der Spiegel|language=German|accessdate=26 May 2009}}</ref>

===Greece===
[[Image:Anti-smoking Law Greece 1856.PNG|thumb|right|235px|[[Royal decree]] of 1856, introducing the first ban on smoking in modern Greece. Prohibition was valid only within state buildings and was grounded on the need to prevent [[accident]]s.]]
As of 2010, Greece is the country with the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epha.org/a/4088|title=2010 Eurobarometer survey on tobacco – European Public Health Alliance|last=Staff|date=13 July 2010|publisher=[[European Public Health Alliance]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> Since older legislation was not very efficient a new, stricter law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law bans smoking ''and'' consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all working places, transportation stations, in taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking is already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.us-winston.com/greece-to-ban-smoking-in-all-indoor-public-places/ |title=Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places | US Winston Online Club |publisher=Us-winston.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking is also prohibited in atria and internal areas with removable roofcovers or tents as well as in external seating areas that are surrounded by a tent and are not open from at least two sides.
Fines are particularly heavy for smokers who do not comply (fines range from 50 to 500 Euros) as well as for the working places or companies, i.e. restaurants, night clubs, pubs, etc. (fines range from 500 to 10,000 Euros). For those companies that violate the law for the 5th time in a row, the law orders for the closure of the specific company.

A special website ([http://www.smokestop.gov.gr www.smokestop.gov.gr]) and a telephone hotline for information as well as citizens to report any violations of the new law (tel: 1142) along with an extensive media campaign have been created to promote the 1 September smoking ban in Greece.
The government has signed an agreement with [[Harvard University]] the help in developing the government’s anti-tobacco policies and mounting publicity campaigns.<ref name="GR-HSPH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100008_27/07/2010_118631|title=Harvard to help in smoking ban|last=Staff|date=27 July 2010|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Harvard School of Public Health]] will also help Greece conduct research, organize conferences and train all the officials who will be involved in imposing the ban.<ref name="GR-HSPH" /> They will also help develop strategies to foster an anti-smoking culture, particularly among children.<ref name="GR-HSPH" />

The only exception to the law are airports. There, smoking is only permitted in special separated smoking booths equipped with separate ventilation systems and air filters. Currently only the [[Athens International Airport]] has installed such booths: one in the extra-[[Schengen]] arrival area before passport control and one in the intra-[[Schengen]] baggage claim area, both smoking booths are accessible only to arriving passengers. In all other Greek airports no smoking booths have been installed and smoking is totally prohibited inside terminal buildings.

===Guatemala===
Complete ban: Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions. Smoke-free in health-care facilities and governmental facilities{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

===Guernsey===
Smoking bans were introduced at different times in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]. Smoking was banned in all public places in the island of [[Guernsey]], including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, on 2 July 2006, under the ''"Smoking (Prohibition in Public Places and Workplaces) (Guernsey) Law 2005"''. Anyone who breaks the law, upon conviction, could be fined up to the maximum of £1000 (~€1150, ~$1470). Smoking is allowed anywhere outside and in whatever company.<ref>[http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/health---social-services/environmental-health---pollution-regulation/smoke-free-guernsey/ Information about the Guernsey smoking ban]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Alderney]], the [[States of Alderney]] passed anti-smoking legislation with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alderneyjournal.com/readnews.php?id=1145 |title=Alderney Journal |publisher=Alderney Journal |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoking in indoor public places remains legal in [[Sark]].

===Hungary===
Smoking has been banned for several years on public transport, hospitals, airports and in public and federal buildings, including the Parliament. From 2010, a smoking ban is effective on [[playground]]s and [[underpass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/08/05/matol_tilos_a_dohanyzas_az_aluljarokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Mától tilos a dohányzás az aluljárókban |publisher=Index.hu |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Several cities are already banning smoking in public transport stops – [[Szeged]] from June 2007, [[Pécs]] from early 2009,<ref>[http://index.hu/belfold/2009/03/12/varosok_csatlakoztak_a_dohanytilalomhoz/ Városok csatlakoztak a dohánytilalomhoz. Index.hu]</ref> [[Budapest]] in early 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/12/15/tilos_lesz_a_dohanyzas_a_bkv-megallokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Tilos lesz a dohányzás a BKV-megállókban |publisher=Index.hu |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A complete ban (all public spaces) is effective from mid 2011.<ref>http://index.hu/belfold/2011/02/25/kitiltjak_a_cigit_a_kocsmakbol/</ref>
<ref>http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20110223-dohanyzas-betiltjak-a-vendeglatohelyeken-kocsmakban-ettermekben-a-cigit.html</ref><ref>http://www.parlament.hu/irom39/02489/02489.pdf</ref>

===Iceland===
{{Main|Smoking in Iceland}}
Smoking and the use of other tobacco products is banned in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/134/2002006.html |title=2002 nr. 6 31. janúar/ Lög um tóbaksvarnir |publisher=Althingi.is |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===India===
A nationwide ban on smoking at the workplace and in restaurants, hotels, pubs, public transport (buses, trains and metros), airports and railway stations, educational institutions, cafes, theatres and other public places came into effect from 2 October 2008. Smoking in open areas like roads, parks, etc. and inside one's home and car is however allowed. Smoking is also permitted in restaurants, bars and pubs having designated separate smoking areas. Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of Rs 200(INR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |publisher=Spiritindia.com |date=23 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Advertising of tobacco products had already been prohibited nationwide by an earlier law.

In 2007, [[Chandigarh]] became the first city in India to become 'smoke-free'. However despite there being some difficulties and apathy by the authorities<ref>Sarin, Jaideep, [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/chandigarhs-smoke-free-city-campaign-loses-steam_10070935.html "Chandigarh’s ’smoke-free city’ campaign loses steam"], [[Indo-Asian News Service]], New Delhi, 13 July 2008</ref> the Smoke-Free Chandigarh<ref>Website, [http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com "Smoke Free Chandigarh Website"], [[Burning Brain Society]], Chandigarh</ref> ban has been a success story. Taking a cue from the Chandigarh's success, cities like Shimla also followed the Smoke-Free Chandigarh model to become smoke-free.<ref>''The Hindu'', IANS, [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903111821.htm "Shimla to turn smoke-free soon"], Chandigarh</ref> The success of Chandigarh had been widely recognised and the architect of smoke-free Chandigarh [[Hemant Goswami]].<ref>''The Times of India'', [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3921985,prtpage-1.cms "Our Unsung Hero, Kicking the Butt"], Chandigarh</ref> was also awarded the Global Smoke-Free Partnership Award for the initiative.<ref>World Heart Federation, [http://www.worldheart.org/about-us/partnerships/global-smokefree-partnership/print.html?no_cache=1"Global Smoke Free Partnership"], Chandigarh</ref> The state of [[Kerala]] also had implemented a more relaxed ban on public smoking earlier though it was never properly followed. However since the nationwide ban, it is being enforced more strictly.

===Indonesia===
In [[Jakarta]]'s restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is banned. Restaurants which want to allow smoking have to provide a separate smoking space starting 4 February 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/bloomberg/sxsmoke.php |title=A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – ''International Herald Tribune'' |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> As in many Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/news/248932.html |title=Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban |publisher=Tobacco.org |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{Main|Smoking in Ireland}}
[[The Republic of Ireland]] became the first country in the world to institute an outright ban on smoking in workplaces on 29 March 2004. Before the total ban, smoking had already been outlawed in public buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurant kitchens, and on aircraft and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).<ref>[http://www.eu2004.ie/templates/standard.asp?sNavlocator=3,242,455 EU 2004 – "Smoking ban is first in world"]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, Ireland banned in-store [[tobacco advertising]] and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and new controls on tobacco [[vending machine]]s.

===Isle of Man===
The [[Isle of Man]] ban is similar to the one introduced in England. The ban came into effect on 30 March 2008.

The smoking ban also saw Europe's first smoke-free prison.<ref>[http://www.iomtoday.co.im/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=870&articleid=2015621 Exact Date Set For Smoking Ban – Isle Of Man Today]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Israel===
In Israel, it is forbidden to smoke in public closed places since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the restriction of smoking in public places|publisher=(in Hebrew) | url=http://www.linshom.com/law/public.htm|accessdate= 21 Nov. 2007}}</ref> The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The ban includes cafés, restaurants discos, pubs and bars, and it is illegal for owners of such places to put ashtrays anywhere inside closed spaces. Also, owners of public places must put "no smoking" signs and prevent visitors from smoking. They can also designate a well-ventilated and completely separate area for smokers, as long as the non-smokers' area does not fall below 75% of the whole area. The fine for owners of public places is [[New Israeli sheqel|₪]] 10,000 (around US$2,800) and for smokers – ₪ 5000.
In spite of all of this, the smoking bans in Israel are not effective and smoking remains extremely prevalent in public places, especially bars and clubs.

===Italy===
{{Main|Smoking in Italy}}
Italy was the fourth country in the world to enact a nationwide smoking ban. Since 10 January 2005 it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos. However, special smoking rooms are allowed. In such areas food can be served, but they are subjected to strict conditions: they need to be separately ventilated, with high air replacement rates; their air pressure must constantly be lower than the pressure in the surrounding rooms; they must be equipped with automatic sliding doors to prevent smoke from spreading to tobacco-free areas; they may occupy at most 50% of the establishment. Only 1% of all public establishments have opted for setting up a smoking room.
Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.
It is indeed allowed to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit on the outside tables and people still smoke there.

===Japan===
{{Main|Smoking in Japan}}
Although there are no consistent nationwide smoking bans in Japan and all moves to introduce such laws are strongly opposed by the powerful [[Lobbying|lobby]] groups, there are a growing number of local ordinances banning smoking. Smoking is forbidden on the streets of the [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] wards of Tokyo<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2292007.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Smoking ban on Tokyo's streets | date=2 October 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> for reasons of child safety (not health). Smoking is banned on most public transport and on many train station platforms, however enforcement mechanisms such as fines remain absent. [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] has implemented in April 2010 the nation's first prefecture-wide smoking ban, banning smoking in public facilities, including hospitals, schools and government offices. The ordinance requires large restaurants and hotels to choose whether to become nonsmoking or create separate smoking areas, while [[mah-jong]] and [[pachinko]] parlors, restaurants with floor space of up to 100 sq. meters and hotels of up to 700 sq. meters are merely required to "make efforts" to prevent passive smoking. Another Kanagawa ordinance last month to ban smoking at swimming beaches expected to be implemented in May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100402a5.html |title=Kanagawa enforces first antismoking code | The Japan Times Online |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Although still relatively few, there is a growing number of private businesses implementing smoking bans in restaurants, taxis, buildings and bars<ref>http://en.wa-shoi.com/?page=100595</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7083.php |title=Noose tightening on Japanese smokers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Jersey===
Smoking is restricted in public places in [[Jersey]] (a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]).

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825_restrictiononsmokinglaw1973_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Smoking Law |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> enabled the [[States of Jersey]] to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the ''Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825.30_restrictiononsmoking(publictransport)regs.1982_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Regulations |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973'' was amended by the ''Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fhtm%2fLawFiles%2f2006%2fL-24-2006.htm |title=Jersey Law | RESTRICTION ON SMOKING (AMENDMENT NO. 2) (JERSEY) LAW 2006 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> adopted 16 May 2006 which enabled the States to make regulations to prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

===Kazakhstan===
Kazakhstan partially banned smoking in public places on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/kazakhstan/?top_only=1 |title=Articles:Listing Kazakhstan |publisher=Tobacco.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A full ban was instituted in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan bans public smoking, raises drinking age|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 September 2009|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-NAuAgHUsedOw6RSuV_07PHo-5g}}</ref>
Enforcing the smoking ban appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.respublika-kaz.info/news/society/9121/ |title=Алматинские потомки японских камикадзе – Общество – Информационно-аналитический портал РЕСПУБЛИКА |publisher=Respublika-kaz.info |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Smoking in public indoor areas is banned in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, since July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11808541.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Kenyan capital Nairobi starts smoking ban |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Small private bars will be exempted. [[Mombasa]] already has a similar preexisting ban on smoking.

===Latvia===
As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely banned in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking area had to be larger than half of the total area. Smoking is also banned in parks and ten meters around governmental institutions, schools and public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

===Lithuania===
Smoking has been banned in restaurants, bars, places where food is served, clubs (except for special cigar and pipe clubs), and nightclubs since 1 January 2007. Furthermore, smoking on public transportation is forbidden except on long-distance trains with special facilities. The ban is well respected, at least in the main cities.

===Luxembourg===
Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt from the law. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés in which meals are served.

===Macedonia===
Macedonia has a strong national smoking ban in all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is banned in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010.<ref name="SETimes">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Railway line making a comeback
|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/10/23/roundup-bs-03
|publisher=SETimes.com
|date=23 October 2009
|accessdate=23 October 2009
}}</ref>
Smoking is not banned only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.<ref name="MINA">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Macedonia's Smoking Ban Obeyed
|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/11591/2/
|publisher=MINA
|date=4 January 2010
|accessdate=4 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
By official law, smoking is prohibited in [[Taxi-brousse|taxi-brousses]], but it is not enforced. The only places where they banned smoking is at Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also prohibited to smoke in the pubs and clubs.

===Malta===
In April 2004, smoking was banned in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed.

===Malaysia===
In all, 21 areas are banned, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning. However, enforcement is an issue, and the government plans to get tougher on offenders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/17/nation/18052672&sec=nation |title=Smoking ban to be extended |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seatca.org/upload_resource/%7B9285BDD5-8E92-4215-9FCE-A31CD321BC7A%7D_Malaysia%20Report%20Card.pdf Status Of Tobacco Use And Its Control – Malaysia Report Card]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/1/nation/6374646&sec=nation |title=No more puffing away at work |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Mexico===
Smoking in hospitals and airports has been banned for at least 15 years. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at the Cancun Airport. Mexico City's current smoking policy, passed in April 2004, requires physically separate smoking and non-smoking areas, and for non-smoking areas to make up at least 30% of all space in restaurants and bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/april04/04-07-04-2.html |title=Mexico City Imposes Tougher Smoking Laws (7 April 2004) |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A proposal debated early in 2007 to extend Mexico City's smoking policy into a complete ban for all restaurants, bars, schools, taxis, and buses, did not pass.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexsmoke29jun29,0,4368264.story?coll=la-home-center Mexican Smoking Bans] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> It was proposed again in the middle of 2007.

Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide.

Advertisement of tobacco products has been banned from TV and radio for roughly 6 years.

===Monaco===
There has been a ban on smoking in Monaco since 1 November 2008, but does not extend to bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

===Montenegro===
Smoking in public places is banned in Montenegro. The ban also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3527234.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Montenegro bans smoking in public | date=2 August 2004 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | first=Matt | last=Prodger}}</ref>

===Morocco===
Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill banning smoking in public places.

===Mozambique===
Since 2007, smoking has been banned in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.<ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/francisco/2007/11/smoking-banned.html] Blog of Francisco Cabo</ref><ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/jackie/2007/12/mozambique-bans.html#more] Blog of Jackie Tumwine</ref>

===Namibia===
On 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, one of the most comprehensive smoking bans in the world. The law, once in force will ban "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance".

The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/grnes-licht-fr-gesetzentwurf.102269.php |title=Namibian Newspaper |publisher=Az.com.na |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/bills_documents/44_tobacco_products_control_bill_b7-2009.pdf |title=B7-2009 Tobacco Control |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco legislation states that employers are obliged to take measures to ensure that employees are able to carry out their work without being bothered or affected by smoke from others. On 1 January 2008 [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] became the first European airport with a total smoking ban, however since August 2008 it has been allowed in the designated smoking rooms. Since 1 July 2008 the smoking ban has also applied to all hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes in The Netherlands. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking of [[cannabis]] (marijuana and hashish) in coffee-shops is permitted as long as it is not mixed with tobacco. In 2010 the new government spoke out against the smoking ban in small
catering businesses. The ban was widely ignored with statistics showing that around 41% of bars and discos had flouted the law.<ref name="BT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/smoking-ban-uturn-by-dutch-government-14995132.html |title=Smoking ban U-turn by Dutch government, Belfast Telegraph, 4 November 2010 |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2010 the new government lifted the ban for bars of 70 square metres or less which did not employ any staff other than the owner.<ref name="BT"/> Around 3,000 of the 5,500 bars in The Netherlands are staffed by the owner alone.<ref name="BT"/>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Tobacco in New Zealand}}
The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the [[Old Government Buildings (Wellington)|Old Government Building]] in [[Wellington, New Zealand]], in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.<ref>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/wellington/poneke-area/government-buildings/ Department of Conservation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

New Zealand passed an amendment to the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 law on 3 December 2003 (effective in 2004) which covers all indoor public workplaces and inside hospitality venues (pubs, bars, restaurants and casinos). Studies have shown very high levels of compliance with the law. Also the air quality inside hospitality venues is very good compared to similar settings in other countries where smoking is still permitted. In New Zealand, tobacco cannot be sold to anyone under 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |title=Smokefree Law |publisher=Moh.govt.nz |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the University of Auckland, in 2010). Victoria University of Wellington has restricted smoking rules with specified areas in which one may smoke. The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

There are also increasing numbers of local councils implementing educative smokefree policies. South Taranaki District Council was the first. In May 2005 the Council made its playgrounds, parks and swimming pools smokefree, as well as ensuring that all Council events held in South Taranaki parks were to be promoted as smoke-free events. At least 20 of New Zealand's other Councils have followed suit. (Source: www.smokefreecouncils.org.nz).

On 5 September 2007, [[Action on Smoking and Health]] (ASH) New Zealand called for the removal of tobacco from sale by 2017.<ref>[http://www.ash.org.nz/index.php?pa_id=4&news_id=159&expand_section=1 Welcome to ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

From the start of the first semester of 2010, New Zealand's largest university, the [[University of Auckland]], banned smoking on any of its property including inside and outside of buildings in areas that were once designated smoking areas. The university sprawls through most of Symonds Street and is the largest private complex in Auckland CBD.

:See [[Smoke-free Environments Act 1990]].

===Niger===
A decree banning smoking in public places in Niger was issued in September 2008. Fines range from 5,000 to 1 million [[CFA franc]]s, whilst there is also the possibility of a prison term.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7612387.stm Niger cabinet passes smoking ban] BBC News, 12 September 2008</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{Main|Smoking in Nigeria}}
Smoking is prohibited in public places in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806030435.html Nigeria: Smoking – Top Officials Defy Govt Order] Leadership, 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/africa-news/nigeria's-capital-city-bans-smoking-in-public-200806015574.html Nigeria's capital city bans smoking in public] Afrique en ligne, 1 June 2008</ref>

===Norway===
In Norway, smoking has been banned in public buildings, workplaces and public transportation since 1988. Since 1 June 2004, smoking is also banned in restaurants, bars, cafes, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norwegians ban smoking in bars |author=|publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3765071.stm |accessdate=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |author=|date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Innovation Norway]] |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Norway’s ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – A review of the first year |publisher=Directorate for Health and Social Affairs |date=May 2005 |pages= |url=http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00003/Norway_s_ban_on_smoki_3413a.pdf |format=PDF |version=IS-1275 E |accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref>

===Palestinian Authority===
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking [[Hookah|nargila]]s in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes], Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref> The [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)]] has arrested women for smoking in public.<ref name=Spyer>Jonathan Spyer, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza], Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009</ref> The park was burned down by masked men in September 2010, after being closed by the [[Hamas]].<ref name=afptorch>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas], AFP 19-09-2010</ref>

===Paraguay===
Effective April 2010, Paraguay has banned smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/paraguay-bans-smoking-in-all-closed-public-spaces_100346455.html |title=Paraguay bans smoking in all ‘closed public spaces’ |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.
The law had the following aspects:
Ban on tobacco use in public buildings and transportation,
limiting tobacco advertising,
banning tobacco sale within 50 meters from educational institutions, and
requiring “no smoking” signs displayed in public places.

===Peru===
In Peru, it is nominally illegal to smoke in any public place (indoors), according to Law 28704. The ban is normally not enforced.

===Philippines===
[[Davao]] has banned smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virgilio M Gaje |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060627.htm&no=3&date= |title=PIA Information Services – Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Pia.gov.ph |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Manila]] has banned smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as [[Makati]] in 2002 Ordinance 2002-090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/ |title=(Philippines) government news bulletin |publisher=Makati |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Caloocan]] has begun to established ordinance recently concerning about the anti-smoking bans in accordance with the Republic Act No. 9211 also known as Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.

Four jurisdictions have somefree regulations including bars and restaurants, albeit with designated smoking rooms permitted: [[Davao City]], [[Makati City]], [[Legazpi]] and [[Talisayan]].

Tobacco companies have misrepresented the science on [[secondhand smoke]] and have successfully prevented policies from being introduced at national level. There is also evidence that the [[tobacco industry]] is lobbying against local smokefree laws.

===Poland===
Smoking is banned in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc.).

Since 15 November 2010, it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos, though enclosed smoking areas within larger facilities are permitted, and smaller establishments will have the option of allowing smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|author=byAgnes Sekowski, The Krakow Post |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2010/11/09/990229_poland-smoking-ban-economics |title=Poland: smoking ban economics – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=9 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Portugal===
On 3 May 2007, the Portuguese parliament made a law banning smoking in all closed public places, except when proper air-ventilation systems are provided; what "proper" means hasn't been regulated so far. A closed public place is defined as having walls and a cover, such as most bus stop shelters, but not most railroad platforms. In hotels, restaurants or bars with more than 100 sq. m., a separate smoking area can be created. It went into effect 1 January 2008. Smokers who break the law face a fine of up to €750 (~US$1040) and establishments that break the law will face a fine of up to €1000 (~US$1390), and higher fines for the absence of legal signs and other infractions. The legal age to purchase tobacco is 18.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03723356.htm |title=Portugal bans smoking inside public places |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://antt.dgarq.gov.pt/files/2008/10/37_2007.pdf |title=Diário da República, 1a. série, No. 156, 14 de Agosto de 2007, Lei 37/2007 de 14 de Agosto|publisher=Imprensa Nacional (PDF)|date= |accessdate=9 March 2011}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lisbon.angloinfo.com/countries/portugal/smoke.asp |title=Smoking & Tobacco Law in Portugal|publisher=AngloInfo.com|date= |accessdate=9 March 2011}}</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
The Law Num. 40 from 1993, the ''Law to Regulate the Smoking Practice in Public Places'', and its later 1996 amendment Law 133, regulate smoking in private and public places. The most recent modification established in [2 March 2007], Law 66, amended articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of Law Num. 40, forbids this practice inside jails, pubs, restaurants (including open-air terraces with one or more employees), bars, casinos, workplaces, educational institutions, cars with children under age 13 and most public places. Smoking sections are not allowed. Fines start at $250.

===Qatar===
The capital of Qatar, [[Doha]], banned smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=192251&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper – Qatar |publisher=Gulf-times.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia does not yet have a smoking ban in force, however there is some proposed legislation in the Duma.
The legislation, passed by the State Duma 406-0, bans smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings. It requires specially designated smoking areas to be set up and also requires restaurants and cafes to set up no-smoking areas. Russia's no smoking bill must go through two more readings in the Duma before being sent to the Federation Council for approval and to President Dmitry Medvedev for his signature.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-25-smoking_N.htm Smoking ban advances in Russia, Germany], ''USA Today'' However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking. See R. Cooper, 'Smoking in the Soviet Union', ''Br Med J'' (Clin Res Ed). 21 August 1982; 285(6341): 549–551.</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Saudi Arabia has almost no restrictions against smoking. However, on 20 June 2010, the Council of Ministers urged the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) to ban smoking at all airports and their facilities in the Kingdom on Monday. It also advised GACA to impose a fine of SR200 on people who violate the new regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News |first=Arab |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article70606.ece |title=Smoking banned at airports |publisher=Arab News |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{Main|Smoking in Singapore}}
[[Image:Singapore-smoking-area.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A sign in Singapore to indicate that smoking is allowed]]
Smoking was banned in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the ban has been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.<ref>[http://app.mewr.gov.sg/view.asp?cid=168&nid=168&id=SAS765 Smoking Ban in Singapore]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2007, the ban was extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for the construction of designated smoking rooms which can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

On 1 January 2009, the ban was extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. It was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/332003/1/.html |title=Smoking ban to be extended to more areas from January 2009 |publisher=Channelnewsasia.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smokers found flouting the rules are fined [[S$]]200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. The initiative was put forward by a team consisting of a lung cancer surgeon, medical officers, a university professor and a civil servant. The proposal has received strong public support and has attracted media interest.<ref> {{Cite web
| url= http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info
| title= Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign launched
| publisher=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore
}} </ref>
[[List of smoking bans#Proposed bans|Link to Section on Proposed ban in Singapore]]

===Serbia===
In Serbia, as of November 2010 smoking is prohibited in all enclosed public spaces including entertainment and restaurants, bars, internet cafes, which have to designate a special room for smoking to be allowed. The ban is obligatory for all hospitals, media houses and theaters, but mainly not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bojana Barlovac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian-inspectors-aim-to-stub-out-smoking-habit |title=Inspectors Start Stubbing Out Smoking in Serbia |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Slovenia===
On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.
The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment."<ref>[http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4994/5005/ Slovenia Gets Tough Anti-Smoking Legislation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

===South Africa===
The [[South African government]] passed the first [[Tobacco Products Control Act]] in 1993 and started implementing the act in 1995. The act regulated smoking in public areas and prohibited tobacco sales to people under the age of 16. Some aspects of tobacco advertising were also regulated for example labelling.<ref>[http://www.acts.co.za/tobacco/index.htm Tobacco Products Control Act 1993]</ref> The 1993 act was not considered to be comprehensive enough and the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. The act also restricts smoking in public places which includes the workplace, restaurants and bars and public transport. The act also stipulates penalties for transgressors of the law, and specifies the maximum permissible levels of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]]. The regulations were implemented in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/corp8.html |title=The Great South African Smokeout: Anna White, 2001 |publisher=Multinationalmonitor.org |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 which will seek to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the provisions of the Act. These amendments will also aim to bring the current law into [[compliance (regulation)|compliance]] with the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). This framework has been [[ratified]] by the [[South African government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article.php?a_id=106646 |title=Madlala-Routledge: Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill (29/03/2007) |publisher=Polity.org.za |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The South African government is currently looking at increasing the minimum legal age for smokers to 18.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,,2-7-12_2285432,00.html News 24: Smoking ban for under 18's? ]</ref>

===Spain===
From 2006 to 2010, Spain had a partial ban on smoking in public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4574734.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Spain sees smoking ban take hold | date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

After 2 January 2011, smoking is banned in every indoors public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may have 30% of smoking rooms; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also banned in childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8236170/Spain-introduces-smoking-ban.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Fiona | last=Govan | title=Spain introduces smoking ban | date=2 January 2011}}</ref>

Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoking ban, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in [[Marbella]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/10/spain.smoking/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Spain shutting down restaurant for defying smoking ban|date=10 February 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>

===Sweden===
In Sweden, smoking was banned in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs in June 2005. Smoking rooms are, however, allowed in these institutions. The smoking rooms contains a few restrictions; no serving or consumption of food or beverages are allowed in the smoking rooms and it may not cover more than 25% of the institution's total area. The ban was very popular amongst the population and even the industries affected.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article____13429.aspx Swedish snuff – not just for men – SWEDEN.SE]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, [[Swedish Prison and Probation Service|The Swedish Prison and Probation Service]] banned smoking indoors in prisons.<ref>{{Cite web| title='Rökfri kriminalvård'| publisher=Swedish Prison and Probation Service | author=| language=Swedish | url=http://www.kriminalvarden.se/templates/KVV_InfopageGeneral.aspx?id=4846 | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
The [[Swiss Federal Assembly]] enacted a law for the protection against passive smoking in 2008, which came into force on 1 May 2010. It prohibits smoking in enclosed, publicly accessible areas and in rooms that are workplaces for several persons. There are exceptions for bars and restaurants, which may allow smoking in separate, ventilated rooms or in establishments smaller than 80 square meters, but the federal statute allows for more stringent cantonal smoking bans.<ref name="BAG2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/00612/00764|title=Passivrauchen|last=[[Swiss Federal Office of Health]]|language=German, French and Italian|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

Until the ban came into force, each [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] determined its own smoking laws. As of June 2009, all cantons, with the exception of [[Zurich]], [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], [[Glarus]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Obwalden]] and [[Schaffhausen]], have banned smoking in enclosed public areas (although restaurants are exempt in [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]] and [[Nidwalden]]). The details of the restrictions vary somewhat, and in several cantons the bans will not enter into force until some time between 2009 and 2012. The ban in [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]] came into force on 31 October 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/geneva-smoking-ban-back-at-months-end.shtml?16218 |title=WRS | Geneva smoking ban back at month's end |publisher=Worldradio.ch |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Smoking in Syria}}
Smoking is banned inside cafes, restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree issued on 12 October 2009 and came in to force on 21 April 2010. Syria was the first Arab country to introduce such a ban.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The decree also outlaws smoking in educational institutions, health centres, sports halls, cinemas and theatres and on public transport. The restrictions include the [[nargile]], or waterpipe. According to the official news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], fines for violating the ban range from 500 to 100,000 Syrian pounds (US$11 to $2,169).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Syria smoking ban enters into force
| newspaper=BBC News
| date = 21 April 2010
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8634411.stm
| accessdate = 22 April 2010}}
</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8302794.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Assad decrees Syria smoking ban | date=12 October 2009 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

A decree in 1996 banned tobacco advertising while a 2006 law outlawed smoking on public transport and in some public places, introducing fines for offenders. Under-18s are not allowed to buy tobacco.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007.

===Thailand===
Indoor smoking ban effective in all indoor air conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

On 10 January 2008, Thailand announced that smoking would be banned in restaurants, bars, and open-air markets effective 10 February 2008. In addition to fines, those who fail to comply may be arrested. Most legal bars comply with these regulations, but in establishments that operate illegally or semi-legally the bans are mostly disregarded.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Smoking in Turkey}}
Turkey currently bans smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries.<ref name=BBC719>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8157747.stm|title=Turkey smoke ban extends to bars |publisher=BBC News |date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Turkey's smoking ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 69 liras (~€32/$45/£28) and bar owners who fail to enforce the ban could be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.<ref name=BBC719 />

Smoking was first banned in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92824 |title=New era begins in Turkish social life with smoking ban |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref>

On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also bans smoking in [[stadium|sports stadia]], and the gardens of mosques and hospitals. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking ban to include bars, restaurants, village [[coffeehouse]]s and [[nargile]] (hookah) bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7407985.stm|title=Turkey expands curbs on smoking |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2008}}</ref>

===Uganda===
In March 2004, smoking was banned in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

===United Arab Emirates===
Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started banning smoking in shopping malls and public places. States leading the ban on smoking include [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/January/theuae_January264.xml&section=theuae |title=Abu Dhabi plans ban on smoking in malls |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Ajman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/05/10158079.html |title=Gulf News – Ajman bans smoking in malls and markets |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Dubai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/May/theuae_May244.xml&section=theuae&col |title=Stricter smoking ban in Dubai |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=9 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/March/theuae_March403.xml&section=theuae |title=Smoking ban to be in place next year |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Since 1 July 2007 smoking bans have been in effect across the whole of the UK. Smoking bans were introduced in each country of the United Kingdom separately as decided by the [[devolved]] administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|Scotland]], [[List of smoking bans#Wales|Wales]], [[List of smoking bans#Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and [[List of smoking bans#England|England]].

====England====
{{Main|Smoking ban in England|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking became banned in indoor public places in England, including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, from 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) are excluded. Palaces were also excluded,<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Parliamentary Privilege First Report
| work=
| publisher=The Stationery Office
| date =4 September 2007
| url =http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt199899/jtselect/jtpriv/43/4309.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 4 September 2007 }}</ref> although members of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] agreed to ban all smoking in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'
| work=
| publisher=BBC News Online
| date =5 July 2007
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6273830.stm
| doi =
| accessdate = 12 August 2007 }}</ref> The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), £30 (~€45/~$60) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000). Smoking will be allowed to continue anywhere outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokefreeengland.co.uk |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, a confidential government briefing obtained by ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper reveals that provisions are in place for extending the ban to outdoor areas.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2725720.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Going for smoke: Today's ban is just the start. Could your home be next? | date=1 July 2007 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
In [[Northern Ireland]], a smoking ban has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.
Like Scotland, the smoking ban is more comprehensive in that places, such as phone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

A £200 fine may be levied by local councils if businesses fail to show signs.
An opinion poll showed that 91% of people supported the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|author=30/04/2007 – 07:15:42 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=308472&rss=rss2 |title=Northern Irish Smoking Ban |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacetobreathe.org.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=spacetobreathe.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{Main|Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005}}
On 26 March 2006, Scotland prohibited smoking in enclosed (more than 50% covered) public places, which includes public buildings, workplaces, sports stadiums, bars and restaurants. Exemptions are in place to allow hotel guests to smoke in their own rooms, as long as the hotel has designated them as smoking rooms. The law also bans smoking in bus shelters, phone boxes or other shelters that are more than 50% enclosed. It also prohibits smoking in trucks and vans which are owned by a company whether or not the driver is the only person inside. Businesses covered by the smoking ban must display a statutory smoking sign at the entrance to, and around the building<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/faqs/pdf/A4Poster.pdf |title=Standard no smoking sign in Scotland |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> as well as a Smoke-Free policy. Opinion polls at its introduction showed a clear majority of the Scottish public were in favour of the ban<ref>[http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=629&Itemid=] 'Widespread support for smoking ban in Scotland'</ref>

As in New Zealand, the ban was initially criticised by certain interested groups (e.g., publicans, cafe and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall owners, etc.) who feared that it would adversely impact their businesses. A survey published by the Scottish Beer & Pubs Association one year on from the ban concluded that "the number of pub licensed premises in Scotland has remained more or less constant over the last year"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishpubs.co.uk/Aboutus/News/PR%202006%20Licensing%20Statistics.pdf |title='Research on liquor licenses for Scotland, March 2007, SBPA' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> indicating fears of an adverse impact of the ban on the hospitality industry were unfounded. Widespread concerns prior to the ban about its impact on bingo halls<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/half-of-scottish-bingo-halls-threatened-by-smoking-ban-405794.html |title='Half of Scottish bingo halls threatened by smoking ban' |work=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prove harder to objectively assess: As at May 2008 there is anecdotal evidence<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4140 |title='Bingo related News, the Smokers Club inc.' |publisher=Smokersclubinc.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> to suggest an increase in closures of bingo halls since implementation of the ban. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted and speculation within the betting and gaming industry is that a decline could also be the result of demographic changes and increases in online gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bingo-uk.co.uk/smoking-bingo-players.htm |title='Smoking Ban, bingo.co.uk' |publisher=Bingo-uk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[NHS Scotland]] Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the ban was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=clearingtheairscotland.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following the ban reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/09/10081400 'Smoking ban brings positive results, the Scottish Government']</ref>

====Wales====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking was banned across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and public houses report increases in takings since the ban came into place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokingbanwales.co.uk/english/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokingbanwales.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, six months after the ban's implementation, the Licensed Victuallers Association (LVA), which represents pub operators across Wales, claims that pubs have lost up to 20% of their trade. The LVA says some businesses are on the brink of closure, others have already closed down, and there is little optimism that trade will eventually return to pre-ban levels.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Darren Devine |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/12/smoking-ban-has-hit-trade-says-lva-91466-19938086/ |title=ic Wales |publisher=icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=12 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Public places must display a special bilingual no smoking sign:
* "Mae ysmygu yn y fangre hon yn erbyn y gyfraith" (Welsh)
* "It is against the law to smoke in these premises" (English)

===United Nations===
As United Nations buildings are not the subject of any national jurisdiction, the United Nations has its own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradual introduction of partial smoking bans between 1985 and 2003, Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] introduced in 2003 a total ban on smoking at [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/468/96/doc/N0346896.DOC?OpenElement|title=Smoking ban at United Nations Headquarters}}</ref> Similar bans have not been introduced in field offices of the United Nations worldwide.

Some specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] and the [[WHO|World Health Organization]] have their own strict smoking bans which apply to their offices worldwide, but the same is not necessarily true for entities of the Secretariat, such as the [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]] and the [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)]]. Only on 13 December 2007, OCHA introduced a smoking ban applicable to all its field offices.

===United States===
{{double image|right|US states smoking bans.svg|325|Smoking ban key.svg|250|Map of current and scheduled future statewide smoking bans as of 11 November 2010.}}
{{Main|List of smoking bans in the United States}}
In the United States, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not attempted to enact any nationwide [[law of the United States|federal]] smoking ban. Therefore, smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of state and [[local government in the United States|local]] [[criminal law|criminal]] and [[occupational safety and health]] laws. As a result, the existence and aggressiveness of smoking bans varies widely throughout the United States, ranging from total smoking bans (even outdoors), to no regulation of smoking at all. Jurisdictions in the greater [[Southern United States|South]] tend to have the least restrictive smoking bans or no statewide smoking bans at all, while most of the rest of the country now has statewide bans on smoking in bars, restaurants and other workplaces.

According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of October 2009, 71% of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |title=Over 1600 municipalities in the United States have local laws that provide for some sort of restrictions on where smoking is a |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> though only 41.2% live under bans in all workplaces ''and'' restaurants ''and'' bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf |title="Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 2 October 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

As of November 2010, 27 states have enacted smoking bans in all general workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants (though many of these exempt tobacconists, cigar bars, casinos, and/or private clubs). Seven have enacted smoking bans that exclude all adult venues such as bars (and casinos where applicable). [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]] have particularized state laws banning smoking in specific places but leaving out all others. The remaining 11 states have no statewide smoking ban at all, though many cities and/or counties in most of those states have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees (though [[Oklahoma]] prohibits local governments from passing smoking laws at all).

As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. [[Guam]] prohibits smoking in restaurants, but the ban does not extend to workplaces or any other businesses. [[American Samoa]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] have no smoking bans.

===Uruguay===
{{Main|Smoking in Uruguay}}
In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.<ref name=bbcuruguay>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4761624.stm |title=Uruguay curbs smoking in public |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. [[President of Uruguay|President]] [[Tabaré Vázquez]], a practicing [[oncologist]], has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.<ref>[http://www.tobaccofree.org/news%20articles/2006-03-02-Associated-Press/2006-03-02-Associated-Press-Uruguay.htm?SITE=VACUL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Public smoking ban takes effect in Uruguay] – TobacoFree.org</ref>

===Vatican City===
On 1 July 2002 a law signed by [[Pope John Paul II]] became effective which banned smoking on all places accessible to the public and in all closed places of work within the Vatican City and within all extraterritorial [[properties of the Holy See]]. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory were already in force before that date for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-4800?l=english|title=Smoking Banned in Public Areas of Vatican|publisher=Zenit|date=28 June 2002|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport nationwide<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/17/content_6112701.htm |title=Xinhua – English |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=17 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

===Zambia===
Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400,000 or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290606.html allAfrica.com: Zambia: The Move by the Government to Ban Smoking in Public Places (Page 1 of 1)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=775667 |title=Zambia gets tough on smokers |work=The Times |location=UK |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Specific restrictions==
===Outdoor smoking bans===
{{Trivia|much of this info is already stated above|date=July 2010}}
*It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in Ireland. It was also the first country in the world to impose a ban on smoking outdoors within 3-metres of a public building.
*In the Australian state of Queensland, smoking is prohibited within four metres of entrances to public buildings, within 10 metres of children's playground equipment, in commercial outdoor eating or drinking areas, at patrolled beaches, and at all major sports stadiums.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atods/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp Outdoor public areas] Queensland Government</ref>
**Some beaches in [[Sydney, Australia]] have smoking bans in place.
**Smoking indoors or outdoors on land owned by the NSW Department of Education is banned
**From 1 March 2006, in [[Victoria, Australia]], smoking is banned from all covered train platforms, bus and tram stops.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/tobaccoreforms/index.htm Tobacco reforms] Victorian Government Health Information</ref>
*[http://www.cmh.org/ Cambridge Memorial Hospital] in [[Cambridge, Ontario]], Canada, enacted a total (outdoor) smoking ban, believed to be the first in the entire province if not country, as of October 2004. At the same time, [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in the nearby [[Waterloo, Ontario|city of Waterloo, Ontario]], proposed a similar total smoking ban on its property, after its [http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=158&s_id=146&sb_id=286&p_id=147 10 metre outdoor proximity ban] (enacted in 2002) failed. WLU was presumed to be the third Canadian (public) post-secondary institution to consider such measures, after Carleton and Acadia.
**Smoking is prohibited in [[Hamilton Street Railway]] bus shelters in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter as well as any less than 4 metres from any entrance in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].
**[[Calgary, Alberta]], banned all outdoor patio smoking at bars, restaurants and casinos on 1 July 2005. Nova Scotia did the same on 1 December 2006.
*[[Calabasas]], California, United States, banned smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest ban in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have banned smoking on their beaches, at least four other California cities (including San Francisco) ban smoking in parks or outdoor venues. For more information, see [[List of smoking bans in the United States#Outdoor smoking bans]].
**[[Belmont, California]], banned smoking in outdoor places on 25 September 2007. This ban also applies inside condos, apartments and other kinds of multi-unit housing.<ref>[http://www.belmont.gov Welcome to Belmont] The City of Belmont</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/12/BAG9ROK7LN3.DTL Belmont to hold meeting about proposed anti-smoking law] San Francisco Chronicle, 12 March 2007</ref>
**California has banned smoking within {{convert|20|ft|m}} of entrances to any public building.
*Selected wards in Tokyo, Japan, prohibit smoking on the streets. This ban is enforced and violators are fined. In response, free smoking cafes have been provided by [[Japan Tobacco]].
**56% of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda ward]]'s land area is a no smoking zone as of April 2007.
**[[Kyoto]], Japan, has banned smoking on 7.1 km of its streets in 2007, including busy areas along [[Kawaramachi]], [[Karasuma]]-dori and [[Shijo Street]] avenues.
**[[Railway stations]] in Japan are no-smoking except for a few remaining long distance services.
*Many English [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] [[Primary Care Trust|PCTs]] ban smoking on it premises both inside and outside hospitals, even places such as the car park and bus stations.
* In Hong Kong, smoking ban is imposed on most public recreational areas and beaches. It is up to districts to designate which public recreational areas are exempt, and some ban smoking districtwide. Many playgrounds in public housing estates have also become smoke-free. Some public transport interchanges, as designated by the government, bans smoking since 1 September 2009.
*Smoking is banned on all railway platforms in England, regardless of whether they are covered or not. These measures were introduced well before any national smoking ban for safety reasons<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/faq/vehicles.html#train |title=Non-smoking train platforms |publisher=Smokefreeengland.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
*It is illegal to smoke on the outdoor property of the institutions of public education in Slovenia, penalties are dictated by internal orders of the concerned institutions.
* It is illegal to smoke in some bus shelters (complex rules determine which, leading to them being largely ignored) and phone boxes in Scotland.

===Other restrictions===
In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, bans enacted earlier allow for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

* Turkmenistan, under decree from [[President for life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], has banned the chewing of tobacco.
*All public and Catholic schools in the [[Region of Waterloo]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, banned smoking on school property in Autumn 1994. A province-wide smoking ban on school property was slated to begin for the 2007/2008 school year in [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*A [[tobacco fatwa]] was issued in Iran in 1891 and Egypt in 2000.
*Australia has a federal law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all smokeless tobacco products. The sale of oral snuff and chewing tobacco has been banned since 1989 under the Trade Practices Act 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P278_IA.pdf |title=Please Refer To Anzfa'S Guide To Applications And Proposals For A More Detailed Explanation Of The Process On How To Undertake |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed bans==
In the Czech Republic, there is a bill to prohibit smoking in all public areas and in all enclosed areas in pubs, restaurants, bars and others that do not have a separate room designated for smoking that has permanent ventilation and does not have an effect on smoke-free sections. There have recently been several bills proposing similar smoking restrictions, but these have never been enacted by the [[Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>[http://www.cbw.cz/phprs/2007070221.html Restaurants oppose smoking bill]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

[[New Caledonia]] is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a recent 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Posted at 00:53 on 2 June 2007 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=32704 |title=New Caledonia in line for anti-smoking law |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] has introduced legislation to ban smoking in vehicles carrying passengers below the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northernnews.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=943397 |title=Newspaper |publisher=Northernnews.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1928 |title=Legislative Assembly of Ontario | Bills & Lawmaking | Current Parliament | Bill 11, Protecting Children and Youth from Second-Hand Smoke in Automobiles Act, 2007 |publisher=Ontla.on.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government of [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in Japan has compiled a basic plan for an ordinance to ban smoking in hotels, restaurants and other public places to be submitted to legislature in March 2009. It has been passed as a toned down version coming into effect April 2010 whereby smoking is banned in hospitals, schools and government offices, and requires restaurants and hotels to choose between becoming nonsmoking or creating separate smoking areas.

In Bulgaria the Ministry of Health is considering a ban on tobacco smoking in all public places by the summer of 2010. Bulgaria has an engagement to restrict tobacco smoking by 2011 with the [[World Health Organization]].
In Saudi Arabia, smoking is prohibited in public places<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novinar.net/?act=news&act1=det&stat=center&mater=Mjc2MDs1OQ==&sql=Mjc2MDszNQ== |title=Пълна забрана на пушенето след една година (in Bulgarian) |publisher=Novinar.net |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Niue]] is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10520567 |title=World's smallest state aims to become first smoke-free island paradise – World – NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=9 July 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Singapore citizens launched an online campaign to support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info |title=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore | Support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000 |publisher=Tobaccofreesingapore.info |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Lack of smoking bans==
Some countries have no legislation against smoking whatsoever. These countries include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and many other countries in Central and Western Africa, where people can smoke wherever they want and often culture is in favor of the smoker.

==See also==
*[[Smokeasy]]
{{Smoking by country}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inforesearchlab.com/bansmoking.chtml Smoking bans around the world] (updated)
*[http://ask.yahoo.com/20070214.html List of countries with smoking bans (Yahoo)]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/map-globalsmokingbans/ Interactive map on some global smoking bans]
*[http://edutube.org/interactive/prevalence-smoking-men-and-women/ Interactive map on prevalence of smoking among men and women]
*[http://www.tobacco.org/articles/category/smoking_bans/ Smoking ban news]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Smoking Bans}}
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Smoking bans]]

[[cs:Seznam zákazů kouření]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwaharddiadau ysmygu yn ôl gwlad]]
[[es:Ley antitabaco]]
[[fr:Législation sur le tabac]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen met een rookverbod]]

List of smoking bans

2011-03-16T10:54:26Z

Baltshazzar: Update Belgium

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
This is a '''list of [[smoking ban]]s''' by country. Smoking bans are public policies, including [[criminal law]]s and [[occupational safety and health]] regulations, which prohibit [[tobacco smoking]] in workplaces and/or other [[public space]]s. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/36/00601-01.htm
|title=36-601.01 – Smoke-free Arizona act
|author=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date=
|work=Arizona Revised Statutes Title 36 – Public Health and Safety
|chapter=6. Public Health Control
|publisher=Arizona State Legislature
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Jun. 2009
}}</ref>
[[Image:Smoking bans.png|thumb|350px|Smoking bans worldwide as of March 2011:
{{legend|grey|no restrictions or no data}}
{{legend|yellow|patchy and incomplete bans, low enforcement}}
{{legend|pink|no national ban, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|orange|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, or weak enforcement in indoor entertainment areas}}
{{legend|red|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|brown|strong national ban in all public indoor areas with some exceptions}}
Note: Countries with all subnational entities having a ban equates to a nationwide ban here, such as for Canada and Australia]]

{{TOC right}}
[[Image:No smoking symbol.svg|thumb|180px|A [[pictogram]] often used where a smoking ban is in order.]]

==Bans==
===Albania===
A law went into effect on 26 May 2007 banning smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco. The measure has been largely ineffective and not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-urged-to-enforce-smoking-ban |title=Albania urged to enforce smoking ban |publisher=Balkaninsight.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Andorra===
Since 2004, smoking is banned in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.<ref>[http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1794 Una proposta ciutadana vol que no es pugui fumar a la feina] – Diari d'Andorra</ref>

===Argentina===
{{Main|Smoking in Argentina}}
A 2006 smoking ban in Buenos Aires city prohibits smoking in public areas including bars and restaurants except if the bar is more than 100 m2 where it is possible to provide an area for smoking customers. Similar bans in other Argentine cities require bigger establishments to provide a separate, contained area for smoking customers. The rule is not nationwide.

===Armenia===
A law went into effect in March 2005 banning smoking in hospitals, cultural and educational and mental institutions and on public transportation. On 1 March 2006 new rules came into effect requiring all public and private institutions, including bars and restaurants, to allow smoking only in special secluded areas. Absence of any legal sanctions against those who violate the smoking laws have made them completely ineffectual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2006/03/484fbde7-796a-4798-b4d1-b99aa705fa47.asp |title=Smoking Restrictions Widened In Armenia |publisher=Armenialiberty.org |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|List of smoking bans in Australia}}
In Australia smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:
* South Australia: Smoking prohibited in all indoor dining areas since January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au/ |title=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |publisher=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Total enclosed public place smoking ban in force since November 2007
* Western Australia: Incremental restrictions introduced from January 2005 with a total ban on smoking in all enclosed public spaces taking effect from July 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=115987 |title=WA Government media statement, 28 November 2004 |publisher=Mediastatements.wa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Tasmania: Total indoor smoking ban in force since January 2006 {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}. From January 2008 the ban was extended to include smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html |title=Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania |work=The Australian |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Queensland: Comprehensive ban in effect since July 2006. Smoking is prohibited in all pubs, clubs, restaurants and workplaces, commercial outdoor eating and drinking areas, outdoor public places, and within 4 metres of non-residential building entrances<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.qld.gov.au/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp |title=Outdoor public areas |publisher=Health.qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Australian Capital Territory: A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since December 2006{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* Victoria: : A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since July 2007{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* New South Wales: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in July 2007. From 1 July 2009, smoking in a car with a child under the age of 16 is against the law. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 creates a new offence of smoking in a car with a child under 16 years of age in the vehicle. A $250 on the spot fine applies to the driver and any passenger who breaks the law and this will be enforced by NSW Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/healthpromotion/tobacco/smoke_free_cars.asp |title=Smoke-free Cars – NSW Department of Health |publisher=Health.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Northern Territory: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in 2 January 2010.

===Austria===
Austria has implemented several laws which limit or outlaw smoking in certain areas:
* Smoking is prohibited in all offices with certain exceptions such as bars, discos, restaurants etc. If all employees agree on allowing smoking in a work place, smoking may continue.
* Smoking was banned from all trains and train stations when Germany introduced such a ban in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1350131.php |title=Austria inches towards smoking ban |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=31 August 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* As of January 2009, a new law was put in place which mandates all restaurants, bars, discos and pubs which are larger than 80m² to introduce smoking rooms and non-smoking rooms. Below 50m² the owner may opt to either be a smoking or non-smoking place, between 50m² and 80m² there is an option under certain circumstances. The law provides for a very long transition phase.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/getaways/03/05/austria.germany.travel/index.html |publisher=CNN | accessdate=4 April 2010 | title=A wunderbar welcome in Austria and Germany - CNN.com | date=5 March 2009}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

===Bahrain===
Bahrain outlawed smoking in public places on 27 February 2008.

===Belgium===
* 2005: Companies should have implemented smoking plans to discourage smoking.
* January 2006: Smoking prohibited in the work area.
* January 2007: Smoking banned in restaurants and bars, except in the ones that serve "light meals" (e.g. cold meals, pizzas and warm meals that are served with bread instead of French fries) ''and'' have less of 30% of their sales from food servings. Small bars are also not included in the ban. Most large bars, such as concert venues, do little to enforce the ban.
* September 2008: Smoking no longer allowed in schools.
* January 2010: After a general smoking ban, including all types of bars had been discussed, this has been watered down to a smoking ban applying only when food is served.<ref>[http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=G692344PG General smoking ban on 1 July 2010]</ref>
* July 2011: On 15th March 2011, Belgium's Constitutional Court ruled that the discrimination between bars serving food and those not serving food (and casinos) distorted competition and that, as a consequence, the exemption for the latter has to end by July 2011, thus making Belgium's bars, restaurants and casinos smokefree without exemptions.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110315/lf_afp/belgiumtobaccohealth</ref>

===Bermuda===
As of 1 October 2006, all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda are smoke-free, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.<ref>[http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=31037&TM=10964.17 Smoking ban kicks in on Sunday] – Bermuda Sun</ref>

===Bhutan===
Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco would still be permitted with very heavy taxes.<ref>''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]'': [http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation] by Eric Weiner</ref> Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright. However, there is little enforcement. Cigarettes are widely smuggled, and bars in the Bhutanese capital Thimphu are usually smoky.

The National Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/newsDetail.php?id=1331%20&%20cat=5 |title=Bhutan Portal |publisher=Bhutan.gov.bt |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> decided on 10 July 2009 to lift the ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products while discussing the tobacco control bill.

The council, with a majority, agreed to delete the section C in chapter three of the bill, which says, “No person shall sell tobacco and tobacco products.” The council chairperson, Namgay Penjore, said that they discussed including a new clause to control the sale of tobacco and tobacco products through pricing.

Council members said that the ban on the sale was ineffective and led to a black market. Some said tobacco was easily available anywhere, but at exorbitant prices because of the ineffective ban.

“The idea is to make tobacco expensive by imposing higher taxes,” said the chairperson. The name of the bill is “Tobacco control bill” and not ‘… ban’. “The change (deleting the clause) was to do away with the thriving black market,” he said.

Meanwhile, the council also suggested inserting another clause restricting the sale of tobacco products to youth below 18 years. However, Namgay Penjore said the bill was still under discussion and not endorsed. The bill will be submitted to the National Assembly.

3 June 2010 
According to the bill, people selling tobacco products will be punished for the offence of misdemeanor liable for a prison term of one to three years. Smuggling tobacco products into the country will be punished for the offence of felony of fourth degree liable for prison term of three to five years.
However, the bill was passed with 61 “yes” votes and five “no” votes.
Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency (BNCA) will serve as the secretariat of tobacco control office and its board members will also be the board members of the tobacco control board, according to Health Minister.
The tobacco control board, among other functions, will provide effective leadership and coordination in implementing the act, formulate and implement national tobacco control strategy, monitor the enforcement of the provisions under the act and approve rules framed under the act.
Health Minister said that, once His Majesty gives his assent to the bill, the rules and regulations will be drafted

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the nation has banned smoking in public buildings since 1 September 2007.

===Brazil===
In Brazil, the sale and consumption of tobacco for 18 years older citizens is legal. However, product advertising on television and radio is prohibited. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse health effects.

Smoking is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces, such as shopping malls and libraries, except for specifically- designated smoking areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/LEIS/L9294.htm |title=Article 2 of Brazil Federal law no. 9294 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In restaurants there should be a non smoking section but in reality most restaurants end up having tables side by side, one for non-smokers and another where smoking is allowed. Tobacco advertising is restricted to posters in shops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/leis/L9294.htm |title=Law 9294, 15 July 1996 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo, the most important Latin American state in economic terms, became the first in Brazil to adopt the most comprehensive ban, being followed by Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.<ref>http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/usr/share/documents/legislacao.pdf</ref> Under the new regulation there are no smoking sections in any place around the state.

The law became effective from 7 August 2009 with smoking forbidden in all indoor and enclosed public spaces such as bars and restaurants, clubs, shopping malls, movie theatres, banks, supermarkets, bakeries, chemist shops, health places, government offices and schools.

Also it is no longer allowed on work and study places, libraries, buses, cabs, commercial and residential common areas, hotels and inns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/ |title=Portal da Lei Antifumo – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |publisher=Leiantifumo.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo government has graduated 500 specialised agents to make sure the rule is respected at all times. The first team was trained to measure ambient smoke in an area and to warn smokers about the risks for their health.

Anybody violating the law is charged with a fine. Public sites can be punished with a maximum fine of R$ 1.585,00 (Brazilian currency, ~USD 800,00). If there is a second infraction the site is closed. According to surveys, 88% of São Paulo’s inhabitants support the Smoke Free Law.

===Bulgaria===
Banned in all indoor public spaces except bars and restaurants and clubs.

===Canada===
{{Main|Smoking in Canada}}
In [[Smoking in Canada|Canada]], indoor smoking is banned by all territories and provinces and by the federal government. As of 2010, legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent, despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction. The federal government's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses, such as airports. Smoking rooms are not permitted.

===Chile===
Chile bans smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking in universities indoors is banned, however, smoking is allowed outdoors. Restaurants, with large eateries (over 100 m²) must have fully partitioned nonsmoking sections. Smaller restaurants can choose between being smoke free or being for smokers. The same with cafes and pubs. Clubs, despite their size, are able to choose between being smoke free or being for smokers, however, in practice all clubs are "for smokers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/aug06/08-15-06-1.html |title=Chile: New Smoking Ban in Effect [08/15/06-1] |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Smoking in the People's Republic of China}}
[[Shanghai Municipality]] expanded smoking bans from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, effective 1 March 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/11/content_12629545.htm |title=Shanghai to impose wider ban on smoking in public venues_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and had attempted to ban smoking in restaurants for the [[2010 World Expo]], but restaurants do not stick to the ban and it is not enforced.

In [[Guangdong]] Province, the municipalities of [[Guangzhou]] and [[Jiangmen]] banned smoking in public places in 2007, but the law is not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm |title=Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places |publisher=Newsgd.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
{{Main|Smoking in Hong Kong}}
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Hong Kong]] has seen all public smoking banned from 1 January 2007 under the [[Hong Kong Government|government]]'s revised [[Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance]] (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades has been in place since July 1998.

An anomaly to the smoking ban is on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and Mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and the Chinese Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Any person who smokes or carries a lighted tobacco product in a statutory no smoking area commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a maximum fine of HK$5,000. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Hong Kong does not place the onus on licensees of liquor licensed premises to enforce smoking bans with subsequent loss of licence for non compliance. A new law, that was to enter into force in September 2009, provides for fixed-penalty arrangement (HK$1,500) for smoking, on a par with that for littering. At the same time smoking will be banned in designated public transport interchanges, but the government has yet to clarify how it will enforce this against non Hong Kong ID card holders and tourists, since the offender has 21 days after the ticket issue to pay up.

The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in China 63% of males smoke.

The government has mentioned a full-ban of tobacco import and smoking is technically possible in Hong Kong upon the release of the budget in 2009. However, as the decreasing daily smoking rate in recent years mainly due to increasing tobacco tax, the government currently has no further plans to control sales of tobacco other than by adjusting taxation.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

===Colombia===
{{Main|Smoking in Colombia}}
In summer 2009, Colombia has extended its existing tobacco control regulations by requiring all indoor work places and public places be immediately smoke-free; prohibiting tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship, and the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ on packaging, requiring large, pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging (covering 30 per cent of the front and back) within a year, preventing the sale of tobacco products to minors; and mandating public education programs on the deadly effects of tobacco use.

===Croatia===
On 22 November 2008 the Croatian Parliament passed legislation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/342110.html |title=125 29.10.2008 Zakon o ograničavanju uporabe duhanskih proizvoda |publisher=Narodne-novine.nn.hr |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prohibiting smoking in public institutions such as hospitals, clinics, schools, nurseries and universities with infractions punishable with up to 1000 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]] (140 euros). A notable exception in the Act are psychiatric wards in Croatia's hospitals. The ban went further in May 2009 when smoking was banned in all enclosed public areas including bars, restaurants and cafes. The smoking ban applies to all public areas where non-smokers could suffer from secondhand smoking including open public areas like sport stadiums, arenas, open air theatres, tram and bus stations etc.<ref>[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_10_125_3560.html Law on restriction of tobacco-product use] ''Narodne novine 125/08'''</ref>
It is estimated that 30 percent of Croatia’s adult population are smokers.<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14639/ "Croatia Bans Smoking"] ''[[Balkan Insight|balkaninsight.com]]'' 7 Nov. 2008 Link accessed 7 Nov. 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/news/croatia/2984810/index.do;jsessionid=D79A733AC59D1CA3E5574A6864ED2916.2 Croatia banning smoking] ''vecernji.hr'''</ref> On 10 September 2009 the ban on smoking in bars and cafes in Croatia was partially repealed for a grace period until 9 April 2010, local media has reported. Proprietors with establishments that are up to 50 sq m that meet very strict conditions will now be able to choose whether to allow smoking. One of the conditions is a ventilation system that is able to change indoor air at least 10 times per hour. Until March 2010 only 16 (out of 16 000) establishments in all of Croatia have met the conditions and have been permitted to allow smoking.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/2010/03/15/od-16000-kafica-pusacki-status-z.aspx "Od 16.000 kafića, pušački status zatražilo samo 16 ''Novi list''']</ref> Larger establishments will have to include a designated and separately ventilated smoking area<ref>{{Cite web|author=byNick Iliev |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2009/09/11/783081_croatia-reverses-smoking-ban-in-public-places |title=Croatia reverses smoking ban in public places – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cuba===
Cuba has banned smoking in most work places, cigarette machines removed and it has been illegal to sell tobacco products close to schools since February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/no-smoking.htm |title=In a country famed for its cigars, Cuba adds no-smoking rules |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=18 January 2005 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
On 9 July 2009 Cyprus passed a new law, tightening up ineffective 2002 legislation, that will ban smoking in bars, restaurants, nightclubs and workplaces effective 1 January 2010.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/cyprussmokinghealth ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Since the introduction of the smoking ban on 1 January 2010, compliance levels have been very encouraging. A spokesman for the restaurant & bar owners however have complained that the introduction of the smoking ban has led to a sharp drop in revenue<ref>{{Cite web|author=+ – Text size //var addthis_pub="49f59059007d44e8"; // |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/strong-compliance-smoking-ban/20100105 |title=Strong compliance with smoking ban |publisher=Cyprus Mail |date=5 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> but produced no evidence to support statement.

===Czech Republic===
The second German anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]].
In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from Austria at the end of World War I.<ref>{{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert|title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |pmid=9302840 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2008|quote=The first German antitobacco organization was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded.|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139}}</ref>
Currently, there is a law in force that bans smoking in some public places such as institutions, hospitals, bus stops and other public service stops, but not in restaurants, bars and clubs. In June 2009 the parliament approved a bill allegedly regulating smoking in public places. However, it only requires bars and restaurants where smoking is allowed, i.e. practically all of them, to post a sign.
In February 2011, the popular initiative "stop kouření" announces, that so far 115000 people have signed their petition demanding smokefree restaurants. The high cancer rate, the poor rating concerning tobacco control and possible corruption of members of the Czech parliament are denounced.<ref>[[http://www.praguepost.com/opinion/7561-petition-pushes-for-czech-smoking-ban.html Prague Post]]</ref>

===Denmark===
Since 15 August 2007, smoking in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, [[public transport]], and all private and public workplaces has been banned. Exemptions to the law are bars with a floor space less than 40 m² and offices only used by a single employee. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. The law has caused much controversy and is as of November 2007 not fully enforced.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Smoking in Ecuador}}
[[Smoking in Ecuador|Smoking]] is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador.<ref name="Ockene">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759503/
| title= Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes
| last= Ockene
| first= J. K.
| publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information
| year= 1996
| accessdate = August 2010
}}</ref> Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in [[Quito]] are generally respected.

===Estonia===
Smoking has been banned within indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Later a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (however still allowed in isolated smoking rooms).

===Faroe Islands===
Smoking banned in all enclosed public spaces since 1 July 2008.

===Finland===
{{Main|Smoking in Finland}}
Smoking has been banned in indoor public areas and workplaces from 1 March 1995, except in specially designated [[smoking room]]s; restaurants were included in 2007. Legislation aimed towards voluntary prevention of secondary smoking was enacted, but it was not successful. Few establishments installed ventilation systems capable of eliminating secondhand smoke. Dividing a restaurant into a smoking and non-smoking section was also an ineffective measure. Thus, smoking has been banned in all indoor public and workplaces, including bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants from 1 June 2007, except in those places which have been permitted a transition period of up to two years. Smoking in bars and trains is still allowed in enclosed smoking booths, where is not permitted to serve or consume food or drink. Many smaller bars have not been able to build such smoking booths and patrons have to smoke outside. The bans are respected by the general population.

As of early 2010, Finland plans to phase out smoking completely.<ref name="ban all smoking">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/finland-embarks-plan-will-ban-all-smoking-117181
| title= Finland embarks on plan that will ban all smoking
| publisher=National Business Review
| date= 15 January 2010
| accessdate = 13 August 2010
}}</ref>

===France===

Smoking is now banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, see below. However, a special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. until 1 January 2008,<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/SQHYN.htm Decree n°2006-1386 of 15 November 2006] taken as application of [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L3511-7 article L3511-7] of the Public Health Code, banning smoking in public places.</ref> although the French government allowed a day of reflection on New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7163178.stm |title=French cafes set to ban smoking |accessdate=28 Dec. 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 December 2007}}</ref> Opinion polls suggest 70% of people support the ban.<ref>{{Cite news| title=France to ban smoking in public | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6032125.stm | accessdate=9 Oct. 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=8 October 2006}}</ref> However, a recent story by Time Magazine suggests that smokers are now blatantly ignoring the smoking ban due to low enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news| title=
Smoking Ban? The French Light Up Again in Public | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1949817,00.html | accessdate=3 Jan. 2010 | work=Time | date=26 December 2009}}</ref>

Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m²; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they must have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; and cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}.

Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated. In larger establishments, smoking and non-smoking sections could be separate rooms, but often they were just areas within the same room.

A legal challenge against the new regulations was filed before the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]] in 2007, but was rejected.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0713.shtml Ruling of 19 March 2007] of the Conseil d'État ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=JADE&nod=JGXAX2007X03X000000300467 copy] on [[Légifrance]])</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Smoking in Germany}}
With some of Europe's highest smoking rates, Germany's patchwork of smoking bans continues to be contested.

In February 2009, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that the smoking bans in bars are being very weakly controlled by the authorities, and in many places the ban is not observed at all.<ref name="spiegel">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,609404,00.html|title=Dichter Qualm trotz Rauchverbot|last=Wiesel|first=Christian|date=28 Feb. 2009|work=Der Spiegel|language=German|accessdate=26 May 2009}}</ref>

===Greece===
[[Image:Anti-smoking Law Greece 1856.PNG|thumb|right|235px|[[Royal decree]] of 1856, introducing the first ban on smoking in modern Greece. Prohibition was valid only within state buildings and was grounded on the need to prevent [[accident]]s.]]
As of 2010, Greece is the country with the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epha.org/a/4088|title=2010 Eurobarometer survey on tobacco – European Public Health Alliance|last=Staff|date=13 July 2010|publisher=[[European Public Health Alliance]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> Since older legislation was not very efficient a new, stricter law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law bans smoking ''and'' consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all working places, transportation stations, in taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking is already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.us-winston.com/greece-to-ban-smoking-in-all-indoor-public-places/ |title=Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places | US Winston Online Club |publisher=Us-winston.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking is also prohibited in atria and internal areas with removable roofcovers or tents as well as in external seating areas that are surrounded by a tent and are not open from at least two sides.
Fines are particularly heavy for smokers who do not comply (fines range from 50 to 500 Euros) as well as for the working places or companies, i.e. restaurants, night clubs, pubs, etc. (fines range from 500 to 10,000 Euros). For those companies that violate the law for the 5th time in a row, the law orders for the closure of the specific company.

A special website ([http://www.smokestop.gov.gr www.smokestop.gov.gr]) and a telephone hotline for information as well as citizens to report any violations of the new law (tel: 1142) along with an extensive media campaign have been created to promote the 1 September smoking ban in Greece.
The government has signed an agreement with [[Harvard University]] the help in developing the government’s anti-tobacco policies and mounting publicity campaigns.<ref name="GR-HSPH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100008_27/07/2010_118631|title=Harvard to help in smoking ban|last=Staff|date=27 July 2010|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Harvard School of Public Health]] will also help Greece conduct research, organize conferences and train all the officials who will be involved in imposing the ban.<ref name="GR-HSPH" /> They will also help develop strategies to foster an anti-smoking culture, particularly among children.<ref name="GR-HSPH" />

The only exception to the law are airports. There, smoking is only permitted in special separated smoking booths equipped with separate ventilation systems and air filters. Currently only the [[Athens International Airport]] has installed such booths: one in the extra-[[Schengen]] arrival area before passport control and one in the intra-[[Schengen]] baggage claim area, both smoking booths are accessible only to arriving passengers. In all other Greek airports no smoking booths have been installed and smoking is totally prohibited inside terminal buildings.

===Guatemala===
Complete ban: Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions. Smoke-free in health-care facilities and governmental facilities{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

===Guernsey===
Smoking bans were introduced at different times in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]. Smoking was banned in all public places in the island of [[Guernsey]], including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, on 2 July 2006, under the ''"Smoking (Prohibition in Public Places and Workplaces) (Guernsey) Law 2005"''. Anyone who breaks the law, upon conviction, could be fined up to the maximum of £1000 (~€1150, ~$1470). Smoking is allowed anywhere outside and in whatever company.<ref>[http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/health---social-services/environmental-health---pollution-regulation/smoke-free-guernsey/ Information about the Guernsey smoking ban]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Alderney]], the [[States of Alderney]] passed anti-smoking legislation with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alderneyjournal.com/readnews.php?id=1145 |title=Alderney Journal |publisher=Alderney Journal |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoking in indoor public places remains legal in [[Sark]].

===Hungary===
Smoking has been banned for several years on public transport, hospitals, airports and in public and federal buildings, including the Parliament. From 2010, a smoking ban is effective on [[playground]]s and [[underpass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/08/05/matol_tilos_a_dohanyzas_az_aluljarokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Mától tilos a dohányzás az aluljárókban |publisher=Index.hu |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Several cities are already banning smoking in public transport stops – [[Szeged]] from June 2007, [[Pécs]] from early 2009,<ref>[http://index.hu/belfold/2009/03/12/varosok_csatlakoztak_a_dohanytilalomhoz/ Városok csatlakoztak a dohánytilalomhoz. Index.hu]</ref> [[Budapest]] in early 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/12/15/tilos_lesz_a_dohanyzas_a_bkv-megallokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Tilos lesz a dohányzás a BKV-megállókban |publisher=Index.hu |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A complete ban (all public spaces) is effective from mid 2011.<ref>http://index.hu/belfold/2011/02/25/kitiltjak_a_cigit_a_kocsmakbol/</ref>
<ref>http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20110223-dohanyzas-betiltjak-a-vendeglatohelyeken-kocsmakban-ettermekben-a-cigit.html</ref><ref>http://www.parlament.hu/irom39/02489/02489.pdf</ref>

===Iceland===
{{Main|Smoking in Iceland}}
Smoking and the use of other tobacco products is banned in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/134/2002006.html |title=2002 nr. 6 31. janúar/ Lög um tóbaksvarnir |publisher=Althingi.is |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===India===
A nationwide ban on smoking at the workplace and in restaurants, hotels, pubs, public transport (buses, trains and metros), airports and railway stations, educational institutions, cafes, theatres and other public places came into effect from 2 October 2008. Smoking in open areas like roads, parks, etc. and inside one's home and car is however allowed. Smoking is also permitted in restaurants, bars and pubs having designated separate smoking areas. Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of Rs 200(INR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |publisher=Spiritindia.com |date=23 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Advertising of tobacco products had already been prohibited nationwide by an earlier law.

In 2007, [[Chandigarh]] became the first city in India to become 'smoke-free'. However despite there being some difficulties and apathy by the authorities<ref>Sarin, Jaideep, [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/chandigarhs-smoke-free-city-campaign-loses-steam_10070935.html "Chandigarh’s ’smoke-free city’ campaign loses steam"], [[Indo-Asian News Service]], New Delhi, 13 July 2008</ref> the Smoke-Free Chandigarh<ref>Website, [http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com "Smoke Free Chandigarh Website"], [[Burning Brain Society]], Chandigarh</ref> ban has been a success story. Taking a cue from the Chandigarh's success, cities like Shimla also followed the Smoke-Free Chandigarh model to become smoke-free.<ref>''The Hindu'', IANS, [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903111821.htm "Shimla to turn smoke-free soon"], Chandigarh</ref> The success of Chandigarh had been widely recognised and the architect of smoke-free Chandigarh [[Hemant Goswami]].<ref>''The Times of India'', [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3921985,prtpage-1.cms "Our Unsung Hero, Kicking the Butt"], Chandigarh</ref> was also awarded the Global Smoke-Free Partnership Award for the initiative.<ref>World Heart Federation, [http://www.worldheart.org/about-us/partnerships/global-smokefree-partnership/print.html?no_cache=1"Global Smoke Free Partnership"], Chandigarh</ref> The state of [[Kerala]] also had implemented a more relaxed ban on public smoking earlier though it was never properly followed. However since the nationwide ban, it is being enforced more strictly.

===Indonesia===
In [[Jakarta]]'s restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is banned. Restaurants which want to allow smoking have to provide a separate smoking space starting 4 February 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/bloomberg/sxsmoke.php |title=A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – ''International Herald Tribune'' |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> As in many Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/news/248932.html |title=Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban |publisher=Tobacco.org |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{Main|Smoking in Ireland}}
[[The Republic of Ireland]] became the first country in the world to institute an outright ban on smoking in workplaces on 29 March 2004. Before the total ban, smoking had already been outlawed in public buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurant kitchens, and on aircraft and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).<ref>[http://www.eu2004.ie/templates/standard.asp?sNavlocator=3,242,455 EU 2004 – "Smoking ban is first in world"]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, Ireland banned in-store [[tobacco advertising]] and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and new controls on tobacco [[vending machine]]s.

===Isle of Man===
The [[Isle of Man]] ban is similar to the one introduced in England. The ban came into effect on 30 March 2008.

The smoking ban also saw Europe's first smoke-free prison.<ref>[http://www.iomtoday.co.im/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=870&articleid=2015621 Exact Date Set For Smoking Ban – Isle Of Man Today]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Israel===
In Israel, it is forbidden to smoke in public closed places since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the restriction of smoking in public places|publisher=(in Hebrew) | url=http://www.linshom.com/law/public.htm|accessdate= 21 Nov. 2007}}</ref> The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The ban includes cafés, restaurants discos, pubs and bars, and it is illegal for owners of such places to put ashtrays anywhere inside closed spaces. Also, owners of public places must put "no smoking" signs and prevent visitors from smoking. They can also designate a well-ventilated and completely separate area for smokers, as long as the non-smokers' area does not fall below 75% of the whole area. The fine for owners of public places is [[New Israeli sheqel|₪]] 10,000 (around US$2,800) and for smokers – ₪ 5000.
In spite of all of this, the smoking bans in Israel are not effective and smoking remains extremely prevalent in public places, especially bars and clubs.

===Italy===
{{Main|Smoking in Italy}}
Italy was the fourth country in the world to enact a nationwide smoking ban. Since 10 January 2005 it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos. However, special smoking rooms are allowed. In such areas food can be served, but they are subjected to strict conditions: they need to be separately ventilated, with high air replacement rates; their air pressure must constantly be lower than the pressure in the surrounding rooms; they must be equipped with automatic sliding doors to prevent smoke from spreading to tobacco-free areas; they may occupy at most 50% of the establishment. Only 1% of all public establishments have opted for setting up a smoking room.
Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.
It is indeed allowed to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit on the outside tables and people still smoke there.

===Japan===
{{Main|Smoking in Japan}}
Although there are no consistent nationwide smoking bans in Japan and all moves to introduce such laws are strongly opposed by the powerful [[Lobbying|lobby]] groups, there are a growing number of local ordinances banning smoking. Smoking is forbidden on the streets of the [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] wards of Tokyo<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2292007.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Smoking ban on Tokyo's streets | date=2 October 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> for reasons of child safety (not health). Smoking is banned on most public transport and on many train station platforms, however enforcement mechanisms such as fines remain absent. [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] has implemented in April 2010 the nation's first prefecture-wide smoking ban, banning smoking in public facilities, including hospitals, schools and government offices. The ordinance requires large restaurants and hotels to choose whether to become nonsmoking or create separate smoking areas, while [[mah-jong]] and [[pachinko]] parlors, restaurants with floor space of up to 100 sq. meters and hotels of up to 700 sq. meters are merely required to "make efforts" to prevent passive smoking. Another Kanagawa ordinance last month to ban smoking at swimming beaches expected to be implemented in May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100402a5.html |title=Kanagawa enforces first antismoking code | The Japan Times Online |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Although still relatively few, there is a growing number of private businesses implementing smoking bans in restaurants, taxis, buildings and bars<ref>http://en.wa-shoi.com/?page=100595</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7083.php |title=Noose tightening on Japanese smokers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Jersey===
Smoking is restricted in public places in [[Jersey]] (a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]).

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825_restrictiononsmokinglaw1973_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Smoking Law |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> enabled the [[States of Jersey]] to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the ''Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825.30_restrictiononsmoking(publictransport)regs.1982_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Regulations |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973'' was amended by the ''Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fhtm%2fLawFiles%2f2006%2fL-24-2006.htm |title=Jersey Law | RESTRICTION ON SMOKING (AMENDMENT NO. 2) (JERSEY) LAW 2006 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> adopted 16 May 2006 which enabled the States to make regulations to prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

===Kazakhstan===
Kazakhstan partially banned smoking in public places on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/kazakhstan/?top_only=1 |title=Articles:Listing Kazakhstan |publisher=Tobacco.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A full ban was instituted in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan bans public smoking, raises drinking age|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 September 2009|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-NAuAgHUsedOw6RSuV_07PHo-5g}}</ref>
Enforcing the smoking ban appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.respublika-kaz.info/news/society/9121/ |title=Алматинские потомки японских камикадзе – Общество – Информационно-аналитический портал РЕСПУБЛИКА |publisher=Respublika-kaz.info |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Smoking in public indoor areas is banned in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, since July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11808541.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Kenyan capital Nairobi starts smoking ban |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Small private bars will be exempted. [[Mombasa]] already has a similar preexisting ban on smoking.

===Latvia===
As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely banned in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking area had to be larger than half of the total area. Smoking is also banned in parks and ten meters around governmental institutions, schools and public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

===Lithuania===
Smoking has been banned in restaurants, bars, places where food is served, clubs (except for special cigar and pipe clubs), and nightclubs since 1 January 2007. Furthermore, smoking on public transportation is forbidden except on long-distance trains with special facilities. The ban is well respected, at least in the main cities.

===Luxembourg===
Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt from the law. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés in which meals are served.

===Macedonia===
Macedonia has a strong national smoking ban in all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is banned in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010.<ref name="SETimes">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Railway line making a comeback
|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/10/23/roundup-bs-03
|publisher=SETimes.com
|date=23 October 2009
|accessdate=23 October 2009
}}</ref>
Smoking is not banned only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.<ref name="MINA">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Macedonia's Smoking Ban Obeyed
|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/11591/2/
|publisher=MINA
|date=4 January 2010
|accessdate=4 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
By official law, smoking is prohibited in [[Taxi-brousse|taxi-brousses]], but it is not enforced. The only places where they banned smoking is at Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also prohibited to smoke in the pubs and clubs.

===Malta===
In April 2004, smoking was banned in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed.

===Malaysia===
In all, 21 areas are banned, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning. However, enforcement is an issue, and the government plans to get tougher on offenders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/17/nation/18052672&sec=nation |title=Smoking ban to be extended |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seatca.org/upload_resource/%7B9285BDD5-8E92-4215-9FCE-A31CD321BC7A%7D_Malaysia%20Report%20Card.pdf Status Of Tobacco Use And Its Control – Malaysia Report Card]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/1/nation/6374646&sec=nation |title=No more puffing away at work |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Mexico===
Smoking in hospitals and airports has been banned for at least 15 years. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at the Cancun Airport. Mexico City's current smoking policy, passed in April 2004, requires physically separate smoking and non-smoking areas, and for non-smoking areas to make up at least 30% of all space in restaurants and bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/april04/04-07-04-2.html |title=Mexico City Imposes Tougher Smoking Laws (7 April 2004) |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A proposal debated early in 2007 to extend Mexico City's smoking policy into a complete ban for all restaurants, bars, schools, taxis, and buses, did not pass.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexsmoke29jun29,0,4368264.story?coll=la-home-center Mexican Smoking Bans] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> It was proposed again in the middle of 2007.

Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide.

Advertisement of tobacco products has been banned from TV and radio for roughly 6 years.

===Monaco===
There has been a ban on smoking in Monaco since 1 November 2008, but does not extend to bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

===Montenegro===
Smoking in public places is banned in Montenegro. The ban also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3527234.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Montenegro bans smoking in public | date=2 August 2004 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | first=Matt | last=Prodger}}</ref>

===Morocco===
Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill banning smoking in public places.

===Mozambique===
Since 2007, smoking has been banned in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.<ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/francisco/2007/11/smoking-banned.html] Blog of Francisco Cabo</ref><ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/jackie/2007/12/mozambique-bans.html#more] Blog of Jackie Tumwine</ref>

===Namibia===
On 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, one of the most comprehensive smoking bans in the world. The law, once in force will ban "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance".

The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/grnes-licht-fr-gesetzentwurf.102269.php |title=Namibian Newspaper |publisher=Az.com.na |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/bills_documents/44_tobacco_products_control_bill_b7-2009.pdf |title=B7-2009 Tobacco Control |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco legislation states that employers are obliged to take measures to ensure that employees are able to carry out their work without being bothered or affected by smoke from others. On 1 January 2008 [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] became the first European airport with a total smoking ban, however since August 2008 it has been allowed in the designated smoking rooms. Since 1 July 2008 the smoking ban has also applied to all hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes in The Netherlands. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking of [[cannabis]] (marijuana and hashish) in coffee-shops is permitted as long as it is not mixed with tobacco. In 2010 the new government spoke out against the smoking ban in small
catering businesses. The ban was widely ignored with statistics showing that around 41% of bars and discos had flouted the law.<ref name="BT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/smoking-ban-uturn-by-dutch-government-14995132.html |title=Smoking ban U-turn by Dutch government, Belfast Telegraph, 4 November 2010 |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2010 the new government lifted the ban for bars of 70 square metres or less which did not employ any staff other than the owner.<ref name="BT"/> Around 3,000 of the 5,500 bars in The Netherlands are staffed by the owner alone.<ref name="BT"/>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Tobacco in New Zealand}}
The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the [[Old Government Buildings (Wellington)|Old Government Building]] in [[Wellington, New Zealand]], in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.<ref>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/wellington/poneke-area/government-buildings/ Department of Conservation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

New Zealand passed an amendment to the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 law on 3 December 2003 (effective in 2004) which covers all indoor public workplaces and inside hospitality venues (pubs, bars, restaurants and casinos). Studies have shown very high levels of compliance with the law. Also the air quality inside hospitality venues is very good compared to similar settings in other countries where smoking is still permitted. In New Zealand, tobacco cannot be sold to anyone under 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |title=Smokefree Law |publisher=Moh.govt.nz |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the University of Auckland, in 2010). Victoria University of Wellington has restricted smoking rules with specified areas in which one may smoke. The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

There are also increasing numbers of local councils implementing educative smokefree policies. South Taranaki District Council was the first. In May 2005 the Council made its playgrounds, parks and swimming pools smokefree, as well as ensuring that all Council events held in South Taranaki parks were to be promoted as smoke-free events. At least 20 of New Zealand's other Councils have followed suit. (Source: www.smokefreecouncils.org.nz).

On 5 September 2007, [[Action on Smoking and Health]] (ASH) New Zealand called for the removal of tobacco from sale by 2017.<ref>[http://www.ash.org.nz/index.php?pa_id=4&news_id=159&expand_section=1 Welcome to ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

From the start of the first semester of 2010, New Zealand's largest university, the [[University of Auckland]], banned smoking on any of its property including inside and outside of buildings in areas that were once designated smoking areas. The university sprawls through most of Symonds Street and is the largest private complex in Auckland CBD.

:See [[Smoke-free Environments Act 1990]].

===Niger===
A decree banning smoking in public places in Niger was issued in September 2008. Fines range from 5,000 to 1 million [[CFA franc]]s, whilst there is also the possibility of a prison term.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7612387.stm Niger cabinet passes smoking ban] BBC News, 12 September 2008</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{Main|Smoking in Nigeria}}
Smoking is prohibited in public places in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806030435.html Nigeria: Smoking – Top Officials Defy Govt Order] Leadership, 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/africa-news/nigeria's-capital-city-bans-smoking-in-public-200806015574.html Nigeria's capital city bans smoking in public] Afrique en ligne, 1 June 2008</ref>

===Norway===
In Norway, smoking has been banned in public buildings, workplaces and public transportation since 1988. Since 1 June 2004, smoking is also banned in restaurants, bars, cafes, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norwegians ban smoking in bars |author=|publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3765071.stm |accessdate=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |author=|date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Innovation Norway]] |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Norway’s ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – A review of the first year |publisher=Directorate for Health and Social Affairs |date=May 2005 |pages= |url=http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00003/Norway_s_ban_on_smoki_3413a.pdf |format=PDF |version=IS-1275 E |accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref>

===Palestinian Authority===
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking [[Hookah|nargila]]s in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes], Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref> The [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)]] has arrested women for smoking in public.<ref name=Spyer>Jonathan Spyer, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza], Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009</ref> The park was burned down by masked men in September 2010, after being closed by the [[Hamas]].<ref name=afptorch>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas], AFP 19-09-2010</ref>

===Paraguay===
Effective April 2010, Paraguay has banned smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/paraguay-bans-smoking-in-all-closed-public-spaces_100346455.html |title=Paraguay bans smoking in all ‘closed public spaces’ |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.
The law had the following aspects:
Ban on tobacco use in public buildings and transportation,
limiting tobacco advertising,
banning tobacco sale within 50 meters from educational institutions, and
requiring “no smoking” signs displayed in public places.

===Peru===
In Peru, it is nominally illegal to smoke in any public place (indoors), according to Law 28704. The ban is normally not enforced.

===Philippines===
[[Davao]] has banned smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virgilio M Gaje |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060627.htm&no=3&date= |title=PIA Information Services – Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Pia.gov.ph |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Manila]] has banned smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as [[Makati]] in 2002 Ordinance 2002-090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/ |title=(Philippines) government news bulletin |publisher=Makati |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Caloocan]] has begun to established ordinance recently concerning about the anti-smoking bans in accordance with the Republic Act No. 9211 also known as Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.

Four jurisdictions have somefree regulations including bars and restaurants, albeit with designated smoking rooms permitted: [[Davao City]], [[Makati City]], [[Legazpi]] and [[Talisayan]].

Tobacco companies have misrepresented the science on [[secondhand smoke]] and have successfully prevented policies from being introduced at national level. There is also evidence that the [[tobacco industry]] is lobbying against local smokefree laws.

===Poland===
Smoking is banned in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc.).

Since 15 November 2010, it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos, though enclosed smoking areas within larger facilities are permitted, and smaller establishments will have the option of allowing smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|author=byAgnes Sekowski, The Krakow Post |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2010/11/09/990229_poland-smoking-ban-economics |title=Poland: smoking ban economics – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=9 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Portugal===
On 3 May 2007, the Portuguese parliament made a law banning smoking in all closed public places, except when proper air-ventilation systems are provided; what "proper" means hasn't been regulated so far. A closed public place is defined as having walls and a cover, such as most bus stop shelters, but not most railroad platforms. In hotels, restaurants or bars with more than 100 sq. m., a separate smoking area can be created. It went into effect 1 January 2008. Smokers who break the law face a fine of up to €750 (~US$1040) and establishments that break the law will face a fine of up to €1000 (~US$1390), and higher fines for the absence of legal signs and other infractions. The legal age to purchase tobacco is 18.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03723356.htm |title=Portugal bans smoking inside public places |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://antt.dgarq.gov.pt/files/2008/10/37_2007.pdf |title=Diário da República, 1a. série, No. 156, 14 de Agosto de 2007, Lei 37/2007 de 14 de Agosto|publisher=Imprensa Nacional (PDF)|date= |accessdate=9 March 2011}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lisbon.angloinfo.com/countries/portugal/smoke.asp |title=Smoking & Tobacco Law in Portugal|publisher=AngloInfo.com|date= |accessdate=9 March 2011}}</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
The Law Num. 40 from 1993, the ''Law to Regulate the Smoking Practice in Public Places'', and its later 1996 amendment Law 133, regulate smoking in private and public places. The most recent modification established in [2 March 2007], Law 66, amended articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of Law Num. 40, forbids this practice inside jails, pubs, restaurants (including open-air terraces with one or more employees), bars, casinos, workplaces, educational institutions, cars with children under age 13 and most public places. Smoking sections are not allowed. Fines start at $250.

===Qatar===
The capital of Qatar, [[Doha]], banned smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=192251&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper – Qatar |publisher=Gulf-times.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia does not yet have a smoking ban in force, however there is some proposed legislation in the Duma.
The legislation, passed by the State Duma 406-0, bans smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings. It requires specially designated smoking areas to be set up and also requires restaurants and cafes to set up no-smoking areas. Russia's no smoking bill must go through two more readings in the Duma before being sent to the Federation Council for approval and to President Dmitry Medvedev for his signature.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-25-smoking_N.htm Smoking ban advances in Russia, Germany], ''USA Today'' However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking. See R. Cooper, 'Smoking in the Soviet Union', ''Br Med J'' (Clin Res Ed). 21 August 1982; 285(6341): 549–551.</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Saudi Arabia has almost no restrictions against smoking. However, on 20 June 2010, the Council of Ministers urged the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) to ban smoking at all airports and their facilities in the Kingdom on Monday. It also advised GACA to impose a fine of SR200 on people who violate the new regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News |first=Arab |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article70606.ece |title=Smoking banned at airports |publisher=Arab News |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{Main|Smoking in Singapore}}
[[Image:Singapore-smoking-area.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A sign in Singapore to indicate that smoking is allowed]]
Smoking was banned in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the ban has been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.<ref>[http://app.mewr.gov.sg/view.asp?cid=168&nid=168&id=SAS765 Smoking Ban in Singapore]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2007, the ban was extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for the construction of designated smoking rooms which can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

On 1 January 2009, the ban was extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. It was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/332003/1/.html |title=Smoking ban to be extended to more areas from January 2009 |publisher=Channelnewsasia.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smokers found flouting the rules are fined [[S$]]200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. The initiative was put forward by a team consisting of a lung cancer surgeon, medical officers, a university professor and a civil servant. The proposal has received strong public support and has attracted media interest.<ref> {{Cite web
| url= http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info
| title= Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign launched
| publisher=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore
}} </ref>
[[List of smoking bans#Proposed bans|Link to Section on Proposed ban in Singapore]]

===Serbia===
In Serbia, as of November 2010 smoking is prohibited in all enclosed public spaces including entertainment and restaurants, bars, internet cafes, which have to designate a special room for smoking to be allowed. The ban is obligatory for all hospitals, media houses and theaters, but mainly not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bojana Barlovac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian-inspectors-aim-to-stub-out-smoking-habit |title=Inspectors Start Stubbing Out Smoking in Serbia |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Slovenia===
On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.
The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment."<ref>[http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4994/5005/ Slovenia Gets Tough Anti-Smoking Legislation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

===South Africa===
The [[South African government]] passed the first [[Tobacco Products Control Act]] in 1993 and started implementing the act in 1995. The act regulated smoking in public areas and prohibited tobacco sales to people under the age of 16. Some aspects of tobacco advertising were also regulated for example labelling.<ref>[http://www.acts.co.za/tobacco/index.htm Tobacco Products Control Act 1993]</ref> The 1993 act was not considered to be comprehensive enough and the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. The act also restricts smoking in public places which includes the workplace, restaurants and bars and public transport. The act also stipulates penalties for transgressors of the law, and specifies the maximum permissible levels of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]]. The regulations were implemented in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/corp8.html |title=The Great South African Smokeout: Anna White, 2001 |publisher=Multinationalmonitor.org |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 which will seek to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the provisions of the Act. These amendments will also aim to bring the current law into [[compliance (regulation)|compliance]] with the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). This framework has been [[ratified]] by the [[South African government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article.php?a_id=106646 |title=Madlala-Routledge: Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill (29/03/2007) |publisher=Polity.org.za |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The South African government is currently looking at increasing the minimum legal age for smokers to 18.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,,2-7-12_2285432,00.html News 24: Smoking ban for under 18's? ]</ref>

===Spain===
From 2006 to 2010, Spain had a partial ban on smoking in public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4574734.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Spain sees smoking ban take hold | date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

After 2 January 2011, smoking is banned in every indoors public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may have 30% of smoking rooms; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also banned in childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8236170/Spain-introduces-smoking-ban.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Fiona | last=Govan | title=Spain introduces smoking ban | date=2 January 2011}}</ref>

Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoking ban, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in [[Marbella]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/10/spain.smoking/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Spain shutting down restaurant for defying smoking ban|date=10 February 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>

===Sweden===
In Sweden, smoking was banned in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs in June 2005. Smoking rooms are, however, allowed in these institutions. The smoking rooms contains a few restrictions; no serving or consumption of food or beverages are allowed in the smoking rooms and it may not cover more than 25% of the institution's total area. The ban was very popular amongst the population and even the industries affected.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article____13429.aspx Swedish snuff – not just for men – SWEDEN.SE]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, [[Swedish Prison and Probation Service|The Swedish Prison and Probation Service]] banned smoking indoors in prisons.<ref>{{Cite web| title='Rökfri kriminalvård'| publisher=Swedish Prison and Probation Service | author=| language=Swedish | url=http://www.kriminalvarden.se/templates/KVV_InfopageGeneral.aspx?id=4846 | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
The [[Swiss Federal Assembly]] enacted a law for the protection against passive smoking in 2008, which came into force on 1 May 2010. It prohibits smoking in enclosed, publicly accessible areas and in rooms that are workplaces for several persons. There are exceptions for bars and restaurants, which may allow smoking in separate, ventilated rooms or in establishments smaller than 80 square meters, but the federal statute allows for more stringent cantonal smoking bans.<ref name="BAG2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/00612/00764|title=Passivrauchen|last=[[Swiss Federal Office of Health]]|language=German, French and Italian|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

Until the ban came into force, each [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] determined its own smoking laws. As of June 2009, all cantons, with the exception of [[Zurich]], [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], [[Glarus]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Obwalden]] and [[Schaffhausen]], have banned smoking in enclosed public areas (although restaurants are exempt in [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]] and [[Nidwalden]]). The details of the restrictions vary somewhat, and in several cantons the bans will not enter into force until some time between 2009 and 2012. The ban in [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]] came into force on 31 October 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/geneva-smoking-ban-back-at-months-end.shtml?16218 |title=WRS | Geneva smoking ban back at month's end |publisher=Worldradio.ch |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Smoking in Syria}}
Smoking is banned inside cafes, restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree issued on 12 October 2009 and came in to force on 21 April 2010. Syria was the first Arab country to introduce such a ban.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The decree also outlaws smoking in educational institutions, health centres, sports halls, cinemas and theatres and on public transport. The restrictions include the [[nargile]], or waterpipe. According to the official news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], fines for violating the ban range from 500 to 100,000 Syrian pounds (US$11 to $2,169).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Syria smoking ban enters into force
| newspaper=BBC News
| date = 21 April 2010
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8634411.stm
| accessdate = 22 April 2010}}
</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8302794.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Assad decrees Syria smoking ban | date=12 October 2009 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

A decree in 1996 banned tobacco advertising while a 2006 law outlawed smoking on public transport and in some public places, introducing fines for offenders. Under-18s are not allowed to buy tobacco.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007.

===Thailand===
Indoor smoking ban effective in all indoor air conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

On 10 January 2008, Thailand announced that smoking would be banned in restaurants, bars, and open-air markets effective 10 February 2008. In addition to fines, those who fail to comply may be arrested. Most legal bars comply with these regulations, but in establishments that operate illegally or semi-legally the bans are mostly disregarded.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Smoking in Turkey}}
Turkey currently bans smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries.<ref name=BBC719>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8157747.stm|title=Turkey smoke ban extends to bars |publisher=BBC News |date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Turkey's smoking ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 69 liras (~€32/$45/£28) and bar owners who fail to enforce the ban could be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.<ref name=BBC719 />

Smoking was first banned in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92824 |title=New era begins in Turkish social life with smoking ban |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref>

On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also bans smoking in [[stadium|sports stadia]], and the gardens of mosques and hospitals. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking ban to include bars, restaurants, village [[coffeehouse]]s and [[nargile]] (hookah) bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7407985.stm|title=Turkey expands curbs on smoking |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2008}}</ref>

===Uganda===
In March 2004, smoking was banned in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

===United Arab Emirates===
Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started banning smoking in shopping malls and public places. States leading the ban on smoking include [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/January/theuae_January264.xml&section=theuae |title=Abu Dhabi plans ban on smoking in malls |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Ajman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/05/10158079.html |title=Gulf News – Ajman bans smoking in malls and markets |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Dubai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/May/theuae_May244.xml&section=theuae&col |title=Stricter smoking ban in Dubai |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=9 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/March/theuae_March403.xml&section=theuae |title=Smoking ban to be in place next year |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Since 1 July 2007 smoking bans have been in effect across the whole of the UK. Smoking bans were introduced in each country of the United Kingdom separately as decided by the [[devolved]] administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|Scotland]], [[List of smoking bans#Wales|Wales]], [[List of smoking bans#Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and [[List of smoking bans#England|England]].

====England====
{{Main|Smoking ban in England|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking became banned in indoor public places in England, including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, from 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) are excluded. Palaces were also excluded,<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Parliamentary Privilege First Report
| work=
| publisher=The Stationery Office
| date =4 September 2007
| url =http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt199899/jtselect/jtpriv/43/4309.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 4 September 2007 }}</ref> although members of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] agreed to ban all smoking in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'
| work=
| publisher=BBC News Online
| date =5 July 2007
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6273830.stm
| doi =
| accessdate = 12 August 2007 }}</ref> The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), £30 (~€45/~$60) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000). Smoking will be allowed to continue anywhere outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokefreeengland.co.uk |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, a confidential government briefing obtained by ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper reveals that provisions are in place for extending the ban to outdoor areas.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2725720.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Going for smoke: Today's ban is just the start. Could your home be next? | date=1 July 2007 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
In [[Northern Ireland]], a smoking ban has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.
Like Scotland, the smoking ban is more comprehensive in that places, such as phone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

A £200 fine may be levied by local councils if businesses fail to show signs.
An opinion poll showed that 91% of people supported the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|author=30/04/2007 – 07:15:42 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=308472&rss=rss2 |title=Northern Irish Smoking Ban |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacetobreathe.org.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=spacetobreathe.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{Main|Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005}}
On 26 March 2006, Scotland prohibited smoking in enclosed (more than 50% covered) public places, which includes public buildings, workplaces, sports stadiums, bars and restaurants. Exemptions are in place to allow hotel guests to smoke in their own rooms, as long as the hotel has designated them as smoking rooms. The law also bans smoking in bus shelters, phone boxes or other shelters that are more than 50% enclosed. It also prohibits smoking in trucks and vans which are owned by a company whether or not the driver is the only person inside. Businesses covered by the smoking ban must display a statutory smoking sign at the entrance to, and around the building<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/faqs/pdf/A4Poster.pdf |title=Standard no smoking sign in Scotland |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> as well as a Smoke-Free policy. Opinion polls at its introduction showed a clear majority of the Scottish public were in favour of the ban<ref>[http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=629&Itemid=] 'Widespread support for smoking ban in Scotland'</ref>

As in New Zealand, the ban was initially criticised by certain interested groups (e.g., publicans, cafe and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall owners, etc.) who feared that it would adversely impact their businesses. A survey published by the Scottish Beer & Pubs Association one year on from the ban concluded that "the number of pub licensed premises in Scotland has remained more or less constant over the last year"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishpubs.co.uk/Aboutus/News/PR%202006%20Licensing%20Statistics.pdf |title='Research on liquor licenses for Scotland, March 2007, SBPA' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> indicating fears of an adverse impact of the ban on the hospitality industry were unfounded. Widespread concerns prior to the ban about its impact on bingo halls<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/half-of-scottish-bingo-halls-threatened-by-smoking-ban-405794.html |title='Half of Scottish bingo halls threatened by smoking ban' |work=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prove harder to objectively assess: As at May 2008 there is anecdotal evidence<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4140 |title='Bingo related News, the Smokers Club inc.' |publisher=Smokersclubinc.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> to suggest an increase in closures of bingo halls since implementation of the ban. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted and speculation within the betting and gaming industry is that a decline could also be the result of demographic changes and increases in online gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bingo-uk.co.uk/smoking-bingo-players.htm |title='Smoking Ban, bingo.co.uk' |publisher=Bingo-uk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[NHS Scotland]] Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the ban was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=clearingtheairscotland.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following the ban reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/09/10081400 'Smoking ban brings positive results, the Scottish Government']</ref>

====Wales====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking was banned across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and public houses report increases in takings since the ban came into place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokingbanwales.co.uk/english/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokingbanwales.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, six months after the ban's implementation, the Licensed Victuallers Association (LVA), which represents pub operators across Wales, claims that pubs have lost up to 20% of their trade. The LVA says some businesses are on the brink of closure, others have already closed down, and there is little optimism that trade will eventually return to pre-ban levels.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Darren Devine |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/12/smoking-ban-has-hit-trade-says-lva-91466-19938086/ |title=ic Wales |publisher=icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=12 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Public places must display a special bilingual no smoking sign:
* "Mae ysmygu yn y fangre hon yn erbyn y gyfraith" (Welsh)
* "It is against the law to smoke in these premises" (English)

===United Nations===
As United Nations buildings are not the subject of any national jurisdiction, the United Nations has its own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradual introduction of partial smoking bans between 1985 and 2003, Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] introduced in 2003 a total ban on smoking at [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/468/96/doc/N0346896.DOC?OpenElement|title=Smoking ban at United Nations Headquarters}}</ref> Similar bans have not been introduced in field offices of the United Nations worldwide.

Some specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] and the [[WHO|World Health Organization]] have their own strict smoking bans which apply to their offices worldwide, but the same is not necessarily true for entities of the Secretariat, such as the [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]] and the [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)]]. Only on 13 December 2007, OCHA introduced a smoking ban applicable to all its field offices.

===United States===
{{double image|right|US states smoking bans.svg|325|Smoking ban key.svg|250|Map of current and scheduled future statewide smoking bans as of 11 November 2010.}}
{{Main|List of smoking bans in the United States}}
In the United States, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not attempted to enact any nationwide [[law of the United States|federal]] smoking ban. Therefore, smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of state and [[local government in the United States|local]] [[criminal law|criminal]] and [[occupational safety and health]] laws. As a result, the existence and aggressiveness of smoking bans varies widely throughout the United States, ranging from total smoking bans (even outdoors), to no regulation of smoking at all. Jurisdictions in the greater [[Southern United States|South]] tend to have the least restrictive smoking bans or no statewide smoking bans at all, while most of the rest of the country now has statewide bans on smoking in bars, restaurants and other workplaces.

According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of October 2009, 71% of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |title=Over 1600 municipalities in the United States have local laws that provide for some sort of restrictions on where smoking is a |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> though only 41.2% live under bans in all workplaces ''and'' restaurants ''and'' bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf |title="Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 2 October 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

As of November 2010, 27 states have enacted smoking bans in all general workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants (though many of these exempt tobacconists, cigar bars, casinos, and/or private clubs). Seven have enacted smoking bans that exclude all adult venues such as bars (and casinos where applicable). [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]] have particularized state laws banning smoking in specific places but leaving out all others. The remaining 11 states have no statewide smoking ban at all, though many cities and/or counties in most of those states have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees (though [[Oklahoma]] prohibits local governments from passing smoking laws at all).

As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. [[Guam]] prohibits smoking in restaurants, but the ban does not extend to workplaces or any other businesses. [[American Samoa]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] have no smoking bans.

===Uruguay===
{{Main|Smoking in Uruguay}}
In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.<ref name=bbcuruguay>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4761624.stm |title=Uruguay curbs smoking in public |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. [[President of Uruguay|President]] [[Tabaré Vázquez]], a practicing [[oncologist]], has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.<ref>[http://www.tobaccofree.org/news%20articles/2006-03-02-Associated-Press/2006-03-02-Associated-Press-Uruguay.htm?SITE=VACUL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Public smoking ban takes effect in Uruguay] – TobacoFree.org</ref>

===Vatican City===
On 1 July 2002 a law signed by [[Pope John Paul II]] became effective which banned smoking on all places accessible to the public and in all closed places of work within the Vatican City and within all extraterritorial [[properties of the Holy See]]. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory were already in force before that date for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-4800?l=english|title=Smoking Banned in Public Areas of Vatican|publisher=Zenit|date=28 June 2002|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport nationwide<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/17/content_6112701.htm |title=Xinhua – English |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=17 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

===Zambia===
Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400,000 or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290606.html allAfrica.com: Zambia: The Move by the Government to Ban Smoking in Public Places (Page 1 of 1)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=775667 |title=Zambia gets tough on smokers |work=The Times |location=UK |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Specific restrictions==
===Outdoor smoking bans===
{{Trivia|much of this info is already stated above|date=July 2010}}
*It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in Ireland. It was also the first country in the world to impose a ban on smoking outdoors within 3-metres of a public building.
*In the Australian state of Queensland, smoking is prohibited within four metres of entrances to public buildings, within 10 metres of children's playground equipment, in commercial outdoor eating or drinking areas, at patrolled beaches, and at all major sports stadiums.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atods/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp Outdoor public areas] Queensland Government</ref>
**Some beaches in [[Sydney, Australia]] have smoking bans in place.
**Smoking indoors or outdoors on land owned by the NSW Department of Education is banned
**From 1 March 2006, in [[Victoria, Australia]], smoking is banned from all covered train platforms, bus and tram stops.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/tobaccoreforms/index.htm Tobacco reforms] Victorian Government Health Information</ref>
*[http://www.cmh.org/ Cambridge Memorial Hospital] in [[Cambridge, Ontario]], Canada, enacted a total (outdoor) smoking ban, believed to be the first in the entire province if not country, as of October 2004. At the same time, [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in the nearby [[Waterloo, Ontario|city of Waterloo, Ontario]], proposed a similar total smoking ban on its property, after its [http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=158&s_id=146&sb_id=286&p_id=147 10 metre outdoor proximity ban] (enacted in 2002) failed. WLU was presumed to be the third Canadian (public) post-secondary institution to consider such measures, after Carleton and Acadia.
**Smoking is prohibited in [[Hamilton Street Railway]] bus shelters in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter as well as any less than 4 metres from any entrance in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].
**[[Calgary, Alberta]], banned all outdoor patio smoking at bars, restaurants and casinos on 1 July 2005. Nova Scotia did the same on 1 December 2006.
*[[Calabasas]], California, United States, banned smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest ban in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have banned smoking on their beaches, at least four other California cities (including San Francisco) ban smoking in parks or outdoor venues. For more information, see [[List of smoking bans in the United States#Outdoor smoking bans]].
**[[Belmont, California]], banned smoking in outdoor places on 25 September 2007. This ban also applies inside condos, apartments and other kinds of multi-unit housing.<ref>[http://www.belmont.gov Welcome to Belmont] The City of Belmont</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/12/BAG9ROK7LN3.DTL Belmont to hold meeting about proposed anti-smoking law] San Francisco Chronicle, 12 March 2007</ref>
**California has banned smoking within {{convert|20|ft|m}} of entrances to any public building.
*Selected wards in Tokyo, Japan, prohibit smoking on the streets. This ban is enforced and violators are fined. In response, free smoking cafes have been provided by [[Japan Tobacco]].
**56% of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda ward]]'s land area is a no smoking zone as of April 2007.
**[[Kyoto]], Japan, has banned smoking on 7.1 km of its streets in 2007, including busy areas along [[Kawaramachi]], [[Karasuma]]-dori and [[Shijo Street]] avenues.
**[[Railway stations]] in Japan are no-smoking except for a few remaining long distance services.
*Many English [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] [[Primary Care Trust|PCTs]] ban smoking on it premises both inside and outside hospitals, even places such as the car park and bus stations.
* In Hong Kong, smoking ban is imposed on most public recreational areas and beaches. It is up to districts to designate which public recreational areas are exempt, and some ban smoking districtwide. Many playgrounds in public housing estates have also become smoke-free. Some public transport interchanges, as designated by the government, bans smoking since 1 September 2009.
*Smoking is banned on all railway platforms in England, regardless of whether they are covered or not. These measures were introduced well before any national smoking ban for safety reasons<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/faq/vehicles.html#train |title=Non-smoking train platforms |publisher=Smokefreeengland.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
*It is illegal to smoke on the outdoor property of the institutions of public education in Slovenia, penalties are dictated by internal orders of the concerned institutions.
* It is illegal to smoke in some bus shelters (complex rules determine which, leading to them being largely ignored) and phone boxes in Scotland.

===Other restrictions===
In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, bans enacted earlier allow for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

* Turkmenistan, under decree from [[President for life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], has banned the chewing of tobacco.
*All public and Catholic schools in the [[Region of Waterloo]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, banned smoking on school property in Autumn 1994. A province-wide smoking ban on school property was slated to begin for the 2007/2008 school year in [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*A [[tobacco fatwa]] was issued in Iran in 1891 and Egypt in 2000.
*Australia has a federal law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all smokeless tobacco products. The sale of oral snuff and chewing tobacco has been banned since 1989 under the Trade Practices Act 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P278_IA.pdf |title=Please Refer To Anzfa'S Guide To Applications And Proposals For A More Detailed Explanation Of The Process On How To Undertake |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed bans==
In the Czech Republic, there is a bill to prohibit smoking in all public areas and in all enclosed areas in pubs, restaurants, bars and others that do not have a separate room designated for smoking that has permanent ventilation and does not have an effect on smoke-free sections. There have recently been several bills proposing similar smoking restrictions, but these have never been enacted by the [[Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>[http://www.cbw.cz/phprs/2007070221.html Restaurants oppose smoking bill]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

[[New Caledonia]] is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a recent 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Posted at 00:53 on 2 June 2007 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=32704 |title=New Caledonia in line for anti-smoking law |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] has introduced legislation to ban smoking in vehicles carrying passengers below the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northernnews.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=943397 |title=Newspaper |publisher=Northernnews.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1928 |title=Legislative Assembly of Ontario | Bills & Lawmaking | Current Parliament | Bill 11, Protecting Children and Youth from Second-Hand Smoke in Automobiles Act, 2007 |publisher=Ontla.on.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government of [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in Japan has compiled a basic plan for an ordinance to ban smoking in hotels, restaurants and other public places to be submitted to legislature in March 2009. It has been passed as a toned down version coming into effect April 2010 whereby smoking is banned in hospitals, schools and government offices, and requires restaurants and hotels to choose between becoming nonsmoking or creating separate smoking areas.

In Bulgaria the Ministry of Health is considering a ban on tobacco smoking in all public places by the summer of 2010. Bulgaria has an engagement to restrict tobacco smoking by 2011 with the [[World Health Organization]].
In Saudi Arabia, smoking is prohibited in public places<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novinar.net/?act=news&act1=det&stat=center&mater=Mjc2MDs1OQ==&sql=Mjc2MDszNQ== |title=Пълна забрана на пушенето след една година (in Bulgarian) |publisher=Novinar.net |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Niue]] is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10520567 |title=World's smallest state aims to become first smoke-free island paradise – World – NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=9 July 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Singapore citizens launched an online campaign to support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info |title=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore | Support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000 |publisher=Tobaccofreesingapore.info |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Lack of smoking bans==
Some countries have no legislation against smoking whatsoever. These countries include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and many other countries in Central and Western Africa, where people can smoke wherever they want and often culture is in favor of the smoker.

==See also==
*[[Smokeasy]]
{{Smoking by country}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inforesearchlab.com/bansmoking.chtml Smoking bans around the world] (updated)
*[http://ask.yahoo.com/20070214.html List of countries with smoking bans (Yahoo)]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/map-globalsmokingbans/ Interactive map on some global smoking bans]
*[http://edutube.org/interactive/prevalence-smoking-men-and-women/ Interactive map on prevalence of smoking among men and women]
*[http://www.tobacco.org/articles/category/smoking_bans/ Smoking ban news]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Smoking Bans}}
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Smoking bans]]

[[cs:Seznam zákazů kouření]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwaharddiadau ysmygu yn ôl gwlad]]
[[es:Ley antitabaco]]
[[fr:Législation sur le tabac]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen met een rookverbod]]

Hussigny-Godbrange

2011-03-10T14:01:58Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{Infobox French commune
|name = Hussigny-Godbrange
|region = [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]]
|department = [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]]
|arrondissement = [[Arrondissement of Briey|Briey]]
|canton = [[Canton of Herserange|Herserange]]
|INSEE = 54270
|postal code = 54590
|mayor = Laurent Righi
|term = 2008–2013
|intercommunality = [[Communauté de communes de l'agglomération de Longwy]]
|longitude = 5.875
|latitude = 49.4936111111
|elevation m = 423
|elevation min m = 275
|elevation max m = 445
|area km2 = 15.37
|population = 3142
|population date = 2004
|metro area km2 = 6346
|website = [http://www.mairiehussignygodbrange.fr Site Officiel d'Hussigny-Godbrange]
}}

'''Hussigny-Godbrange''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]] [[Departments of France|department]] in north-eastern [[France]].

It lies near the border with [[Luxembourg]].

Hussigny-Godbrange is a historic center of Italian immigration in France. Therefore it was called "Little Italy."

==See also==
*[[Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department]]

{{Meurthe-et-Moselle communes}}

[[Category:Communes of Meurthe-et-Moselle|Hussignygodbrange]]

{{MeurtheMoselle-geo-stub}}

[[ceb:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[de:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[es:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[fr:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[it:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[lb:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[nl:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[pl:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[pt:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[ru:Юссиньи-Годбранж]]
[[uk:Юссіньї-Годбранж]]
[[vi:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[vo:Hussigny-Godbrange]]
[[war:Hussigny-Godbrange]]

List of smoking bans

2011-03-07T08:46:11Z

Baltshazzar: Source: Global Voices 2009, www.globalsmokefreepartnership.org

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
This is a '''list of [[smoking ban]]s''' by country. Smoking bans are public policies, including [[criminal law]]s and [[occupational safety and health]] regulations, which prohibit [[tobacco smoking]] in workplaces and/or other [[public space]]s. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/36/00601-01.htm
|title=36-601.01 – Smoke-free Arizona act
|author=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date=
|work=Arizona Revised Statutes Title 36 – Public Health and Safety
|chapter=6. Public Health Control
|publisher=Arizona State Legislature
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Jun. 2009
}}</ref>
[[Image:Smoking bans.png|thumb|350px|Smoking bans worldwide as of March 2011:
{{legend|grey|no restrictions or no data}}
{{legend|yellow|patchy and incomplete bans, low enforcement}}
{{legend|pink|no national ban, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|orange|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, or weak enforcement in indoor entertainment areas}}
{{legend|red|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|brown|strong national ban in all public indoor areas with some exceptions}}
Note: Countries with all subnational entities having a ban equates to a nationwide ban here, such as for Canada and Australia]]

{{TOC right}}
[[Image:No smoking symbol.svg|thumb|180px|A [[pictogram]] often used where a smoking ban is in order.]]

==Bans==
===Albania===
A law went into effect on 26 May 2007 banning smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco. The measure has been largely ineffective and not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-urged-to-enforce-smoking-ban |title=Albania urged to enforce smoking ban |publisher=Balkaninsight.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Andorra===
Since 2004, smoking is banned in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.<ref>[http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1794 Una proposta ciutadana vol que no es pugui fumar a la feina] – Diari d'Andorra</ref>

===Argentina===
{{Main|Smoking in Argentina}}
A 2006 smoking ban in Buenos Aires city prohibits smoking in public areas including bars and restaurants except if the bar is more than 100 m2 where it is possible to provide an area for smoking customers. Similar bans in other Argentine cities require bigger establishments to provide a separate, contained area for smoking customers. The rule is not nationwide.

===Armenia===
A law went into effect in March 2005 banning smoking in hospitals, cultural and educational and mental institutions and on public transportation. On 1 March 2006 new rules came into effect requiring all public and private institutions, including bars and restaurants, to allow smoking only in special secluded areas. Absence of any legal sanctions against those who violate the smoking laws have made them completely ineffectual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2006/03/484fbde7-796a-4798-b4d1-b99aa705fa47.asp |title=Smoking Restrictions Widened In Armenia |publisher=Armenialiberty.org |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|List of smoking bans in Australia}}
In Australia smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:
* South Australia: Smoking prohibited in all indoor dining areas since January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au/ |title=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |publisher=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Total enclosed public place smoking ban in force since November 2007
* Western Australia: Incremental restrictions introduced from January 2005 with a total ban on smoking in all enclosed public spaces taking effect from July 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=115987 |title=WA Government media statement, 28 November 2004 |publisher=Mediastatements.wa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Tasmania: Total indoor smoking ban in force since January 2006 {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}. From January 2008 the ban was extended to include smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html |title=Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania |work=The Australian |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Queensland: Comprehensive ban in effect since July 2006. Smoking is prohibited in all pubs, clubs, restaurants and workplaces, commercial outdoor eating and drinking areas, outdoor public places, and within 4 metres of non-residential building entrances<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.qld.gov.au/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp |title=Outdoor public areas |publisher=Health.qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Australian Capital Territory: A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since December 2006{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* Victoria: : A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since July 2007{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* New South Wales: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in July 2007. From 1 July 2009, smoking in a car with a child under the age of 16 is against the law. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 creates a new offence of smoking in a car with a child under 16 years of age in the vehicle. A $250 on the spot fine applies to the driver and any passenger who breaks the law and this will be enforced by NSW Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/healthpromotion/tobacco/smoke_free_cars.asp |title=Smoke-free Cars – NSW Department of Health |publisher=Health.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Northern Territory: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in 2 January 2010.

===Austria===
Austria has implemented several laws which limit or outlaw smoking in certain areas:
* Smoking is prohibited in all offices with certain exceptions such as bars, discos, restaurants etc. If all employees agree on allowing smoking in a work place, smoking may continue.
* Smoking was banned from all trains and train stations when Germany introduced such a ban in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1350131.php |title=Austria inches towards smoking ban |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=31 August 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* As of January 2009, a new law was put in place which mandates all restaurants, bars, discos and pubs which are larger than 80m² to introduce smoking rooms and non-smoking rooms. Below 50m² the owner may opt to either be a smoking or non-smoking place, between 50m² and 80m² there is an option under certain circumstances. The law provides for a very long transition phase.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/getaways/03/05/austria.germany.travel/index.html |publisher=CNN | accessdate=4 April 2010 | title=A wunderbar welcome in Austria and Germany - CNN.com | date=5 March 2009}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

===Bahrain===
Bahrain outlawed smoking in public places on 27 February 2008.

===Belgium===
* 2005: Companies should have implemented smoking plans to discourage smoking.
* January 2006: Smoking prohibited in the work area.
* January 2007: Smoking banned in restaurants and bars, except in the ones that serve "light meals" (e.g. cold meals, pizzas and warm meals that are served with bread instead of French fries) ''and'' have less of 30% of their sales from food servings. Small bars are also not included in the ban. Most large bars, such as concert venues, do little to enforce the ban.
* September 2008: Smoking no longer allowed in schools.
* January 2010: After a general smoking ban, including all types of bars had been discussed, this has been watered down to a smoking ban applying only when food is served.<ref>[http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=G692344PG General smoking ban on 1 July 2010]</ref>

===Bermuda===
As of 1 October 2006, all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda are smoke-free, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.<ref>[http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=31037&TM=10964.17 Smoking ban kicks in on Sunday] – Bermuda Sun</ref>

===Bhutan===
Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco would still be permitted with very heavy taxes.<ref>''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]'': [http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation] by Eric Weiner</ref> Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright. However, there is little enforcement. Cigarettes are widely smuggled, and bars in the Bhutanese capital Thimphu are usually smoky.

The National Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/newsDetail.php?id=1331%20&%20cat=5 |title=Bhutan Portal |publisher=Bhutan.gov.bt |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> decided on 10 July 2009 to lift the ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products while discussing the tobacco control bill.

The council, with a majority, agreed to delete the section C in chapter three of the bill, which says, “No person shall sell tobacco and tobacco products.” The council chairperson, Namgay Penjore, said that they discussed including a new clause to control the sale of tobacco and tobacco products through pricing.

Council members said that the ban on the sale was ineffective and led to a black market. Some said tobacco was easily available anywhere, but at exorbitant prices because of the ineffective ban.

“The idea is to make tobacco expensive by imposing higher taxes,” said the chairperson. The name of the bill is “Tobacco control bill” and not ‘… ban’. “The change (deleting the clause) was to do away with the thriving black market,” he said.

Meanwhile, the council also suggested inserting another clause restricting the sale of tobacco products to youth below 18 years. However, Namgay Penjore said the bill was still under discussion and not endorsed. The bill will be submitted to the National Assembly.

3 June 2010 
According to the bill, people selling tobacco products will be punished for the offence of misdemeanor liable for a prison term of one to three years. Smuggling tobacco products into the country will be punished for the offence of felony of fourth degree liable for prison term of three to five years.
However, the bill was passed with 61 “yes” votes and five “no” votes.
Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency (BNCA) will serve as the secretariat of tobacco control office and its board members will also be the board members of the tobacco control board, according to Health Minister.
The tobacco control board, among other functions, will provide effective leadership and coordination in implementing the act, formulate and implement national tobacco control strategy, monitor the enforcement of the provisions under the act and approve rules framed under the act.
Health Minister said that, once His Majesty gives his assent to the bill, the rules and regulations will be drafted

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the nation has banned smoking in public buildings since 1 September 2007.

===Brazil===
In Brazil, the sale and consumption of tobacco for 18 years older citizens is legal. However, product advertising on television and radio is prohibited. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse health effects.

Smoking is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces, such as shopping malls and libraries, except for specifically- designated smoking areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/LEIS/L9294.htm |title=Article 2 of Brazil Federal law no. 9294 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In restaurants there should be a non smoking section but in reality most restaurants end up having tables side by side, one for non-smokers and another where smoking is allowed. Tobacco advertising is restricted to posters in shops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/leis/L9294.htm |title=Law 9294, 15 July 1996 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo, the most important Latin American state in economic terms, became the first in Brazil to adopt the most comprehensive ban, being followed by Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.<ref>http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/usr/share/documents/legislacao.pdf</ref> Under the new regulation there are no smoking sections in any place around the state.

The law became effective from 7 August 2009 with smoking forbidden in all indoor and enclosed public spaces such as bars and restaurants, clubs, shopping malls, movie theatres, banks, supermarkets, bakeries, chemist shops, health places, government offices and schools.

Also it is no longer allowed on work and study places, libraries, buses, cabs, commercial and residential common areas, hotels and inns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/ |title=Portal da Lei Antifumo – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |publisher=Leiantifumo.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo government has graduated 500 specialised agents to make sure the rule is respected at all times. The first team was trained to measure ambient smoke in an area and to warn smokers about the risks for their health.

Anybody violating the law is charged with a fine. Public sites can be punished with a maximum fine of R$ 1.585,00 (Brazilian currency, ~USD 800,00). If there is a second infraction the site is closed. According to surveys, 88% of São Paulo’s inhabitants support the Smoke Free Law.

===Bulgaria===
Banned in all indoor public spaces except bars and restaurants and clubs.

===Canada===
{{Main|Smoking in Canada}}
In [[Smoking in Canada|Canada]], indoor smoking is banned by all territories and provinces and by the federal government. As of 2010, legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent, despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction. The federal government's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses, such as airports. Smoking rooms are not permitted.

===Chile===
Chile bans smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking in universities indoors is banned, however, smoking is allowed outdoors. Restaurants, with large eateries (over 100 m²) must have fully partitioned nonsmoking sections. Smaller restaurants can choose between being smoke free or being for smokers. The same with cafes and pubs. Clubs, despite their size, are able to choose between being smoke free or being for smokers, however, in practice all clubs are "for smokers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/aug06/08-15-06-1.html |title=Chile: New Smoking Ban in Effect [08/15/06-1] |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Smoking in the People's Republic of China}}
[[Shanghai Municipality]] expanded smoking bans from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, effective 1 March 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/11/content_12629545.htm |title=Shanghai to impose wider ban on smoking in public venues_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and had attempted to ban smoking in restaurants for the [[2010 World Expo]], but restaurants do not stick to the ban and it is not enforced.

In [[Guangdong]] Province, the municipalities of [[Guangzhou]] and [[Jiangmen]] banned smoking in public places in 2007, but the law is not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm |title=Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places |publisher=Newsgd.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
{{Main|Smoking in Hong Kong}}
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Hong Kong]] has seen all public smoking banned from 1 January 2007 under the [[Hong Kong Government|government]]'s revised [[Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance]] (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades has been in place since July 1998.

An anomaly to the smoking ban is on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and Mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and the Chinese Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Any person who smokes or carries a lighted tobacco product in a statutory no smoking area commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a maximum fine of HK$5,000. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Hong Kong does not place the onus on licensees of liquor licensed premises to enforce smoking bans with subsequent loss of licence for non compliance. A new law, that was to enter into force in September 2009, provides for fixed-penalty arrangement (HK$1,500) for smoking, on a par with that for littering. At the same time smoking will be banned in designated public transport interchanges, but the government has yet to clarify how it will enforce this against non Hong Kong ID card holders and tourists, since the offender has 21 days after the ticket issue to pay up.

The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in China 63% of males smoke.

The government has mentioned a full-ban of tobacco import and smoking is technically possible in Hong Kong upon the release of the budget in 2009. However, as the decreasing daily smoking rate in recent years mainly due to increasing tobacco tax, the government currently has no further plans to control sales of tobacco other than by adjusting taxation.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

===Colombia===
{{Main|Smoking in Colombia}}
In summer 2009, Colombia has extended its existing tobacco control regulations by requiring all indoor work places and public places be immediately smoke-free; prohibiting tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship, and the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ on packaging, requiring large, pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging (covering 30 per cent of the front and back) within a year, preventing the sale of tobacco products to minors; and mandating public education programs on the deadly effects of tobacco use.

===Croatia===
On 22 November 2008 the Croatian Parliament passed legislation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/342110.html |title=125 29.10.2008 Zakon o ograničavanju uporabe duhanskih proizvoda |publisher=Narodne-novine.nn.hr |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prohibiting smoking in public institutions such as hospitals, clinics, schools, nurseries and universities with infractions punishable with up to 1000 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]] (140 euros). A notable exception in the Act are psychiatric wards in Croatia's hospitals. The ban went further in May 2009 when smoking was banned in all enclosed public areas including bars, restaurants and cafes. The smoking ban applies to all public areas where non-smokers could suffer from secondhand smoking including open public areas like sport stadiums, arenas, open air theatres, tram and bus stations etc.<ref>[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_10_125_3560.html Law on restriction of tobacco-product use] ''Narodne novine 125/08'''</ref>
It is estimated that 30 percent of Croatia’s adult population are smokers.<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14639/ "Croatia Bans Smoking"] ''[[Balkan Insight|balkaninsight.com]]'' 7 Nov. 2008 Link accessed 7 Nov. 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/news/croatia/2984810/index.do;jsessionid=D79A733AC59D1CA3E5574A6864ED2916.2 Croatia banning smoking] ''vecernji.hr'''</ref> On 10 September 2009 the ban on smoking in bars and cafes in Croatia was partially repealed for a grace period until 9 April 2010, local media has reported. Proprietors with establishments that are up to 50 sq m that meet very strict conditions will now be able to choose whether to allow smoking. One of the conditions is a ventilation system that is able to change indoor air at least 10 times per hour. Until March 2010 only 16 (out of 16 000) establishments in all of Croatia have met the conditions and have been permitted to allow smoking.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/2010/03/15/od-16000-kafica-pusacki-status-z.aspx "Od 16.000 kafića, pušački status zatražilo samo 16 ''Novi list''']</ref> Larger establishments will have to include a designated and separately ventilated smoking area<ref>{{Cite web|author=byNick Iliev |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2009/09/11/783081_croatia-reverses-smoking-ban-in-public-places |title=Croatia reverses smoking ban in public places – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cuba===
Cuba has banned smoking in most work places, cigarette machines removed and it has been illegal to sell tobacco products close to schools since February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/no-smoking.htm |title=In a country famed for its cigars, Cuba adds no-smoking rules |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=18 January 2005 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
On 9 July 2009 Cyprus passed a new law, tightening up ineffective 2002 legislation, that will ban smoking in bars, restaurants, nightclubs and workplaces effective 1 January 2010.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/cyprussmokinghealth ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Since the introduction of the smoking ban on 1 January 2010, compliance levels have been very encouraging. A spokesman for the restaurant & bar owners however have complained that the introduction of the smoking ban has led to a sharp drop in revenue<ref>{{Cite web|author=+ – Text size //var addthis_pub="49f59059007d44e8"; // |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/strong-compliance-smoking-ban/20100105 |title=Strong compliance with smoking ban |publisher=Cyprus Mail |date=5 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> but produced no evidence to support statement.

===Czech Republic===
The second German anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]].
In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from Austria at the end of World War I.<ref>{{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert|title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |pmid=9302840 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2008|quote=The first German antitobacco organization was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded.|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139}}</ref>
Currently, there is a law in force that bans smoking in some public places such as institutions, hospitals, bus stops and other public service stops, but not in restaurants, bars and clubs. In June 2009 the parliament approved a bill allegedly regulating smoking in public places. However, it only requires bars and restaurants where smoking is allowed, i.e. practically all of them, to post a sign.
In February 2011, the popular initiative "stop kouření" announces, that so far 115000 people have signed their petition demanding smokefree restaurants. The high cancer rate, the poor rating concerning tobacco control and possible corruption of members of the Czech parliament are denounced.<ref>[[http://www.praguepost.com/opinion/7561-petition-pushes-for-czech-smoking-ban.html Prague Post]]</ref>

===Denmark===
Since 15 August 2007, smoking in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, [[public transport]], and all private and public workplaces has been banned. Exemptions to the law are bars with a floor space less than 40 m² and offices only used by a single employee. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. The law has caused much controversy and is as of November 2007 not fully enforced.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Smoking in Ecuador}}
[[Smoking in Ecuador|Smoking]] is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador.<ref name="Ockene">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759503/
| title= Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes
| last= Ockene
| first= J. K.
| publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information
| year= 1996
| accessdate = August 2010
}}</ref> Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in [[Quito]] are generally respected.

===Estonia===
Smoking has been banned within indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Later a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (however still allowed in isolated smoking rooms).

===Faroe Islands===
Smoking banned in all enclosed public spaces since 1 July 2008.

===Finland===
{{Main|Smoking in Finland}}
Smoking has been banned in indoor public areas and workplaces from 1 March 1995, except in specially designated [[smoking room]]s; restaurants were included in 2007. Legislation aimed towards voluntary prevention of secondary smoking was enacted, but it was not successful. Few establishments installed ventilation systems capable of eliminating secondhand smoke. Dividing a restaurant into a smoking and non-smoking section was also an ineffective measure. Thus, smoking has been banned in all indoor public and workplaces, including bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants from 1 June 2007, except in those places which have been permitted a transition period of up to two years. Smoking in bars and trains is still allowed in enclosed smoking booths, where is not permitted to serve or consume food or drink. Many smaller bars have not been able to build such smoking booths and patrons have to smoke outside. The bans are respected by the general population.

As of early 2010, Finland plans to phase out smoking completely.<ref name="ban all smoking">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/finland-embarks-plan-will-ban-all-smoking-117181
| title= Finland embarks on plan that will ban all smoking
| publisher=National Business Review
| date= 15 January 2010
| accessdate = 13 August 2010
}}</ref>

===France===

Smoking is now banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, see below. However, a special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. until 1 January 2008,<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/SQHYN.htm Decree n°2006-1386 of 15 November 2006] taken as application of [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L3511-7 article L3511-7] of the Public Health Code, banning smoking in public places.</ref> although the French government allowed a day of reflection on New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7163178.stm |title=French cafes set to ban smoking |accessdate=28 Dec. 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 December 2007}}</ref> Opinion polls suggest 70% of people support the ban.<ref>{{Cite news| title=France to ban smoking in public | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6032125.stm | accessdate=9 Oct. 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=8 October 2006}}</ref> However, a recent story by Time Magazine suggests that smokers are now blatantly ignoring the smoking ban due to low enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news| title=
Smoking Ban? The French Light Up Again in Public | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1949817,00.html | accessdate=3 Jan. 2010 | work=Time | date=26 December 2009}}</ref>

Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m²; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they must have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; and cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}.

Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated. In larger establishments, smoking and non-smoking sections could be separate rooms, but often they were just areas within the same room.

A legal challenge against the new regulations was filed before the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]] in 2007, but was rejected.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0713.shtml Ruling of 19 March 2007] of the Conseil d'État ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=JADE&nod=JGXAX2007X03X000000300467 copy] on [[Légifrance]])</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Smoking in Germany}}
With some of Europe's highest smoking rates, Germany's patchwork of smoking bans continues to be contested.

In February 2009, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that the smoking bans in bars are being very weakly controlled by the authorities, and in many places the ban is not observed at all.<ref name="spiegel">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,609404,00.html|title=Dichter Qualm trotz Rauchverbot|last=Wiesel|first=Christian|date=28 Feb. 2009|work=Der Spiegel|language=German|accessdate=26 May 2009}}</ref>

===Greece===
[[Image:Anti-smoking Law Greece 1856.PNG|thumb|right|235px|[[Royal decree]] of 1856, introducing the first ban on smoking in modern Greece. Prohibition was valid only within state buildings and was grounded on the need to prevent [[accident]]s.]]
As of 2010, Greece is the country with the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epha.org/a/4088|title=2010 Eurobarometer survey on tobacco – European Public Health Alliance|last=Staff|date=13 July 2010|publisher=[[European Public Health Alliance]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> Since older legislation was not very efficient a new, stricter law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law bans smoking ''and'' consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all working places, transportation stations, in taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking is already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.us-winston.com/greece-to-ban-smoking-in-all-indoor-public-places/ |title=Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places | US Winston Online Club |publisher=Us-winston.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking is also prohibited in atria and internal areas with removable roofcovers or tents as well as in external seating areas that are surrounded by a tent and are not open from at least two sides.
Fines are particularly heavy for smokers who do not comply (fines range from 50 to 500 Euros) as well as for the working places or companies, i.e. restaurants, night clubs, pubs, etc. (fines range from 500 to 10,000 Euros). For those companies that violate the law for the 5th time in a row, the law orders for the closure of the specific company.

A special website ([http://www.smokestop.gov.gr www.smokestop.gov.gr]) and a telephone hotline for information as well as citizens to report any violations of the new law (tel: 1142) along with an extensive media campaign have been created to promote the 1 September smoking ban in Greece.
The government has signed an agreement with [[Harvard University]] the help in developing the government’s anti-tobacco policies and mounting publicity campaigns.<ref name="GR-HSPH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100008_27/07/2010_118631|title=Harvard to help in smoking ban|last=Staff|date=27 July 2010|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Harvard School of Public Health]] will also help Greece conduct research, organize conferences and train all the officials who will be involved in imposing the ban.<ref name="GR-HSPH" /> They will also help develop strategies to foster an anti-smoking culture, particularly among children.<ref name="GR-HSPH" />

The only exception to the law are airports. There, smoking is only permitted in special separated smoking booths equipped with separate ventilation systems and air filters. Currently only the [[Athens International Airport]] has installed such booths: one in the extra-[[Schengen]] arrival area before passport control and one in the intra-[[Schengen]] baggage claim area, both smoking booths are accessible only to arriving passengers. In all other Greek airports no smoking booths have been installed and smoking is totally prohibited inside terminal buildings.

===Guatemala===
Complete ban: Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions. Smoke-free in health-care facilities and governmental facilities{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

===Guernsey===
Smoking bans were introduced at different times in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]. Smoking was banned in all public places in the island of [[Guernsey]], including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, on 2 July 2006, under the ''"Smoking (Prohibition in Public Places and Workplaces) (Guernsey) Law 2005"''. Anyone who breaks the law, upon conviction, could be fined up to the maximum of £1000 (~€1150, ~$1470). Smoking is allowed anywhere outside and in whatever company.<ref>[http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/health---social-services/environmental-health---pollution-regulation/smoke-free-guernsey/ Information about the Guernsey smoking ban]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Alderney]], the [[States of Alderney]] passed anti-smoking legislation with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alderneyjournal.com/readnews.php?id=1145 |title=Alderney Journal |publisher=Alderney Journal |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoking in indoor public places remains legal in [[Sark]].

===Hungary===
Smoking has been banned for several years on public transport, hospitals, airports and in public and federal buildings, including the Parliament. From 2010, a smoking ban is effective on [[playground]]s and [[underpass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/08/05/matol_tilos_a_dohanyzas_az_aluljarokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Mától tilos a dohányzás az aluljárókban |publisher=Index.hu |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Several cities are already banning smoking in public transport stops – [[Szeged]] from June 2007, [[Pécs]] from early 2009,<ref>[http://index.hu/belfold/2009/03/12/varosok_csatlakoztak_a_dohanytilalomhoz/ Városok csatlakoztak a dohánytilalomhoz. Index.hu]</ref> [[Budapest]] in early 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/12/15/tilos_lesz_a_dohanyzas_a_bkv-megallokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Tilos lesz a dohányzás a BKV-megállókban |publisher=Index.hu |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A complete ban (all public spaces) is effective from mid 2011.<ref>http://index.hu/belfold/2011/02/25/kitiltjak_a_cigit_a_kocsmakbol/</ref>
<ref>http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20110223-dohanyzas-betiltjak-a-vendeglatohelyeken-kocsmakban-ettermekben-a-cigit.html</ref><ref>http://www.parlament.hu/irom39/02489/02489.pdf</ref>

===Iceland===
{{Main|Smoking in Iceland}}
Smoking and the use of other tobacco products is banned in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/134/2002006.html |title=2002 nr. 6 31. janúar/ Lög um tóbaksvarnir |publisher=Althingi.is |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===India===
A nationwide ban on smoking at the workplace and in restaurants, hotels, pubs, public transport (buses, trains and metros), airports and railway stations, educational institutions, cafes, theatres and other public places came into effect from 2 October 2008. Smoking in open areas like roads, parks, etc. and inside one's home and car is however allowed. Smoking is also permitted in restaurants, bars and pubs having designated separate smoking areas. Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of Rs 200(INR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |publisher=Spiritindia.com |date=23 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Advertising of tobacco products had already been prohibited nationwide by an earlier law.

In 2007, [[Chandigarh]] became the first city in India to become 'smoke-free'. However despite there being some difficulties and apathy by the authorities<ref>Sarin, Jaideep, [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/chandigarhs-smoke-free-city-campaign-loses-steam_10070935.html "Chandigarh’s ’smoke-free city’ campaign loses steam"], [[Indo-Asian News Service]], New Delhi, 13 July 2008</ref> the Smoke-Free Chandigarh<ref>Website, [http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com "Smoke Free Chandigarh Website"], [[Burning Brain Society]], Chandigarh</ref> ban has been a success story. Taking a cue from the Chandigarh's success, cities like Shimla also followed the Smoke-Free Chandigarh model to become smoke-free.<ref>''The Hindu'', IANS, [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903111821.htm "Shimla to turn smoke-free soon"], Chandigarh</ref> The success of Chandigarh had been widely recognised and the architect of smoke-free Chandigarh [[Hemant Goswami]].<ref>''The Times of India'', [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3921985,prtpage-1.cms "Our Unsung Hero, Kicking the Butt"], Chandigarh</ref> was also awarded the Global Smoke-Free Partnership Award for the initiative.<ref>World Heart Federation, [http://www.worldheart.org/about-us/partnerships/global-smokefree-partnership/print.html?no_cache=1"Global Smoke Free Partnership"], Chandigarh</ref> The state of [[Kerala]] also had implemented a more relaxed ban on public smoking earlier though it was never properly followed. However since the nationwide ban, it is being enforced more strictly.

===Indonesia===
In [[Jakarta]]'s restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is banned. Restaurants which want to allow smoking have to provide a separate smoking space starting 4 February 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/bloomberg/sxsmoke.php |title=A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – ''International Herald Tribune'' |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> As in many Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/news/248932.html |title=Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban |publisher=Tobacco.org |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{Main|Smoking in Ireland}}
[[The Republic of Ireland]] became the first country in the world to institute an outright ban on smoking in workplaces on 29 March 2004. Before the total ban, smoking had already been outlawed in public buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurant kitchens, and on aircraft and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).<ref>[http://www.eu2004.ie/templates/standard.asp?sNavlocator=3,242,455 EU 2004 – "Smoking ban is first in world"]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, Ireland banned in-store [[tobacco advertising]] and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and new controls on tobacco [[vending machine]]s.

===Isle of Man===
The [[Isle of Man]] ban is similar to the one introduced in England. The ban came into effect on 30 March 2008.

The smoking ban also saw Europe's first smoke-free prison.<ref>[http://www.iomtoday.co.im/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=870&articleid=2015621 Exact Date Set For Smoking Ban – Isle Of Man Today]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Israel===
In Israel, it is forbidden to smoke in public closed places since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the restriction of smoking in public places|publisher=(in Hebrew) | url=http://www.linshom.com/law/public.htm|accessdate= 21 Nov. 2007}}</ref> The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The ban includes cafés, restaurants discos, pubs and bars, and it is illegal for owners of such places to put ashtrays anywhere inside closed spaces. Also, owners of public places must put "no smoking" signs and prevent visitors from smoking. They can also designate a well-ventilated and completely separate area for smokers, as long as the non-smokers' area does not fall below 75% of the whole area. The fine for owners of public places is [[New Israeli sheqel|₪]] 10,000 (around US$2,800) and for smokers – ₪ 5000.
In spite of all of this, the smoking bans in Israel are not effective and smoking remains extremely prevalent in public places, especially bars and clubs.

===Italy===
{{Main|Smoking in Italy}}
Italy was the fourth country in the world to enact a nationwide smoking ban. Since 10 January 2005 it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos. However, special smoking rooms are allowed. In such areas food can be served, but they are subjected to strict conditions: they need to be separately ventilated, with high air replacement rates; their air pressure must constantly be lower than the pressure in the surrounding rooms; they must be equipped with automatic sliding doors to prevent smoke from spreading to tobacco-free areas; they may occupy at most 50% of the establishment. Only 1% of all public establishments have opted for setting up a smoking room.
Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.
It is indeed allowed to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit on the outside tables and people still smoke there.

===Japan===
{{Main|Smoking in Japan}}
Although there are no consistent nationwide smoking bans in Japan and all moves to introduce such laws are strongly opposed by the powerful [[Lobbying|lobby]] groups, there are a growing number of local ordinances banning smoking. Smoking is forbidden on the streets of the [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] wards of Tokyo<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2292007.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Smoking ban on Tokyo's streets | date=2 October 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> for reasons of child safety (not health). Smoking is banned on most public transport and on many train station platforms, however enforcement mechanisms such as fines remain absent. [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] has implemented in April 2010 the nation's first prefecture-wide smoking ban, banning smoking in public facilities, including hospitals, schools and government offices. The ordinance requires large restaurants and hotels to choose whether to become nonsmoking or create separate smoking areas, while [[mah-jong]] and [[pachinko]] parlors, restaurants with floor space of up to 100 sq. meters and hotels of up to 700 sq. meters are merely required to "make efforts" to prevent passive smoking. Another Kanagawa ordinance last month to ban smoking at swimming beaches expected to be implemented in May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100402a5.html |title=Kanagawa enforces first antismoking code | The Japan Times Online |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Although still relatively few, there is a growing number of private businesses implementing smoking bans in restaurants, taxis, buildings and bars<ref>http://en.wa-shoi.com/?page=100595</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7083.php |title=Noose tightening on Japanese smokers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Jersey===
Smoking is restricted in public places in [[Jersey]] (a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]).

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825_restrictiononsmokinglaw1973_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Smoking Law |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> enabled the [[States of Jersey]] to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the ''Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825.30_restrictiononsmoking(publictransport)regs.1982_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Regulations |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973'' was amended by the ''Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fhtm%2fLawFiles%2f2006%2fL-24-2006.htm |title=Jersey Law | RESTRICTION ON SMOKING (AMENDMENT NO. 2) (JERSEY) LAW 2006 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> adopted 16 May 2006 which enabled the States to make regulations to prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

===Kazakhstan===
Kazakhstan partially banned smoking in public places on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/kazakhstan/?top_only=1 |title=Articles:Listing Kazakhstan |publisher=Tobacco.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A full ban was instituted in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan bans public smoking, raises drinking age|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 September 2009|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-NAuAgHUsedOw6RSuV_07PHo-5g}}</ref>
Enforcing the smoking ban appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.respublika-kaz.info/news/society/9121/ |title=Алматинские потомки японских камикадзе – Общество – Информационно-аналитический портал РЕСПУБЛИКА |publisher=Respublika-kaz.info |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Smoking in public indoor areas is banned in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, since July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11808541.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Kenyan capital Nairobi starts smoking ban |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Small private bars will be exempted. [[Mombasa]] already has a similar preexisting ban on smoking.

===Latvia===
As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely banned in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking area had to be larger than half of the total area. Smoking is also banned in parks and ten meters around governmental institutions, schools and public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

===Lithuania===
Smoking has been banned in restaurants, bars, places where food is served, clubs (except for special cigar and pipe clubs), and nightclubs since 1 January 2007. Furthermore, smoking on public transportation is forbidden except on long-distance trains with special facilities. The ban is well respected, at least in the main cities.

===Luxembourg===
Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt from the law. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés in which meals are served.

===Macedonia===
Macedonia has a strong national smoking ban in all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is banned in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010.<ref name="SETimes">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Railway line making a comeback
|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/10/23/roundup-bs-03
|publisher=SETimes.com
|date=23 October 2009
|accessdate=23 October 2009
}}</ref>
Smoking is not banned only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.<ref name="MINA">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Macedonia's Smoking Ban Obeyed
|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/11591/2/
|publisher=MINA
|date=4 January 2010
|accessdate=4 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
By official law, smoking is prohibited in [[Taxi-brousse|taxi-brousses]], but it is not enforced. The only places where they banned smoking is at Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also prohibited to smoke in the pubs and clubs.

===Malta===
In April 2004, smoking was banned in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed.

===Malaysia===
In all, 21 areas are banned, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning. However, enforcement is an issue, and the government plans to get tougher on offenders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/17/nation/18052672&sec=nation |title=Smoking ban to be extended |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seatca.org/upload_resource/%7B9285BDD5-8E92-4215-9FCE-A31CD321BC7A%7D_Malaysia%20Report%20Card.pdf Status Of Tobacco Use And Its Control – Malaysia Report Card]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/1/nation/6374646&sec=nation |title=No more puffing away at work |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Mexico===
Smoking in hospitals and airports has been banned for at least 15 years. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at the Cancun Airport. Mexico City's current smoking policy, passed in April 2004, requires physically separate smoking and non-smoking areas, and for non-smoking areas to make up at least 30% of all space in restaurants and bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/april04/04-07-04-2.html |title=Mexico City Imposes Tougher Smoking Laws (7 April 2004) |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A proposal debated early in 2007 to extend Mexico City's smoking policy into a complete ban for all restaurants, bars, schools, taxis, and buses, did not pass.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexsmoke29jun29,0,4368264.story?coll=la-home-center Mexican Smoking Bans] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> It was proposed again in the middle of 2007.

Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide.

Advertisement of tobacco products has been banned from TV and radio for roughly 6 years.

===Monaco===
There has been a ban on smoking in Monaco since 1 November 2008, but does not extend to bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

===Montenegro===
Smoking in public places is banned in Montenegro. The ban also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3527234.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Montenegro bans smoking in public | date=2 August 2004 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | first=Matt | last=Prodger}}</ref>

===Morocco===
Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill banning smoking in public places.

===Mozambique===
Since 2007, smoking has been banned in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.<ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/francisco/2007/11/smoking-banned.html] Blog of Francisco Cabo</ref><ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/jackie/2007/12/mozambique-bans.html#more] Blog of Jackie Tumwine</ref>

===Namibia===
On 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, one of the most comprehensive smoking bans in the world. The law, once in force will ban "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance".

The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/grnes-licht-fr-gesetzentwurf.102269.php |title=Namibian Newspaper |publisher=Az.com.na |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/bills_documents/44_tobacco_products_control_bill_b7-2009.pdf |title=B7-2009 Tobacco Control |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco legislation states that employers are obliged to take measures to ensure that employees are able to carry out their work without being bothered or affected by smoke from others. On 1 January 2008 [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] became the first European airport with a total smoking ban, however since August 2008 it has been allowed in the designated smoking rooms. Since 1 July 2008 the smoking ban has also applied to all hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes in The Netherlands. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking of [[cannabis]] (marijuana and hashish) in coffee-shops is permitted as long as it is not mixed with tobacco. In 2010 the new government spoke out against the smoking ban in small
catering businesses. The ban was widely ignored with statistics showing that around 41% of bars and discos had flouted the law.<ref name="BT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/smoking-ban-uturn-by-dutch-government-14995132.html |title=Smoking ban U-turn by Dutch government, Belfast Telegraph, 4 November 2010 |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2010 the new government lifted the ban for bars of 70 square metres or less which did not employ any staff other than the owner.<ref name="BT"/> Around 3,000 of the 5,500 bars in The Netherlands are staffed by the owner alone.<ref name="BT"/>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Tobacco in New Zealand}}
The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the [[Old Government Buildings (Wellington)|Old Government Building]] in [[Wellington, New Zealand]], in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.<ref>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/wellington/poneke-area/government-buildings/ Department of Conservation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

New Zealand passed an amendment to the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 law on 3 December 2003 (effective in 2004) which covers all indoor public workplaces and inside hospitality venues (pubs, bars, restaurants and casinos). Studies have shown very high levels of compliance with the law. Also the air quality inside hospitality venues is very good compared to similar settings in other countries where smoking is still permitted. In New Zealand, tobacco cannot be sold to anyone under 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |title=Smokefree Law |publisher=Moh.govt.nz |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the University of Auckland, in 2010). The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

There are also increasing numbers of local councils implementing educative smokefree policies. South Taranaki District Council was the first. In May 2005 the Council made its playgrounds, parks and swimming pools smokefree, as well as ensuring that all Council events held in South Taranaki parks were to be promoted as smoke-free events. At least 20 of New Zealand's other Councils have followed suit. (Source: www.smokefreecouncils.org.nz).

On 5 September 2007, [[Action on Smoking and Health]] (ASH) New Zealand called for the removal of tobacco from sale by 2017.<ref>[http://www.ash.org.nz/index.php?pa_id=4&news_id=159&expand_section=1 Welcome to ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

From the start of the first semester of 2010, New Zealand's largest university, the [[University of Auckland]], banned smoking on any of its property including inside and outside of buildings in areas that were once designated smoking areas. The university sprawls through most of Symonds Street and is the largest private complex in Auckland CBD.

:See [[Smoke-free Environments Act 1990]].

===Niger===
A decree banning smoking in public places in Niger was issued in September 2008. Fines range from 5,000 to 1 million [[CFA franc]]s, whilst there is also the possibility of a prison term.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7612387.stm Niger cabinet passes smoking ban] BBC News, 12 September 2008</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{Main|Smoking in Nigeria}}
Smoking is prohibited in public places in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806030435.html Nigeria: Smoking – Top Officials Defy Govt Order] Leadership, 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/africa-news/nigeria's-capital-city-bans-smoking-in-public-200806015574.html Nigeria's capital city bans smoking in public] Afrique en ligne, 1 June 2008</ref>

===Norway===
In Norway, smoking has been banned in public buildings, workplaces and public transportation since 1988. Since 1 June 2004, smoking is also banned in restaurants, bars, cafes, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norwegians ban smoking in bars |author=|publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3765071.stm |accessdate=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |author=|date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Innovation Norway]] |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Norway’s ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – A review of the first year |publisher=Directorate for Health and Social Affairs |date=May 2005 |pages= |url=http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00003/Norway_s_ban_on_smoki_3413a.pdf |format=PDF |version=IS-1275 E |accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref>

===Palestinian Authority===
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking [[Hookah|nargila]]s in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes], Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref> The [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)]] has arrested women for smoking in public.<ref name=Spyer>Jonathan Spyer, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza], Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009</ref> The park was burned down by masked men in September 2010, after being closed by the [[Hamas]].<ref name=afptorch>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas], AFP 19-09-2010</ref>

===Paraguay===
Effective April 2010, Paraguay has banned smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/paraguay-bans-smoking-in-all-closed-public-spaces_100346455.html |title=Paraguay bans smoking in all ‘closed public spaces’ |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.
The law had the following aspects:
Ban on tobacco use in public buildings and transportation,
limiting tobacco advertising,
banning tobacco sale within 50 meters from educational institutions, and
requiring “no smoking” signs displayed in public places.

===Peru===
In Peru, it is nominally illegal to smoke in any public place (indoors), according to Law 28704. The ban is normally not enforced.

===Philippines===
[[Davao]] has banned smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virgilio M Gaje |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060627.htm&no=3&date= |title=PIA Information Services – Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Pia.gov.ph |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Manila]] has banned smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as [[Makati]] in 2002 Ordinance 2002-090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/ |title=(Philippines) government news bulletin |publisher=Makati |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Caloocan]] has begun to established ordinance recently concerning about the anti-smoking bans in accordance with the Republic Act No. 9211 also known as Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.

Four jurisdictions have somefree regulations including bars and restaurants, albeit with designated smoking rooms permitted: [[Davao City]], [[Makati City]], [[Legazpi]] and [[Talisayan]].

Tobacco companies have misrepresented the science on [[secondhand smoke]] and have successfully prevented policies from being introduced at national level. There is also evidence that the [[tobacco industry]] is lobbying against local smokefree laws.

===Poland===
Smoking is banned in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc.).

Since 15 November 2010, it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos, though enclosed smoking areas within larger facilities are permitted, and smaller establishments will have the option of allowing smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|author=byAgnes Sekowski, The Krakow Post |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2010/11/09/990229_poland-smoking-ban-economics |title=Poland: smoking ban economics – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=9 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Portugal===
On 3 May 2007, the Portuguese parliament made a law banning smoking in all public places, except when proper air-ventilation systems are provided. It went into effect 1 January 2008. Smokers who break the law face a fine of up to €1000 (~US$1300) and establishments that break the law will face a fine of up to €2500 (~US$3400). The legal age to purchase tobacco is 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03723356.htm |title=Portugal bans smoking inside public places |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
The Law Num. 40 from 1993, the ''Law to Regulate the Smoking Practice in Public Places'', and its later 1996 amendment Law 133, regulate smoking in private and public places. The most recent modification established in [2 March 2007], Law 66, amended articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of Law Num. 40, forbids this practice inside jails, pubs, restaurants (including open-air terraces with one or more employees), bars, casinos, workplaces, educational institutions, cars with children under age 13 and most public places. Smoking sections are not allowed. Fines start at $250.

===Qatar===
The capital of Qatar, [[Doha]], banned smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=192251&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper – Qatar |publisher=Gulf-times.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia does not yet have a smoking ban in force, however there is some proposed legislation in the Duma.
The legislation, passed by the State Duma 406-0, bans smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings. It requires specially designated smoking areas to be set up and also requires restaurants and cafes to set up no-smoking areas. Russia's no smoking bill must go through two more readings in the Duma before being sent to the Federation Council for approval and to President Dmitry Medvedev for his signature.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-25-smoking_N.htm Smoking ban advances in Russia, Germany], ''USA Today'' However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking. See R. Cooper, 'Smoking in the Soviet Union', ''Br Med J'' (Clin Res Ed). 21 August 1982; 285(6341): 549–551.</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Saudi Arabia has almost no restrictions against smoking. However, on 20 June 2010, the Council of Ministers urged the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) to ban smoking at all airports and their facilities in the Kingdom on Monday. It also advised GACA to impose a fine of SR200 on people who violate the new regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News |first=Arab |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article70606.ece |title=Smoking banned at airports |publisher=Arab News |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{Main|Smoking in Singapore}}
[[Image:Singapore-smoking-area.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A sign in Singapore to indicate that smoking is allowed]]
Smoking was banned in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the ban has been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.<ref>[http://app.mewr.gov.sg/view.asp?cid=168&nid=168&id=SAS765 Smoking Ban in Singapore]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2007, the ban was extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for the construction of designated smoking rooms which can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

On 1 January 2009, the ban was extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. It was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/332003/1/.html |title=Smoking ban to be extended to more areas from January 2009 |publisher=Channelnewsasia.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smokers found flouting the rules are fined [[S$]]200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. The initiative was put forward by a team consisting of a lung cancer surgeon, medical officers, a university professor and a civil servant. The proposal has received strong public support and has attracted media interest.<ref> {{Cite web
| url= http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info
| title= Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign launched
| publisher=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore
}} </ref>
[[List of smoking bans#Proposed bans|Link to Section on Proposed ban in Singapore]]

===Serbia===
In Serbia, as of November 2010 smoking is prohibited in all enclosed public spaces including entertainment and restaurants, bars, internet cafes, which have to designate a special room for smoking to be allowed. The ban is obligatory for all hospitals, media houses and theaters, but mainly not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bojana Barlovac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian-inspectors-aim-to-stub-out-smoking-habit |title=Inspectors Start Stubbing Out Smoking in Serbia |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Slovenia===
On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.
The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment."<ref>[http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4994/5005/ Slovenia Gets Tough Anti-Smoking Legislation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

===South Africa===
The [[South African government]] passed the first [[Tobacco Products Control Act]] in 1993 and started implementing the act in 1995. The act regulated smoking in public areas and prohibited tobacco sales to people under the age of 16. Some aspects of tobacco advertising were also regulated for example labelling.<ref>[http://www.acts.co.za/tobacco/index.htm Tobacco Products Control Act 1993]</ref> The 1993 act was not considered to be comprehensive enough and the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. The act also restricts smoking in public places which includes the workplace, restaurants and bars and public transport. The act also stipulates penalties for transgressors of the law, and specifies the maximum permissible levels of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]]. The regulations were implemented in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/corp8.html |title=The Great South African Smokeout: Anna White, 2001 |publisher=Multinationalmonitor.org |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 which will seek to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the provisions of the Act. These amendments will also aim to bring the current law into [[compliance (regulation)|compliance]] with the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). This framework has been [[ratified]] by the [[South African government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article.php?a_id=106646 |title=Madlala-Routledge: Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill (29/03/2007) |publisher=Polity.org.za |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The South African government is currently looking at increasing the minimum legal age for smokers to 18.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,,2-7-12_2285432,00.html News 24: Smoking ban for under 18's? ]</ref>

===Spain===
From 2006 to 2010, Spain had a partial ban on smoking in public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4574734.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Spain sees smoking ban take hold | date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

After 2 January 2011, smoking is banned in every indoors public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may have 30% of smoking rooms; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also banned in childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8236170/Spain-introduces-smoking-ban.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Fiona | last=Govan | title=Spain introduces smoking ban | date=2 January 2011}}</ref>

Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoking ban, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in [[Marbella]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/10/spain.smoking/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Spain shutting down restaurant for defying smoking ban|date=10 February 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>

===Sweden===
In Sweden, smoking was banned in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs in June 2005. Smoking rooms are, however, allowed in these institutions. The smoking rooms contains a few restrictions; no serving or consumption of food or beverages are allowed in the smoking rooms and it may not cover more than 25% of the institution's total area. The ban was very popular amongst the population and even the industries affected.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article____13429.aspx Swedish snuff – not just for men – SWEDEN.SE]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, [[Swedish Prison and Probation Service|The Swedish Prison and Probation Service]] banned smoking indoors in prisons.<ref>{{Cite web| title='Rökfri kriminalvård'| publisher=Swedish Prison and Probation Service | author=| language=Swedish | url=http://www.kriminalvarden.se/templates/KVV_InfopageGeneral.aspx?id=4846 | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
The [[Swiss Federal Assembly]] enacted a law for the protection against passive smoking in 2008, which came into force on 1 May 2010. It prohibits smoking in enclosed, publicly accessible areas and in rooms that are workplaces for several persons. There are exceptions for bars and restaurants, which may allow smoking in separate, ventilated rooms or in establishments smaller than 80 square meters, but the federal statute allows for more stringent cantonal smoking bans.<ref name="BAG2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/00612/00764|title=Passivrauchen|last=[[Swiss Federal Office of Health]]|language=German, French and Italian|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

Until the ban came into force, each [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] determined its own smoking laws. As of June 2009, all cantons, with the exception of [[Zurich]], [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], [[Glarus]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Obwalden]] and [[Schaffhausen]], have banned smoking in enclosed public areas (although restaurants are exempt in [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]] and [[Nidwalden]]). The details of the restrictions vary somewhat, and in several cantons the bans will not enter into force until some time between 2009 and 2012. The ban in [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]] came into force on 31 October 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/geneva-smoking-ban-back-at-months-end.shtml?16218 |title=WRS | Geneva smoking ban back at month's end |publisher=Worldradio.ch |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Smoking in Syria}}
Smoking is banned inside cafes, restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree issued on 12 October 2009 and came in to force on 21 April 2010. Syria was the first Arab country to introduce such a ban.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The decree also outlaws smoking in educational institutions, health centres, sports halls, cinemas and theatres and on public transport. The restrictions include the [[nargile]], or waterpipe. According to the official news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], fines for violating the ban range from 500 to 100,000 Syrian pounds (US$11 to $2,169).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Syria smoking ban enters into force
| newspaper=BBC News
| date = 21 April 2010
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8634411.stm
| accessdate = 22 April 2010}}
</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8302794.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Assad decrees Syria smoking ban | date=12 October 2009 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

A decree in 1996 banned tobacco advertising while a 2006 law outlawed smoking on public transport and in some public places, introducing fines for offenders. Under-18s are not allowed to buy tobacco.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007.

===Thailand===
Indoor smoking ban effective in all indoor air conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

On 10 January 2008, Thailand announced that smoking would be banned in restaurants, bars, and open-air markets effective 10 February 2008. In addition to fines, those who fail to comply may be arrested. Most legal bars comply with these regulations, but in establishments that operate illegally or semi-legally the bans are mostly disregarded.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Smoking in Turkey}}
Turkey currently bans smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries.<ref name=BBC719>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8157747.stm|title=Turkey smoke ban extends to bars |publisher=BBC News |date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Turkey's smoking ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 69 liras (~€32/$45/£28) and bar owners who fail to enforce the ban could be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.<ref name=BBC719 />

Smoking was first banned in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92824 |title=New era begins in Turkish social life with smoking ban |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref>

On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also bans smoking in [[stadium|sports stadia]], and the gardens of mosques and hospitals. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking ban to include bars, restaurants, village [[coffeehouse]]s and [[nargile]] (hookah) bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7407985.stm|title=Turkey expands curbs on smoking |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2008}}</ref>

===Uganda===
In March 2004, smoking was banned in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

===United Arab Emirates===
Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started banning smoking in shopping malls and public places. States leading the ban on smoking include [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/January/theuae_January264.xml&section=theuae |title=Abu Dhabi plans ban on smoking in malls |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Ajman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/05/10158079.html |title=Gulf News – Ajman bans smoking in malls and markets |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Dubai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/May/theuae_May244.xml&section=theuae&col |title=Stricter smoking ban in Dubai |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=9 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/March/theuae_March403.xml&section=theuae |title=Smoking ban to be in place next year |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Since 1 July 2007 smoking bans have been in effect across the whole of the UK. Smoking bans were introduced in each country of the United Kingdom separately as decided by the [[devolved]] administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|Scotland]], [[List of smoking bans#Wales|Wales]], [[List of smoking bans#Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and [[List of smoking bans#England|England]].

====England====
{{Main|Smoking ban in England|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking became banned in indoor public places in England, including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, from 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) are excluded. Palaces were also excluded,<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Parliamentary Privilege First Report
| work=
| publisher=The Stationery Office
| date =4 September 2007
| url =http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt199899/jtselect/jtpriv/43/4309.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 4 September 2007 }}</ref> although members of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] agreed to ban all smoking in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'
| work=
| publisher=BBC News Online
| date =5 July 2007
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6273830.stm
| doi =
| accessdate = 12 August 2007 }}</ref> The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), £30 (~€45/~$60) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000). Smoking will be allowed to continue anywhere outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokefreeengland.co.uk |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, a confidential government briefing obtained by ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper reveals that provisions are in place for extending the ban to outdoor areas.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2725720.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Going for smoke: Today's ban is just the start. Could your home be next? | date=1 July 2007 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
In [[Northern Ireland]], a smoking ban has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.
Like Scotland, the smoking ban is more comprehensive in that places, such as phone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

A £200 fine may be levied by local councils if businesses fail to show signs.
An opinion poll showed that 91% of people supported the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|author=30/04/2007 – 07:15:42 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=308472&rss=rss2 |title=Northern Irish Smoking Ban |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacetobreathe.org.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=spacetobreathe.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{Main|Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005}}
On 26 March 2006, Scotland prohibited smoking in enclosed (more than 50% covered) public places, which includes public buildings, workplaces, sports stadiums, bars and restaurants. Exemptions are in place to allow hotel guests to smoke in their own rooms, as long as the hotel has designated them as smoking rooms. The law also bans smoking in bus shelters, phone boxes or other shelters that are more than 50% enclosed. It also prohibits smoking in trucks and vans which are owned by a company whether or not the driver is the only person inside. Businesses covered by the smoking ban must display a statutory smoking sign at the entrance to, and around the building<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/faqs/pdf/A4Poster.pdf |title=Standard no smoking sign in Scotland |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> as well as a Smoke-Free policy. Opinion polls at its introduction showed a clear majority of the Scottish public were in favour of the ban<ref>[http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=629&Itemid=] 'Widespread support for smoking ban in Scotland'</ref>

As in New Zealand, the ban was initially criticised by certain interested groups (e.g., publicans, cafe and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall owners, etc.) who feared that it would adversely impact their businesses. A survey published by the Scottish Beer & Pubs Association one year on from the ban concluded that "the number of pub licensed premises in Scotland has remained more or less constant over the last year"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishpubs.co.uk/Aboutus/News/PR%202006%20Licensing%20Statistics.pdf |title='Research on liquor licenses for Scotland, March 2007, SBPA' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> indicating fears of an adverse impact of the ban on the hospitality industry were unfounded. Widespread concerns prior to the ban about its impact on bingo halls<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/half-of-scottish-bingo-halls-threatened-by-smoking-ban-405794.html |title='Half of Scottish bingo halls threatened by smoking ban' |work=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prove harder to objectively assess: As at May 2008 there is anecdotal evidence<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4140 |title='Bingo related News, the Smokers Club inc.' |publisher=Smokersclubinc.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> to suggest an increase in closures of bingo halls since implementation of the ban. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted and speculation within the betting and gaming industry is that a decline could also be the result of demographic changes and increases in online gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bingo-uk.co.uk/smoking-bingo-players.htm |title='Smoking Ban, bingo.co.uk' |publisher=Bingo-uk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[NHS Scotland]] Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the ban was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=clearingtheairscotland.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following the ban reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/09/10081400 'Smoking ban brings positive results, the Scottish Government']</ref>

====Wales====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking was banned across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and public houses report increases in takings since the ban came into place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokingbanwales.co.uk/english/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokingbanwales.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, six months after the ban's implementation, the Licensed Victuallers Association (LVA), which represents pub operators across Wales, claims that pubs have lost up to 20% of their trade. The LVA says some businesses are on the brink of closure, others have already closed down, and there is little optimism that trade will eventually return to pre-ban levels.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Darren Devine |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/12/smoking-ban-has-hit-trade-says-lva-91466-19938086/ |title=ic Wales |publisher=icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=12 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Public places must display a special bilingual no smoking sign:
* "Mae ysmygu yn y fangre hon yn erbyn y gyfraith" (Welsh)
* "It is against the law to smoke in these premises" (English)

===United Nations===
As United Nations buildings are not the subject of any national jurisdiction, the United Nations has its own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradual introduction of partial smoking bans between 1985 and 2003, Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] introduced in 2003 a total ban on smoking at [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/468/96/doc/N0346896.DOC?OpenElement|title=Smoking ban at United Nations Headquarters}}</ref> Similar bans have not been introduced in field offices of the United Nations worldwide.

Some specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] and the [[WHO|World Health Organization]] have their own strict smoking bans which apply to their offices worldwide, but the same is not necessarily true for entities of the Secretariat, such as the [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]] and the [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)]]. Only on 13 December 2007, OCHA introduced a smoking ban applicable to all its field offices.

===United States===
{{double image|right|US states smoking bans.svg|325|Smoking ban key.svg|250|Map of current and scheduled future statewide smoking bans as of 11 November 2010.}}
{{Main|List of smoking bans in the United States}}
In the United States, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not attempted to enact any nationwide [[law of the United States|federal]] smoking ban. Therefore, smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of state and [[local government in the United States|local]] [[criminal law|criminal]] and [[occupational safety and health]] laws. As a result, the existence and aggressiveness of smoking bans varies widely throughout the United States, ranging from total smoking bans (even outdoors), to no regulation of smoking at all. Jurisdictions in the greater [[Southern United States|South]] tend to have the least restrictive smoking bans or no statewide smoking bans at all, while most of the rest of the country now has statewide bans on smoking in bars, restaurants and other workplaces.

According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of October 2009, 71% of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |title=Over 1600 municipalities in the United States have local laws that provide for some sort of restrictions on where smoking is a |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> though only 41.2% live under bans in all workplaces ''and'' restaurants ''and'' bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf |title="Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 2 October 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

As of November 2010, 27 states have enacted smoking bans in all general workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants (though many of these exempt tobacconists, cigar bars, casinos, and/or private clubs). Seven have enacted smoking bans that exclude all adult venues such as bars (and casinos where applicable). [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]] have particularized state laws banning smoking in specific places but leaving out all others. The remaining 11 states have no statewide smoking ban at all, though many cities and/or counties in most of those states have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees (though [[Oklahoma]] prohibits local governments from passing smoking laws at all).

As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. [[Guam]] prohibits smoking in restaurants, but the ban does not extend to workplaces or any other businesses. [[American Samoa]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] have no smoking bans.

===Uruguay===
{{Main|Smoking in Uruguay}}
In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.<ref name=bbcuruguay>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4761624.stm |title=Uruguay curbs smoking in public |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. [[President of Uruguay|President]] [[Tabaré Vázquez]], a practicing [[oncologist]], has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.<ref>[http://www.tobaccofree.org/news%20articles/2006-03-02-Associated-Press/2006-03-02-Associated-Press-Uruguay.htm?SITE=VACUL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Public smoking ban takes effect in Uruguay] – TobacoFree.org</ref>

===Vatican City===
On 1 July 2002 a law signed by [[Pope John Paul II]] became effective which banned smoking on all places accessible to the public and in all closed places of work within the Vatican City and within all extraterritorial [[properties of the Holy See]]. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory were already in force before that date for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-4800?l=english|title=Smoking Banned in Public Areas of Vatican|publisher=Zenit|date=28 June 2002|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport nationwide<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/17/content_6112701.htm |title=Xinhua – English |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=17 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

===Zambia===
Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400,000 or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290606.html allAfrica.com: Zambia: The Move by the Government to Ban Smoking in Public Places (Page 1 of 1)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=775667 |title=Zambia gets tough on smokers |work=The Times |location=UK |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Specific restrictions==
===Outdoor smoking bans===
{{Trivia|much of this info is already stated above|date=July 2010}}
*It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in Ireland. It was also the first country in the world to impose a ban on smoking outdoors within 3-metres of a public building.
*In the Australian state of Queensland, smoking is prohibited within four metres of entrances to public buildings, within 10 metres of children's playground equipment, in commercial outdoor eating or drinking areas, at patrolled beaches, and at all major sports stadiums.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atods/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp Outdoor public areas] Queensland Government</ref>
**Some beaches in [[Sydney, Australia]] have smoking bans in place.
**Smoking indoors or outdoors on land owned by the NSW Department of Education is banned
**From 1 March 2006, in [[Victoria, Australia]], smoking is banned from all covered train platforms, bus and tram stops.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/tobaccoreforms/index.htm Tobacco reforms] Victorian Government Health Information</ref>
*[http://www.cmh.org/ Cambridge Memorial Hospital] in [[Cambridge, Ontario]], Canada, enacted a total (outdoor) smoking ban, believed to be the first in the entire province if not country, as of October 2004. At the same time, [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in the nearby [[Waterloo, Ontario|city of Waterloo, Ontario]], proposed a similar total smoking ban on its property, after its [http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=158&s_id=146&sb_id=286&p_id=147 10 metre outdoor proximity ban] (enacted in 2002) failed. WLU was presumed to be the third Canadian (public) post-secondary institution to consider such measures, after Carleton and Acadia.
**Smoking is prohibited in [[Hamilton Street Railway]] bus shelters in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter as well as any less than 4 metres from any entrance in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].
**[[Calgary, Alberta]], banned all outdoor patio smoking at bars, restaurants and casinos on 1 July 2005. Nova Scotia did the same on 1 December 2006.
*[[Calabasas]], California, United States, banned smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest ban in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have banned smoking on their beaches, at least four other California cities (including San Francisco) ban smoking in parks or outdoor venues. For more information, see [[List of smoking bans in the United States#Outdoor smoking bans]].
**[[Belmont, California]], banned smoking in outdoor places on 25 September 2007. This ban also applies inside condos, apartments and other kinds of multi-unit housing.<ref>[http://www.belmont.gov Welcome to Belmont] The City of Belmont</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/12/BAG9ROK7LN3.DTL Belmont to hold meeting about proposed anti-smoking law] San Francisco Chronicle, 12 March 2007</ref>
**California has banned smoking within {{convert|20|ft|m}} of entrances to any public building.
*Selected wards in Tokyo, Japan, prohibit smoking on the streets. This ban is enforced and violators are fined. In response, free smoking cafes have been provided by [[Japan Tobacco]].
**56% of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda ward]]'s land area is a no smoking zone as of April 2007.
**[[Kyoto]], Japan, has banned smoking on 7.1 km of its streets in 2007, including busy areas along [[Kawaramachi]], [[Karasuma]]-dori and [[Shijo Street]] avenues.
**[[Railway stations]] in Japan are no-smoking except for a few remaining long distance services.
*Many English [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] [[Primary Care Trust|PCTs]] ban smoking on it premises both inside and outside hospitals, even places such as the car park and bus stations.
* In Hong Kong, smoking ban is imposed on most public recreational areas and beaches. It is up to districts to designate which public recreational areas are exempt, and some ban smoking districtwide. Many playgrounds in public housing estates have also become smoke-free. Some public transport interchanges, as designated by the government, bans smoking since 1 September 2009.
*Smoking is banned on all railway platforms in England, regardless of whether they are covered or not. These measures were introduced well before any national smoking ban for safety reasons<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/faq/vehicles.html#train |title=Non-smoking train platforms |publisher=Smokefreeengland.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
*It is illegal to smoke on the outdoor property of the institutions of public education in Slovenia, penalties are dictated by internal orders of the concerned institutions.
* It is illegal to smoke in some bus shelters (complex rules determine which, leading to them being largely ignored) and phone boxes in Scotland.

===Other restrictions===
In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, bans enacted earlier allow for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

* Turkmenistan, under decree from [[President for life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], has banned the chewing of tobacco.
*All public and Catholic schools in the [[Region of Waterloo]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, banned smoking on school property in Autumn 1994. A province-wide smoking ban on school property was slated to begin for the 2007/2008 school year in [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*A [[tobacco fatwa]] was issued in Iran in 1891 and Egypt in 2000.
*Australia has a federal law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all smokeless tobacco products. The sale of oral snuff and chewing tobacco has been banned since 1989 under the Trade Practices Act 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P278_IA.pdf |title=Please Refer To Anzfa'S Guide To Applications And Proposals For A More Detailed Explanation Of The Process On How To Undertake |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed bans==
In the Czech Republic, there is a bill to prohibit smoking in all public areas and in all enclosed areas in pubs, restaurants, bars and others that do not have a separate room designated for smoking that has permanent ventilation and does not have an effect on smoke-free sections. There have recently been several bills proposing similar smoking restrictions, but these have never been enacted by the [[Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>[http://www.cbw.cz/phprs/2007070221.html Restaurants oppose smoking bill]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

[[New Caledonia]] is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a recent 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Posted at 00:53 on 2 June 2007 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=32704 |title=New Caledonia in line for anti-smoking law |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] has introduced legislation to ban smoking in vehicles carrying passengers below the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northernnews.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=943397 |title=Newspaper |publisher=Northernnews.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1928 |title=Legislative Assembly of Ontario | Bills & Lawmaking | Current Parliament | Bill 11, Protecting Children and Youth from Second-Hand Smoke in Automobiles Act, 2007 |publisher=Ontla.on.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government of [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in Japan has compiled a basic plan for an ordinance to ban smoking in hotels, restaurants and other public places to be submitted to legislature in March 2009. It has been passed as a toned down version coming into effect April 2010 whereby smoking is banned in hospitals, schools and government offices, and requires restaurants and hotels to choose between becoming nonsmoking or creating separate smoking areas.

In Bulgaria the Ministry of Health is considering a ban on tobacco smoking in all public places by the summer of 2010. Bulgaria has an engagement to restrict tobacco smoking by 2011 with the [[World Health Organization]].
In Saudi Arabia, smoking is prohibited in public places<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novinar.net/?act=news&act1=det&stat=center&mater=Mjc2MDs1OQ==&sql=Mjc2MDszNQ== |title=Пълна забрана на пушенето след една година (in Bulgarian) |publisher=Novinar.net |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Niue]] is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10520567 |title=World's smallest state aims to become first smoke-free island paradise – World – NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=9 July 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Singapore citizens launched an online campaign to support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info |title=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore | Support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000 |publisher=Tobaccofreesingapore.info |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Lack of smoking bans==
Some countries have no legislation against smoking whatsoever. These countries include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and many other countries in Central and Western Africa, where people can smoke wherever they want and often culture is in favor of the smoker.

==See also==
*[[Smokeasy]]
{{Smoking by country}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inforesearchlab.com/bansmoking.chtml Smoking bans around the world] (updated)
*[http://ask.yahoo.com/20070214.html List of countries with smoking bans (Yahoo)]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/map-globalsmokingbans/ Interactive map on some global smoking bans]
*[http://edutube.org/interactive/prevalence-smoking-men-and-women/ Interactive map on prevalence of smoking among men and women]
*[http://www.tobacco.org/articles/category/smoking_bans/ Smoking ban news]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Smoking Bans}}
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Smoking bans]]

[[cs:Seznam zákazů kouření]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwaharddiadau ysmygu yn ôl gwlad]]
[[es:Ley antitabaco]]
[[fr:Législation sur le tabac]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen met een rookverbod]]

List of smoking bans

2011-03-01T10:29:29Z

Baltshazzar: /* Hungary */

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
This is a '''list of [[smoking ban]]s''' by country. Smoking bans are public policies, including [[criminal law]]s and [[occupational safety and health]] regulations, which prohibit [[tobacco smoking]] in workplaces and/or other [[public space]]s. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/36/00601-01.htm
|title=36-601.01 – Smoke-free Arizona act
|author=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date=
|work=Arizona Revised Statutes Title 36 – Public Health and Safety
|chapter=6. Public Health Control
|publisher=Arizona State Legislature
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Jun. 2009
}}</ref>
[[Image:Smoking bans.png|thumb|350px|Smoking bans worldwide as of 3 Jan 2011:
{{legend|grey|no restrictions or no data}}
{{legend|yellow|patchy and incomplete bans, low enforcement}}
{{legend|pink|no national ban, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|orange|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, or weak enforcement in indoor entertainment areas}}
{{legend|red|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|brown|strong national ban in all public indoor areas with some exceptions}}
Note: Countries with all subnational entities having a ban equates to a nationwide ban here, such as for Canada and Australia]]

{{TOC right}}
[[Image:No smoking symbol.svg|thumb|180px|A [[pictogram]] often used where a smoking ban is in order.]]

==Bans==
===Albania===
A law went into effect on 26 May 2007 banning smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco. The measure has been largely ineffective and not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-urged-to-enforce-smoking-ban |title=Albania urged to enforce smoking ban |publisher=Balkaninsight.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Andorra===
Since 2004, smoking is banned in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.<ref>[http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1794 Una proposta ciutadana vol que no es pugui fumar a la feina] – Diari d'Andorra</ref>

===Argentina===
{{Main|Smoking in Argentina}}
A 2006 smoking ban in Buenos Aires city prohibits smoking in public areas including bars and restaurants except if the bar is more than 100 m2 where it is possible to provide an area for smoking customers. Similar bans in other Argentine cities require bigger establishments to provide a separate, contained area for smoking customers. The rule is not nationwide.

===Armenia===
A law went into effect in March 2005 banning smoking in hospitals, cultural and educational and mental institutions and on public transportation. On 1 March 2006 new rules came into effect requiring all public and private institutions, including bars and restaurants, to allow smoking only in special secluded areas. Absence of any legal sanctions against those who violate the smoking laws have made them completely ineffectual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2006/03/484fbde7-796a-4798-b4d1-b99aa705fa47.asp |title=Smoking Restrictions Widened In Armenia |publisher=Armenialiberty.org |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|List of smoking bans in Australia}}
In Australia smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:
* South Australia: Smoking prohibited in all indoor dining areas since January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au/ |title=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |publisher=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Total enclosed public place smoking ban in force since November 2007
* Western Australia: Incremental restrictions introduced from January 2005 with a total ban on smoking in all enclosed public spaces taking effect from July 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=115987 |title=WA Government media statement, 28 November 2004 |publisher=Mediastatements.wa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Tasmania: Total indoor smoking ban in force since January 2006 {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}. From January 2008 the ban was extended to include smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html |title=Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania |work=The Australian |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Queensland: Comprehensive ban in effect since July 2006. Smoking is prohibited in all pubs, clubs, restaurants and workplaces, commercial outdoor eating and drinking areas, outdoor public places, and within 4 metres of non-residential building entrances<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.qld.gov.au/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp |title=Outdoor public areas |publisher=Health.qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Australian Capital Territory: A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since December 2006{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* Victoria: : A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since July 2007{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* New South Wales: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in July 2007. From 1 July 2009, smoking in a car with a child under the age of 16 is against the law. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 creates a new offence of smoking in a car with a child under 16 years of age in the vehicle. A $250 on the spot fine applies to the driver and any passenger who breaks the law and this will be enforced by NSW Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/healthpromotion/tobacco/smoke_free_cars.asp |title=Smoke-free Cars – NSW Department of Health |publisher=Health.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Northern Territory: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in 2 January 2010.

===Austria===
Austria has implemented several laws which limit or outlaw smoking in certain areas:
* Smoking is prohibited in all offices with certain exceptions such as bars, discos, restaurants etc. If all employees agree on allowing smoking in a work place, smoking may continue.
* Smoking was banned from all trains and train stations when Germany introduced such a ban in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1350131.php |title=Austria inches towards smoking ban |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=31 August 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* As of January 2009, a new law was put in place which mandates all restaurants, bars, discos and pubs which are larger than 80m² to introduce smoking rooms and non-smoking rooms. Below 50m² the owner may opt to either be a smoking or non-smoking place, between 50m² and 80m² there is an option under certain circumstances. The law provides for a very long transition phase.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/getaways/03/05/austria.germany.travel/index.html |publisher=CNN | accessdate=4 April 2010 | title=A wunderbar welcome in Austria and Germany - CNN.com | date=5 March 2009}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

===Bahrain===
Bahrain outlawed smoking in public places on 27 February 2008.

===Belgium===
* 2005: Companies should have implemented smoking plans to discourage smoking.
* January 2006: Smoking prohibited in the work area.
* January 2007: Smoking banned in restaurants and bars, except in the ones that serve "light meals" (e.g. cold meals, pizzas and warm meals that are served with bread instead of French fries) ''and'' have less of 30% of their sales from food servings. Small bars are also not included in the ban. Most large bars, such as concert venues, do little to enforce the ban.
* September 2008: Smoking no longer allowed in schools.
* January 2010: After a general smoking ban, including all types of bars had been discussed, this has been watered down to a smoking ban applying only when food is served.<ref>[http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=G692344PG General smoking ban on 1 July 2010]</ref>

===Bermuda===
As of 1 October 2006, all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda are smoke-free, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.<ref>[http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=31037&TM=10964.17 Smoking ban kicks in on Sunday] – Bermuda Sun</ref>

===Bhutan===
Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco would still be permitted with very heavy taxes.<ref>''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]'': [http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation] by Eric Weiner</ref> Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright. However, there is little enforcement. Cigarettes are widely smuggled, and bars in the Bhutanese capital Thimphu are usually smoky.

The National Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/newsDetail.php?id=1331%20&%20cat=5 |title=Bhutan Portal |publisher=Bhutan.gov.bt |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> decided on 10 July 2009 to lift the ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products while discussing the tobacco control bill.

The council, with a majority, agreed to delete the section C in chapter three of the bill, which says, “No person shall sell tobacco and tobacco products.” The council chairperson, Namgay Penjore, said that they discussed including a new clause to control the sale of tobacco and tobacco products through pricing.

Council members said that the ban on the sale was ineffective and led to a black market. Some said tobacco was easily available anywhere, but at exorbitant prices because of the ineffective ban.

“The idea is to make tobacco expensive by imposing higher taxes,” said the chairperson. The name of the bill is “Tobacco control bill” and not ‘… ban’. “The change (deleting the clause) was to do away with the thriving black market,” he said.

Meanwhile, the council also suggested inserting another clause restricting the sale of tobacco products to youth below 18 years. However, Namgay Penjore said the bill was still under discussion and not endorsed. The bill will be submitted to the National Assembly.

3 June 2010 
According to the bill, people selling tobacco products will be punished for the offence of misdemeanor liable for a prison term of one to three years. Smuggling tobacco products into the country will be punished for the offence of felony of fourth degree liable for prison term of three to five years.
However, the bill was passed with 61 “yes” votes and five “no” votes.
Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency (BNCA) will serve as the secretariat of tobacco control office and its board members will also be the board members of the tobacco control board, according to Health Minister.
The tobacco control board, among other functions, will provide effective leadership and coordination in implementing the act, formulate and implement national tobacco control strategy, monitor the enforcement of the provisions under the act and approve rules framed under the act.
Health Minister said that, once His Majesty gives his assent to the bill, the rules and regulations will be drafted

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the nation has banned smoking in public buildings since 1 September 2007.

===Brazil===
In Brazil, the sale and consumption of tobacco for 18 years older citizens is legal. However, product advertising on television and radio is prohibited. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse health effects.

Smoking is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces, such as shopping malls and libraries, except for specifically- designated smoking areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/LEIS/L9294.htm |title=Article 2 of Brazil Federal law no. 9294 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In restaurants there should be a non smoking section but in reality most restaurants end up having tables side by side, one for non-smokers and another where smoking is allowed. Tobacco advertising is restricted to posters in shops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/leis/L9294.htm |title=Law 9294, 15 July 1996 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo, the most important Latin American state in economic terms, became the first in Brazil to adopt the most comprehensive ban, being followed by Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.<ref>http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/usr/share/documents/legislacao.pdf</ref> Under the new regulation there are no smoking sections in any place around the state.

The law became effective from 7 August 2009 with smoking forbidden in all indoor and enclosed public spaces such as bars and restaurants, clubs, shopping malls, movie theatres, banks, supermarkets, bakeries, chemist shops, health places, government offices and schools.

Also it is no longer allowed on work and study places, libraries, buses, cabs, commercial and residential common areas, hotels and inns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/ |title=Portal da Lei Antifumo – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |publisher=Leiantifumo.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo government has graduated 500 specialised agents to make sure the rule is respected at all times. The first team was trained to measure ambient smoke in an area and to warn smokers about the risks for their health.

Anybody violating the law is charged with a fine. Public sites can be punished with a maximum fine of R$ 1.585,00 (Brazilian currency, ~USD 800,00). If there is a second infraction the site is closed. According to surveys, 88% of São Paulo’s inhabitants support the Smoke Free Law.

===Bulgaria===
Banned in all indoor public spaces except bars and restaurants and clubs.

===Canada===
{{Main|Smoking in Canada}}
In [[Smoking in Canada|Canada]], indoor smoking is banned by all territories and provinces and by the federal government. As of 2010, legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent, despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction. The federal government's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses, such as airports. Smoking rooms are not permitted.

===Chile===
Chile bans smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking in universities indoors is banned, however, smoking is allowed outdoors. Restaurants, with large eateries (over 100 m²) must have fully partitioned nonsmoking sections. Smaller restaurants can choose between being smoke free or being for smokers. The same with cafes and pubs. Clubs, despite their size, are able to choose between being smoke free or being for smokers, however, in practice all clubs are "for smokers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/aug06/08-15-06-1.html |title=Chile: New Smoking Ban in Effect [08/15/06-1] |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Smoking in the People's Republic of China}}
[[Shanghai Municipality]] expanded smoking bans from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, effective 1 March 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/11/content_12629545.htm |title=Shanghai to impose wider ban on smoking in public venues_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and had attempted to ban smoking in restaurants for the [[2010 World Expo]], but restaurants do not stick to the ban and it is not enforced.

In [[Guangdong]] Province, the municipalities of [[Guangzhou]] and [[Jiangmen]] banned smoking in public places in 2007, but the law is not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm |title=Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places |publisher=Newsgd.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
{{Main|Smoking in Hong Kong}}
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Hong Kong]] has seen all public smoking banned from 1 January 2007 under the [[Hong Kong Government|government]]'s revised [[Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance]] (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades has been in place since July 1998.

An anomaly to the smoking ban is on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and Mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and the Chinese Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Any person who smokes or carries a lighted tobacco product in a statutory no smoking area commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a maximum fine of HK$5,000. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Hong Kong does not place the onus on licensees of liquor licensed premises to enforce smoking bans with subsequent loss of licence for non compliance. A new law, that was to enter into force in September 2009, provides for fixed-penalty arrangement (HK$1,500) for smoking, on a par with that for littering. At the same time smoking will be banned in designated public transport interchanges, but the government has yet to clarify how it will enforce this against non Hong Kong ID card holders and tourists, since the offender has 21 days after the ticket issue to pay up.

The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in China 63% of males smoke.

The government has mentioned a full-ban of tobacco import and smoking is technically possible in Hong Kong upon the release of the budget in 2009. However, as the decreasing daily smoking rate in recent years mainly due to increasing tobacco tax, the government currently has no further plans to control sales of tobacco other than by adjusting taxation.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

===Colombia===
{{Main|Smoking in Colombia}}
In summer 2009, Colombia has extended its existing tobacco control regulations by requiring all indoor work places and public places be immediately smoke-free; prohibiting tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship, and the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ on packaging, requiring large, pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging (covering 30 per cent of the front and back) within a year, preventing the sale of tobacco products to minors; and mandating public education programs on the deadly effects of tobacco use.

===Croatia===
On 22 November 2008 the Croatian Parliament passed legislation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/342110.html |title=125 29.10.2008 Zakon o ograničavanju uporabe duhanskih proizvoda |publisher=Narodne-novine.nn.hr |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prohibiting smoking in public institutions such as hospitals, clinics, schools, nurseries and universities with infractions punishable with up to 1000 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]] (140 euros). A notable exception in the Act are psychiatric wards in Croatia's hospitals. The ban went further in May 2009 when smoking was banned in all enclosed public areas including bars, restaurants and cafes. The smoking ban applies to all public areas where non-smokers could suffer from secondhand smoking including open public areas like sport stadiums, arenas, open air theatres, tram and bus stations etc.<ref>[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_10_125_3560.html Law on restriction of tobacco-product use] ''Narodne novine 125/08'''</ref>
It is estimated that 30 percent of Croatia’s adult population are smokers.<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14639/ "Croatia Bans Smoking"] ''[[Balkan Insight|balkaninsight.com]]'' 7 Nov. 2008 Link accessed 7 Nov. 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/news/croatia/2984810/index.do;jsessionid=D79A733AC59D1CA3E5574A6864ED2916.2 Croatia banning smoking] ''vecernji.hr'''</ref> On 10 September 2009 the ban on smoking in bars and cafes in Croatia was partially repealed for a grace period until 9 April 2010, local media has reported. Proprietors with establishments that are up to 50 sq m that meet very strict conditions will now be able to choose whether to allow smoking. One of the conditions is a ventilation system that is able to change indoor air at least 10 times per hour. Until March 2010 only 16 (out of 16 000) establishments in all of Croatia have met the conditions and have been permitted to allow smoking.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/2010/03/15/od-16000-kafica-pusacki-status-z.aspx "Od 16.000 kafića, pušački status zatražilo samo 16 ''Novi list''']</ref> Larger establishments will have to include a designated and separately ventilated smoking area<ref>{{Cite web|author=byNick Iliev |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2009/09/11/783081_croatia-reverses-smoking-ban-in-public-places |title=Croatia reverses smoking ban in public places – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cuba===
Cuba has banned smoking in most work places, cigarette machines removed and it has been illegal to sell tobacco products close to schools since February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/no-smoking.htm |title=In a country famed for its cigars, Cuba adds no-smoking rules |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=18 January 2005 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
On 9 July 2009 Cyprus passed a new law, tightening up ineffective 2002 legislation, that will ban smoking in bars, restaurants, nightclubs and workplaces effective 1 January 2010.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/cyprussmokinghealth ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Since the introduction of the smoking ban on 1 January 2010, compliance levels have been very encouraging. A spokesman for the restaurant & bar owners however have complained that the introduction of the smoking ban has led to a sharp drop in revenue<ref>{{Cite web|author=+ – Text size //var addthis_pub="49f59059007d44e8"; // |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/strong-compliance-smoking-ban/20100105 |title=Strong compliance with smoking ban |publisher=Cyprus Mail |date=5 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> but produced no evidence to support statement.

===Czech Republic===
The second German anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]].
In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from Austria at the end of World War I.<ref>{{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert|title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |pmid=9302840 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2008|quote=The first German antitobacco organization was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded.|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139}}</ref>
Currently, there is a law in force that bans smoking in some public places such as institutions, hospitals, bus stops and other public service stops, but not in restaurants, bars and clubs. In June 2009 the parliament approved a bill allegedly regulating smoking in public places. However, it only requires bars and restaurants where smoking is allowed, i.e. practically all of them, to post a sign.
In February 2011, the popular initiative "stop kouření" announces, that so far 115000 people have signed their petition demanding smokefree restaurants. The high cancer rate, the poor rating concerning tobacco control and possible corruption of members of the Czech parliament are denounced.<ref>[[http://www.praguepost.com/opinion/7561-petition-pushes-for-czech-smoking-ban.html Prague Post]]</ref>

===Denmark===
Since 15 August 2007, smoking in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, [[public transport]], and all private and public workplaces has been banned. Exemptions to the law are bars with a floor space less than 40 m² and offices only used by a single employee. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. The law has caused much controversy and is as of November 2007 not fully enforced.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Smoking in Ecuador}}
[[Smoking in Ecuador|Smoking]] is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador.<ref name="Ockene">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759503/
| title= Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes
| last= Ockene
| first= J. K.
| publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information
| year= 1996
| accessdate = August 2010
}}</ref> Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in [[Quito]] are generally respected.

===Estonia===
Smoking has been banned within indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Later a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (however still allowed in isolated smoking rooms).

===Faroe Islands===
Smoking banned in all enclosed public spaces since 1 July 2008.

===Finland===
{{Main|Smoking in Finland}}
Smoking has been banned in indoor public areas and workplaces from 1 March 1995, except in specially designated [[smoking room]]s; restaurants were included in 2007. Legislation aimed towards voluntary prevention of secondary smoking was enacted, but it was not successful. Few establishments installed ventilation systems capable of eliminating secondhand smoke. Dividing a restaurant into a smoking and non-smoking section was also an ineffective measure. Thus, smoking has been banned in all indoor public and workplaces, including bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants from 1 June 2007, except in those places which have been permitted a transition period of up to two years. Smoking in bars and trains is still allowed in enclosed smoking booths, where is not permitted to serve or consume food or drink. Many smaller bars have not been able to build such smoking booths and patrons have to smoke outside. The bans are respected by the general population.

As of early 2010, Finland plans to phase out smoking completely.<ref name="ban all smoking">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/finland-embarks-plan-will-ban-all-smoking-117181
| title= Finland embarks on plan that will ban all smoking
| publisher=National Business Review
| date= 15 January 2010
| accessdate = 13 August 2010
}}</ref>

===France===

Smoking is now banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, see below. However, a special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. until 1 January 2008,<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/SQHYN.htm Decree n°2006-1386 of 15 November 2006] taken as application of [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L3511-7 article L3511-7] of the Public Health Code, banning smoking in public places.</ref> although the French government allowed a day of reflection on New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7163178.stm |title=French cafes set to ban smoking |accessdate=28 Dec. 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 December 2007}}</ref> Opinion polls suggest 70% of people support the ban.<ref>{{Cite news| title=France to ban smoking in public | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6032125.stm | accessdate=9 Oct. 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=8 October 2006}}</ref> However, a recent story by Time Magazine suggests that smokers are now blatantly ignoring the smoking ban due to low enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news| title=
Smoking Ban? The French Light Up Again in Public | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1949817,00.html | accessdate=3 Jan. 2010 | work=Time | date=26 December 2009}}</ref>

Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m²; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they must have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; and cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}.

Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated. In larger establishments, smoking and non-smoking sections could be separate rooms, but often they were just areas within the same room.

A legal challenge against the new regulations was filed before the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]] in 2007, but was rejected.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0713.shtml Ruling of 19 March 2007] of the Conseil d'État ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=JADE&nod=JGXAX2007X03X000000300467 copy] on [[Légifrance]])</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Smoking in Germany}}
With some of Europe's highest smoking rates, Germany's patchwork of smoking bans continues to be contested.

In February 2009, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that the smoking bans in bars are being very weakly controlled by the authorities, and in many places the ban is not observed at all.<ref name="spiegel">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,609404,00.html|title=Dichter Qualm trotz Rauchverbot|last=Wiesel|first=Christian|date=28 Feb. 2009|work=Der Spiegel|language=German|accessdate=26 May 2009}}</ref>

===Greece===
[[Image:Anti-smoking Law Greece 1856.PNG|thumb|right|235px|[[Royal decree]] of 1856, introducing the first ban on smoking in modern Greece. Prohibition was valid only within state buildings and was grounded on the need to prevent [[accident]]s.]]
As of 2010, Greece is the country with the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epha.org/a/4088|title=2010 Eurobarometer survey on tobacco – European Public Health Alliance|last=Staff|date=13 July 2010|publisher=[[European Public Health Alliance]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> Since older legislation was not very efficient a new, stricter law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law bans smoking ''and'' consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all working places, transportation stations, in taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking is already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.us-winston.com/greece-to-ban-smoking-in-all-indoor-public-places/ |title=Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places | US Winston Online Club |publisher=Us-winston.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking is also prohibited in atria and internal areas with removable roofcovers or tents as well as in external seating areas that are surrounded by a tent and are not open from at least two sides.
Fines are particularly heavy for smokers who do not comply (fines range from 50 to 500 Euros) as well as for the working places or companies, i.e. restaurants, night clubs, pubs, etc. (fines range from 500 to 10,000 Euros). For those companies that violate the law for the 5th time in a row, the law orders for the closure of the specific company.

A special website ([http://www.smokestop.gov.gr www.smokestop.gov.gr]) and a telephone hotline for information as well as citizens to report any violations of the new law (tel: 1142) along with an extensive media campaign have been created to promote the 1 September smoking ban in Greece.
The government has signed an agreement with [[Harvard University]] the help in developing the government’s anti-tobacco policies and mounting publicity campaigns.<ref name="GR-HSPH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100008_27/07/2010_118631|title=Harvard to help in smoking ban|last=Staff|date=27 July 2010|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Harvard School of Public Health]] will also help Greece conduct research, organize conferences and train all the officials who will be involved in imposing the ban.<ref name="GR-HSPH" /> They will also help develop strategies to foster an anti-smoking culture, particularly among children.<ref name="GR-HSPH" />

The only exception to the law are airports. There, smoking is only permitted in special separated smoking booths equipped with separate ventilation systems and air filters. Currently only the [[Athens International Airport]] has installed such booths: one in the extra-[[Schengen]] arrival area before passport control and one in the intra-[[Schengen]] baggage claim area, both smoking booths are accessible only to arriving passengers. In all other Greek airports no smoking booths have been installed and smoking is totally prohibited inside terminal buildings.

===Guatemala===
Complete ban: Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions. Smoke-free in health-care facilities and governmental facilities{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

===Guernsey===
Smoking bans were introduced at different times in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]. Smoking was banned in all public places in the island of [[Guernsey]], including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, on 2 July 2006, under the ''"Smoking (Prohibition in Public Places and Workplaces) (Guernsey) Law 2005"''. Anyone who breaks the law, upon conviction, could be fined up to the maximum of £1000 (~€1150, ~$1470). Smoking is allowed anywhere outside and in whatever company.<ref>[http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/health---social-services/environmental-health---pollution-regulation/smoke-free-guernsey/ Information about the Guernsey smoking ban]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Alderney]], the [[States of Alderney]] passed anti-smoking legislation with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alderneyjournal.com/readnews.php?id=1145 |title=Alderney Journal |publisher=Alderney Journal |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoking in indoor public places remains legal in [[Sark]].

===Hungary===
Smoking has been banned for several years on public transport, hospitals, airports and in public and federal buildings, including the Parliament. From 2010, a smoking ban is effective on [[playground]]s and [[underpass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/08/05/matol_tilos_a_dohanyzas_az_aluljarokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Mától tilos a dohányzás az aluljárókban |publisher=Index.hu |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> From early 2011, it is also effective in all [[Budapest]] public transport stops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/12/15/tilos_lesz_a_dohanyzas_a_bkv-megallokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Tilos lesz a dohányzás a BKV-megállókban |publisher=Index.hu |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A complete ban (all public spaces) is effective from mid 2011.<ref>http://index.hu/belfold/2011/02/25/kitiltjak_a_cigit_a_kocsmakbol/</ref>
<ref>http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20110223-dohanyzas-betiltjak-a-vendeglatohelyeken-kocsmakban-ettermekben-a-cigit.html</ref>
<ref>http://www.parlament.hu/irom39/02489/02489.pdf</ref>

===Iceland===
{{Main|Smoking in Iceland}}
Smoking and the use of other tobacco products is banned in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/134/2002006.html |title=2002 nr. 6 31. janúar/ Lög um tóbaksvarnir |publisher=Althingi.is |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===India===
A nationwide ban on smoking at the workplace and in restaurants, hotels, pubs, public transport (buses, trains and metros), airports and railway stations, educational institutions, cafes, theatres and other public places came into effect from 2 October 2008. Smoking in open areas like roads, parks, etc. and inside one's home and car is however allowed. Smoking is also permitted in restaurants, bars and pubs having designated separate smoking areas. Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of Rs 200(INR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |publisher=Spiritindia.com |date=23 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Advertising of tobacco products had already been prohibited nationwide by an earlier law.

In 2007, [[Chandigarh]] became the first city in India to become 'smoke-free'. However despite there being some difficulties and apathy by the authorities<ref>Sarin, Jaideep, [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/chandigarhs-smoke-free-city-campaign-loses-steam_10070935.html "Chandigarh’s ’smoke-free city’ campaign loses steam"], [[Indo-Asian News Service]], New Delhi, 13 July 2008</ref> the Smoke-Free Chandigarh<ref>Website, [http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com "Smoke Free Chandigarh Website"], [[Burning Brain Society]], Chandigarh</ref> ban has been a success story. Taking a cue from the Chandigarh's success, cities like Shimla also followed the Smoke-Free Chandigarh model to become smoke-free.<ref>''The Hindu'', IANS, [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903111821.htm "Shimla to turn smoke-free soon"], Chandigarh</ref> The success of Chandigarh had been widely recognised and the architect of smoke-free Chandigarh [[Hemant Goswami]].<ref>''The Times of India'', [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3921985,prtpage-1.cms "Our Unsung Hero, Kicking the Butt"], Chandigarh</ref> was also awarded the Global Smoke-Free Partnership Award for the initiative.<ref>World Heart Federation, [http://www.worldheart.org/about-us/partnerships/global-smokefree-partnership/print.html?no_cache=1"Global Smoke Free Partnership"], Chandigarh</ref> The state of [[Kerala]] also had implemented a more relaxed ban on public smoking earlier though it was never properly followed. However since the nationwide ban, it is being enforced more strictly.

===Indonesia===
In [[Jakarta]]'s restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is banned. Restaurants which want to allow smoking have to provide a separate smoking space starting 4 February 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/bloomberg/sxsmoke.php |title=A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – ''International Herald Tribune'' |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> As in many Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/news/248932.html |title=Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban |publisher=Tobacco.org |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{Main|Smoking in Ireland}}
[[The Republic of Ireland]] became the first country in the world to institute an outright ban on smoking in workplaces on 29 March 2004. Before the total ban, smoking had already been outlawed in public buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurant kitchens, and on aircraft and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).<ref>[http://www.eu2004.ie/templates/standard.asp?sNavlocator=3,242,455 EU 2004 – "Smoking ban is first in world"]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, Ireland banned in-store [[tobacco advertising]] and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and new controls on tobacco [[vending machine]]s.

===Isle of Man===
The [[Isle of Man]] ban is similar to the one introduced in England. The ban came into effect on 30 March 2008.

The smoking ban also saw Europe's first smoke-free prison.<ref>[http://www.iomtoday.co.im/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=870&articleid=2015621 Exact Date Set For Smoking Ban – Isle Of Man Today]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Israel===
In Israel, it is forbidden to smoke in public closed places since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the restriction of smoking in public places|publisher=(in Hebrew) | url=http://www.linshom.com/law/public.htm|accessdate= 21 Nov. 2007}}</ref> The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The ban includes cafés, restaurants discos, pubs and bars, and it is illegal for owners of such places to put ashtrays anywhere inside closed spaces. Also, owners of public places must put "no smoking" signs and prevent visitors from smoking. They can also designate a well-ventilated and completely separate area for smokers, as long as the non-smokers' area does not fall below 75% of the whole area. The fine for owners of public places is [[New Israeli sheqel|₪]] 10,000 (around US$2,800) and for smokers – ₪ 5000.
In spite of all of this, the smoking bans in Israel are not effective and smoking remains extremely prevalent in public places, especially bars and clubs.

===Italy===
{{Main|Smoking in Italy}}
Italy was the fourth country in the world to enact a nationwide smoking ban. Since 10 January 2005 it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos. However, special smoking rooms are allowed. In such areas food can be served, but they are subjected to strict conditions: they need to be separately ventilated, with high air replacement rates; their air pressure must constantly be lower than the pressure in the surrounding rooms; they must be equipped with automatic sliding doors to prevent smoke from spreading to tobacco-free areas; they may occupy at most 50% of the establishment. Only 1% of all public establishments have opted for setting up a smoking room.
Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.
It is indeed allowed to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit on the outside tables and people still smoke there.

===Japan===
{{Main|Smoking in Japan}}
Although there are no consistent nationwide smoking bans in Japan and all moves to introduce such laws are strongly opposed by the powerful [[Lobbying|lobby]] groups, there are a growing number of local ordinances banning smoking. Smoking is forbidden on the streets of the [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] wards of Tokyo<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2292007.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Smoking ban on Tokyo's streets | date=2 October 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> for reasons of child safety (not health). Smoking is banned on most public transport and on many train station platforms, however enforcement mechanisms such as fines remain absent. [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] has implemented in April 2010 the nation's first prefecture-wide smoking ban, banning smoking in public facilities, including hospitals, schools and government offices. The ordinance requires large restaurants and hotels to choose whether to become nonsmoking or create separate smoking areas, while [[mah-jong]] and [[pachinko]] parlors, restaurants with floor space of up to 100 sq. meters and hotels of up to 700 sq. meters are merely required to "make efforts" to prevent passive smoking. Another Kanagawa ordinance last month to ban smoking at swimming beaches expected to be implemented in May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100402a5.html |title=Kanagawa enforces first antismoking code | The Japan Times Online |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Although still relatively few, there is a growing number of private businesses implementing smoking bans in restaurants, taxis, buildings and bars<ref>http://en.wa-shoi.com/?page=100595</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7083.php |title=Noose tightening on Japanese smokers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Jersey===
Smoking is restricted in public places in [[Jersey]] (a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]).

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825_restrictiononsmokinglaw1973_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Smoking Law |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> enabled the [[States of Jersey]] to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the ''Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825.30_restrictiononsmoking(publictransport)regs.1982_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Regulations |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973'' was amended by the ''Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fhtm%2fLawFiles%2f2006%2fL-24-2006.htm |title=Jersey Law | RESTRICTION ON SMOKING (AMENDMENT NO. 2) (JERSEY) LAW 2006 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> adopted 16 May 2006 which enabled the States to make regulations to prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

===Kazakhstan===
Kazakhstan partially banned smoking in public places on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/kazakhstan/?top_only=1 |title=Articles:Listing Kazakhstan |publisher=Tobacco.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A full ban was instituted in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan bans public smoking, raises drinking age|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 September 2009|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-NAuAgHUsedOw6RSuV_07PHo-5g}}</ref>
Enforcing the smoking ban appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.respublika-kaz.info/news/society/9121/ |title=Алматинские потомки японских камикадзе – Общество – Информационно-аналитический портал РЕСПУБЛИКА |publisher=Respublika-kaz.info |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Smoking in public indoor areas is banned in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, since July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11808541.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Kenyan capital Nairobi starts smoking ban |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Small private bars will be exempted. [[Mombasa]] already has a similar preexisting ban on smoking.

===Latvia===
As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely banned in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking area had to be larger than half of the total area. Smoking is also banned in parks and ten meters around governmental institutions, schools and public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

===Lithuania===
Smoking has been banned in restaurants, bars, places where food is served, clubs (except for special cigar and pipe clubs), and nightclubs since 1 January 2007. Furthermore, smoking on public transportation is forbidden except on long-distance trains with special facilities. The ban is well respected, at least in the main cities.

===Luxembourg===
Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt from the law. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés in which meals are served.

===Macedonia===
Macedonia has a strong national smoking ban in all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is banned in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010.<ref name="SETimes">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Railway line making a comeback
|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/10/23/roundup-bs-03
|publisher=SETimes.com
|date=23 October 2009
|accessdate=23 October 2009
}}</ref>
Smoking is not banned only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.<ref name="MINA">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Macedonia's Smoking Ban Obeyed
|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/11591/2/
|publisher=MINA
|date=4 January 2010
|accessdate=4 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
By official law, smoking is prohibited in [[Taxi-brousse|taxi-brousses]], but it is not enforced. The only places where they banned smoking is at Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also prohibited to smoke in the pubs and clubs.

===Malta===
In April 2004, smoking was banned in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed.

===Malaysia===
In all, 21 areas are banned, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning. However, enforcement is an issue, and the government plans to get tougher on offenders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/17/nation/18052672&sec=nation |title=Smoking ban to be extended |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seatca.org/upload_resource/%7B9285BDD5-8E92-4215-9FCE-A31CD321BC7A%7D_Malaysia%20Report%20Card.pdf Status Of Tobacco Use And Its Control – Malaysia Report Card]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/1/nation/6374646&sec=nation |title=No more puffing away at work |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Mexico===
Smoking in hospitals and airports has been banned for at least 15 years. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at the Cancun Airport. Mexico City's current smoking policy, passed in April 2004, requires physically separate smoking and non-smoking areas, and for non-smoking areas to make up at least 30% of all space in restaurants and bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/april04/04-07-04-2.html |title=Mexico City Imposes Tougher Smoking Laws (7 April 2004) |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A proposal debated early in 2007 to extend Mexico City's smoking policy into a complete ban for all restaurants, bars, schools, taxis, and buses, did not pass.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexsmoke29jun29,0,4368264.story?coll=la-home-center Mexican Smoking Bans] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> It was proposed again in the middle of 2007.

Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide.

Advertisement of tobacco products has been banned from TV and radio for roughly 6 years.

===Monaco===
There has been a ban on smoking in Monaco since 1 November 2008, but does not extend to bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

===Montenegro===
Smoking in public places is banned in Montenegro. The ban also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3527234.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Montenegro bans smoking in public | date=2 August 2004 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | first=Matt | last=Prodger}}</ref>

===Morocco===
Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill banning smoking in public places.

===Mozambique===
Since 2007, smoking has been banned in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.<ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/francisco/2007/11/smoking-banned.html] Blog of Francisco Cabo</ref><ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/jackie/2007/12/mozambique-bans.html#more] Blog of Jackie Tumwine</ref>

===Namibia===
On 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, one of the most comprehensive smoking bans in the world. The law, once in force will ban "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance".

The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/grnes-licht-fr-gesetzentwurf.102269.php |title=Namibian Newspaper |publisher=Az.com.na |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/bills_documents/44_tobacco_products_control_bill_b7-2009.pdf |title=B7-2009 Tobacco Control |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco legislation states that employers are obliged to take measures to ensure that employees are able to carry out their work without being bothered or affected by smoke from others. On 1 January 2008 [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] became the first European airport with a total smoking ban, however since August 2008 it has been allowed in the designated smoking rooms. Since 1 July 2008 the smoking ban has also applied to all hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes in The Netherlands. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking of [[cannabis]] (marijuana and hashish) in coffee-shops is permitted as long as it is not mixed with tobacco. In 2010 the new government spoke out against the smoking ban in small
catering businesses. The ban was widely ignored with statistics showing that around 41% of bars and discos had flouted the law.<ref name="BT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/smoking-ban-uturn-by-dutch-government-14995132.html |title=Smoking ban U-turn by Dutch government, Belfast Telegraph, 4 November 2010 |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2010 the new government lifted the ban for bars of 70 square metres or less which did not employ any staff other than the owner.<ref name="BT"/> Around 3,000 of the 5,500 bars in The Netherlands are staffed by the owner alone.<ref name="BT"/>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Tobacco in New Zealand}}
The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the [[Old Government Buildings (Wellington)|Old Government Building]] in [[Wellington, New Zealand]], in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.<ref>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/wellington/poneke-area/government-buildings/ Department of Conservation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

New Zealand passed an amendment to the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 law on 3 December 2003 (effective in 2004) which covers all indoor public workplaces and inside hospitality venues (pubs, bars, restaurants and casinos). Studies have shown very high levels of compliance with the law. Also the air quality inside hospitality venues is very good compared to similar settings in other countries where smoking is still permitted. In New Zealand, tobacco cannot be sold to anyone under 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |title=Smokefree Law |publisher=Moh.govt.nz |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the University of Auckland, in 2010). The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

There are also increasing numbers of local councils implementing educative smokefree policies. South Taranaki District Council was the first. In May 2005 the Council made its playgrounds, parks and swimming pools smokefree, as well as ensuring that all Council events held in South Taranaki parks were to be promoted as smoke-free events. At least 20 of New Zealand's other Councils have followed suit. (Source: www.smokefreecouncils.org.nz).

On 5 September 2007, [[Action on Smoking and Health]] (ASH) New Zealand called for the removal of tobacco from sale by 2017.<ref>[http://www.ash.org.nz/index.php?pa_id=4&news_id=159&expand_section=1 Welcome to ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

From the start of the first semester of 2010, New Zealand's largest university, the [[University of Auckland]], banned smoking on any of its property including inside and outside of buildings in areas that were once designated smoking areas. The university sprawls through most of Symonds Street and is the largest private complex in Auckland CBD.

:See [[Smoke-free Environments Act 1990]].

===Niger===
A decree banning smoking in public places in Niger was issued in September 2008. Fines range from 5,000 to 1 million [[CFA franc]]s, whilst there is also the possibility of a prison term.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7612387.stm Niger cabinet passes smoking ban] BBC News, 12 September 2008</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{Main|Smoking in Nigeria}}
Smoking is prohibited in public places in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806030435.html Nigeria: Smoking – Top Officials Defy Govt Order] Leadership, 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/africa-news/nigeria's-capital-city-bans-smoking-in-public-200806015574.html Nigeria's capital city bans smoking in public] Afrique en ligne, 1 June 2008</ref>

===Norway===
In Norway, smoking has been banned in public buildings, workplaces and public transportation since 1988. Since 1 June 2004, smoking is also banned in restaurants, bars, cafes, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norwegians ban smoking in bars |author=|publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3765071.stm |accessdate=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |author=|date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Innovation Norway]] |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Norway’s ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – A review of the first year |publisher=Directorate for Health and Social Affairs |date=May 2005 |pages= |url=http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00003/Norway_s_ban_on_smoki_3413a.pdf |format=PDF |version=IS-1275 E |accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref>

===Palestinian Authority===
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking [[Hookah|nargila]]s in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes], Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref> The [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)]] has arrested women for smoking in public.<ref name=Spyer>Jonathan Spyer, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza], Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009</ref> The park was burned down by masked men in September 2010, after being closed by the [[Hamas]].<ref name=afptorch>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas], AFP 19-09-2010</ref>

===Paraguay===
Effective April 2010, Paraguay has banned smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/paraguay-bans-smoking-in-all-closed-public-spaces_100346455.html |title=Paraguay bans smoking in all ‘closed public spaces’ |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.
The law had the following aspects:
Ban on tobacco use in public buildings and transportation,
limiting tobacco advertising,
banning tobacco sale within 50 meters from educational institutions, and
requiring “no smoking” signs displayed in public places.

===Peru===
In Peru, it is nominally illegal to smoke in any public place (indoors), according to Law 28704. The ban is normally not enforced.

===Philippines===
[[Davao]] has banned smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virgilio M Gaje |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060627.htm&no=3&date= |title=PIA Information Services – Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Pia.gov.ph |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Manila]] has banned smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as [[Makati]] in 2002 Ordinance 2002-090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/ |title=(Philippines) government news bulletin |publisher=Makati |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Caloocan]] has begun to established ordinance recently concerning about the anti-smoking bans in accordance with the Republic Act No. 9211 also known as Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.

===Poland===
Smoking is banned in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc.).

Since 15 November 2010, it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos, though enclosed smoking areas within larger facilities are permitted, and smaller establishments will have the option of allowing smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|author=byAgnes Sekowski, The Krakow Post |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2010/11/09/990229_poland-smoking-ban-economics |title=Poland: smoking ban economics – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=9 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Portugal===
On 3 May 2007, the Portuguese parliament made a law banning smoking in all public places, except when proper air-ventilation systems are provided. It went into effect 1 January 2008. Smokers who break the law face a fine of up to €1000 (~US$1300) and establishments that break the law will face a fine of up to €2500 (~US$3400). The legal age to purchase tobacco is 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03723356.htm |title=Portugal bans smoking inside public places |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
The Law Num. 40 from 1993, the ''Law to Regulate the Smoking Practice in Public Places'', and its later 1996 amendment Law 133, regulate smoking in private and public places. The most recent modification established in [2 March 2007], Law 66, amended articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of Law Num. 40, forbids this practice inside jails, pubs, restaurants (including open-air terraces with one or more employees), bars, casinos, workplaces, educational institutions, cars with children under age 13 and most public places. Smoking sections are not allowed. Fines start at $250.

===Qatar===
The capital of Qatar, [[Doha]], banned smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=192251&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper – Qatar |publisher=Gulf-times.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia does not yet have a smoking ban in force, however there is some proposed legislation in the Duma.
The legislation, passed by the State Duma 406-0, bans smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings. It requires specially designated smoking areas to be set up and also requires restaurants and cafes to set up no-smoking areas. Russia's no smoking bill must go through two more readings in the Duma before being sent to the Federation Council for approval and to President Dmitry Medvedev for his signature.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-25-smoking_N.htm Smoking ban advances in Russia, Germany], ''USA Today'' However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking. See R. Cooper, 'Smoking in the Soviet Union', ''Br Med J'' (Clin Res Ed). 21 August 1982; 285(6341): 549–551.</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Saudi Arabia has almost no restrictions against smoking. However, on 20 June 2010, the Council of Ministers urged the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) to ban smoking at all airports and their facilities in the Kingdom on Monday. It also advised GACA to impose a fine of SR200 on people who violate the new regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News |first=Arab |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article70606.ece |title=Smoking banned at airports |publisher=Arab News |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{Main|Smoking in Singapore}}
[[Image:Singapore-smoking-area.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A sign in Singapore to indicate that smoking is allowed]]
Smoking was banned in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the ban has been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.<ref>[http://app.mewr.gov.sg/view.asp?cid=168&nid=168&id=SAS765 Smoking Ban in Singapore]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2007, the ban was extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for the construction of designated smoking rooms which can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

On 1 January 2009, the ban was extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. It was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/332003/1/.html |title=Smoking ban to be extended to more areas from January 2009 |publisher=Channelnewsasia.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smokers found flouting the rules are fined [[S$]]200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. The initiative was put forward by a team consisting of a lung cancer surgeon, medical officers, a university professor and a civil servant. The proposal has received strong public support and has attracted media interest.<ref> {{Cite web
| url= http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info
| title= Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign launched
| publisher=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore
}} </ref>
[[List of smoking bans#Proposed bans|Link to Section on Proposed ban in Singapore]]

===Serbia===
In Serbia, as of November 2010 smoking is prohibited in all enclosed public spaces including entertainment and restaurants, bars, internet cafes, which have to designate a special room for smoking to be allowed. The ban is obligatory for all hospitals, media houses and theaters, but mainly not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bojana Barlovac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian-inspectors-aim-to-stub-out-smoking-habit |title=Inspectors Start Stubbing Out Smoking in Serbia |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Slovenia===
On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.
The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment."<ref>[http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4994/5005/ Slovenia Gets Tough Anti-Smoking Legislation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

===South Africa===
The [[South African government]] passed the first [[Tobacco Products Control Act]] in 1993 and started implementing the act in 1995. The act regulated smoking in public areas and prohibited tobacco sales to people under the age of 16. Some aspects of tobacco advertising were also regulated for example labelling.<ref>[http://www.acts.co.za/tobacco/index.htm Tobacco Products Control Act 1993]</ref> The 1993 act was not considered to be comprehensive enough and the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. The act also restricts smoking in public places which includes the workplace, restaurants and bars and public transport. The act also stipulates penalties for transgressors of the law, and specifies the maximum permissible levels of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]]. The regulations were implemented in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/corp8.html |title=The Great South African Smokeout: Anna White, 2001 |publisher=Multinationalmonitor.org |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 which will seek to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the provisions of the Act. These amendments will also aim to bring the current law into [[compliance (regulation)|compliance]] with the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). This framework has been [[ratified]] by the [[South African government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article.php?a_id=106646 |title=Madlala-Routledge: Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill (29/03/2007) |publisher=Polity.org.za |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The South African government is currently looking at increasing the minimum legal age for smokers to 18.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,,2-7-12_2285432,00.html News 24: Smoking ban for under 18's? ]</ref>

===Spain===
From 2006 to 2010, Spain had a partial ban on smoking in public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4574734.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Spain sees smoking ban take hold | date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

After 2 January 2011, smoking is banned in every indoors public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may have 30% of smoking rooms; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also banned in childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8236170/Spain-introduces-smoking-ban.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Fiona | last=Govan | title=Spain introduces smoking ban | date=2 January 2011}}</ref>

Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoking ban, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in [[Marbella]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/10/spain.smoking/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Spain shutting down restaurant for defying smoking ban|date=10 February 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>

===Sweden===
In Sweden, smoking was banned in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs in June 2005. Smoking rooms are, however, allowed in these institutions. The smoking rooms contains a few restrictions; no serving or consumption of food or beverages are allowed in the smoking rooms and it may not cover more than 25% of the institution's total area. The ban was very popular amongst the population and even the industries affected.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article____13429.aspx Swedish snuff – not just for men – SWEDEN.SE]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, [[Swedish Prison and Probation Service|The Swedish Prison and Probation Service]] banned smoking indoors in prisons.<ref>{{Cite web| title='Rökfri kriminalvård'| publisher=Swedish Prison and Probation Service | author=| language=Swedish | url=http://www.kriminalvarden.se/templates/KVV_InfopageGeneral.aspx?id=4846 | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
The [[Swiss Federal Assembly]] enacted a law for the protection against passive smoking in 2008, which came into force on 1 May 2010. It prohibits smoking in enclosed, publicly accessible areas and in rooms that are workplaces for several persons. There are exceptions for bars and restaurants, which may allow smoking in separate, ventilated rooms or in establishments smaller than 80 square meters, but the federal statute allows for more stringent cantonal smoking bans.<ref name="BAG2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/00612/00764|title=Passivrauchen|last=[[Swiss Federal Office of Health]]|language=German, French and Italian|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

Until the ban came into force, each [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] determined its own smoking laws. As of June 2009, all cantons, with the exception of [[Zurich]], [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], [[Glarus]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Obwalden]] and [[Schaffhausen]], have banned smoking in enclosed public areas (although restaurants are exempt in [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]] and [[Nidwalden]]). The details of the restrictions vary somewhat, and in several cantons the bans will not enter into force until some time between 2009 and 2012. The ban in [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]] came into force on 31 October 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/geneva-smoking-ban-back-at-months-end.shtml?16218 |title=WRS | Geneva smoking ban back at month's end |publisher=Worldradio.ch |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Smoking in Syria}}
Smoking is banned inside cafes, restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree issued on 12 October 2009 and came in to force on 21 April 2010. Syria was the first Arab country to introduce such a ban.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The decree also outlaws smoking in educational institutions, health centres, sports halls, cinemas and theatres and on public transport. The restrictions include the [[nargile]], or waterpipe. According to the official news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], fines for violating the ban range from 500 to 100,000 Syrian pounds (US$11 to $2,169).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Syria smoking ban enters into force
| newspaper=BBC News
| date = 21 April 2010
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8634411.stm
| accessdate = 22 April 2010}}
</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8302794.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Assad decrees Syria smoking ban | date=12 October 2009 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

A decree in 1996 banned tobacco advertising while a 2006 law outlawed smoking on public transport and in some public places, introducing fines for offenders. Under-18s are not allowed to buy tobacco.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007.

===Thailand===
Indoor smoking ban effective in all indoor air conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

On 10 January 2008, Thailand announced that smoking would be banned in restaurants, bars, and open-air markets effective 10 February 2008. In addition to fines, those who fail to comply may be arrested. Most legal bars comply with these regulations, but in establishments that operate illegally or semi-legally the bans are mostly disregarded.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Smoking in Turkey}}
Turkey currently bans smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries.<ref name=BBC719>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8157747.stm|title=Turkey smoke ban extends to bars |publisher=BBC News |date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Turkey's smoking ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 69 liras (~€32/$45/£28) and bar owners who fail to enforce the ban could be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.<ref name=BBC719 />

Smoking was first banned in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92824 |title=New era begins in Turkish social life with smoking ban |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref>

On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also bans smoking in [[stadium|sports stadia]], and the gardens of mosques and hospitals. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking ban to include bars, restaurants, village [[coffeehouse]]s and [[nargile]] (hookah) bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7407985.stm|title=Turkey expands curbs on smoking |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2008}}</ref>

===Uganda===
In March 2004, smoking was banned in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

===United Arab Emirates===
Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started banning smoking in shopping malls and public places. States leading the ban on smoking include [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/January/theuae_January264.xml&section=theuae |title=Abu Dhabi plans ban on smoking in malls |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Ajman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/05/10158079.html |title=Gulf News – Ajman bans smoking in malls and markets |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Dubai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/May/theuae_May244.xml&section=theuae&col |title=Stricter smoking ban in Dubai |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=9 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/March/theuae_March403.xml&section=theuae |title=Smoking ban to be in place next year |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Since 1 July 2007 smoking bans have been in effect across the whole of the UK. Smoking bans were introduced in each country of the United Kingdom separately as decided by the [[devolved]] administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|Scotland]], [[List of smoking bans#Wales|Wales]], [[List of smoking bans#Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and [[List of smoking bans#England|England]].

====England====
{{Main|Smoking ban in England|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking became banned in indoor public places in England, including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, from 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) are excluded. Palaces were also excluded,<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Parliamentary Privilege First Report
| work=
| publisher=The Stationery Office
| date =4 September 2007
| url =http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt199899/jtselect/jtpriv/43/4309.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 4 September 2007 }}</ref> although members of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] agreed to ban all smoking in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'
| work=
| publisher=BBC News Online
| date =5 July 2007
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6273830.stm
| doi =
| accessdate = 12 August 2007 }}</ref> The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), £30 (~€45/~$60) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000). Smoking will be allowed to continue anywhere outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokefreeengland.co.uk |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, a confidential government briefing obtained by ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper reveals that provisions are in place for extending the ban to outdoor areas.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2725720.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Going for smoke: Today's ban is just the start. Could your home be next? | date=1 July 2007 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
In [[Northern Ireland]], a smoking ban has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.
Like Scotland, the smoking ban is more comprehensive in that places, such as phone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

A £200 fine may be levied by local councils if businesses fail to show signs.
An opinion poll showed that 91% of people supported the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|author=30/04/2007 – 07:15:42 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=308472&rss=rss2 |title=Northern Irish Smoking Ban |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacetobreathe.org.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=spacetobreathe.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{Main|Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005}}
On 26 March 2006, Scotland prohibited smoking in enclosed (more than 50% covered) public places, which includes public buildings, workplaces, sports stadiums, bars and restaurants. Exemptions are in place to allow hotel guests to smoke in their own rooms, as long as the hotel has designated them as smoking rooms. The law also bans smoking in bus shelters, phone boxes or other shelters that are more than 50% enclosed. It also prohibits smoking in trucks and vans which are owned by a company whether or not the driver is the only person inside. Businesses covered by the smoking ban must display a statutory smoking sign at the entrance to, and around the building<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/faqs/pdf/A4Poster.pdf |title=Standard no smoking sign in Scotland |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> as well as a Smoke-Free policy. Opinion polls at its introduction showed a clear majority of the Scottish public were in favour of the ban<ref>[http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=629&Itemid=] 'Widespread support for smoking ban in Scotland'</ref>

As in New Zealand, the ban was initially criticised by certain interested groups (e.g., publicans, cafe and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall owners, etc.) who feared that it would adversely impact their businesses. A survey published by the Scottish Beer & Pubs Association one year on from the ban concluded that "the number of pub licensed premises in Scotland has remained more or less constant over the last year"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishpubs.co.uk/Aboutus/News/PR%202006%20Licensing%20Statistics.pdf |title='Research on liquor licenses for Scotland, March 2007, SBPA' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> indicating fears of an adverse impact of the ban on the hospitality industry were unfounded. Widespread concerns prior to the ban about its impact on bingo halls<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/half-of-scottish-bingo-halls-threatened-by-smoking-ban-405794.html |title='Half of Scottish bingo halls threatened by smoking ban' |work=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prove harder to objectively assess: As at May 2008 there is anecdotal evidence<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4140 |title='Bingo related News, the Smokers Club inc.' |publisher=Smokersclubinc.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> to suggest an increase in closures of bingo halls since implementation of the ban. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted and speculation within the betting and gaming industry is that a decline could also be the result of demographic changes and increases in online gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bingo-uk.co.uk/smoking-bingo-players.htm |title='Smoking Ban, bingo.co.uk' |publisher=Bingo-uk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[NHS Scotland]] Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the ban was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=clearingtheairscotland.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following the ban reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/09/10081400 'Smoking ban brings positive results, the Scottish Government']</ref>

====Wales====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking was banned across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and public houses report increases in takings since the ban came into place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokingbanwales.co.uk/english/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokingbanwales.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, six months after the ban's implementation, the Licensed Victuallers Association (LVA), which represents pub operators across Wales, claims that pubs have lost up to 20% of their trade. The LVA says some businesses are on the brink of closure, others have already closed down, and there is little optimism that trade will eventually return to pre-ban levels.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Darren Devine |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/12/smoking-ban-has-hit-trade-says-lva-91466-19938086/ |title=ic Wales |publisher=icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=12 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Public places must display a special bilingual no smoking sign:
* "Mae ysmygu yn y fangre hon yn erbyn y gyfraith" (Welsh)
* "It is against the law to smoke in these premises" (English)

===United Nations===
As United Nations buildings are not the subject of any national jurisdiction, the United Nations has its own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradual introduction of partial smoking bans between 1985 and 2003, Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] introduced in 2003 a total ban on smoking at [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/468/96/doc/N0346896.DOC?OpenElement|title=Smoking ban at United Nations Headquarters}}</ref> Similar bans have not been introduced in field offices of the United Nations worldwide.

Some specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] and the [[WHO|World Health Organization]] have their own strict smoking bans which apply to their offices worldwide, but the same is not necessarily true for entities of the Secretariat, such as the [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]] and the [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)]]. Only on 13 December 2007, OCHA introduced a smoking ban applicable to all its field offices.

===United States===
{{double image|right|US states smoking bans.svg|325|Smoking ban key.svg|250|Map of current and scheduled future statewide smoking bans as of 11 November 2010.}}
{{Main|List of smoking bans in the United States}}
In the United States, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not attempted to enact any nationwide [[law of the United States|federal]] smoking ban. Therefore, smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of state and [[local government in the United States|local]] [[criminal law|criminal]] and [[occupational safety and health]] laws. As a result, the existence and aggressiveness of smoking bans varies widely throughout the United States, ranging from total smoking bans (even outdoors), to no regulation of smoking at all. Jurisdictions in the greater [[Southern United States|South]] tend to have the least restrictive smoking bans or no statewide smoking bans at all, while most of the rest of the country now has statewide bans on smoking in bars, restaurants and other workplaces.

According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of October 2009, 71% of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |title=Over 1600 municipalities in the United States have local laws that provide for some sort of restrictions on where smoking is a |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> though only 41.2% live under bans in all workplaces ''and'' restaurants ''and'' bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf |title="Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 2 October 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

As of November 2010, 27 states have enacted smoking bans in all general workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants (though many of these exempt tobacconists, cigar bars, casinos, and/or private clubs). Seven have enacted smoking bans that exclude all adult venues such as bars (and casinos where applicable). [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]] have particularized state laws banning smoking in specific places but leaving out all others. The remaining 11 states have no statewide smoking ban at all, though many cities and/or counties in most of those states have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees (though [[Oklahoma]] prohibits local governments from passing smoking laws at all).

As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. [[Guam]] prohibits smoking in restaurants, but the ban does not extend to workplaces or any other businesses. [[American Samoa]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] have no smoking bans.

===Uruguay===
{{Main|Smoking in Uruguay}}
In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.<ref name=bbcuruguay>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4761624.stm |title=Uruguay curbs smoking in public |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. [[President of Uruguay|President]] [[Tabaré Vázquez]], a practicing [[oncologist]], has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.<ref>[http://www.tobaccofree.org/news%20articles/2006-03-02-Associated-Press/2006-03-02-Associated-Press-Uruguay.htm?SITE=VACUL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Public smoking ban takes effect in Uruguay] – TobacoFree.org</ref>

===Vatican City===
On 1 July 2002 a law signed by [[Pope John Paul II]] became effective which banned smoking on all places accessible to the public and in all closed places of work within the Vatican City and within all extraterritorial [[properties of the Holy See]]. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory were already in force before that date for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-4800?l=english|title=Smoking Banned in Public Areas of Vatican|publisher=Zenit|date=28 June 2002|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport nationwide<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/17/content_6112701.htm |title=Xinhua – English |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=17 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

===Zambia===
Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400,000 or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290606.html allAfrica.com: Zambia: The Move by the Government to Ban Smoking in Public Places (Page 1 of 1)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=775667 |title=Zambia gets tough on smokers |work=The Times |location=UK |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Specific restrictions==
===Outdoor smoking bans===
{{Trivia|much of this info is already stated above|date=July 2010}}
*It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in Ireland. It was also the first country in the world to impose a ban on smoking outdoors within 3-metres of a public building.
*In the Australian state of Queensland, smoking is prohibited within four metres of entrances to public buildings, within 10 metres of children's playground equipment, in commercial outdoor eating or drinking areas, at patrolled beaches, and at all major sports stadiums.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atods/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp Outdoor public areas] Queensland Government</ref>
**Some beaches in [[Sydney, Australia]] have smoking bans in place.
**Smoking indoors or outdoors on land owned by the NSW Department of Education is banned
**From 1 March 2006, in [[Victoria, Australia]], smoking is banned from all covered train platforms, bus and tram stops.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/tobaccoreforms/index.htm Tobacco reforms] Victorian Government Health Information</ref>
*[http://www.cmh.org/ Cambridge Memorial Hospital] in [[Cambridge, Ontario]], Canada, enacted a total (outdoor) smoking ban, believed to be the first in the entire province if not country, as of October 2004. At the same time, [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in the nearby [[Waterloo, Ontario|city of Waterloo, Ontario]], proposed a similar total smoking ban on its property, after its [http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=158&s_id=146&sb_id=286&p_id=147 10 metre outdoor proximity ban] (enacted in 2002) failed. WLU was presumed to be the third Canadian (public) post-secondary institution to consider such measures, after Carleton and Acadia.
**Smoking is prohibited in [[Hamilton Street Railway]] bus shelters in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter as well as any less than 4 metres from any entrance in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].
**[[Calgary, Alberta]], banned all outdoor patio smoking at bars, restaurants and casinos on 1 July 2005. Nova Scotia did the same on 1 December 2006.
*[[Calabasas]], California, United States, banned smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest ban in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have banned smoking on their beaches, at least four other California cities (including San Francisco) ban smoking in parks or outdoor venues. For more information, see [[List of smoking bans in the United States#Outdoor smoking bans]].
**[[Belmont, California]], banned smoking in outdoor places on 25 September 2007. This ban also applies inside condos, apartments and other kinds of multi-unit housing.<ref>[http://www.belmont.gov Welcome to Belmont] The City of Belmont</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/12/BAG9ROK7LN3.DTL Belmont to hold meeting about proposed anti-smoking law] San Francisco Chronicle, 12 March 2007</ref>
**California has banned smoking within {{convert|20|ft|m}} of entrances to any public building.
*Selected wards in Tokyo, Japan, prohibit smoking on the streets. This ban is enforced and violators are fined. In response, free smoking cafes have been provided by [[Japan Tobacco]].
**56% of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda ward]]'s land area is a no smoking zone as of April 2007.
**[[Kyoto]], Japan, has banned smoking on 7.1 km of its streets in 2007, including busy areas along [[Kawaramachi]], [[Karasuma]]-dori and [[Shijo Street]] avenues.
**[[Railway stations]] in Japan are no-smoking except for a few remaining long distance services.
*Many English [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] [[Primary Care Trust|PCTs]] ban smoking on it premises both inside and outside hospitals, even places such as the car park and bus stations.
* In Hong Kong, smoking ban is imposed on most public recreational areas and beaches. It is up to districts to designate which public recreational areas are exempt, and some ban smoking districtwide. Many playgrounds in public housing estates have also become smoke-free. Some public transport interchanges, as designated by the government, bans smoking since 1 September 2009.
*Smoking is banned on all railway platforms in England, regardless of whether they are covered or not. These measures were introduced well before any national smoking ban for safety reasons<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/faq/vehicles.html#train |title=Non-smoking train platforms |publisher=Smokefreeengland.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
*It is illegal to smoke on the outdoor property of the institutions of public education in Slovenia, penalties are dictated by internal orders of the concerned institutions.
* It is illegal to smoke in some bus shelters (complex rules determine which, leading to them being largely ignored) and phone boxes in Scotland.

===Other restrictions===
In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, bans enacted earlier allow for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

* Turkmenistan, under decree from [[President for life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], has banned the chewing of tobacco.
*All public and Catholic schools in the [[Region of Waterloo]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, banned smoking on school property in Autumn 1994. A province-wide smoking ban on school property was slated to begin for the 2007/2008 school year in [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*A [[tobacco fatwa]] was issued in Iran in 1891 and Egypt in 2000.
*Australia has a federal law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all smokeless tobacco products. The sale of oral snuff and chewing tobacco has been banned since 1989 under the Trade Practices Act 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P278_IA.pdf |title=Please Refer To Anzfa'S Guide To Applications And Proposals For A More Detailed Explanation Of The Process On How To Undertake |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed bans==
In the Czech Republic, there is a bill to prohibit smoking in all public areas and in all enclosed areas in pubs, restaurants, bars and others that do not have a separate room designated for smoking that has permanent ventilation and does not have an effect on smoke-free sections. There have recently been several bills proposing similar smoking restrictions, but these have never been enacted by the [[Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>[http://www.cbw.cz/phprs/2007070221.html Restaurants oppose smoking bill]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

[[New Caledonia]] is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a recent 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Posted at 00:53 on 2 June 2007 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=32704 |title=New Caledonia in line for anti-smoking law |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] has introduced legislation to ban smoking in vehicles carrying passengers below the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northernnews.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=943397 |title=Newspaper |publisher=Northernnews.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1928 |title=Legislative Assembly of Ontario | Bills & Lawmaking | Current Parliament | Bill 11, Protecting Children and Youth from Second-Hand Smoke in Automobiles Act, 2007 |publisher=Ontla.on.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government of [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in Japan has compiled a basic plan for an ordinance to ban smoking in hotels, restaurants and other public places to be submitted to legislature in March 2009. It has been passed as a toned down version coming into effect April 2010 whereby smoking is banned in hospitals, schools and government offices, and requires restaurants and hotels to choose between becoming nonsmoking or creating separate smoking areas.

In Bulgaria the Ministry of Health is considering a ban on tobacco smoking in all public places by the summer of 2010. Bulgaria has an engagement to restrict tobacco smoking by 2011 with the [[World Health Organization]].
In Saudi Arabia, smoking is prohibited in public places<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novinar.net/?act=news&act1=det&stat=center&mater=Mjc2MDs1OQ==&sql=Mjc2MDszNQ== |title=Пълна забрана на пушенето след една година (in Bulgarian) |publisher=Novinar.net |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Niue]] is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10520567 |title=World's smallest state aims to become first smoke-free island paradise – World – NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=9 July 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Singapore citizens launched an online campaign to support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info |title=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore | Support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000 |publisher=Tobaccofreesingapore.info |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Lack of smoking bans==
Some countries have no legislation against smoking whatsoever. These countries include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and many other countries in Central and Western Africa, where people can smoke wherever they want and often culture is in favor of the smoker.

==See also==
*[[Smokeasy]]
{{Smoking by country}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inforesearchlab.com/bansmoking.chtml Smoking bans around the world] (updated)
*[http://ask.yahoo.com/20070214.html List of countries with smoking bans (Yahoo)]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/map-globalsmokingbans/ Interactive map on some global smoking bans]
*[http://edutube.org/interactive/prevalence-smoking-men-and-women/ Interactive map on prevalence of smoking among men and women]
*[http://www.tobacco.org/articles/category/smoking_bans/ Smoking ban news]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Smoking Bans}}
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Smoking bans]]

[[cs:Seznam zákazů kouření]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwaharddiadau ysmygu yn ôl gwlad]]
[[es:Ley antitabaco]]
[[fr:Législation sur le tabac]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen met een rookverbod]]

List of smoking bans

2011-02-22T08:19:48Z

Baltshazzar: petition "stop koureni", demanding a smoking ban in restaurants

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
This is a '''list of [[smoking ban]]s''' by country. Smoking bans are public policies, including [[criminal law]]s and [[occupational safety and health]] regulations, which prohibit [[tobacco smoking]] in workplaces and/or other [[public space]]s. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/36/00601-01.htm
|title=36-601.01 – Smoke-free Arizona act
|author=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date=
|work=Arizona Revised Statutes Title 36 – Public Health and Safety
|chapter=6. Public Health Control
|publisher=Arizona State Legislature
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Jun. 2009
}}</ref>
[[Image:Smoking bans.png|thumb|350px|Smoking bans worldwide as of 3 Jan 2011:
{{legend|grey|no restrictions or no data}}
{{legend|yellow|patchy and incomplete bans, low enforcement}}
{{legend|pink|no national ban, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|orange|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, or weak enforcement in indoor entertainment areas}}
{{legend|red|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|brown|strong national ban in all public indoor areas with some exceptions}}
Note: Countries with all subnational entities having a ban equates to a nationwide ban here, such as for Canada and Australia]]

{{TOC right}}
[[Image:No smoking symbol.svg|thumb|180px|A [[pictogram]] often used where a smoking ban is in order.]]

==Bans==
===Albania===
A law went into effect on 26 May 2007 banning smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco. The measure has been largely ineffective and not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-urged-to-enforce-smoking-ban |title=Albania urged to enforce smoking ban |publisher=Balkaninsight.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Andorra===
Since 2004, smoking is banned in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.<ref>[http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1794 Una proposta ciutadana vol que no es pugui fumar a la feina] – Diari d'Andorra</ref>

===Argentina===
{{Main|Smoking in Argentina}}
A 2006 smoking ban in Buenos Aires city prohibits smoking in public areas including bars and restaurants except if the bar is more than 100 m2 where it is possible to provide an area for smoking customers. Similar bans in other Argentine cities require bigger establishments to provide a separate, contained area for smoking customers. The rule is not nationwide.

===Armenia===
A law went into effect in March 2005 banning smoking in hospitals, cultural and educational and mental institutions and on public transportation. On 1 March 2006 new rules came into effect requiring all public and private institutions, including bars and restaurants, to allow smoking only in special secluded areas. Absence of any legal sanctions against those who violate the smoking laws have made them completely ineffectual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2006/03/484fbde7-796a-4798-b4d1-b99aa705fa47.asp |title=Smoking Restrictions Widened In Armenia |publisher=Armenialiberty.org |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|List of smoking bans in Australia}}
In Australia smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:
* South Australia: Smoking prohibited in all indoor dining areas since January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au/ |title=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |publisher=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Total enclosed public place smoking ban in force since November 2007
* Western Australia: Incremental restrictions introduced from January 2005 with a total ban on smoking in all enclosed public spaces taking effect from July 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=115987 |title=WA Government media statement, 28 November 2004 |publisher=Mediastatements.wa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Tasmania: Total indoor smoking ban in force since January 2006 {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}. From January 2008 the ban was extended to include smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html |title=Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania |work=The Australian |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Queensland: Comprehensive ban in effect since July 2006. Smoking is prohibited in all pubs, clubs, restaurants and workplaces, commercial outdoor eating and drinking areas, outdoor public places, and within 4 metres of non-residential building entrances<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.qld.gov.au/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp |title=Outdoor public areas |publisher=Health.qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Australian Capital Territory: A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since December 2006{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* Victoria: : A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since July 2007{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* New South Wales: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in July 2007. From 1 July 2009, smoking in a car with a child under the age of 16 is against the law. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 creates a new offence of smoking in a car with a child under 16 years of age in the vehicle. A $250 on the spot fine applies to the driver and any passenger who breaks the law and this will be enforced by NSW Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/healthpromotion/tobacco/smoke_free_cars.asp |title=Smoke-free Cars – NSW Department of Health |publisher=Health.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Northern Territory: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in 2 January 2010.

===Austria===
Austria has implemented several laws which limit or outlaw smoking in certain areas:
* Smoking is prohibited in all offices with certain exceptions such as bars, discos, restaurants etc. If all employees agree on allowing smoking in a work place, smoking may continue.
* Smoking was banned from all trains and train stations when Germany introduced such a ban in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1350131.php |title=Austria inches towards smoking ban |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=31 August 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* As of January 2009, a new law was put in place which mandates all restaurants, bars, discos and pubs which are larger than 80m² to introduce smoking rooms and non-smoking rooms. Below 50m² the owner may opt to either be a smoking or non-smoking place, between 50m² and 80m² there is an option under certain circumstances. The law provides for a very long transition phase.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/getaways/03/05/austria.germany.travel/index.html |publisher=CNN | accessdate=4 April 2010 | title=A wunderbar welcome in Austria and Germany - CNN.com | date=5 March 2009}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

===Bahrain===
Bahrain outlawed smoking in public places on 27 February 2008.

===Belgium===
* 2005: Companies should have implemented smoking plans to discourage smoking.
* January 2006: Smoking prohibited in the work area.
* January 2007: Smoking banned in restaurants and bars, except in the ones that serve "light meals" (e.g. cold meals, pizzas and warm meals that are served with bread instead of French fries) ''and'' have less of 30% of their sales from food servings. Small bars are also not included in the ban. Most large bars, such as concert venues, do little to enforce the ban.
* September 2008: Smoking no longer allowed in schools.
* January 2010: After a general smoking ban, including all types of bars had been discussed, this has been watered down to a smoking ban applying only when food is served.<ref>[http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=G692344PG General smoking ban on 1 July 2010]</ref>

===Bermuda===
As of 1 October 2006, all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda are smoke-free, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.<ref>[http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=31037&TM=10964.17 Smoking ban kicks in on Sunday] – Bermuda Sun</ref>

===Bhutan===
Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco would still be permitted with very heavy taxes.<ref>''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]'': [http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation] by Eric Weiner</ref> Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright. However, there is little enforcement. Cigarettes are widely smuggled, and bars in the Bhutanese capital Thimphu are usually smoky.

The National Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/newsDetail.php?id=1331%20&%20cat=5 |title=Bhutan Portal |publisher=Bhutan.gov.bt |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> decided on 10 July 2009 to lift the ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products while discussing the tobacco control bill.

The council, with a majority, agreed to delete the section C in chapter three of the bill, which says, “No person shall sell tobacco and tobacco products.” The council chairperson, Namgay Penjore, said that they discussed including a new clause to control the sale of tobacco and tobacco products through pricing.

Council members said that the ban on the sale was ineffective and led to a black market. Some said tobacco was easily available anywhere, but at exorbitant prices because of the ineffective ban.

“The idea is to make tobacco expensive by imposing higher taxes,” said the chairperson. The name of the bill is “Tobacco control bill” and not ‘… ban’. “The change (deleting the clause) was to do away with the thriving black market,” he said.

Meanwhile, the council also suggested inserting another clause restricting the sale of tobacco products to youth below 18 years. However, Namgay Penjore said the bill was still under discussion and not endorsed. The bill will be submitted to the National Assembly.

3 June 2010 
According to the bill, people selling tobacco products will be punished for the offence of misdemeanor liable for a prison term of one to three years. Smuggling tobacco products into the country will be punished for the offence of felony of fourth degree liable for prison term of three to five years.
However, the bill was passed with 61 “yes” votes and five “no” votes.
Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency (BNCA) will serve as the secretariat of tobacco control office and its board members will also be the board members of the tobacco control board, according to Health Minister.
The tobacco control board, among other functions, will provide effective leadership and coordination in implementing the act, formulate and implement national tobacco control strategy, monitor the enforcement of the provisions under the act and approve rules framed under the act.
Health Minister said that, once His Majesty gives his assent to the bill, the rules and regulations will be drafted

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the nation has banned smoking in public buildings since 1 September 2007.

===Brazil===
In Brazil, the sale and consumption of tobacco for 18 years older citizens is legal. However, product advertising on television and radio is prohibited. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse health effects.

Smoking is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces, such as shopping malls and libraries, except for specifically- designated smoking areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/LEIS/L9294.htm |title=Article 2 of Brazil Federal law no. 9294 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In restaurants there should be a non smoking section but in reality most restaurants end up having tables side by side, one for non-smokers and another where smoking is allowed. Tobacco advertising is restricted to posters in shops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/leis/L9294.htm |title=Law 9294, 15 July 1996 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo, the most important Latin American state in economic terms, became the first in Brazil to adopt the most comprehensive ban, being followed by Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.<ref>http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/usr/share/documents/legislacao.pdf</ref> Under the new regulation there are no smoking sections in any place around the state.

The law became effective from 7 August 2009 with smoking forbidden in all indoor and enclosed public spaces such as bars and restaurants, clubs, shopping malls, movie theatres, banks, supermarkets, bakeries, chemist shops, health places, government offices and schools.

Also it is no longer allowed on work and study places, libraries, buses, cabs, commercial and residential common areas, hotels and inns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/ |title=Portal da Lei Antifumo – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |publisher=Leiantifumo.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo government has graduated 500 specialised agents to make sure the rule is respected at all times. The first team was trained to measure ambient smoke in an area and to warn smokers about the risks for their health.

Anybody violating the law is charged with a fine. Public sites can be punished with a maximum fine of R$ 1.585,00 (Brazilian currency, ~USD 800,00). If there is a second infraction the site is closed. According to surveys, 88% of São Paulo’s inhabitants support the Smoke Free Law.

===Bulgaria===
Banned in all indoor public spaces except bars and restaurants and clubs.

===Canada===
{{Main|Smoking in Canada}}
In [[Smoking in Canada|Canada]], indoor smoking is banned by all territories and provinces and by the federal government. As of 2010, legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent, despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction. The federal government's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses, such as airports. Smoking rooms are not permitted.

===Chile===
Chile bans smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking in universities indoors is banned, however, smoking is allowed outdoors. Restaurants, with large eateries (over 100 m²) must have fully partitioned nonsmoking sections. Smaller restaurants can choose between being smoke free or being for smokers. The same with cafes and pubs. Clubs, despite their size, are able to choose between being smoke free or being for smokers, however, in practice all clubs are "for smokers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/aug06/08-15-06-1.html |title=Chile: New Smoking Ban in Effect [08/15/06-1] |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Smoking in the People's Republic of China}}
[[Shanghai Municipality]] expanded smoking bans from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, effective 1 March 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/11/content_12629545.htm |title=Shanghai to impose wider ban on smoking in public venues_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and had attempted to ban smoking in restaurants for the [[2010 World Expo]], but restaurants do not stick to the ban and it is not enforced.

In [[Guangdong]] Province, the municipalities of [[Guangzhou]] and [[Jiangmen]] banned smoking in public places in 2007, but the law is not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm |title=Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places |publisher=Newsgd.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
{{Main|Smoking in Hong Kong}}
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Hong Kong]] has seen all public smoking banned from 1 January 2007 under the [[Hong Kong Government|government]]'s revised [[Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance]] (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades has been in place since July 1998.

An anomaly to the smoking ban is on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and Mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and the Chinese Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Any person who smokes or carries a lighted tobacco product in a statutory no smoking area commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a maximum fine of HK$5,000. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Hong Kong does not place the onus on licensees of liquor licensed premises to enforce smoking bans with subsequent loss of licence for non compliance. A new law, that was to enter into force in September 2009, provides for fixed-penalty arrangement (HK$1,500) for smoking, on a par with that for littering. At the same time smoking will be banned in designated public transport interchanges, but the government has yet to clarify how it will enforce this against non Hong Kong ID card holders and tourists, since the offender has 21 days after the ticket issue to pay up.

The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in China 63% of males smoke.

The government has mentioned a full-ban of tobacco import and smoking is technically possible in Hong Kong upon the release of the budget in 2009. However, as the decreasing daily smoking rate in recent years mainly due to increasing tobacco tax, the government currently has no further plans to control sales of tobacco other than by adjusting taxation.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

===Colombia===
{{Main|Smoking in Colombia}}
In summer 2009, Colombia has extended its existing tobacco control regulations by requiring all indoor work places and public places be immediately smoke-free; prohibiting tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship, and the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ on packaging, requiring large, pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging (covering 30 per cent of the front and back) within a year, preventing the sale of tobacco products to minors; and mandating public education programs on the deadly effects of tobacco use.

===Croatia===
On 22 November 2008 the Croatian Parliament passed legislation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/342110.html |title=125 29.10.2008 Zakon o ograničavanju uporabe duhanskih proizvoda |publisher=Narodne-novine.nn.hr |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prohibiting smoking in public institutions such as hospitals, clinics, schools, nurseries and universities with infractions punishable with up to 1000 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]] (140 euros). A notable exception in the Act are psychiatric wards in Croatia's hospitals. The ban went further in May 2009 when smoking was banned in all enclosed public areas including bars, restaurants and cafes. The smoking ban applies to all public areas where non-smokers could suffer from secondhand smoking including open public areas like sport stadiums, arenas, open air theatres, tram and bus stations etc.<ref>[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_10_125_3560.html Law on restriction of tobacco-product use] ''Narodne novine 125/08'''</ref>
It is estimated that 30 percent of Croatia’s adult population are smokers.<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14639/ "Croatia Bans Smoking"] ''[[Balkan Insight|balkaninsight.com]]'' 7 Nov. 2008 Link accessed 7 Nov. 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/news/croatia/2984810/index.do;jsessionid=D79A733AC59D1CA3E5574A6864ED2916.2 Croatia banning smoking] ''vecernji.hr'''</ref> On 10 September 2009 the ban on smoking in bars and cafes in Croatia was partially repealed for a grace period until 9 April 2010, local media has reported. Proprietors with establishments that are up to 50 sq m that meet very strict conditions will now be able to choose whether to allow smoking. One of the conditions is a ventilation system that is able to change indoor air at least 10 times per hour. Until March 2010 only 16 (out of 16 000) establishments in all of Croatia have met the conditions and have been permitted to allow smoking.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/2010/03/15/od-16000-kafica-pusacki-status-z.aspx "Od 16.000 kafića, pušački status zatražilo samo 16 ''Novi list''']</ref> Larger establishments will have to include a designated and separately ventilated smoking area<ref>{{Cite web|author=byNick Iliev |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2009/09/11/783081_croatia-reverses-smoking-ban-in-public-places |title=Croatia reverses smoking ban in public places – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cuba===
Cuba has banned smoking in most work places, cigarette machines removed and it has been illegal to sell tobacco products close to schools since February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/no-smoking.htm |title=In a country famed for its cigars, Cuba adds no-smoking rules |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=18 January 2005 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
On 9 July 2009 Cyprus passed a new law, tightening up ineffective 2002 legislation, that will ban smoking in bars, restaurants, nightclubs and workplaces effective 1 January 2010.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/cyprussmokinghealth ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Since the introduction of the smoking ban on 1 January 2010, compliance levels have been very encouraging. A spokesman for the restaurant & bar owners however have complained that the introduction of the smoking ban has led to a sharp drop in revenue<ref>{{Cite web|author=+ – Text size //var addthis_pub="49f59059007d44e8"; // |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/strong-compliance-smoking-ban/20100105 |title=Strong compliance with smoking ban |publisher=Cyprus Mail |date=5 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> but produced no evidence to support statement.

===Czech Republic===
The second German anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]].
In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from Austria at the end of World War I.<ref>{{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert|title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |pmid=9302840 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2008|quote=The first German antitobacco organization was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded.|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139}}</ref>
Currently, there is a law in force that bans smoking in some public places such as institutions, hospitals, bus stops and other public service stops, but not in restaurants, bars and clubs. In June 2009 the parliament approved a bill allegedly regulating smoking in public places. However, it only requires bars and restaurants where smoking is allowed, i.e. practically all of them, to post a sign.
In February 2011, the popular initiative "stop kouření" announces, that so far 115000 people have signed their petition demanding smokefree restaurants. The high cancer rate, the poor rating concerning tobacco control and possible corruption of members of the Czech parliament are denounced.<ref>[[http://www.praguepost.com/opinion/7561-petition-pushes-for-czech-smoking-ban.html Prague Post]]</ref>

===Denmark===
Since 15 August 2007, smoking in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, [[public transport]], and all private and public workplaces has been banned. Exemptions to the law are bars with a floor space less than 40 m² and offices only used by a single employee. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. The law has caused much controversy and is as of November 2007 not fully enforced.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Smoking in Ecuador}}
[[Smoking in Ecuador|Smoking]] is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador.<ref name="Ockene">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759503/
| title= Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes
| last= Ockene
| first= J. K.
| publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information
| year= 1996
| accessdate = August 2010
}}</ref> Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in [[Quito]] are generally respected.

===Estonia===
Smoking has been banned within indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Later a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (however still allowed in isolated smoking rooms).

===Faroe Islands===
Smoking banned in all enclosed public spaces since 1 July 2008.

===Finland===
{{Main|Smoking in Finland}}
Smoking has been banned in indoor public areas and workplaces from 1 March 1995, except in specially designated [[smoking room]]s; restaurants were included in 2007. Legislation aimed towards voluntary prevention of secondary smoking was enacted, but it was not successful. Few establishments installed ventilation systems capable of eliminating secondhand smoke. Dividing a restaurant into a smoking and non-smoking section was also an ineffective measure. Thus, smoking has been banned in all indoor public and workplaces, including bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants from 1 June 2007, except in those places which have been permitted a transition period of up to two years. Smoking in bars and trains is still allowed in enclosed smoking booths, where is not permitted to serve or consume food or drink. Many smaller bars have not been able to build such smoking booths and patrons have to smoke outside. The bans are respected by the general population.

As of early 2010, Finland plans to phase out smoking completely.<ref name="ban all smoking">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/finland-embarks-plan-will-ban-all-smoking-117181
| title= Finland embarks on plan that will ban all smoking
| publisher=National Business Review
| date= 15 January 2010
| accessdate = 13 August 2010
}}</ref>

===France===

Smoking is now banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, see below. However, a special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. until 1 January 2008,<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/SQHYN.htm Decree n°2006-1386 of 15 November 2006] taken as application of [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L3511-7 article L3511-7] of the Public Health Code, banning smoking in public places.</ref> although the French government allowed a day of reflection on New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7163178.stm |title=French cafes set to ban smoking |accessdate=28 Dec. 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 December 2007}}</ref> Opinion polls suggest 70% of people support the ban.<ref>{{Cite news| title=France to ban smoking in public | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6032125.stm | accessdate=9 Oct. 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=8 October 2006}}</ref> However, a recent story by Time Magazine suggests that smokers are now blatantly ignoring the smoking ban due to low enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news| title=
Smoking Ban? The French Light Up Again in Public | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1949817,00.html | accessdate=3 Jan. 2010 | work=Time | date=26 December 2009}}</ref>

Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m²; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they must have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; and cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}.

Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated. In larger establishments, smoking and non-smoking sections could be separate rooms, but often they were just areas within the same room.

A legal challenge against the new regulations was filed before the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]] in 2007, but was rejected.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0713.shtml Ruling of 19 March 2007] of the Conseil d'État ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=JADE&nod=JGXAX2007X03X000000300467 copy] on [[Légifrance]])</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Smoking in Germany}}
With some of Europe's highest smoking rates, Germany's patchwork of smoking bans continues to be contested.

In February 2009, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that the smoking bans in bars are being very weakly controlled by the authorities, and in many places the ban is not observed at all.<ref name="spiegel">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,609404,00.html|title=Dichter Qualm trotz Rauchverbot|last=Wiesel|first=Christian|date=28 Feb. 2009|work=Der Spiegel|language=German|accessdate=26 May 2009}}</ref>

===Greece===
[[Image:Anti-smoking Law Greece 1856.PNG|thumb|right|235px|[[Royal decree]] of 1856, introducing the first ban on smoking in modern Greece. Prohibition was valid only within state buildings and was grounded on the need to prevent [[accident]]s.]]
As of 2010, Greece is the country with the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epha.org/a/4088|title=2010 Eurobarometer survey on tobacco – European Public Health Alliance|last=Staff|date=13 July 2010|publisher=[[European Public Health Alliance]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> Since older legislation was not very efficient a new, stricter law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law bans smoking ''and'' consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all working places, transportation stations, in taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking is already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.us-winston.com/greece-to-ban-smoking-in-all-indoor-public-places/ |title=Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places | US Winston Online Club |publisher=Us-winston.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking is also prohibited in atria and internal areas with removable roofcovers or tents as well as in external seating areas that are surrounded by a tent and are not open from at least two sides.
Fines are particularly heavy for smokers who do not comply (fines range from 50 to 500 Euros) as well as for the working places or companies, i.e. restaurants, night clubs, pubs, etc. (fines range from 500 to 10,000 Euros). For those companies that violate the law for the 5th time in a row, the law orders for the closure of the specific company.

A special website ([http://www.smokestop.gov.gr www.smokestop.gov.gr]) and a telephone hotline for information as well as citizens to report any violations of the new law (tel: 1142) along with an extensive media campaign have been created to promote the 1 September smoking ban in Greece.
The government has signed an agreement with [[Harvard University]] the help in developing the government’s anti-tobacco policies and mounting publicity campaigns.<ref name="GR-HSPH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100008_27/07/2010_118631|title=Harvard to help in smoking ban|last=Staff|date=27 July 2010|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Harvard School of Public Health]] will also help Greece conduct research, organize conferences and train all the officials who will be involved in imposing the ban.<ref name="GR-HSPH" /> They will also help develop strategies to foster an anti-smoking culture, particularly among children.<ref name="GR-HSPH" />

The only exception to the law are airports. There, smoking is only permitted in special separated smoking booths equipped with separate ventilation systems and air filters. Currently only the [[Athens International Airport]] has installed such booths: one in the extra-[[Schengen]] arrival area before passport control and one in the intra-[[Schengen]] baggage claim area, both smoking booths are accessible only to arriving passengers. In all other Greek airports no smoking booths have been installed and smoking is totally prohibited inside terminal buildings.

===Guatemala===
Complete ban: Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions. Smoke-free in health-care facilities and governmental facilities{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

===Guernsey===
Smoking bans were introduced at different times in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]. Smoking was banned in all public places in the island of [[Guernsey]], including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, on 2 July 2006, under the ''"Smoking (Prohibition in Public Places and Workplaces) (Guernsey) Law 2005"''. Anyone who breaks the law, upon conviction, could be fined up to the maximum of £1000 (~€1150, ~$1470). Smoking is allowed anywhere outside and in whatever company.<ref>[http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/health---social-services/environmental-health---pollution-regulation/smoke-free-guernsey/ Information about the Guernsey smoking ban]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Alderney]], the [[States of Alderney]] passed anti-smoking legislation with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alderneyjournal.com/readnews.php?id=1145 |title=Alderney Journal |publisher=Alderney Journal |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoking in indoor public places remains legal in [[Sark]].

===Hungary===
Smoking has been banned for several years on public transport, hospitals, airports and in public and federal buildings, including the Parliament. From 2010, a smoking ban is effective on [[playground]]s and [[underpass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/08/05/matol_tilos_a_dohanyzas_az_aluljarokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Mától tilos a dohányzás az aluljárókban |publisher=Index.hu |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> From 2011, it is also effective in all [[Budapest]] public transport stops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/12/15/tilos_lesz_a_dohanyzas_a_bkv-megallokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Tilos lesz a dohányzás a BKV-megállókban |publisher=Index.hu |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In 2009, a proposal to ban smoking in all public places, including restaurants, bars, etc., was placed on hold.<ref>http://index.hu/politika/belfold/0530hrvthgns/ http://index.hu/politika/bulvar/0402smoke/</ref> However, many restaurants and bars throughout the country elect to be smoke-free.

===Iceland===
{{Main|Smoking in Iceland}}
Smoking and the use of other tobacco products is banned in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/134/2002006.html |title=2002 nr. 6 31. janúar/ Lög um tóbaksvarnir |publisher=Althingi.is |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===India===
A nationwide ban on smoking at the workplace and in restaurants, hotels, pubs, public transport (buses, trains and metros), airports and railway stations, educational institutions, cafes, theatres and other public places came into effect from 2 October 2008. Smoking in open areas like roads, parks, etc. and inside one's home and car is however allowed. Smoking is also permitted in restaurants, bars and pubs having designated separate smoking areas. Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of Rs 200(INR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |publisher=Spiritindia.com |date=23 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Advertising of tobacco products had already been prohibited nationwide by an earlier law.

In 2007, [[Chandigarh]] became the first city in India to become 'smoke-free'. However despite there being some difficulties and apathy by the authorities<ref>Sarin, Jaideep, [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/chandigarhs-smoke-free-city-campaign-loses-steam_10070935.html "Chandigarh’s ’smoke-free city’ campaign loses steam"], [[Indo-Asian News Service]], New Delhi, 13 July 2008</ref> the Smoke-Free Chandigarh<ref>Website, [http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com "Smoke Free Chandigarh Website"], [[Burning Brain Society]], Chandigarh</ref> ban has been a success story. Taking a cue from the Chandigarh's success, cities like Shimla also followed the Smoke-Free Chandigarh model to become smoke-free.<ref>''The Hindu'', IANS, [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903111821.htm "Shimla to turn smoke-free soon"], Chandigarh</ref> The success of Chandigarh had been widely recognised and the architect of smoke-free Chandigarh [[Hemant Goswami]].<ref>''The Times of India'', [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3921985,prtpage-1.cms "Our Unsung Hero, Kicking the Butt"], Chandigarh</ref> was also awarded the Global Smoke-Free Partnership Award for the initiative.<ref>World Heart Federation, [http://www.worldheart.org/about-us/partnerships/global-smokefree-partnership/print.html?no_cache=1"Global Smoke Free Partnership"], Chandigarh</ref> The state of [[Kerala]] also had implemented a more relaxed ban on public smoking earlier though it was never properly followed. However since the nationwide ban, it is being enforced more strictly.

===Indonesia===
In [[Jakarta]]'s restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is banned. Restaurants which want to allow smoking have to provide a separate smoking space starting 4 February 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/bloomberg/sxsmoke.php |title=A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – ''International Herald Tribune'' |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> As in many Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/news/248932.html |title=Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban |publisher=Tobacco.org |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{Main|Smoking in Ireland}}
[[The Republic of Ireland]] became the first country in the world to institute an outright ban on smoking in workplaces on 29 March 2004. Before the total ban, smoking had already been outlawed in public buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurant kitchens, and on aircraft and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).<ref>[http://www.eu2004.ie/templates/standard.asp?sNavlocator=3,242,455 EU 2004 – "Smoking ban is first in world"]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, Ireland banned in-store [[tobacco advertising]] and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and new controls on tobacco [[vending machine]]s.

===Isle of Man===
The [[Isle of Man]] ban is similar to the one introduced in England. The ban came into effect on 30 March 2008.

The smoking ban also saw Europe's first smoke-free prison.<ref>[http://www.iomtoday.co.im/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=870&articleid=2015621 Exact Date Set For Smoking Ban – Isle Of Man Today]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Israel===
In Israel, it is forbidden to smoke in public closed places since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the restriction of smoking in public places|publisher=(in Hebrew) | url=http://www.linshom.com/law/public.htm|accessdate= 21 Nov. 2007}}</ref> The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The ban includes cafés, restaurants discos, pubs and bars, and it is illegal for owners of such places to put ashtrays anywhere inside closed spaces. Also, owners of public places must put "no smoking" signs and prevent visitors from smoking. They can also designate a well-ventilated and completely separate area for smokers, as long as the non-smokers' area does not fall below 75% of the whole area. The fine for owners of public places is [[New Israeli sheqel|₪]] 10,000 (around US$2,800) and for smokers – ₪ 5000.
In spite of all of this, the smoking bans in Israel are not effective and smoking remains extremely prevalent in public places, especially bars and clubs.

===Italy===
{{Main|Smoking in Italy}}
Italy was the fourth country in the world to enact a nationwide smoking ban. Since 10 January 2005 it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos. However, special smoking rooms are allowed. In such areas food can be served, but they are subjected to strict conditions: they need to be separately ventilated, with high air replacement rates; their air pressure must constantly be lower than the pressure in the surrounding rooms; they must be equipped with automatic sliding doors to prevent smoke from spreading to tobacco-free areas; they may occupy at most 50% of the establishment. Only 1% of all public establishments have opted for setting up a smoking room.
Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.
It is indeed allowed to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit on the outside tables and people still smoke there.

===Japan===
{{Main|Smoking in Japan}}
Although there are no consistent nationwide smoking bans in Japan and all moves to introduce such laws are strongly opposed by the powerful [[Lobbying|lobby]] groups, there are a growing number of local ordinances banning smoking. Smoking is forbidden on the streets of the [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] wards of Tokyo<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2292007.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Smoking ban on Tokyo's streets | date=2 October 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> for reasons of child safety (not health). Smoking is banned on most public transport and on many train station platforms, however enforcement mechanisms such as fines remain absent. [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] has implemented in April 2010 the nation's first prefecture-wide smoking ban, banning smoking in public facilities, including hospitals, schools and government offices. The ordinance requires large restaurants and hotels to choose whether to become nonsmoking or create separate smoking areas, while [[mah-jong]] and [[pachinko]] parlors, restaurants with floor space of up to 100 sq. meters and hotels of up to 700 sq. meters are merely required to "make efforts" to prevent passive smoking. Another Kanagawa ordinance last month to ban smoking at swimming beaches expected to be implemented in May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100402a5.html |title=Kanagawa enforces first antismoking code | The Japan Times Online |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Although still relatively few, there is a growing number of private businesses implementing smoking bans in restaurants, taxis, buildings and bars<ref>http://en.wa-shoi.com/?page=100595</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7083.php |title=Noose tightening on Japanese smokers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Jersey===
Smoking is restricted in public places in [[Jersey]] (a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]).

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825_restrictiononsmokinglaw1973_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Smoking Law |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> enabled the [[States of Jersey]] to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the ''Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825.30_restrictiononsmoking(publictransport)regs.1982_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Regulations |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973'' was amended by the ''Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fhtm%2fLawFiles%2f2006%2fL-24-2006.htm |title=Jersey Law | RESTRICTION ON SMOKING (AMENDMENT NO. 2) (JERSEY) LAW 2006 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> adopted 16 May 2006 which enabled the States to make regulations to prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

===Kazakhstan===
Kazakhstan partially banned smoking in public places on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/kazakhstan/?top_only=1 |title=Articles:Listing Kazakhstan |publisher=Tobacco.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A full ban was instituted in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan bans public smoking, raises drinking age|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 September 2009|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-NAuAgHUsedOw6RSuV_07PHo-5g}}</ref>
Enforcing the smoking ban appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.respublika-kaz.info/news/society/9121/ |title=Алматинские потомки японских камикадзе – Общество – Информационно-аналитический портал РЕСПУБЛИКА |publisher=Respublika-kaz.info |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Smoking in public indoor areas is banned in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, since July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11808541.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Kenyan capital Nairobi starts smoking ban |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Small private bars will be exempted. [[Mombasa]] already has a similar preexisting ban on smoking.

===Latvia===
As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely banned in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking area had to be larger than half of the total area. Smoking is also banned in parks and ten meters around governmental institutions, schools and public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

===Lithuania===
Smoking has been banned in restaurants, bars, places where food is served, clubs (except for special cigar and pipe clubs), and nightclubs since 1 January 2007. Furthermore, smoking on public transportation is forbidden except on long-distance trains with special facilities. The ban is well respected, at least in the main cities.

===Luxembourg===
Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt from the law. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés in which meals are served.

===Macedonia===
Macedonia has a strong national smoking ban in all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is banned in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010.<ref name="SETimes">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Railway line making a comeback
|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/10/23/roundup-bs-03
|publisher=SETimes.com
|date=23 October 2009
|accessdate=23 October 2009
}}</ref>
Smoking is not banned only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.<ref name="MINA">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Macedonia's Smoking Ban Obeyed
|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/11591/2/
|publisher=MINA
|date=4 January 2010
|accessdate=4 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
By official law, smoking is prohibited in [[Taxi-brousse|taxi-brousses]], but it is not enforced. The only places where they banned smoking is at Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also prohibited to smoke in the pubs and clubs.

===Malta===
In April 2004, smoking was banned in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed.

===Malaysia===
In all, 21 areas are banned, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning. However, enforcement is an issue, and the government plans to get tougher on offenders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/17/nation/18052672&sec=nation |title=Smoking ban to be extended |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seatca.org/upload_resource/%7B9285BDD5-8E92-4215-9FCE-A31CD321BC7A%7D_Malaysia%20Report%20Card.pdf Status Of Tobacco Use And Its Control – Malaysia Report Card]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/1/nation/6374646&sec=nation |title=No more puffing away at work |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Mexico===
Smoking in hospitals and airports has been banned for at least 15 years. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at the Cancun Airport. Mexico City's current smoking policy, passed in April 2004, requires physically separate smoking and non-smoking areas, and for non-smoking areas to make up at least 30% of all space in restaurants and bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/april04/04-07-04-2.html |title=Mexico City Imposes Tougher Smoking Laws (7 April 2004) |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A proposal debated early in 2007 to extend Mexico City's smoking policy into a complete ban for all restaurants, bars, schools, taxis, and buses, did not pass.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexsmoke29jun29,0,4368264.story?coll=la-home-center Mexican Smoking Bans] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> It was proposed again in the middle of 2007.

Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide.

Advertisement of tobacco products has been banned from TV and radio for roughly 6 years.

===Monaco===
There has been a ban on smoking in Monaco since 1 November 2008, but does not extend to bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

===Montenegro===
Smoking in public places is banned in Montenegro. The ban also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3527234.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Montenegro bans smoking in public | date=2 August 2004 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | first=Matt | last=Prodger}}</ref>

===Morocco===
Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill banning smoking in public places.

===Mozambique===
Since 2007, smoking has been banned in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.<ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/francisco/2007/11/smoking-banned.html] Blog of Francisco Cabo</ref><ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/jackie/2007/12/mozambique-bans.html#more] Blog of Jackie Tumwine</ref>

===Namibia===
On 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, one of the most comprehensive smoking bans in the world. The law, once in force will ban "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance".

The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/grnes-licht-fr-gesetzentwurf.102269.php |title=Namibian Newspaper |publisher=Az.com.na |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/bills_documents/44_tobacco_products_control_bill_b7-2009.pdf |title=B7-2009 Tobacco Control |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco legislation states that employers are obliged to take measures to ensure that employees are able to carry out their work without being bothered or affected by smoke from others. On 1 January 2008 [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] became the first European airport with a total smoking ban, however since August 2008 it has been allowed in the designated smoking rooms. Since 1 July 2008 the smoking ban has also applied to all hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes in The Netherlands. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking of [[cannabis]] (marijuana and hashish) in coffee-shops is permitted as long as it is not mixed with tobacco. In 2010 the new government spoke out against the smoking ban in small
catering businesses. The ban was widely ignored with statistics showing that around 41% of bars and discos had flouted the law.<ref name="BT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/smoking-ban-uturn-by-dutch-government-14995132.html |title=Smoking ban U-turn by Dutch government, Belfast Telegraph, 4 November 2010 |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2010 the new government lifted the ban for bars of 70 square metres or less which did not employ any staff other than the owner.<ref name="BT"/> Around 3,000 of the 5,500 bars in The Netherlands are staffed by the owner alone.<ref name="BT"/>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Tobacco in New Zealand}}
The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the [[Old Government Buildings (Wellington)|Old Government Building]] in [[Wellington, New Zealand]], in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.<ref>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/wellington/poneke-area/government-buildings/ Department of Conservation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

New Zealand passed an amendment to the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 law on 3 December 2003 (effective in 2004) which covers all indoor public workplaces and inside hospitality venues (pubs, bars, restaurants and casinos). Studies have shown very high levels of compliance with the law. Also the air quality inside hospitality venues is very good compared to similar settings in other countries where smoking is still permitted. In New Zealand, tobacco cannot be sold to anyone under 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |title=Smokefree Law |publisher=Moh.govt.nz |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the University of Auckland, in 2010). The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

There are also increasing numbers of local councils implementing educative smokefree policies. South Taranaki District Council was the first. In May 2005 the Council made its playgrounds, parks and swimming pools smokefree, as well as ensuring that all Council events held in South Taranaki parks were to be promoted as smoke-free events. At least 20 of New Zealand's other Councils have followed suit. (Source: www.smokefreecouncils.org.nz).

On 5 September 2007, [[Action on Smoking and Health]] (ASH) New Zealand called for the removal of tobacco from sale by 2017.<ref>[http://www.ash.org.nz/index.php?pa_id=4&news_id=159&expand_section=1 Welcome to ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

From the start of the first semester of 2010, New Zealand's largest university, the [[University of Auckland]], banned smoking on any of its property including inside and outside of buildings in areas that were once designated smoking areas. The university sprawls through most of Symonds Street and is the largest private complex in Auckland CBD.

:See [[Smoke-free Environments Act 1990]].

===Niger===
A decree banning smoking in public places in Niger was issued in September 2008. Fines range from 5,000 to 1 million [[CFA franc]]s, whilst there is also the possibility of a prison term.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7612387.stm Niger cabinet passes smoking ban] BBC News, 12 September 2008</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{Main|Smoking in Nigeria}}
Smoking is prohibited in public places in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806030435.html Nigeria: Smoking – Top Officials Defy Govt Order] Leadership, 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/africa-news/nigeria's-capital-city-bans-smoking-in-public-200806015574.html Nigeria's capital city bans smoking in public] Afrique en ligne, 1 June 2008</ref>

===Norway===
In Norway, smoking has been banned in public buildings, workplaces and public transportation since 1988. Since 1 June 2004, smoking is also banned in restaurants, bars, cafes, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norwegians ban smoking in bars |author=|publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3765071.stm |accessdate=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |author=|date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Innovation Norway]] |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Norway’s ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – A review of the first year |publisher=Directorate for Health and Social Affairs |date=May 2005 |pages= |url=http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00003/Norway_s_ban_on_smoki_3413a.pdf |format=PDF |version=IS-1275 E |accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref>

===Palestinian Authority===
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking [[Hookah|nargila]]s in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes], Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref> The [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)]] has arrested women for smoking in public.<ref name=Spyer>Jonathan Spyer, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza], Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009</ref> The park was burned down by masked men in September 2010, after being closed by the [[Hamas]].<ref name=afptorch>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas], AFP 19-09-2010</ref>

===Paraguay===
Effective April 2010, Paraguay has banned smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/paraguay-bans-smoking-in-all-closed-public-spaces_100346455.html |title=Paraguay bans smoking in all ‘closed public spaces’ |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.
The law had the following aspects:
Ban on tobacco use in public buildings and transportation,
limiting tobacco advertising,
banning tobacco sale within 50 meters from educational institutions, and
requiring “no smoking” signs displayed in public places.

===Peru===
In Peru, it is nominally illegal to smoke in any public place (indoors), according to Law 28704. The ban is normally not enforced.

===Philippines===
[[Davao]] has banned smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virgilio M Gaje |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060627.htm&no=3&date= |title=PIA Information Services – Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Pia.gov.ph |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Manila]] has banned smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as [[Makati]] in 2002 Ordinance 2002-090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/ |title=(Philippines) government news bulletin |publisher=Makati |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Caloocan]] has begun to established ordinance recently concerning about the anti-smoking bans in accordance with the Republic Act No. 9211 also known as Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.

===Poland===
Smoking is banned in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc.).

Since 15 November 2010, it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos, though enclosed smoking areas within larger facilities are permitted, and smaller establishments will have the option of allowing smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|author=byAgnes Sekowski, The Krakow Post |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2010/11/09/990229_poland-smoking-ban-economics |title=Poland: smoking ban economics – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=9 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Portugal===
On 3 May 2007, the Portuguese parliament made a law banning smoking in all public places, except when proper air-ventilation systems are provided. It went into effect 1 January 2008. Smokers who break the law face a fine of up to €1000 (~US$1300) and establishments that break the law will face a fine of up to €2500 (~US$3400). The legal age to purchase tobacco is 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03723356.htm |title=Portugal bans smoking inside public places |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
The Law Num. 40 from 1993, the ''Law to Regulate the Smoking Practice in Public Places'', and its later 1996 amendment Law 133, regulate smoking in private and public places. The most recent modification established in [2 March 2007], Law 66, amended articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of Law Num. 40, forbids this practice inside jails, pubs, restaurants (including open-air terraces with one or more employees), bars, casinos, workplaces, educational institutions, cars with children under age 13 and most public places. Smoking sections are not allowed. Fines start at $250.

===Qatar===
The capital of Qatar, [[Doha]], banned smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=192251&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper – Qatar |publisher=Gulf-times.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia does not yet have a smoking ban in force, however there is some proposed legislation in the Duma.
The legislation, passed by the State Duma 406-0, bans smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings. It requires specially designated smoking areas to be set up and also requires restaurants and cafes to set up no-smoking areas. Russia's no smoking bill must go through two more readings in the Duma before being sent to the Federation Council for approval and to President Dmitry Medvedev for his signature.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-25-smoking_N.htm Smoking ban advances in Russia, Germany], ''USA Today'' However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking. See R. Cooper, 'Smoking in the Soviet Union', ''Br Med J'' (Clin Res Ed). 21 August 1982; 285(6341): 549–551.</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Saudi Arabia has almost no restrictions against smoking. However, on 20 June 2010, the Council of Ministers urged the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) to ban smoking at all airports and their facilities in the Kingdom on Monday. It also advised GACA to impose a fine of SR200 on people who violate the new regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News |first=Arab |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article70606.ece |title=Smoking banned at airports |publisher=Arab News |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{Main|Smoking in Singapore}}
[[Image:Singapore-smoking-area.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A sign in Singapore to indicate that smoking is allowed]]
Smoking was banned in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the ban has been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.<ref>[http://app.mewr.gov.sg/view.asp?cid=168&nid=168&id=SAS765 Smoking Ban in Singapore]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2007, the ban was extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for the construction of designated smoking rooms which can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

On 1 January 2009, the ban was extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. It was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/332003/1/.html |title=Smoking ban to be extended to more areas from January 2009 |publisher=Channelnewsasia.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smokers found flouting the rules are fined [[S$]]200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. The initiative was put forward by a team consisting of a lung cancer surgeon, medical officers, a university professor and a civil servant. The proposal has received strong public support and has attracted media interest.<ref> {{Cite web
| url= http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info
| title= Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign launched
| publisher=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore
}} </ref>
[[List of smoking bans#Proposed bans|Link to Section on Proposed ban in Singapore]]

===Serbia===
In Serbia, as of November 2010 smoking is prohibited in all enclosed public spaces including entertainment and restaurants, bars, internet cafes, which have to designate a special room for smoking to be allowed. The ban is obligatory for all hospitals, media houses and theaters, but mainly not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bojana Barlovac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian-inspectors-aim-to-stub-out-smoking-habit |title=Inspectors Start Stubbing Out Smoking in Serbia |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Slovenia===
On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.
The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment."<ref>[http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4994/5005/ Slovenia Gets Tough Anti-Smoking Legislation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

===South Africa===
The [[South African government]] passed the first [[Tobacco Products Control Act]] in 1993 and started implementing the act in 1995. The act regulated smoking in public areas and prohibited tobacco sales to people under the age of 16. Some aspects of tobacco advertising were also regulated for example labelling.<ref>[http://www.acts.co.za/tobacco/index.htm Tobacco Products Control Act 1993]</ref> The 1993 act was not considered to be comprehensive enough and the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. The act also restricts smoking in public places which includes the workplace, restaurants and bars and public transport. The act also stipulates penalties for transgressors of the law, and specifies the maximum permissible levels of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]]. The regulations were implemented in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/corp8.html |title=The Great South African Smokeout: Anna White, 2001 |publisher=Multinationalmonitor.org |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 which will seek to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the provisions of the Act. These amendments will also aim to bring the current law into [[compliance (regulation)|compliance]] with the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). This framework has been [[ratified]] by the [[South African government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article.php?a_id=106646 |title=Madlala-Routledge: Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill (29/03/2007) |publisher=Polity.org.za |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The South African government is currently looking at increasing the minimum legal age for smokers to 18.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,,2-7-12_2285432,00.html News 24: Smoking ban for under 18's? ]</ref>

===Spain===
From 2006 to 2010, Spain had a partial ban on smoking in public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4574734.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Spain sees smoking ban take hold | date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

After 2 January 2011, smoking is banned in every indoors public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may have 30% of smoking rooms; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also banned in childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8236170/Spain-introduces-smoking-ban.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Fiona | last=Govan | title=Spain introduces smoking ban | date=2 January 2011}}</ref>

Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoking ban, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in [[Marbella]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/10/spain.smoking/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Spain shutting down restaurant for defying smoking ban|date=10 February 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>

===Sweden===
In Sweden, smoking was banned in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs in June 2005. Smoking rooms are, however, allowed in these institutions. The smoking rooms contains a few restrictions; no serving or consumption of food or beverages are allowed in the smoking rooms and it may not cover more than 25% of the institution's total area. The ban was very popular amongst the population and even the industries affected.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article____13429.aspx Swedish snuff – not just for men – SWEDEN.SE]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, [[Swedish Prison and Probation Service|The Swedish Prison and Probation Service]] banned smoking indoors in prisons.<ref>{{Cite web| title='Rökfri kriminalvård'| publisher=Swedish Prison and Probation Service | author=| language=Swedish | url=http://www.kriminalvarden.se/templates/KVV_InfopageGeneral.aspx?id=4846 | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
The [[Swiss Federal Assembly]] enacted a law for the protection against passive smoking in 2008, which came into force on 1 May 2010. It prohibits smoking in enclosed, publicly accessible areas and in rooms that are workplaces for several persons. There are exceptions for bars and restaurants, which may allow smoking in separate, ventilated rooms or in establishments smaller than 80 square meters, but the federal statute allows for more stringent cantonal smoking bans.<ref name="BAG2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/00612/00764|title=Passivrauchen|last=[[Swiss Federal Office of Health]]|language=German, French and Italian|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

Until the ban came into force, each [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] determined its own smoking laws. As of June 2009, all cantons, with the exception of [[Zurich]], [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], [[Glarus]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Obwalden]] and [[Schaffhausen]], have banned smoking in enclosed public areas (although restaurants are exempt in [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]] and [[Nidwalden]]). The details of the restrictions vary somewhat, and in several cantons the bans will not enter into force until some time between 2009 and 2012. The ban in [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]] came into force on 31 October 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/geneva-smoking-ban-back-at-months-end.shtml?16218 |title=WRS | Geneva smoking ban back at month's end |publisher=Worldradio.ch |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Smoking in Syria}}
Smoking is banned inside cafes, restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree issued on 12 October 2009 and came in to force on 21 April 2010. Syria was the first Arab country to introduce such a ban.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The decree also outlaws smoking in educational institutions, health centres, sports halls, cinemas and theatres and on public transport. The restrictions include the [[nargile]], or waterpipe. According to the official news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], fines for violating the ban range from 500 to 100,000 Syrian pounds (US$11 to $2,169).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Syria smoking ban enters into force
| newspaper=BBC News
| date = 21 April 2010
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8634411.stm
| accessdate = 22 April 2010}}
</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8302794.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Assad decrees Syria smoking ban | date=12 October 2009 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

A decree in 1996 banned tobacco advertising while a 2006 law outlawed smoking on public transport and in some public places, introducing fines for offenders. Under-18s are not allowed to buy tobacco.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007.

===Thailand===
Indoor smoking ban effective in all indoor air conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

On 10 January 2008, Thailand announced that smoking would be banned in restaurants, bars, and open-air markets effective 10 February 2008. In addition to fines, those who fail to comply may be arrested. Most legal bars comply with these regulations, but in establishments that operate illegally or semi-legally the bans are mostly disregarded.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Smoking in Turkey}}
Turkey currently bans smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries.<ref name=BBC719>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8157747.stm|title=Turkey smoke ban extends to bars |publisher=BBC News |date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Turkey's smoking ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 69 liras (~€32/$45/£28) and bar owners who fail to enforce the ban could be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.<ref name=BBC719 />

Smoking was first banned in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92824 |title=New era begins in Turkish social life with smoking ban |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref>

On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also bans smoking in [[stadium|sports stadia]], and the gardens of mosques and hospitals. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking ban to include bars, restaurants, village [[coffeehouse]]s and [[nargile]] (hookah) bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7407985.stm|title=Turkey expands curbs on smoking |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2008}}</ref>

===Uganda===
In March 2004, smoking was banned in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

===United Arab Emirates===
Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started banning smoking in shopping malls and public places. States leading the ban on smoking include [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/January/theuae_January264.xml&section=theuae |title=Abu Dhabi plans ban on smoking in malls |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Ajman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/05/10158079.html |title=Gulf News – Ajman bans smoking in malls and markets |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Dubai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/May/theuae_May244.xml&section=theuae&col |title=Stricter smoking ban in Dubai |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=9 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/March/theuae_March403.xml&section=theuae |title=Smoking ban to be in place next year |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Since 1 July 2007 smoking bans have been in effect across the whole of the UK. Smoking bans were introduced in each country of the United Kingdom separately as decided by the [[devolved]] administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|Scotland]], [[List of smoking bans#Wales|Wales]], [[List of smoking bans#Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and [[List of smoking bans#England|England]].

====England====
{{Main|Smoking ban in England|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking became banned in indoor public places in England, including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, from 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) are excluded. Palaces were also excluded,<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Parliamentary Privilege First Report
| work=
| publisher=The Stationery Office
| date =4 September 2007
| url =http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt199899/jtselect/jtpriv/43/4309.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 4 September 2007 }}</ref> although members of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] agreed to ban all smoking in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'
| work=
| publisher=BBC News Online
| date =5 July 2007
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6273830.stm
| doi =
| accessdate = 12 August 2007 }}</ref> The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), £30 (~€45/~$60) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000). Smoking will be allowed to continue anywhere outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokefreeengland.co.uk |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, a confidential government briefing obtained by ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper reveals that provisions are in place for extending the ban to outdoor areas.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2725720.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Going for smoke: Today's ban is just the start. Could your home be next? | date=1 July 2007 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
In [[Northern Ireland]], a smoking ban has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.
Like Scotland, the smoking ban is more comprehensive in that places, such as phone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

A £200 fine may be levied by local councils if businesses fail to show signs.
An opinion poll showed that 91% of people supported the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|author=30/04/2007 – 07:15:42 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=308472&rss=rss2 |title=Northern Irish Smoking Ban |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacetobreathe.org.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=spacetobreathe.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{Main|Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005}}
On 26 March 2006, Scotland prohibited smoking in enclosed (more than 50% covered) public places, which includes public buildings, workplaces, sports stadiums, bars and restaurants. Exemptions are in place to allow hotel guests to smoke in their own rooms, as long as the hotel has designated them as smoking rooms. The law also bans smoking in bus shelters, phone boxes or other shelters that are more than 50% enclosed. It also prohibits smoking in trucks and vans which are owned by a company whether or not the driver is the only person inside. Businesses covered by the smoking ban must display a statutory smoking sign at the entrance to, and around the building<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/faqs/pdf/A4Poster.pdf |title=Standard no smoking sign in Scotland |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> as well as a Smoke-Free policy. Opinion polls at its introduction showed a clear majority of the Scottish public were in favour of the ban<ref>[http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=629&Itemid=] 'Widespread support for smoking ban in Scotland'</ref>

As in New Zealand, the ban was initially criticised by certain interested groups (e.g., publicans, cafe and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall owners, etc.) who feared that it would adversely impact their businesses. A survey published by the Scottish Beer & Pubs Association one year on from the ban concluded that "the number of pub licensed premises in Scotland has remained more or less constant over the last year"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishpubs.co.uk/Aboutus/News/PR%202006%20Licensing%20Statistics.pdf |title='Research on liquor licenses for Scotland, March 2007, SBPA' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> indicating fears of an adverse impact of the ban on the hospitality industry were unfounded. Widespread concerns prior to the ban about its impact on bingo halls<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/half-of-scottish-bingo-halls-threatened-by-smoking-ban-405794.html |title='Half of Scottish bingo halls threatened by smoking ban' |work=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prove harder to objectively assess: As at May 2008 there is anecdotal evidence<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4140 |title='Bingo related News, the Smokers Club inc.' |publisher=Smokersclubinc.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> to suggest an increase in closures of bingo halls since implementation of the ban. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted and speculation within the betting and gaming industry is that a decline could also be the result of demographic changes and increases in online gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bingo-uk.co.uk/smoking-bingo-players.htm |title='Smoking Ban, bingo.co.uk' |publisher=Bingo-uk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[NHS Scotland]] Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the ban was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=clearingtheairscotland.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following the ban reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/09/10081400 'Smoking ban brings positive results, the Scottish Government']</ref>

====Wales====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking was banned across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and public houses report increases in takings since the ban came into place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokingbanwales.co.uk/english/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokingbanwales.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, six months after the ban's implementation, the Licensed Victuallers Association (LVA), which represents pub operators across Wales, claims that pubs have lost up to 20% of their trade. The LVA says some businesses are on the brink of closure, others have already closed down, and there is little optimism that trade will eventually return to pre-ban levels.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Darren Devine |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/12/smoking-ban-has-hit-trade-says-lva-91466-19938086/ |title=ic Wales |publisher=icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=12 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Public places must display a special bilingual no smoking sign:
* "Mae ysmygu yn y fangre hon yn erbyn y gyfraith" (Welsh)
* "It is against the law to smoke in these premises" (English)

===United Nations===
As United Nations buildings are not the subject of any national jurisdiction, the United Nations has its own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradual introduction of partial smoking bans between 1985 and 2003, Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] introduced in 2003 a total ban on smoking at [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/468/96/doc/N0346896.DOC?OpenElement|title=Smoking ban at United Nations Headquarters}}</ref> Similar bans have not been introduced in field offices of the United Nations worldwide.

Some specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] and the [[WHO|World Health Organization]] have their own strict smoking bans which apply to their offices worldwide, but the same is not necessarily true for entities of the Secretariat, such as the [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]] and the [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)]]. Only on 13 December 2007, OCHA introduced a smoking ban applicable to all its field offices.

===United States===
{{double image|right|US states smoking bans.svg|325|Smoking ban key.svg|250|Map of current and scheduled future statewide smoking bans as of 11 November 2010.}}
{{Main|List of smoking bans in the United States}}
In the United States, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not attempted to enact any nationwide [[law of the United States|federal]] smoking ban. Therefore, smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of state and [[local government in the United States|local]] [[criminal law|criminal]] and [[occupational safety and health]] laws. As a result, the existence and aggressiveness of smoking bans varies widely throughout the United States, ranging from total smoking bans (even outdoors), to no regulation of smoking at all. Jurisdictions in the greater [[Southern United States|South]] tend to have the least restrictive smoking bans or no statewide smoking bans at all, while most of the rest of the country now has statewide bans on smoking in bars, restaurants and other workplaces.

According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of October 2009, 71% of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |title=Over 1600 municipalities in the United States have local laws that provide for some sort of restrictions on where smoking is a |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> though only 41.2% live under bans in all workplaces ''and'' restaurants ''and'' bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf |title="Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 2 October 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

As of November 2010, 27 states have enacted smoking bans in all general workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants (though many of these exempt tobacconists, cigar bars, casinos, and/or private clubs). Seven have enacted smoking bans that exclude all adult venues such as bars (and casinos where applicable). [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]] have particularized state laws banning smoking in specific places but leaving out all others. The remaining 11 states have no statewide smoking ban at all, though many cities and/or counties in most of those states have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees (though [[Oklahoma]] prohibits local governments from passing smoking laws at all).

As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. [[Guam]] prohibits smoking in restaurants, but the ban does not extend to workplaces or any other businesses. [[American Samoa]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] have no smoking bans.

===Uruguay===
{{Main|Smoking in Uruguay}}
In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.<ref name=bbcuruguay>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4761624.stm |title=Uruguay curbs smoking in public |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. [[President of Uruguay|President]] [[Tabaré Vázquez]], a practicing [[oncologist]], has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.<ref>[http://www.tobaccofree.org/news%20articles/2006-03-02-Associated-Press/2006-03-02-Associated-Press-Uruguay.htm?SITE=VACUL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Public smoking ban takes effect in Uruguay] – TobacoFree.org</ref>

===Vatican City===
On 1 July 2002 a law signed by [[Pope John Paul II]] became effective which banned smoking on all places accessible to the public and in all closed places of work within the Vatican City and within all extraterritorial [[properties of the Holy See]]. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory were already in force before that date for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-4800?l=english|title=Smoking Banned in Public Areas of Vatican|publisher=Zenit|date=28 June 2002|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport nationwide<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/17/content_6112701.htm |title=Xinhua – English |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=17 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

===Zambia===
Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400,000 or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290606.html allAfrica.com: Zambia: The Move by the Government to Ban Smoking in Public Places (Page 1 of 1)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=775667 |title=Zambia gets tough on smokers |work=The Times |location=UK |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Specific restrictions==
===Outdoor smoking bans===
{{Trivia|much of this info is already stated above|date=July 2010}}
*It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in Ireland. It was also the first country in the world to impose a ban on smoking outdoors within 3-metres of a public building.
*In the Australian state of Queensland, smoking is prohibited within four metres of entrances to public buildings, within 10 metres of children's playground equipment, in commercial outdoor eating or drinking areas, at patrolled beaches, and at all major sports stadiums.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atods/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp Outdoor public areas] Queensland Government</ref>
**Some beaches in [[Sydney, Australia]] have smoking bans in place.
**Smoking indoors or outdoors on land owned by the NSW Department of Education is banned
**From 1 March 2006, in [[Victoria, Australia]], smoking is banned from all covered train platforms, bus and tram stops.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/tobaccoreforms/index.htm Tobacco reforms] Victorian Government Health Information</ref>
*[http://www.cmh.org/ Cambridge Memorial Hospital] in [[Cambridge, Ontario]], Canada, enacted a total (outdoor) smoking ban, believed to be the first in the entire province if not country, as of October 2004. At the same time, [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in the nearby [[Waterloo, Ontario|city of Waterloo, Ontario]], proposed a similar total smoking ban on its property, after its [http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=158&s_id=146&sb_id=286&p_id=147 10 metre outdoor proximity ban] (enacted in 2002) failed. WLU was presumed to be the third Canadian (public) post-secondary institution to consider such measures, after Carleton and Acadia.
**Smoking is prohibited in [[Hamilton Street Railway]] bus shelters in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter as well as any less than 4 metres from any entrance in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].
**[[Calgary, Alberta]], banned all outdoor patio smoking at bars, restaurants and casinos on 1 July 2005. Nova Scotia did the same on 1 December 2006.
*[[Calabasas]], California, United States, banned smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest ban in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have banned smoking on their beaches, at least four other California cities (including San Francisco) ban smoking in parks or outdoor venues. For more information, see [[List of smoking bans in the United States#Outdoor smoking bans]].
**[[Belmont, California]], banned smoking in outdoor places on 25 September 2007. This ban also applies inside condos, apartments and other kinds of multi-unit housing.<ref>[http://www.belmont.gov Welcome to Belmont] The City of Belmont</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/12/BAG9ROK7LN3.DTL Belmont to hold meeting about proposed anti-smoking law] San Francisco Chronicle, 12 March 2007</ref>
**California has banned smoking within {{convert|20|ft|m}} of entrances to any public building.
*Selected wards in Tokyo, Japan, prohibit smoking on the streets. This ban is enforced and violators are fined. In response, free smoking cafes have been provided by [[Japan Tobacco]].
**56% of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda ward]]'s land area is a no smoking zone as of April 2007.
**[[Kyoto]], Japan, has banned smoking on 7.1 km of its streets in 2007, including busy areas along [[Kawaramachi]], [[Karasuma]]-dori and [[Shijo Street]] avenues.
**[[Railway stations]] in Japan are no-smoking except for a few remaining long distance services.
*Many English [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] [[Primary Care Trust|PCTs]] ban smoking on it premises both inside and outside hospitals, even places such as the car park and bus stations.
* In Hong Kong, smoking ban is imposed on most public recreational areas and beaches. It is up to districts to designate which public recreational areas are exempt, and some ban smoking districtwide. Many playgrounds in public housing estates have also become smoke-free. Some public transport interchanges, as designated by the government, bans smoking since 1 September 2009.
*Smoking is banned on all railway platforms in England, regardless of whether they are covered or not. These measures were introduced well before any national smoking ban for safety reasons<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/faq/vehicles.html#train |title=Non-smoking train platforms |publisher=Smokefreeengland.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
*It is illegal to smoke on the outdoor property of the institutions of public education in Slovenia, penalties are dictated by internal orders of the concerned institutions.
* It is illegal to smoke in some bus shelters (complex rules determine which, leading to them being largely ignored) and phone boxes in Scotland.

===Other restrictions===
In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, bans enacted earlier allow for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

* Turkmenistan, under decree from [[President for life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], has banned the chewing of tobacco.
*All public and Catholic schools in the [[Region of Waterloo]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, banned smoking on school property in Autumn 1994. A province-wide smoking ban on school property was slated to begin for the 2007/2008 school year in [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*A [[tobacco fatwa]] was issued in Iran in 1891 and Egypt in 2000.
*Australia has a federal law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all smokeless tobacco products. The sale of oral snuff and chewing tobacco has been banned since 1989 under the Trade Practices Act 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P278_IA.pdf |title=Please Refer To Anzfa'S Guide To Applications And Proposals For A More Detailed Explanation Of The Process On How To Undertake |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed bans==
In the Czech Republic, there is a bill to prohibit smoking in all public areas and in all enclosed areas in pubs, restaurants, bars and others that do not have a separate room designated for smoking that has permanent ventilation and does not have an effect on smoke-free sections. There have recently been several bills proposing similar smoking restrictions, but these have never been enacted by the [[Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>[http://www.cbw.cz/phprs/2007070221.html Restaurants oppose smoking bill]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

[[New Caledonia]] is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a recent 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Posted at 00:53 on 2 June 2007 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=32704 |title=New Caledonia in line for anti-smoking law |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] has introduced legislation to ban smoking in vehicles carrying passengers below the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northernnews.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=943397 |title=Newspaper |publisher=Northernnews.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1928 |title=Legislative Assembly of Ontario | Bills & Lawmaking | Current Parliament | Bill 11, Protecting Children and Youth from Second-Hand Smoke in Automobiles Act, 2007 |publisher=Ontla.on.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government of [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in Japan has compiled a basic plan for an ordinance to ban smoking in hotels, restaurants and other public places to be submitted to legislature in March 2009. It has been passed as a toned down version coming into effect April 2010 whereby smoking is banned in hospitals, schools and government offices, and requires restaurants and hotels to choose between becoming nonsmoking or creating separate smoking areas.

In Bulgaria the Ministry of Health is considering a ban on tobacco smoking in all public places by the summer of 2010. Bulgaria has an engagement to restrict tobacco smoking by 2011 with the [[World Health Organization]].
In Saudi Arabia, smoking is prohibited in public places<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novinar.net/?act=news&act1=det&stat=center&mater=Mjc2MDs1OQ==&sql=Mjc2MDszNQ== |title=Пълна забрана на пушенето след една година (in Bulgarian) |publisher=Novinar.net |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Niue]] is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10520567 |title=World's smallest state aims to become first smoke-free island paradise – World – NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=9 July 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Singapore citizens launched an online campaign to support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info |title=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore | Support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000 |publisher=Tobaccofreesingapore.info |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Lack of smoking bans==
Some countries have no legislation against smoking whatsoever. These countries include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and many other countries in Central and Western Africa, where people can smoke wherever they want and often culture is in favor of the smoker.

==See also==
*[[Smokeasy]]
{{Smoking by country}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inforesearchlab.com/bansmoking.chtml Smoking bans around the world] (updated)
*[http://ask.yahoo.com/20070214.html List of countries with smoking bans (Yahoo)]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/map-globalsmokingbans/ Interactive map on some global smoking bans]
*[http://edutube.org/interactive/prevalence-smoking-men-and-women/ Interactive map on prevalence of smoking among men and women]
*[http://www.tobacco.org/articles/category/smoking_bans/ Smoking ban news]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Smoking Bans}}
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Smoking bans]]

[[cs:Seznam zákazů kouření]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwaharddiadau ysmygu yn ôl gwlad]]
[[es:Ley antitabaco]]
[[fr:Législation sur le tabac]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen met een rookverbod]]

List of smoking bans

2011-02-22T08:10:16Z

Baltshazzar: removed content which has nothing to do with the subject matter and mainly aims at equating smoking restrictions with the nazis (!), adapted text (if it's "forbidden *everywhere*, exept a, b, c...", just admit it's only forbidden in *some* places.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
This is a '''list of [[smoking ban]]s''' by country. Smoking bans are public policies, including [[criminal law]]s and [[occupational safety and health]] regulations, which prohibit [[tobacco smoking]] in workplaces and/or other [[public space]]s. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/36/00601-01.htm
|title=36-601.01 – Smoke-free Arizona act
|author=
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date=
|work=Arizona Revised Statutes Title 36 – Public Health and Safety
|chapter=6. Public Health Control
|publisher=Arizona State Legislature
|quote=
|accessdate=18 Jun. 2009
}}</ref>
[[Image:Smoking bans.png|thumb|350px|Smoking bans worldwide as of 3 Jan 2011:
{{legend|grey|no restrictions or no data}}
{{legend|yellow|patchy and incomplete bans, low enforcement}}
{{legend|pink|no national ban, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|orange|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, or weak enforcement in indoor entertainment areas}}
{{legend|red|strong national ban in public areas except entertainment and restaurants, some localities have comprehensive indoor bans}}
{{legend|brown|strong national ban in all public indoor areas with some exceptions}}
Note: Countries with all subnational entities having a ban equates to a nationwide ban here, such as for Canada and Australia]]

{{TOC right}}
[[Image:No smoking symbol.svg|thumb|180px|A [[pictogram]] often used where a smoking ban is in order.]]

==Bans==
===Albania===
A law went into effect on 26 May 2007 banning smoking in closed public areas and outlawing the advertisement of tobacco. The measure has been largely ineffective and not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-urged-to-enforce-smoking-ban |title=Albania urged to enforce smoking ban |publisher=Balkaninsight.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Andorra===
Since 2004, smoking is banned in government buildings, educational facilities, hospitals, enclosed sport facilities and buses. In 2010, an increase in restrictions at restaurants, bars, and workplaces was under discussion.<ref>[http://www.diariandorra.ad/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1794 Una proposta ciutadana vol que no es pugui fumar a la feina] – Diari d'Andorra</ref>

===Argentina===
{{Main|Smoking in Argentina}}
A 2006 smoking ban in Buenos Aires city prohibits smoking in public areas including bars and restaurants except if the bar is more than 100 m2 where it is possible to provide an area for smoking customers. Similar bans in other Argentine cities require bigger establishments to provide a separate, contained area for smoking customers. The rule is not nationwide.

===Armenia===
A law went into effect in March 2005 banning smoking in hospitals, cultural and educational and mental institutions and on public transportation. On 1 March 2006 new rules came into effect requiring all public and private institutions, including bars and restaurants, to allow smoking only in special secluded areas. Absence of any legal sanctions against those who violate the smoking laws have made them completely ineffectual.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2006/03/484fbde7-796a-4798-b4d1-b99aa705fa47.asp |title=Smoking Restrictions Widened In Armenia |publisher=Armenialiberty.org |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|List of smoking bans in Australia}}
In Australia smoking bans are determined on a state-by-state basis. In chronological order by state:
* South Australia: Smoking prohibited in all indoor dining areas since January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au/ |title=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |publisher=Tobaccolaws.sa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Total enclosed public place smoking ban in force since November 2007
* Western Australia: Incremental restrictions introduced from January 2005 with a total ban on smoking in all enclosed public spaces taking effect from July 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Lists/Statements/DispForm.aspx?ID=115987 |title=WA Government media statement, 28 November 2004 |publisher=Mediastatements.wa.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Tasmania: Total indoor smoking ban in force since January 2006 {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}. From January 2008 the ban was extended to include smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html |title=Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania |work=The Australian |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Queensland: Comprehensive ban in effect since July 2006. Smoking is prohibited in all pubs, clubs, restaurants and workplaces, commercial outdoor eating and drinking areas, outdoor public places, and within 4 metres of non-residential building entrances<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.qld.gov.au/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp |title=Outdoor public areas |publisher=Health.qld.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Australian Capital Territory: A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since December 2006{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* Victoria: : A ban on smoking in enclosed public places has been in effect since July 2007{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* New South Wales: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in July 2007. From 1 July 2009, smoking in a car with a child under the age of 16 is against the law. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 creates a new offence of smoking in a car with a child under 16 years of age in the vehicle. A $250 on the spot fine applies to the driver and any passenger who breaks the law and this will be enforced by NSW Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/healthpromotion/tobacco/smoke_free_cars.asp |title=Smoke-free Cars – NSW Department of Health |publisher=Health.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* Northern Territory: A ban on smoking in all enclosed areas of restaurants, licensed clubs and pubs came into force in 2 January 2010.

===Austria===
Austria has implemented several laws which limit or outlaw smoking in certain areas:
* Smoking is prohibited in all offices with certain exceptions such as bars, discos, restaurants etc. If all employees agree on allowing smoking in a work place, smoking may continue.
* Smoking was banned from all trains and train stations when Germany introduced such a ban in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1350131.php |title=Austria inches towards smoking ban |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=31 August 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
* As of January 2009, a new law was put in place which mandates all restaurants, bars, discos and pubs which are larger than 80m² to introduce smoking rooms and non-smoking rooms. Below 50m² the owner may opt to either be a smoking or non-smoking place, between 50m² and 80m² there is an option under certain circumstances. The law provides for a very long transition phase.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/getaways/03/05/austria.germany.travel/index.html |publisher=CNN | accessdate=4 April 2010 | title=A wunderbar welcome in Austria and Germany - CNN.com | date=5 March 2009}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

===Bahrain===
Bahrain outlawed smoking in public places on 27 February 2008.

===Belgium===
* 2005: Companies should have implemented smoking plans to discourage smoking.
* January 2006: Smoking prohibited in the work area.
* January 2007: Smoking banned in restaurants and bars, except in the ones that serve "light meals" (e.g. cold meals, pizzas and warm meals that are served with bread instead of French fries) ''and'' have less of 30% of their sales from food servings. Small bars are also not included in the ban. Most large bars, such as concert venues, do little to enforce the ban.
* September 2008: Smoking no longer allowed in schools.
* January 2010: After a general smoking ban, including all types of bars had been discussed, this has been watered down to a smoking ban applying only when food is served.<ref>[http://www.nieuwsblad.be/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleID=G692344PG General smoking ban on 1 July 2010]</ref>

===Bermuda===
As of 1 October 2006, all enclosed workplaces in Bermuda are smoke-free, including restaurants, bars, private clubs and hotels.<ref>[http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=31037&TM=10964.17 Smoking ban kicks in on Sunday] – Bermuda Sun</ref>

===Bhutan===
Following a resolution of the 87th session of the National Assembly on 17 December 2004, a national ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products went into effect, but importing limited tobacco would still be permitted with very heavy taxes.<ref>''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]'': [http://www.slate.com/id/2112449/ The First Nonsmoking Nation] by Eric Weiner</ref> Smoking in all public places in Bhutan became illegal on 22 February 2005. It thus became the first nation in the world to outlaw this practice outright. However, there is little enforcement. Cigarettes are widely smuggled, and bars in the Bhutanese capital Thimphu are usually smoky.

The National Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/newsDetail.php?id=1331%20&%20cat=5 |title=Bhutan Portal |publisher=Bhutan.gov.bt |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> decided on 10 July 2009 to lift the ban on the sale of tobacco and tobacco products while discussing the tobacco control bill.

The council, with a majority, agreed to delete the section C in chapter three of the bill, which says, “No person shall sell tobacco and tobacco products.” The council chairperson, Namgay Penjore, said that they discussed including a new clause to control the sale of tobacco and tobacco products through pricing.

Council members said that the ban on the sale was ineffective and led to a black market. Some said tobacco was easily available anywhere, but at exorbitant prices because of the ineffective ban.

“The idea is to make tobacco expensive by imposing higher taxes,” said the chairperson. The name of the bill is “Tobacco control bill” and not ‘… ban’. “The change (deleting the clause) was to do away with the thriving black market,” he said.

Meanwhile, the council also suggested inserting another clause restricting the sale of tobacco products to youth below 18 years. However, Namgay Penjore said the bill was still under discussion and not endorsed. The bill will be submitted to the National Assembly.

3 June 2010 
According to the bill, people selling tobacco products will be punished for the offence of misdemeanor liable for a prison term of one to three years. Smuggling tobacco products into the country will be punished for the offence of felony of fourth degree liable for prison term of three to five years.
However, the bill was passed with 61 “yes” votes and five “no” votes.
Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency (BNCA) will serve as the secretariat of tobacco control office and its board members will also be the board members of the tobacco control board, according to Health Minister.
The tobacco control board, among other functions, will provide effective leadership and coordination in implementing the act, formulate and implement national tobacco control strategy, monitor the enforcement of the provisions under the act and approve rules framed under the act.
Health Minister said that, once His Majesty gives his assent to the bill, the rules and regulations will be drafted

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===
The [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the nation has banned smoking in public buildings since 1 September 2007.

===Brazil===
In Brazil, the sale and consumption of tobacco for 18 years older citizens is legal. However, product advertising on television and radio is prohibited. All cigarette packs contain advertisements against smoking and government warnings about possible adverse health effects.

Smoking is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces, such as shopping malls and libraries, except for specifically- designated smoking areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/LEIS/L9294.htm |title=Article 2 of Brazil Federal law no. 9294 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In restaurants there should be a non smoking section but in reality most restaurants end up having tables side by side, one for non-smokers and another where smoking is allowed. Tobacco advertising is restricted to posters in shops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/leis/L9294.htm |title=Law 9294, 15 July 1996 |publisher=Planalto.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo, the most important Latin American state in economic terms, became the first in Brazil to adopt the most comprehensive ban, being followed by Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.<ref>http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/usr/share/documents/legislacao.pdf</ref> Under the new regulation there are no smoking sections in any place around the state.

The law became effective from 7 August 2009 with smoking forbidden in all indoor and enclosed public spaces such as bars and restaurants, clubs, shopping malls, movie theatres, banks, supermarkets, bakeries, chemist shops, health places, government offices and schools.

Also it is no longer allowed on work and study places, libraries, buses, cabs, commercial and residential common areas, hotels and inns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leiantifumo.sp.gov.br/ |title=Portal da Lei Antifumo – Governo do Estado de São Paulo |publisher=Leiantifumo.sp.gov.br |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

São Paulo government has graduated 500 specialised agents to make sure the rule is respected at all times. The first team was trained to measure ambient smoke in an area and to warn smokers about the risks for their health.

Anybody violating the law is charged with a fine. Public sites can be punished with a maximum fine of R$ 1.585,00 (Brazilian currency, ~USD 800,00). If there is a second infraction the site is closed. According to surveys, 88% of São Paulo’s inhabitants support the Smoke Free Law.

===Bulgaria===
Banned in all indoor public spaces except bars and restaurants and clubs.

===Canada===
{{Main|Smoking in Canada}}
In [[Smoking in Canada|Canada]], indoor smoking is banned by all territories and provinces and by the federal government. As of 2010, legislation banning smoking within each of these jurisdictions is mostly consistent, despite the separate development of legislation by each jurisdiction. The federal government's smoking ban in workplaces and on common carriers applies only to the federal government and to federally regulated businesses, such as airports. Smoking rooms are not permitted.

===Chile===
Chile bans smoking in schools, hospitals, government offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, pharmacies, airports, buses, subway networks and other indoor public places. Smoking in universities indoors is banned, however, smoking is allowed outdoors. Restaurants, with large eateries (over 100 m²) must have fully partitioned nonsmoking sections. Smaller restaurants can choose between being smoke free or being for smokers. The same with cafes and pubs. Clubs, despite their size, are able to choose between being smoke free or being for smokers, however, in practice all clubs are "for smokers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/aug06/08-15-06-1.html |title=Chile: New Smoking Ban in Effect [08/15/06-1] |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|Smoking in the People's Republic of China}}
[[Shanghai Municipality]] expanded smoking bans from hospitals to kindergartens, schools, libraries and stadiums, effective 1 March 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/11/content_12629545.htm |title=Shanghai to impose wider ban on smoking in public venues_English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=11 December 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and had attempted to ban smoking in restaurants for the [[2010 World Expo]], but restaurants do not stick to the ban and it is not enforced.

In [[Guangdong]] Province, the municipalities of [[Guangzhou]] and [[Jiangmen]] banned smoking in public places in 2007, but the law is not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsgd.com/news/guangdong1/200704100038.htm |title=Guangdong to launch stricter smoking ban at public places |publisher=Newsgd.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
{{Main|Smoking in Hong Kong}}
[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Hong Kong]] has seen all public smoking banned from 1 January 2007 under the [[Hong Kong Government|government]]'s revised [[Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance]] (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades has been in place since July 1998.

An anomaly to the smoking ban is on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and Mainland China as they are operated jointly between MTR Corporation and the Chinese Railways, of whom the latter allows smoking in the restaurant car and in the vestibules at the end of the cars, but not in the seating area.

Any person who smokes or carries a lighted tobacco product in a statutory no smoking area commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a maximum fine of HK$5,000. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Hong Kong does not place the onus on licensees of liquor licensed premises to enforce smoking bans with subsequent loss of licence for non compliance. A new law, that was to enter into force in September 2009, provides for fixed-penalty arrangement (HK$1,500) for smoking, on a par with that for littering. At the same time smoking will be banned in designated public transport interchanges, but the government has yet to clarify how it will enforce this against non Hong Kong ID card holders and tourists, since the offender has 21 days after the ticket issue to pay up.

The overall daily smoking rate in Hong Kong is 11.8% (HK Department of Census and Statistics Household Thematic Survey 36) with 25% of males smoking whereas in China 63% of males smoke.

The government has mentioned a full-ban of tobacco import and smoking is technically possible in Hong Kong upon the release of the budget in 2009. However, as the decreasing daily smoking rate in recent years mainly due to increasing tobacco tax, the government currently has no further plans to control sales of tobacco other than by adjusting taxation.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

===Colombia===
{{Main|Smoking in Colombia}}
In summer 2009, Colombia has extended its existing tobacco control regulations by requiring all indoor work places and public places be immediately smoke-free; prohibiting tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship, and the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ on packaging, requiring large, pictorial health warnings on tobacco packaging (covering 30 per cent of the front and back) within a year, preventing the sale of tobacco products to minors; and mandating public education programs on the deadly effects of tobacco use.

===Croatia===
On 22 November 2008 the Croatian Parliament passed legislation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/342110.html |title=125 29.10.2008 Zakon o ograničavanju uporabe duhanskih proizvoda |publisher=Narodne-novine.nn.hr |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prohibiting smoking in public institutions such as hospitals, clinics, schools, nurseries and universities with infractions punishable with up to 1000 [[kuna (currency)|kuna]] (140 euros). A notable exception in the Act are psychiatric wards in Croatia's hospitals. The ban went further in May 2009 when smoking was banned in all enclosed public areas including bars, restaurants and cafes. The smoking ban applies to all public areas where non-smokers could suffer from secondhand smoking including open public areas like sport stadiums, arenas, open air theatres, tram and bus stations etc.<ref>[http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2008_10_125_3560.html Law on restriction of tobacco-product use] ''Narodne novine 125/08'''</ref>
It is estimated that 30 percent of Croatia’s adult population are smokers.<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/14639/ "Croatia Bans Smoking"] ''[[Balkan Insight|balkaninsight.com]]'' 7 Nov. 2008 Link accessed 7 Nov. 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/newsroom/news/croatia/2984810/index.do;jsessionid=D79A733AC59D1CA3E5574A6864ED2916.2 Croatia banning smoking] ''vecernji.hr'''</ref> On 10 September 2009 the ban on smoking in bars and cafes in Croatia was partially repealed for a grace period until 9 April 2010, local media has reported. Proprietors with establishments that are up to 50 sq m that meet very strict conditions will now be able to choose whether to allow smoking. One of the conditions is a ventilation system that is able to change indoor air at least 10 times per hour. Until March 2010 only 16 (out of 16 000) establishments in all of Croatia have met the conditions and have been permitted to allow smoking.<ref>[http://www.novilist.hr/2010/03/15/od-16000-kafica-pusacki-status-z.aspx "Od 16.000 kafića, pušački status zatražilo samo 16 ''Novi list''']</ref> Larger establishments will have to include a designated and separately ventilated smoking area<ref>{{Cite web|author=byNick Iliev |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2009/09/11/783081_croatia-reverses-smoking-ban-in-public-places |title=Croatia reverses smoking ban in public places – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cuba===
Cuba has banned smoking in most work places, cigarette machines removed and it has been illegal to sell tobacco products close to schools since February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/no-smoking.htm |title=In a country famed for its cigars, Cuba adds no-smoking rules |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date=18 January 2005 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
On 9 July 2009 Cyprus passed a new law, tightening up ineffective 2002 legislation, that will ban smoking in bars, restaurants, nightclubs and workplaces effective 1 January 2010.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/cyprussmokinghealth ]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> Since the introduction of the smoking ban on 1 January 2010, compliance levels have been very encouraging. A spokesman for the restaurant & bar owners however have complained that the introduction of the smoking ban has led to a sharp drop in revenue<ref>{{Cite web|author=+ – Text size //var addthis_pub="49f59059007d44e8"; // |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/cyprus/strong-compliance-smoking-ban/20100105 |title=Strong compliance with smoking ban |publisher=Cyprus Mail |date=5 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> but produced no evidence to support statement.

===Czech Republic===
The second German anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]].
In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from Austria at the end of World War I.<ref>{{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert|title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |pmid=9302840 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=22 July 2008|quote=The first German antitobacco organization was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded.|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139}}</ref>
Currently, there is a law in force that bans smoking in some public places such as institutions, hospitals, bus stops and other public service stops, but not in restaurants, bars and clubs. In June 2009 the parliament approved a bill allegedly regulating smoking in public places. However, it only requires bars and restaurants where smoking is allowed, i.e. practically all of them, to post a sign.

===Denmark===
Since 15 August 2007, smoking in hospitality facilities, restaurants, bars, clubs, [[public transport]], and all private and public workplaces has been banned. Exemptions to the law are bars with a floor space less than 40 m² and offices only used by a single employee. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. The law has caused much controversy and is as of November 2007 not fully enforced.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Smoking in Ecuador}}
[[Smoking in Ecuador|Smoking]] is more common among men and younger people in Ecuador.<ref name="Ockene">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759503/
| title= Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes
| last= Ockene
| first= J. K.
| publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information
| year= 1996
| accessdate = August 2010
}}</ref> Smoking is common in bars and dance clubs, but non-smoking signs in restaurants in [[Quito]] are generally respected.

===Estonia===
Smoking has been banned within indoor public areas and workplaces since 4 June 2005, except in restaurants. Later a ban on smoking in bars, restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs started on 5 June 2007 (however still allowed in isolated smoking rooms).

===Faroe Islands===
Smoking banned in all enclosed public spaces since 1 July 2008.

===Finland===
{{Main|Smoking in Finland}}
Smoking has been banned in indoor public areas and workplaces from 1 March 1995, except in specially designated [[smoking room]]s; restaurants were included in 2007. Legislation aimed towards voluntary prevention of secondary smoking was enacted, but it was not successful. Few establishments installed ventilation systems capable of eliminating secondhand smoke. Dividing a restaurant into a smoking and non-smoking section was also an ineffective measure. Thus, smoking has been banned in all indoor public and workplaces, including bars, cafes, clubs and restaurants from 1 June 2007, except in those places which have been permitted a transition period of up to two years. Smoking in bars and trains is still allowed in enclosed smoking booths, where is not permitted to serve or consume food or drink. Many smaller bars have not been able to build such smoking booths and patrons have to smoke outside. The bans are respected by the general population.

As of early 2010, Finland plans to phase out smoking completely.<ref name="ban all smoking">{{Cite web
| url= http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/finland-embarks-plan-will-ban-all-smoking-117181
| title= Finland embarks on plan that will ban all smoking
| publisher=National Business Review
| date= 15 January 2010
| accessdate = 13 August 2010
}}</ref>

===France===

Smoking is now banned in all public places (stations, museums, etc.); an exception exists for special smoking rooms fulfilling strict conditions, see below. However, a special exemption was made for cafés and restaurants, clubs, casinos, bars, etc. until 1 January 2008,<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/SQHYN.htm Decree n°2006-1386 of 15 November 2006] taken as application of [http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnArticleDeCode?commun=&code=CSANPUNL.rcv&art=L3511-7 article L3511-7] of the Public Health Code, banning smoking in public places.</ref> although the French government allowed a day of reflection on New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7163178.stm |title=French cafes set to ban smoking |accessdate=28 Dec. 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 December 2007}}</ref> Opinion polls suggest 70% of people support the ban.<ref>{{Cite news| title=France to ban smoking in public | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6032125.stm | accessdate=9 Oct. 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=8 October 2006}}</ref> However, a recent story by Time Magazine suggests that smokers are now blatantly ignoring the smoking ban due to low enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news| title=
Smoking Ban? The French Light Up Again in Public | url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1949817,00.html | accessdate=3 Jan. 2010 | work=Time | date=26 December 2009}}</ref>

Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: they may occupy at most 20% of the total floor space of the establishment and their size may not be more than 35 m²; they need to be equipped with separate ventilation which replaces the full volume of air ten times per hour; the air pressure of the smoking room must constantly be lower than the pressure in the contiguous rooms; they must have doors that close automatically; no service can be provided in the smoking rooms; and cleaning and maintenance personnel may enter the room only one hour after it was last used for smoking{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}.

Previously, under the former implementation rules of the 1991 Évin law, restaurants, cafés etc. just had to provide smoking and non-smoking sections, which in practice were often not well separated. In larger establishments, smoking and non-smoking sections could be separate rooms, but often they were just areas within the same room.

A legal challenge against the new regulations was filed before the [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]] in 2007, but was rejected.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0713.shtml Ruling of 19 March 2007] of the Conseil d'État ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnDocument?base=JADE&nod=JGXAX2007X03X000000300467 copy] on [[Légifrance]])</ref>

===Germany===
{{Main|Smoking in Germany}}
With some of Europe's highest smoking rates, Germany's patchwork of smoking bans continues to be contested.

In February 2009, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that the smoking bans in bars are being very weakly controlled by the authorities, and in many places the ban is not observed at all.<ref name="spiegel">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,609404,00.html|title=Dichter Qualm trotz Rauchverbot|last=Wiesel|first=Christian|date=28 Feb. 2009|work=Der Spiegel|language=German|accessdate=26 May 2009}}</ref>

===Greece===
[[Image:Anti-smoking Law Greece 1856.PNG|thumb|right|235px|[[Royal decree]] of 1856, introducing the first ban on smoking in modern Greece. Prohibition was valid only within state buildings and was grounded on the need to prevent [[accident]]s.]]
As of 2010, Greece is the country with the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epha.org/a/4088|title=2010 Eurobarometer survey on tobacco – European Public Health Alliance|last=Staff|date=13 July 2010|publisher=[[European Public Health Alliance]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> Since older legislation was not very efficient a new, stricter law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law bans smoking ''and'' consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all working places, transportation stations, in taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking is already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.us-winston.com/greece-to-ban-smoking-in-all-indoor-public-places/ |title=Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places | US Winston Online Club |publisher=Us-winston.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking is also prohibited in atria and internal areas with removable roofcovers or tents as well as in external seating areas that are surrounded by a tent and are not open from at least two sides.
Fines are particularly heavy for smokers who do not comply (fines range from 50 to 500 Euros) as well as for the working places or companies, i.e. restaurants, night clubs, pubs, etc. (fines range from 500 to 10,000 Euros). For those companies that violate the law for the 5th time in a row, the law orders for the closure of the specific company.

A special website ([http://www.smokestop.gov.gr www.smokestop.gov.gr]) and a telephone hotline for information as well as citizens to report any violations of the new law (tel: 1142) along with an extensive media campaign have been created to promote the 1 September smoking ban in Greece.
The government has signed an agreement with [[Harvard University]] the help in developing the government’s anti-tobacco policies and mounting publicity campaigns.<ref name="GR-HSPH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_100008_27/07/2010_118631|title=Harvard to help in smoking ban|last=Staff|date=27 July 2010|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]|accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Harvard School of Public Health]] will also help Greece conduct research, organize conferences and train all the officials who will be involved in imposing the ban.<ref name="GR-HSPH" /> They will also help develop strategies to foster an anti-smoking culture, particularly among children.<ref name="GR-HSPH" />

The only exception to the law are airports. There, smoking is only permitted in special separated smoking booths equipped with separate ventilation systems and air filters. Currently only the [[Athens International Airport]] has installed such booths: one in the extra-[[Schengen]] arrival area before passport control and one in the intra-[[Schengen]] baggage claim area, both smoking booths are accessible only to arriving passengers. In all other Greek airports no smoking booths have been installed and smoking is totally prohibited inside terminal buildings.

===Guatemala===
Complete ban: Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions. Smoke-free in health-care facilities and governmental facilities{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

===Guernsey===
Smoking bans were introduced at different times in the [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]], a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]. Smoking was banned in all public places in the island of [[Guernsey]], including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, on 2 July 2006, under the ''"Smoking (Prohibition in Public Places and Workplaces) (Guernsey) Law 2005"''. Anyone who breaks the law, upon conviction, could be fined up to the maximum of £1000 (~€1150, ~$1470). Smoking is allowed anywhere outside and in whatever company.<ref>[http://www.gov.gg/ccm/navigation/health---social-services/environmental-health---pollution-regulation/smoke-free-guernsey/ Information about the Guernsey smoking ban]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

In [[Alderney]], the [[States of Alderney]] passed anti-smoking legislation with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4 am on 1 June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alderneyjournal.com/readnews.php?id=1145 |title=Alderney Journal |publisher=Alderney Journal |date=14 January 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smoking in indoor public places remains legal in [[Sark]].

===Hungary===
Smoking has been banned for several years on public transport, hospitals, airports and in public and federal buildings, including the Parliament. From 2010, a smoking ban is effective on [[playground]]s and [[underpass]]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/08/05/matol_tilos_a_dohanyzas_az_aluljarokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Mától tilos a dohányzás az aluljárókban |publisher=Index.hu |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> From 2011, it is also effective in all [[Budapest]] public transport stops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.hu/belfold/budapest/2010/12/15/tilos_lesz_a_dohanyzas_a_bkv-megallokban/ |title=Index – Belföld – Tilos lesz a dohányzás a BKV-megállókban |publisher=Index.hu |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In 2009, a proposal to ban smoking in all public places, including restaurants, bars, etc., was placed on hold.<ref>http://index.hu/politika/belfold/0530hrvthgns/ http://index.hu/politika/bulvar/0402smoke/</ref> However, many restaurants and bars throughout the country elect to be smoke-free.

===Iceland===
{{Main|Smoking in Iceland}}
Smoking and the use of other tobacco products is banned in most public spaces in Iceland. This includes all enclosed spaces in common ownership, all public land intended for use by children, all public transport and all services; including restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagasofn/134/2002006.html |title=2002 nr. 6 31. janúar/ Lög um tóbaksvarnir |publisher=Althingi.is |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===India===
A nationwide ban on smoking at the workplace and in restaurants, hotels, pubs, public transport (buses, trains and metros), airports and railway stations, educational institutions, cafes, theatres and other public places came into effect from 2 October 2008. Smoking in open areas like roads, parks, etc. and inside one's home and car is however allowed. Smoking is also permitted in restaurants, bars and pubs having designated separate smoking areas. Anybody violating this law will be charged with a fine of Rs 200(INR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-11644.html |title=India to declare all places of work as smoke free |publisher=Spiritindia.com |date=23 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Advertising of tobacco products had already been prohibited nationwide by an earlier law.

In 2007, [[Chandigarh]] became the first city in India to become 'smoke-free'. However despite there being some difficulties and apathy by the authorities<ref>Sarin, Jaideep, [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/chandigarhs-smoke-free-city-campaign-loses-steam_10070935.html "Chandigarh’s ’smoke-free city’ campaign loses steam"], [[Indo-Asian News Service]], New Delhi, 13 July 2008</ref> the Smoke-Free Chandigarh<ref>Website, [http://chandigarh.tobaccofreeindia.com "Smoke Free Chandigarh Website"], [[Burning Brain Society]], Chandigarh</ref> ban has been a success story. Taking a cue from the Chandigarh's success, cities like Shimla also followed the Smoke-Free Chandigarh model to become smoke-free.<ref>''The Hindu'', IANS, [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903111821.htm "Shimla to turn smoke-free soon"], Chandigarh</ref> The success of Chandigarh had been widely recognised and the architect of smoke-free Chandigarh [[Hemant Goswami]].<ref>''The Times of India'', [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3921985,prtpage-1.cms "Our Unsung Hero, Kicking the Butt"], Chandigarh</ref> was also awarded the Global Smoke-Free Partnership Award for the initiative.<ref>World Heart Federation, [http://www.worldheart.org/about-us/partnerships/global-smokefree-partnership/print.html?no_cache=1"Global Smoke Free Partnership"], Chandigarh</ref> The state of [[Kerala]] also had implemented a more relaxed ban on public smoking earlier though it was never properly followed. However since the nationwide ban, it is being enforced more strictly.

===Indonesia===
In [[Jakarta]]'s restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is banned. Restaurants which want to allow smoking have to provide a separate smoking space starting 4 February 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/bloomberg/sxsmoke.php |title=A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – ''International Herald Tribune'' |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> As in many Asian nations, it remains to be seen whether it can be enforced. Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/news/248932.html |title=Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban |publisher=Tobacco.org |date=27 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Ireland===
{{Main|Smoking in Ireland}}
[[The Republic of Ireland]] became the first country in the world to institute an outright ban on smoking in workplaces on 29 March 2004. Before the total ban, smoking had already been outlawed in public buildings, hospitals, schools, restaurant kitchens, and on aircraft and some trains (Intercity trains provided smokers' carriages).<ref>[http://www.eu2004.ie/templates/standard.asp?sNavlocator=3,242,455 EU 2004 – "Smoking ban is first in world"]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, Ireland banned in-store [[tobacco advertising]] and displays of tobacco products at retail outlets and new controls on tobacco [[vending machine]]s.

===Isle of Man===
The [[Isle of Man]] ban is similar to the one introduced in England. The ban came into effect on 30 March 2008.

The smoking ban also saw Europe's first smoke-free prison.<ref>[http://www.iomtoday.co.im/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=870&articleid=2015621 Exact Date Set For Smoking Ban – Isle Of Man Today]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

===Israel===
In Israel, it is forbidden to smoke in public closed places since 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the restriction of smoking in public places|publisher=(in Hebrew) | url=http://www.linshom.com/law/public.htm|accessdate= 21 Nov. 2007}}</ref> The law was amended in 2007 so that owners are held accountable for smoking in premises under their responsibility. The ban includes cafés, restaurants discos, pubs and bars, and it is illegal for owners of such places to put ashtrays anywhere inside closed spaces. Also, owners of public places must put "no smoking" signs and prevent visitors from smoking. They can also designate a well-ventilated and completely separate area for smokers, as long as the non-smokers' area does not fall below 75% of the whole area. The fine for owners of public places is [[New Israeli sheqel|₪]] 10,000 (around US$2,800) and for smokers – ₪ 5000.
In spite of all of this, the smoking bans in Israel are not effective and smoking remains extremely prevalent in public places, especially bars and clubs.

===Italy===
{{Main|Smoking in Italy}}
Italy was the fourth country in the world to enact a nationwide smoking ban. Since 10 January 2005 it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos. However, special smoking rooms are allowed. In such areas food can be served, but they are subjected to strict conditions: they need to be separately ventilated, with high air replacement rates; their air pressure must constantly be lower than the pressure in the surrounding rooms; they must be equipped with automatic sliding doors to prevent smoke from spreading to tobacco-free areas; they may occupy at most 50% of the establishment. Only 1% of all public establishments have opted for setting up a smoking room.
Smoking is also forbidden in all enclosed workplaces – this includes also trains and underground stations.
It is indeed allowed to smoke outdoors, which means that since Italy has sunny weather more than half of the year, people can still smoke at restaurants and bars as long as they sit on the outside tables and people still smoke there.

===Japan===
{{Main|Smoking in Japan}}
Although there are no consistent nationwide smoking bans in Japan and all moves to introduce such laws are strongly opposed by the powerful [[Lobbying|lobby]] groups, there are a growing number of local ordinances banning smoking. Smoking is forbidden on the streets of the [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]], [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]] wards of Tokyo<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/2292007.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Smoking ban on Tokyo's streets | date=2 October 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> for reasons of child safety (not health). Smoking is banned on most public transport and on many train station platforms, however enforcement mechanisms such as fines remain absent. [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] has implemented in April 2010 the nation's first prefecture-wide smoking ban, banning smoking in public facilities, including hospitals, schools and government offices. The ordinance requires large restaurants and hotels to choose whether to become nonsmoking or create separate smoking areas, while [[mah-jong]] and [[pachinko]] parlors, restaurants with floor space of up to 100 sq. meters and hotels of up to 700 sq. meters are merely required to "make efforts" to prevent passive smoking. Another Kanagawa ordinance last month to ban smoking at swimming beaches expected to be implemented in May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100402a5.html |title=Kanagawa enforces first antismoking code | The Japan Times Online |publisher=Search.japantimes.co.jp |date=2 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Although still relatively few, there is a growing number of private businesses implementing smoking bans in restaurants, taxis, buildings and bars<ref>http://en.wa-shoi.com/?page=100595</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7083.php |title=Noose tightening on Japanese smokers |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Jersey===
Smoking is restricted in public places in [[Jersey]] (a [[British Islands|British]] [[Crown dependency]]).

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825_restrictiononsmokinglaw1973_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Smoking Law |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> enabled the [[States of Jersey]] to pass regulations prohibiting or restricting smoking in places of entertainment and public transport. In pursuance of this law, smoking was banned on public transport by the ''Smoking (Public Transport) (Jersey) Regulations 1982''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/consolidated/superseded/20/20.825.30_restrictiononsmoking(publictransport)regs.1982_revisededition_31august2004.htm |title=Jersey Regulations |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=20 March 2009 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''Restriction on Smoking (Jersey) Law 1973'' was amended by the ''Restriction on Smoking (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2006''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fhtm%2fLawFiles%2f2006%2fL-24-2006.htm |title=Jersey Law | RESTRICTION ON SMOKING (AMENDMENT NO. 2) (JERSEY) LAW 2006 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=23 November 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> adopted 16 May 2006 which enabled the States to make regulations to prohibit or restrict smoking tobacco or a substance (or a mixture of substances) other than tobacco, or the use of tobacco, in a workplace or other defined places.

===Kazakhstan===
Kazakhstan partially banned smoking in public places on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/kazakhstan/?top_only=1 |title=Articles:Listing Kazakhstan |publisher=Tobacco.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A full ban was instituted in September 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kazakhstan bans public smoking, raises drinking age|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=29 September 2009|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-NAuAgHUsedOw6RSuV_07PHo-5g}}</ref>
Enforcing the smoking ban appears to be somewhat problematic as far as public bus services are concerned. While smoking by passengers on the public bus services was never an issue, bus operators on duty were being consistently reported as smoking inside the bus vehicles and persistently ignoring requests by the passengers not to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.respublika-kaz.info/news/society/9121/ |title=Алматинские потомки японских камикадзе – Общество – Информационно-аналитический портал РЕСПУБЛИКА |publisher=Respublika-kaz.info |date=22 May 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Smoking in public indoor areas is banned in [[Nairobi]], Kenya, since July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L11808541.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet – Kenyan capital Nairobi starts smoking ban |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Small private bars will be exempted. [[Mombasa]] already has a similar preexisting ban on smoking.

===Latvia===
As of 1 May 2010, smoking has been completely banned in restaurants and bars. Previously non-smoking area had to be larger than half of the total area. Smoking is also banned in parks and ten meters around governmental institutions, schools and public transportation stops. Smoking on public transportation, except for ferries, is also forbidden.

===Lithuania===
Smoking has been banned in restaurants, bars, places where food is served, clubs (except for special cigar and pipe clubs), and nightclubs since 1 January 2007. Furthermore, smoking on public transportation is forbidden except on long-distance trains with special facilities. The ban is well respected, at least in the main cities.

===Luxembourg===
Smoking is banned in all indoor public places, like hospitals, shopping centres, schools and restaurants. However, cafés and bars that only serve snacks are exempt from the law. There is a smoking prohibition from 12 noon to 14:00h and 19:00h to 21:00h in cafés in which meals are served.

===Macedonia===
Macedonia has a strong national smoking ban in all public indoor areas, and in some cases in outdoor areas. Smoking is banned in bars, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs starting 1 January 2010.<ref name="SETimes">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Railway line making a comeback
|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2009/10/23/roundup-bs-03
|publisher=SETimes.com
|date=23 October 2009
|accessdate=23 October 2009
}}</ref>
Smoking is not banned only in people's homes, at open spaces and public areas free of sporting competitions, cultural and entertainment events, gatherings and other public events.<ref name="MINA">
{{Cite news
|title=Business: Macedonia's Smoking Ban Obeyed
|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/11591/2/
|publisher=MINA
|date=4 January 2010
|accessdate=4 January 2010
}}</ref>

===Madagascar===
By official law, smoking is prohibited in [[Taxi-brousse|taxi-brousses]], but it is not enforced. The only places where they banned smoking is at Antananarivo International Airport and on Air Madagascar flights. It is also prohibited to smoke in the pubs and clubs.

===Malta===
In April 2004, smoking was banned in all enclosed public spaces, including public transportation, clubs and restaurants, although smoking areas are allowed.

===Malaysia===
In all, 21 areas are banned, including hospitals/clinics, airports, public lifts and toilets, air-conditioned restaurants, public transport, government premises, educational institutions, petrol stations, Internet cafes, shopping complexes and private office spaces with central air-conditioning. However, enforcement is an issue, and the government plans to get tougher on offenders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/17/nation/18052672&sec=nation |title=Smoking ban to be extended |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.seatca.org/upload_resource/%7B9285BDD5-8E92-4215-9FCE-A31CD321BC7A%7D_Malaysia%20Report%20Card.pdf Status Of Tobacco Use And Its Control – Malaysia Report Card]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

Starting 1 June 2010, it is an offence to smoke at private office spaces with central air-conditioning. People who violate the rules can be fined up to RM10,000 (US$3,333), or two years of imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/1/nation/6374646&sec=nation |title=No more puffing away at work |work=Toronto Star .my |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Mexico===
Smoking in hospitals and airports has been banned for at least 15 years. Smoking is allowed in designated areas at the Cancun Airport. Mexico City's current smoking policy, passed in April 2004, requires physically separate smoking and non-smoking areas, and for non-smoking areas to make up at least 30% of all space in restaurants and bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://no-smoking.org/april04/04-07-04-2.html |title=Mexico City Imposes Tougher Smoking Laws (7 April 2004) |publisher=No-smoking.org |date=25 October 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> A proposal debated early in 2007 to extend Mexico City's smoking policy into a complete ban for all restaurants, bars, schools, taxis, and buses, did not pass.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexsmoke29jun29,0,4368264.story?coll=la-home-center Mexican Smoking Bans] ''Los Angeles Times''</ref> It was proposed again in the middle of 2007.

Since April 2008 the law has covered Mexico City, and since 28 August 2008 the law has been extended nationwide.

Advertisement of tobacco products has been banned from TV and radio for roughly 6 years.

===Monaco===
There has been a ban on smoking in Monaco since 1 November 2008, but does not extend to bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

===Montenegro===
Smoking in public places is banned in Montenegro. The ban also forbids smoking advertising and the display of people smoking on television.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3527234.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Montenegro bans smoking in public | date=2 August 2004 | accessdate=4 April 2010 | first=Matt | last=Prodger}}</ref>

===Morocco===
Morocco's House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill banning smoking in public places.

===Mozambique===
Since 2007, smoking has been banned in indoor public places including public transport, government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, cinemas, theatres, restaurants and bars, with the exception of specially designated smoking rooms.<ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/francisco/2007/11/smoking-banned.html] Blog of Francisco Cabo</ref><ref>[http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/jackie/2007/12/mozambique-bans.html#more] Blog of Jackie Tumwine</ref>

===Namibia===
On 8 October 2009, the Namibian National Assembly adopted the Tobacco Products Control Bill, one of the most comprehensive smoking bans in the world. The law, once in force will ban "the smoking of tobacco in a public place, any outdoor public place or any area within a certain distance of a window, ventilation inlet, door or entrance".

The bill was voted into law on 16 February 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/politik/grnes-licht-fr-gesetzentwurf.102269.php |title=Namibian Newspaper |publisher=Az.com.na |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.na/bills_documents/44_tobacco_products_control_bill_b7-2009.pdf |title=B7-2009 Tobacco Control |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco legislation states that employers are obliged to take measures to ensure that employees are able to carry out their work without being bothered or affected by smoke from others. On 1 January 2008 [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] became the first European airport with a total smoking ban, however since August 2008 it has been allowed in the designated smoking rooms. Since 1 July 2008 the smoking ban has also applied to all hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes in The Netherlands. Separate smoking rooms are allowed in hospitality facilities as long as no food or beverage is served there. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking of [[cannabis]] (marijuana and hashish) in coffee-shops is permitted as long as it is not mixed with tobacco. In 2010 the new government spoke out against the smoking ban in small
catering businesses. The ban was widely ignored with statistics showing that around 41% of bars and discos had flouted the law.<ref name="BT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/smoking-ban-uturn-by-dutch-government-14995132.html |title=Smoking ban U-turn by Dutch government, Belfast Telegraph, 4 November 2010 |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=4 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2010 the new government lifted the ban for bars of 70 square metres or less which did not employ any staff other than the owner.<ref name="BT"/> Around 3,000 of the 5,500 bars in The Netherlands are staffed by the owner alone.<ref name="BT"/>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|Tobacco in New Zealand}}
The first building in the world to have a smoke-free policy was the [[Old Government Buildings (Wellington)|Old Government Building]] in [[Wellington, New Zealand]], in 1876. This was over concerns about the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.<ref>[http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/wellington/poneke-area/government-buildings/ Department of Conservation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

New Zealand passed an amendment to the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 law on 3 December 2003 (effective in 2004) which covers all indoor public workplaces and inside hospitality venues (pubs, bars, restaurants and casinos). Studies have shown very high levels of compliance with the law. Also the air quality inside hospitality venues is very good compared to similar settings in other countries where smoking is still permitted. In New Zealand, tobacco cannot be sold to anyone under 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moh.govt.nz/smokefreelaw |title=Smokefree Law |publisher=Moh.govt.nz |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Outdoor smoke-free laws cover the grounds of all schools, the grounds of some hospitals, stadiums and two university campuses (Massey University, and the University of Auckland, in 2010). The government has not moved to restrict smoking in cars but has run mass media campaigns that promote smoke-free cars and homes.

There are also increasing numbers of local councils implementing educative smokefree policies. South Taranaki District Council was the first. In May 2005 the Council made its playgrounds, parks and swimming pools smokefree, as well as ensuring that all Council events held in South Taranaki parks were to be promoted as smoke-free events. At least 20 of New Zealand's other Councils have followed suit. (Source: www.smokefreecouncils.org.nz).

On 5 September 2007, [[Action on Smoking and Health]] (ASH) New Zealand called for the removal of tobacco from sale by 2017.<ref>[http://www.ash.org.nz/index.php?pa_id=4&news_id=159&expand_section=1 Welcome to ASH – Action on Smoking and Health]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

From the start of the first semester of 2010, New Zealand's largest university, the [[University of Auckland]], banned smoking on any of its property including inside and outside of buildings in areas that were once designated smoking areas. The university sprawls through most of Symonds Street and is the largest private complex in Auckland CBD.

:See [[Smoke-free Environments Act 1990]].

===Niger===
A decree banning smoking in public places in Niger was issued in September 2008. Fines range from 5,000 to 1 million [[CFA franc]]s, whilst there is also the possibility of a prison term.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7612387.stm Niger cabinet passes smoking ban] BBC News, 12 September 2008</ref>

===Nigeria===
{{Main|Smoking in Nigeria}}
Smoking is prohibited in public places in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, and is punishable by a fine of not less than N200 and not exceeding N1000 or to imprisonment to a term of not less than one month and not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806030435.html Nigeria: Smoking – Top Officials Defy Govt Order] Leadership, 3 June 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.afriquenligne.fr/news/africa-news/nigeria's-capital-city-bans-smoking-in-public-200806015574.html Nigeria's capital city bans smoking in public] Afrique en ligne, 1 June 2008</ref>

===Norway===
In Norway, smoking has been banned in public buildings, workplaces and public transportation since 1988. Since 1 June 2004, smoking is also banned in restaurants, bars, cafes, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Norwegians ban smoking in bars |author=|publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3765071.stm |accessdate=23 December 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitnorway.com/uk/Articles/Corporate/Before-you-go/Smoking-restrictions/ |title=Smoking restrictions in Norway |author=|date=7 August 2008 |work=[[Innovation Norway]] |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |title=Norway’s ban on smoking in bars and restaurants – A review of the first year |publisher=Directorate for Health and Social Affairs |date=May 2005 |pages= |url=http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00003/Norway_s_ban_on_smoki_3413a.pdf |format=PDF |version=IS-1275 E |accessdate=23 December 2009}}</ref>

===Palestinian Authority===
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking [[Hookah|nargila]]s in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes], Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref> The [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)]] has arrested women for smoking in public.<ref name=Spyer>Jonathan Spyer, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1254163537553&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Analysis: The Islamic republic of Gaza], Jerusalem Post 29-09-2009</ref> The park was burned down by masked men in September 2010, after being closed by the [[Hamas]].<ref name=afptorch>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDblV3atUSJnUtMzkDDINQ_QWltQ Gunmen torch Gaza beach club shuttered by Hamas], AFP 19-09-2010</ref>

===Paraguay===
Effective April 2010, Paraguay has banned smoking in all indoor areas including bars and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/paraguay-bans-smoking-in-all-closed-public-spaces_100346455.html |title=Paraguay bans smoking in all ‘closed public spaces’ |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=11 April 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
The Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-Smokers Health Ordinance-2002 came into effect on 30 June 2003.
The law had the following aspects:
Ban on tobacco use in public buildings and transportation,
limiting tobacco advertising,
banning tobacco sale within 50 meters from educational institutions, and
requiring “no smoking” signs displayed in public places.

===Peru===
In Peru, it is nominally illegal to smoke in any public place (indoors), according to Law 28704. The ban is normally not enforced.

===Philippines===
[[Davao]] has banned smoking in a large number of public places, including public buildings, entertainment venues, hospitals, shopping malls, concerts since 2002. Smoking at gasoline stations is also banned.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virgilio M Gaje |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060627.htm&no=3&date= |title=PIA Information Services – Philippine Information Agency |publisher=Pia.gov.ph |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Manila]] has banned smoking in large public areas like hospitals, malls, public transport, as well as [[Makati]] in 2002 Ordinance 2002-090, banning all public transport and enclosed indoor smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makati.gov.ph/ |title=(Philippines) government news bulletin |publisher=Makati |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Caloocan]] has begun to established ordinance recently concerning about the anti-smoking bans in accordance with the Republic Act No. 9211 also known as Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003.

===Poland===
Smoking is banned in schools, hospitals or other medical facilities and public transport (including the vehicles such as train or bus and bus stops, train stations, etc.).

Since 15 November 2010, it is forbidden to smoke in all public indoor spaces, including bars, cafés, restaurants and discos, though enclosed smoking areas within larger facilities are permitted, and smaller establishments will have the option of allowing smoking.<ref>{{Cite web|author=byAgnes Sekowski, The Krakow Post |url=http://sofiaecho.com/2010/11/09/990229_poland-smoking-ban-economics |title=Poland: smoking ban economics – Foreign |publisher=The Sofia Echo |date=9 November 2010 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Portugal===
On 3 May 2007, the Portuguese parliament made a law banning smoking in all public places, except when proper air-ventilation systems are provided. It went into effect 1 January 2008. Smokers who break the law face a fine of up to €1000 (~US$1300) and establishments that break the law will face a fine of up to €2500 (~US$3400). The legal age to purchase tobacco is 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03723356.htm |title=Portugal bans smoking inside public places |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Puerto Rico===
The Law Num. 40 from 1993, the ''Law to Regulate the Smoking Practice in Public Places'', and its later 1996 amendment Law 133, regulate smoking in private and public places. The most recent modification established in [2 March 2007], Law 66, amended articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11 of Law Num. 40, forbids this practice inside jails, pubs, restaurants (including open-air terraces with one or more employees), bars, casinos, workplaces, educational institutions, cars with children under age 13 and most public places. Smoking sections are not allowed. Fines start at $250.

===Qatar===
The capital of Qatar, [[Doha]], banned smoking in public or closed areas in 2002. The law discouraged shopkeepers from selling to under-aged people and completely banned tobacco advertisements in the country and punished violaters with hefty fines. However, the law is openly flouted especially by the youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=192251&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar’s top-selling English daily newspaper – Qatar |publisher=Gulf-times.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia does not yet have a smoking ban in force, however there is some proposed legislation in the Duma.
The legislation, passed by the State Duma 406-0, bans smoking in workplaces, on aircraft, trains and municipal transport as well as in schools, hospitals, cultural institutions and government buildings. It requires specially designated smoking areas to be set up and also requires restaurants and cafes to set up no-smoking areas. Russia's no smoking bill must go through two more readings in the Duma before being sent to the Federation Council for approval and to President Dmitry Medvedev for his signature.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-25-smoking_N.htm Smoking ban advances in Russia, Germany], ''USA Today'' However, the Soviet Union had approved countrywide campaigns against smoking. See R. Cooper, 'Smoking in the Soviet Union', ''Br Med J'' (Clin Res Ed). 21 August 1982; 285(6341): 549–551.</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Saudi Arabia has almost no restrictions against smoking. However, on 20 June 2010, the Council of Ministers urged the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) to ban smoking at all airports and their facilities in the Kingdom on Monday. It also advised GACA to impose a fine of SR200 on people who violate the new regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News |first=Arab |url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article70606.ece |title=Smoking banned at airports |publisher=Arab News |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{Main|Smoking in Singapore}}
[[Image:Singapore-smoking-area.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A sign in Singapore to indicate that smoking is allowed]]
Smoking was banned in hawker centres, coffee-shops, cafes and fast-food outlets beginning 1 July 2006. For establishments with an outdoor area, 10–20% of the area can be set aside for smoking, although they would have to be clearly marked to avoid confusion. Gradually, the ban has been extended to bus interchanges and shelters, public toilets and public swimming complexes.<ref>[http://app.mewr.gov.sg/view.asp?cid=168&nid=168&id=SAS765 Smoking Ban in Singapore]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

On 1 July 2007, the ban was extended to entertainment nightspots. The rule allows for the construction of designated smoking rooms which can take up to 10% of the total indoor space.

On 1 January 2009, the ban was extended to all children's playgrounds, exercise areas, markets, underground and multi-storey carparks, ferry terminals and jetties. It was also extended to non-air conditioned areas in offices, factories, shops, shopping complexes and lift lobbies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/332003/1/.html |title=Smoking ban to be extended to more areas from January 2009 |publisher=Channelnewsasia.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Smokers found flouting the rules are fined [[S$]]200 while the owners of the establishments are fined S$200 and S$500 for a subsequent offence.

On 22 November 2010, the Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign was launched to support the initiative to phase out tobacco in Singapore by preventing the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000. The initiative was put forward by a team consisting of a lung cancer surgeon, medical officers, a university professor and a civil servant. The proposal has received strong public support and has attracted media interest.<ref> {{Cite web
| url= http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info
| title= Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore online campaign launched
| publisher=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore
}} </ref>
[[List of smoking bans#Proposed bans|Link to Section on Proposed ban in Singapore]]

===Serbia===
In Serbia, as of November 2010 smoking is prohibited in all enclosed public spaces including entertainment and restaurants, bars, internet cafes, which have to designate a special room for smoking to be allowed. The ban is obligatory for all hospitals, media houses and theaters, but mainly not enforced.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bojana Barlovac |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbian-inspectors-aim-to-stub-out-smoking-habit |title=Inspectors Start Stubbing Out Smoking in Serbia |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Slovenia===
On 22 June 2007, the Slovenian National Assembly approved a law prohibiting smoking in all indoor public and work places, effective 5 August 2007. Exempted from the ban are "open public areas, special smoking hotel rooms, special smoking areas in elderly care centres and jails, and special smoking chambers in bars and other work places.
The smoking chambers, which will have to meet strict technical standards, will however not be allowed to occupy more than 20% of an establishment."<ref>[http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4994/5005/ Slovenia Gets Tough Anti-Smoking Legislation]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> The law also raised the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 15 to 18 and mandated that tobacco labels carry the telephone number of a quit-smoking hotline.

===South Africa===
The [[South African government]] passed the first [[Tobacco Products Control Act]] in 1993 and started implementing the act in 1995. The act regulated smoking in public areas and prohibited tobacco sales to people under the age of 16. Some aspects of tobacco advertising were also regulated for example labelling.<ref>[http://www.acts.co.za/tobacco/index.htm Tobacco Products Control Act 1993]</ref> The 1993 act was not considered to be comprehensive enough and the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. The act also restricts smoking in public places which includes the workplace, restaurants and bars and public transport. The act also stipulates penalties for transgressors of the law, and specifies the maximum permissible levels of [[tar]] and [[nicotine]]. The regulations were implemented in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2001/01jan-feb/corp8.html |title=The Great South African Smokeout: Anna White, 2001 |publisher=Multinationalmonitor.org |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government proposed further amendments to the bill in 2007 which will seek to deal with new practices designed to circumvent the provisions of the Act. These amendments will also aim to bring the current law into [[compliance (regulation)|compliance]] with the [[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] (FCTC). This framework has been [[ratified]] by the [[South African government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article.php?a_id=106646 |title=Madlala-Routledge: Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill (29/03/2007) |publisher=Polity.org.za |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The South African government is currently looking at increasing the minimum legal age for smokers to 18.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/Politics/0,,2-7-12_2285432,00.html News 24: Smoking ban for under 18's? ]</ref>

===Spain===
From 2006 to 2010, Spain had a partial ban on smoking in public places. Offices, schools, hospitals and public transportation were smoke-free, but restaurants and bars could create a "smokers section" or allow smoking if they were small (under 100m2).<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4574734.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Spain sees smoking ban take hold | date=2 January 2006}}</ref>

After 2 January 2011, smoking is banned in every indoors public place, including restaurants, bars and cafes. Hotels may have 30% of smoking rooms; mental hospitals, jails and old people's residences may have public rooms where workers cannot enter. Outdoor smoking is also banned in childcare facilities, in children's playparks and around schools and hospital facilities.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8236170/Spain-introduces-smoking-ban.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Fiona | last=Govan | title=Spain introduces smoking ban | date=2 January 2011}}</ref>

Establishments can be closed by the authorities for repeatedly violating the smoking ban, as happened for the first time on 10 February 2011 in [[Marbella]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/02/10/spain.smoking/index.html?hpt=T2|title=Spain shutting down restaurant for defying smoking ban|date=10 February 2011|publisher=CNN|accessdate=10 February 2011}}</ref>

===Sweden===
In Sweden, smoking was banned in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs in June 2005. Smoking rooms are, however, allowed in these institutions. The smoking rooms contains a few restrictions; no serving or consumption of food or beverages are allowed in the smoking rooms and it may not cover more than 25% of the institution's total area. The ban was very popular amongst the population and even the industries affected.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/templates/cs/Article____13429.aspx Swedish snuff – not just for men – SWEDEN.SE]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In January 2008, [[Swedish Prison and Probation Service|The Swedish Prison and Probation Service]] banned smoking indoors in prisons.<ref>{{Cite web| title='Rökfri kriminalvård'| publisher=Swedish Prison and Probation Service | author=| language=Swedish | url=http://www.kriminalvarden.se/templates/KVV_InfopageGeneral.aspx?id=4846 | date=1 January 2008 | accessdate=28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
The [[Swiss Federal Assembly]] enacted a law for the protection against passive smoking in 2008, which came into force on 1 May 2010. It prohibits smoking in enclosed, publicly accessible areas and in rooms that are workplaces for several persons. There are exceptions for bars and restaurants, which may allow smoking in separate, ventilated rooms or in establishments smaller than 80 square meters, but the federal statute allows for more stringent cantonal smoking bans.<ref name="BAG2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/00612/00764|title=Passivrauchen|last=[[Swiss Federal Office of Health]]|language=German, French and Italian|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

Until the ban came into force, each [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] determined its own smoking laws. As of June 2009, all cantons, with the exception of [[Zurich]], [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], [[Glarus]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Obwalden]] and [[Schaffhausen]], have banned smoking in enclosed public areas (although restaurants are exempt in [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]] and [[Nidwalden]]). The details of the restrictions vary somewhat, and in several cantons the bans will not enter into force until some time between 2009 and 2012. The ban in [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]] came into force on 31 October 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/geneva-smoking-ban-back-at-months-end.shtml?16218 |title=WRS | Geneva smoking ban back at month's end |publisher=Worldradio.ch |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Main|Smoking in Syria}}
Smoking is banned inside cafes, restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree issued on 12 October 2009 and came in to force on 21 April 2010. Syria was the first Arab country to introduce such a ban.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The decree also outlaws smoking in educational institutions, health centres, sports halls, cinemas and theatres and on public transport. The restrictions include the [[nargile]], or waterpipe. According to the official news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]], fines for violating the ban range from 500 to 100,000 Syrian pounds (US$11 to $2,169).<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Syria smoking ban enters into force
| newspaper=BBC News
| date = 21 April 2010
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8634411.stm
| accessdate = 22 April 2010}}
</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8302794.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Assad decrees Syria smoking ban | date=12 October 2009 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

A decree in 1996 banned tobacco advertising while a 2006 law outlawed smoking on public transport and in some public places, introducing fines for offenders. Under-18s are not allowed to buy tobacco.<ref name="BBC"/>

===Taiwan===
{{Main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
Smoking is regulated by the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act (Taiwan), promulgated on 11 July 2007.

===Thailand===
Indoor smoking ban effective in all indoor air conditioned establishments throughout Thailand since November 2002, with entertainment areas exempted. Cigarettes have graphic pictures since 2005, and advertising is banned. Enforcement and compliance have been strong.

On 10 January 2008, Thailand announced that smoking would be banned in restaurants, bars, and open-air markets effective 10 February 2008. In addition to fines, those who fail to comply may be arrested. Most legal bars comply with these regulations, but in establishments that operate illegally or semi-legally the bans are mostly disregarded.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Smoking in Turkey}}
Turkey currently bans smoking in government offices, workplaces, bars, restaurants, cafes, shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and all forms of public transport, including trains, taxis and ferries.<ref name=BBC719>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8157747.stm|title=Turkey smoke ban extends to bars |publisher=BBC News |date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Turkey's smoking ban includes provisions for violators, where anyone caught smoking in a designated smoke-free area faces a fine of 69 liras (~€32/$45/£28) and bar owners who fail to enforce the ban could be fined from 560 liras for a first offence up to 5,600 liras.<ref name=BBC719 />

Smoking was first banned in 1997 in public buildings with more than four workers, as well as planes and public buses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=92824 |title=New era begins in Turkish social life with smoking ban |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref>

On 3 January 2008, Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor spaces including bars, cafés and restaurants. It also bans smoking in [[stadium|sports stadia]], and the gardens of mosques and hospitals. The smoking ban came into force on 19 May 2008; however, bars, restaurants and cafes were exempted until mid-July 2009. On 19 July 2009, Turkey extended the indoor public smoking ban to include bars, restaurants, village [[coffeehouse]]s and [[nargile]] (hookah) bars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7407985.stm|title=Turkey expands curbs on smoking |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2008}}</ref>

===Uganda===
In March 2004, smoking was banned in public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars. An extension to private homes is being considered.

===United Arab Emirates===
Emirates in the United Arab Emirates recently started banning smoking in shopping malls and public places. States leading the ban on smoking include [[Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/January/theuae_January264.xml&section=theuae |title=Abu Dhabi plans ban on smoking in malls |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Ajman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/07/10/05/10158079.html |title=Gulf News – Ajman bans smoking in malls and markets |publisher=Archive.gulfnews.com |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> [[Dubai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/May/theuae_May244.xml&section=theuae&col |title=Stricter smoking ban in Dubai |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=9 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> and [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2007/March/theuae_March403.xml&section=theuae |title=Smoking ban to be in place next year |publisher=Khaleej Times |date=14 March 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Since 1 July 2007 smoking bans have been in effect across the whole of the UK. Smoking bans were introduced in each country of the United Kingdom separately as decided by the [[devolved]] administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] acting for England. For details, see (in chronological order of bans): [[List of smoking bans#Scotland|Scotland]], [[List of smoking bans#Wales|Wales]], [[List of smoking bans#Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and [[List of smoking bans#England|England]].

====England====
{{Main|Smoking ban in England|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking became banned in indoor public places in England, including workplaces, bars, clubs and restaurants, from 1 July 2007. Some places, such as certain smoking hotel rooms, nursing homes, prisons, submarines, offshore oil rigs, and stages/television sets (if needed for the performance) are excluded. Palaces were also excluded,<ref>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Parliamentary Privilege First Report
| work=
| publisher=The Stationery Office
| date =4 September 2007
| url =http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/jt199899/jtselect/jtpriv/43/4309.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 4 September 2007 }}</ref> although members of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] agreed to ban all smoking in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = MPs 'smoking in Commons toilets'
| work=
| publisher=BBC News Online
| date =5 July 2007
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6273830.stm
| doi =
| accessdate = 12 August 2007 }}</ref> The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), £30 (~€45/~$60) if one pays within 15 days, while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000). Smoking will be allowed to continue anywhere outdoors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokefreeengland.co.uk |date=1 July 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, a confidential government briefing obtained by ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper reveals that provisions are in place for extending the ban to outdoor areas.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2725720.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Going for smoke: Today's ban is just the start. Could your home be next? | date=1 July 2007 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
In [[Northern Ireland]], a smoking ban has been in effect since 30 April 2007. It is illegal to smoke in all enclosed workplaces. This includes bars, restaurants, offices (even if the smoker is the only person in the office) and public buildings.
Like Scotland, the smoking ban is more comprehensive in that places, such as phone boxes and enclosed bus/train shelters are included. The on-the-spot fine for smoking in a workplace is £50 (~€70/~$100), while a business that allows it can be fined £2,500 (~€3,700/~$5,000).

A £200 fine may be levied by local councils if businesses fail to show signs.
An opinion poll showed that 91% of people supported the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|author=30/04/2007 – 07:15:42 |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=308472&rss=rss2 |title=Northern Irish Smoking Ban |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=30 April 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spacetobreathe.org.uk/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=spacetobreathe.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

====Scotland====
{{Main|Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005}}
On 26 March 2006, Scotland prohibited smoking in enclosed (more than 50% covered) public places, which includes public buildings, workplaces, sports stadiums, bars and restaurants. Exemptions are in place to allow hotel guests to smoke in their own rooms, as long as the hotel has designated them as smoking rooms. The law also bans smoking in bus shelters, phone boxes or other shelters that are more than 50% enclosed. It also prohibits smoking in trucks and vans which are owned by a company whether or not the driver is the only person inside. Businesses covered by the smoking ban must display a statutory smoking sign at the entrance to, and around the building<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/faqs/pdf/A4Poster.pdf |title=Standard no smoking sign in Scotland |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> as well as a Smoke-Free policy. Opinion polls at its introduction showed a clear majority of the Scottish public were in favour of the ban<ref>[http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=629&Itemid=] 'Widespread support for smoking ban in Scotland'</ref>

As in New Zealand, the ban was initially criticised by certain interested groups (e.g., publicans, cafe and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall owners, etc.) who feared that it would adversely impact their businesses. A survey published by the Scottish Beer & Pubs Association one year on from the ban concluded that "the number of pub licensed premises in Scotland has remained more or less constant over the last year"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishpubs.co.uk/Aboutus/News/PR%202006%20Licensing%20Statistics.pdf |title='Research on liquor licenses for Scotland, March 2007, SBPA' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> indicating fears of an adverse impact of the ban on the hospitality industry were unfounded. Widespread concerns prior to the ban about its impact on bingo halls<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/half-of-scottish-bingo-halls-threatened-by-smoking-ban-405794.html |title='Half of Scottish bingo halls threatened by smoking ban' |work=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> prove harder to objectively assess: As at May 2008 there is anecdotal evidence<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokersclubinc.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4140 |title='Bingo related News, the Smokers Club inc.' |publisher=Smokersclubinc.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> to suggest an increase in closures of bingo halls since implementation of the ban. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted and speculation within the betting and gaming industry is that a decline could also be the result of demographic changes and increases in online gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bingo-uk.co.uk/smoking-bingo-players.htm |title='Smoking Ban, bingo.co.uk' |publisher=Bingo-uk.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[NHS Scotland]] Quit Smoking Line reported it received an additional 50,000 calls from people wishing to give up in the six months after the ban was introduced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clearingtheairscotland.com/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=clearingtheairscotland.com |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> In September 2007 a study of nine Scottish hospitals over the twelve months following the ban reported positively on its impact on the country's health, including a 17% drop in admissions for heart attacks, compared with average reductions of 3% per year for the previous decade.<ref>[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2007/09/10081400 'Smoking ban brings positive results, the Scottish Government']</ref>

====Wales====
{{Main|Health Act 2006}}
Smoking was banned across all enclosed public premises and work premises in Wales on 2 April 2007. Adherence is widespread and public houses report increases in takings since the ban came into place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokingbanwales.co.uk/english/ |title=Smoking ban information website |publisher=smokingbanwales.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> However, six months after the ban's implementation, the Licensed Victuallers Association (LVA), which represents pub operators across Wales, claims that pubs have lost up to 20% of their trade. The LVA says some businesses are on the brink of closure, others have already closed down, and there is little optimism that trade will eventually return to pre-ban levels.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Darren Devine |url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2007/10/12/smoking-ban-has-hit-trade-says-lva-91466-19938086/ |title=ic Wales |publisher=icwales.icnetwork.co.uk |date=12 October 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Public places must display a special bilingual no smoking sign:
* "Mae ysmygu yn y fangre hon yn erbyn y gyfraith" (Welsh)
* "It is against the law to smoke in these premises" (English)

===United Nations===
As United Nations buildings are not the subject of any national jurisdiction, the United Nations has its own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradual introduction of partial smoking bans between 1985 and 2003, Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] introduced in 2003 a total ban on smoking at [[United Nations Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N03/468/96/doc/N0346896.DOC?OpenElement|title=Smoking ban at United Nations Headquarters}}</ref> Similar bans have not been introduced in field offices of the United Nations worldwide.

Some specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the [[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund]] and the [[WHO|World Health Organization]] have their own strict smoking bans which apply to their offices worldwide, but the same is not necessarily true for entities of the Secretariat, such as the [[Department of Peacekeeping Operations]] and the [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)]]. Only on 13 December 2007, OCHA introduced a smoking ban applicable to all its field offices.

===United States===
{{double image|right|US states smoking bans.svg|325|Smoking ban key.svg|250|Map of current and scheduled future statewide smoking bans as of 11 November 2010.}}
{{Main|List of smoking bans in the United States}}
In the United States, [[United States Congress|Congress]] has not attempted to enact any nationwide [[law of the United States|federal]] smoking ban. Therefore, smoking bans in the United States are entirely a product of state and [[local government in the United States|local]] [[criminal law|criminal]] and [[occupational safety and health]] laws. As a result, the existence and aggressiveness of smoking bans varies widely throughout the United States, ranging from total smoking bans (even outdoors), to no regulation of smoking at all. Jurisdictions in the greater [[Southern United States|South]] tend to have the least restrictive smoking bans or no statewide smoking bans at all, while most of the rest of the country now has statewide bans on smoking in bars, restaurants and other workplaces.

According to Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, as of October 2009, 71% of the U.S. population lives under a ban on smoking in "workplaces, and/or restaurants, and/or bars, by either a state, commonwealth, or local law,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf |title=Over 1600 municipalities in the United States have local laws that provide for some sort of restrictions on where smoking is a |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> though only 41.2% live under bans in all workplaces ''and'' restaurants ''and'' bars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/SummaryUSPopList.pdf |title="Summary of 100% Smokefree State Laws and Population Protected by 100% U.S. Smokefree Laws", Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, 2 October 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

As of November 2010, 27 states have enacted smoking bans in all general workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants (though many of these exempt tobacconists, cigar bars, casinos, and/or private clubs). Seven have enacted smoking bans that exclude all adult venues such as bars (and casinos where applicable). [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Idaho]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]] have particularized state laws banning smoking in specific places but leaving out all others. The remaining 11 states have no statewide smoking ban at all, though many cities and/or counties in most of those states have enacted local smoking bans to varying degrees (though [[Oklahoma]] prohibits local governments from passing smoking laws at all).

As for U.S. jurisdictions that are not states, smoking is banned in all public places (including bars and restaurants) in the [[District of Columbia]] and [[Puerto Rico]]. [[Guam]] prohibits smoking in restaurants, but the ban does not extend to workplaces or any other businesses. [[American Samoa]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands]] have no smoking bans.

===Uruguay===
{{Main|Smoking in Uruguay}}
In March 2006, it became illegal in Uruguay to smoke in enclosed public spaces. Now bars, restaurants or offices where people are caught smoking face fines of more than $1,100 or a three-day closure. This makes Uruguay the first country in South America to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.<ref name=bbcuruguay>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4761624.stm |title=Uruguay curbs smoking in public |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Anti-smoking groups estimate that as many as a third of Uruguay's 3.4 million people smoke. [[President of Uruguay|President]] [[Tabaré Vázquez]], a practicing [[oncologist]], has cited reports suggesting about seven people die each day in Uruguay (an estimated 5,000 people a year) from smoking-related causes including lung cancer, emphysema and other illnesses.<ref>[http://www.tobaccofree.org/news%20articles/2006-03-02-Associated-Press/2006-03-02-Associated-Press-Uruguay.htm?SITE=VACUL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Public smoking ban takes effect in Uruguay] – TobacoFree.org</ref>

===Vatican City===
On 1 July 2002 a law signed by [[Pope John Paul II]] became effective which banned smoking on all places accessible to the public and in all closed places of work within the Vatican City and within all extraterritorial [[properties of the Holy See]]. Smoking bans in museums, libraries and churches on Vatican territory were already in force before that date for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-4800?l=english|title=Smoking Banned in Public Areas of Vatican|publisher=Zenit|date=28 June 2002|accessdate=26 March 2008}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
The Vietnamese government has banned smoking and cigarette sales in offices, production facilities, schools, hospitals, and on public transport nationwide<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/17/content_6112701.htm |title=Xinhua – English |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=17 May 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> Smoking was banned in enclosed indoor spaces and public facilities in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] in 2005 with the exception of entertainment areas.

A ban has also been imposed on all forms of advertisement, trade promotion, and sponsorship by tobacco companies, as well as cigarette sales through vending machines, or over the telephone and on the Internet.

===Zambia===
Smoking is prohibited in public places in Zambia and is punishable by a fine of K400,000 or imprisonment of up to two years.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805290606.html allAfrica.com: Zambia: The Move by the Government to Ban Smoking in Public Places (Page 1 of 1)]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=775667 |title=Zambia gets tough on smokers |work=The Times |location=UK |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Specific restrictions==
===Outdoor smoking bans===
{{Trivia|much of this info is already stated above|date=July 2010}}
*It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in Ireland. It was also the first country in the world to impose a ban on smoking outdoors within 3-metres of a public building.
*In the Australian state of Queensland, smoking is prohibited within four metres of entrances to public buildings, within 10 metres of children's playground equipment, in commercial outdoor eating or drinking areas, at patrolled beaches, and at all major sports stadiums.<ref>[http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atods/tobaccolaws/outdoor/default.asp Outdoor public areas] Queensland Government</ref>
**Some beaches in [[Sydney, Australia]] have smoking bans in place.
**Smoking indoors or outdoors on land owned by the NSW Department of Education is banned
**From 1 March 2006, in [[Victoria, Australia]], smoking is banned from all covered train platforms, bus and tram stops.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/tobaccoreforms/index.htm Tobacco reforms] Victorian Government Health Information</ref>
*[http://www.cmh.org/ Cambridge Memorial Hospital] in [[Cambridge, Ontario]], Canada, enacted a total (outdoor) smoking ban, believed to be the first in the entire province if not country, as of October 2004. At the same time, [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in the nearby [[Waterloo, Ontario|city of Waterloo, Ontario]], proposed a similar total smoking ban on its property, after its [http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=158&s_id=146&sb_id=286&p_id=147 10 metre outdoor proximity ban] (enacted in 2002) failed. WLU was presumed to be the third Canadian (public) post-secondary institution to consider such measures, after Carleton and Acadia.
**Smoking is prohibited in [[Hamilton Street Railway]] bus shelters in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].
**It is illegal to smoke on a bus or in a bus shelter as well as any less than 4 metres from any entrance in [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]].
**[[Calgary, Alberta]], banned all outdoor patio smoking at bars, restaurants and casinos on 1 July 2005. Nova Scotia did the same on 1 December 2006.
*[[Calabasas]], California, United States, banned smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest ban in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have banned smoking on their beaches, at least four other California cities (including San Francisco) ban smoking in parks or outdoor venues. For more information, see [[List of smoking bans in the United States#Outdoor smoking bans]].
**[[Belmont, California]], banned smoking in outdoor places on 25 September 2007. This ban also applies inside condos, apartments and other kinds of multi-unit housing.<ref>[http://www.belmont.gov Welcome to Belmont] The City of Belmont</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/12/BAG9ROK7LN3.DTL Belmont to hold meeting about proposed anti-smoking law] San Francisco Chronicle, 12 March 2007</ref>
**California has banned smoking within {{convert|20|ft|m}} of entrances to any public building.
*Selected wards in Tokyo, Japan, prohibit smoking on the streets. This ban is enforced and violators are fined. In response, free smoking cafes have been provided by [[Japan Tobacco]].
**56% of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda ward]]'s land area is a no smoking zone as of April 2007.
**[[Kyoto]], Japan, has banned smoking on 7.1 km of its streets in 2007, including busy areas along [[Kawaramachi]], [[Karasuma]]-dori and [[Shijo Street]] avenues.
**[[Railway stations]] in Japan are no-smoking except for a few remaining long distance services.
*Many English [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] [[Primary Care Trust|PCTs]] ban smoking on it premises both inside and outside hospitals, even places such as the car park and bus stations.
* In Hong Kong, smoking ban is imposed on most public recreational areas and beaches. It is up to districts to designate which public recreational areas are exempt, and some ban smoking districtwide. Many playgrounds in public housing estates have also become smoke-free. Some public transport interchanges, as designated by the government, bans smoking since 1 September 2009.
*Smoking is banned on all railway platforms in England, regardless of whether they are covered or not. These measures were introduced well before any national smoking ban for safety reasons<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/faq/vehicles.html#train |title=Non-smoking train platforms |publisher=Smokefreeengland.co.uk |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>
*It is illegal to smoke on the outdoor property of the institutions of public education in Slovenia, penalties are dictated by internal orders of the concerned institutions.
* It is illegal to smoke in some bus shelters (complex rules determine which, leading to them being largely ignored) and phone boxes in Scotland.

===Other restrictions===
In some countries, such as Germany, India and Russia, bans enacted earlier allow for smoking sections in restaurants, as well as possible special rooms for use by smokers in other workplaces (though many employers prefer not to incur the costs of building and maintaining such rooms).

* Turkmenistan, under decree from [[President for life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], has banned the chewing of tobacco.
*All public and Catholic schools in the [[Region of Waterloo]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, banned smoking on school property in Autumn 1994. A province-wide smoking ban on school property was slated to begin for the 2007/2008 school year in [[British Columbia]], Canada.
*A [[tobacco fatwa]] was issued in Iran in 1891 and Egypt in 2000.
*Australia has a federal law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all smokeless tobacco products. The sale of oral snuff and chewing tobacco has been banned since 1989 under the Trade Practices Act 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P278_IA.pdf |title=Please Refer To Anzfa'S Guide To Applications And Proposals For A More Detailed Explanation Of The Process On How To Undertake |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed bans==
In the Czech Republic, there is a bill to prohibit smoking in all public areas and in all enclosed areas in pubs, restaurants, bars and others that do not have a separate room designated for smoking that has permanent ventilation and does not have an effect on smoke-free sections. There have recently been several bills proposing similar smoking restrictions, but these have never been enacted by the [[Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>[http://www.cbw.cz/phprs/2007070221.html Restaurants oppose smoking bill]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>

[[New Caledonia]] is likely to introduce restrictions on smoking in public places following a recent 25-nation global air-quality monitoring initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Posted at 00:53 on 2 June 2007 UTC |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=32704 |title=New Caledonia in line for anti-smoking law |publisher=Rnzi.com |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The [[Canadian province]] of [[Ontario]] has introduced legislation to ban smoking in vehicles carrying passengers below the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northernnews.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=943397 |title=Newspaper |publisher=Northernnews.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1928 |title=Legislative Assembly of Ontario | Bills & Lawmaking | Current Parliament | Bill 11, Protecting Children and Youth from Second-Hand Smoke in Automobiles Act, 2007 |publisher=Ontla.on.ca |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The government of [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in Japan has compiled a basic plan for an ordinance to ban smoking in hotels, restaurants and other public places to be submitted to legislature in March 2009. It has been passed as a toned down version coming into effect April 2010 whereby smoking is banned in hospitals, schools and government offices, and requires restaurants and hotels to choose between becoming nonsmoking or creating separate smoking areas.

In Bulgaria the Ministry of Health is considering a ban on tobacco smoking in all public places by the summer of 2010. Bulgaria has an engagement to restrict tobacco smoking by 2011 with the [[World Health Organization]].
In Saudi Arabia, smoking is prohibited in public places<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.novinar.net/?act=news&act1=det&stat=center&mater=Mjc2MDs1OQ==&sql=Mjc2MDszNQ== |title=Пълна забрана на пушенето след една година (in Bulgarian) |publisher=Novinar.net |date=29 September 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

[[Niue]] is considering banning tobacco completely, and is seeking the cooperation of Australia and New Zealand to ensure that no tobacco can be imported into the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10520567 |title=World's smallest state aims to become first smoke-free island paradise – World – NZ Herald News |publisher=Nzherald.co.nz |date=9 July 2008 |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

Singapore citizens launched an online campaign to support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tobaccofreesingapore.info |title=Towards Tobacco-Free Singapore | Support the proposal to prevent the supply of tobacco to Singaporeans born from the year 2000 |publisher=Tobaccofreesingapore.info |date= |accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

==Lack of smoking bans==
Some countries have no legislation against smoking whatsoever. These countries include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and many other countries in Central and Western Africa, where people can smoke wherever they want and often culture is in favor of the smoker.

==See also==
*[[Smokeasy]]
{{Smoking by country}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.inforesearchlab.com/bansmoking.chtml Smoking bans around the world] (updated)
*[http://ask.yahoo.com/20070214.html List of countries with smoking bans (Yahoo)]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/map-globalsmokingbans/ Interactive map on some global smoking bans]
*[http://edutube.org/interactive/prevalence-smoking-men-and-women/ Interactive map on prevalence of smoking among men and women]
*[http://www.tobacco.org/articles/category/smoking_bans/ Smoking ban news]

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Smoking Bans}}
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Smoking bans]]

[[cs:Seznam zákazů kouření]]
[[cy:Rhestr gwaharddiadau ysmygu yn ôl gwlad]]
[[es:Ley antitabaco]]
[[fr:Législation sur le tabac]]
[[nl:Lijst van landen met een rookverbod]]

Smoking bans in private vehicles

2011-02-21T07:41:44Z

Baltshazzar: update USA, Canada, Bahrein, Mauritius and reference (USA and other countries)

'''Smoking bans in private vehicles''' exist to protect passengers from [[secondhand smoke]] and to increase [[traffic security]], e.g. by preventing the driver from being distracted by the act of [[smoking]]. Private vehicles are used by individuals for personal transportation; [[smoking ban]]s in private vehicles are less common than bans extended to [[public transport]] or vehicles used during work, like [[truck]]s or [[police car]]s.

==Traffic security==
The acts of looking for, reaching for, and then lighting [[cigarette]]s can considerably distract the driver. A burning cigarette or [[marijuana]] joint that has fallen into the driver's lap might lead to panic-like reactions. Cigarette stubs thrown out of a window pose a serious fire threat. Some serious traffic accidents in [[Germany]] are known to have been caused by a lit cigarette.<ref>[http://www.swr.de/rasthaus/archiv/2006/11/11/beitrag1.html SWR: Diskussion – Rauchen im Auto (in German)]</ref>
Some German tribunals have commented on the imprudence of smoking while driving.<ref>[http://www.ra-kotz.de/rauchen4.htm German tribunal (in German)]</ref> Smoking may be compared to using a [[cell phone]] while driving, which is also banned in some jurisdictions.

==Protection from secondhand smoke==
More recently, the dangers of [[secondhand smoke]] have been proven, and smoking in a car (whether in motion or not) is banned in some jurisdictions as a measure against [[passive smoking]]. Some laws stipulate that such a ban applies only when a passenger is under a certain age.

==Wildfires==
Cigarettes or cigarette litter thrown out of the window of cars moving through a vegetated area (particularly during the hot season) is one of the causes of [[wildfire]]s or [[bushfire]]s. A [[southern France]] firefighters' department statistic attributes 16% of local bushfires to cigarette litter thrown out of moving vehicles (and 13.8% to cigarette litter from pedestrians).<ref>[http://www.ch-avignon.fr/sections/nous/etablissement/actualites/dossiers/tabac-environnement Cigarette litter: pollution, fires, accidents (in French)]</ref>

==Jurisdictions with a smoking ban in private vehicles==
===Australia===

In [[Queensland]] a smoking ban in cars with minors under the age of 16 is in force since January 2010. There is an on the spot fine of 200 Australian dollars.<ref>[http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/queensland-ban-on-smoking-in-cars-carrying-children-20091030-hnzs.html Queensland]</ref>

In [[South Australia]] a smoking ban in cars with minors under the age of 16 exists since May 2007. Fines range from 75 to 200 Australian dollars.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26318329-2682,00.html?from=public_rss South Australia]</ref>

In [[Tasmania]], as of 1 January 2008, smoking in cars with passengers under the age of 18 is banned and incurs a $110 on the spot fine.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22990981-2702,00.html "Smoking banned in cars in Tasmania"] in ''[[The Australian]]''</ref>

In [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] a smoking ban in cars with minors under the age of 18 has entered in force on 1 January 2010.

In [[Western Australia]] a smoking ban in cars with minors under the age of 16 will enter in force in 2010.<ref>[http://www.northweststar.com.au/news/local/news/general/ban-on-smoking-in-cars/1665360.aspx?src=rss Western Australia]</ref>

===Bahrein===

Since 13th April 2009, smoking in cars with accompanying children is banned in Bahrein.<ref>[http://njgasp.org/f_SF%20cars,kids,%20info,%20arguments.pdf GASP]</ref>

===Canada===

Smoking with anyone under the age of 16 present in a vehicle is currently banned in the Provinces of [[British Columbia]], [[Labrador]] (starting 31st May 2011), [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfounland]] (starting 31st May 2011), [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Yukon Territory]].<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/03/18/bc-car-smoking-fine.html] 18 March 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/07/15/14718296.html] 15 July 2010</ref><ref>[http://telegraphjournal.canadaeast.com/opinion/article/826998] 17 October 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/43841/] 7 October 2010 </ref> Smoking is banned in vehicles with persons under the age of 19 present in [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/03/21/smoking-ban.html?ref=rss ''Nova Scotia bans smoking in cars with children as of April 1''] 21 March 2008</ref>

===Cyprus===

On Cyprus smoking in vehicles with minors under the age of 16 is prohibited.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/europes-no-smoking-zones-521703.html Cyprus (The Independent)]</ref><ref>[http://our-cyprus.blogspot.com/2009/12/countdown-to-cyprus-smoking-ban.html Our Cyprus]</ref>

===Mauritius===

On Mauritius smoking is prohibited in any car carrying passengers, since 2008.<ref>[http://njgasp.org/f_SF%20cars,kids,%20info,%20arguments.pdf GASP]</ref>

===South Africa===

A law prohibiting smoking in private vehicles with minors under the age of 12 has been voted.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/Content/SouthAfrica/Politics/1057/f43aee36897f40abb4a443f0f17e7438/31-08-2009-10-07/Tobacco_acts_signed_into_law South Afrika]</ref>

===United Arab Emirates===

On Wednesday, 6 January 2010 a federal law (superseding the smoking bans which already existed in most of the emirates) was signed. Among other provisions, it introduces a Smoking ban in private vehicles in the presence of children under the age of '''12'''.<ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100108/NATIONAL/701079858/1133/opinion UAE]</ref>

===United States===

A smoking ban in cars with children already exists in [[Arkansas]], [[California]], [[Hawaii]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maine]] and [[Oregon]]<ref>[http://www.argusobserver.com/articles/2009/04/10/news/doc49de291a7099e849194679.txt]</ref><ref>[http://www.argusobserver.com/articles/2009/04/10/news/doc49de291a7099e849194679.txt Oregon and Maine]</ref> as well as [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>[http://www.michie.com/puertorico/lpext.dll/prcode/15fe1/16870/16ac2/16ac9?f=templates&fn=document-frame.htm&2.0#JD_24892 P.R. Laws ch. 62 § 892]</ref> Several other states, counties and towns are discussing similar regulations.<ref>[http://njgasp.org/f_SF%20cars,kids,%20info,%20arguments.pdf GASP]</ref>

==Planned smoking bans in private vehicles==
===Finland===

Finland intends to ban smoking in cars while children are present. Furthermore, smoking in places where children are present is to be banned generally.<ref>[http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/domestic-news/politics/8190-finland-to-ban-smoking-in-cars-carrying-children-.html Finland]</ref>

===Ireland===

Irish anti-smoking campaigners and scientists are urging the government to introduce such a ban.<ref>[http://www.ash.ie/News/Latest_News/ASH_launch_campaign.html ASH Ireland]</ref><ref>[http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=15119 Irish Health]</ref>

===Italy===

Italy plans to ban smoking while driving, fines are to be 250 euro and 5 points on the driving licence.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,26318329-2682,00.html?from=public_rss Italy]</ref>

===Israel===

In Israel the introduction of a smoking ban in cars is being discussed in the [[Knesset]].<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251137325609&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Israel]</ref>

===The Netherlands===

Similar plans exist in the Netherlands.<ref>[http://www.ash.ie/News/Latest_News/ASH_launch_campaign.html ASH Ireland (Netherlands mentioned)]</ref>

===Taiwan===
{{main|Smoking in Taiwan}}
The [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) plans to ban smoking while driving a car, riding a bike or walking an a sidewalk.<ref name="Taiwan aims to ban smoking">{{cite news
| url= http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asia/162396/taiwan-aims-to-ban-smoking-while-walking
| title= Taiwan aims to ban smoking while walking
| publisher= [[Bangkok Post]]
| date= 11/12/2009
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzDVoZzNQFqkQZwV7ZbOoU_qThSw Taiwan bans smoking while walking]</ref> The rationale is concern about traffic security and [[air pollution]].

===United Kingdom===

In England, a smoking ban in cars, when minors are present, is being discussed (as of 2009).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8079357.stm 'Ban smoking in cars with children']</ref>

==See also==
{{Smoking by country}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smoking Bans In Private Vehicles}}
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Road safety]]
[[Category:Smoking]]
[[Category:Tobacco control]]
[[Category:Traffic law]]

[[ar:منع التدخين في عربات النقل الخاصة]]
[[de:Rauchverbot in Personenkraftwagen]]
[[fr:Interdiction de fumer dans les véhicules particuliers]]
[[it:Divieto di fumare alla guida di un automezzo]]

Benzoylecgonine

2011-02-08T10:16:20Z

Baltshazzar: typo

{{chembox
| verifiedrevid = 396297655
| ImageFile = Benzoylecgonine-2D-skeletal.png
| ImageSize =
| ImageFile1 = Benzoylecgonine-3D-balls.png
| ImageSize1 =
| IUPACName = 3-Benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylic acid
| OtherNames =
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 395095
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 5353I8I6YS
| InChI = 1/C16H19NO4/c1-17-11-7-8-12(17)14(15(18)19)13(9-11)21-16(20)10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-6,11-14H,7-9H2,1H3,(H,18,19)/t11-,12+,13-,14+/m0/s1
| InChIKey = GVGYEFKIHJTNQZ-RFQIPJPRBD
| StdInChI = 1S/C16H19NO4/c1-17-11-7-8-12(17)14(15(18)19)13(9-11)21-16(20)10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-6,11-14H,7-9H2,1H3,(H,18,19)/t11-,12+,13-,14+/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey = GVGYEFKIHJTNQZ-RFQIPJPRSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 519-09-5
| PubChem =
| SMILES = CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H](C2)OC(=O)c3ccccc3)C(=O)O
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=16|H=19|N=1|O=4
| Appearance =
| Density =
| MeltingPt =
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility = }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| Autoignition = }}
}}

'''Benzoylecgonine''' is a [[topical]] [[analgesic]] and [[metabolite]].

==History==
Benzoylecgonine is used as the main pharmaceutical ingredient in the prescription drug Esterom, a topical solution used for the relief of muscle pain.

==Pharmacokinetics==
Benzoylecgonine consists of [[ecgonine]] [[benzoate]], and is the primary metabolite of [[cocaine]].

==Urinalysis==
Benzoylecgonine is the compound tested for in most substantive cocaine urinalyses. It can be found in the urine for considerably longer than the cocaine itself which is generally cleared out within 5 days. It is formed in the [[liver]] by the metabolism of cocaine, catalysed by [[carboxylesterase]]s, and subsequently excreted in the [[urine]]. Small amounts may be traced back to certain OTC (over the counter) medications, after having been metabolized in the liver.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}

In 2005, scientists found surprisingly large quantities of benzoylecgonine in [[Italy]]'s [[Po River]] and used its concentration to estimate the number of cocaine users in the region.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4746787.stm Italian river 'full of cocaine'], BBC News, 5 August 2005</ref> In 2006, a similar study was performed in the Swiss ski town of [[Saint-Moritz]] using waste water to estimate the daily cocaine consumption of the population.<ref>[http://www.courrierinternational.com/article.asp?obj_id=59631 Tant de coke ? Stupéfiant !] (French), Courrier International</ref>

==See also==
*[[Methylecgonine cinnamate]]
*[[Truxilline]]
*[[Hydroxytropacocaine]]
*[[Tropacocaine]]
*[[Ecgonine]]
*[[Cuscohygrine]]
*[[Dihydrocuscohygrine]]
*[[Hygrine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tropanes]]
[[Category:Benzoates]]
[[Category:Carboxylic acids]]

{{pharma-stub}}

[[fr:Benzoylecgonine]]
[[nl:Benzoylecgonine]]

Jurji Zaydan

2011-02-02T11:44:29Z

Baltshazzar: bio

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2011}}
'''Jurji Zaydan''', in arabic script جورجي زيدان also translitterated '''Jorge''' or '''Jirjî Zaydan''' or '''Zaydân''', etc. was a Christian Arab journalist and father of [[Pan-Arabism]].
He was born in 1861 in Beyrouth and died in 1914 in Cairo.

After having studied medicine and pharmacy, he leaves his native Lebanon (then part of the Ottoman Empire) for Egypt, where he becomes editor of the journal الزمان (Azamman). He also worked as a translator. In 1892 he founds the periodical «الهلال » (al-Hilâl) which he will head for over 20 years until his death in 1914.

Being interested in both modern science and the arabic language, he played an important role in the [[Nahda]], the revival of arabic culture and civilization.

His works have also been translated into several european languages.

[[Category:Arab Unification]]

{{Biography-stub}}

[[ar:جورجي زيدان]]
[[arz:جرجى زيدان]]
[[de:Dschurdschi Zaidan]]
[[fr: Jorge Zaydan]]
[[it:Jurji Zaydan]]
[[sv:Jirji Zaydan]]

Jurji Zaydan

2011-02-02T08:23:05Z

Baltshazzar: continued

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2011}}
'''Jurji Zaydan''', in arabic script جورجي زيدان also translitterated '''Jorge''' or '''Jirjî Zaydan''' or '''Zaydân''', etc. was a Christian Arab journalist and father of [[Pan-Arabism]].
He was born in 1861 in Beyrouth and died in 1914.

After having studied medicine and pharmacy, he leaves his native Lebanon (then part of the Ottoman Empire) for Egypt, where he becomes editor of the journal الزمان (Azamman). He also worked as a translator. In 1892 he founds the periodical «الهلال » (al-Hilâl) which he will head for over 20 years until his death in 1914.

Being interested in both modern science and the arabic language, he played an important role in the [[Nahda]], the revival of arabic culture and civilization.

His works have also been translated into several european languages.

[[Category:Arab Unification]]

{{Biography-stub}}

[[ar:جورجي زيدان]]
[[arz:جرجى زيدان]]
[[de:Dschurdschi Zaidan]]
[[fr: Jorge Zaydan]]
[[it:Jurji Zaydan]]
[[sv:Jirji Zaydan]]