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IFPE

2023-10-07T12:57:06Z

Bellsbayes:

'''IFPE''' may stand for:

* [[Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco]], a Brazilian institution of higher education in Pernambuco (originally called ETFPE-Escola Técnica Federal de Pernambuco), Brazil
* [[International Exposition for Power Transmission]], a trade show

{{disambiguation}}

Santa Cruz Futebol Clube

2023-10-07T12:54:46Z

Bellsbayes: /* Local Rivals */

{{short description|Brazilian association football club based in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil}}
{{about|the football club in Recife, Pernambuco|other teams with similar names}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Santa Cruz
| image = Santa Cruz FC (01) - PE.svg
| upright = 0.8
| fullname = Santa Cruz Futebol Clube
| nickname = ''Cobra Coral'' (Coral Snake) ''Terror Do Nordeste'' (Terror Of The Northeastern Region) ''O Mais Querido'' (The most dear) ''Time de Guerreiros'' (Team of Warriors) ''Time do Povo'' (People's Team) ''Clube da Multidão'' (Crowd Club)
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1914|2|3}}
| ground = [[Estádio do Arruda]]
| capacity = 60,044
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Antônio Luiz Neto
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Felipe Conceição]]
| league = [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série D]] [[Campeonato Pernambucano]]
| season = [[2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D|2022]] [[2022 Campeonato Pernambucano|2022]]
| position = [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série D|Série D]], 16th of 64 [[Campeonato Pernambucano|Pernambucano]], 3rd of 10
| website = http://www.santacruzpe.com.br/
| pattern_la1 = _santacruz23h
| pattern_b1 = _santacruz23h
| pattern_ra1 = _santacruz23h
| pattern_sh1 = _santacruz23h
| pattern_so1 = _santacruz23hl
| leftarm1 = 000000
| body1 = FF0000
| rightarm1 = 000000
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = FF0000
| pattern_la2 = _santacruz23a
| pattern_b2 = _santacruz23a
| pattern_ra2 = _santacruz23a
| pattern_sh2 = _santacruz23a
| pattern_so2 = _santacruz23al
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
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}}

[[File:Estádio Santa Cruz.jpg|thumb|240px|Estádio do Arruda]]
'''Santa Cruz Futebol Clube''' is a Brazilian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Recife]], [[Pernambuco]], that competes in the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série D|Série D]], the fourth tier of [[Brazilian football league system|Brazilian football]], as well as in the [[Campeonato Pernambucano]], the top flight of the Pernambuco [[State football leagues in Brazil|state football league]].

==History==

===Early history===
On 3 February 1914, eleven young men aging from 14 to 16 years founded a football society. Because the boys used to play football on the streets by the yard of the ''Santa Cruz'' Church, the club was named after that church, which is situated on Santa Cruz Street in Recife. At the first meeting, they decided the position of each member, the name of the club "Santa Cruz Foot-Ball Club", and the society's colors.

The original colors were black and white. Some time after, the color pattern was changed because another local team ([[Sport Club Flamengo]]) already had those colors. Therefore, the club included the red color by suggestion of Teófilo Batista de Carvalho, also known as ''Lacraia''. ''Lacraia'' has participated in all major early events of Santa Cruz's history, except the foundation.

Many people came to see the first match at ''Derby plains''. The "''team of boys''" as Santa Cruz was called at the time beat ''Rio Negro'' (Black River) by 7–0. ''Rio Negro'' demanded revenge in another match. Curiously, the terms of the revenge stated that Sílvio Machado (he scored five goals in the first match) could not play. Despite that, Santa Cruz accepted the challenge. Carlindo, who substituted Sílvio Machado, scored six goals and Santa Cruz won again by 9–0. A subsequent victory over the ''Western Telegraph Company'' team, very famous at the time, made the popularity of Santa Cruz increase even more.

The club was almost closed in its very first year. Some members proposed to use the club funds to buy a [[sugarcane]] juice extractor. Alexandre Carvalho (see members above) violently disapproved of such an offensive proposal and effectively saved the club. In early 20th century Recife, football was regarded as an elite sport. It was played mostly by upper-class boys and by the workers of English companies that operated in Recife. At that time [[racism]] was common and Afro-Brazilians were not allowed to play football. Santa Cruz, however, was the first team in Pernambuco to accept them. ''Lacraia'', was the first one. This fact contributed to the popularity of the team, as black people are numerous in [[Demographics of Brazil|Brazilian population]].

In 1915, there was the greatest comeback ever seen in Brazilian football.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} At the [[Estádio dos Aflitos|Aflitos]] stadium, Santa Cruz was trailing by a 5–1 score against [[América Futebol Clube do Recife|América]] (Pernambuco), however it scored six goals in the final 15 minutes to win 6–5. In 1917, the club was accepted into the Pernambucan Sport League, the old name of the [[Federação Pernambucana de Futebol|Pernambucan Football Federation]].

On January 30, 1919, Santa Cruz beat [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] 3–2 on the Malaquias field. [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], the [[airplane]] pioneer, was in [[Recife]], but was unnoticed: Santa Cruz's victory took everyone's attention. On January 31, the ''Jornal Pequeno'' (Small Newspaper) printed in the headlines: "Botafogo Futebol Clube is beaten by the home ''boys'' by 3–2." It was the first time that a northern-northeastern team beat a team from the south-eastern region of Brazil.

On December 13, 1931, beating Torre by 2–0, Santa Cruz won its first state championship, with Tará and Sherlock as the most important players. On October 10, 1934, the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]], which had just arrived home from the [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934 World Cup]] in [[Italy]], played some friendly matches against the major teams of Pernambuco. [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport Recife]] was defeated 4–2; [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]] was beaten 8–3, and Santa Cruz was defeated 3–1. Because of a ship delay, the Brazilian team could not continue its trip back to [[Rio de Janeiro]], so Santa Cruz asked for a return match, and this time, Santa Cruz won 3–2.

===1960s and 1970s===
During the late 1960s and the 1970s, Santa Cruz achieved greater popularity.
Much of that was due to the State Penta-championship that Santa Cruz had won.
Moreover, since Santa Cruz's impressive performances in the National championship, the importance of the club was finally recognized beyond the state of Pernambuco.

The participation of Santa Cruz in the Serie A lead the club to gain some credibility in 1965 after beating [[CR Flamengo|Flamengo]] 3–1 at the [[Maracanã Stadium]]. The club were having great performances and obtained first place in the National Championship's first stage.

In 1972, [[Pelé]] played his 1000th match against Santa Cruz.

In [[1975 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1975]], Santa Cruz reached the semifinals of the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Campeonato Brasileiro]], a first for a northeastern team. The controversial semi-final against [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] on December 7 ended with Cruzeiro winning 3–2. The club achieved fourth place, their best performance in the National Championship to date. In 1977 and 1978, Santa Cruz went unbeaten for 35 games in a row in the Brazilian Championship, the second greatest unbeaten run in the national competition. In 1978, Santa Cruz was the first team to qualify for the 2nd Stage of the National Championship, with 23 points. In the second and third stages, Santa Cruz topped both of their groups, and qualified for the quarterfinals, where they lost to [[Sport Club Internacional]]. In the final standings, Santa Cruz finished in fifth.

===1980s and 1990s===
During the 1980s, Santa Cruz was demoted to the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Second Division]] of the National Championship twice, in 1982 and 1989. Since then the club's performance in national competitions has declined.

In the early 1990s, Santa Cruz won three state championships: 1990, 1993, and 1995. However, being in the second division of the National Championship often eclipsed such achievements. Moreover, in the following years, Santa Cruz had to share the status of champion 5 times in a row with an arch-rival. Santa Cruz was not able to stop [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport Recife]] from winning their 5th successive championship. Nevertheless, in 1996, Maurício was the top scorer of the 2nd Division Brazilian Championship with 13 goals.

=== 2000–present: Further decline ===
Since the final match in the 2006 [[Campeonato Pernambucano]] vs. Sport, in which Sport won the championship, the team has experienced a new decline. It was demoted to [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Second Division]] in 2006 and then to the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série C|Third Division]] in 2007 after a weak campaign. That latest decline also included eliminations in the first rounds of the [[2007 Copa do Brasil]] and [[2009 Copa do Brasil]] by weaker teams like [[Nacional Fast Clube]] and [[Americano Futebol Clube|Americano]], who were both playing regional competitions at the time.

Continuing the decline was the downfall into ''Hexagonal da Morte'', the bottom six, in the 2008 Campeonato Pernambucano, narrowly escaping relegation in the seventh match. Also, in September 2008, after another weak campaign in the [[2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C|2008 Série C]], Santa Cruz was relegated to the new [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série D|Fourth Division]] for 2009, becoming the first club to fall from First Division to Fourth in three years.

But in 2011, Santa Cruz started a reaction. The club was eliminated from the [[2011 Copa do Brasil|Copa do Brasil]] in the second phase by [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]], but had a respectable performance. Santa Cruz won the first game 1–0, but lost in the second game 2–0. On May 15, Santa Cruz won the [[Campeonato Pernambucano]], beating [[Sport Recife]], and {{Citation needed span|text=the Arruda had the highest attendance in 2011 in Brazilian football, beating teams like Flamengo, from Rio de Janeiro, and Corinthians, from São Paulo|date=October 2022}}

In 2013, Santa Cruz won the Campeonato Pernambucano, and became ''tricampeao'' (three-time consecutive champion), beating rivals Sport Recife as they had done in 2011 and 2012 as well.

In May 2016, Santa Cruz won the [[2016 Copa do Nordeste|Copa do Nordeste]] for the first time in its history, and earned a spot in the [[2016 Copa Sudamericana]], their first international participation. The team began their campaign in the second stage, beating Sport Recife 1–0 on aggregate. In the third stage, the club was paired up with Colombian club [[Independiente Medellín]]. Santa Cruz lost the first leg in Colombia 2–0, but won 3–1 in Recife with a hat-trick from [[Grafite]], although it was not enough and the club was eliminated on away goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 September 2016 |title=Grafite faz três, mas Santa é eliminado da Sul-Americana |url=https://www.leiaja.com/esportes/2016/09/28/grafite-faz-tres-mas-santa-e-eliminado-da-sul-americana/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Leiaja.com |language=pt-br|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The team also won the Campeonato Pernambuco that year, beating Sport again, as they had done in the previous four finals.

==Symbols==

===Colors===
The original colors of the club were black and white. However, at that time, the Pernambucan Sport League did not allow the participation of different clubs with the same colors. Thus, the red color was introduced to differentiate from the color pattern of [[Sport Club Flamengo]].

Santa Cruz is also known as ''O Tricolor'' (The Tricolor) and its fans
as ''Tricolores''.

===Badge===
The original badge (not depicted here) was designed by Teófilo Batista de Carvalho aka ''Lacraia''.
The inclusion of red colour in the club patterns is also due to ''Lacraia''.

[[Image:santa cruz 90years coat.png|thumb|100px|90-years Commemorative badge]]

As time passed, the badge design was modified and updated. However the ''Lacraia''{{'}}s original concept was not much modified.

The current badge contains several [[Star (football badge)|stars]]. The top three-colored stars represent the three Super-championships that Santa Cruz won. The bottom golden stars represent the Penta-championship.

===Mascot===
With the adoption of three colors, the striped jersey of Santa Cruz resembled a [[Coral snake]]. Due to this, the team is known by the fans as ''Coral''.

===Anthem===
The official anthem of the club is widely unknown by the fans. However, a march named ''O Mais Querido'' (The Dearest One) by Lourenço da Fonseca Barbosa ([[Capiba]]) is very popular and is the ''de facto'' anthem.

==Stadium==
The team's stadium is in [[Estádio do Arruda|Arruda]], a borough of [[Recife]]. The official name of the stadium is ''Estádio José do Rego Maciel'', after the name of a former mayor of Recife. However, it is widely known as ''Estádio do Arruda'' (Arruda Stadium). The fans call it ''Arrudão'' (Big Arruda) or ''Mundão do Arruda'' (Great Land of Arruda).

On April 1, 1982 the stadium was re-inaugurated after improvements and enlargement. From the original capacity of 64,000 people, the maximum capacity was then estimated at 110,000. However, due to safety reasons, the maximum audience so far is 90,200 in a [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] vs [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] match on March 23, 1994. Since then the official stadium capacity has been reduced to 60,044.<ref name="capacity">{{cite web|title=Arruda|url=http://mavalem.sites.uol.com.br/pe/Recife1.htm|access-date=2008-12-01|publisher=Templos do Futebol|language=pt|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The stadium is also known as the ''Repúblicas Independentes do Arruda'' (Independent Republics of Arruda).

==Titles==
===National===
*'''[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série C]]: 1'''
::[[2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C|2013]]

===Regional===
*'''[[Copa do Nordeste]]: 1'''
::[[2016 Copa do Nordeste|2016]]
*'''[[List of Brazilian North-Northeast football champions (1946-1993)#Torneio Hexagonal Norte-Nordeste|Torneio Hexagonal Norte-Nordeste]]: 1'''
::1967
*'''[[List of Brazilian North-Northeast football champions (1946-1993)#Torneio Bahia-Pernambuco|Torneio Bahia-Pernambuco]]: 1'''
::1956
*'''[[List of Brazilian North-Northeast football champions (1946-1993)#Torneio Paraíba-Pernambuco|Torneio Paraíba-Pernambuco]]: 1'''
::1962

===State===
*'''[[Campeonato Pernambucano]]: 29'''
::1931, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1940, 1946, 1947, 1957, 1959, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1995, 2005, 2011, 2012, [[2013 Campeonato Pernambucano|2013]], 2015, [[2016 Campeonato Pernambucano|2016]]
*'''[[Copa Pernambuco]]: 5'''
::2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2019

===Friendly tournaments===
* '''[[Taça Asa Branca]]: 1'''
::2017

===Others===
*'''Torneio Início de Pernambuco: 12'''
::1919, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1954, 1956, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1976

===The Super-Championship===
The [[Campeonato Pernambucano|Pernambucan Football Championship]] is usually divided into three turns. Each turn is a small championship itself. If a team wins all the three turns then it is automatically declared as champion. If a team wins two turns and another team wins the remaining turn, the championship has a final play-off. Generally, the play-off consists of two matches or three matches. However, if three different teams win each one a turn, the championship has a play-off named Super-championship. The Super-championship consists of a play-off among the three winners of each turn. Super-championships are rare and very prestigious.

'''The Blue Ribbon.'''
The Blue Ribbon is a prestigious award given by the [[Brazilian Football Confederation]] (''Confederação Brasileira de Futebol'' – CBF).
Teams that go abroad on tour without being defeated are natural candidates for this recognition.

In the [[Middle East]], Santa Cruz played against the national teams of
*[[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] (1–5 and 1–1)
*[[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] (0–3)
*[[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] (0–4 and 1–4)
*[[Dubai]] (one of the [[United Arab Emirates|Arab Emirates]]) (1–2)
*[[Abu Dhabi]] (one of the [[United Arab Emirates|Arab Emirates]]) (0–3)

Santa Cruz also played
*Al-Aim (0–3)
*Nasser Sport Club (2–6)
*Al-Hilal of [[Saudi Arabia]] (0–3)

In [[Europe]] there were two matches. The first was against [[Romania national football team|Romania national team]] (2–4), and the second against [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] (2–2).

==Local Rivals==
Santa Cruz has two major rivals within the city of Recife:

* [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport Recife]]
* [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]]

The rivalry between Santa Cruz and Sport is known as [[Clássico das Multidões]], and the rivalry between Santa Cruz and Náutico is known as [[Clássico das Emoções]].

==Current squad==
{{updated|22 February 2022}}
{{Fs start}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Geaze Pessoa Cavalcante|Geaze]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Jaime Justino de França Neto|Jaime]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Jefferson Adelino da Silva|Jefferson]]|other=on loan from [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Kléver]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Alex Alves (footballer, born 1992)|Alex Alves]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Eduardo da Silva Guedes|Eduardo Guedes]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Ítalo Nascimento Araújo de Melo|Ítalo Melo]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Edemilson de Jesus Invenção Júnior|Júnior Sergipano]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Lucas Tancler Ambiel|Lucão]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Eduardo Mandai Rodrigues|Dudu Mandai]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Edson Ratinho]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Italo (footballer, born 1991)|Italo Silva]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Marcos Martins]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Elyeser|Elyeser Maciel]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Gilberto dos Santos Souza Júnior|Gilberto]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[João Erick Marques da Silva|João Erick]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Matheus Bezerra Lira|Matheus Lira]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Rodrigo Yuri Pires França|Rodrigo Yuri]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Esquerdinha (footballer, born 1989)|Esquerdinha]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[João Lucas da Silva Cardoso|João Cardoso]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[João Henrique Lago Souza|João Henrique]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Tarcísio José da Silva|Tarcísio]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Arian Victor de Oliveira Lima|Arian]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Maranhão (footballer, born 1990)|Maranhão]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Mateus Anderson Veloso Sousa|Mateus Anderson]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Matheus da Silva Fortes|Matheuzinho]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Rafael Furtado]]}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Walter (footballer, born 1989)|Walter]]}}
{{Fs end}}

==Idols==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Rivaldo]]
* [[Grafite]]
* [[Moacir Barbosa Nascimento|Barbosa]]
* [[Givanildo Oliveira]]
* [[Levir Culpi]]
* Luciano Veloso
* Birigui
* Luiz Damasceno
* Marlon
* [[João Batista Nunes de Oliveira|Nunes]]
* [[Ramón da Silva Ramos|Ramón]]
* [[Ricardo Rocha (footballer, born 1962)|Ricardo Rocha]]
* Tará
* Sherlock
* [[Zequinha]]
* Zé Carmo
* [[Renato Gonçalves de Lima|Renatinho]]
* [[Tiago Cardoso]]
* Henágio
* [[Dênis Marques]]
* [[Flávio Caça-Rato]]
* [[Keno (footballer)|Keno]]
{{div col end}}

==Notable coaches==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Ricardo Diéz]] (1959)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Evaristo de Macedo]] (1972)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Paulo Emilio (football manager)|Paulo Emilio]] (1973), (1975)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ênio Andrade]] (1977)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Evaristo de Macedo]] (1977–79)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Paulo Emilio (football manager)|Paulo Emilio]] (1980)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Carlos Alberto Silva]] (1983–84)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Lori Sandri]] (1984)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Paulinho de Almeida]] (1987)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Moisés Matias de Andrade|Moisés]] (1987)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Abel Braga]] (1987–88)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Givanildo Oliveira]] (1989–90)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Valmir Louruz]] (1994)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Péricles Chamusca]] (1996)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Givanildo Oliveira]] (1998–99)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Otacílio Gonçalves da Silva Junior|Otacílio Gonçalves]] (1999–02)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Heron Ferreira]] (2002)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Péricles Chamusca]] (2002–04)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Roberval Davino]] (2004)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Givanildo Oliveira]] (2004–06), (2006)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Valdir Espinosa]] (2006)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[René Simões]] (2006)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Giba (footballer)|Giba]] (2006)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Evaristo de Macedo]] (2007)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Mauro Fernandes]] (2007)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ricardo Rocha (Brazilian footballer, born 1962)|Ricardo Rocha]] (2008)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Márcio Bittencourt]] (2008–09)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Dado Cavalcanti]] (2009–10)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Lori Sandri]] (2010)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Givanildo Oliveira]] (2010)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Zé Teodoro]] (2011–12)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Marcelo Martelotte]] (2013)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Vica]] (2013–14)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Sérgio Guedes]] (2014)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ricardinho (footballer, born May 1976)|Ricardinho]] (2015)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Marcelo Martelotte]] (2015–16)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Milton Mendes]] (2016)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Doriva]] (2016)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Vinícius Eutrópio]] (2017)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Givanildo Oliveira]] (2017)
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Marcelo Martelotte]] (2017)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{oweb|http://www.santacruzpe.com.br/}} {{in lang|pt}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040508023759/http://planeta.terra.com.br/esporte/rsssfbrasil/historicne.htm#pe RSSSF Brazil] – Full listings with the historical results of the Pernambucan Championship (archived 8 May 2004)

{{Campeonato Brasileiro Série D}}
{{Campeonato Pernambucano}}

[[Category:Santa Cruz Futebol Clube| ]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1914]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in Brazil]]

Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo

2023-10-07T12:51:39Z

Bellsbayes:

The '''Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo da Fundação Getulio Vargas (EAESP FGV)''' (Fundação Getulio Vargas's São Paulo School of Business Administration) is a Brazilian [[Private university|private]] [[higher education]] institution founded in 1954<ref>{{cite book |last=Bresser Pereira |first=Luiz Carlos |year=2009 |chapter=From the Patrimonial State to the Managerial State |editor-first1=Ignacy |editor-last1=Sachs |editor-first2=Jorge |editor-last2=Wilheim |editor-first3=Paulo Sérgio |editor-last3=Pinheiro |title=Brazil: A Century of Change |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |pages=141-173 |isbn=9780807894118}}</ref> as the result of joint efforts of the Brazilian government and business community with the objective to provide people with the skills needed to tackle the challenges Brazil was going through.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eaesp.fgv.br/en/about-eaesp|title=About EAESP|date=2018-09-26|website=FGV EAESP|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref>

The school was established with the help of [[Michigan State University]] professors in the assembly of its academic system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Mary Electa |year=1961 |title=Education for Social Change |publisher=Brookings Institution |page=22 |isbn=9780598220967}}</ref> In partnerships with some Brazilians companies and governmental bodies, EAESP maintains 20 studies and research center and a Junior Enterprise, [http://www.ejfgv.com Empresa Júnior FGV], the first one in Latin America. Among other degrees, EAESP offers four-year bachelor's degrees in business and public administration, [[MBA]], [[Master of Public Administration|MPA]] and other master's degrees, as well as doctoral programs.

In 2000, EAESP's undergraduate and graduate Administration programs were accredited by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB). One year later, in 2001, its learning activities were again accredited with another international accreditation: [[European Quality Improvement System]] (EQUIS). In 2004, two of EAESP's courses were accredited by [[Association of MBAs]] (AMBA). EAESP is one of South American universities with these three accreditations.

== Research and Publications Center ("Núcleo de Pesquisas e Publicações" – NPP) ==
EAESP's Research and Publications Center − GVpesquisa − contains material for further research in the topics of Administration and related areas, such as Economics, Information Technology, Sociology and Psychology. Its Business Administration Reviews include [[Revista de Administração de Empresas|RAE]], GV-Executivo and RAE-eletrônica.

RAE, published since 1961, is written and published by a team of authors made up of faculty and students from EAESP and other institutions. In addition to RAE, EAESP has published, since 2002, GV-executivo, with a focus on business administration.

Together with [[Tuck School of Business]] at Dartmouth, Keio Business School in Tokyo, the School of Management of Fudan University in Shanghai, [[ESSEC]] Business School in France and Singapore, and the [[University of Mannheim]] in Germany, EAESP forged an alliance of leading business schools from all parts of the world in 2010 called "Council on Business and Society". The Council on Business & Society convenes a biennial forum that combines the expertise of faculty members from each of the partner schools with that of representatives of business, government, and non-governmental organizations from around the world. The inaugural forum, held in Paris in November 2012, focused on Corporate Governance and Leadership. The 2014 forum was hosted by Keio Business School in Tokyo and focused on Health Care Delivery. The next edition will be hosted by Dartmouth in Boston and will focus on energy and environment

== Centros de Estudos (Studying Centres) ==
The Studying Centres have publications on relevant topics in Administration learning. They are formed by:
* Centro de Estudos em Planejamento e Gestão de Saúde – GVsaúde (''Health Planning and Management Studies Center'')
* Centro de Administração Pública e Governo – CEAPG (''Public Administration and Government Center'')
* Centro de Estudos em Ética nas Organizações – CENE (''Organizational Ethics Studies Center'')
* Centro de Estudos de Administração e do Meio Ambiente – CEAMA (''Administration and the Environment Studies Center'')
* Centro de Estudos em Cultura e Consumo – CECC (''Culture and Consumption Studies Center'')
* Centro de Estudos de Lazer e Turismo – CELT (''Leisure and Travel Studies Center'')
* Centro de Excelência Bancária – CEB (''Banking Excellence Center'')
* Centro de Tecnologia de Informação Aplicada – CIA (''Applied Information Technology Center'')
* Centro de Estudos do Terceiro Setor – CETS (''Third Sector Studies Center'')
* Centro de Estudos em Finanças – CEF (''Finance Studies Center'')
* Centro de Excelência em Varejo – CEV (''Retail Excellence Center'')
* Centro de Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais – CEEI (''Strategic International Studies Center'')
* Centro de Estudos em Sustentabilidade – CES (''Sustainability Studies Center'')
* Centro de Estudos em Private Equity e Venture Capital – CEPE (''Private Equity and Venture Capital Research Center'')
* Centro de Estudos em Tecnologia da Informação para Governo – TECiGOV (''Governmental Information Technology Studies Center'')
* Centro de Empreendedorismo e Novos Negócios – CENN (''Enterprise and New Business Center'')
* Centro de Estudos de Negócios da Propaganda – CENPRO (''Advertising Business Studies Center'')
* Centro de Excelência em Logística e Cadeias de Suprimento – CELOG (''Logistics and Supply Chain Excellence Center'')
* Centro de Estudos em Estratégia e Competitividade – CEEC (''Strategy and Competitiveness Studies Center'')
* Centro de Estudos de Política e Economia do Setor Público – CEPESP (''Public Sector Policy and Economy Studies Center'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.fgv.br/eaesp}}
*[http://ejfgv.com/sobre/fgv/]

{{Cems School}}
{{FGV}}
{{Triple accreditation}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|São Paulo (state)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Escola De Administracao De Empresas De Sao Paulo}}
[[Category:Fundação Getulio Vargas]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:Business schools in Brazil]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Brazil]]

Recife

2023-10-06T20:04:49Z

Bellsbayes:

{{Short description|Capital city of Pernambuco, Brazil}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Recife
|official_name = Municipality of Recife
|settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|perrow = 1/3/2/2
|total_width = 290
|caption_align = center
| image1 = Antonio Vaz island - Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = Skyline of Recife with Antônio Vaz Island and the bridges of the Historic Center
| image2 = Torre de Cristal - Recife-PE(2) (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = Crystal Tower
| image3 = Basílica_do_Carmo_-_Recife_(PE).jpg
| caption3 = [[Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Recife|Basilica of Nossa Senhora do Carmo]]
| image4 = Castelo_de_Brennand.jpg
| caption4 = [[Ricardo Brennand Institute|Brennand Castle]]
| image5 = Recife_-_Início_da_Avenida_Boa_Viagem.jpg
| caption5 = [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]]
| image6 = Ground_Zero_-_Recife_-_Pernambuco_-_Brazil.jpg
| caption6 = Rio Branco Square
| image7 = Rua_da_Aurora_(2).jpg
| caption7 = Aurora Street
| image8 = Recife,_Assembleia.jpg
| caption8 = Joaquim Nabuco Palace
| color = white
}}
|image_flag = Bandeira_de_Recife.svg
|image_shield = Coat of arms of Recife.svg
|nickname = Veneza Brasileira (Brazilian [[Venice]]), Capital of the Northeast and Mauricéia/Mauritsstad (after the Dutch colonisation)
|motto = {{lang-la|Ut Luceat Omnibus}} That it may shine on all ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] [[Sermon on the Mount|5:15]])
|image_map = Brazil Pernambuco Recife location map.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in the state of Pernambuco
|pushpin_map = Brazil#South America
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_relief = yes
|coordinates = {{coord|8|3|S|34|54|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Brazil}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[States of Brazil|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Pernambuco]]
|established_title = Founded
|established_date = March 12, 1537
|established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] (as village)
|established_date2 = 1709
|established_title3 = Incorporated (as city)
|established_date3 = 1823
|leader_title = [[List of mayors of Recife|Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[João Henrique Campos]] ([[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]])
|leader_title1 = Vice Mayor
|leader_name1 = Isabella de Roldão ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|area_total_km2 = 218
|area_total_sq_mi = 84.17
|area_land_km2 =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 = 2,768
|area_metro_sq_mi = 1,068.7
|elevation_m = 10
|elevation_ft = 33
|population_total = 1,653,461 ([[List of largest cities in Brazil|9th]])
|population_as_of = 2020<ref>[https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pe/recife/panorama IBGE 2020]</ref>
|population_density_km2 = 7133.2
|population_density_sq_mi = 18537.9
|population_urban =
|population_metro = 3,743,854 ([[List of largest cities in Brazil|6th]])
|population_density_metro_km2 = 1,352.5
|population_density_metro_sq_mi = 3,527
| blank_name_sec2 = GDP
| blank_info_sec2 = BR$50.688 billion 2014<ref name="IBGE_PIB">{{cite web|url=http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/v3/cidades/municipio/2611606|title=Recife – IBGE Cidades|publisher=IBGE|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221112453/http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/v3/cidades/municipio/2611606|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita
| blank1_info_sec2 = BR$31 513.07
|population_demonym = Recifense
|population_note =
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 50000-001 to 52999-999
|area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes in Brazil|Area code]]
|area_code = +55 81
|website = {{URL|http://www.recife.pe.gov.br}} {{in lang|pt}}
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|timezone = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]]
|utc_offset = -03:00
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|blank_name = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2010)
|blank_info = 0.772 – high<ref>{{Cite web |title=ranking idhm 2010 |url=http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233352/http://www.pnud.org.br/arquivos/ranking-idhm-2010.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)
}}</ref>
}}
'''Recife''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeˈsifi|lang|Br-Recife.ogg}}) is the fourth-largest [[urban area]] in [[Brazil]] with 4,054,866 inhabitants, the largest urban area of the North/Northeast Regions, and the capital and largest city of the state of [[Pernambuco]] in the northeast corner of [[South America]]. The population of the city proper was 1,653,461 in 2020.<ref name="concentrações_urbanas">{{cite web|url=http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2855|title=Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo|language=pt|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=March 16, 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150328053411/http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2855|archive-date=March 28, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf|title=Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil|page=148|language=pt|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf|title=Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016|language=pt|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=March 16, 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6k9c8J3Zv?url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf|archive-date=August 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Recife was founded in 1537, during the early Portuguese colonization of Brazil, as the main harbor of the [[Captaincy of Pernambuco]], known for its large scale production of [[sugar cane]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.folhape.com.br/diversao/diversao/literatura/2018/12/02/NWS,89165,71,585,DIVERSAO,2330-ENTREVISTA-COM-LAURENTINO-GOMES-MERGULHO-ORIGEM-EXCLUSAO-SOCIAL.aspx|title=Entrevista com Laurentino Gomes: um mergulho na origem da exclusão social|language=pt|publisher=Folha de Pernambuco|access-date=April 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228005706/http://www3.folhape.com.br/diversao/diversao/literatura/2018/12/02/NWS,89165,71,585,DIVERSAO,2330-ENTREVISTA-COM-LAURENTINO-GOMES-MERGULHO-ORIGEM-EXCLUSAO-SOCIAL.aspx|archive-date=February 28, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the former capital [[Mauritsstad]] of the 17th century colony of [[New Holland (Brazil)|New Holland]] of [[Dutch Brazil]], established by the [[Dutch West India Company]]. The city is located at the confluence of the [[Beberibe River|Beberibe]] and [[Capibaribe River|Capibaribe]] rivers before they flow into the [[South Atlantic Ocean]]. It is a major port on the Atlantic. Its name is an allusion to the stone [[reef]]s that are present by the city's shores. The many rivers, small islands and over 50 bridges found in Recife city centre characterise its geography and led to the city being called the "Brazilian [[Venice]]". {{As of|2010}}, it is the capital city with the highest [[Human Development Index|HDI]] in Northeast Brazil and second highest HDI in the entire North and Northeast Brazil (second only to [[Palmas, Tocantins|Palmas]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/perfil_m/recife_pe |title=| Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil |access-date=November 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205153414/http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/2013/pt/perfil_m/recife_pe |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Recife metropolitan area|Metropolitan Region of Recife]] is the main industrial zone of the [[Pernambuco|State of Pernambuco]], major products are those derived from [[Sugarcane|cane]] (sugar and [[Ethanol fuel in Brazil|ethanol]]), motor vehicles, ships, oil platforms, electronics, software, and others. With fiscal incentives by the government, many industrial companies were started in the 1970s and 1980s. Recife has a tradition of being the most important [[commerce|commercial hub]] of the North/Northeastern region of Brazil, with more than 52,500 business enterprises in Recife plus 32,500 in the Metro Area, totaling more than 85,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.condepefidem.pe.gov.br/ |title=Recife Municipal Profile |access-date=October 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121223916/http://www.condepefidem.pe.gov.br/ |archive-date=November 21, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A combination of a large supply of [[workforce|labor]] and significant private investments turned Recife into Brazil's second largest medical hub (the first being [[São Paulo]]);<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.uol.com.br/JC/_1999/0509/ec0509i.htm |title=Recife Medical Pool |access-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212020/http://www2.uol.com.br/JC/_1999/0509/ec0509i.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> modern hospitals with state-of-the-art equipment receive patients from several neighbouring States.<ref>[http://www.pe-az.com.br/saude/polo_medico_recife.htm Pernambuco A-Z] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927022308/http://www.pe-az.com.br/saude/polo_medico_recife.htm |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pernambuco.com/diario/2003/08/06/info1_0.html |title=Pernambuco Daily |access-date=September 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715065415/http://www.pernambuco.com/diario/2003/08/06/info1_0.html |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Recife stands out as a major tourist attraction of the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], both for its beaches and for its historic sites, dating back to both the Portuguese and the Dutch colonization of the region. The beach of [[Porto de Galinhas]], {{convert|60|km|mi|sp=us}} south of the city, has been repeatedly awarded the title of best beach in Brazil and has drawn many tourists. The Historic Centre of [[Olinda]], {{convert|7|km|mi|sp=us}} north of the city, was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1982, and both cities' [[Brazilian Carnival]] are among the world's most famous. According to [https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13041251.saude-brazilian-paradise-recife-whisky-drinking-capital-world/ The Herald Newspaper], Recife has the biggest consumption of whisky around the world.

The city is an education hub, and home to the [[Federal University of Pernambuco]], the largest university in Pernambuco. Several Brazilian historical figures, such as the poet and abolitionist [[Castro Alves]], moved to Recife for their studies. Recife and [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]] are the only Brazilian cities with direct flights to the islands of [[Fernando de Noronha]], a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1000 |title=Unesco – Fernando de Noronha Islands |access-date=June 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607082330/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1000 |archive-date=June 7, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city was one of the host cities of the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]]. Additionally, Recife hosted the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]] and the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]]. The city, despite having a higher crime rate than the southern region of Brazil, is considered the safest state capital in northeastern region. It has a much lower crime rate than other regional capitals, such as [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] or [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]]. Despite that, crime rose 440% in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.recife.pe.gov.br/noticias/30/09/2015/recife-e-capital-mais-segura-do-nordeste |title=Recife é a capital mais segura do Nordeste | Prefeitura do Recife |access-date=March 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001526/http://www2.recife.pe.gov.br/noticias/30/09/2015/recife-e-capital-mais-segura-do-nordeste |archive-date=March 15, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|Timeline of Recife|History of Pernambuco}}
{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical Affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|POR|1640}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1537–1630 [[File:Flag of New Holland.svg|border|22px]] [[Dutch West India Company]] 1630–1654 {{flagicon|POR|1640}} [[Portuguese Empire]] 1654–1815 [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.svg|border|22px]] [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] 1815–1822 [[File:Flag of Empire of Brazil (1870-1889).svg|border|22px]] [[Empire of Brazil]] 1822–1889 {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil|Republic of Brazil]] 1889–present}}
[[File:AMH-6921-KB Map of Recife and Mauritsstad.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Recife and Mauritsstad, ca. 1682, Weduwe van Jacob van Meurs (publisher)]]
'''Recife''' began as a collection of fishing shacks, inns and warehouses on the [[river delta|delta]] between the [[Capibaribe River|Capibaribe]] and [[Beberibe River]]s in the [[captaincy of Pernambuco]], sometime between 1535 and 1537 in the earliest days of [[Portuguese colonisation of the Americas#Colonisation of Brazil|Portuguese colonisation]] of ''[[Terra de Santa Cruz]]'', later called Brazil, on the [[Northeast Brazil|northeast coast]] of [[South America]]. It was a settlement of colonial fishermen and way station for [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] sailors and passing ships.

The first documented reference to the settlement with its "''arrecife dos navios''" (reef of the ships) was in the royal Charter Act of March 12, 1537, establishing [[Olinda]], {{convert|6|km|abbr=off}} to the north, as a village, with its port where the Beberibe River meets the sea. Olinda (and [[Igarassu, Pernambuco|Igarassu]] before it) had been settled in 1536 by [[Captain General]] [[Duarte Coelho]], a Portuguese nobleman, proprietor and administrator of the captaincy of Pernambuco.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marley|first=D.|title=Historic Cities of the Americas: North America and South America|volume=2|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1576070277|page=683}}</ref>

The city is named for the long reef ''recife'' running parallel to the shoreline which encloses its harbour. The reef is not as sometimes stated, a coral reef, but a consolidated ancient beach, now as firm and hard as stone.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Banner|first=J.C.|title=The Stone Reefs of Brazil, their Geological and Geographical Relations|journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology|year=1904|volume=XLIV|location=Harvard College, Cambridge}}</ref>

In 1541, Coelho returned from the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] with the machinery for an ''[[engenho]]'' (sugar mill), and with it, his brother-in-law established the first mill named ''Nossa Senhora da Ajuda'' (Our Lady of Help), in the floodplain of the Beberibe River at Recife. At that time the banks of the Capibaribe River were covered by [[sugar cane]].

Recife was capital of the 17th century [[New Holland (Brazil)|New Holland]] (Dutch Brazil) established by the [[Dutch West India Company]] and was called '''[[Mauritsstad]]''', the city was eventually [[Recapture of Recife (1652-54)|recaptured by the Portuguese]] in 1654, following their victories at the [[First Battle of Guararapes|first]] and [[second Battle of Guararapes]].

The [[Mascate War]] of 1710–1711 pitted merchants of Recife against those of nearby [[Olinda]].
{{clr}}
{{wide image|Frederick Hagedorn - Panorama do recife - 1855.jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Recife in 1855 by [[Friedrich Hagedorn]].}}

==Geography==
[[File:Recife - vista aérea.jpg|thumb|Recife has one of the greatest rainfall averages in Brazil.]]

Due to the city's proximity to the [[equator]], Recife's weather is generally warm. It has a number of islands, rivers, waterways and bridges that crisscross the city and has often been called "The Venice of Brazil". The city is located amidst [[tropical forest]]s which are distinguished by high rainfall levels, resulting in poor [[soil quality]] as the heavy dense rainfall washes away the nutrients. There is an absence of extreme temperatures and the area enjoys a cool breeze due to the trade winds from the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] to the east.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.recife.info/recife-weather.html |title=Weather of Recife |access-date=November 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915120054/http://www.recife.info/recife-weather.html |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Recife has a tropical forest. Rainforests are characterised by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between {{convert|2000|mm|in}} and {{convert|1700|mm|in}}. The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. There are several common characteristics of tropical [[rainforest]] trees.

The city of Recife is formed by three islands (Recife, Santo Antônio, and Boa Vista).<ref>[http://www.nassauturismo.com.br/nac_pacotes_recife.htm Islands of Recife]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Between the islands are the rivers Beberibe and Capibaribe.<ref>[http://www.unicap.br/eneal/html/turismo.html Rivers of the city] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330014650/http://www.unicap.br/eneal/html/turismo.html |date=March 30, 2009 }}</ref> Other rivers are the Jiquiá, Tejipió, Jordão and Pina.

===Climate===
Recife has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by pleasant westwardly [[trade wind]]s blowing in from the ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdsid.org.br/gdn2012/recife.php |title=GDN 2012 |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052010/http://www.cdsid.org.br/gdn2012/recife.php |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> January and February are the warmest months, with mean temperatures ranging from {{convert|31|C|F}} to {{convert|22|C|F}}, with sun. July is the second cloudiest month and experiences the coolest temperatures, with mean temperatures ranging from {{convert|28|C|F}} to {{convert|21|C|F}}. The wettest month is June, receiving an average of {{convert|390|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of rain. Recife features a short [[dry season]] which lasts from October to December. The driest and sunniest month is November, when maximum temperatures hover around {{convert|30|°C|0}} and an average of {{convert|39|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of rain is recorded.<ref name="NCB-INMET"/>
{{Weather Box
|location = Recife (1991-2020; extremes 1961-present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 34.7 |Jan record low C = 16.8
|Feb record high C = 34.3 |Feb record low C = 17.8
|Mar record high C = 35.1 |Mar record low C = 17.9
|Apr record high C = 33.5 |Apr record low C = 17.1
|May record high C = 33.2 |May record low C = 16.9
|Jun record high C = 31.9 |Jun record low C = 17.1
|Jul record high C = 33.1 |Jul record low C = 16
|Aug record high C = 32.2 |Aug record low C = 15
|Sep record high C = 32.7 |Sep record low C = 15
|Oct record high C = 33.2 |Oct record low C = 16
|Nov record high C = 33.2 |Nov record low C = 16.7
|Dec record high C = 34.5 |Dec record low C = 16.4

|Jan high C = 30.8 |Jan low C = 23.1
|Feb high C = 31 |Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar high C = 30.9 |Mar low C = 23.2
|Apr high C = 30.4 |Apr low C = 22.8
|May high C = 29.6 |May low C = 22.3
|Jun high C = 28.5 |Jun low C = 21.5
|Jul high C = 27.9 |Jul low C = 21
|Aug high C = 27.9 |Aug low C = 20.7
|Sep high C = 28.6 |Sep low C = 21.5
|Oct high C = 29.6 |Oct low C = 22.4
|Nov high C = 30.4 |Nov low C = 22.8
|Dec high C = 30.8 |Dec low C = 23

|Jan precipitation mm = 106.6 |Jan precipitation days = 11
|Feb precipitation mm = 127 |Feb precipitation days = 11
|Mar precipitation mm = 197.2 |Mar precipitation days = 15
|Apr precipitation mm = 268.9 |Apr precipitation days = 17
|May precipitation mm = 317.1 |May precipitation days = 19
|Jun precipitation mm = 390.5 |Jun precipitation days = 22
|Jul precipitation mm = 314.8 |Jul precipitation days = 23
|Aug precipitation mm = 186.7 |Aug precipitation days = 19
|Sep precipitation mm = 93.3 |Sep precipitation days = 12
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.8 |Oct precipitation days = 9
|Nov precipitation mm = 39 |Nov precipitation days = 7
|Dec precipitation mm = 61.6 |Dec precipitation days = 8

|Jan humidity = 73.5 |Jan sun = 222.5
|Feb humidity = 74.3 |Feb sun = 204.4
|Mar humidity = 76.3 |Mar sun = 220.2
|Apr humidity = 80.1 |Apr sun = 203.6
|May humidity = 83.1 |May sun = 189.3
|Jun humidity = 84.6 |Jun sun = 164.5
|Jul humidity = 83.9 |Jul sun = 173.6
|Aug humidity = 81 |Aug sun = 195.5
|Sep humidity = 77 |Sep sun = 207.7
|Oct humidity = 73.7 |Oct sun = 233.2
|Nov humidity = 71.8 |Nov sun = 243.2
|Dec humidity = 71.9 |Dec sun = 244.6

|source 1 = Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET)<ref name="NCB-INMET">{{cite web|url=https://portal.inmet.gov.br/normais|title=Normais climatológicas do Brasil|lang=pt-br|author=INMET|accessdate=2022-02-08}}</ref><ref name="NCB-1931-1960">INMET. ''Normais Climatológicas do Brasil (1931-1960)'' (in Brazilian Portuguese). [[Rio de Janeiro]], 1979.</ref><ref name="bdmep.inmet.gov.br">{{cite web|url=https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/|title=Banco de dados meteorológicos|lang=pt-br|author=INMET|accessdate=2023-02-08}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{see also|Brazilians|Demographics of Brazil|Immigration to Brazil}}
The [[Recife metropolitan area]] is the 5th most populous of Brazil, after [[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Belo Horizonte]] and [[Porto Alegre]], and the first in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast region]]. The most populous neighborhoods of Recife in 2008 were [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]] (100,388), Casa Amarela (69,134), and Várzea (64,512).<ref>[http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/modelo.php?id=9&Tipo=B Recife City Hall – Demographics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313023208/http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/modelo.php?id=9&Tipo=B |date=March 13, 2009 }}</ref>
{{bar box
|title = Race and ethnicity in Recife
|width = 287px
|titlebar = #ddd
|left1 = Ethnicity
|right1 = Percentage
|float = left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Pardo]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]])|#009000|49.1}}
{{bar percent|[[White Brazilian|White]]|blue|41.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Black Brazilian|Black]]|#9955BB|8.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Asian Brazilian|Asian]]|yellow|1.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]]|red|0.2}}
}}
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|2010 IBGE Census]], there were 1,472,202 people residing in the city of Recife.<ref>[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=29 2010 IGBE Census] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145644/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=29 |date=May 14, 2012 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> The census revealed the following numbers: 754,674 [[Pardo]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]]) people (49.1%), 636,864 [[White Brazilian|White]] people (41.4%), 127,789 [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] people (8.3%), 14,696 [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] people (1%), 3,665 [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] people (0.2%).<ref name="censo2010.ibge.gov.br">[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn 2010 IGBE Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145708/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn |date=May 14, 2012 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 250

| image3 = Capela Dourada, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| caption3 = [[Capela Dourada|Golden Chapel]]

| image4 = Vista da nave da Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Militares - Recife-PE.jpg
| caption4 = [[Church of Our Lady of the Conception of the Military]]
}}

In 2010, the center city of Recife was the 9th most populous city in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/11/04/maiores-cidades-do-brasil-crescem-menos-do-que-resto-do-pais-aponta-censo.jhtm |title=The largest Brazilian cities – 2010 IBGE Census (in Portuguese) |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106193624/http://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2010/11/04/maiores-cidades-do-brasil-crescem-menos-do-que-resto-do-pais-aponta-censo.jhtm |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, the city had 268,160 opposite-sex couples and 1,004 [[same-sex couple]]s. The gender proportion of the population of Recife was 53.8% female and 46.2% male.<ref name="censo2010.ibge.gov.br"/>

===Religion===
{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}

The [[Patron saint|Patroness Saint]] of Recife<ref>http://oglobo.globo.com/cidades/mat/2009/07/16/fieis-lotam-igreja-do-carmo-em-recife-para-homenagear-padroeira-da-cidade-756845527.asp{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is ''[[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]'' (Nossa Senhora do Carmo), dating back one hundred and eight years ago (1909). Every July 16, her day, she is remembered by the [[Roman Catholic]]s in Recife, in her church.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#87CEFA; color:white" |Religion
! style="background:#87CEFA; color:white" |Percentage (%)
! style="background:#87CEFA; color:white" |Number
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
|[[Catholic Church]] ||54.32 ||835.337
|- align="center"
|[[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestant]] ||24.99 ||384.303
|- align="center"
|[[Irreligion|No religion]] ||14.59 ||224.401
|- align="center"
|[[Spiritist]] ||3.56 ||54.788
|- align="center"
|Other [[Christianity|Christian religiosities]] ||1.59 ||24.474
|- align="center"
|[[Umbanda]], [[Candomblé]] and other [[Afro-Brazilian religions|Afro-religions]] ||0.48 ||7.434
|- align="center"
|[[Judaism]] ||0.08 ||1.286
|- align="center"
|[[Buddhism]] ||0.04 ||641
|- align="center"
|[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous traditions]] ||0.01 ||251
|- align="center"
|[[Islam]] ||0.004 ||69
|- align="center"
|[[Hinduism]] ||0.002 ||38
|}
''Source: IBGE 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&z=cd&o=13&i=P |title=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática – SIDRA |access-date=September 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115715/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2094&z=cd&o=13&i=P |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''

==Economy==
{{see also|Economy of Brazil}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Estaleiro Atlântico Sul - Ipojuca, Pernambuco.jpg
| width1 = 242
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Atlântico Sul Shipyard
| image2 = Polo Automotivo Jeep (FCA) - Goiana, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| width2 = 258
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Jeep Assembly Plant ([[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]])
| footer =
}}
According to 2013 IBGE statistics, the GDP was at R$46,445,339,000. And the [[GDP per capita]] was at R$29,037.<ref>[http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=261160&idtema=152&search=pernambuco Recife – produto interno bruto dos municípios – 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184438/http://www.cidades.ibge.gov.br/xtras/temas.php?lang=&codmun=261160&idtema=152&search=pernambuco |date=March 3, 2016 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>

Recife is one of Brazil's prime business centers, largely because it has one international airport and two international seaports. One is located in the town itself, and the other, the port of Suape, is located about {{convert|40|km|mi}} away. Just south of Recife is the [[Recife metropolitan area|region]]'s main industrial area, where the following industries can be found: shipbuilding, automotive, petroleum refining, petrochemical, electronics, tube manufacturing, brewing and canning, chocolate manufacturing, textiles, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/brazil/recife/business.htm |title=Economy of Recife |access-date=July 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628222437/http://www.geographia.com/brazil/recife/business.htm |archive-date=June 28, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Recife has shared in the prosperity of [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeastern Brazil]] that resulted from development promoted after 1960 by [[Sudene]] (Superintendência para o Desenvolvimento do Nordeste), a [[Central government|federal]] [[Government agency|agency]] / [[organization]]. Although its retail and wholesale trade have grown in response to the region's increases in population and wealth, the market area and walkways of the city's bridges are crowded with informal traders selling small items.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/recife |title=Recife — History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112234733/http://www.history.com/topics/recife |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Information technology industry===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Antonio Vaz island - Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.jpg
| width1 = 250
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Digital Port
| image2 = Arena da Campus Party Recife 2012 - Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Campus Party]]
| footer =
}}
Recife has an area dedicated to information technology called "[[Porto Digital]]" (Digital Port) with more than 90 companies and 3,000 high tech Jobs. It was founded in July 2000 and has since attracted major investments. Generating some R$10 billion (Brazilian Reais) a year,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.portodigital.org |title=Digital Port of Recife |publisher=Porto Digital |location=Recife, Brazil |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |access-date=2007-07-18 |year=2006 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427022053/http://www.portodigital.org/ |archive-date=April 27, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> it produces technology that is exported to the United States, India, Japan, and China, among other countries. Software manufacturing is the main activity in the Porto Digital.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.recife.com/v/economy/ |title=Recife Economy – Information on Business and Investment in Recife |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021083119/http://www.recife.com/v/economy/ |archive-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Porto Digital cluster comprises small and medium companies, but multinationals from across the world, like [[Accenture]], [[Motorola]], [[Samsung]], [[Dell]] and [[Sun Microsystems]] also have operations there. [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]] transferred their regional headquarters to Recife.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/xml/0/43290/Chapter_V._Foreign_direct_investment_in_the_software_industry_in_Latin_America.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029072809/http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/xml/0/43290/Chapter_V._Foreign_direct_investment_in_the_software_industry_in_Latin_America.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Porto Digital's startups can count on a ready pool of talent, courtesy of the [[Federal University of Pernambuco]] (UFPE), which boasts one of the best computer-science departments in all of [[Latin America]].<ref name="businessweek.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_30/b3944085_mz058.htm |title=Brazil: A Hot Incubator For Tech Startups |access-date=July 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725182541/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_30/b3944085_mz058.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The university began teaching programmers to use Sun Microsystems Inc.'s (SUNW) Java language in 1996, the year it was introduced. Professors at the school also teamed up to launch the Centro de Estudos e Sistemas Avançados do Recife (C.E.S.A.R), a business incubator that has played a vital role in the birth of some 30 [[company|companies]].<ref name="businessweek.com"/>

===Logistics hub===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Táxi - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| width1 = 250
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Typical white taxi of Recife.
| image2 = Pedestrian separation structure in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Pedestrian separation structure in Recife.
| footer =
}}
Due to its ports, airport, and geographic location in the northeastern region of Brazil, Recife is considered one of the biggest logistics hubs in Brazil. The Logistics and Communications sector employs 4%<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portais.pe.gov.br/c/portal/layout?p_%7C_id=pub.1557.57 |title=Government State Site |access-date=October 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155900/http://www.portais.pe.gov.br/c/portal/layout?p_%7C_id=pub.1557.57 |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the people in Recife, 12.3% in [[Jaboatão dos Guararapes]] and over 9% in the [[Recife metropolitan area|Metropolitan Area]]. These numbers were due to increase with the conclusion of the Transnordestina (the main NE Trainline) with a 1,800/1,118 km/mi extension, which will cross 3 and connect 7 States (34 municipalities in Pernambuco alone) products with [[Suape port]] (PE) and Pecem Port (CE)) with costs that are estimated to be around 4.5 R$.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110810161249/http://200.238.107.167/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=97&name=Miolo_1.pdf State site Portal Pernambuco, World Cup 2014 Plan, page 11]</ref>

Recife has historically benefited from its central location in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast region]]. In a {{convert|200|mi|km|adj=on}} radius from Recife are four [[States of Brazil|state]] [[Capital (political)|capitals]], two [[Recife Airport|international]] and three regional airports, five international [[Suape port|ports]], 12 million people, 51% of the research centers of the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] and 35% of the region's GDP. Similarly, in a {{convert|500|mi|km|adj=on}} radius there are seven state capitals, five international and five regional airports, nine international seaports and two [[fluvial]] ports.

===Shopping centers===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Plaza Shopping Casa Forte - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| width1 = 250
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Plaza Shopping
| image2 = RioMar Shopping - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil(7).jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = RioMar Shopping
| footer =
}}

Shopping Center Recife was inaugurated in 1980 and it was subsequently surpassed by Riomar Mall, which gross leasable area is 101.000 m2, compared with 91.200m² of Shopping Recife. Other shopping centers include:
* Shopping Center Tacaruna. The first center for purchases in the North/West zone of the Recife [[Metropolitan area|Metropolitan Region]] was inaugurated on April 29, 1997, with the intention of improving the economies of the cities of Recife, [[Olinda]], and [[Paulista]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://200.234.220.251/$sitepreview/shoppingtacaruna.com.br/o_tacaruna.html |title=Shopping Tacaruna |access-date=November 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029173737/http://200.234.220.251/$sitepreview/shoppingtacaruna.com.br/o_tacaruna.html |archive-date=October 29, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Shopping Paço da Alfândega
* Plaza Shopping Casa Forte, which was inaugurated in November 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plazacasaforte.com.br/oplaza/historico.php |title=Plaza Shopping Casa Forte |access-date=November 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211073747/http://www.plazacasaforte.com.br/oplaza/historico.php |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Shopping RioMar, which was inaugurated in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riomarrecife.com.br/ |title=Shopping RioMar |access-date=December 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203064623/http://riomarrecife.com.br/ |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Medical facilities===
The [[Recife metropolitan area|Metropolitan Region]] of Recife has the third largest medical pool in Brazil, after [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Together they make up 417 hospitals and clinics with 72,000 employees in the Metro Area and more than 120,000 in the State of Pernambuco. The medical pool offers a total of 8,990 beds and, according to the Union of the Hospitals of Pernambuco, recorded in the year 2000 an invoicing of R$220 million (Brazilian Reals). It is thanks to the pool that [[Pernambuco]] has access to more [[CT scan]] devices than more developed countries such as Canada or France.<ref>[http://www.caribbeannewsdigital.com/pt/noticias/1856/polo_medico_coloca_recife_no_centro_das_aten%C3%A7%C3%B5es Recife Medical Pool] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225110540/http://www.caribbeannewsdigital.com/pt/noticias/1856/polo_medico_coloca_recife_no_centro_das_aten%c3%a7%c3%b5es |date=December 25, 2009 }}</ref>

A large portion of the modern hospitals included in the pool are located between the neighbourhoods of Derby and of the Ilha do Leite. The Hospital Real Português de Beneficência Portuguesa em Pernambuco, or "Hospital Português" (Portuguese Hospital) for short, is one of the most renowned hospitals in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.recifehotels.brazilhotels.4k.com/Economy-recife.php |title=Economy Recife - Recife hotels at 4K.com™ |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119230513/http://www.recifehotels.brazilhotels.4k.com/Economy-recife.php |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many people from neighbouring states go to Recife for treatment, as it has the largest and best medical facilities in the [[Northern Brazil|North]]–[[Northeastern Brazil|Northeast]] of Brazil.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www2.uol.com.br/JC/_1999/1909/ec1909c.htm |title=Medical pool Ranking |publisher=UOL |location=Recife, Brazil |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |access-date=2007-07-18 |year=2006 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226030428/http://www2.uol.com.br/JC/_1999/1909/ec1909c.htm |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Recife has three universities / medical schools for medicine, two public, [[Federal University of Pernambuco]] and [[University of Pernambuco]]; and one private, Escola Pernambucana de Medicina FBV/IMIP (Medical School of Pernambuco).

===Convention centers===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Bairro de Boa Viagem - Zona Sul - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| width1 = 250
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Shopping Center Recife area in Boa Viagem neighborhood.
| image2 = Agamenon Magalhães Avenue - Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Corporate buildings in Agamenon Magalhães Avenue.
| footer =
}}
Many events taking place during the year include:
* O Virtuosi, Festival International de Musica de Pernambuco (International Music Festival);
* O Mimo, Mostra International de Musica em [[Olinda]] (International Music Show in [[Olinda]]);
* A feira da Musica Brasil/Porto Musical (Brazil Music Port);
* A Fispal Recife, Feira Internacional da Alimentacao (International Food Festival);
* Recife and Olinda [[Carnival]].

Because of its geographic location, tourism and city infrastructure, Recife's convention centers are of a high standard. The two centers are:

* ''Centro de Convenções de Pernambuco'' ([[Pernambuco]] Convention Center)
The third largest convention center in Brazil.<ref>[http://gwm2pub1.fishy.com.br/noticias/economia/turismo/2008/02/13/NWS,378603,10,188,NOTICIAS,766-CENTRO-CONVENCOES-PERNAMBUCO-ASSOCIA-RCV.aspx Convention Centre of Recife] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715080424/http://gwm2pub1.fishy.com.br/noticias/economia/turismo/2008/02/13/NWS,378603,10,188,NOTICIAS,766-CENTRO-CONVENCOES-PERNAMBUCO-ASSOCIA-RCV.aspx |date=July 15, 2014 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
* Centro de Convenções da [[Federal University of Pernambuco|UFPE]] (Federal University of Pernambuco Convention Center)
A modern theatre with 1,931 seats and {{convert|2071|m2|abbr=off}} of exposition area located on the university campus.

==Government and politics==
{{further|List of mayors of Recife}}
{{see also|:pt:Câmara Municipal do Recife}}
[[File:Prefeitura do Recife(2).jpg|thumb|Town hall of Recife. A mural by [[Eduardo Kobra]] depicts [[Luiz Gonzaga]].]]
Recife's municipal government is divided into an executive branch called the ''Prefeitura'', led by a mayor ({{Lang-pt-BR|Prefeito}}''/Prefeita'') and a legislative branch called the ''Câmara Municipal'', consisting of 39 councillors. Elections are held every four years, with the most recent being held in [[2020 Brazilian municipal elections|2020]]. The current mayor is [[João Henrique Campos|João Campos]] of the [[Brazilian Socialist Party]] (PSB), son of former governor of Pernambuco, [[Eduardo Campos]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2020|title=João Campos derrota Marília Arraes e mantém PSB na prefeitura de Recife|url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/eleicoes/joao-campos-eleito-prefeito/|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Congresso em Foco|language=pt-BR}}</ref>

The city is the capital of the [[Pernambuco|state of Pernambuco]], and hosts administrative buildings of the [[Governor of Pernambuco|state governor]], [[Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco|legislative assembly]], and judiciary.{{expand section|date=September 2018}}

== Tourism ==
{{see also|Tourism in Brazil}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Recife Carnival - Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.jpg
| width1 = 250
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Carnival attracts a lot of tourists.
| image2 = Muro Alto-001.jpg
| width2 = 230
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Resort in Muro Alto Beach, [[Porto de Galinhas]].
| footer =
}}
Celebrations, holidays and other events are numerous throughout the year. The New Year begins at the beach, Praia de [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]] and in [[Recife Antigo|Old Recife]]. The [[carnival]] of Recife and [[Olinda]] (which has its historic town centre considered a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1982)<ref name="Olinda - Unesco">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/189 |title=Olinda – Unesco |access-date=June 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404085645/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/189 |archive-date=April 4, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> begins many weeks ahead in December with innumerable balls and parades.

In the city, the carnival festivities begin in January, as locals begin preparing for the official [[Carnival]], which starts the week before [[Shrove Tuesday]] and [[Ash Wednesday]] in the [[Christianity|Christian]] liturgical calendar. The pre-Carnival parties usually consist of percussion groups practising in local clubs, city streets and squares, and even Carnival balls. There is a variety of rhythms from different cultures. Carnival officially starts with the [[Galo da Madrugada]], a party in Downtown Recife where people call old Recife, that attracts many people from several [[states of Brazil]], and other parts of the world.

Recife has many quality 3, 4 and 5-Star International Hotels as well as [[Hostel|Pousadas]] (traditional Bed & breakfast) and Apart-Hotels, totalling more than 11,500 bedrooms and this number increases to over 30,000 when the metropolitan area is considered.<ref>[http://200.238.107.167/web/portalpe/programas?id=727 Miolo_1.pdf Fifa 2014 – Recife] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310133850/http://200.238.107.167/web/portalpe/programas?id=727 |date=March 10, 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Mercado de São José]] (Market of Saint Joseph) is an old, iron construction with a popular market nearby. In the '''Fort Cinco Pontes''' (Fort of Five Points) is the state museum, Museu do Estado de Pernambuco. At the rectangular '''Pátio de São Pedro''' are the [[Cathedral São Pedro]] (Cathedral of Saint Peter) dating from the year 1782 and restored colonial houses, with numerous restaurants, bistros and bars. In the Bairro Santo Antônio (Saint Anthony neighborhood), at the meeting place of the rivers Capibaribe and Beberibe, is the '''Praça da República''' (Square of the Republic) with the [[Teatro Santa Isabel]] (Theatre of Saint Isabel), with its neoclassical front, the Law Courts, and the Palácio da Justiça (Palace of Justice). The '''[[Casa da Cultura]]''' (House of Culture) is an old prison that has been converted into a cultural space and shopping centre.
[[File:Frevo dancers - Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil(4).jpg|thumb|280px|right|[[Frevo]] was included on the UNESCO's list of intangible heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/frevo-performing-arts-of-the-carnival-of-recife-00603 |title=Brazilian frevo dance is inscribed on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity {{in lang|en}} |access-date=December 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052646/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/frevo-performing-arts-of-the-carnival-of-recife-00603 |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Built between 1835 and 1855, the [[Malakoff Tower]], a monument constructed in [[Tunisia|Tunisian / Arabic style]], used to be an [[observatory]] and now is a cultural centre and a place for popular gatherings. It is located at Arsenal da Marinha Square. It has been registered as an Historical Patrimony and was named after a similar monument on the [[Crimea]]n peninsula, off the [[Black Sea]], used as a defence centre for [[Sebastopol]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/topic/Recife |title=Study Guides, Reference Materials for Science, Literature, History & more – eNotes.com |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105010138/http://www.enotes.com/topic/Recife |archive-date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Recife has a zoo known as the [[Zoo Botanical Park Dois Irmaos|Dois Irmãos Park]], consisting of 387 hectares of [[Atlantic Forest]] reserve and 14 hectares of [[botanical garden]]s. It contains 800 animals, the Natural Science Museum and various ecological trails.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brazil4you.com/cidades/?CodCid=35 |title=Dois Irmãos Park |access-date=November 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211074100/http://www.brazil4you.com/cidades/?CodCid=35 |archive-date=February 11, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Recife metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] has also a giant water park {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} North of Recife, called [[Veneza water park]] which has nearly one million square feet of area, ten million litres of water and many water slides for the youngsters.

Among Recife's main tourist attractions are:

* Churches, historical monuments, public markets including 17th and 18th century buildings from [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] colonizers;
* [[Francisco Brennand]]'s [[wikt:atelier|atelier]] of ceramic art;
* [[Ricardo Brennand Institute]]: cultural institute with [[List of museums in Pernambuco|museum]], art gallery and library;
* [[Recife Antigo]] (Old Recife) buildings;
* [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem beach]] is the urban area's most important beach, and one of the [[List of beaches in Pernambuco|many beaches in the Pernambuco area]];
* Casa da Cultura: souvenir shops in an historic old prison building;
* The [[Carnival]] at locations such as downtown and Recife Antigo;
* [[Olinda]]'s historic town centre, considered a World Heritage Site by [[UNESCO]];<ref name="Olinda - Unesco"/>
* New and historic cinemas, theatres and art galleries.
''[[Architectural Digest]]'' featured ''Rua do Bom Jesus'' as of the 31 most beautiful streets in the world in 2019, noting its history and the [[Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue|Kahal Zur Israel]] synagogue.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mafi|first=Nick|date=November 26, 2019|title=31 of the Most Beautiful Streets in the World|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/most-beautiful-streets-in-the-world|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Architectural Digest|language=en-us}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Colonial architecture in Recife">
Image:Concatedral de São Pedro dos Clérigos - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg|[[Co-Cathedral of Recife]], built between 1728-1784.
Image:Igreja da Ordem Terceira de Nossa Senhora do Carmo em Recife.JPG|[[Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Recife]], built between 1665 and 1767.
Image:Capela Dourada, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg|[[Capela Dourada]], built between 1696 and 1724.
Image:N-S-R-Pretos2017.jpg|Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos, built between 1662 and 1667.
Image:Igreja do Santíssimo Sacramento de Santo Antônio, Recife (PE).jpg|Mother Church of Santíssimo Sacramento de Santo Antônio, built between 1752 and 1790.
File:Vista da nave da Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Militares - Recife-PE.jpg|[[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Militares]], built between 1710 and 1771.
</gallery>

===Beaches===
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{{Main article|Pernambuco beaches}}
'''Recife beaches'''
* Boa Viagem, Pina and Brasília Teimosa

'''[[Jaboatão dos Guararapes|Jaboatão]] beaches'''
* ''Piedade, Candeias and Barra de Jangada''

'''[[Olinda]] beaches'''
* Rio Doce, Casa Caiada and Nossa Senhora do Ó

'''North beaches'''
* Janga, Pau Amarelo, Conceição and Maria Farinha (with one of the largest water park in Brazil – [[Veneza water park]] (Paulista RMR) 18/29 km N
* Gavoa, Itamaracá and Jaguaribe. Itamaracá Island has many beaches such as Coroa do Avião, Forte Orange, Quatro cantos and Pontal ([[Itamaracá]] RMR) 30/45 km N

==Education==
[[File:Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco 2.jpg|thumb|280px|right|School of Law at the [[Federal University of Pernambuco]].]]

There are international schools, such as the [[American School of Recife]] and the ABA Maple Bear Canadian School.

Recife is home to several higher education institutions (83), notably several public-owned universities:
* [[Universidade Federal de Pernambuco]] (Federal University of Pernambuco); UFPE (federal, free);
* [[Universidade Católica de Pernambuco]] (Catholic University of Pernambuco); UNICAP (private, run by the [[Society of Jesus]] ([[Jesuits]]), paid);
* [[Universidade de Pernambuco]] (University of Pernambuco); UPE (state-owned, free);
* [[Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco]] (Federal Rural University of Pernambuco); UFRPE (federal, oriented to agriculture, free);
* Faculdade Estácio do Recife (former Faculdade Integrada do Recife) (School Faculty of Recife); FIR (private, paid);
* Faculdade Marista do Recife (Marist Faculty of Recife); FMR (private, run by the [[Marist Brothers|Marist]] congregation, paid)
* Faculdade SENAC Pernambuco (private, paid);
* Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau (Central University of Maurice de Nassau); UNINASSAU (private, paid)
* Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (Federal Institute of Education - Center of Technology of Pernambuco); IFPE (technological college, federal, free);
* Faculdade de Tecnologia de Pernambuco (Faculty of Technology of Pernambuco); FATEC-PE (technological college, state-owned, free).

==Culture==
{{see also|Culture of Brazil}}
Recife is home to the [[frevo]], a regional dance and music, typical in carnival, and [[Mangue Beat]], a type of [[Brazilian rock]] with mixture of [[Maracatu]], Ciranda, [[Hip hop music|Rap]] and other musical styles. The Festival de São João, held annually in June, celebrates traditional culture and music that originated in the region.

During carnival, downtown Recife holds one of the most authentic and democratic celebrations: every year more than one and a half million people open the festivities of the Brazilian Carnival at Galo da Madrugada. Recife and Olinda combined<ref>[http://200.238.107.167/web/portalpe/programas?id=727 Miolo_1.pdf Cultura in Fifa 2014 project page 23] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310133850/http://200.238.107.167/web/portalpe/programas?id=727 |date=March 10, 2009 }}</ref> have 25 museums, 38 art galleries, 2 symphony orchestra halls, 15 theatres, 1 opera house and more than 40 movie theatres.

===Carnival===
{{Main article|Brazilian Carnival}}
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The four-day period before the [[Christianity|Christian]] liturgical preparatory season [[Lent]] leading up to [[Shrove Tuesday]] and [[Ash Wednesday]] is [[carnival]] time in Brazil. Rich and poor alike forget their cares as they gaily party in the streets. [[Pernambuco]] has large Carnival celebrations with more than 3000 shows in the streets of the historic centre performed by over 430 local groups, including the [[Frevo]], typical [[Pernambuco]] music. Another famous carnival music style from Pernambuco is Maracatu. The cities of Recife and [[Olinda]] hold the most authentic and democratic [[Brazilian Carnival]] celebrations. The largest carnival in Brazil is Galo da Madrugada, which takes place in [[Recife Antigo|Downtown Recife]] on Carnival Saturday. Another famous event is the "Noite dos Tambores Silenciosos." (literally, Night of the Silent Drums) Carnival. Recife's Carnival is nationally known, attracting thousands of visitors every year.

The party starts a week before the official date, with electric trios "shaking" the [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]] neighborhood. On Friday, people take to the streets to dance to the sound of frevo and to dance with maracatu, ciranda, caboclinhos, afoxé, reggae and manguebeat groups. There are still many other entertainment centers spread out around the city, featuring local and national artists. One of the highlights is Saturday when more than one and a half million people follow the [[Galo da Madrugada]] group.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130624215346/http://www.pinpads.co/short-term-rentals/recife/apartment/172341 Carnival in Recife] {{in lang|en}}</ref> Every day, there is the Night of the Silent Drums, on the Pátio do Terço, where [[Maracatu]]s honor [[slave]]s that died in prisons.<ref>[http://othersiderainbow.blogspot.com.br/2008_01_06_archive.html Maracatu in Recife] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705185911/http://othersiderainbow.blogspot.com.br/2008_01_06_archive.html |date=July 5, 2014 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref>

"Frevo" was born from the confluence of [[White Brazilian|European]] and [[Afro-Brazilian]] [[Culture of Brazil|cultures]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/02/12/recife-brazil-trumpeting-100-years-of-frevo-and-musical-innovation-on-the-eve-of-carnival/ |title=Frevo |access-date=July 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708231022/http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/02/12/recife-brazil-trumpeting-100-years-of-frevo-and-musical-innovation-on-the-eve-of-carnival/ |archive-date=July 8, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as probably did all the other musical genres consolidated in Brazil. Historians from Pernambuco say that, before the term appeared in Recife's 'Jornal Pequeno', it was already heard and danced in a symbiosis of polkas, 'modinhas', 'dobrados' e 'maxixes' e 'jogos pastoris' (stick and rope formations) along the streets of [[Pernambuco]]'s capital.<ref>[http://globalvoicesonline.org/2007/02/12/recife-brazil-trumpeting-100-years-of-frevo-and-musical-innovation-on-the-eve-of-carnival/ Frevo in Recife] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605144235/http://globalvoicesonline.org/2007/02/12/recife-brazil-trumpeting-100-years-of-frevo-and-musical-innovation-on-the-eve-of-carnival/ |date=June 5, 2013 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> The early music bands (civilian or military) helped to give the sound the defining character that has come to be known as [[Frevo]], a musical mass defined by the brasses. Frevo conductor Guerra Peixe said once that "it is the only popular genre that does not admit the 'play-by-ear composer'. He was referring to the technical hardship of this kind of music, and stressing the role of conductors who led the 'frevistical' troupes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rafael|title=O que fazer em Recife? Dicas Para Você Aproveitar Recife|url=https://viajandocomvoce.com.br/dicas-de-viagem/o-que-fazer-em-recife/|access-date=2021-04-05|language=pt-PT}}</ref>

=== Museums ===
{{Main article|Pernambuco Museums}}
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The [[Museu do Estado de Pernambuco|Museum of Pernambuco State]] is housed in a 19th-century mansion in Recife. Known locally as the "Museu do Estado de Pernambuco (MEPE)", it dates back to 1929. The museum comprises over 12 thousand pieces from Masters who portrayed the Colonial period and the Dutch invasion (1630), to 20th and 21st century pieces.

'''[[Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue]]:''' Sinagoga Kahal Zur Israel, the historic Recife synagogue in Recife Antigo, is the oldest in the [[Americas]], dating to 1646. The original synagogue was destroyed, but a new one was built on site. In the early 21st century, it was restored for use as a museum. It is an important part of Pernambuco's historic patrimony. It was founded by Jews who settled in the Netherlands after expulsion from Spain and Portugal. They emigrated with the Dutch to "[[Dutch Brazil|New Holland]]" when the Dutch invaded the northeastern portion of Brazilian lands occupied by the Portuguese. When the Portuguese reconquered the land, these Sephardic Jews moved further north with the [[Dutch people|Dutch]], and helped found "[[New Amsterdam]]" (now [[New York City]]) on [[Manhattan]] island in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alljewishlinks.com/history-timeline-of-jewish-people-in-america/ |title=History Timeline of Jewish People in America |AllJewishLinks.com |access-date=December 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723055921/http://www.alljewishlinks.com/history-timeline-of-jewish-people-in-america/ |archive-date=July 23, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first New York City synagogue was created in Lower Manhattan by the founders of the first synagogue in the New World in Recife. It later moved to the Upper West Side, where it is still called "[[Congregation Shearith Israel|the Portuguese and Spanish Synagogue]]".

'''Gilberto Freyre Foundation:''' This farmhouse from the 18th century was [[Gilberto Freyre]]'s old residence. Artworks, arts and crafts, book collections and objects that belonged to the Pernambucan writer and sociologist are displayed here.

'''Ricardo Brennand Institute:''' Set up in a reproduction of a medieval-style castle, there is a collection of pieces from the period of Dutch rule in Recife, as well as daggers and armor from medieval Europe.

'''Recife City Museum:''' Located in a room in Cinco Pontas Fort (the five-pointed Fort), this museum houses pictures, reproductions of old paintings, and objects that encapsulate Recife since the period of Dutch rule.
{{wide image|Castelo Brennand (Instituto Ricardo Brennand) - Recife - Pernambuco - Brasil(3).jpg|900px|[[Ricardo Brennand Institute]]. The "best museum in South America".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/pernambuco/noticia/2014/09/g1-lista-dez-atracoes-imperdiveis-do-instituto-ricardo-brennand-no-recife.html |title=Museu foi eleito o melhor da América do Sul pelo site turístico TripAdvisor |language=pt |access-date=September 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913090435/http://g1.globo.com/pernambuco/noticia/2014/09/g1-lista-dez-atracoes-imperdiveis-do-instituto-ricardo-brennand-no-recife.html |archive-date=September 13, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

===Cinema===
{{Main article|Recife Cinema Festival}}
Also known as ''Recife Audiovisual Festival'' or ''Cine-PE'', Recife Cinema Festival is a competitive film and audiovisual festival. It is dedicated to the Brazilian and [[Pernambuco|state]] production of [[feature film|feature]] & short films; as well as [[Streaming media|videos]] and documentaries. It was founded in 1997 by Alfredo & Sandra Bertini, who have been the directors since then. Between 1997 and 2008, 1806 films have been shown<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cine-pe.com.br/cinepe_2009/home/index.php |title=Recife cinema festival |access-date=September 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225031945/http://www.cine-pe.com.br/cinepe_2009/home/index.php |archive-date=December 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (through either competitive applications or National & International invitations), of all types and genres, for a public of over 250,000.

''Recife'' and consequently [[Pernambuco]] has a tradition in the Brazilian film making history. In the pioneer times of the Brazilian cinema emerged the ''Regional movements''. One of those, was designated Ciclo de Recife<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fundaj.gov.br/notitia/servlet/newstorm.ns.presentation.NavigationServlet?publicationCode=16&pageCode=377&textCode=6763&date=currentDate |title=Fundação Joaquim Nabuco |access-date=September 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610213702/http://www.fundaj.gov.br/notitia/servlet/newstorm.ns.presentation.NavigationServlet?publicationCode=16&pageCode=377&textCode=6763&date=currentDate |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ('''Recife cycle'''), between 1922 and 1931. Despite adverse conditions, during this cycle 13 feature films were produced in Recife (usually about drama & romance) and 7 documentary films (usually ordered by authorities to show their public works). Despite the pervasive influence of [[Cinema of the United States|US]] and [[European cinema]]s in the [[silent film]] times, the Recife cycle was one of the most important and productive regional movements. One of the most important films was [[Aitaré da Praia]], which is recognised for pioneering the rise of regional themes (1925). Other successful films were ''Retribuição'' (1923) and ''A Filha do Advogado'' (1926). Another important phase of the Pernambuco/Recife film history was in the 1970s with a movement called [[Super 8mm film|Super 8]], often used for home videos and documentaries made by students, amateurs and aspirant film makers, due to the utilisation of 8 mm film, using the new technology released by [[Eastman Kodak|Kodak]].<ref>[http://www.enotes.com/topic/Recife_Cinema_Festival Study Guides, Reference Materials for Science, Literature, History & more – eNotes.com]</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = The [[Feijoada|Brazilian feijoada]], considered the Brazil's national dish, was registered for the first time in Recife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://super.abril.com.br/comportamento/a-feijoada-nao-e-invencao-brasileira/|title=A feijoada não é invenção brasileira|language=pt|publisher=Superinteressante|access-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827170830/https://super.abril.com.br/comportamento/a-feijoada-nao-e-invencao-brasileira/|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=546:o-carapuceiro-jornal&catid=38:letra-c|title=O Carapuceiro (jornal)|language=pt|publisher=Fundaj|access-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233742/http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=546:o-carapuceiro-jornal&catid=38:letra-c|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Recife [[cuisine]] is the cuisine of its region, [[Pernambuco]] and the Northeast, and the culinary influences of the area can be traced to a dynamic assortment of cultures: the [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], [[Dutch Brazilian|Dutch]], [[Spanish immigration to Brazil|Spanish]], [[Moors]], [[Afro-Brazilian|Africans]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/brazil/recife/cuisine.htm |title=Cuisine of Recife |access-date=July 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629052343/http://www.geographia.com/brazil/recife/cuisine.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many dishes come with a delicious [[coconut]] sauce, [[palm oil]] (dendê) and feature corn, [[manioc]] roots, [[yam (vegetable)|yam]], fresh seafood (shrimp, crab, lobster cooked with exotic sauces) and native fruits. Grilled meats are also widely served, especially goat and beef dishes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.panaftosa.org.br/cosalfa38/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=71&lang=en |title=Recife – Pernambuco |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406064612/http://ww2.panaftosa.org.br/cosalfa38/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=71&lang=en |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The typical regional main dishes include ''caldeirada'' (seafood stew with octopus cooked with various spices and coconut milk, which may be served with [[white beans]] or [[farofa|toasted cassava flour]]), [[feijoada]] Pernambucana (made with brown beans instead of black), [[sarapatel]], buchada (goat stew), dobradinha (bean [[stew]]), roast goat, ''mão de vaca'' (cow's foot stew), ''Rabada'' (ox tail stew with manioc flour), ''cozido Pernambucano'' (beef stew), ''chambaril'', ''galinha de cabidela'' (chicken in blood sauce), ''peixada Pernambucana'' (fish stew), macaxeira com [[charque]] (cassava with beef jerky), ''quiabada'' ([[okra]] with beef), feijão com arroz ([[rice and beans]]), and ''guaiamuns'' (giant [[callinectes|crabs]]). One of the most traditional dishes, is ''[[Carne-de-sol]]'' (Sun-dried beef), which consists of beef dried in the sun and usually served with green beans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oriettagggo.us.splinder.com/archive/2010-05?from=112 |title=oriettagggo – Articles and posts about oriettagggo from the best blogs |access-date=December 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115073000/http://oriettagggo.us.splinder.com/archive/2010-05?from=112 |archive-date=November 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

For dessert, Recife offers ''bolo de rolo'' (cake roll), cake Souza Leão, and cartola (top hat cake) which consists of fried long bananas with cheese topped with cinnamon and sugar. The diversity continues for the breakfast as one can find [[couscous|cuscuz]] of sweet corn or manioc, yams and cassava with charque (corned beef or beef jerky), sweet potato, [[goiabada]], fried long banana, [[canjica (dish)|mugunzá]], regional fruits, bread, [[tapioca]], [[rice pudding]], porridge, yogurt, [[queijo coalho]], corn bread, hominy and [[pamonha]]. Breakfast is often accompanied by coffee and/or milk and juices from regional fruits such as [[cashew]], [[pineapple]], [[mango]]es, [[acerola]], [[guava]], [[passion fruit]], [[umbu]], [[hog plum]], [[Eugenia uniflora|pitanga]], [[jackfruit]], [[orange juice|orange]], [[avocado]] and the regionally most famous [[sugarcane juice|caldo-de-cana]] and [[coconut water|água-de-coco]] juices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityknown.com/Cities/CityGuide.aspx?CityID=120 |title=Recife City Guide |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052101/http://www.cityknown.com/Cities/CityGuide.aspx?CityID=120 |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to ''Abrasel'' (Brazilian Association of Bars & Restaurants), Recife has more than 1,700 bars and restaurants which serve regional (partially listed above), Brazilian (such as [[moqueca]], [[bobó de camarão]], [[açaí na tigela|açaí]]) and International dishes from all over the world, which has made it the ''first gastronomic centre of the Northeast''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://guiadolitoral.uol.com.br/recife-2074_2008.html |title=Cuisine of Recife |access-date=September 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808165037/http://guiadolitoral.uol.com.br/recife-2074_2008.html |archive-date=August 8, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the third one in the whole country after [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio]].

==Transportation==
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=== International airport ===

[[Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport|Guararapes International Airport]], also known as [[Gilberto Freyre]] International Airport, is the airport serving Recife. It has been open in its newest structure since July 2004 and is 52,000 square m in area.

[[Recife Air Force Base|Recife Air Force Base - BARF]], a base of the [[Brazilian Air Force]], is located in Recife.

=== Ports ===

[[Suape port]], is located in the administrative area of the small town of [[Ipojuca]], inside the metropolitan region. Suape serves ships 365 days a year without any restrictions with regard to tidal schedules. The port moves over 8.4 million tons of cargo a year. More than 95 companies<ref>[https://archive.today/20130624215355/http://artigos.tutorialonline.pro.br/portal/linguagem-en/Recife Port of Recife] {{in lang|en}}</ref> from almost all industries are already installed in Suape which includes a Petrobras Refinery, the largest shipbuilder in South American and a large petrochemical Company as well as many others.
[[Recife port|Port of Recife]] is located in the city of Recife. Road access to Port of Recife is accomplished, mainly, through the federal highways BR-232 (linking the interior of the state) and BR-101 (linking to other States to the north and the south of the State of Pernambuco). The main producing and consuming centres of the interior of the state and of the rest of the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], are linked to [[Recife port|Port]] by paved highways.

===Metro===
{{Main article|Recife Metro}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Corredor exclusivo de ônibus na Avenida Conde da Boa Vista - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| width1 = 270
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Bus lane]] in Recife.
| image2 = Estação do Metrô do Recife 2.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Recife Metro]], the third largest in Brazil.
| footer =
}}

[[Recife Metro]] is one of the largest metro systems in Brazil. It reaches from Recife central station to Jaboatão, Timbi (Camaragibe) and Cajueiro Seco (Jaboatão dos Guararapes), being complemented by a [[light rail]], with connections at Curado and Cajueiro Seco stations, which links Recife and Jaboatão to [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho]].

This system is also integrated with bus terminals<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.cbtu.gov.br/acbtu/acompanhia/sistemas/rec/recsist_cont.htm |title=Recife Metro |publisher=CBTU |location=Recife, Brazil |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |access-date=2007-07-18 |year=2006 |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202123837/http://www.cbtu.gov.br/acbtu/acompanhia/sistemas/rec/recsist_cont.htm |archive-date=February 2, 2008}}</ref> such as at Barro, Joana Bezerra and Tancredo Neves stations. It is possible to ride the metro and the connected bus line by purchasing one ticket only. In March 2009, [[Recife Metro]] completed an additional phase of expansion. The system now has 29 stations (18 integrated with buses), plus 9 light rail stations, and is {{convert|39.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.

===Fleet===
According to [[Vehicle registration plates of Brazil|Detran]]-PE (Transportation State Bureau Administrator) in 2009, the city of Recife had a total fleet of over 464,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.detran.pe.gov.br/download/estatistica/Frota%20registrada%20segundo%20o%20tipo%20-%20Recife.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=July 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155905/http://www.detran.pe.gov.br/download/estatistica/Frota%20registrada%20segundo%20o%20tipo%20-%20Recife.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[motor vehicle]]s on its streets. 54,335 cargo vehicles, 318,520 passenger vehicles, 72,719 motorbikes, 14,142 others and 4,855 buses (split between private and public). These buses transport almost two million passengers daily<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706152117/http://blogs.diariodepernambuco.com.br/tecnologia/?p=2229 |date=Jul 6, 2011}}{{dead link|date=July 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708150631/http://jc.uol.com.br/2008/06/27/not_172583.php NE10]</ref> in the [[Recife metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], distributed between 17 local bus companies.

===Highways===
[[Recife metropolitan area]] is crossed by 3 main Federal highways:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aondefica.com/p_atlasflash_pe.asp |title=Distancias, Imagens de Satélite, Roteiros, Mapas, Enderecos |access-date=July 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709234504/http://www.aondefica.com/p_atlasflash_pe.asp |archive-date=July 9, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* BR-101 North – [[Paraíba]] and [[Rio Grande do Norte]];
* BR-101 South – [[Alagoas]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Bahia]], Minas Gerais, [[Rio de Janeiro]], São Paulo, [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]];
* BR-232 West – [[Gravatá]], [[Caruaru]], [[Belo Jardim]], [[Arcoverde]], [[Salgueiro]] and Parnamirim;
* BR-408 NW – [[Carpina]], [[Timbaúba]] and [[Campina Grande]];

===Public transportation statistics===
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Recife, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 96 min. 34% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 27 min, while 60% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9 km, while 19% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recife Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Recife-1662|access-date=June 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060409/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Brazil_Recife-1662|archive-date=August 11, 2017|url-status=dead}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=October 16, 2017 }}.</ref>

==Neighborhoods==
{{See also|:pt:Lista de bairros do Recife}}

The city has 6 Political Administrative Regions (''RPA''), which contains all 94 neighborhoods:<ref>[http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/pr/secplanejamento/inforec/bairros.php Prefeitura do Recife] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320210705/http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/pr/secplanejamento/inforec/bairros.php |date=March 20, 2014 }}</ref>

<div class="center">
{| class="toccolours" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; background:F5F5F5; "
|
|- align=center style="background:lavender; font-weight:bold;"
! ''RPA'' !! Microregion !! Neighborhoods !! Map
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Legend|#f8e7fe}} City centre || 1.1 ||[[Recife Antigo]] e Santo Amaro || rowspan="18" | [[File:RPAs de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.svg|250px]]
|-
| 1.2 || Boa Vista, Cabanga, Ilha do Leite, Paissandu, Santo Antônio, São José e Soledade
|-
| 1.3 || Coelhos e Ilha Joana Bezerra
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Legend|#fedddf}} North || 2.1 || Arruda, Campina do Barreto, Campo Grande, Encruzilhada, Hipódromo, Peixinhos, Ponto de Parada, Rosarinho e Torreão
|-
| 2.2 || Água Fria, Alto Santa Terezinha, Bomba do Hemetério, Cajueiro, Fundão e Porto da Madeira
|-
| 2.3 || Beberibe, Dois Unidos e Linha do Tiro
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Legend|#e3efc7}} Northwest || 3.1 || Aflitos, Alto do Mandu, Apipucos, Casa Amarela, Casa Forte, Derby, Dois Irmãos, Espinheiro, Graças, Jaqueira, Monteiro, [[Parnamirim (Recife)|Parnamirim]], [[Poço da Panela]], Santana, Tamarineira e Sítio dos Pintos
|-
| 3.2 || Alto José Bonifácio, Alto José do Pinho, Mangabeira, Morro da Conceição e Vasco da Gama
|-
| 3.3 || Brejo da Guabiraba, Brejo do Beberibe, Córrego do Jenipapo, Guabiraba, Macaxeira, Nova Descoberta, Passarinho e Pau Ferro
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Legend|#dcdaff}} West || 4.1 || Cordeiro, Ilha do Retiro, Iputinga, Madalena, Prado, Torre e Zumbi
|-
| 4.2 || Engenho do Meio e Torrões
|-
| 4.3 || Caxangá, Cidade Universitária e Várzea
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Legend|#feded1}} Southwest || 5.1 || Afogados, Bongi, Mangueira, Mustardinha e San Martin
|-
| 5.2 || Areias, Caçote, Estância e Jiquiá
|-
| 5.3 || Barro, Coqueiral, Curado, Jardim São Paulo, Sancho, Tejipió e Totó
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Legend|#fafda3}} South || 6.1 || [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]], Brasília Teimosa, Imbiribeira, Ipsep e Pina
|-
| 6.2 || Ibura e Jordão
|-
| 6.3 || Cohab
|}</div>

== Sports ==
[[File:Calçadão e ciclovia da Praia de Boa Viagem - Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg|280px|thumb|right|Bicycle path in Boa Viagem Beach.]]
{{See also|2014 FIFA World Cup|Sports in Brazil}}
Football in [[Pernambuco]] began in 1902, when English and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] sailors landed in Recife and played a game of football on the beach. The new game aroused the interest of the people of Pernambuco, and they soon started playing.

Recife provides visitors and residents with various sporting activities. There are several football clubs based in Recife, such as [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport]] the current 2019 State Champion (42 times state champion and once national champion (1987) and Brazil's Cup champion (2008)), [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]] (29 times state champion) and [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]] (23 times state champion and unique 6 consecutives). The [[Campeonato Pernambucano]] (Pernambuco's State Championship) is divided into Taça Revolução and Taça Confederação. They both have the same format: standard round-robin, in which all teams play each other once. A round-robin tournament or all-play-all [[tournament]] is a type of group tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. If a team wins both Taça Tabocas e Guararapes and Taça Confederação do Equador, it is crowned the [[States of Brazil|state]] [[champion]]. If not, a home-and-away playoff with the [[champion|winners]] is disputed, and the winner is declared the state champion.

Also, the city has traditions in another sports as:
Basketball, Hockey, Golf, Tenis, Table tennis, Volleyball, beach volley, Handball, Surf, Skateboard, Bodysurf, Swimning pool and Futsal. Provided by clubs such as:
Nautico, Sport, Santa Cruz, Portuguese Club of Recife, Caxanga Golf & Country Club, Mauricio de Nassau University, School of Tenis Recife as others.

===1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cup===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Itaipava Arena Pernambuco em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.jpg
| width1 = 250
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Itaipava Arena Pernambuco|Arena Pernambuco]], the stadium of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
| image2 = Acesso a Arena Pernambuco - Recife.jpg
| width2 = 250
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Access to the stadium.
| footer =
}}

Recife was one of the 12 cities chosen to host games for the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], for which Brazil was the host nation. The [[Recife metropolitan area|Metropolitan Recife]] project consisted of a new Sports City constructed in [[São Lourenço da Mata]] in an intersection area near to Recife, [[Jaboatão dos Guararapes]] and [[Camaragibe]]. The new Sports complex is {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Recife city centre and {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Airport.

The sports complex 'City'<ref>[https://archive.today/20110106193623/http://200.238.107.167/web/portalpe/exibirartigo?companyId=communis.com.br&articleId=16353 Recife Sports City 2014 in Pernambuco State site (Portuguese)]</ref> was constructed with a [[Itaipava Arena Pernambuco|new stadium]] with 45,000 seats, 9,000 flats, 6,000 car parking spaces, 1 hospital, 1 technical school, 1 shopping centre, 1 integrated metro/bus station and improvement of federal roads, all with an estimated cost of R$1.6 billion.

This was the second time Recife has been chosen to be one of the host cities of the [[FIFA World Cup]]. In [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]], Recife hosted just one game, between [[Chile]] and the United States, at Ilha do Retiro Stadium. At this time, it was the only city to represent the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] of Brazil.

==Social and environmental issues==
{{Main article|Crime in Brazil|Social issues in Brazil|Social apartheid in Brazil}}
'''Violence'''
[[File:Quartel do Derby.jpg|thumb|280px|right|General Headquarters Command of Pernambuco Military Police.]]

In 2013, Recife had the 38th highest [[homicide rate]] in [[Americas|The Americas]], after Detroit, [[New Orleans]], [[Baltimore]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] and other cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx/sala-de-prensa/941-por-tercer-ano-consecutivo-san-pedro-sula-es-la-ciudad-mas-violenta-del-mundo |title=Por tercer año consecutivo, San Pedro Sula es la ciudad más violenta del mundo |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324111128/http://www.seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx/sala-de-prensa/941-por-tercer-ano-consecutivo-san-pedro-sula-es-la-ciudad-mas-violenta-del-mundo |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''PESP plan'''

The State Governor [[Eduardo Campos]] introduced the PESP plan (Security state Plan – Plano Estadual de Segurança Pública) on May 2, 2009. This aimed<ref>[http://200.238.107.167/web/portalpe/programas?id=727 Miolo_2.pdf PESP plan in Fifa 2014 project page 26] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310133850/http://200.238.107.167/web/portalpe/programas?id=727 |date=March 10, 2009 }}</ref> to reduce homicides by 12% each year until they reached half of the previous rate. The plan was based on the fact that 60% of murders were committed by people related to criminal activities and embraces both prevention and correction.

'''Carnival security plan'''

In 2007 ISS servers managed 50 Pelco Spectra PTZ cameras to capture all activity within areas of the city used for Carnival. Continued deployment of this [[project]] in Recife aimed to install over 1000 cameras in the city. Immediate statistics during the Carnival period indicated a reduction in [[violent crime]] of over 30%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://acertodecontas.blog.br/atualidades/projeto-preve-instalacao-de-cameras-no-recife-para-combater-violencia/ |title=Security plan of Recife |access-date=November 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706152856/http://acertodecontas.blog.br/atualidades/projeto-preve-instalacao-de-cameras-no-recife-para-combater-violencia/ |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/2007/12/18/mat_149233.php |title=City hall website – Security plan |access-date=November 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160431/http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/2007/12/18/mat_149233.php |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Recuperation program===
[[UNICEF]] is an international development agency, which supports locally initiated projects with an emphasis on children. Recife offered an environment to utilise its rich cultural heritage to develop programs aimed at its most serious issues. One of the most hands-on projects was a radio program named "Jovens Comunicadores" (Communicating Youth).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.redeandibrasil.org.br/hotsite/em-pauta/trabalho-pernambucano-concorre-a-premio-nacional/ |title=Jovens Comunicadores in Recife, Pernambuco |access-date=November 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127101658/http://www.redeandibrasil.org.br/hotsite/em-pauta/trabalho-pernambucano-concorre-a-premio-nacional |archive-date=November 27, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It trained a group of eighteen adolescents to produce a weekly radio program focusing on [[child labour]]. The program is recorded and sent to community radio stations, most of which are broadcast in the sugar cane area where many children work. Jovens Comunicadores advocates and lobbies against exploitation. All programs are produced and edited by teens. As a radio program, it also plays regional music, giving a boost to [[Culture of Brazil|local culture]].<ref>[http://www.blog.educacaoeparticipacao.org.br/?p=18 Jovens Comunicadores Program Blog]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

"Criança Feliz" (Happy Child) had the same objective, eliminating child exploitation, but used a different approach. It was begun by a women's organisation and offered after-school activities with the goal of discouraging children and adolescents from working in sex tourism. Besides giving classes and training in computers, English, art, and karate, it also offered psychological services and [[group therapy]]. These combined services sought to equip children not only with skills but also a positive self-image and respect to not fall into prostitution. As all the kids came from very poor backgrounds, the financial pull of prostitution was very high. Criança Feliz worked at educating them about the high costs in the long term. This was a very interesting project, since it was actually a house with groups of kids divided into participating in different activities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070522021905/http://www.projetocriancafelizbrasil.com.br/ Criança Feliz Program]</ref>

===Shark attacks===
[[File:Signs warning of shark attacks at Boa Viagem Beach in Recife, Brazil.jpg|thumb|280px|Signs warning of shark attacks at Boa Viagem Beach.]]
[[File:Praia_de_Boa_Viagem_,_Pernambuco.jpg|thumb|280px|Natural pools – Boa Viagem Beach.]]
[[Shark attacks]] are a recurrent problem in [[Recife metropolitan area]]. They were addressed in the [[National Geographic Channel]] series ''[[Hunter Hunted (TV series)|Hunter Hunted]]'' in the episode "Shark Invasion." [[Surfing]] has been outlawed since 1995 on the urban beaches (Pina, [[Boa Viagem, Recife|Boa Viagem]], Piedade, and Candeias) because of the risk the sport poses to its practitioners due to shark attacks. It is strongly recommended that bathers not climb over and swim beyond the reefs because of strong, unpredictable currents and the possible presence of [[bull sharks]]. Several beaches have messages alerting people to the danger of [[shark]]s.

Before the 1990s there had been virtually no attacks reported here. As of June 28, 1992,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sharkattackdata.com/gsaf/place/brazil |title=Shark Attack Data Brazil |publisher=Shark Attack Data |access-date=December 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605181749/http://www.sharkattackdata.com/gsaf/place/brazil |archive-date=June 5, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Recife began officially registering shark attacks on its beaches (mainly on the beach of Boa Viagem), and between 1992 and 2021 there were 64 shark attacks along a {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of coast, 26 of them being fatal.<ref name="name">{{cite web |url=https://www.folhape.com.br/noticias/maioria-dos-incidentes-com-tubarao-em-pernambuco-ocorreu-no-mes-de/191672/ |title=Maioria dos incidentes com tubarão em Pernambuco ocorreu no mês de julho; |publisher=Folha de Pernambuco|date=July 27, 2021 |access-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109190632/https://www.folhape.com.br/noticias/maioria-dos-incidentes-com-tubarao-em-pernambuco-ocorreu-no-mes-de/191672/ |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The last deadly attack occurred on July 10, 2021.<ref name="name"/> What shocked about the shark attacks in Recife is that so many of them are fatal - 21 of the 56, a death rate of about 37%. This is much higher than the worldwide shark attack fatality rate, which is currently about 16%, according to Florida State Museum of Natural History.<ref name="nome">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-radio-and-tv-19720455 |title=The beautiful Brazilian beaches plagued by shark attacks |publisher=BBC |date=September 27, 2012 |access-date=December 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801231739/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-radio-and-tv-19720455 |archive-date=August 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Scientists believe most of these attacks are committed by two species, [[bull shark]]s and [[tiger shark]]s, but forensic evidence has only been able to confirm the species responsible in eight of these attacks. Bull sharks are considered to be one of the most dangerous shark species, with many proven attacks against humans. There are almost two million people in Recife and surrounding areas, and there are many beaches conveniently located in and around the city, but some {{convert|700|m|abbr=off}} off the coast there is a deep trench running parallel to the beaches. Sharks use this trench as a migratory route and emerge from it to hunt in the shallows. Other facts contribute to the appearance of sharks in the area of Boa Viagem Beach: the marine currents direct the animals for that stretch of 20 kilometers. A sand bank extends into the sea about a thousand meters from Recife's beaches. Between this long strip, with depth between 1 and 3 meters, and the beach a deep channel is formed (between 5 and 8 meters),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/app/noticia/vida-urbana/2017/11/21/interna_vidaurbana,731668/ataques-de-tubarao-25-anos-de-medo-nas-praias.shtml |title=Ataques de tubarão: 25 anos de medo nas praias |publisher=Diário de Pernambuco |date=November 21, 2017 |access-date=December 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220622/http://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/app/noticia/vida-urbana/2017/11/21/interna_vidaurbana,731668/ataques-de-tubarao-25-anos-de-medo-nas-praias.shtml |archive-date=December 23, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> which becomes a kind of refectory for sharks, since it attracts several species of rays, one of the prey of sharks. The presence of so many prey in that area makes the sharks stay closer to the beaches for longer and when the shark enters these channels, there is a great risk of contact with people.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

It is Recife's Port Suape, though, that many see as the biggest cause of the recent attacks. Located {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=off}} south of Boa Viagem Beach, where most of the attacks have occurred, the port has been the cause of much disturbance for marine life along the coast and the nearby estuaries. To facilitate its initial construction, in the late 1970s, two freshwater estuaries, which had discharged into the Atlantic Ocean were sealed off.{{cn|date=November 2022}} The port opened for business in 1984, (and today handles more than four million tonnes of cargo per year) but it was not until 1992 that it began to attract significant shipping traffic. The passage of large vessels on the coast of Recife attracts sharks, by clearing organic waste in the waters of the sea. Before 1992, Recife had no more shark attacks than any other beach in Brazil, but the change was immediate and dramatic.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

To build the port, [[estuaries]] were dredged and long docks built, protruding out into the ocean. This is especially a problem for bull sharks, who generally stay close to land and are able to tolerate [[fresh water]] (they are regularly encountered in rivers such as the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]]). Much of their [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]] is dependent on coastal estuaries and the building of Suape is thought to have disrupted breeding and hunting habits. The destruction of the mangrove and the rectification of rivers, have also contributed to the imbalance of the ecological balance. Most sharks use the mangroves at least once in life to breed or feed. The destruction of the mangrove swamps where the Suape port was built caused the bull shark females that used the place to procreate migrate to the estuary of the Jaboatão River, to the north. This river flows exactly into the beaches of Recife.

Cemit, the Council for Shark Hazard Monitoring, conducts a catch-and-release program to remove the sharks from beaches. 81 sharks were caught{{when|date=March 2015}}, tagged with tracking devices, and released far out to sea. Its [[GPS]] data on the sharks tagged show that after being caught, all tiger sharks have migrated to other regions. To get the sharks further out to sea, Cemit in 2006 sank three boats on the far side of the ocean trench to create an artificial reef. This was to attract fish to congregate around the boats so that sharks coming out of the trench to hunt would move away from the beach.<ref name="nome" /> The Council for Shark Hazard Monitoring (Cemit), recommends the following precautions to prevent the attack of sharks on beaches in Recife: Avoid bathing between sunset and sunrise. It is in this period that sharks are most active. Do not enter the sea when the tide is full. Hungry sharks get across the reef if there is enough water flowing over them. Avoid swimming alone and when the water is cloudy. Do not enter the water above the waist and do not swim in the open sea.<ref name="name" />

In 1995, the Pernambuco government prohibited the practice of water sports on 32 km of coastline in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. This ban resulted in the reduction of incidents with sharks thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/app/noticia/vida-urbana/2015/03/31/interna_vidaurbana,568984/vinte-anos-apos-a-proibicao-de-esportes-nauticos-governo-desiste-de-instalar-tela-de-protecao.shtml |title=Vinte anos após a proibição de esportes náuticos, governo desiste de instalar tela de proteção |publisher=Diário de Pernambuco |date=March 31, 2015 |access-date=December 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102042/http://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/app/noticia/vida-urbana/2015/03/31/interna_vidaurbana,568984/vinte-anos-apos-a-proibicao-de-esportes-nauticos-governo-desiste-de-instalar-tela-de-protecao.shtml |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state-funded investigation has focused on the long-term ecological [[Result|effect]]s of the new port of Suape. Based on its findings, local [[Human rights in Brazil|human rights]] lawyers are considering a symbolic legal challenge to the [[Pernambuco|State of Pernambuco]], with the aim of securing compensation for the victims of attacks.

==Notable people==
[[File:Rivaldo.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Rivaldo]]]]
[[File:Etiene Medeiros, 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Etiene Medeiros]].]]
[[File:Jogadora bicampeã olímpica de vôlei brasileira.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Jaqueline Carvalho]]]]
* [[Rivaldo]], footballer.
* [[Vavá]], footballer.
* [[Ademir de Menezes]], footballer.
* [[Alexandre (footballer, born 1978)|Alexandre]], footballer.
* [[Juninho Pernambucano]], footballer.
* [[Ricardo Rocha (footballer, born 1962)|Ricardo Rocha]], footballer.
* [[Hernanes]], footballer.
* [[Etiene Medeiros]], brazilian swimmer, World Champion and former World Record Holder
* [[André Ferreira (volleyball)|Pampa]], brazilian volleyball player, Olympic Champion
* [[Dani Lins]], brazilian volleyball player, Olympic Champion
* [[Jaqueline Carvalho]], brazilian volleyball player, Olympic Champion
* [[Eduardo Agra]], brazilian basketball player
* [[Deborah Nunes]], brazilian handball player, World Champion
* [[Júnior Assunção]], MMA fighter
* [[Yago De Moura Santiago|Yago Santiago]], brazilian chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]].
* [[Samira Rocha]], brazilian handball player, World Champion.
* [[Paula Baracho]], brazilian swimmer.
* [[Phelipe Rodrigues]], swimmer.
* [[Adriano Garrido]], beach volleyball player.
* [[Mário Schenberg]], physicist, electrical engineer, art critic and writer.
* [[José Leite Lopes]], physicist..
* [[Paulo Ribenboim]], mathematician.
* [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]], poet and writer.
* [[Leopoldo Nachbin]], mathematician who is best known for [[Nachbin's theorem]].
* [[Gauss Moutinho Cordeiro]], mathematician.
* [[Aron Simis]], mathematician.
* [[Reginaldo Rossi]], Brazilian musician and singer-songwriter.
* [[Nelson Rodrigues]], poet, writer and journalist.
* [[Manuel Bandeira]], poet and writer.
* [[Hermenegildo Portocarrero, Baron of Forte de Coimbra]], the commander of the invasion of Corumbá at the Paraguayan War.
* [[Raphael Assunção]], MMA fighter.
* [[Joaquim Cardozo]], poet and engineer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Maria do Carmo Andrade|title=Joaquim Cardozo|url=http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=388|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Pesquisa Escolar|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127224613/http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=388|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Evaldo Cabral de Mello]], historian, history writer and former diplomat.
* [[Romero Britto]], sculptor and painter.
* [[Francisco Brennand]], sculptor, painter and ceramist.
* [[Karol Meyer]], free-diver.
* [[Braulio Estima]], jiu-jitsu practitioner.
* [[Robyn Regehr]], ice hockey player.
* [[Marco Nanini]], actor.
* [[Guilherme Berenguer]], actor.
* [[Bruno Garcia (actor)|Bruno Garcia]], actor.
* [[Rebecca Da Costa]], actress.
* [[Augusto da Silva|Augusto Álvaro da Silva]] (1876–1968), Brazilian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdasilva.html |title=Catholic-Hierarchy |access-date=January 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929080349/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdasilva.html |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Patrícia França]], actress.
* [[Alex Diniz]], racing cyclist.
* [[Marcelo Gomes (director)|Marcelo Gomes]], movie director.
* [[Arlindo Grund]], television presenter and personal stylist
* [[Clarice Falcão]], actress and singer-songwriter.
* [[Naná Vasconcelos]], composer and musician.
* [[Lenine (musician)|Lenine]], singer-songwriter.
* [[Bezerra da Silva]], singer-songwriter.
* [[Maria Carolina Gomes Santiago]], paralympic swimmer.
* [[Walter Wanderley]], organist and pianist.
* [[Antonio Nóbrega]], singer, dancer and actor.
* [[Kiko Porto]], racing driver.
* [[Rafael Câmara]], racing driver.
* [[Beto Monteiro]], racing driver.

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil}}
===Twin towns – sister cities===
Recife is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Coordenadoria de relações internacionais|url=https://www.recife.pe.gov.br/pr/secestrategica/relacoes_int.php|website=recife.pe.gov.br|publisher=Recife|language=pt|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], [[Guangdong]], China
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Porto]], [[North Region, Portugal|North Region]], Portugal

===Partner cities===
Recife cooperates with:<ref name=twins/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nantes]], [[Pays de la Loire]], France

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Recife#Bibliography}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Recife|voy=Recife}}
* [http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/ Official homepage] {{in lang|pt}}

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