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Hanoi

2017-01-02T08:37:59Z

Bhajun Singh: Undid revision 757881841 by 202.151.161.92 (talk)

{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hanoi
| official_name =
| native_name = ''Hà Nội''
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Vietnam|Municipality]]
| translit_lang1_type = [[Quốc ngữ]]
| translit_lang1_info = Thành phố Hà Nội
| image_skyline = Hanoi Montage.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = (from left) top: [[Long Biên Bridge]], river near [[Perfume Pagoda]]; middle: [[Turtle Tower]], bottom: [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Temple of Literature]], [[Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]], [[Hanoi Opera House]]
| image_map = LocationVietnamHaNoi3.png
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Provincial location in Vietnam
| image_seal = Emblem of Hanoi.svg
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| latd = 21 | latm = 01| lats = 42.5| latNS = N
| longd = 105 | longm = 51| longs = 15.0| longEW = E
| coordinates_display = title
| coordinates_region = VN

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}}
| subdivision_type1 = Central city
| subdivision_name1 = Hà Nội
| subdivision_type2 = Central district
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoan Kiem]] and [[Ba Đình District|Ba Dinh]]
| established_title = Foundation as capital of the [[Đại Việt]]
| established_date = 1010
| established_title2 = Establishment as capital of Vietnam
| established_date2 = September 2, 1945
| founder = [[Lý Thái Tổ]]
| parts_type = [[Demonym]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = Hanoians
| leader_title1 = Party's Secretary
| leader_name1 = [[Hoàng Trung Hải]]
| leader_title2 = Chairman of People's Coucil
| leader_name2 = [[Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc]]
| leader_title3 = Chairman of People's Committee
| leader_name3 = [[Nguyễn Đức Chung]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Statistic office Hanoi" />
| area_total_km2 = 3328.9
| area_total_sq_mi = 1292
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 = 233.56
| area_metro_km2 = 24,314.7
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Statistic office Hanoi">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014], General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref>
| population_total = 7,587,800
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Vietnam|2nd in Vietnam]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 3,435,394
| population_density_urban_km2 = 14708.8
| population_metro = 16,100,000
| population_density_metro_km2 = 662.1
| demographics_type1 =GDP (nominal)
| demographics1_footnotes=  (2015 estimate)
| demographics1_title1 =Total
| demographics1_info1 = 26.5 billion [[USD]]
| demographics1_title2 =Per capita
| demographics1_info2 =11,425 [[USD]]<ref>http://vneconomy.vn/thoi-su/kinh-te-ha-noi-nhu-the-nao-sau-6-nam-sap-nhap-ha-tay-20141125095616506.htm</ref>
| demographics1_title3 =Growth
| demographics1_info3 = {{increase}} 8.25%
| timezone = [[Indochina Time|ICT]]
| utc_offset = +07:00
| timezone_DST = No DST
| utc_offset_DST = +7
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 10000
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|Area codes]]
| area_code = 24
| website = {{URL|http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn}}
}}
'''Hanoi''' ({{IPAc-en|h|æ|ˈ|n|ɔɪ}}<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Hanoi Definition of Hanoi in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)]</ref> or {{IPAc-en|US|h|ə|ˈ|n|ɔɪ}};<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Hanoi Definition of Hanoi in Oxford dictionary (American English)]</ref> Vietnamese: Hà Nội {{IPA-vi|ha˨˩ noj˩||Ha_noi.ogg}}<ref>{{citation|last=Nguyễn|first=Đình-Hoà|year=1997|title=Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn|place=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=1-55619-733-0|url=//books.google.com/books?id=5fdO-pWAoisC}}</ref>) is the capital of [[Vietnam]] and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts<ref>[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=387&idmid=3&ItemID=9860 General Statítcs Office ò Vietnam]</ref> and 7 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction.<ref name="balita.ph">{{cite web|url = http://www.gso.gov.vn/|title = Government of Vietnam|publisher = General Statistics office of Vietnam}}</ref> The population in 2015 was estimated at 7.7 million people. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by [[Huế]], the imperial capital of Vietnam during the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] (1802–1945), but Hanoi served as the capital of [[French Indochina]] from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of [[North Vietnam]], and it became the capital of a reunified Vietnam in 1976, after the North's victory in the [[Vietnam War]].

The city lies on the right bank of the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River]]. Hanoi is {{convert|1760|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Hai Phong]] city.

October 2010 officially marked [[Millennial Anniversary of Hanoi|1000 years since the establishment of the city]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Commemorating 1,000 Years of the Founding of Hanoi|url=http://talk.onevietnam.org/commemorating-1000-years-of-the-founding-of-hanoi/|work=Vietnam Talking Points|publisher=Vietnam Talking Points|accessdate=4 November 2012|author=LE-QUYEN LE|date=18 May 2010}}</ref> The [[Hanoi Ceramic Mosaic Mural]] is a 4 km ceramic [[mosaic]] mural created to mark the occasion.

==Names==
Hanoi ({{linktext|河|內}}, "River within/inside") has had many official and unofficial names throughout history.
* During the Chinese occupation of Vietnam, it was known first as '''Long Biên''' ({{linktext|龍|邊}}, "Dragon edge"), then '''Tống Bình''' ({{linktext|宋|平}}, "[[Liu Song Dynasty|Song]] Peace") and '''Long Đỗ''' ({{linktext|龍|肚}}, "Dragon belly").
* In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named '''Đại La''' ({{linktext|大|羅}}, "Big Net"). This gives it the nickname '''La Thành'''.
* When [[Ly Thai To]] established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Ascending Dragon").
* During the [[Hồ dynasty]], it was called '''Đông Đô''' ({{linktext|東|都|}}, "Eastern Metropolis").
* During the [[Lê dynasty]], Hanoi was known as '''Đông Kinh''' ({{linktext|東|京|}}, "Eastern Capital"). This gave the name to [[Tonkin]] and [[Gulf of Tonkin]].
* During the [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|Ming Chinese occupation]], it was called '''Đông Quan''' ({{linktext|東|關|}}, "Eastern Gate").
* [[Minh Mạng]] renamed the city '''Hà Nội''' ({{linktext|河|內}}, "River within/inside") in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern time.
* Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: '''Kẻ Chợ''' (marketplace), '''Tràng An''' (long peace), '''Hà Thành''' (short for Thành phố Hà Nội, "City of Hanoi"), '''Thủ Đô''' (capital)
* In modern tourism, it is sometimes nicknamed [[Paris of the Orient (disambiguation)|Paris of the Orient]], or [[Paris of the East (disambiguation)|Paris of the East]].

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Hanoi}}

=== Pre-Thăng Long period ===
Hanoi has been inhabited since at least 3000 BC. The [[Cổ Loa Citadel]] in [[Dong Anh]] district<ref>{{Citation |publisher=Lonely Planet |title=Vietnam |last=Ray |first=Nick |author2-last=Balasingamchow |author2-first=Yu-Mei |display-authors=1 |date=2010 |isbn=9781742203898 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZqOLmYD-0l4C&pg=PA123 |contribution=Co Loa Citadel |p=123 |ref={{harvid|Ray|2010}} }}.</ref> served as the capital of the [[Âu Lạc]] kingdom founded by the [[Shu (state)|Shu]] emigrant [[Thục Phán]] after his 258 BC conquest of the native [[Văn Lang]].

In 197 BC, [[Âu Lạc]] Kingdom was annexed by [[Nanyue]], which ushered in more than a millennium of Chinese domination. By the middle of the 5th century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, the [[Liu Song]] Dynasty set up a new district (縣) called Songping (Tong Binh), which later became a [[commandery (China)|commandery]] (郡), including two districts Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now [[Từ Liêm District|Từ Liêm]] and [[Hoài Đức District|Hoài Đức]] districts) with a metropolis (the domination centre) in the present inner Hanoi. By the year 679, the [[Tang dynasty]] changed the region's name into [[Annam (Chinese province)|Annan]] (Pacified South), with Songping as its capital.<ref name="en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn">{{cite web|url=http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |title=Historical stages of Thang Long- Hanoi - 1000 Years Thang Long (VietNamPlus) |publisher=En.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn |date= |accessdate=2013-11-24}}</ref>

In order to defeat the people’s uprisings, in the later half of the 8th century, Zhang Boyi (張伯儀), a Tang dynasty viceroy, built Luocheng (羅城, La Thanh or La citadel, from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in present-day Ba Dinh precinct). In the earlier half of the 9th century, it was further built up and called Jincheng (金城, Kim Thanh or Kim Citadel). In 866, [[Gao Pian]], the Chinese [[Jiedushi]], consolidated and named it Daluocheng (大羅城, [[Dai La citadel]], running from Quan Ngua to Bach Thao), the then-largest citadel of ancient Hanoi.<ref name="en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn"/>

=== Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh ===
In 1010, [[Lý Thái Tổ]], the first ruler of the [[Lý Dynasty]], moved the capital of [[Đại Việt]] to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Soaring Dragon") - a name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to [[Thanh Hóa]], then known as Tây Đô ({{linktext|西|都}}), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became '''Đông Đô''' ({{linktext|東|都}}), the "Eastern Capital."

In 1408, the Chinese [[Ming Dynasty]] attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to '''Dongguan''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|東|關}}}}, ''Eastern Gateway''), or ''Đông Quan'' in Sino-Vietnamese. In 1428, the Vietnamese overthrew the Chinese under the leadership of [[Lê Lợi]],<ref name="roughguides.com">http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/vietnam/hanoi-and-around/</ref> who later founded the [[Lê Dynasty]] and renamed Đông Quan '''Đông Kinh''' ({{linktext|東|京}}, "Eastern Capital") or [[Tonkin]]. Right after the end of the [[Tây Sơn Dynasty]], it was named '''Bắc Thành''' ({{linktext|北|城}}, "Northern Citadel").

=== During Nguyễn Dynasty and the French colonial period ===

[[File:CaptureHaiDuong.jpg|small|right|250px|thumb|France attack Hai Duong citadel]]
[[File:TongDoc Hanoi 14-07-1884.jpg|right|thumb|People in Ha Noi, 1884]]
[[File:Viet Nam - Tonkin Hanoi Election d´un Chef de Rue.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The stamp depicted the election day in [[Hà Nội]] during [[French Indochina]], around 1910]]
[[File:Vietnam1973.JPEG|right|thumb|Ha Noi, New Year 1973]]

In 1802, when the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] was established and moved the capital to [[Huế]], the old name Thăng Long was modified to become '''Thăng Long''' ({{linktext|昇|龍}}, "Soaring Dragon"). In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renamed it Hà Nội ({{linktext|河|内}}, "Between Rivers" or "River Interior"). Hanoi was occupied by the [[French Third Republic|French]] in 1873 and passed to them ten years later. As '''Hanoï''', it was located in the [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|protectorate of Tonkin]] became the capital of [[French Indochina]] after 1887.<ref name="roughguides.com"/>

=== During two wars ===
The city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese in 1940 and liberated in 1945, when it briefly became the seat of the [[Viet Minh]] government after [[Ho Chi Minh]] proclaimed the independence of Vietnam. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in 1946. After nine years of fighting between the French and Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the capital of an independent [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|North Vietnam]] in 1954.

During the [[Vietnam War]], Hanoi's transportation facilities were disrupted by the bombing of bridges and railways. These were all, however, promptly repaired. Following the end of the war, Hanoi became the capital of a reunified Vietnam when North and [[South Vietnam]] were reunited on July 2, 1976.

=== Modern Hanoi ===
On May 29, 2008, it was decided that [[Hà Tây Province]], [[Vĩnh Phúc Province]]'s [[Mê Linh District]] and 4 communes of [[Lương Sơn District]], [[Hòa Bình Province]] be merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from August 1, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |title=Country files (GNS) |accessdate=2007-04-06}}</ref> Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions<ref name="dantri.com.vn">{{cite web
| url=http://dantri.com.vn/Sukien/Hon-90-dai-bieu-Quoc-hoi-tan-thanh-mo-rong-Ha-oi/2008/5/234655.vip
| title=Hơn 90% đại biểu Quốc hội tán thành mở rộng Hà Nội
| work=Dantri
| accessdate=2008-05-29
}}</ref> with the new population being 6,232,940.,<ref name="dantri.com.vn"/> effectively tripling its size. The [[Hanoi Capital Region]] ({{lang|vi|''Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội''}}), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and 6 surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of {{convert|13436|km2|0|abbr=out}} with 15 million people by 2020.

Hanoi has experienced a rapid construction boom recently. Skyscrapers, popping up in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked # 39 by [[Emporis]] in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings are [[Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower]] (336m, tallest in Vietnam and second tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's [[Petronas Twin Towers]]) and [[Hanoi Lotte Center]] (272m, also, second tallest in Vietnam).

== Geography ==

=== Location, topography ===

Hanoi is located in northern region of Vietnam, situated in the Vietnam’s Red River delta, nearly {{convert|90|km|0|abbr=on}} away from the coastal area. Hanoi contains three basic kind of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and mountainous zone. In general, the terrain is gradually lower from the north to the south and from the west to the east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above the sea level. The hills and mountainous zones are located in the northern and western part of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located in the western part of the region.

=== Climate ===
[[File:Hanoi SPOT 1120.jpg|thumb|Hanoi seen from Spot Satellite]]
Hanoi features a warm [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') with plentiful precipitation.<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal | author=Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. | year=2007 | title= Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | issn = 1027-5606}}</ref> The city experiences the typical climate of northern Vietnam, with 4 distinct seasons.<ref name=climate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221133515/http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |archivedate=February 21, 2009 |url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs1/vn/gioithieuchunghanoi/group1/index.htm |title=KHÁI QUÁT VỀ HÀ NỘI |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=October 17, 2015 }}{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Summer, from May until August, is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall.<ref name=climate/> September to October is fall, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation.<ref name=climate/> Winter, from November to January, is dry and cool by national standards.<ref name=climate/> The city is usually cloudy and foggy in winter, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February.

Hanoi averages {{convert|1680|mm|1}} of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to September. There are an average of 114 days with rain.<ref name=climate/>

The average annual temperature is {{convert|23.6|°C|0|abbr=on}} with a mean relative humidity of 79%.<ref name=climate/> The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|42.8|°C|0|abbr=on}} on May 1926 while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|2.7|°C|0|abbr=on}} on January 1955.<ref name=climate/>

{{Weather box|location = Hanoi (1898–1990)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 32.0
|Feb record high C = 34.7
|Mar record high C = 37.2
|Apr record high C = 39.0
|May record high C = 42.8
|Jun record high C = 40.4
|Jul record high C = 40.1
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 39.0
|Oct record high C = 35.5
|Nov record high C = 34.7
|Dec record high C = 31.5
|year record high C = 42.8
|Jan high C = 19.3
|Feb high C = 19.9
|Mar high C = 22.8
|Apr high C = 27.0
|May high C = 31.5
|Jun high C = 32.6
|Jul high C = 32.9
|Aug high C = 31.9
|Sep high C = 30.9
|Oct high C = 28.6
|Nov high C = 25.2
|Dec high C = 21.8
|year high C = 27.0
|Jan mean C = 16.5
|Feb mean C = 17.5
|Mar mean C = 20.5
|Apr mean C = 24.2
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 29.2
|Jul mean C = 29.5
|Aug mean C = 28.8
|Sep mean C = 27.8
|Oct mean C = 25.3
|Nov mean C = 21.9
|Dec mean C = 18.6
|year mean C = 24.0
|Jan low C = 13.7
|Feb low C = 15.0
|Mar low C = 18.1
|Apr low C = 21.4
|May low C = 24.3
|Jun low C = 25.8
|Jul low C = 26.1
|Aug low C = 25.7
|Sep low C = 24.7
|Oct low C = 21.9
|Nov low C = 18.5
|Dec low C = 15.3
|year low C = 20.9
|Jan record low C = 2.7
|Feb record low C = 6.0
|Mar record low C = 7.4
|Apr record low C = 13.0
|May record low C = 17.2
|Jun record low C = 20.0
|Jul record low C = 22.2
|Aug record low C = 22.2
|Sep record low C = 17.4
|Oct record low C = 14.0
|Nov record low C = 10.0
|Dec record low C = 5.0
|year record low C = 2.7
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 18.6
|Feb rain mm = 26.2
|Mar rain mm = 43.8
|Apr rain mm = 90.1
|May rain mm = 188.5
|Jun rain mm = 239.9
|Jul rain mm = 288.2
|Aug rain mm = 318.0
|Sep rain mm = 265.4
|Oct rain mm = 130.7
|Nov rain mm = 43.4
|Dec rain mm = 23.4
|year rain mm = 1676.2
|Jan rain days = 8.4
|Feb rain days = 11.3
|Mar rain days = 15.0
|Apr rain days = 13.3
|May rain days = 14.2
|Jun rain days = 14.7
|Jul rain days = 15.7
|Aug rain days = 16.7
|Sep rain days = 13.7
|Oct rain days = 9.0
|Nov rain days = 6.5
|Dec rain days = 6.0
|year rain days = 144.5
|Jan humidity = 78
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 83
|Apr humidity = 83
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 78
|Jul humidity = 79
|Aug humidity = 82
|Sep humidity = 79
|Oct humidity = 75
|Nov humidity = 74
|Dec humidity = 75

|Jan sun = 68.2
|Feb sun = 45.2
|Mar sun = 43.4
|Apr sun = 81.0
|May sun = 164.3
|Jun sun = 156.0
|Jul sun = 182.9
|Aug sun = 164.3
|Sep sun = 162.0
|Oct sun = 164.3
|Nov sun = 126.0
|Dec sun = 108.5
|year sun=1466.1
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]],<ref name = WMO >
{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/082/c00308.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service - Hanoi
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| accessdate = August 11, 2012
}}</ref> [[BBC Weather]] (humidity) <ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/weather/forecast/1355
| title = BBC Weather - Hanoi
| accessdate = 2011-07-28
| work = BBC News
| publisher = BBC}}</ref>
|source 2 = Pogoda.ru.net (records),<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/48831.htm
| title = ПОГОДА в Ханое
| trans_title= Weather in Hanoi
| accessdate = October 17, 2015
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = Russian}}</ref> (May record high and January record low only),<ref name=climate/> (sunshine hours only)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.berlin.de/imperia/md/content/asienpazifikforum/apw/apw2009/praesentationen/prof._le_vietnam.10.2009.ppt
| title = Solar Energy and Solar Photovoltaics in Vietnam
| accessdate = May 15, 2013
}}</ref>
|date=September 2011}}

==Administrative divisions==
Hà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When [[Ha Tay]] was merged into Hanoi in 2008, [[Hà Đông]] was transformed into an urban district while [[Sơn Tây]] degraded to a district-leveled town. They are further subdivided into 22 commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards.
[[File:Bản đồ Hà Nội.png|thumb|Administrative divisions of Hanoi]]

===List of local government divisions===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-size:120%;"
!colspan=5| Subdivisions of Hanoi
|-
! Provincial Cities/Districts<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn">{{cite web|url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/ |title=Cổng giao tiếp điện tử Thành Phố Hà Nội |publisher=Hanoi.gov.vn |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-06-18}}</ref> !! Wards<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/> !! Population<ref name="hanoi.gov.vn"/>
|-
| colspan=5 | ''1 town (Thị xã)''
|-
| [[Sơn Tây (Hanoi)|Sơn Tây Town]] || 15 || 113.474 || 181,831
|-
| colspan=5 | ''12 urban districts (Quận)''
|-
| [[Ba Đình District]] || 14 || 9.224 || 228,352
|-
| [[Tu Liem|Bắc Từ Liêm District]] || 13 || 43.35 || 320,414
|-
| [[Cầu Giấy District]] || 8 || 12.04 || 251,000
|-
| [[Đống Đa District]] || 21 || 9.96 || 408,000
|-
| [[Hai Bà Trưng District]] || 20 || 14.6 || 378,000
|-
| [[Hà Đông|Hà Đông District]] || 17 || 47.917 || 250,687
|-
| [[Hoàn Kiếm District]] || 18 || 5.29 || 178,073
|-
| [[Hoàng Mai District]] || 14 || 41.04 || 358,277
|-
| [[Long Biên District]] || 14 || 60.38 || 273,706
|-
| [[Tu Liem|Nam Từ Liêm District]] || 10 || 32.27 || 232,894
|-
| [[Tây Hồ District]] || 8 || 24 || 115,163
|-
| [[Thanh Xuân District]] || 11 || 9.11 || 259,000 (2011)
|-
| '''Subtotal''' || '''145''' || '''233.56''' || '''3,435,394'''
|-
| colspan=5 | ''17 rural districts (Huyện)''
|-
| [[Ba Vì District]] || 31 + 1 town || 428.0 || 242,600 (1999)
|-
| [[Chương Mỹ District]] || 30 + 2 towns || 232.9 || 261,000 (2013)
|-
| [[Đan Phượng District]] || 15 + 1 town || 76.8 || 124,900
|-
| [[Đông Anh District]] || 23 + 1 town || 182.3 || 376,750 (2009)
|-
| [[Gia Lâm District]] || 20 + 2 towns || 114.0 || 251,275 (2011)
|-
| [[Hoài Đức District]] || 19 + 1 town || 95.3 || 188,800
|-
| [[Mê Linh District]] || 16 + 2 towns || 141.26 || 187,536 (2008)
|-
| [[Mỹ Đức District]] || 21 + 1 town || 230.0 || 167,700 (1999)
|-
| [[Phú Xuyên District]] || 26 + 2 towns || 171.1 || 181,500
|-
| [[Phúc Thọ District]] || 25 + 1 town || 113.2 || 154,800 (2001)
|-
| [[Quốc Oai District]] || 20 + 1 town || 136.0 (2001) || 146,700 (2001)
|-
| [[Sóc Sơn District]] || 25 + 1 town || 306.51 || 254,000
|-
| [[Thanh Trì District]] || 15 + 1 town || 63.17 || 241,000 (2009)
|-
| [[Thanh Oai District]] || 20 + 1 town || 129.6 || 142,600 (2007)
|-
| [[Thạch Thất District]] || 22 + 1 town || 128.1 || 149,000 (2003)
|-
| [[Thường Tín District]] || 28 + 1 town || 127.7 || 208,000
|-
| [[Ứng Hòa District]] || 28 + 1 town || 183.72 || 193,731 (2005)
|-
| '''Subtotal''' || '''399 + 22 towns''' || '''3,266.186''' || '''3,972,851'''
|-
| '''Total''' || '''559 + 22 towns''' || '''3,344.47''' || '''7,408,245'''
|}

==Demographics==
[[File:ao dai APEC.jpg|thumb|Hanoian women wearing traditional costume [[Áo dài]] during [[APEC]] Summit 2006]]
Hanoi's population is constantly growing (about 3.5% per year), a reflection of the fact that the city is both a major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's political centre. This population growth also puts a lot of pressure on the [[infrastructure]], some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century.

The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of the neighbourhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system. {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and [[Subscriber identity module|SIM cards]] are readily available in Vietnam, with [[Prepaid mobile phone|pre-paid mobile phone credit]] available in all areas of Hanoi.

==Economy==

Hanoi has the highest [[Human Development Index]] among the cities in Vietnam. {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}According to a recent ranking by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], Hanoi will be the fastest growing city in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bbgv.org/download/businessnewsfiles/december/2009_11_10_PwC_Hanoi%20&%20HCMC_top%20positions_economic%20growth_08-25_Final_EN_.pdf
|title = Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are topping the world's highest economic growth cities in 2008-2025
|publisher = PricewaterhouseCoopers
|date=2009-11-10}}</ref> In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached 451,213 billion VND (21.48 billion USD) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (3,000 USD).<ref>http://thongkehanoi.gov.vn/uploads/files/source/NGTK%202013%20-TKQG%20%20Ngan%20sach%20ngan%20hang.pdf</ref>
Industrial production in the city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991–95, 15.9 percent from 1996–2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003. {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses currently operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Kinh-doanh/2007/04/3B9F5334/|title='Tram hoa' doanh nghiep dua no|publisher=VnExpress}}</ref>
[[File:West Hanoi.jpg|thumb|West Hanoi]]
Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996–2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003. {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role. Hanoi's business districts are traditionally [[Hoàn Kiếm District|Hoàn Kiếm]], [[Đống Đa District]] and the neighborhood; and a newly developing [[Cầu Giấy District|Cầu Giấy]] and [[Từ Liêm District|Từ Liêm]] in the western part.

Similar to [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing [[real estate]] market.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nld.com.vn/tintuc/kinh-te/215457.asp|title= NLĐO - Bat dong san Ha Noi soi dong ~ Bất động sản Hà Nội sôi động - KINH TẾ - TIÊU DÙNG}}</ref> The current most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh, [[Mỹ Đình]], the luxurious zones of [[The Manor (Hanoi)|The Manor]], [[Ciputra Tây hồ District(Hanoi)|Ciputra]] and [[Times City (Hai Bà Trưng District)|Times City]].

Agriculture, previously a pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques. {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

Together with economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system. {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

==Landmarks==
[[File:Hanoi citadel 2.jpg|thumb|North gate of [[Hanoi Citadel]] from inside (19th century)]]
As the capital of Vietnam for almost a thousand years, Hanoi is considered one of the main cultural centres of Vietnam, where most Vietnamese dynasties have left their imprint. Even though some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic monuments for visitors and residents alike. Even when the nation's capital moved to Huế under the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, the city of Hanoi continued to flourish, especially after the French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an important aesthetic to the city's rich stylistic heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any other city in Vietnam,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vietnamtourism.com/e_pages/country/province.asp?mt=844&uid=71
|work=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism
|title=The quick look at Hanoi
}}</ref> and boasts more than 1,000 years of history; that of the past few hundred years has been well preserved.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/vietnam/hanoi/frm_hanoi_0197010001.html
|work=The New York Times from Frommer's
|title=Introduction to Hanoi
|accessdate=May 4, 2010
| date=November 20, 2006
}}</ref>

=== Old Quarter ===
The Old Quarter, near Hoàn Kiếm Lake, has the original street layout and architecture of old Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century the city consisted of only about 36 streets, most of which are now part of the old quarter. Each street then had merchants and households specializing in a particular trade, such as silk or jewelry. The street names nowadays still reflect these specializations, although few of them remain exclusively in their original commerce.<ref>'A Scholar's Memoirs of the 36 Streets', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: ''Vietnam Past and Present: The North'' (History and culture of Hanoi and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.</ref> The area is famous for its small artisans and merchants, including many silk shops. Local cuisine specialties as well as several clubs and bars can be found here also. A night market (near [[Đồng Xuân Market]]) in the heart of the district opens for business every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening with a variety of clothing, souvenirs and food.

Some other prominent places are: The [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Temple of Literature]] (''Văn Miếu''), site of the oldest university in Vietnam 1010; [[One Pillar Pagoda]] (''Chùa Một Cột'') which was built based on the dream of king [[Lý Thái Tông]] (1028-1054) in 1049 ; [[Flag Tower of Hanoi]] (''Cột cờ Hà Nội''). In 2004, a massive part of the 900-year-old [[Hanoi Citadel]] was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of [[Ba Đình Square]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16dig.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin
|work=New York Times
|title=Thăng Long the ancient city underneath Hanoi |accessdate=2007-10-22
| first=Jennifer
| last=Pinkowski
| date=October 16, 2007
}}</ref>

=== Lakes ===
A city between rivers built from low land, Hanoi has many scenic lakes and is sometimes called "city of lakes." Among its lakes, the most famous are [[Hoàn Kiếm Lake]], [[West Lake (Hanoi)|West Lake]], and Bay Mau Lake (inside Thongnhat Park). Hoan Kiem Lake, also known as Sword Lake, is the historical and cultural center of Hanoi, and is linked to the legend of the [[Thuận Thiên (sword)|magic sword]]. West Lake (Hồ Tây) is a popular place for people to spend time. It is the largest lake in Hanoi and there are many temples in the area. The lakeside road in the Nghi Tam - Quang Ba area is perfect for bicycling, jogging and viewing the cityscape or enjoying lotus ponds in the summer. The best way to see the majestic beauty of a West lake sunset is to view it from one of the many bars around the lake, especially the Sofitel Plaza rooftop bar.

=== Colonial Hanoi ===
[[File:Hanoi residence.JPG|thumb|Hotel Metropole in colonial Hanoi]]
Under French rule, as an administrative centre for the French colony of Indochina, the French colonial architecture style became dominant, and many examples remain today: the tree-lined boulevards (e.g. Phan Dinh Phung street) and its many villas and mansions, [[Hanoi Opera House|Grand Opera House]], [[State Bank of Vietnam]] (formerly The Bank of Indochina), [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace]] (formerly the Palace of the Governor-General of French Indochina), [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]], and the historic [[Sofitel Metropole|Hotel Metropole]]. Many of the colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and traditional Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the National Museum of Vietnamese History, the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts and the old Indochina Medical College. Gouveneur-Général [[Paul Doumer]] (1898-1902) played a crucial role in colonial Hanoi's urban planning. Under his tenure there was a major construction boom.<ref>Michael G. Vann, “Building Whiteness on the Red River: Race, Power, and Urbanism in Paul Doumer’s Hanoi, 1897-1902," ''Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques'', 2007</ref>

Critical historians of empire have noted that French colonial rule imposed a system of white supremacy on the city. Vietnamese subjects supplied labor and tax revenue, but the privileges and comforts of the city went to the white population. French efforts at rat eradication revealed some of the colonial city's racial double-standards.<ref>Michael G. Vann, "Of Rats, Rice, and Race: The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre, an Episode in French Colonial History," French Colonial History, May, 2003</ref>
[[File:Njdjkajs.jpg|thumb|Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh Area]]

===Museums===
[[File:Ssfddf.jpg|thumb|New City Trung Hoa]]
Hanoi is home to a number of museums:
* [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]]
* [[Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts]]
* [[Vietnam Museum of Ethnology]]
* [[Vietnam Museum of Revolution]]
* [[Hỏa Lò Prison]] (Hanoi Hilton)
* [[Ho Chi Minh Museum]]
* [[Hanoi Contemporary Arts Centre]]
* [[Vietnam Military History Museum]]
* [[Hanoi Museum]]

==Tourism==
Hanoi is a very picturesque city, the metropolis sometimes dubbed the [[Paris of the East (disambiguation)|Paris of the East]]. With its tree-fringed boulevards, more than two dozen lakes and thousands of French colonial-era buildings, Hanoi is a popular tourist attraction.

Since 2014, Hanoi has consistently been voted in the world's top ten destinations by TripAdvisor. It ranked 8th in 2014,<ref>http://www.businessinsider.com/tripadvisors-most-popular-travel-destinations-2014-4?op=1</ref> 4th in 2015<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/24/travel/gallery/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2015/</ref> and 8th in 2016.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/21/travel/tripadvisor-top-world-destinations-2016-feat/</ref>

Hanoi is the most affordable international destination in TripAdvisor's annual TripIndex report. Created to help travelers plan and budget their summer holiday, the TripIndex looks at the average cost of a three-night trip in 60 key tourist cities around the world.

==Entertainment==
[[File:Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre 2.jpg|thumb|Performance of the water puppet theatre ''Thăng Long'']]
A variety of options for entertainment in Hanoi can be found throughout the city. Modern and traditional theaters, cinemas, karaoke bars, dance clubs, bowling alleys, and an abundance of opportunities for shopping provide leisure activity for both locals and tourists. Hanoi has been named one of the top 10 cities for shopping in Asia by Water Puppet Tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waterpuppettours.com/ |title=Detailed results and winners of the online Smart Travel Asia Best in Travel Poll 2009|publisher=Smarttravelasia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-18}}</ref> The number of art galleries exhibiting Vietnamese art has dramatically increased in recent years, now including galleries such as "Nhat Huy" of [[Huynh Thong Nhat]].

A popular traditional form of entertainment is [[Water puppetry]], which is shown, for example, at the ''Thăng Long Water Puppet Theatre.''

===Shopping===
[[File:Trang Tien Plaza.jpg|thumb|Trang Tien Plaza
]]
With rapid economic growth and extremely high population density, many modern shopping centers and megamalls have been opened in Hanoi.

Major malls are:
* [[Trang Tien Plaza]], High-end Mall on Trang Tien street (right next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake), [[Hoàn Kiếm District]]
* [[Vincom Center]], a modern mall with hi-end CGV cineplex, Ba Trieu Street (just 2 km from Hoan Kiem lake), [[Hai Bà Trưng District]]
* [[Parkson]] Department Store, Tây Sơn Street, [[Đống Đa District]];
* [[ThegardenShoppingCenter|The Garden Shopping Center]], [[Me Tri]] - [[Mỹ Đình]], [[Từ Liêm District]]
* Indochina Plaza, Xuan Thuy street, [[Cầu Giấy District]]
* Vincom Royal City Megamall, the largest underground mall in Asia with 230,000 square metres of shops, restaurants, cineplex, waterpark, ice skating rink; Nguyen Trai street (approx 6 km from Hoan Kiem Lake), [[Thanh Xuân District]]
* Vincom Times City Megamall, another megamall of 230,000 square metres including shops, restaurants, cineplex, huge musical fountain on central square and a giant aquarium; Minh Khai street (approx 5 km from Hoan Kiem Lake), Hai Ba Trung district
*[[File:Nhac nuoc.jpg|thumb|Times City mall]]Lotte Department Store, opened September 2014, Liễu Giai Street, Ba Đình District
* Aeon Mall Long Bien opened last October 2015, Long Bien District

==Cuisine==
Hanoi has rich culinary traditions. Many of Vietnam's most famous dishes, such as [[phở]], [[chả cá]], [[bánh cuốn]] and [[cốm]] are believed to have originated in Hanoi. Perhaps most widely known is Phở—a simple rice noodle soup often eaten as breakfast at home or at street-side cafes, but also served in restaurants as a meal. Two varieties dominate the Hanoi scene: Phở Bò, containing beef, Phở Gà, containing chicken, Bún chả, containing pork.

Vietnam's national dish [[phở]] has been named as one of the Top 5 streetfoods in the world by globalpost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/food/100114/best-street-food-vendors |title=Best Street Food | Vietnamese Pho | Peruvian Food |publisher=Globalpost.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-18}}</ref>

Hanoi has a number of restaurants whose menus specifically offer dishes containing dog, snake<ref>{{cite web|title=Nguyen Van Duc Snake Restaurant|url=http://tnhvietnam.xemzi.com/vi/spot/3110/nguyen-van-duc-snake-restaurant-hanoi|work=TNH Hanoi|publisher=TNH|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Culinary Adventures in Hanoi|url=http://www.willchase.com/hanoi_snake.html|work=Will Chase Arts|publisher=Will Chase|accessdate=4 November 2012|author=Will Chase|year=2005}}</ref> and various species of insects. Insect-inspired menus can be found at a number of restaurants in Khuong Thuong village, Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Insect food in Hanoi|url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/en/society/8879/insect-food-in-hanoi.html|work=VietNamNet Bridge|publisher=VietNamNet Bridge|accessdate=4 November 2012|author=VietNamNet Bridge|date=1 June 2007}}</ref> The signature dishes at these restaurant are those containing processed [[Ant|ant-eggs]], often in the culinary styles of [[Thai cuisine|Thai people]] or Vietnam's [[Muong people|Muong]] and [[Tay people|Tay]] [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|ethnic people]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Caught the bug yet?|url=http://www.restaurants-in-hanoi.com/news-and-promotions/2939.html|work=Restaurants in Hanoi|publisher=Restaurants in Hanoi|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:DHYDuoc.jpg|thumb|Indochina Medical College in the early 20th century, today the [[Hanoi Medical University]]]]
Hanoi, as the capital of French Indochina, was home to the first Western-style universities in Indochina, including: ''Indochina Medical College'' (1902) - now [[Hanoi Medical University]], ''Indochina University'' (1904) - now [[Vietnam National University, Hanoi|Hanoi National University]] (the largest), and ''École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine'' (1925) - now [[Hanoi College of Fine Arts|Hanoi University of Fine Art]].

After the Communist Party took control over Hanoi in 1954 with support from the Soviet Union, many new universities were built, among them, [[Hanoi University of Technology]], still the largest technical university in Vietnam. Recently ULIS ([[University of Languages and International Studies]]) was rated as one of the top universities in south-east Asia for languages and language studies at the undergraduate level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/vietnam-national-university-hanoi/undergrad |title=Vietnam National University, Hanoi |publisher=Top Universities |date=2012-12-08 |accessdate=2013-11-24}}</ref> Other universities that are not part of Vietnam National University or Hanoi University include Hanoi School for Public Health and Hanoi School of Agriculture and [[University of Transport and Communications]].

Hanoi is the largest center of education in Vietnam. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in the whole country are living and working in Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hanoi.gov.vn/hanoiwebs/en/hanoi_capital/group1/index.htm
|work=Hanoi City People's Committee
|title=Hanoi - The capital of Vietnam: Preface
}}</ref> Admissions to undergraduate study are through entrance examinations, which are conducted annually and open for everyone (who has successfully completed his/her secondary education) in the country. The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, although in recent years a number of private universities have begun operation. [[Thăng Long University]], founded in 1988, by some Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France<ref>{{cite web|author=Viet Nam News |url=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=01INN290106 |title=Viet Nam News |publisher=Vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn |date=1998-04-09 |accessdate=2010-06-18}}</ref> is the first private university in Vietnam. Because many of Vietnam's major universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces (especially in the northern part of the country) wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrance examination. Such events usually take place in June and July, during which a large number of students and their families converge on the city for several weeks around this intense examination period. In recent years, these entrance exams have been centrally coordinated by the Ministry of Education, but passing marks are decided independently by each university.

Although there are state owned [[kindergarten]]s, there are also many private ventures that serve both local and international needs. Pre-tertiary (elementary and secondary) schools in Hanoi are generally state run, but there are also some independent schools. Education is equivalent to the K–12 system in the U.S., with [[Primary education|elementary school]] between grades 1 and 5, [[middle school]] (or junior high) between grades 6 and 9, and [[high school]] from grades 10 to 12.

==Transport{{anchor|Transportation}}==
{{see also|Buses in Hanoi}}
[[File:Fggg.jpg|thumb|Inside International Terminal]]
Hanoi is served by [[Noi Bai International Airport]], located in the Soc Son District, approximately {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} north of Hanoi. The new international terminal (T2), designed and built by Japanese contractors, opened in January 2015 and is a big facelift for Noibai International Airport. In addition, a new highway and the new [[Nhật Tân Bridge|Nhat Tan cable-stay bridge]] connecting the airport and the city center opened at the same time, offering much more convenience than the old road (via Thanglong bridge). Taxis are plentiful and usually have trip meters, although it is also common to agree on the trip price before taking a taxi from the airport to the city centre.

Hanoi is also the origin or departure point for many [[Vietnam Railways]] train routes in the country. The [[North–South Railway (Vietnam)|Reunification Express]] (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to [[Ho Chi Minh City]] from Hanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains also depart Hanoi frequently for Hai Phong and other northern cities. The Reunification Express line was established during French colonial rule and was completed over a period of nearly forty years, from 1899 to 1936.<ref>{{cite web|title=Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: Greater Mekong Subregion Kunming–Hai Phong Transport Corridor: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project|url=http://www2.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/VIE/39175-VIE-RRP.pdf|work=Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors: Project Number: 39175: Asian Development Bank|publisher=Asian Development Bank|accessdate=4 November 2012|date=November 2006}}</ref> The Reunification Express between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City covers a distance of {{convert|1726|km|0|abbr=on}} and takes approximately 33 hours.<ref>{{cite web|title=A fast, vast steel spine|url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/a-fast-vast-steel-spine-20120518-1yuq9.html|work=Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=4 November 2012|author=Mark Smith|date=19 May 2012}}</ref> As of 2005, there were 278 stations on the Vietnamese railway network, of which 191 were located along the North-South line.
[[File:Ban do.jpg|thumb|Hanoi Metro Map]]
The main means of transport within Hanoi city are motorbikes, buses, taxis, and a rising number of cars. In recent decades, motorbikes have overtaken bicycles as the main form of transportation. The increased number of motorcycles can cause gridlock. To minimize this and the negative consequences for the environment and health, the local government is trying to increase public transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imminent gridlock |author1=Hans-Heinrich Bass |author2=Thanh Trung Nguyen |publisher=dandc.eu |date=March 2013 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/vietnam-needs-tackle-urban-traffic-congestion}}</ref> Public buses run on many routes and fares can be purchased on the bus, with very cheap prices (30 cents for a journey where a taxi might cost $10).

There are 2 [[Hanoi Metro|metro lines]] under construction in Hanoi now.<ref>http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dde43a4a-c0de-11e5-a8c6-deeeb63d6d4b.html</ref> The first one is expected to be operational in 2016, the second in 2018.

Persons on their own or traveling in a pair who wish to make a fast trip around Hanoi to avoid traffic jams or to travel at an irregular time or by way of an irregular route often use "xe ôm" (literally, "hug bike"). Motorbikes can also be rented from agents within the Old Quarter of Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Around Hanoi|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/hanoi/0197020156.html|work=Frommer's|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:my dinh stadium.jpg|thumb|Mỹ Đình National Stadium]]There are several gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Hanoi. The biggest ones are [[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]] (Lê Đức Thọ Boulevard), [[Quan Ngua Sporting Palace]] (Văn Cao Avenue), [[Hanoi Aquatics Sports Complex]] and [[Mỹ Đình Indoor Athletics Gymnasium]]. The others include [[Hàng Đẫy Stadium|Hà Nội Stadium]] (as known as Hàng Đẫy stadium). [[2009 Asian Indoor Games|The third Asian Indoor Games]] were held in Hanoi in 2009. The others are [[Hai Bà Trưng Gymnasium]], [[Trịnh Hoài Đức Gymnasium]], [[Vạn Bảo Sports Complex]].

==Health care and other facilities==
[[File:Benh vien.jpg|thumb|Vinmec Hospital]]
Some medical facilities in Hanoi:
*[[Bạch Mai Hospital]]
*[[Viet Duc Hospital]]
*[[Saint Paul Hospital]]
*[[Hospital 108]]
*[[Hôpital Français de Hanoi]]
*[[International SOS]]
*[[Hanoi Medical University Hospital]]
* Thanh Nhan Hospital
* Vinmec International Hospital

==International relations==
Hanoi is a member of the [[Asian Network of Major Cities 21]] and the [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]].

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia#Vietnam|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Vietnam}}

===Twin towns and sister cities===
Hanoi is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{{colbegin||18em}}
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[China]]
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazpravda.softdeco.net/c/1253012746 |author=Ilia Lobster |title=Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation |publisher=KazPravda.kz |date=9 September 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], [[Hong Kong]]
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi - Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=2013-07-21|language=Turkish}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,3 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy - Strona 4 |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2011-06-17}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], France
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefecture]], Japan
*{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/07/hanoi-days-in-moscow-helps-sister.html|title= Hanoi Days in Moscow help sister cities|publisher=Vbusinessnews.com}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Manila]], Philippines
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angoulême]], France<ref name="Angoulême twinnings">{{cite web | url =http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=21#tabs3 | title = National Commission for Decentralised cooperation | accessdate = 2013-12-26 | work = Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) | language = French}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref name="Seoul twinnings2">{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities |accessdate=26 January 2008 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |archivedate=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Seoul twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 | title = Seoul -Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine]|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25)}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/sister-cities.php |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Phnompenh.gov.kh |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Isfahan]], Iran
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canada
*{{flagicon|SEY}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web| url = http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Tin-noi-bat/Thu-tuong-Nguyen-Tan-Dung-hoi-kien-Tong-thong-Seychelles/179774.vgp| title = Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng hội kiến Tổng thống Seychelles| accessdate = 2013-08-29 | publisher = BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM}}</ref>
{{colend}}

==Image gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Pen Tower in Hanoi.jpg|''Tháp Bút'' (Pen Tower) with a phrase "''Tả thanh thiên''" (meaning "Write on the sky") next to Hoàn Kiếm Lake (2007)
File:Presidential Palace Hanoi 388606781 40a24f0ceb.jpg|[[Presidential Palace, Hanoi]] (formerly Place of The Governor-General of French Indochina)
|[[Vietnam National Convention Center]] on [[Pham Hung]] Boulevard
File: Bacbophu.jpg|State Guest House
File: St. Joseph's Cathedral - Hanoi, Vietnam.jpg|The cathedral St-Joseph
File:bao tang my thuat.jpg|National Museum of Fine Art
File:ha noi from nikko.jpg|Park of Reunification (former [[Vladimir Lenin]] park)
File:Nha-quoc-hoi.jpg|thumb|Parliament House
|Long Biên Bridge seen from a rural island looking towards the city centre
|[[Đồng Xuân Market]]
|Tran Quoc pagoda
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Hanoi}}
{{Portal|Vietnam}}
*[[Gioi Market]]
*[[Đồng Xuân Market]]
*[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
*[[North–South Railway (Vietnam)]]
*[[List of historical capitals of Vietnam]]
<div class = noprint>
* {{intitle}}</div>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
*{{Cite book |title=Hanoi: City Of The Rising Dragon|last=Boudarel|first=Georges|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|isbn=0-7425-1655-5}}
* Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: ''Vietnam Past and Present: The North'' (History and culture of [http://taxiketnoi.wordpress.com/category/1-trang-chu/ Hanoi] and Tonkin). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.
*{{Cite book |title=Hanoi: Biography of a City|last=Logan|first=William S.|year=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=0-295-98014-1}}

==External links==
*[http://www.english.hanoi.gov.vn/ Official Site of Hanoi Government]
*[http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/travel/18hanoi.html An article in ''New York Times'' about Hanoi]
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Hanoi
|North = [[Thái Nguyên Province]]
|north-east = [[Bắc Giang Province]]
|East = [[Bắc Ninh Province]]
|south-east = [[Hưng Yên Province]]
|South = [[Hà Nam Province]]
|south-west = [[Hòa Bình Province]]
|West = [[Phú Thọ Province]]
|north-west = [[Vĩnh Phúc Province]]
}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Hanoi
|list =
{{Hanoi}}
{{Subdivisions of Vietnam|collapsed=yes}}
{{Cities in Viet Nam}}
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{Asian Games Host Cities}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Capitals in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Hanoi]]
[[Category:District capitals in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Hanoi| ]]
[[Category:Red River Delta]]
[[Category:1010 establishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Port cities in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Cities in Vietnam]]

Ender's Game (novel series)

2013-08-19T20:37:52Z

Bhajun Singh: Specifying a future release

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
The '''''Ender's Game'' series''' (often referred to as the '''Enderverse''' or the '''''Ender'' saga''') is a series of [[science fiction]] books by [[Orson Scott Card]]. The series started with the [[Novella|novelette]] "[[Ender's Game (short story)|Ender's Game]]", which was later expanded into the novel ''[[Ender's Game]]''. It currently consists of twelve novels, twelve short stories, and 47 comic issues. The first two novels in the series, ''Ender's Game'' and ''[[Speaker for the Dead]]'', each won both the [[Hugo Award|Hugo]]<ref name="WWE-1986">{{cite web | url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1986 | title = 1986 Award Winners & Nominees | work = Worlds Without End | accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref><ref name="WWE-1987">{{cite web | url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1987 | title = 1987 Award Winners & Nominees | work = Worlds Without End | accessdate=2009-07-15 }}</ref> and [[Nebula Award|Nebula]]<ref name="WWE-1986"/><ref name="WWE-1985">{{cite web| url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1985 | title = 1985 Award Winners & Nominees | work = Worlds Without End | accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> Awards, and were among the most influential science fiction novels of the 1980s.

The series is set in a future where mankind is facing annihilation by an aggressive alien society, an insect-like race known colloquially as "Buggers" but more formally as "[[Formics]]". The central character, [[Ender Wiggin|Andrew "Ender" Wiggin]], is one of the child soldiers trained at [[List of Ender's Game series organizations#Battle School|Battle School]] (and eventually [[List of Ender's Game series organizations#Command School|Command School]]) to be the future leaders of the protection of Earth.

==Ender series==
Card first wrote ''Ender's Game'' as a novelette, but went back and expanded it into a novel so he could use Ender as a main character in another novel, ''[[Speaker for the Dead]]''. That novel takes place three thousand and 2 years after ''Ender's Game'', although due to [[special relativity|relativistic]] space travel, Ender himself (now using his full name, Andrew) is only 36, making him only 25 years older than he was at the end of the Formic Wars.

While the first novel concerned itself with armies and space warfare, ''Speaker for the Dead'' and its two sequels ''[[Xenocide]]'' and ''[[Children of the Mind]]'' are more philosophical in nature. They deal with the difficult relationship between the humans and the "Piggies" (or "[[Pequeninos]]"), and Andrew's (Ender's) attempts to stop another xenocide from happening.

''[[A War of Gifts: An Ender Story]]'' was released in October 2007.<ref name="Fantastic Fiction">[http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/c/orson-scott-card/ Orson Scott Card at Fantastic Fiction]</ref> It is set during Ender's first year in Battle School.

A prequel to ''[[Speaker for the Dead]]'' named ''[[Ender in Exile]]'' was released in November 2008. It involves Ender's journey to the first colony, as well as his meeting a character from the Shadow saga, effectively wrapping up the final plotline of the parallel series.

==Shadow saga==
Starting with ''[[Ender's Shadow]]'', four more novels have been released which tell the story of the people whom Ender left behind – this has been dubbed the ''Shadow saga'' (also known as the "Bean Quartet"). ''Ender's Shadow'' is a parallel novel to ''Ender's Game'', telling many of the same events from the perspective of [[Julian Delphiki|Bean]], a mostly peripheral character in ''Ender's Game'', while ''[[Shadow of the Hegemon]]'', ''[[Shadow Puppets]]'' and ''[[Shadow of the Giant]]'' tell the story of the struggle for world dominance after the Bugger War, in which the Battle School children, as well as Ender's brother, [[Peter Wiggin]], are involved.

A sequel novel to ''Shadow of the Giant'' named ''[[Shadows in Flight]]'' further introduces Bean's children.

''[[Shadows Alive]]'', a future sequel, takes place after both ''Children of the Mind'' and ''Shadows in Flight'', tying up the two series, and explaining some unanswered questions.

==The First Formic War==
Card and Aaron Johnston have planned a trilogy to cover events in the First Formic War. ''[[Earth Unaware]]'', a prequel to the entire ''Ender'' series, was released on July 17, 2012. ''[[Earth Afire]]'', was released on June 4, 2013,<ref>{{Twitter status
| user = AaronWJohnston
| name = Aaron Johnston
| statusid = 263428133984796672
| title = EARTH AFIRE, the sequel to EARTH UNAWARE by me and @orsonscottcard will be released on June 4, 2013.
| date = October 30, 2012
| accessdate = April 12, 2013
}}</ref> to be followed by ''Earth Awakens''.<ref>{{Twitter status
| user = AaronWJohnston
| name= Aaron Johnston
| statusid = 312561711448195072
| title = Title for book 3 of First Formic Trilogy will be EARTH AWAKENS
| date = March 15, 2013
| accessdate = April 12, 2013
}}</ref>

== Novels in the series ==
To date, there are six novels in the Ender's Game series and five novels in the Shadow series. According to Card, there is no strictly preferred order of reading them, except that ''[[Xenocide]]'' should be read right before ''[[Children of the Mind]]''.<ref name="ender-order">{{cite web
| last = Card
| first = Orson Scott
| authorlink = Orson Scott Card
| url = http://www.hatrack.com/faq/003.shtml
| title = Question: What's the 'preferred' order of reading the Ender series?
| work = Frequently Asked Questions
| publisher = Hatrack.com
| accessdate = 2007-05-15
}}</ref>
The books can be read in the order in which they were originally written or in chronological order.

=== Publication date ===

# ''[[Ender's Game]]'' (1985) – Nebula Award winner, 1985;<ref name="WWE-1986"/> Hugo Award winner, 1986;<ref name="WWE-1986"/> Locus Award nominee, 1986<ref name="WWE-1986"/>
# ''[[Speaker for the Dead]]'' (1986) – Nebula Award winner, 1986;<ref name="WWE-1986"/> Hugo & Locus Awards winner, 1987;<ref name="WWE-1986"/> Campbell Award nominee, 1987<ref name="WWE-1986"/>
# ''[[Xenocide]]'' (1991) – Hugo and Locus Awards nominee, 1992<ref name="WWE-1992">{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1992
| title = 1992 Award Winners & Nominees
| work = Worlds Without End
| accessdate=2009-07-15
}}</ref>
# ''[[Children of the Mind]]'' (1996)
# ''[[Ender's Shadow]]'' (1999) – Shortlisted for a Locus Award, 2000<ref name="WWE-2000">{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=2000
| title = 2000 Award Winners & Nominees
| work = Worlds Without End
| accessdate=2009-07-15
}}</ref>
# ''[[Shadow of the Hegemon]]'' (2001) – Shortlisted for a Locus Award, 2002<ref name="WWE-2002">{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=2002
| title = 2002 Award Winners & Nominees
| work = Worlds Without End
| accessdate=2009-07-15
}}</ref>
# ''[[Shadow Puppets]]'' (2002)
# ''[[First Meetings]]'' (2002) – short story collection
# ''[[Shadow of the Giant]]'' (2005)
# ''[[A War of Gifts: An Ender Story]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Ender in Exile]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Shadows in Flight]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Earth Unaware]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Earth Afire]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Shadows Alive]]'' (forthcoming, originally planned as part of "Shadows in Flight")

=== Chronological order ===
{{Ender's Game chronology chart}}

#''[[Earth Unaware]]''
#''[[Earth Afire]]''
#''Earth ''Awakens'''
# '''''[[First Meetings]]''
#''[[Ender's Game]]''
#''[[Ender's Shadow]]'' (Note: The events of Ender's Game and Ender's Shadow take place in roughly the same time period.)
#''[[A War of Gifts]]'' (Note: This takes place during Ender's Game/Ender's Shadow.)
#''[[Shadow of the Hegemon]]''
#''[[Shadow Puppets]]''
#''[[Shadow of the Giant]]''
#''[[Ender in Exile]]'' (Note: This takes place during Shadow of the Hegemon and through Shadow of the Giant)
#''[[Shadows in Flight]]''
#''[[Speaker for the Dead]]''
#''[[Xenocide]]''
#''[[Children of the Mind]]''
#''[[Shadows Alive]]''

==Short stories in the series==
{{main|List of Ender's Game series short stories}}

==Comic books in the series==
{{main|Ender's Game (comics)}}

Comic books in the Ender Universe are currently being published by [[Marvel Comics]].

==Ender's Game film==
{{main|Ender's Game (film)}}

The movie ''[[Ender's Game (film)|Ender's Game]]'' is set to release in the UK on October 25, 2013 and in the USA on November 1, 2013. The first script was based on two installments of the ''Ender'' series, ''Ender's Game'' and ''Ender's Shadow'', when optioned by Warner Brothers, but was adapted to focus exclusively on ''Ender's Game'' when purchased by Lionsgate.<ref>http://www.endersansible.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/7-18-2013-Interview.mp3</ref> The cast includes [[Harrison Ford]], [[Abigail Breslin]], [[Ben Kingsley]], and [[Asa Butterfield]] as Ender Wiggin. The film will be directed by [[Gavin Hood]].''<ref name="Ender's Game (2013)">{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1731141/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |title=Ender's Game |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-01-22}}</ref><ref name="Ender's Shadow Audiobook, author's epilogue">Ender's Shadow Audiobook, author's epilogue</ref>

==''The Authorized Ender Companion''==
Written by Jake Black, ''The Authorized Ender Companion'' is "the indispensable guide to the universe of ''Ender's Game''."<ref name="TAEC">{{cite book |title=The Authorized Ender Companion |last=Black |first=Jake |year=2009 |publisher=Tor Books |isbn=978-0-7653-2063-6 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref>
Sections in this book include: The Ender Encyclopedia, Ender's Timeline, Ender's Family Tree by Andrew Lindsay, Getting Ender Right: A Look at the ''Ender's Game'' Screenplay Development by Aaron Johnston, and The Technology of ''Ender's Game'' by Stephen Sywak. The majority of the book consists of encyclopedia references to the events, characters, locations, and technology found in the ''Ender's Game'' series up to the publication of ''[[Ender in Exile]]''.

The book is notable for having new and behind the scenes information on certain topics such as Battle School Slang, The Look of the Formics, The History of Hyrum Graff, Ender and Valentine's Travels, and Mazer Rackham's Spaceship.

==''Ender's World: Fresh Perspectives on the SF Classic Ender's Game''==
''Ender's World'' contains 14 essays from Science Fiction and Young Adult writers, as well as military strategists and others about various aspects of Ender’s Game. The book includes an introduction<ref name="Introduction Ender's World">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/introduction-enders-world/ Introduction: Ender's World]</ref> by Orson Scott Card, who edited ''Ender's World'' and answers from many fan-submitted Enderverse questions from the Smart Pop Books Website.<ref name="Smart Pop Books Q&A">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/ask-orson-scott-card-a-question-about-enders-game/ Ask Orson Scott Card a question about Ender’s Game!]</ref> The following essays are included in the compilation:
* "How It Should Have Ended" by Eric James Stone<ref name="How It Should Have Ended">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/how-it-should-have-ended/ "How It Should Have Ended" by Eric James Stone]</ref>
* "The Monster's Heart" by [[John Brown (American author)|John Brown]]<ref name="The Monster's Heart">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/the-monsters-heart/ "The Monster's Heart" by John Brown]</ref>
* "The Cost of Breaking the Rules" by [[Mary Robinette Kowal]]<ref name="The Cost of Breaking the Rules">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/the-monsters-heart/ "The Cost of Breaking the Rules" by Mary Robinette]</ref>
* "Winning and Losing in ''Ender’s Game''" by [[Hilari Bell]]<ref name="Winning and Losing in ''Ender’s Game''">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/winning-and-losing-in-enders-game/ "Winning and Losing in ''Ender’s Game''" by Hilari Bell]</ref>
* "Parallax Regained" by [[David Lubar]], Alison S. Myers<ref name="Parallax Regained">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/parallax-regained/ "Parallax Regained" by David Lubar, Alison S. Myers]</ref>
* "Mirror, Mirror" by [[Alethea Kontis]]<ref name="Mirror, Mirror">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/mirror-mirror/ "Mirror, Mirror" by Alethea Kontis]</ref>
* "Size Matters" by [[Janis Ian]]<ref name="Size Matters">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/size-matters/ "Size Matters" by Janis Ian]</ref>
* "Rethinking the Child Hero" by Aaron Johnston<ref name="Rethinking the Child Hero">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/rethinking-the-child-hero/ "Rethinking the Child Hero" by Aaron Johnston]</ref>
* "A Teenless World" by Mette Ivie Harrison<ref name="A Teenless World">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/a-teenless-world/ "A Teenless World" by Mette Ivie Harrison]</ref>
* "Ender on Leadership" by Colonel Tom Ruby<ref name="Ender on Leadership">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/ender-on-leadership/ "Ender on Leadership" by Colonel Tom Ruby]</ref>
* "Ender Wiggin, USMC" by John F. Schmitt<ref name="Ender Wiggin, USMC">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/ender-wiggin-usmc/ "Ender Wiggin, USMC" by John F. Schmitt]</ref>
* "The Price of Our Inheritance" by [[Neal Shusterman]]<ref name="The Price of Our Inheritance">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/the-price-of-our-inheritance/ "The Price of Our Inheritance" by Neal Shusterman]</ref>
* "If the Formics Love Their Children Too" by [[Ken Scholes]]<ref name="If the Formics Love Their Children Too">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/if-the-formics-love-their-children-too/ "If the Formics Love Their Children Too" by Ken Scholes]</ref>
* "''Ender's Game'': A Guide to Life" by [[Matt Nix]]<ref name="''Ender's Game'': A Guide to Life">[http://www.smartpopbooks.com/enders-game-a-guide-to-life/ "''Ender's Game'': A Guide to Life" by Matt Nix]</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
*[[Ender's Game (film)]]
*[[List of characters in the Ender's Game series]]
*[[List of works by Orson Scott Card]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hatrack.com The official Orson Scott Card website]
* The [http://us.macmillan.com/series/EnderQuartet Ender Quartet], [http://us.macmillan.com/series/EndersShadow Ender's Shadow], and [http://us.macmillan.com/series/Ender Ender] series pages at [[Tor Books]]
* [http://www.science-fiction-corner.com/ender-saga.htm The Ender Saga]
* {{isfdb series|id=12290|title=Ender's Universe}}

{{Orson Scott Card}}

[[Category:Novels by Orson Scott Card]]
[[Category:Science fiction book series]]
[[Category:Space opera]]

Richard E. Grant

2012-06-10T18:46:11Z

Bhajun Singh: /* Television */ Fixed link to The Kumars at No. 42

{{For|the American actor|Richard Gant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Richard E. Grant
| image = Grant222.jpg
| caption = Grant as The Voice for ''2+2+2'' at Heavy Entertainment, London
| birth_name = Richard Esterhuysen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|5|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mbabane]], Swaziland
| other_names = Richard Grant
| citizenship = British<br>Swazi
| occupation = Actor, director, screenwriter
| years_active = 1987 – present
| spouse = Joan Washington (1986 – present; 1 daughter; 1 stepson)
| partner =
| website = http://www.richardegrant.com/
}}
'''Richard E. Grant''' (born '''Richard Esterhuysen''';<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/344318341.html?dids=344318341:344318341&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+05%2C+2003&author=&pub=Evening+Times&desc=STAR+PROFILE+++Richard+E+Grant&pqatl=google]</ref> 5 May 1957) is a [[Swaziland]]-born British actor, screenwriter and director. Grant came to public attention for playing Withnail in the film ''[[Withnail and I]]''. He holds dual British and Swazi citizenship.<ref>[http://www.stopsmilingonline.com/story_detail.php?id=589 Busy Making Other Plans: Richard E. Grant], stopsmilingonline.com, 21 June 2006.</ref>

==Early life==
Grant was born '''Richard Esterhuysen''' in [[Mbabane]], Swaziland. He adopted the stage name Grant when he moved to England as an adult and registered with the [[British Actors' Equity Association]]. His father, Henrik Esterhuysen, was head of education for the British government administration in the British [[Protectorate]] of [[Swaziland]].<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/78/Richard-E-Grant.html Richard E. Grant Biography (1957– )]</ref><ref>[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800019915/bio Richard E. Grant Biography – Yahoo! Movies]</ref> His [[white South African|South African]] mother, Leonne, was a local ballet teacher. His father had [[Dutch people|Dutch]]/[[Afrikaner]] and [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] ancestry and his mother was of [[Germans|German]] descent.<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/1030474581.html?dids=1030474581:1030474581&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+30%2C+2006&author=Barry+Didcock&pub=Sunday+Herald&desc=A+life+in+pictures+Richard+E+Grant+not+only+made+a+film+of+his+diaries%2C+he+kept+a+diary+during+filming&pqatl=google]</ref><ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-482975/Richard-E-Grant-At-11-I-caught-mother-cheating-dads-best-friend.html</ref>

==Education==
As a young child, Grant went to primary school at St Mark's, a local government school in Mbabane that had only recently become racially integrated. At the age of nine, he witnessed an [[adultery|adulterous]] relationship between his mother and another man that subsequently led to the break-up of his parents' marriage.<ref>http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/001018.php</ref> This event inspired him to keep a daily diary, which he has continued to do ever since.<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/richard-e-grant-welcome-to-my-family-480162.html</ref> He wears a watch on each wrist, one given to him by his dying father, permanently set on Swaziland time.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s1666103.htm ENOUGH ROPE with Andrew Denton – episode 108: Richard E. Grant (19/06/2006)]</ref>

Grant attended secondary school at [[Waterford Kamhlaba|Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa (UWCSA)]], an independent school just outside Mbabane, where he was a day scholar. He studied [[English studies|English]] and drama at the [[University of Cape Town]].

==Career==
Grant was a member of the [[Space Theatre (Cape Town)|Space Theatre Company]] in [[Cape Town]] before moving to London in 1982.<ref>http://www.film.com/celebrities/richard-e-grant/14657135</ref> He later stated:

{{quote|I grew up in [[Swaziland]] when it was mired in a 1960s sensibility. The kind of English spoken where I grew up was a period English sound and when I came to England people said 'how strange'. [[Charles Sturridge]], who directed ''[[Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)|Brideshead Revisited]]'' for TV, said 'you speak English like someone from the 1950s'.<ref>Interview with Valerie Lawson of the Sydney Morning Herald on 04/06/08.</ref>}}

Grant's first film role was the perpetually inebriated title character in ''[[Withnail and I]]'', which has established a large cult following. During the story his character drinks from a bottle of lighter fluid, which the set crew had intentionally filled with vinegar prior to filming. His reaction in the film was genuine.

Following his film ''Withnail and I'', Grant began appearing in Hollywood films, and quickly established himself as a powerful character actor in a wide array of films, from blockbuster studio movies to small independent projects. Over the past twenty years, Grant has had strong supporting roles in the films ''[[Henry & June]]'', ''[[L.A. Story]]'', ''[[The Player]]'', ''[[The Age of Innocence (film)|The Age of Innocence]]'', ''[[The Portrait of a Lady (film)|The Portrait of a Lady]]'', ''[[Spice World (film)|Spice World]]'', ''[[Gosford Park]]'', ''[[Bright Young Things]]'', and ''[[Penelope (2006 film)|Penelope]]''.
Grant has twice portrayed the [[Doctor (Doctor Who)|Doctor]] from ''[[Doctor Who]]'', unofficially on both occasions. In the comedy sketch ''[[Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death]]'', he portrayed a version of the Tenth Doctor, referred to as the Quite Handsome Doctor. He also voiced a now non-canonical [[Shalka Doctor|Ninth Doctor]] for the [[BBC]] original animated webcast ''[[Scream of the Shalka]]''.

On 1 December 2006, Grant turned real life investigator when, with the help of ''[[BBC Newsnight]]'', he exposed a $98 million scam to sell a bogus AIDS cure.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/6197222.stm Swazi 'Aids cure' scam uncovered], BBC Newsnight.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ukfs_news/hi/bb_rm_fs.stm?nbram=1&bbram=1&nbwm=1&bbwm=1&news=1&nol_storyid=6201070 "Richard E Grant investigates the AIDS scam"], ''[[Newsnight]]'', 1 December 2006.</ref>

Grant appeared as "The Voice" in ''2+2+2'' at ''American Nights at [[The King's Head Theatre]]'', from 3 July to 29 July 2007, and also recently co-starred in the London-based comedy ''[[Filth and Wisdom]]'', a film which marks the directorial debut of pop singer [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]].

On 22 November 2007, he gave a keynote speech at [[North London Collegiate School]] in [[North London]] as part of their Performing Arts Centre Opening Festival,<ref>[http://www.nlcs.org.uk/artman2/publish/NewsandSport/Michael_Portillo_visit.php North London Collegiate School – an independent day school for girls from the ages of 4 to 18]</ref> and presented the 2008 [[Laurence Olivier Awards]].<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/114886.html "Playbill News: London Hairspray Breaks Record With 11 Olivier Award Nominations".]</ref>

In 2008, he made his [[musical theater|musical theatre]] debut with [[Opera Australia]], playing the role of [[Henry Higgins]] in ''[[My Fair Lady]]'', at the [[Theatre Royal, Sydney|Theatre Royal]], Sydney.

Grant is also an author, having written an autobiography and a novel called ''By Design'' that is set in Hollywood.

Richard E. Grant is a mentor on the [[British Airways]] Great Britons Programme,<ref>[http://www.ba.com/greatbritons]</ref> and will mentor a British talent to write a script that will be produced into a short film and shown on BA flights and at the pre-opening of the Olympic Games ceremony.

=== ''Wah-Wah'' ===
Grant wrote and directed the 2005 film ''[[Wah-Wah]]'', loosely based on his own childhood experiences. A screenwriter recommended he write a screenplay, after reading Grant's memoirs of his ''[[Withnail and I]]'' experience.

The film took him over seven years to complete,<ref>[http://www.richardegrant.com/viewtopic.php?t=84 Wah-Wah Interview – "I've had seven birthdays..."]</ref> and starred [[Nicholas Hoult]] in the lead role, with [[Gabriel Byrne]], [[Miranda Richardson]], [[Julie Walters]] and [[Emily Watson]].

Grant kept a diary of the experience, later published as a book (''The Wah-Wah Diaries''). The book received positive reviews from critics, many of whom were impressed at the honesty of the tale, especially in regard to his difficult relationship with the "inexperienced" producer Marie-Castille Mention-Schaar.<ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0330441965 Amazon.co.uk – ''The Wah-Wah Diaries'']</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/may/06/biography.film ''The Guardian'' – Books – ''Wah-Wah Diaries'' review]</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/paperbacks-the-wahwah-diaries-the-making-of-a-filmbr-the-brooklyn-folliesbr-you-dont-have-to-be-famous-to-have-manic-depressionbr-little-facebr-the-year-of-magical-thinking-br-arthur-and-george-416173.html ''The Independent'' – Books – ''Wah-Wah Diaries'' review]</ref>

Grant stated in subsequent interviews that she was a "control freak out of control", and that he would "never see her again as long as [he] lives".<ref>[http://www.richardegrant.com/viewtopic.php?t=84 Richard E Grant – Wah-Wah interview]</ref><ref>[http://www.richard-e-grant.com/Articles/TheSunHerald-30April2006.html ''The Sun Herald'' Interview – ''Wah-Wah'']</ref> In a [[BBC]] interview, he again mentioned his "disastrous" relationship with Mention-Schaar. He related that he had received only five emails from her in the last two months of pre-production, and that she rarely turned up on the set at all. She failed to obtain clearance firstly for song rights, and secondly to actually film in Swaziland. For the last infraction Grant was eventually forced to meet with the [[King of Swaziland]] to seek [[clemency]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/filmnetwork/media/magazine/A12037583?size=16x9&bgc=C0C0C0&nbwm=1&bbwm=1&nbram=1&bbram=1 BBC Interview with Richard E. Grant – Stand Alone Player]</ref>

During an interview with an Australian chat show, he mentioned that ''Wah-Wah'' was not released in France, and as a result, his producer did not make money out of it.<ref name="TEN_int">[http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=Kj9zim43rYw Interview with 9am on Australia's TEN network – REG]</ref>

==Personal life==
Grant married voice coach Joan Washington in 1986 and has one daughter with her (Olivia) and a stepson (Tom). Grant is a [[teetotalism|teetotaller]]. After casting him as the alcoholic Withnail, director [[Bruce Robinson]] made Grant drink a bottle of champagne and half a bottle of [[vodka]] during the course of a night so that he had experience of the sensation.<ref name="TEN_int" /> Grant is allergic to alcohol, having no [[enzyme]]s in the blood to [[Metabolism|metabolise]] it. If he does drink alcohol, he can keep it down for 10 minutes and is then violently ill for 24 hours afterward.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11960534]</ref> He is an avid follower of [[West Ham United]], and appeared on Sky Sports' ''Soccer AM'' to show his support for the team on the morning of the 2006 FA Cup Final.

He also appeared on BBC1's show ''[[Saturday Kitchen]]'' on 14 July 2007, where he stated he detests dairy products, while his favourite food is giant [[prawn]]s on a bed of rice. In October 2008, he told ''[[The Times]]'' that he is an [[atheist]].<ref>[http://www.secularism.org.uk/comingoutasatheistricharde.grant.html]</ref>

==Partial filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1987
| ''[[Withnail and I]]''
| Withnail
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1989
| ''[[Warlock (1989 film)|Warlock]]''
| Giles Redferne
|
|-
| ''[[How to Get Ahead in Advertising]]''
| Denis Dimbleby Bagley
|
|-
| ''Killing Dad''
| Ali Berg
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1990
| ''[[Mountains of the Moon (film)|Mountains of the Moon]]''
| Larry Oliphant
|
|-
| ''[[Henry & June]]''
| [[Hugo Guiler]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1991
| ''[[Hudson Hawk]]''
| Darwin Mayflower
|
|-
| ''[[L.A. Story]]''
| Roland Mackey
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1992
| ''[[The Player]]''
| Tom Oakley
|
|-
| ''[[Dracula (1992 film)|Bram Stoker's Dracula]]''
| Dr. Jack Seward
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1993
| ''[[The Age of Innocence (film)|The Age of Innocence]]''
| Larry Lefferts
|
|-
| ''[[Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life]]''
| [[Franz Kafka]]
| Short Film Subject
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1994
| ''[[Prêt-à-Porter (film)|Prêt-à-Porter]]''
| Cort Romney
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1995
| ''[[Jack and Sarah]]''
| Jack
|
|-
| ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]''
| Percy
| Voice Only
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1996
| ''[[The Portrait of a Lady (film)|The Portrait of a Lady]]''
| Lord Warburton
|
|-
| ''[[Twelfth Night: Or What You Will (1996 film)|Twelfth Night: Or What You Will]]''
| Sir [[Andrew Aguecheek]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Cold Light of Day (1996 film)|The Cold Light of Day]]''
| [[Victor Marek]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1997
| ''[[The Serpent's Kiss]]''
| James Fitzmaurice
|
|-
| ''[[Keep the Aspidistra Flying (film)|Keep the Aspidistra Flying]]''
| Gordon Comstock
|
|-
| ''[[Spiceworld: The Movie]]''
| Clifford
|
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1998
| ''[[St. Ives (1998 film)|St. Ives]]''
| Major Farquhar Chevening
|
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1999
| ''The Match''
| Gorgeous Gus
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000
| ''[[The Little Vampire]]''
| Frederick Sackville-Bagg
|
|-
| ''[[The Miracle Maker (2000 film)|The Miracle Maker]]''
| [[John the Baptist]]
| Voice Only
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2001
| ''[[Gosford Park]]''
| George
|[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast]]<br>[[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast]]<br>[[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]]<br>[[Satellite Awards|Satellite Special Achievement Award – Ensemble Cast]]<br>[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]<br>Nominated — [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003
| ''[[Monsieur N.]]''
| [[Hudson Lowe]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bright Young Things]]''
| Father Rothschild
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[The Story of an African Farm (film)|The Story of an African Farm]]''
| Bonaparte Blenkins
|
|-
| ''Tooth''
| Jarvis Jarvis
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2005
| ''[[Wah-Wah]]''
| –
| Writer, Director
|-
| ''[[Corpse Bride]]''
| Lord Barkis Bittern
| Voice Only
|-
| ''[[Colour Me Kubrick]]''
| Jasper
|
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2006
| ''[[Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties]]''
| Preston
| Voice Only
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2007
| ''Always Crashing in the Same Car''
| James Booth
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2008
| ''[[Penelope (2006 film)|Penelope]]''
| Franklin Wilhern
|
|-
| ''[[The Garden of Eden (film)|The Garden of Eden]]''
| Colonel Philip Boyle
|
|-
| ''[[Filth and Wisdom]]''
| Professor Flynn
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Love Hurts (2009 film)|Love Hurts]]''
| Ben Bingham
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2010
| ''[[Cuckoo (film)|Cuckoo]]''
| Professor Julius Greengrass
|
|-
| ''[[Jackboots on Whitehall]]''
| Campbell Babbitt
| Voice Only
|-
| ''[[The Nutcracker in 3D]]''
| Father
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| ''[[Horrid Henry the Movie|Horrid Henry: The Movie]]''
| Vic Van Wrinkle
|
|-
| ''[[The Iron Lady (film)| The Iron Lady]]''
| [[Michael Heseltine]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|2012
| ''[[Foster (film)|Foster]]''
| Mr. Potts
|
|}

===Television===
*''Screen Two'' in episode "Honest, Decent & True" (1985) as Moonee Livingstone
*''[[Codename: Kyril]]'' (1988) as Sculby
*''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' (1995) as Edina's dream Justin
*''[[Captain Star]]'' (1997) as Captain Jim Star
*''[[A Royal Scandal]]'' (1996) as King George IV
*''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel (TV series)|The Scarlet Pimpernel]]'' (1998) as Sir Percy Blakeney
*''[[Trial & Retribution|Trial & Retribution III]]'' (1999) as Stephen Warrington
*''[[Let Them Eat Cake (TV series)|Let Them Eat Cake]]'' in episode "The Portrait" (1999) as Monsieur Vigée-Lebrun
*''[[Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death]]'' (1999) as The Conceited Doctor
*''[[A Christmas Carol (1999 film)|A Christmas Carol]]'' (1999) as Bob Crachit
*''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel (TV series)]]'' (1999 and 2000) as Sir Percy Blakeney/Scarlet Pimpernel
*''[[The Kumars at No. 42|The Kumars at No. 42]]'' in episode 1 "Richard E Grant and Michael Parkinson" (2001) as himself
*''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002 film)|The Hound of the Baskervilles]]'' (2002) as Jack Stapleton
*''Sherlock: [[Case of Evil]]'' (2002) as [[Mycroft Holmes]]
*''[[Posh Nosh]]'' (2004) as Simon Marchmont
*''[[Frasier]]'' in episode "[[Goodnight, Seattle]]" (2004) as Stephen Moon
*''90 Days in Hollywood'' (2004) as the narrator
*''[[The story of Bohemian Rhapsody]]'' (2004) as the narrator
*''Home Farm Twins'' (2005) as Paul Baker
*''[[Above and Beyond (mini series)|Above and Beyond]]'' (2006) as Don Bennett
*''[[Dalziel and Pascoe (BBC TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]]'' (2007) as Lee Knight
*''[[Mumbai Calling]]'' (2007) as Benedict T. Harlow
*''[[The Crimson Petal and the White (TV miniseries)|The Crimson Petal and the White]]'' (2011) as Doctor Curlew
*''[[A Quiet Word With ...]]'' (2011) as himself<ref name=aqww-spreg>{{cite web|title=A Quiet Word With Richard E. Grant|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/abc1/201106/programs/AC1063V004D2011-06-04T213431.htm|work=Official website|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Rab C Nesbitt]]'' (2011) as Chingford Steel

===Voice acting===
*''[[The Pillars of the Earth]]'' – audiobook by [[Ken Follett]], as the narrator
*[[World Without End (Follett novel)|''World Without End'']] – audiobook by [[Ken Follett]], as the narrator
*''[[Doctor Who]]: [[Scream of the Shalka]]'' (2003) as The Doctor ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/webcasts/shalka/ online])
*[[Pinocchio's Daring Journey]] as Stromboli and the Coachman
*''[[The Legends of Treasure Island]]'' (1993) as Long John Silver, series one only.

==Bibliography==
*''The [[Wah-Wah]] Diaries: The Making of a Film''. 2006. ISBN 0-330-44196-5 (hardcover).
*''[[With Nails: The Film Diaries of Richard E. Grant]]''. ISBN 0-87951-828-6 (hardcover). ISBN 0-87951-935-5 (paperback).
*''[[By Design (novel)|By Design: A Hollywood Novel]]''. Picador, 1999. ISBN 0-330-36829-X (10). ISBN 978-0-330-36829-2 (13).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.richard-e-grant.com}}
* {{IMDb name|1290}}
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/weekend/story/0,3605,1542390,00.html "Memories of Mischief"]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', August 6, 2005. (Interview and profile pertaining to the release of his film ''[[Wah-Wah]]''.)

{{ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 2001–2010}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Grant, Richard E.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Esterhuysen, Richard Grant
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Actor
|DATE OF BIRTH= 5 May 1957
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Mbabane]], Swaziland
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Richard E.}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Anglo-African people]]
[[Category:British diarists]]
[[Category:British film actors]]
[[Category:British television actors]]
[[Category:British stage actors]]
[[Category:British voice actors]]
[[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners]]
[[Category:Shakespearean actors]]
[[Category:British atheists]]
[[Category:British people of German descent]]
[[Category:People from Mbabane]]
[[Category:British people of South African descent]]
[[Category:University of Cape Town alumni]]
[[Category:Audio book narrators]]

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[[sv:Richard E Grant]]

Symphony of Science

2012-04-27T05:25:15Z

Bhajun Singh: /* Music and video */ Added latest installment, The World of the Dinosaurs

The '''Symphony of Science''' is a music project created by [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]-based [[electronic musician]] John Boswell. The project seeks to "spread scientific knowledge and philosophy through musical remixes." Boswell uses [[pitch correction|pitch-corrected]] audio and video samples from television programs featuring popular scientists and educators. The audio and video clips are mixed into [[mashup (digital)|digital mashup]]s and scored with Boswell's original compositions. Two of Boswell's music videos, "A Glorious Dawn" and "We are All Connected", feature appearances from [[Carl Sagan]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], [[Bill Nye]], and [[Stephen Hawking]]. The audio and video is sampled from popular science television shows including ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|Cosmos]]'', ''[[The Universe (TV series)|The Universe]]'', ''[[The Eyes of Nye]]'', ''[[The Elegant Universe]]'', and ''[[Stephen Hawking's Universe]]''.

[[Unruly Media]], a viral video tracking service, first charted "A Glorious Dawn" on September 21, 2009. A month later, the video had received more than a million views and was ranked in the music category on [[YouTube]] as one of the top rated videos of all time. On November 9, 2009, [[Third Man Records]] released a [[7-inch]] single of "A Glorious Dawn" for the 75th anniversary of the birth of [[Carl Sagan]].

==John Boswell==
[[File:Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Carl Sagan]]]]
Composer John Boswell had been experimenting with sampling and remixing for some time before creating his first [[YouTube]] videos. Boswell had worked with [[Auto-Tune]] in the past and thought people might be interested in hearing American astronomer Carl Sagan sing. He first saw ''Cosmos'' in 2004 and soon after bought the set of DVDs. Boswell looked through these episodes for "profound quotes" that lacked music in the background. Once he found these quotes, Boswell Auto-Tuned Sagan's voice and picked from the best ones. After completing what became "A Glorious Dawn", Boswell posted the video on YouTube in September 2009 and to his surprise, the video went viral within a week.<ref name="GWC">{{cite podcast| url =http://www.galacticawatercooler.com/2009/10/24/gwc-podcast-191/| title = GWC Podcast #191|website= publisher = Galactic Watercooler| host =| date = 2009-10-24| accessdate = October 25, 2009}} Interview with John Boswell. (60.8 MB MP3)</ref><ref name="Sowa">{{Cite news |title='Cosmos,' Carl Sagan and John Boswell's YouTube video hit |last=Sowa |first=Tom |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]] |date=2009-10-09 | work=TXT |url=http://www.spokesmanreview.com/blogs/txt/archive/?postID=9001}}</ref> To date, the video has received more than seven million views and is ranked as one of the top rated videos of all time in the music category.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSgiXGELjbc |title=Carl Sagan - 'A Glorious Dawn' ft Stephen Hawking (Cosmos Remixed) |author=Melodysheep |date=2009-09-17 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}</ref>

John Boswell attended [[Gonzaga Preparatory School]]<ref name="Sowa" /> and graduated from college with a degree in economics. Soon after, Boswell started Colorpulse, an [[electronica]] music project, and began to focus on production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.symphonyofscience.com/about.html |title=About |last=Boswell |first=John |date= |work=The Symphony of Science - Spreading scientific knowledge and philosophy through music |publisher= |accessdate=2009-10-28 }}</ref> Boswell lives in [[Bellingham, Washington]].<ref name="Sowa" /> His current music project, Symphony of Science, "aims to spread scientific knowledge and philosophy through musical remixes"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/melodysheep |title=Melodysheep |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2009-10-26}}</ref> and to "deliver scientific knowledge and philosophy in musical form".<ref name="sos">{{cite web|url=http://www.symphonyofscience.com |title=Spreading scientific knowledge and philosophy through music |publisher=The Symphony of Science |date= |accessdate=2009-10-26}}</ref> After his first few videos, Boswell began seeking permission to use the clips he uses in his project.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}

==Music and video==
===A Glorious Dawn===
{{Infobox single 
| Name = A Glorious Dawn
| Cover = 
| Cover size =
| Border =
| Alt =
| Caption = TMR-020
| Artist = [[Carl Sagan]] and [[Stephen Hawking]]
| Album =
| A-side = A Glorious Dawn
| B-side = (Etched Design)
| Released = {{Start date|2009|11|09}}
| Format = 7" Single
| Recorded =
| Genre =
| Length = 3:30
| Label = [[Third Man Records]]
| Writer =
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single =
| This single =
| Next single =
| Misc =
}}

Boswell's first video in the Symphony of Science series is 3 minutes, 34 seconds long and features [[Carl Sagan]] and [[Stephen Hawking]]. Samples include clips from ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|Cosmos]]'' (1980) and ''[[Stephen Hawking's Universe]]'' (1997).<ref name="sos" /> On September 21, 2009, [[Unruly Media]], a viral video tracking service, began to chart the popularity of the video.<ref name="UM">{{cite web |url=http://viralvideochart.unrulymedia.com/youtube/carl_sagan__a_glorious_dawn__ft_stephen_hawking_cosmos_remixed?id=zSgiXGELjbc |title=Carl Sagan - 'A Glorious Dawn' ft Stephen Hawking (Cosmos Remixed) |author= |date= |work=Viral Video Chart |publisher=Unruly Media |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}</ref> At the end of the first week of October, the video had received 800,000 views<ref name="Sowa" /> and, by the end of the month, more than a million. By the end of 2010, the video had surpassed 5 million views.

The title takes its name from the chorus spoken by Carl Sagan, remixed from an episode of ''Cosmos'':
:A still more glorious dawn awaits
:Not a sunrise, but a galaxy rise
:A morning filled with 400 billion suns
:The rising of the milky way<ref name="sos" />

[[Third Man Records]] released a [[7-inch]] recording of "A Glorious Dawn" on November 9, 2009, in honor of the 75th anniversary of the birth of [[Carl Sagan]].<ref name="TMR">{{cite web |url=http://thirdmanrecords.com/news.html |title=A Glorious Dawn! |last=Blackwell |first=Ben |date=2009-11-02 |work=News |publisher=[[Third Man Records]] |accessdate=2009-11-03 }}</ref> The one-sided single was created by United Record Pressing in a unique "Cosmos Colored Vinyl", limited pressing of 150 copies; it was then re-pressed on regular vinyl in a larger run. The flipside is etched with a copy of the diagram found on the [[Voyager Golden Record]].<ref name="TMR" />
{{clear}}

===We Are All Connected===
[[File:Neil deGrasse Tyson - NAC Nov 2005.jpg|thumb|thumb|100px|[[Neil deGrasse Tyson]]]]
The second video in the series is 4 minutes, 12 seconds in length and features Carl Sagan, [[Richard Feynman]], [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], and [[Bill Nye]]. Audio and video samples are taken from The History Channel's ''Universe'' series, Carl Sagan's ''Cosmos'', interviews with Richard Feynman in 1983, [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]]'s cosmic sermon, and Bill Nye's ''[[The Eyes of Nye]]'' series. Additional visuals come from NOVA's ''[[The Elegant Universe]]'', ''Stephen Hawking's Universe'', and ''Cosmos'', among others. On January 23, 2010, the video was shown at the South Nassau Unitarian Universalist Church in Long Island NY, as part of a youth-directed service. The video has been used in other churches and classrooms.

The title comes from the chorus spoken by Neil deGrasse Tyson and remixed by Boswell:
:We are all connected
:To each other, biologically
:To the earth, chemically
:To the rest of the universe atomically<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===Our Place in the Cosmos===
The third video in the series is 4 minutes, 21 seconds in length and was released on November 23, 2009. "Our Place in the Cosmos" features Carl Sagan, [[Richard Dawkins]], [[Michio Kaku]], and [[Robert Jastrow]]. Samples were taken from ''Cosmos'', ''Genius of Charles Darwin'', a TED talk, ''Stephen Hawking's Universe'', interviews and visuals from ''[[Baraka]]'' and ''[[Koyaanisqatsi]]'', History Channel's Universe series, and ''[[Cosmic Voyage]]''.

The title comes from words spoken by Carl Sagan and remixed by Boswell:
:The exploration of the cosmos
:Is a voyage of self discovery
:As long as there have been humans
:We have searched for our place in the cosmos<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===The Unbroken Thread===
[[File:David Attenborough.jpg|thumb|100px|[[David Attenborough]].]]
The fourth video in the series is 4 minutes in length and was released on January 6, 2010. "The Unbroken Thread" is themed around [[biology]] and [[evolution]] rather than the cosmos, and features Carl Sagan, [[David Attenborough]], and [[Jane Goodall]].

The video uses clips from ''Cosmos'', several David Attenborough documentaries (''[[Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life]]'', ''[[The Life of Mammals]]'', ''[[The Living Planet]]'', and ''BBC Life''), ''XVIVO Scientific Animations'', ''IMAX Cosmic Voyage'', Jane Goodall's TED Talk, and a [[Guinness]] commercial.

The title comes from Sagan's ''Cosmos'', and features in the refrain:
:The secrets of evolution
:Are time and death
:There's an unbroken thread that stretches
:From those first cells to us<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===The Poetry of Reality (An Anthem for Science)===
The fifth installment uses clips from various prominent scientists and speakers - including [[Jacob Bronowski]], [[Carl Sagan|Sagan]], [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]], [[Richard Dawkins|Dawkins]], [[Brian Greene]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[PZ Myers]], [[Lawrence Krauss]], [[Michael Shermer]], and [[Neil deGrasse Tyson|deGrasse Tyson]] - to explain and promote science, its process, and its benefits. It uses clips from many sources, including ''Cosmos'' and ''The Genius of Charles Darwin''.
The chorus in this piece is sung by Dawkins and Sagan:
:There's real poetry in the real world
:Science is the poetry of reality
:We can do science and with it
:We can improve our lives<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===The Case for Mars===
The sixth installment is about the [[colonization of Mars]]. It features [[Carl Sagan|Sagan]], [[Robert Zubrin]], [[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]], and [[Penelope Boston]], and it features clips from ''The Mars Underground'' (2007), ''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage'', and ''[[Wonders of the Solar System]]''. The title of this song stems from Zubrin's book ''[[The Case For Mars]]''.

The chorus is sung by Sagan and Cox:
:Mars is a world of wonders
:It has canyons, river valleys,
:and giant ice sheets<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===A Wave of Reason===
[[File:Richard Dawkins (2009).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Richard Dawkins]].]]
The seventh installment, released on November 23, 2010‏, is about reasoning and skepticism. It features [[Carl Sagan]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]], [[Michael Shermer]], [[Lawrence Krauss]], [[Carolyn Porco]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Phil Plait]], and [[James Randi]]. It is intended to promote scientific reasoning and skepticism in the face of growing amounts of pseudoscientific pursuits, such as [[Astrology]] and [[Homeopathy]], and also to "promote the scientific worldview as equally enlightening as [[religion]]."<ref>"Symphony of Science: A Wave of Reason" ''Punctuated Equilibrium'' 1 December 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/punctuated-equilibrium/2010/dec/01/1</ref> The chorus is sung by Dawkins, except for the last line which is Phil Plait's:
:There is a new wave of reason
:Sweeping across America, Britain, Europe, Australia
:South America, the Middle East and Africa
:There is a new wave of reason
:Where superstition had a firm hold
:Teach a man to reason, and he'll think for a lifetime<ref name="sos" />

===The Big Beginning===
[[File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg|thumb|100px|left|[[Stephen Hawking]].]]
"The Big Beginning" is the eighth installment in the Symphony of Science music video series, released on January 20, 2011‏. It deals with the origins of our universe, covering the Big Bang theory, expansion and cooling of the universe, formation of galaxies, the interplay between matter and anti-matter, and cosmic radiation. The music video features Stephen Hawking, Richard Dawkins, Carl Sagan, Tara Shears, and Neil deGrasse Tyson. Videos sampled for this installment include ''[[Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking]]''; ''[[God, the Universe, and Everything Else]]''; ''[[The Universe (TV series)|The Universe]]'' on The History Channel; [[NOVA scienceNOW]]; interviews with Richard Dawkins and Tara Shears; and Carl Sagan's ''Cosmos''. There is no clear chorus, but two quotes from Hawking and Dawkins come back several times:
:[Hawking] It was the beginning of the universe, and of time itself
:[Dawkins] Science is opening your eyes, to the poetry of the expanding universe

===Ode to the Brain===
[[File:Jill Bolte Taylor - observing a stroke from within.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jill Bolte Taylor]].]]
"Ode to the Brain" is the ninth episode in the Symphony of Science series about the [[brain]] including its [[evolution]], folding, and [[Biological neural network|neuron networks]]. It features [[Carl Sagan]], [[Robert Winston]], [[Vilayanur S. Ramachandran|Vilayanur Ramachandran]], [[Jill Bolte Taylor]], [[Bill Nye]] and [[Oliver Sacks]]. It features clips from Carl Sagan's ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|Cosmos]]'', BBC's ''[[The Human Body (TV series)|The Human Body]]'', Discovery Channel's ''[[Human Body: Pushing the Limits]]'' and various [[TED (conference)|TED Talks]]. It was released on March 23, 2011‏.
The chorus is sung by Taylor:
:Information in the form of energy
:Streams in simultaneously
:Through all of our sensory systems
:In the form of energy
:And then it explodes into this enormous collage
:Of what this present moment looks like
:What it feels like
:And what it sounds like
:And then it explodes into this enormous collage
:And in this moment we are perfect
:We are whole and we are beautiful<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===Children of Africa (The Story of Us)===
[[File:Carolyn Porco.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carolyn Porco]].]]
"Children of Africa" is the tenth installment of the Symphony of Science series, released on July 6, 2011‏. It deals with the cultural evolution of humans from their origins in [[Africa]], through the conquest of Europe from the Neanderthals to the space age. It features [[Alice Roberts]], [[Jacob Bronowski]], [[Carolyn Porco]], [[Jane Goodall]], [[Robert Sapolsky]], [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] and [[David Attenborough]]. Programs sampled for this installment include Jacob Bronowski's ''[[The Ascent of Man]]'', Alice Roberts' ''[[The Incredible Human Journey]]'', along with [[BBC]] documentaries ''[[Life of Mammals]]'', ''[[Walking With Cavemen]]'', and ''[[Human Planet]]''. The refrain is sung by Carolyn Porco:
:These beings with soaring imagination
:Eventually flung themselves and their machines
:Into interplanetary space<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===The Quantum World===
[[File:Brian Cox at Science Foo Camp.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]].]]
"The Quantum World" is the eleventh instalment of the Symphony of Science series, released on September 6, 2011. It deals with the bizarre discoveries made in the field of [[quantum mechanics]], through "a musical investigation into the nature of atoms and subatomic particles." It features [[Morgan Freeman]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Michio Kaku]], [[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]], [[Richard Feynman]], and [[Frank Close]]. Programs sampled for this instalment include Richard Feynman's [[Fun to Imagine]], Morgan Freeman's ''[[Through the Wormhole]]'', Brian Cox's [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]], along with [[BBC]] documentaries ''[[Visions of the Future]]'', ''[[What Time is it]]'', ''[[Wonders of the Universe]]'', and ''[[What Is Reality]]''. The refrain is sung by Cox:
:The universe is made of
:Twelve particles of matter
:Four forces of nature
:That's a wonderful and significant story<ref name="sos" />
{{clear}}

===Onward to the Edge===
"Onward to the Edge," "a musical investigation into the importance and inspirational qualities of space exploration (human and robotic), as well as a look at some of the amazing worlds in our solar system," is the twelfth installment of the Symphony of Science series, released on November 9, 2011. It features [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], [[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]], and [[Carolyn Porco]]. Programs sampled for this installment include ''[[Wonders of the Solar System]]'', ''[[My Favorite Universe]]'', ''[[A Traveler's Guide to the Planets]]'', and Carolyn Porco's [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]]. The refrain is sung by Tyson:

:Onward to the edge
:We're moving onward to the edge
:Here we are together
:This fragile little world<ref name="sos" />

===The Greatest Show on Earth===
"The Greatest Show on Earth," the thirteenth installment of the Symphony of Science series, released on January 17, 2012, is a "musical celebration of the wonders of biology, including evolution, natural selection, DNA, and more." It features [[David Attenborough]], [[Bill Nye]], and [[Richard Dawkins]]. Programs sampled include ''[[Life|Life (BBC TV series)]]'', ''[[Planet Earth|Planet Earth (TV series)]]'', David Attenborough's ''First Life'', ''[[Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life]]'', ''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'''s episode on evolution, and Dawkins' "There is grandeur in this view of life" speech. The refrain is sung by Dawkins:

:We are surrounded by endless forms
:Most beautiful, most wonderful
:Evolution - the greatest show on Earth
:There is grandeur in this view of life
:Evolution - the greatest show on Earth<ref name="sos" />

===The World of the Dinosaurs===
"The World of the Dinosaurs," released on March 20, 2012, is the fourteenth installment of the Symphony of Science series. It is a "musical celebration of dinosaurs" and investigates their habits, extinction, and how we learn about them. It features [[Alice Roberts]], [[Bill Nye]], [[Nigel Marvin]], [[Dallas Campbell]] and more. The refrain is sung by Roberts and Campbell:

:[Roberts]
:The more we find
:The more complete our understanding
:Utterly awe-inspiring
:The world of the dinosaurs
:
:[Campbell]
:There are always new discoveries out there
:Waiting to be found
:
:[Roberts]
:Utterly awe-inspiring
:The world of the dinosaurs<ref name="sos" />

==Related project==
===Symphony of Bang Goes The Theory===
Not strictly part of the Symphony of Science series as this was made for the [[BBC]] science show ''[[Bang Goes the Theory]]'', it nevertheless uses the same formula of [[pitch correction]] of spoken words over an original music track. It celebrates the tantalising questions that science throws up, as well as being an entertaining showreel for the show itself. In addition to the four presenters - [[Liz Bonnin]], [[Dallas Campbell]], [[Jem Stansfield]], and Yan Wong - there are guest spots for [[Jim Al-Khalili]] and Tara Shears. The clips are all taken from the TV show or its website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bang |title=One Programmes - Bang Goes the Theory |publisher=BBC |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2011-11-28}}</ref>

The chorus is sung by Yan Wong:

:The more questions you answer
:The more you find there is to investigate
:And the more questions you pose
:And that's the beauty of science

You can watch the Symphony of Bang video<ref>{{cite web|author=BBC |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VblqcRvN7-Y |title=The Symphony of Bang Goes The Theory - BBC One |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-11-28}}</ref> on [[YouTube]].

==Reviews==
Musician [[Carrie Brownstein]] found the idea behind Symphony of Science "quite beautiful and amazing in both its sincerity and aims". She also enjoyed the "hip-hop stylings" of the camera angle on Bill Nye while he is moving his hands around and expressing himself on "We Are All Connected".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/monitormix/2009/10/the_symphony_of_science.html |title=The Symphony Of Science |last=Brownstein |first=Carrie |authorlink=Carrie Brownstein |date=2009-10-20 |work= |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}</ref> Writer [[Nick Sagan]], son of Carl Sagan, was impressed with "A Glorious Dawn", giving it a favorable review and stamp of approval. Sagan writes, "John Boswell over at Colorpulse Music is a mad genius, sampling both ''Cosmos'' and Stephen Hawking's ''Universe'' series into three minutes and thirty-four seconds of pure, concentrated awesomeness... Love it, love it, love it. Dad would have loved it, too."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nicksagan.blogs.com/nick_sagan_online/2009/09/a-glorious-dawn.html |title=A Glorious Dawn |last=Sagan |first=Nick |authorlink=Nick Sagan |date=2009-09-25 |work= |publisher=Nick Sagan Online |accessdate=2009-10-25 }}</ref>

Columnist Franklin Harris argues that Boswell's videos show that science can arouse the minds of artists just as much as religion and mythology have in the past. Harris calls the videos "art for the Information Age, inspired by science".<ref name="Harris">{{Cite news |title=Gap between art, science no longer so wide |last=Harris |first=Franklin |work=Culture shock |newspaper=[[The Decatur Daily]] |date=2009-10-22 |url=http://www.timesdaily.com/article/20091022/ARTICLES/910225006/1006 |publisher=Tennessee Valley Printing Company}}</ref>

New Music Transmission, a podcast who featured Symphony of Science in 2009, gave "A Glorious Dawn" positive reviews and called Symphony of Science as "A thinking man's Pogo", referring to the Australian electro artist who was featured 2 weeks before. <ref name="New Music Transmission">{{Cite news |title=Featured Artist Profile: Symphony of Science |last=Hunter |first=Stephen |work=New Music Transmission | |date=2010-12-18 |url=http://www.newmusictransmission.com/featured-artists/symphony-of-science/}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Educational music]]
*[[Musical collage]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite news |title=Robotrösten perfekt för forskarremix |last=Arbsjö |first=Karin |newspaper=[[Sydsvenskan]] |date=2009-10-28 |url=http://sydsvenskan.se/kultur-och-nojen/article562035/Robotrosten-perfekt-for-forskarremix.html }}
*{{Cite news |title=Carl Sagan Auto-Tuned, AT&T's Network Future And More |last=Gallaga|first=Omar L. |newspaper=[[National Public Radio]] |date=2009-09-28 |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2009/09/carl_sagan_autotuned_atts_netw.html }}
*{{cite web |title=Carl Sagan Goes Techno Trance With Cosmos Video |last=Lewinski |first= John Scott |publisher=''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' |date=2009-10-15 | work=Underwire: The Beat Goes On |url=http://www.wired.com/underwire/2009/10/carl-sagan-goes-techno-trance-with-cosmos-video/ }}
*{{Cite news |title=Clip du jour: Autotune the scientists|last=Lyons |first=Margaret |newspaper=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=2009-10-20 |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/10/20/clip-du-jour-autotune-the-scientists/ }}
*{{cite web |title=Science Legends Remixed Into Educational Music Video |last=Makice |first= Kevin |publisher=''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' |date=2009-10-27 | work=[[GeekDad]] |url=http://www.wired.com/geekdad/2009/10/science-legends-remixed-into-educational-music-video/ }}
*{{Cite news |title=Judging a book’s cover: Carl Sagan, the remix |last=Shea |first=Christopher |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=2009-11-01 |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/11/01/judging_a_books_cover/ }}
*{{Cite news |title=Stephen Hawking 'sings' on pop single tribute to scientist Carl Sagan |work=Science News |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2009-11-09 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/6524073/Stephen-Hawking-sings-on-pop-single-tribute-to-scientist-Carl-Sagan.html }}
*{{cite web |title=Q&A with John Boswell, Creator of ‘A Glorious Dawn’ |last=Wilson |first=Tracy V. |publisher=''[[HowStuffWorks]]'' |date=2009-11-09 | work=FanStuff: The Blogs at HowStuffWorks |url=http://blogs.howstuffworks.com/2009/11/09/qa-with-john-boswell-creator-of-a-glorious-dawn/ }}

==External links==
*[http://www.symphonyofscience.com/ Symphony of Science]
*[http://www.colorpulsemusic.com/youtube.html Colorpulse Music]

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[[Category:Educational technology]]

[[es:Symphony of Science]]
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Lyman Page

2012-01-26T15:33:10Z

Bhajun Singh: Undid revision 468894380 by 173.61.241.147 (talk)

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Lyman Alexander Page
| image = LymanPage1.JPG
| residence = [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[United States]]
| nationality = [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[United States|American]]
| field = [[Physics]]
| work_institution = [[Princeton University]]
}}
'''Lyman Page''' ('''Lyman Alexander Page Jr.''', * September 24, 1957) is the Henry DeWolf Smyth Professor of [[Physics]] at [[Princeton University]]. He is an expert in observational [[Physical cosmology|cosmology]] and one of the original co-investigators for the [[WMAP]] probe that, over the past years, has made the most precise observations yet of the [[cosmic background radiation]], an [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic]] echo of the Universe's [[big bang]] phase.

Page obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from [[Bowdoin College]], [[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]] in 1978, going on to obtain his [[PhD|doctorate]] in 1989 at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], Cambridge.

==Awards==
* 2010 Shaw Prize
* 2006 Member of the National Academy of Sciences
* 2006 Philips Lectureship
* 2004 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences
* 2003 Marc Aaronson Lectureship & Prize
* 2003 Primakoff Lectureship
* 1994 David and Lucile Packard Fellowship
* 1992 & 1994 Princeton Engineering Council Teaching Award
* 1994 Research Corporation Cottrell Scholar
* 1993 National Science Foundation NYI Award
* 1987–1989 NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Fellowship

==External links==
*[http://ophelia.princeton.edu/~page/ Lyman Page's Homepage]

{{Shaw Prize laureates}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Page, Lyman
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Page, Lyman}}
[[Category:American astronomers]]
[[Category:Bowdoin College alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{US-astronomer-stub}}

[[de:Lyman Page]]

Shafqat Amanat Ali

2010-08-30T15:36:24Z

Bhajun Singh: /* Career */ typo

{{Other people2|Amanat Ali}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = Shafqat Amanat Ali
|Img = Replace this image male.svg
|Img_capt =
|Img_size =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan
|Alias = '''The Rock Star Ustad'''
|Born =
|Died =
|Origin = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
|Genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Pop music|Pop]]
|Occupation = [[Singer]], [[Musician]]
|Years_active = [[2000]] - [[Present]]
|Label = '''The Musik Records''' <br> '''Sony BMG''' <br> '''Sadaf Stereo'''
|URL = [http://www.shafqatamanatali.com Official Site]
}}
'''Shafqat Amanat Ali''' ([[Urdu]]: '''شفقت امانت علی''') is a Pakistani classical singer belonging to [[Patiala Gharana]].<ref>http://www.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/081012/images1.htm</ref> He was also the lead vocalist of the popular Pakistani pop band ''[[Fuzön (band)|Fuzön]]''.

He was awarded the President's [[Pride of Performance]] award on August 14, 2007.

==Early life and background==
Shafqat Amanat Ali was born in [Lahore] to [[Ustad Amanat Ali Khan]], making him the seventh generation of Patiala Gharana. He received his bachelors degree from [[Government College University]], [[Lahore]] (now known as GC University). He received the role of honor from the Music Society of Government College University, Lahore.

He started learning classical music at age four, his grandmother being his first teacher. His main influences in music come from his father and his uncle [[Bade Fateh Ali Khan]]. He is the youngest brother of singer [[Late,Asad Amanat Ali Khan]].

==Career==
Shafqat Amanat Ali is respected among music circles due to his classically trained voice and his command over contemporary music.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} ''Ankhon Ke Saager'', ''Khamaj'' and ''Akhiyan'' are some of his most popular works. He recently sang the song "Phir Wohi Raastey" for a Pakistani film named ''[[Ramchand Pakistani]]''.

He sang ''Mitwa'' for the Indian film [[Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna]] that topped charts for weeks and "Bin tere" in recent "I hate love stories". He was the voice behind the critically acclaimed song ''Yeh Honsla'' [sic] in the [[Bollywood]] film [[Dor]]. He also sang background for the films ''Hello'', ''Mumbai Cuttings'' and ''Aashayen''.

After leaving the band [[Fuzon (band)|Fuzon]] in 2006, Shafqat is concentrating on his solo career. Based on Folk and sufi works the album '''Tabeer''' was commissioned and released by [[Music Today]] the world over in mid September 2008. However, the rating of this album remained average.

The album was released by Fire records in Pakistan in September 2008 as their Mega [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] release. The entire album has been recorded, mixed and mastered in Pakistan by Shani (Zeeshan) at "Couple of good studios". All songs except ''Naina'' and ''Tu hi tu hai'' have been composed by Shafqat.

The first video of the premier song of the album, "Kairheyan De Naal", is now being aired on all channels in India and Pakistan. {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
He has fondly been nick-named the '''Rock star Ustad''' by Saleem Merchant of the Saleem- Suleman duo. Recently, Shafqat sang a song "Tere Naina" for the top-grossing [[Bollywood]] film ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''. The song has been composed by the trio Shankar-Ehsaan Loy and written by Naranjan Iyengar. His most recent song is ''Bin Tere'' from the movie ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]'' Composed and Written by Vishal and Shekhar.
Shafqat Amanat Ali has also sung the song Shukriya Zindagi from film Aashayein starring John Abraham.

==Partial Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Language!! Album !! Composer !! Songs!! Notes
|-
| 20
Bin tera bhi gaya ha in Aisha Film

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb|2319322}}
* [http://www.saaju.com/shafqat-amanat-ali-khan/tabeer/ Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan's Album Tabeer]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Shafqat Amanat}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani musicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:Pakistani Shi'a Muslims]]
[[Category:Pakistani singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Monsoon

2010-07-22T14:11:53Z

Bhajun Singh: /* Southwest Monsoon */ topography of the peninsula, not topology

{{about|the seasonal winds}}
{{Weather}}

'''Monsoon''' is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing [[wind]] accompanied by seasonal changes in [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]],<ref>Ramage, C., ''Monsoon Meteorology''. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 15, 296 pp., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. 1971.</ref> but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.<ref>Trenberth, .K.E., Stepaniak, D.P., Caron, J.M., 2000, The global monsoon as seen through the divergent atmospheric circulation, ''Journal of Climate'', '''13''', 3969-3993.</ref> <ref> [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JCLI4089.1 "On Air–Sea Interaction at the Mouth of the Gulf of California", Paquita Zuidema and Chris Fairall, in ''Journal of Climate'', Volume 20, Issue 9, May 2007, published by the American Meteorological Society] </ref> Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally-changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase.

The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the [[West African]] and [[Asia]]-[[Australia]]n monsoons. The inclusion of the [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]n monsoons with incomplete wind reversal may be debated.

The term was first used in [[English language|English]] in [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]]) and neighbouring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Arabian Sea]] in the southwest bringing heavy [[rainfall]] to the area.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon&submit=Search|title=Monsoon|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref><ref>International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. [http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/bng/IWM-III-BNG_overview.pdf The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast.] Retrieved on 2008-03-16.</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[Image:Monsoon clouds Lucknow.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Monsoon clouds over [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].]]
The English ''monsoon'' came from Portuguese ''monção'', ultimately from [[Arabic]] ''mawsim'' (موسم "season"), "perhaps partly via early modern Dutch ''monsun''".<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]'' online</ref> The [[Arabic]]-origin word ''mausam'' (मौसम, موسم) is also the word for "weather" in [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and several other [[North India]]n languages.<ref name="delacy1998">{{Cite book | title=Hindi & Urdu phrasebook | author=Richard Delacy, Parvez Dewan | year=1998 | publisher=Lonely Planet | isbn=0864424256 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=QkJH90HBlekC | quote=''... What's the weather like? Mausam kaisa hai? ...''}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== History ==
[[File:WahWah.JPG|thumb|right|250px|An isolated thunderstorm rolls through [[Wah Wah Valley]], [[Utah]]. This type of monsoonal pattern is very common in the late summer of the southwest US.]]
Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the [[Tibetan Plateau]] after the collision of the [[Indian sub-continent]] and Asia around 50 million years ago.<ref>ROYDEN, L.H., BURCHFIEL, B.C., VAN DER HILST, Rob, WHIPPLE, K.X., HODGES, K.V., KING, R.W., and CHEN, Zhiliang. [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_109662.htm UPLIFT AND EVOLUTION OF THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU.] Retrieved on 2008-05-11.</ref> Many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago based on records from the [[Arabian Sea]] and the record of wind-blown dust in the [[Loess Plateau]] of [[China]]. More recently, plant fossils in China and new long-duration [[sediment]] records from the [[South China Sea]] led to a timing of the monsoon starting 15-20 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift.<ref>P. D. Clift, M. K. Clark, and L. H. Royden. [http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/04300/EAE03-J-04300.pdf An Erosional Record of the Tibetan Plateau Uplift and Monsoon Strengthening in the Asian Marginal Seas.] Retrieved on 2008-05-11.</ref> Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the [[Integrated Ocean Drilling Program]].<ref>[[Integrated Ocean Drilling Program]]. [http://www.iodp.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2 Earth, Oceans, and Life.] Retrieved on 2008-05-11.</ref> The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to global climate change, especially the cycle of the [[Pleistocene]] ice ages.<ref>Anil K. Gupta and Ellen Thomas. [http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/1/47 Initiation of [[Northern Hemisphere]] glaciation and strengthening of the northeast Indian monsoon: Ocean Drilling Program Site 758, eastern equatorial Indian Ocean.] Retrieved on 2008-05-11.</ref> Timing of the monsoon strengthening of the Indian Monsoon of around 5 million years ago was suggested due to an interval of closing of the [[Indonesia]]n Seaway to cold thermocline waters passage from the Pacific to the [[Indian Ocean]] which is believed to have resulted in an increased sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean, which increased [[Oceanic gyre|gyral]] circulation and then caused an increased intensity of the monsoon.<ref>{{cite journal|author=M. S. Srinivasan and D. K. Sinha|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=924989|title=Ocean circulation in the tropical Indo-Pacific during early Pliocene (5.6-4.2 Ma) : Paleobiogeographic and isotopic evidence|accessdate=2008-05-11|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Earth and planetary sciences|issn=0253-4126|year=2000|volume=109|number=3|pages=315–328|issue=3}}</ref> Sinha et al. (2006) identified five episodes during the [[Quaternary]] at 2.22 [[Megaannum|Ma]] (PL-1), 1.83 Ma (PL-2), 0.68 Ma (PL-3), 0.45 Ma (PL-4) and 0.04 Ma (PL-5), of weakening of [[Leeuwin Current|Leeuwin Current (LC)]] and postulated that the weakening of the LC would have an effect on the [[Sea surface temperature|Sea Surface Temperature (SST)]] in the Indian Ocean, as the Indonesian throughflow generally warms the Indian Ocean. Thus these five intervals could probably be those of considerable lowering of SST in the Indian Ocean and would definitely have influenced Indian monsoon intensity. They (Sinha et al., 2006) stated that that during the weak LC there is the possibility of reduced intensity of Indian winter monsoon and strong summer monsoon, because of change in the Indian Ocean dipole due to reduction in net heat input to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian throughflow. Thus a better understanding of the possible links between [[El Niño]], Western Pacific Warm Pool, [[Indonesian Throughflow]], wind pattern off western Australia, and ice volume expansion and contraction can be obtained by studying the behaviour of the LC during Quaternary at close stratigraphic intervals.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic history of ODP site 763A (Exmouth Plateau), South-east Indian Ocean: 2.2 Ma record of planktic foraminifera|journal=Current Science|volume=90|issue=10|date=2006-05-25|author=D. K. Sinha, A. K. Singh, and M. Tiwari}}</ref>

== Process ==
[[Image:Howrah Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View of the Indian Ocean Monsoon clouds over [[Howrah Bridge]], [[Calcutta]].]]
Monsoons may be considered as large-scale [[sea breeze]]s, due to seasonal heating and the resulting development of a [[thermal low]] over a continental landmass. They are caused by the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle of land temperature compared to that of nearby oceans. This differential warming happens because heat in the ocean is mixed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be fifty metres deep, through the action of wind and buoyancy-generated [[turbulence]], whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating perhaps a metre or so. Additionally, the [[specific heat capacity]] of liquid water is significantly higher than that of most materials that make up land. Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that the air over the land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than the air over the ocean. The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of [[low pressure]]. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it.<ref name="cause">Dr. Louisa Watts (2009). [http://www.ncas.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=291&Itemid=9 What causes the west African monsoon?] National Centre for Environmental Science. Retrieved on 2009-04-04.</ref> Similar [[precipitation (meteorology)|rainfall]] is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains,<ref name="MT">Dr. Michael Pidwirny (2008). [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes.] Physical Geography. Retrieved on 2009-01-01.</ref> surface heating,<ref>Bart van den Hurk and Eleanor Blyth (2008). [http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling.] KNMI. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.</ref> convergence at the surface,<ref>Robert Penrose Pearce (2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=ways+to+moisten+the+atmosphere&source=web&ots=-0MYq5qyS6&sig=gz5lOAPIc54v5qfO7nZ098KmVGE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result Meteorology at the Millennium.] Academic Press, p. 66. ISBN 9780125480352. Retrieved on 2009-01-02.</ref> divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=gust+front&submit=Search|title=Gust Front|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces [[condensation]].

In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean retains heat longer. The cold air over the land creates a high pressure area which produces a breeze from land to ocean.<ref name="cause"/> Monsoons are similar to [[sea breezes|sea and land breezes]], a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[BBC]] Weather|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/monsoon.shtml|title=The Asian Monsoon|date=2004-09-01|accessdate=2008-05-22}}</ref>

Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside and cause drought.<ref>{{cite web|last= |first = |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Monsoon|work= |publisher= Britannica|date= |url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053445/monsoon|format= |doi = |accessdate= 2007-05-15}}</ref>

Even more broadly, it is now understood that in the geological past, monsoon systems must have always accompanied the formation of [[supercontinent]]s such as [[Pangaea]], with their extreme [[continental climate]]s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

== Global monsoons ==
=== Africa ===
The monsoon of western [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] is the result of the seasonal shifts of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and the great seasonal temperature and humidity differences between the [[Sahara]] and the equatorial [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web |author=African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) |title=Characteristics of the West African Monsoon |url=http://www.amma-international.org/article.php3?id_article=10 |publisher=AMMA |accessdate=2009-10-15}}</ref> It migrates northward from the equatorial Atlantic in February, reaches western Africa on June 22, then moves back to the south by October.<ref>Innovations Report. [http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/umwelt_naturschutz/bericht-16061.html Monsoon in West Africa: Classic continuity hides a dual-cycle rainfall regime.] Retrieved on 2008-05-25.</ref> The dry, northeasterly [[trade winds]], and their more extreme form, the [[harmattan]], are interrupted by the northern shift in the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone|ITCZ]] and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The semiarid [[Sahel]] and [[Sudan (region)|Sudan]] depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitationed area is desert.

=== North America ===
{{main|North American Monsoon|United States rainfall climatology}}
[[Image:azmonsoon.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Monsoonal clouds over [[Arizona]].]]

The '''North American Monsoon''' (also abbreviated as '''NAM''') occurs from late June or early July into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid-July. It affects Mexico along the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] as well as [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], [[West Texas]] and [[California]]. It pushes as far west as the [[Peninsular Ranges]] and [[Transverse Ranges]] of [[Southern California]], but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The North American monsoon is known to many as the ''Summer'', ''Southwest'', ''Mexican'' or ''Arizona'' monsoon.<ref>[[Arizona State University]] Department of Geography. [http://geography.asu.edu/aztc/monsoon.html Basics of Arizona Monsoon.] Retrieved on 2008-02-29.</ref><ref>New Mexico Tech. [http://www.ees.nmt.edu/vivoni/hydromet/lectures/Lecture17.pdf Lecture 17: 1. North American Monsoon System.] Retrieved on 2008-02-29.</ref> It is also sometimes called the ''Desert Monsoon'' as a large part of the affected area are the [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]] and [[Sonoran desert]]s.

=== Asia ===
The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the South Asian Monsoon which affects the [[Indian subcontinent]] and surrounding regions, and the East Asian Monsoon which affects [[People's Republic of China|southern China]], [[Korea]] and parts of [[Japan]].

==== South Asian Monsoon ====
===== Southwest Monsoon =====

[[Image:India southwest summer monsoon onset map en.svg|thumb|right|250px|Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer monsoons in India.]]

The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The [[Thar Desert]] and adjoining areas of the northern and central [[Indian subcontinent]] heats up considerably during the hot summers, which causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the [[Indian Ocean]] rush in to the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the [[Himalaya]]s, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into [[Central Asia]], thus forcing them to rise. With the gain in altitude of the clouds, the [[temperature]] drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to {{convert|10000|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain.

The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the start of June and fade down by the end of September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the [[Indian Peninsula]], due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the ''Arabian Sea Branch'' and the ''Bay of Bengal Branch''.

The ''Arabian Sea Branch'' of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the [[Western Ghats]] of the coastal state of [[Kerala|Kerala, India]], thus making the area the first state in [[India]] to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the [[Western Ghats]] with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats.

The ''Bay of Bengal Branch'' of Southwest Monsoon flows over the [[Bay of Bengal]] heading towards [[North-East India]] and [[Bengal]], picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The winds arrive at the [[Himalaya|Eastern Himalayas]] with large amounts of rain. [[Mawsynram]], situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas in [[Shillong|Shillong, India]], is one of the wettest places on Earth. After the arrival at the Eastern Himalayas, the winds turns towards the [[west]], travelling over the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] at a rate of roughly 1–2 weeks per state{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}, pouring rain all along its way. June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India, as indicated by the arrival of the monsoon in the southernmost state of Kerala.

The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. [[India]]n agriculture (which accounts for 25% of the GDP and employs 70% of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, for growing crops especially like [[cotton]], [[rice]], [[oilseeds]] and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 1990s.

The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer heat in June.<ref>Official Web Site of District Sirsa, India. [http://sirsa.gov.in/htfiles/location.html District Sirsa.] Retrieved on 2008-12-27.</ref> However, the condition of the roads take a battering each year. Often houses and streets are waterlogged and the [[slum]]s are flooded in spite of having a drainage system. This lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns causes severe economical loss including damage to property and loss of lives, as evidenced in the [[2005 Maharashtra floods|Bombay floods of 2005]]. [[Bangladesh]] and certain regions of India like [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]], also frequently experience heavy [[flood]]s during this season. And in the recent past, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the [[Thar Desert]], have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season.

The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China's [[Xinjiang]]. It is estimated that about 70% of all precipitation in the central part of the [[Tian Shan|Tian Shan Mountains]] falls during the three summer months, when the region is under the monsoon influence; about 70% of that is directly of "cyclonic" (i.e., monsoon-driven) origin (as opposed to "[[convection rain|local convection]]").<ref>{{Cite book|first=Felix P.|last=Blumer
|contribution=Investigations of the precipitation conditions in the central part of the Tianshan mountains
|editor-first=Karel |editor-last=Kovar|publisher= International Association of Hydrological Sciences
|year=1998|isbn=1901502457|title=Hydrology, water resources and ecology in headwaters. Volume 248 of IAHS publication
|url= iahs.info/redbooks/a193/iahs_193_0343.pdf
|pages=343–350}}</ref>

===== Northeast Monsoon =====
[[Image:Heavy clouds over Salt Lake, Calcutta.JPG|250px|thumb|left|Monsoon clouds in [[Calcutta]].]]

Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the [[Indian subcontinent]] begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern [[India]], the [[Indian Ocean]] and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the [[Himalayas]] and [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the [[Deccan]] peninsula. This is known as the '''Northeast Monsoon''' or '''Retreating Monsoon'''.

While travelling towards the Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the [[Bay of Bengal]] and pours it over peninsular [[India]] and parts of [[Sri Lanka]]. Cities like [[Madras]], which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon, receives rain from this Monsoon. About 50% to 60% of the rain received by the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] is from the Northeast Monsoon.<ref>www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm</ref> In Southern [[Asia]], the northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March when the surface [[high-pressure system]] is strongest.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Zhbqbrg2XswC&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=characteristics+of+an+oceanic+climate+koppen|title=Climatology|author=Robert V. Rohli, Anthony J. Vega|page=204|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2007|accessdate=2009-07-19|isbn=9780763738280}}</ref> The [[jet stream]] in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry [[air stream]]s which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over [[South-East Asia]] and [[Australasia]] and winds are directed toward [[Australia]] known as a [[monsoon trough]].
{{clear}}

==== East Asian Monsoon ====
{{main|East Asian monsoon}}

The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of [[Indo-China]], [[Philippines]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]]. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east-west except in East China where it is tilted east-northeast over Korea and Japan. The seasonal rain is known as ''Meiyu'' in China, ''Changma'' in Korea, and ''Bai-u'' in Japan, with the latter two resembling frontal rain.

The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May. From May through August, the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward, beginning over [[Indochina]] and the [[South China Sea]] (May), to the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze River Basin]] and Japan (June) and finally to [[North China]] and Korea (July). When the monsoon ends in August, the rain belt moves back to [[Northern and southern China|South China]].

=== Australia ===
[[Image:Evening monsoonal squall.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Monsoonal squall nears [[Darwin, Northern Territory]], [[Australia]].]]

Also known as the '''Indo-Australian Monsoon'''. The rainy season occurs from September to February and it is a major source of energy for the Hadley circulation during boreal winter. The ''Maritime Continent Monsoon'' and the ''Australian Monsoon'' may be considered to be the same system, the Indo-Australian Monsoon.

It is associated with the development of the [[Siberian High]] and the movement of the heating maxima from the [[Northern Hemisphere]] to the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. North-easterly winds flow down [[Southeast Asia]], are turned north-westerly/westerly by [[Borneo]] topography towards [[Australia]]. This forms a cyclonic circulation vortex over Borneo, which together with descending cold surges of winter air from higher latitudes, cause significant weather phenomena in the region. Examples are the formation of a rare low-latitude tropical storm in 2001, [[Tropical Storm Vamei]], and the [[2007 Jakarta flood|devastating flood of Jakarta]] in 2007.

The onset of the monsoon over the Maritime Continent tends to follow the heating maxima down [[Vietnam]] and the [[Malay Peninsula]] (September), to [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] and the [[Philippines]] (October), to [[Java]], [[Sulawesi]] (November), [[Irian Jaya]] and [[Northern Australia]] (December, January). However, the monsoon is not a simple response to heating but a more complex interaction topography, wind and sea, as demonstrated by its abrupt rather than gradual withdrawal from the region. The Australian monsoon or rainy season occurs in the austral summer when the monsoon trough develops over Northern Australia. Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia fall during this time.

=== Europe ===
{{See also|Climate of Europe}}
The '''European Monsoon''' (more commonly known as the '''Return of the Westerlies''') is the result of a resurgence of westerly winds from the [[Atlantic]], where they become loaded with wind and rain.<ref>Visser, S.W. (1953). Some remarks on the European monsoon. Birkhäuser: Basel.</ref> These Westerly winds are a common phenomenon during the European winter, but they ease as Spring approaches in late March and through April and May. The winds pick up again in June, which is why this phenomenon is also referred to as "the return of the westerlies".<ref>{{cite web|author=Leo Hickman|publisher=The Guardian|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/09/weather.europe|title=The Question: What is the European monsoon?|accessdate=2009-06-09|date=2008-07-09}}</ref>

The rain usually arrives in two waves, at the beginning of June and again in mid to late June. The European monsoon is not a monsoon in the traditional sense in that it doesn't meet all the requirements to be classified as such. Instead the Return of the Westerlies is more regarded as a conveyor belt that delivers a series of low pressure centres to [[Western Europe]] where they create unseasonable weather. These storms generally feature significantly lower than average temperatures, fierce rain or hail, thunder and strong winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Simons|publisher=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article6451573.ece|title='European Monsoon' to blame for cold and rainy start to June|accessdate=2009-06-09|date=2009-06-07}}</ref>

The Return of the Westerlies affects Europe's [[Northern Europe|Northern Atlantic]] coastline, more precisely [[Ireland]], [[Great Britain]], the [[Benelux|Benelux countries]], [[Western Germany]], [[Northern France]] and parts of [[Scandinavia]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. [http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/bng/IWM-III-BNG_overview.pdf The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast.]
* Chang, C.P., Wang, Z., Hendon, H., 2006, The Asian Winter Monsoon. ''The Asian Monsoon'', Wang, B. (Ed), Praxis, Berlin, p89-127.

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Monsoon}}
{{wikinews|Asian monsoon rains force millions to flee}}
* [http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/fgz/science/monsoon.php?wfo=fgz National Weather Service: The North American Monsoon]
* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/Campaigns/NAME_Mission.html North American Monsoon Experiment]
* [http://eamex.iastate.edu/ East Asian Monsoon Experiment]
* [http://nasrani.net/2007/02/18/influence-of-monsoon-winds/ Influence of monsoon winds]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/monsoon/html/intro.html Meet the Indian monsoons at PBS.org]
* [http://www.azcentral.com/weather/monsoon/ Arizona Central monsoon page]
* [http://www.pepperridgenorthvalley.com/monsoon_basics.php Basics of the Arizona Monsoon]
* [http://www.amma-international.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=109 AMMA - African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAdhjKglM3A Flooding of urban areas due to Monsoon showers, Phnom Penh-Cambodia > Video attachment]

[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Wind]]
[[Category:Winds]]
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[[Category:Flood]]
[[Category:Climate pattern]]
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[[he:מונסון]]
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Kara (Sikhism)

2010-06-14T20:04:08Z

Bhajun Singh: Rewording of "their God" to "God" since it misleads from the Sikh belief that there is only a single God who belongs to all religions

[[Image:CIMG0319.JPG|thumb|180px|right|Kara - one of the five articles of faith for the Sikhs]]A '''kara''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਕੜਾ, is a [bangle], worn by both male and female [[Khalsa|initiated]] [[Sikh]]s. It is one of the five [[kakars]] — external articles of faith — that identify a Sikh as dedicated to [[Hukam|their religious order]]. The Sikhs wore the '''kara''' to show the eternity of God's spirit/life. The kara was instituted by the tenth [[Sikh Gurus|Sikh guru]] [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]] at the [[Baisakhi]] [[Amrit Sanskar]] in [[1699]]. Guru Gobind Singh Ji explained:

<blockquote>"He does not recognize anyone else except One Lord, not even the bestowal of charities, performance of merciful acts, austerities and restraint on pilgrim-stations; the perfect light of the Lord illuminates his heart, then consider him as the immaculate Khalsa."<ref>Siri Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the [[Dasam Granth]], page 1350</ref></blockquote>

[[Image:Kara worn on right arm.JPG|thumb|180px|left|Karas are normally worn on the right arm, although this is not strictly necessary.]]
The kara is to constantly remind the Sikh disciple to do God's work with the hands, keeping with the [[Bani|advice given by the Guru]]. As the Sikhs' [[holy text]] the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] says "In the tenth month, you were made into a human being, O my merchant friend, and you were given your allotted time to perform good deeds."<ref>Guru Granth Sahib, page 76</ref> Similarly, Bhagat [[Kabir]] reminds the Sikh to always keep one's consciousness with [[God in Sikhism|God]]: "With your hands and feet, do all your work, but let your consciousness remain with the Immaculate Lord."<ref>||213|| - Siri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, page 1376</ref>

In India, warrior Sikhs are still seen wearing several karas of large sizes, designed to be used as a weapon in hand to hand combat.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7529694.stm BBC (2008-07-29): Sikh letuce wins bangle (Kara) law battle]
{{5Ks}}

[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
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Well-ordering theorem

2008-10-31T21:20:41Z

Bhajun Singh: Changed well-ordering axiom to well-ordering principle

{{unreferenced|date=April 2007}}
The '''well-ordering theorem''' (not to be confused with the [[well-ordering principle]]) states that every [[Set (mathematics)|set]] can be [[well-order]]ed.

This is important because it makes every set susceptible to the powerful technique of [[transfinite induction]].

[[Georg Cantor]] considered the well-ordering theorem to be a "fundamental principle of thought." Most mathematicians however find it difficult to visualize a well-ordering of, for example, the set '''R''' of [[real number]]s; in 1904, [[Gyula Kőnig]] claimed to have proven that such a well-ordering cannot exist. A few weeks later, though, [[Felix Hausdorff]] found a mistake in the proof. [[Ernst Zermelo]] then introduced the [[axiom of choice]] as an "unobjectionable logical principle" to prove the well-ordering theorem. It turned out though, that the well-ordering theorem is equivalent to the axiom of choice, in the sense that either one together with the [[Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms]] is sufficient to prove the other. (Incidentally, the same applies to [[Zorn's Lemma]].)

The well-ordering theorem has consequences that may seem paradoxical, such as the [[Banach–Tarski paradox]].

==See also ==
* [[Well-ordering principle]]

[[Category:Axiom of choice]]
[[Category:Mathematical theorems]]

[[de:Wohlordnungssatz]]
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Operation Blue Star

2007-07-10T03:04:38Z

Bhajun Singh: Spelling

{{Cleanup|date=May 2007}}
'''Operation ''Blue Star''''' ([[June 3]] to [[June 6]], [[1984]]) was an [[India]]n military operation at the [[Harimandir Sahib]] in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], the holiest temple of the [[Sikh]]s to destroy the popularity Sikh faith was attracting under the new Jathedar Sant Jarnail Singh Bhinderanwale <ref>http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1970s/Bluestar.html</ref>. The attack resulted in the death of thousands of innocent Sikh pilgrims who were visiting the Golden Temple on one of the holiest days of the Sikh religion, Guru Arjan Dev Ji's Gurpurb http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-history/ghallughara-84.html. One of the holiest buildings in the temple Complex the Akal Takht was destroyed by tank fire and Sikh Reference Library was set on fire by the army destroying many historic documents and artifacts .http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-history/ghallughara-84.html

=== Reasons behind Operation Bluestar===
The Indian Army led by General Kesar Singh Brar was forced to try and arrest Bhindranwale, as he had refused to give himself up to the police, despite arrest warrants being issued against him. The order for the army to arrest him was passed by Indira Gandhi, the prime minister of India at the time and President Zail Singh, who was president of India. When the army (majority Sikh, and led by a Sikh, General Brar tried to enter the vicinity with his men, they were fired at by Bhindranwale and his men. General Brar then had no choice but to order his men to fire back. The military code name for this operation was Operation Blue Star. The reason for the operation was the presence of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale in the Golden Temple. Bhindranwale, a militant was killed during the fighting. The Golden Temple complex suffered much damage due to the fighting between Bhindranwale and his men and the army.

===Assassination of Indira Gandhi ===

Following operation blue star Indira Gandhi had the part of the Harmandir Sahib which had been damaged rebuilt.

Operation ''Blue Star'' led to the assassination of Indira Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister. On October 31, two armed Sikh security officers of the then Indian Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]], who shot her dead with machine guns,in retaliation for the attack on the holiest shrines of the Sikhs

<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_2464000/2464423.stm</ref>. Operation ''Blue Star'' was described by journalists [[Mark Tully]] and Satish Jacob in their book, "Amritsar: - Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle".
While one of the assassins [[Beant Singh]] was shot in the exchange of fire, the other two [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Kehar Singh]] were hanged in 1989 <ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956757,00.html</ref>.

===Occupation of Harmandir Sahib ===
<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/punjab.htm Sikhs in Punjab</ref>. Operation ''Blue Star'' was the Indian government's response to the temple’s fortification. The attack resulted in many casualties both military and civilian.

==The operation ==
On [[June 3]], a 36 hour [[curfew]] was imposed on the state of Punjab, The period coincided with the martyrdom of [[Guru Arjan Dev]], a major religious holiday in [[Sikh calendar]].

===Overview===
[[Image:Armyinbluestar.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Indian Army taking position outside the temple complex]]

The Sikh separatists within the Harmandir Sahib were led by former Major-General [[Shabeg Singh]] (who resigned from the [[Indian Army]] in [[1976]]). .

The operation was undertaken under the cover of night, and due to the immense firepower and sophisticated weaponry in the possession of the Indian Army, the operation was expected to be a swift one. The separatists suffered heavy casualties.

===20 hrs - 22 hrs===

The first task was the destruction of Shabeg Singh's outer defenses. Much of this had been completed in the preliminary firing. Major-General Brar had hoped to frighten Bhindrenwale into surrendering, which did not happen. These defenses included the seventeen houses which the police had found Bhindanwale's followers to occupy in the alleys surrounding the Golden Temple. These outposts were all in wireless contact with Shahbeg Singh's command post in the [[Akal Takht]]. Next to it was Brahmbuta Akhara, a large building housing the headquarters of a Sikh sect. Then there were three main towers which had been fortified to make positions from which Bhindranwale's men could fire into the Golden Temple complex. Because they rose well above the surrounding buildings, the towers were excellent observation posts for tracking the movement of Indian troops in the narrow alleys surrounding the Temple. The tops of these towers were blasted off in the preliminary artillery fire.

===22 hrs - 2330 hrs===
It was between 10:00 and 10:30 PM on [[June 5]] that commandos from 1st Battalion, the parachute regiment were ordered to run down the steps under the clock tower on to the parikarma, or pavement, turn right and move as quickly as they could, round the edge of the sacred tank to the Akal Takht. But as the paratroopers entered the main gateway to the Temple they were gunned down by militants with light machine-guns who were hiding on either side of the steps leading down to the parikarma. The few commandos who did get down the steps were driven back by a barrage of fire from the building on the south side of the sacred pool. In the control room, in a house on the opposite side of the clock-tower, Major-General Brar was waiting with his two supporting officers to hear that the commandos had established positions inside the complex<ref>http://www.sikh.com.au/blue/ Indian Army Viewpoint</ref>.

The few commandos who survived regrouped in the square outside the Temple, and reported back to Major-General Brar. He reinforced them and ordered them to make another attempt to go in. The commandos were to be followed by the 10th Battalion of the Guards commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Israr Khan. The second commando attack managed to neutralize the machine-gun posts on either side of the steps and get down on to the parikarma. They were followed by the Guards who came under withering fire and were not able to make any progress, radioed for permission to fire back at the buildings on the other side of the tank. That would have meant that the Golden Temple itself, which is in the middle of the tank, would have been in the line of fire. Brar initially refused, but then started to get messages from the commander of Guards reporting heavy casualties.

===2330 hrs - 01 hrs===

Brar again requested tanks after an APC that had been sent in was destroyed by a rocket fired by a Sikh militant.This time his request was granted. According to eyewitness accounts, as many as 20 stephine tanks were brought into the parikarma and lined up on the eastern side. Marble flooring of eastern parikarma was destroyed{{Fact|date=May 2007}}. A total of 90 shells were fired and the Bhindrawale was brought down by the Indian army. Later the Holy Temple was found to have more than 300 bullet holes.

== Aftermath==
[[Image:Blue star akal takht.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Bullet and shell riddled [[Sri Akal Takht Sahib|Akal Takht]] building after Operation Blue Star]]
As per the affidavit filed by retired [[Brigadier]] D.V. Rao in court of Harjit Singh Khalsa, judicial magistrate first class, [[Amritsar]], on [[March 19]], [[2007]], the [[Indian Army]] suffered 83 deaths, which included four officers, four [[Junior Commissioned Officer]]s and 75 other ranks. As per the affidavit , 13 [[Indian Army]] officers, 16 [[Junior Commissioned Officer|JCO]]s and 220 other ranks were injured in the operation. Indian army recorded 492 civilian deaths inside Golden Temple while 433 persons were segregated as separatists amongst 1592 persons apprehended <ref>http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070320/punjab1.htm</ref>. During June of [[1984]], brigadier D.V. Rao served as [[Commander]] of 350 Infantry Brigade based in [[Jalandhar]], which formed part of Ninth Infantry Division of [[Indian Army]].The Sikh accounts give the civilian death toll at 5000 dead with 250 defenders killed.Rajiv Gandhi mentioned 700 soldiers killed in the operation(Tully & Jacob) The Operation led to an estrangement between the Indian Central government and large portions of the Sikh community. [[Indira Gandhi]] was later assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards. The assassination triggered [[Anti-Sikh riots]] in North India. The anti-Sikh riots led to the killing of over 3000 Sikhs in major cities. General [[A S Vaidya]] the [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief Of Army Staff]] at the time of Blue Star operation was also assassinated in 1986 in [[Pune]].

==Criticism of the Operation==
Operation ''Blue Star'' is regarded by some military observers in [[India]] and the international community as a major military embarrassment often compared with the botched [[Beslan school hostage crisis|Beslan hostage crisis]]. It was criticized as the most poorly conducted and managed military operation in the history of the [[Indian Army]] due to the large number of military and civilian casualties. Moreover, the success in emptying and depoliticizing the temple was marred by the damage to the temple building and the death of civilian worshipers caught in the crossfire.<ref>http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/india/india1984a.htm OnWar Repository of Conflicts</ref> The use of artillery in the congested inner city of [[Amritsar]] proved deadly for many people living in proximity of Golden Temple. Moreover a media blackout placed in Punjab during the time of the operation resulted in widespread doubt of official stories .<ref>Anniversary Issue, India Today, Dec 26, 2005,p 136.</ref>

==References==
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</div>

===External sources===
<div class="references-small">
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/operationbluestar.shtml Operation Blue Star]]
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03spec.htm Rediff: Operation Blustar 20 years on]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499341.stm BBC
Reports and timeline]</div>

BBC Flashback Golden Temple Attack http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3774899.stm

Golden Temple High Priest Eye Witness Account http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-history/eye-witness-account-of-operation-bluestar.html

[[Category:Punjab (India)]]
[[Category:Sikh history]]
[[Category:Independent India]]
[[Category:Terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Amritsar]]

[[fr:Massacre du Temple d'Or]]
[[pa:ਆਪਰੈਸ਼ਨ ਬਲੂ ਸਟਾਰ]]
[[pl:Operacja Niebieska Gwiazda]]
[[sv:Massakern i Gyllene templet]]

Langar (Sikhism)

2006-07-14T14:19:03Z

Bhajun Singh: Added to Glossary of Sikh Terms category

[[Image:MDSC 0095m.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Langar service at the Gurdwara at Forum 2004 in Spain]]
'''Langar''' ({{lang-pa|ਲੰਗਰ}}) is the term used in the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] religion for the free, [[vegetarian]]-only [[food]] served in a [[Gurdwara]] and eaten by everyone sitting as equals. The practice was introduced by [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji to break the [[caste]] system that was prevalent in [[India]] during the [[13th century|13th]] and [[14th century|14th]] centuries.

This practice is one of the [[Three Pillars of Sikhism]] and symbolizes the desire of Sikhs to eradicate hunger. The Sikhs are encouraged to donate ten percent ([[daswandh]]) of their wealth, time, or resources to a worthy cause, of which Langar [[Sewa]] is one.

At Langar, only vegetarian food is served. This is done to ensure that all people, with whatever dietary restrictions (for example [[Jainism|Jain]]s, [[Kosher|Jew]]s, or [[Halal|Muslim]]s) will feel welcome to eat as equals.

It is also a common term used across various units in the Indian Army, when referring to a [[mess]], especially when there is no building and the food is served in open air (or through temporary arrangements like tents).

The Langar or free kitchen was started by the first Sikh Guru, [[Guru Nanak Dev]] Ji. It is designed to uphold the principle of equality between all people of the world regardless of religion, caste, colour, creed, age, gender or social status. In addition to the ideals of equality, the tradition of Langar expresses the ethics of sharing, community, inclusiveness and oneness of all humankind. "..the Light of God is in all hearts."<ref>[[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] pg. 282</ref>

For the first time in history, Guruji designed an institution in which all people would sit together, as equals, to eat the same simple food. It is here that all people high or low, rich or poor, male or female, all sit in the same [[pangat]] (literally "row" or "line") to share and enjoy the food together.

The institution of [[Guru ka Langar]] has served the community in many ways. It has ensured the participation of Sikhs in a task of service for mankind, even Sikh children help in serving food to the [[pangat]]. Langar also teaches the etiquette of sitting and eating in a community situation, which has played a great part in upholding the virtue of sameness of all human beings; providing a welcome, secure and protected sanctuary.

Everyone is welcome to share the Langar; no one is turned away. The food is normally served twice a day, every day of the year. Each week a family or several families volunteer to provide and prepare the Langar. This is very generous, as there may be several hundred people to feed, and caterers are not allowed. All the preparation, the cooking and the washing-up is also done by voluntary helpers ([[Sewadar]]s).

Besides the Langars attached to [[gurdwara]]s, there are improvised open-air Langars at the time of festivals and gurpurbs. Specially arranged [[Langar]]s on such occasions are probably the most largely attended community meals anywhere in the world. There might be a hundred thousand people partaking of food at single meal in one such langar. Wherever Sikhs are, they have established their Langars. In their prayers, the [[Sikh]]s seek from the Almighty the favour: “Loh langar tapde rahin—may the hot plates of the langars remain ever in service.”

==References==
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{{Sikhism}}
{{Sikhism-stub}}

[[Category:Sikh practices]]
[[Category:Glossary_of_Sikh_Terms]]