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"Weird Al" Yankovic

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{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = "Weird Al" Yankovic
| image = AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg
| caption = Weird Al performing live in 2010
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Alfred Matthew Yankovic
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|10|23}}
| birth_place = [[Downey, California]], United States
| origin = [[Lynwood, California]], United States
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* [[Singing|Vocals]]
* [[accordion]]
* [[Electronic keyboard|keyboards]]
* [[theremin]]}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* songwriter
* parodist
* record producer
* satirist
* actor
* music video director
* film producer
* author}}
| years_active = 1976–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Parody music|Parody]]
* [[Comedy music|comedy]]
* [[polka]]}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Rock 'n Roll Records]]
* [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
* Placebo
* [[TK Records|TK]]
* [[Scotti Brothers Records|Scotti Brothers]]
* [[Volcano Records|Volcano]]
* [[RCA Records|RCA]]}}
| associated_acts = [[Dr. Demento]], [[Jon Schwartz (drummer)|Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz]]
| website = {{URL|weirdal.com}}
}}

'''Alfred Matthew''' "'''Weird Al'''" '''Yankovic''' ({{IPAc-en|'|j|æ|ŋ|k|ə|v|ɪ|k}} {{respell|YANG|kə-vik}}; born October 23, 1959)<ref name=allmusic /> is an American singer, songwriter, parodist, record producer, satirist, actor, voice actor, music video director, film producer, and author. He is known for his humorous songs that make light of [[popular culture]] and often parody specific songs by contemporary musical acts, original songs that are style [[pastiche]]s of the work of other acts, and [[polka]] medleys of several popular songs, featuring his favored instrument, the [[accordion]].

Since his first-aired comedy song in 1976, he has sold more than 12 million albums ({{as of|2007|lc=y}}),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/09/AR2007080900305.html|last=Harrington|first=Richard|title=Weird Al's Imitation: A Funky Form of Flattery|work=Washington Post|accessdate=August 10, 2007|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kESmJdXg|archivedate=October 2, 2009|deadurl=no | date=August 10, 2007}}</ref> recorded more than 150 parody and original songs,<ref name="catchup">{{cite web|url=http://ninemsn.video.msn.com/v/en-au/v.htm?f=39&g=b738d4f6-1921-4e6f-9836-1ce2b2b0850c&p=autvshows_authecatchup&t=m2556&mediaid=77139 |title=Weird Al Yankovic's latest send-ups on The Catch-up|accessdate=March 14, 2007|archivedate=22 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922002829/http://ninemsn.video.msn.com/v/en-au/v.htm?f=39&g=b738d4f6-1921-4e6f-9836-1ce2b2b0850c&p=autvshows_authecatchup&t=m2556&mediaid=77139}}</ref><ref name="catalog">{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/catalog.htm| title=Weird Al Yankovic: Catalog|accessdate=October 28, 2006|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kESmp2r0|archivedate=October 2, 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/bio.htm| title=Weird Al Yankovic: Biographies|accessdate=October 28, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061110025903/http://weirdal.com/bio.htm| archivedate= November 10, 2006}}</ref> and has performed more than 1,000 live shows.<ref name="livepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/livepage.htm |title=Weird Al Yankovic: Live Performances|accessdate=November 10, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061113132038/http://weirdal.com/livepage.htm| archivedate= November 13, 2006}}</ref> His works have earned him four [[Grammy Award]]s and a further 11 nominations, four [[RIAA certification|gold records]], and six [[RIAA certification|platinum records]] in the United States. Weird Al's first top ten ''[[Billboard charts|Billboard]]'' album (''[[Straight Outta Lynwood]]'') and single ("[[White & Nerdy]]") were both released in 2006, nearly three decades into his career. His latest album, ''[[Mandatory Fun]]'' (2014), became his first number-one album during its debut week.

Weird Al's success comes in part from his effective use of music video to further parody popular culture, the song's original artist, and the original music videos themselves, scene-for-scene in some cases. He directed later videos himself and went on to direct for other artists including [[Ben Folds]], [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]], [[The Black Crowes]], and [[The Presidents of the United States of America (band)|The Presidents of the United States of America]]. With the decline of [[music television]] and the onset of [[social media]], Weird Al used [[YouTube]] and other video sites to publish his videos; this strategy proved integral helping to boost sales of his later albums including ''Mandatory Fun''. Weird Al has stated that he may forgo traditional albums in favor of timely releases of singles and EPs following on this success.

In addition to recording his albums, Weird Al wrote and starred in the film ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'' (1989) and ''[[The Weird Al Show]]'' (1997). He has also made guest appearances and voice acting roles on many television shows and video web content, in addition to starring in ''[[Al TV]]'' specials on MTV.<ref name=allmusic>{{cite news|last=Ankeny|first=Jason |title=Weird Al Yankovic Biography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/weird-al-yankovic-mn0000817315/biography |publisher =[[AllMusic.com]] ([[Rovi]]) | accessdate= July 24, 2015 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6aGZzJGWM | archivedate= July 24, 2015 | deadurl=no}}</ref> He has also written two children's books, ''When I Grow Up'' and ''My New Teacher and Me!''

== Early life ==
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage=[[File:"Weird Al" Yankovic.JPG|210px]] | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LyNbCRQsck 'Weird Al' Yankovic - Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?], 7:02, [[Diffuser.fm]]<ref name="forf">{{cite web | title =‘Weird Al’ Yankovic Plays ‘Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?’ | work = | publisher =[[Diffuser.fm]] | date = July 30, 2014 | url =http://diffuser.fm/weird-al-wikipedia-fact-or-fiction/ | accessdate =September 29, 2015 }}</ref> }}

Yankovic was born in [[Downey, California]] and raised in [[Lynwood, California]]. He is the only child of Mary Elizabeth (Vivalda) and Nick Yankovic.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|url=http://weirdal.com/archives/faq/ |title= Frequently Asked Questions| publisher= "Weird Al" Yankovic official website |accessdate=July 24, 2015| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150321162320/http://weirdal.com/archives/faq/|quote=He grew up in Lynwood, California (a suburb of Los Angeles), although the hospital he was actually born in was in the neighboring town of Downey ... Al's grandparents on his father's side were Yugoslavian.|archivedate= March 21, 2015| deadurl=no}}</ref> His father was born in [[Kansas City, Kansas]], of [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslavian]]<ref name="faq"/><ref name="Conrad">{{cite journal |last=Conrad |first=Harold |editor-last=Guccione, Jr. |editor-first=Bob |date=August 1985 |title=The Glamorous Life Of Al Yankovic |journal=[[Spin (magazine)|SPIN]] |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=48. – 50 |publisher=SPIN Media LLC |issn=0886-3032 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TZaFMCee5HQC&pg=PA48 |accessdate=4 February 2013 |quote=It is of no minor coincidence that his parents are of Yugoslavian lineage and it so happens that Frankie Yankovic (no relation), known as the polka king and one of the best accordionists in the country, also happens to be a Yugoslav. A little chauvinism here.}}</ref> descent, and began living in California after serving during [[World War II]];<ref name="booklet">{{cite book|last=Demento|first=Dr.|title=Liner notes, Permanent Record|publisher=Scotti Bros.|date=September 27, 1994|url=http://dmdb.org/al/booklet.html|asin=B00000I029}}</ref><ref name=autopsy>{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20040412-1434-yankovic.html|title=Autopsy confirms Yankovic parents died from carbon monoxide poisoning|publisher=San Diego Union Tribune|date=April 12, 2004|accessdate=March 7, 2009|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1238721718415022|archivedate=April 3, 2009}}</ref> he believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy.<ref name="booklet"/> Nick married Mary in 1949. Mary, who was of [[Italians|Italian]] and English descent, had come to California from [[Kentucky]], and gave birth to Alfred ten years later.<ref name="booklet"/>

Al's first accordion lesson, which sparked his career in music, was on the day before his sixth birthday. A door-to-door salesman traveling through Lynwood offered the Yankovic parents a choice of [[accordion]] or [[guitar]] lessons at a local music school. Yankovic claims the reason his parents chose accordion over guitar was "they figured there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world", referring to [[Frankie Yankovic]],<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://dmdb.org/al/booklet.html|title=Permanent Record: Al in the Box|accessdate=August 24, 2006}}</ref> to whom he is not related.<ref name=Conrad/> Yankovic said that "[his] parents chose the accordion because they were convinced it would revolutionize rock."<ref name="Conrad"/> He continued lessons at the school for three years before continuing to learn on his own.<ref name="faq"/> Yankovic's early accordion role models included Frankie Yankovic and [[Myron Floren]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

In the 1970s, Yankovic was a big fan of [[Elton John]] and claims John's ''[[Goodbye Yellow Brick Road]]'' album "was partly how I learned to play rock 'n roll on the accordion."<ref name="booklet"/> As for his influences in comedic and parody music, Yankovic lists artists including [[Tom Lehrer]], [[Stan Freberg]], [[Spike Jones]], [[Allan Sherman]], [[Shel Silverstein]] and [[Frank Zappa]] "and all the other wonderfully sick and twisted artists that he was exposed to through the ''[[Dr. Demento]] Radio Show''."<ref name="faq"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myspace.com/weirdal |title="Weird Al" Yankovic on MySpace|accessdate=April 2, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061202004114/http://www.myspace.com/weirdal| archivedate= December 2, 2006}}</ref> Other sources of inspiration for his comedy come from [[Mad (magazine)|''Mad'' magazine]],<ref name="booklet"/> [[Monty Python]],<ref>{{cite podcast|url=http://podcasts.triplem.com.au/audio/20070307_spoon_best_weirdalredux.mp3|title="Weird Al" Yankovic interview by Spoonman on Triple M Australia|time=9:10|accessdate=April 2, 2007|archivedate=July 4, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704191934/http://podcasts.triplem.com.au/audio/20070307_spoon_best_weirdalredux.mp3}}</ref> and the [[Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker]] parody movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0494|title=Midnight Star "Ask Al" Q&As for April 1994|accessdate=April 2, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070329025047/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#090604| archivedate= March 29, 2007}}</ref>

Yankovic began kindergarten a year earlier than most children, and he skipped [[second grade]]. "My classmates seemed to think I was some kind of [[wikt:rocket scientist|rocket scientist]] so I was labeled a nerd early on," he recalls.<ref name="booklet"/> As his unusual schooling left him two years younger than most of his classmates, Yankovic was not interested in sports or social events at school. He attended [[Lynwood High School]]. Yankovic was active in his school's extracurricular programs, including the [[National Forensic League]] sanctioned [[public speaking|speech]] events, a play based upon ''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'', the yearbook (for which he wrote most of the captions), and the Volcano Worshippers club, "which did absolutely nothing. We started the club just to get an extra picture of ourselves in the yearbook."<ref name="booklet"/> Weird Al graduated in 1975<ref name=thebook>{{cite book |title=Weird Al: The Book |first=Nathan |last=Rabin |authorlink=Nathan Rabin |author2=Al Yankovic |date=2012 |publisher=[[Abrams Books]] |location=New York |isbn=1419704354 |page=11 }}</ref> and was [[valedictorian]] of his senior class.<ref name="booklet"/>

Yankovic attended [[California Polytechnic State University]] in [[San Luis Obispo, California|San Luis Obispo]] where he earned a bachelor's degree in [[architecture]].<ref name="Conrad"/>

== Career ==

=== Dr. Demento and early fame ===
Yankovic received his first exposure via southern California and syndicated comedy radio personality [[Dr. Demento]]'s radio show, saying "If there hadn't been a Dr. Demento, I'd probably have a real job now."<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr. Demento Marks 30 Years Of Funny Music|url=http://newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/syracuse/syracuse-post-standard/2000/03-01/page-36|author=Jim Bessman|agency=BPI Entertainment}}</ref> In 1976, Dr. Demento spoke at Yankovic's school where the then-16-year-old Yankovic gave him a homemade [[Compact Cassette|tape]] of original and parody songs performed on the accordion in Yankovic's bedroom into a "cheesy little tape recorder". The tape's first song, "Belvedere Cruisin'" - about his family's [[Plymouth Belvedere##1962–1964|Plymouth Belvedere]] - was played on Demento's comedy radio show, launching Yankovic's career. Demento said, "'Belvedere Cruising' might not have been the very best song I ever heard, but it had some clever lines [...] I put the tape on the air immediately."<ref name="booklet"/><ref name="unlabeled tape">{{cite web|url=http://weirdal.com/rare89.htm |title="Weird Al" Yankovic: Rare Items: UNLABELED TAPE |accessdate=August 24, 2006|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1238721723796702|archivedate=April 3, 2009}}</ref> Yankovic also played at local coffeehouses, saying:
{{Quote|It was sort of like amateur music night, and a lot of people were like wannabe [[Dan Fogelberg]]s. They'd get up on stage with their acoustic guitar and do these lovely ballads. And I would get up with my accordion and play the [[Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)|theme from]] [[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|''2001''.]] And people were kind of shocked that I would be disrupting their mellow Thursday night folk fest.<ref>"[http://blog.nj.com/ledgerentertainment/2007/08/michael_blackwellif_you_asked.html The clown prince of song parodies].", ''[[The Star-Ledger]]'', August 10, 2007. p14.</ref>}}

During Yankovic's sophomore year as an architecture student at Cal Poly, he became a disc jockey at [[KCPR]] the university's radio station. Yankovic said he had originally been nicknamed ''Weird Al'' by fellow students and "took it on professionally" as his persona for the station.<ref name="booklet"/> In 1978, he released his first recording (as Alfred Yankovic), "Take Me Down", on the LP, ''Slo Grown'', as a benefit for the Economic Opportunity Commission of [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County]]. The song mocked famous nearby landmarks such as [[Bubblegum Alley]] and the fountain toilets at the [[Madonna Inn]].

In mid-1979, shortly before his senior year, "[[My Sharona]]" by [[The Knack]] was on the charts and Yankovic took his accordion into the restroom across the hall from the radio station to take advantage of the [[echo chamber]] acoustics and recorded a parody titled "[[My Bologna]]".<ref name= takingoff/> He sent it to [[Dr. Demento]], who played it to good response from listeners. Yankovic met The Knack after a show at his college and introduced himself as the author of "My Bologna". The Knack's lead singer, [[Doug Fieger]], said he liked the song and suggested that [[Capitol Records]] vice president [[Rupert Perry]] release it as a single.<ref name="booklet"/> "My Bologna" was released as a single with "School Cafeteria" as its B-side, and the label gave Yankovic a six-month recording contract. Yankovic, who was "only getting average grades" in his architecture degree, began to realize that he might make a career of comedic music.<ref name="booklet"/>

On September 14, 1980, Yankovic was a guest on the ''[[Dr. Demento#The Dr. Demento radio show|Dr. Demento Show]]'', where he was to record a new parody live. The song was called "[[Another One Rides the Bus]]", a parody of [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s hit, "[[Another One Bites the Dust]]". While practicing the song outside the sound booth, he met [[Jon Schwartz (drummer)|Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz]], who told him he was a drummer and agreed to bang on Yankovic's accordion case to help Yankovic keep a steady beat during the song. They rehearsed the song just a few times before the show began.<ref name="booklet"/> "Another One Rides the Bus" became so popular that Yankovic's first television appearance was a performance of the song on ''[[Tomorrow (TV series)|The Tomorrow Show]]'' (April 21, 1981) with [[Tom Snyder]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TV Listings, Tuesday, April 21 |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=April 19, 1981 |page=TV24 |url= http://search.proquest.com/docview/535950110/64D022730CE94ECBPQ/1?accountid=46320}}</ref> On the show, Yankovic played his accordion, and again, Schwartz banged on the accordion case and provided comical sound effects. Yankovic's record label, [[TK Records]], went bankrupt about two weeks after the single was released, so Yankovic received no royalties from its initial release.<ref name=takingoff>{{cite news |last=Harrington |first=Richard |title='Weird Al' Taking Off |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 19, 1983 |page=C8 |url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/147567013/64D022730CE94ECBPQ/10?accountid=46320}}</ref>

=== Band and fame ===
1981 brought Yankovic on tour for the first time as part of Dr. Demento's stage show. His stage act in a [[Phoenix, Arizona]], nightclub caught the eye of manager Jay Levey, who was "blown away".<ref name="booklet"/> Levey asked Yankovic if he had considered creating a full band and doing his music as a career. Yankovic admitted that he had, so Levey held auditions. [[Steve Jay]] became Yankovic's bass player, and Jay's friend [[Jim West (guitarist)|Jim West]] played guitar. Schwartz continued on drums. Yankovic's first show with his new band was on March 31, 1982.<ref name="livepage"/> Several days later, Yankovic and his band were the opening act for [[Missing Persons (band)|Missing Persons]].

Yankovic recorded "[[I Love Rocky Road]]", (a parody of "[[I Love Rock 'n' Roll]]" as recorded by [[Joan Jett|Joan Jett and The Blackhearts]]) which was produced by [[Rick Derringer]], in 1982. The song was a hit on Top 40 radio, leading to Yankovic's signing with [[Scotti Brothers Records]]. In 1983, Yankovic's first [["Weird Al" Yankovic (album)|self-titled album]] was released on Scotti Bros. The song "[[Ricky (song)|Ricky]]" was released as a single and the music video received exposure on the still-young [[MTV]]. Yankovic released his second album ''[["Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D]]'' in 1984. The first single "[[Eat It]]", a parody of the [[Michael Jackson]] song "[[Beat It]]", became popular, thanks in part to the music video, a shot-for-shot parody of Jackson's "Beat It" music video, and what Yankovic described as his "uncanny resemblance" to Jackson. Peaking at No. 12 on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] on April 14, 1984,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eat It – Weird Al Yankovic |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=weird al yankovic|chart=all}} |work=Billboard}}</ref> "Eat It" remained Yankovic's highest-charting single until "[[White & Nerdy]]" placed at No. 9 in October 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=White & Nerdy |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=weird al yankovic|chart=all}} |work=Billboard}}</ref>

In 1985, Yankovic co-wrote and starred in a [[mockumentary]] of his own life titled ''[[The Compleat Al]]'', which intertwined the facts of his life up to that point with fiction. The movie also featured some clips from Yankovic's trip to Japan and some clips from the ''[[Al TV]]'' specials. ''The Compleat Al'' was co-directed by Jay Levey, who would direct ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'' four years later. Also released around the same time as ''The Compleat Al'' was ''The Authorized Al'', a biographical book based on the film. The book, resembling a scrapbook, included real and fictional humorous photographs and documents.

Yankovic and his band toured as the opening act for [[The Monkees]] in mid-1987 for their second reunion tour of North America. Yankovic claims to have enjoyed touring with The Monkees, even though "the promoter gypped us out of a bunch of money."<ref>{{cite web |title='Ask Al' Q&As for November, 1998 |url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#1198 |accessdate=June 5, 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070609200738/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#top |archivedate=June 9, 2007}}</ref>

In 1988 Yankovic was the narrator on the [[Wendy Carlos]] recording of [[Sergei Prokofiev]]'s ''[[Peter and the Wolf]]''.<ref>Steve Johnson, [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-07-25/features/8902200286_1_ex-police-sting-tune/2 "Weirdly Normal: Pop-tune Buster Al Yankovic Saves Worst Wackiness For The Screen"], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', July 25, 1989.</ref> The album also included a sequel to [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]'s composition ''[[The Carnival of the Animals]]'' titled "The Carnival of the Animals Part II", with Yankovic providing humorous poems for each of the featured creatures in the style of [[Ogden Nash]], who had written humorous poems for the original.

[[Rubén Valtierra]] joined the band on keyboards in 1991, allowing Yankovic to concentrate more on singing and increasing his use of the stage space during concerts.

A factual biographical booklet of Yankovic's life, written by [[Dr. Demento]], was released with the 1994 box set compilation ''[[Permanent Record: Al in the Box]]''.<ref name="booklet"/> The Dr. Demento Society, which issues yearly Christmas re-releases of material from Dr. Demento's Basement Tapes, often includes unreleased tracks from Yankovic's vaults, such as "Pacman", "It's Still Billy Joel To Me" or the live version of "School Cafeteria".

=== New look and career to present ===
[[File:Weirdalclassic.jpg|thumb|Yankovic's "classic" look before eye surgery: with glasses, mustache and short, curly hair; used from 1979 to 1998]]

On January 24, 1998, Yankovic had [[LASIK]] eye surgery to correct his extreme [[myopia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=LASIK story and pictures |url=http://weirdal.com/thelook1.htm}}</ref> When ''[[Running with Scissors (album)|Running with Scissors]]'' debuted in 1999, he unveiled a radically changed look. In addition to shedding his glasses, he had shaved off his [[moustache]] and grown out his hair. He had previously shaved his mustache in 1983 for the video of "[[Ricky (song)|Ricky]]" to resemble [[Desi Arnaz]], and 1996 for the "[[Amish Paradise]]" video. Yankovic reasoned, "If [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s allowed to reinvent herself every 15 minutes, I figure I should be good for a change at least once every 20 years."<ref>{{cite web |title=Archive.org for www.weirdal.com/bio.htm for February 8, 2001 |url=http://www.weirdal.com/bio.htm |accessdate=October 29, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208173222/http://www.weirdal.com/bio.htm |archivedate=February 8, 2001}}</ref> He parodied the reaction to this "new look" in a commercial for his nonexistent ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' special. The commercial featured Yankovic in the short-haired wig from the music video for [[Hanson (band)|Hanson's]] "River", claiming his new look was an attempt to "get back to the core of what I'm all about", that being "the music".<ref>{{cite web |title='Weird Al' Yankovic MTV Unplugged Promo |url=http://www.al-oholicsanonymous.com/videos/EatItUnpluggedPromo.wmv |accessdate=October 28, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929075952/http://www.al-oholicsanonymous.com/videos/EatItUnpluggedPromo.wmv |archivedate=September 29, 2006}}</ref>

Four of his latest albums feature the longest songs Yankovic has ever released.
* "[[Albuquerque (song)|Albuquerque]]" from ''Running with Scissors'': 11 minutes and 23 seconds
* "Genius in France" from ''Poodle Hat'': 8 minutes and 56 seconds
* "Trapped in the Drive-Thru" from ''Straight Outta Lynwood'': 10 minutes and 53 seconds
* "Jackson Park Express" from ''Mandatory Fun'': 9 minutes and 5 seconds.

Before 2007 (apart from a one-off performance of "Albuquerque" in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]),<ref name=setlists>{{cite web |title='Weird Al' Yankovic: Concert Set Lists |url=http://www.weirdal.com/setlists.htm |accessdate=October 28, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107164841/http://weirdal.com/setlists.htm |archivedate=November 7, 2006}}</ref> these "epic" songs were not performed live in their entirety because of their length and complexity. ''(See [[#Live performances|Live performances]] for details)''

Yankovic has also started to explore [[digital distribution]] of his songs. On October 7, 2008, Yankovic released to the [[iTunes Store]] "[[Whatever You Like ("Weird Al" Yankovic song)|Whatever You Like]]", a parody of the [[T.I.]] [[Whatever You Like (T.I. song)|song of the same title]], which Yankovic said he had come up with two weeks before. Yankovic said that the benefit of digital distribution is that "I don't have to wait around while my songs get old and dated—I can get them out on the Internet almost immediately."<ref>{{cite web |last=Vreval |first=Jeff |title=Weird Al Goes Digital With T.I. Cover |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=October 6, 2008 |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1043863/weird-al-goes-digital-with-ti-cover |accessdate=October 6, 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081007144039/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1043863/weird-al-goes-digital-with-ti-cover |archivedate=October 7, 2008}}</ref> In 2009, Yankovic released four more songs: "[[Craigslist (song)|Craigslist]]" on June 16, "[[Skipper Dan]]" on July 14, "[[CNR (single)|CNR]]" on August 4, and "[[Ringtone (song)|Ringtone]]" on August 25. These five digitally released songs were packaged as a digital EP titled ''[[Internet Leaks]]'', with "Whatever You Like" retroactively included in the set.<ref>{{cite web |title='Weird Al' Yankovic Releases New Single 'Craigslist' an Homage to the Doors |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |date=June 16, 2009 |url=http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20090616/NY3313516062009-1.html |accessdate=June 21, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620071251/http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20090616/NY3313516062009-1.html |archivedate=June 20, 2009 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

In 2011, Yankovic completed his thirteenth studio album, titled ''[[Alpocalypse]]'', which was released on June 21, 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0YJpwKwinE | title="Weird Al" Yankovic – The New Album | work=YouTube | date=April 21, 2011 | accessdate=April 22, 2011}}</ref> The album contains the five songs from the previous ''[[Internet Leaks]]'' digital download release, a polka medley called "Polka Face", a song called "TMZ" for which [[Bill Plympton]] created an animated music video, and five other new songs.<ref name="rs 13th album">{{cite web | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/exclusive-weird-al-yankovic-almost-done-with-13th-studio-lp-20110203 | title = Exclusive: 'Weird Al' Yankovic Almost Done With 13th Studio LP | first = Jason | last = Richards | date = February 3, 2011 | accessdate =February 7, 2011 |work=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref name="coedmag plympton">{{cite web|url=http://coedmagazine.com/2010/10/06/idiots-angels-coed%E2%80%99s-interview-with-oscar-nominated-animator-bill-plympton/ |title=Idiots & Angels: COED's Interview With Oscar Nominated Animator Bill Plympton |accessdate=October 13, 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101011210502/http://coedmagazine.com/2010/10/06/idiots-angels-coed%E2%80%99s-interview-with-oscar-nominated-animator-bill-plympton/| archivedate= October 11, 2010}}</ref>

Yankovic had reported an interest in parodying [[Lady Gaga]]'s material,<ref name="bb">{{cite news |first=Gary |last=Graff |title=Weird Al May Parody Lady Gaga On Next Album |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957666/weird-al-may-parody-lady-gaga-on-next-album |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=June 22, 2010 |accessdate=September 13, 2010 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100828222609/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/957666/weird-al-may-parody-lady-gaga-on-next-album| archivedate= August 28, 2010}}</ref> and on April 20 announced that he had written and recorded a parody of "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" titled "[[Perform This Way]]", to be the lead single for his new album. However, upon first submitting it to Lady Gaga's manager for approval (which Yankovic does as a courtesy), he was not given permission to release it commercially. As he had previously done under similar circumstances (with his parody of James Blunt's "[[You're Beautiful]]", which was titled "[[You're Pitiful]]"), Yankovic then released the song for free on the internet. Soon afterwards, Gaga's manager admitted that he had denied the parody of his own accord without forwarding the song to his client, and upon seeing it online, Lady Gaga granted permission for the parody. Yankovic has stated that all of his proceeds from the parody and its music video will be donated to the Human Rights Campaign, to support the human rights themes of the original song.<ref name="Gaga Parody Permission">{{cite web |url=http://alyankovic.wordpress.com/the-gaga-saga/ |title=The Gaga Saga |accessdate=April 20, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5y61XzOga | archivedate = April 20, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="Gaga Parody Update">{{cite web |url=http://alyankovic.wordpress.com/2011/04/20/gaga-update/ |title=Gaga Update |accessdate=April 20, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031039/http://alyankovic.wordpress.com/2011/04/20/gaga-update/| archivedate= April 26, 2011}}</ref> Yankovic was also a judge for the 10th annual [[Independent Music Awards]] to support independent artists' careers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/pastjudges.asp |title=Past Judges |publisher=Independent Music Awards |accessdate=October 26, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724134001/http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/pastjudges.asp| archivedate= July 24, 2011}}</ref>

Yankovic stated in September 2013 that he was working on a new album, but gave no details.<ref>{{cite web | title = Weird Al Yankovic -- I'm Droppin' a NEW ALBUM! | date = September 30, 2013 | website = [[TMZ.com]] | url = http://www.tmz.com/2013/09/30/weird-al-yankovic-new-album-music-recording/ | accessdate = March 20, 2014}}</ref> In 2014, he used social media websites to hint at a July 15 release of this new album, as noted by ''Rolling Stone''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/weird-al-yankovic-returning-with-new-album-this-summer-20140615 | title = 'Weird Al' Yankovic Returning With New Album This Summer | first = Miriam | last = Coleman | date = 2014-06-15 | accessdate = 2014-06-16 | work = [[Rolling Stone]] }}</ref> The album artwork and title, ''[[Mandatory Fun]]'', were affirmed by his publisher.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rcarecordspress.com/artist/weird-al-yankovic | title = "Weird Al" Yankovic | publisher = [[RCA Records]] | accessdate = 2014-06-16 }}</ref> Yankovic said in an interview promoting the album that, with the end of his recording contract, it is likely his last traditional album, in the sense of recording and releasing that many songs at a time; he said he will likely switch to releasing singles and EPs over the Internet, a method which offers more immediate release opportunities as Yankovic considers his parodies in particular as something that can become dated by the time of release.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keith|first1=Tamara|title='Weird Al' Yankovic On Parody In The Age Of YouTube|url=http://www.npr.org/2014/07/12/329873481/weird-al-yankovic-on-parody-in-the-age-of-youtube|accessdate=15 July 2014|work=Weekend Edition|publisher=NPR|date=12 July 2014}}</ref> ''Mandatory Fun'' was released to strong critical praise and was the No. 1 debut album on the ''Billboard'' charts the week of its release, buoyed by Yankovic's approach for releasing eight music videos over eight continuous days that drew viral attention to the album as described below.<ref name="billboardnews"/> It became Yankovic's first No. 1 album in his career. Additionally, the song "[[Word Crimes]]" (a parody of [[Robin Thicke]]'s "[[Blurred Lines]]") reached No. 39 on the Top 100 singles for the same week; this is Yankovic's fourth Top 40 single, and makes him only the third artist, after [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to have a Top 40 single in each decade since the 1980s.<ref name="bb word crimes">{{cite web | url =http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6176808/magic-rude-no-1-hot-100-sam-smith-stay-with-me-iggy-azalea | title = MAGIC!'s 'Rude' No. 1 On Hot 100, Sam Smith's 'Stay With Me' Surges | publisher = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date = July 22, 2014 | accessdate = July 22, 2014 | first = Gary | last =Trust }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yankovic changed his diet to become a [[Veganism|vegan]] in 1992 after a former girlfriend gave him the book ''[[Diet for a New America]]'' and he felt "it made ... a very compelling argument for a strict vegetarian diet".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0195 |title=Midnight Star "Ask Al" Q&As for January, 1995|accessdate=April 4, 2007| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5qR9WVFHk | archivedate = June 12, 2010| deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="rolling stone house"/> When asked how he can "rationalize" performing at events such as the ''Great American Rib Cook-Off'' when he is a vegan, he replied, "The same way I can rationalize playing at a college even though I'm not a student anymore."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0500 |title="Ask Al" Q&As for May, 2000|accessdate=June 23, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070621200540/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#090206| archivedate= June 21, 2007}}</ref>

Yankovic married Suzanne Krajewski in 2001 after being introduced by their mutual friend [[Bill Mumy]].<ref name="rolling stone house">{{cite web | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/16-things-we-learned-after-a-day-at-weird-al-yankovics-house-20140725 | title = 16 Things We Learned After a Day at 'Weird Al' Yankovic's House | first = Andy | last = Greene | date = July 25, 2014 | accessdate = July 26, 2014 | work = [[Rolling Stone]] }}</ref> Their daughter, Nina, was born in 2003.<ref name="NCT">{{Cite news|last = Moreland|first = Jo|title = Parody star's parents die in Fallbrook|newspaper = North County Times|location = San Diego County|date = April 10, 2004|url = http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_573af5a0-7061-5e21-803b-554b0c4a09ce.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204134459/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_573af5a0-7061-5e21-803b-554b0c4a09ce.html |archivedate = February 4, 2012 |accessdate = February 16, 2014}}</ref> Yankovic identifies as Christian and has stated that a couple from his church appeared on the cover of ''Poodle Hat''.<ref>{{cite web|title="Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ask Al Archive |url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0795|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5iwEXO7HB|archivedate=August 10, 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=August 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0195 |title="Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ask Al Archive |publisher=Weird Al |accessdate=August 14, 2010| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5qR9WVFHk | archivedate = June 12, 2010| deadurl=no}}</ref> Yankovic's religious background is reflected in his abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and profanity.<ref>[http://www.sanluisobispo.com/2014/07/24/3166766/weird-al-yankovic-cal-poly-alum.html Latest local news from San Luis Obispo, CA | The Tribune]</ref>

On April 9, 2004, Yankovic's parents were found dead in their [[Fallbrook, California]], home, the victims of accidental [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] from their fireplace.<ref name=autopsy /><ref name="NCT"/> Several hours after his wife notified him of his parents' death, Yankovic went on with his concert in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]],<ref name=official_tour_dates>{{cite web|last1=Yankovic|first1=Alfred|title=Poodle Hat Tour 2003/2004|url=http://www.weirdal.com/phtour.htm|website=The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site|accessdate=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/2004-04-11-weird-al-parents_x.htm |title=Elderly parents of 'Weird Al' Yankovic found dead in California home |accessdate=July 16, 2014}}</ref> saying that "since my music had helped many of my fans through tough times, maybe it would work for me as well"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnradio/play?id=6689521 |title=[Untitled interview with Yankovic] |work=[[The B.S. Report]] ([[ESPN]]) |date=June 23, 2011| time='''???''' | accessdate= February 6, 2016 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151009132013/http://espn.go.com/espnradio/play?id=6689521 | archivedate= October 9, 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref> and that it would "at least ... give me a break from sobbing all the time."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/msg.htm |title=A Message From Al|accessdate=June 20, 2012| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141212235802/http://www.weirdal.com/msg.htm| archivedate= December 12, 2014}}</ref> In a 2014 interview, Yankovic called his parents' death "the worst thing that ever happened to me." He added, "I knew intellectually, that at some point, probably, I'd have to, you know, live through the death of my parents, but I never thought it would be at the same time, and so abruptly."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axs.tv/ui/inc/show_transcripts.php?ami=A10935&t=The_Big_Interview&en=304|title=The Big Interview: Weird Al Yankovic|last=Rather | first= Dan |authorlink=Dan Rather|publisher=[[AXS TV]]|date=|accessdate=April 1, 2015}}</ref>

== Music career ==
[[File:Kyle-cassidy-weird-al-yankovic.jpg|thumb|left|Yankovic, photographed by [[Kyle Cassidy]]]]
{{Main article|List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic}}
Yankovic is well known for creating parodies of contemporary radio hits, typically which make up about half of his studio releases. Unlike other parody artists such as [[Allan Sherman]], Yankovic and his band strive to keep the backing music in his parodies the same as the original, transcribing the original song by ear and re-recording the song for the parody.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/weird-al-endures | title = Weird Al Endures | date = July 16, 2014 | accessdate = August 8, 2014 | work = [[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] | first = Ian | last = Crouch }}</ref> In some cases, in requesting the original band to allow for his parody, the band will offer to help out with the recreation: [[Dire Straits]] members [[Mark Knopfler]] and [[Guy Fletcher]] perform on "[[Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*]]", Yankovic's parody of [[Dire Straits]]' "[[Money for Nothing (song)|Money for Nothing]]", while [[Imagine Dragons]] provided Yankovic with advice on how to recreate some of the electronic sounds they used for "Radioactive" in Yankovic's parody "Inactive".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6157636/weird-al-yankovic-interview-pharrell-mandatory-fun |title='Weird Al' Yankovic On Getting Pharrell's Permission: 'He Could Not Have Been Nicer' |first=Gary |last= Graff |date=July 15, 2014 |accessdate=July 15, 2014 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> Yankovic's career in novelty and comedy music has outlasted many of his "mainstream" parody targets, such as [[Toni Basil]], [[MC Hammer]], and [[Men Without Hats]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spokane7.com/music/stories/?ID=401|title=Weird Al's shtick still draws a crowd|accessdate=October 16, 2006|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182156/http://www.spokane7.com/music/stories/?ID=401|archivedate=September 27, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/northofboston/x1575047109|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923200022/http://www.wickedlocal.com/northofboston/x1575047109|archivedate=2012-09-23|title=Revenge of the nerd: 'Weird Al' gets all white and nerdy for summer tour|accessdate=August 13, 2007}}</ref> Yankovic's continued success (including the top 10 single "[[White & Nerdy]]" and album ''[[Straight Outta Lynwood]]'' in 2006) has enabled him to escape the one-hit wonder stigma often associated with novelty music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tweak.com/phonetag/weirdal|title=Tweak: Phone Tag – Weird Al Yankovic|accessdate=October 16, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509010828/http://www.tweak.com/phonetag/weirdal|archivedate=May 9, 2006}}</ref>

While Yankovic's song parodies (such as "[[Eat It]]") have resulted in success on the ''Billboard'' charts (''see [[List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic]]''), he has also recorded numerous original humorous songs ("[[You Don't Love Me Anymore ("Weird Al" Yankovic song)|You Don't Love Me Anymore]]" and "[[One More Minute]]").<ref name="faq"/> Many of these songs are style [[pastiches]] of specific bands with allusions to specific songs. For example, "First World Problems" from ''Mandatory Fun'' is a style take on the [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]], with the opening stanza reminiscent of the Pixies' "[[Debaser]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.avclub.com/review/weird-al-yankovic-smartly-skewers-embraces-pop-cul-206851 | title = "Weird Al" Yankovic smartly skewers, embraces pop culture | first = Annie | last = Zaleski | date = July 15, 2014 | accessdate = August 8, 2014 | publisher = [[A.V. Club]] }}</ref> Other style parodies includes those of [[Rage Against the Machine]] with "[[I'll Sue Ya]]" (which features many aspects of the hit song "[[Killing in the Name]]"), [[Devo]] with "[[Dare to Be Stupid (song)|Dare to Be Stupid]]", [[Talking Heads]] with "Dog Eat Dog", [[Frank Zappa]] with "Genius in France", [[Nine Inch Nails]] with "Germs", and [[Queen (band)|Queen]] with "Ringtone".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0100|title="Ask Al" Q&As for January 2000|accessdate=October 30, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061106023621/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= November 6, 2006}}</ref> Some songs are pastiches of an overall [[music genre|genre]] of music, rather than a specific band (for example, [[country music]] with "Good Enough For Now", [[charity record]]s with "[[Don't Download This Song]]") and college fight songs with "Sports Song". Yankovic stated that he does not have any unreleased original songs, instead coming up and committing to the song ideas he arrives at for his albums and other releases.<ref name="spin 2014">{{cite web | url = http://www.spin.com/articles/weird-al-yankovic-interview-best-of-2014-mandatory-fun/ | title = SPIN 2014 Exit Interviews: 'Weird Al' Yankovic | first = Dan | last = Weiss | date = December 19, 2014 | accessdate = December 19, 2014 | work = [[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] }}</ref>

Most of Yankovic's studio albums include a [[polka]] medley of about a dozen contemporary songs at the time of the album, with the choruses or memorable lines of various songs juxtaposed for humorous effect. Yankovic has been known to say that converting these songs to polka was "...the way God intended". Because the polkas have become a staple of Yankovic's albums, he has said he tries to include one on each album because "fans would be rioting in the streets, I think, if I didn't do a polka medley."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livedaily.com/news/Weird_Al_talks_new_album_2007_tour-10776.html?t=1|title='Weird Al' talks new album, 2007 tour|accessdate=October 26, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021191206/http://www.livedaily.com/news/Weird_Al_talks_new_album_2007_tour-10776.html?t=1|archivedate=October 21, 2006}}</ref>

Yankovic has contributed original songs to several films ("This Is the Life" from ''[[Johnny Dangerously]]''; "[[Polkamon]]" from the movie ''[[Pokémon: The Movie 2000]]'', and a parody of the [[James Bond]] title sequence in ''[[Spy Hard]]''), in addition to his own film, ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]''. Other songs of his have appeared in films or television series as well, such as "[[Dare to Be Stupid (song)|Dare to Be Stupid]]" in ''[[The Transformers: The Movie]]''.

Although many of Yankovic's songs are parodies of contemporary radio hits, it is rare that the song's primary topic lampoons the original artist as a person, or the song itself. Most Yankovic songs consist of the original song's music, with a separate, unrelated set of amusing lyrics. Yankovic's humor normally lies more in creating unexpected incongruity between an artist's image and the topic of the song, contrasting the style of the song with its content (such as the songs "[[Amish Paradise]]", "[[White & Nerdy]]", and "[[You're Pitiful]]"), or in pointing out trends or works which have become pop culture clichés (such as "[[eBay (song)|eBay]]" and "[[Don't Download This Song]]"). Yankovic's parodies are often satirical of [[popular culture]], including television (''see [[The TV Album]]''), movies ("[[The Saga Begins]]"), and food (''see [[The Food Album]]''). Yankovic claims he has no intention of writing "serious" music. In his reasoning, "There's enough people that do unfunny music. I'll leave the serious stuff to [[Paris Hilton]] and [[Kevin Federline]]."<ref name="hub">{{cite web|url=http://hub.lsj.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070702/NOISE02/707040313/1104/HUB|title='Weird Al' Yankovic – Parodist promises a high-energy show – with costume changes|accessdate=July 8, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020306/http://hub.lsj.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070702/NOISE02/707040313/1104/HUB| archivedate= September 30, 2007}}</ref>

Yankovic considered that his first true satirical song was "[[Smells Like Nirvana]]", which references unintelligible lyrics in [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]".<ref name="avclub setlist">{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/weird-al-yankovic,58244|title="Weird Al" Yankovic|first=Nathan|last=Rabin|date=June 29, 2011|accessdate=June 29, 2011|publisher=[[A.V. Club]]|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zodtUwdj|archivedate=June 29, 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref> Other satirical songs include "[[Achy Breaky Song]]", which refers to the song "[[Achy Breaky Heart]]", "(This Song's Just) Six Words Long", which refers to the repetitious lyrics in "[[Got My Mind Set on You]]", and "[[Perform This Way]]", set to [[Lady Gaga]]'s "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" that drew inspiration from Lady Gaga's outlandish but confident attitude.

Yankovic is the sole writer for all his songs and, for "legal and personal reasons", does not accept parody submissions or ideas from fans.<ref name="faq"/> There exists, however, one exception to this rule: [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] was reportedly talking with a friend and happened to wonder aloud when Yankovic was going to turn her "[[Like a Virgin (song)|Like a Virgin]]" into "[[Like a Surgeon ("Weird Al" Yankovic song)|Like a Surgeon]]". Madonna's friend was a mutual friend of Yankovic's manager, Jay Levey, and eventually Yankovic himself heard the story from Levey.<ref name="booklet"/>

One of Yankovic's recurring jokes involves the number [[27 (number)|27]]. It is mentioned in the lyrics of several songs, and seen on the covers for ''[[Running with Scissors (album)|Running With Scissors]]'', ''[[Poodle Hat]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/images/phathires.jpg|title=''Poodle Hat'' album cover|accessdate=October 26, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612183015/http://www.weirdal.com/images/phathires.jpg| archivedate= June 12, 2011}}</ref> and ''[[Straight Outta Lynwood]]''. He had originally just pulled the number 27 as a random figure to use in filling out lyrics, but as his fans started to notice the reuse of the number after the first few times, he began to purposely drop references to 27 within his lyrics, videos, and album covers. He explains that "It's just a number I started using that people started attaching a lot of importance to."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/weird-al-yankovic,14163|title=Interview: "Weird Al" Yankovic|date=October 17, 2007|accessdate=July 2, 2011|first=David|last=Wolinsky|publisher=[[A.V. Club]]}}</ref> Other recurring jokes revolve around the names Bob (the ''[[Al TV]]'' interviews often mention the name,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVGiUu2ciYY|title=Weird Al Interviews Avril Lavigne|accessdate=October 29, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216165203/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVGiUu2ciYY|archivedate=February 16, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[David Bowe (actor)|David Bowe]]'s character in ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'' is named Bob, and a song called "Bob", done in the style of [[Bob Dylan]], is featured on ''[[Poodle Hat]]''), Frank (e.g. "Frank's 2000" TV"), and the surname "Finkelstein" (e.g. the music video for "[[I Lost on Jeopardy]]", or [[Fran Drescher]]'s character, Pamela Finkelstein, in ''UHF''). Also, a [[hamster]] called [[Harvey the Wonder Hamster]] is a recurring character in ''[[The Weird Al Show]]'' and the ''Al TV'' specials, as well as the subject of an original song on ''[[Alapalooza]]''. Other recurring jokes include Yankovic borrowing, or being owed, $5. In a number of ''Al TV'' interviews, he often asks if he can borrow $5, being turned down every time. This motif also occurs in "[[Poodle Hat|Why Does This Always Happen to Me?]]", in which his deceased friend owes him $5. Another recurring joke is his attraction to female nostrils or nostrils in general. This also appears in numerous ''Al TV'' interviews as well as in several of his songs ("[[Albuquerque (song)|Albuquerque]]" and "[[Poodle Hat|Wanna B Ur Lovr]]" to name a few.) Yankovic also asks his celebrity guests if they could "shave his back for a nickel." This also appears in the song "[[Albuquerque (song)|Albuquerque]]". Yankovic has also put two [[backmasking]] messages into his songs. The first, in "Nature Trail to Hell", said "Satan Eats [[Cheez Whiz]]"; the second, in "I Remember Larry", said "Wow, you must have an awful lot of free time on your hands."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-oholicsanonymous.com/faq/#secret|title=Al-oholics Anonymous' Frequently Asked Questions|accessdate=August 24, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060829151229/http://www.al-oholicsanonymous.com/faq/| archivedate= August 29, 2006}}</ref>

=== Music videos ===
While Yankovic's musical parodies generally do not include references to the songs or the artists of the original songs, Yankovic's music videos will sometimes parody the original song's music video in whole or in part.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theverge.com/2014/7/23/5926693/the-8-most-best-weird-al-parodies-video | title = The 8 best Weird Al parody videos | publisher = [[The Verge]] | date = July 23, 2014 | accessdate = July 25, 2014 }}</ref> Most notably, the video for "[[Smells Like Nirvana]]" uses an extremely similar set to [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]", including using several of the same actors. This video contended with "Smells like Teen Spirit" at the 1992 [[MTV Video Music Awards]] for Best Male Video. Other videos that draw directly from those of the original song include "[[Eat It]]", "[[Fat (song)|Fat]]", "[[Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*]]", "[[Bedrock Anthem]]", "[[Headline News (song)|Headline News]]", "[[It's All About the Pentiums]]", "Amish Paradise", "Like a Surgeon", and "[[White & Nerdy]]". The video for "[[Dare to Be Stupid]]" is, as stated by Yankovic, a style parody in general of [[Devo]] videos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0100|title=Ask Al" Q&As for January, 2000|accessdate=August 5, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070806052956/http://weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= August 6, 2007}}</ref>

Several videos have included appearances by notable celebrities in addition to Yankovic and his band. Dr. Demento appeared in several of Yankovic's earlier videos, such as "[[I Love Rocky Road]]" and "[[Ricky (song)|Ricky]]". Actor [[Dick Van Patten]] is featured in both "Smells Like Nirvana" and "[[Bedrock Anthem]]"; [[Drew Carey]], [[Emo Philips]] and [[Phil LaMarr]] appeared in "It's All About the Pentiums"; [[Keegan-Michael Key]], [[Jordan Peele]], [[Donny Osmond]], [[Judy Tenuta]] and [[Seth Green]] appeared in "White & Nerdy"; and [[Ruth Buzzi]] and [[Pat Boone]] appeared in "Gump". The video for "[[I Lost on Jeopardy]]" includes an appearance by [[Greg Kihn]], the artist whose song, "Jeopardy", was being parodied, along with [[Don Pardo]] and [[Art Fleming]], Jeopardy's original announcer and host, as themselves. [[Florence Henderson]] plays an Amish seductress in "Amish Paradise".

While most videos that Yankovic creates are aired on music channels such as MTV and [[VH1]], Yankovic worked with animation artists to create music videos for release with extended content albums. The [[DualDisc]] version of ''Straight Outta Lynwood'' features six videos set to songs from the release, including videos created by [[Bill Plympton]] and [[John Kricfalusi]]; one video, "Weasel Stomping Day" was created by the producers of the show ''[[Robot Chicken]]'', and aired as a segment of that program. For the 2010 ''Alpocalypse'', Yankovic produced videos for every song; four of those were previously released for each of the songs on the EP ''[[Internet Leaks]]'', with the videos for the remaining songs released via social media sites and included in the deluxe edition of ''Alpocalypse''. These live-action and animated videos were produced by both previous collaborators such as Plympton for "TMZ",<ref name="coedmag plympton"/> video content providers like [[Jib-Jab]] and [[SuperNews!]], and other directors and animators.

To help promote his 2014 album ''Mandatory Fun'' in social media circles, Yankovic produced eight music videos for the album releasing them over eight consecutive days with release of the album, believing it "would make an impact because people would be talking about the album all week long".<ref name="foxnews 8days">{{cite web | url = http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2014/07/18/weird-al-yankovic-adapint-to-digital-age/ | title = Weird Al Yankovic adapting to digital age | first = Ashley | last = Dvohrik | date = July 18, 2014 | accessdate = July 19, 2014 | publisher = [[Fox News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://time.com/2949882/weird-al-yankovic-not-that-weird/ | title = The Al Yankovic Paradox: He Doesn't Seem That Weird Anymore | first = Lily | last = Rothman | date = July 2, 2014 | accessdate = July 2, 2014 | work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}</ref> RCA Records opted not to fund production of any of these videos, and Yankovic turned to various social media portals including [[Funny or Die]] and [[CollegeHumor]] which he had worked with in the past; these sites helped to cover the production cost of the videos with Yankovic foregoing any ad video revenue. He chose to distribute the videos to different portals to avoid burdening any single one with all of the costs and work needed to produce them. This approach proved to be successful, as the total collection of videos had acquired more than 20 million views in the first week.<ref name="adage"/> This release strategy was considered by ''[[The Atlantic]]'' as a "web-enabled precision video delivery operation, and evidence of some serious digital distributional forethought" as it allows the videos to be seen by different sets of audiences for each site.<ref name="atlantic">{{cite web | url = http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/07/the-surprisingly-savvy-weird-al-internet-machine/374649/ | title = The Surprisingly Savvy Weird Al Internet Machine | first = Robinson | last = Meyer | date = July 19, 2014 | accessdate = July 20, 2014 | work = [[The Atlantic]] }}</ref> The approach was considered to be essential to promoting ''Mandatory Fun'' to reach the No. 1 position on the ''Billboard'' charts on its debut week.<ref name="billboardnews">{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6176745/weird-al-yankovic-billboard-200-mandatory-fun-number-one | title = 'Weird Al' Yankovic Gets First No. 1 Album On Billboard 200 with 'Mandatory Fun' | first = Keith | last = Caulfield | date = July 23, 2014 | accessdate = July 23, 2014 |work = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> ''[[Businessweek]]'' attributed the sales success of ''Mandatory Fun'' to the viral music video campaign.<ref name="businessweek">{{cite news | url = http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-07-21/weird-al-yankovics-mandatory-fun-owns-the-internet | title = The Internet Should Have Killed Weird Al. It Only Made Him Stronger | first = Claire | last= Suddath | date = July 21, 2014 | accessdate = July 21, 2014 | work = [[Businessweek]] }}</ref> [[ABC World News]] elaborated that Yankovic's success is in part due to the Internet's interest in viral and humorous videos catching up with what Yankovic has been doing for his entire career.<ref name="world news"/> Yankovic himself was amazed with the response he got from the album and video releases, stating that "I've been doing the same thing for 30 years and all of a sudden I'm having the best week of my life"<ref name="world news">{{cite web | url =http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/weird-al-targets-internet-fans-latest-music-video-24656313 | title = Weird Al Targets Internet Fans in Latest Music Video Project | publisher = [[ABC World News]] | date = July 21, 2014 | accessdate = July 21, 2014}}</ref> and that he "kind of stumbled on my formula for the future".<ref name="adage">{{cite web | url = http://adage.com/article/digital/escape-weird-al-s-marketing-blitz/294219/ | title = Why You Couldn't Escape Weird Al's Marketing Blitz | work = [[Advertising Age]] | date = July 21, 2014 | accessdate = July 21, 2014 | first = Max | last = Wellins | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6RExGiRKg | archivedate= July 21, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Reactions from original artists ===
Under the "[[fair use]]" provision of U.S. [[copyright]] law, affirmed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], artists such as Yankovic do not need permission to record a [[parody]].<ref>''[[Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.]]'', {{Ussc|510|569|1994}}</ref> However, as a personal rule and as a means of maintaining good relationships, Yankovic has always sought permission from the original artist before commercially releasing a parody.<ref name="faq"/> These communications are typically handled by his manager Jay Levey, but at times Yankovic has asked the artist directly, such as flying to Denver, Colorado, to attend an [[Iggy Azalea]] concert and speak to her personally about parodying her song "[[Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)|Fancy]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/6188148/why-weird-al-yankovic-means-big-business | title = Why 'Weird Al' Yankovic Means Big Business | first = Gary | last =Graff | date = July 25, 2014 | accessdate= July 26, 2014 | work = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> He claims that only about two to three percent of the artists he approaches for permission deny his requests,<ref name="wired gaga"/> while many of the rest who approve consider Yankovic's parodies to be a badge of honor and rite of passage in the music industry.

==== Positive ====
[[Michael Jackson]] was a big fan of Yankovic, and Yankovic claimed Jackson "had always been very supportive" of his work.<ref name="wired gaga"/> Jackson twice allowed him to parody his songs ("[[Beat It]]" and "[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]" became "[[Eat It]]" and "[[Fat (song)|Fat]]", respectively). When Jackson
granted Yankovic permission to do "Fat", Jackson allowed him to use the same set built for his own "[[Badder]]" video from the ''[[Moonwalker]]'' film. Though Jackson allowed "Eat It" and "Fat", he requested that Yankovic not record a parody of "[[Black or White]]", titled "Snack All Night", because he felt the message was too important. This refusal, coming shortly after the commercial failure of Yankovic's movie ''UHF'' in theaters, had initially set Yankovic back; he later recognized this as a critical time as, while searching for new parodies, he came across [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], leading to a revitalization of his career with "[[Smells Like Nirvana]]".<ref name="wired gaga"/> Yankovic has performed a concert-only parody "Snack All Night" in some of his live shows.<ref name="setlists"/> Yankovic had a cameo appearance, along with many other celebrities, in Jackson's music video for "[[Liberian Girl]]".

[[File:Yankovic-TheSagaBegins.jpg|left|thumb|Yankovic performing "[[The Saga Begins]]" in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, on March 10, 2007]]
[[Dave Grohl]] of Nirvana said that the band felt they had "made it" after Yankovic recorded "Smells Like Nirvana", a parody of the [[grunge]] band's smash hit, "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]".<ref name="faq"/> On his ''Behind the Music'' special, Yankovic stated that when he called Nirvana frontman [[Kurt Cobain]] to ask if he could parody the song, Cobain gave him permission, then paused and asked, "Um... it's not gonna be about food, is it?" Yankovic responded with, "No, it'll be about how no one can understand your lyrics." According to members of Nirvana interviewed for ''Behind the Music'', when they saw the video of the song, they laughed hysterically. Additionally, Cobain described Yankovic as "a musical genius".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/gig-previews--reviews/weird-al-yankovic/2007/03/19/1174152930142.html|title=Weird Al Yankovic – Gig previews & reviews|accessdate=April 16, 2007|location=Melbourne, Australia|work=The Age|date=March 19, 2007|first=Guy|last=Blackman}}</ref>

[[Mark Knopfler]] approved Yankovic's parody of the [[Dire Straits]] song "[[Money for Nothing (song)|Money for Nothing]]" for use in the film ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'' on the provision that Knopfler himself be allowed to play lead guitar on the parody which was later titled "[[Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0946148/bio|title=Biography for 'Weird Al' Yankovic|accessdate=September 15, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071020193329/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0946148/bio| archivedate= October 20, 2007}}</ref> Yankovic commented on the legal complications of the parody in the DVD audio commentary for ''UHF'', explaining "We had to name that song 'Money for Nothing 'slash' Beverly Hillbillies 'asterisk' because the lawyers told us that had to be the name. Those wacky lawyers! What ya gonna do?"<ref>Al Yankovic, "UHF" DVD Audio Commentary (0:35:15)</ref> The ''[[Permanent Record: Al in the Box]]'' booklet referred to the song's "compound fracture of a title."<ref name="booklet"/> When a fan asked about the song's title, Yankovic shared his feelings on the title, replying "That incredibly stupid name is what the lawyers insisted that the parody be listed as. I'm not sure why, and I've obviously never been very happy about it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#1098|title="Ask Al" Q&As for October, 1998|accessdate=September 15, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203544/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= September 27, 2007}}</ref>

[[The Presidents of the United States of America (band)|The Presidents of the United States of America]] were so pleased with "Gump", Yankovic's parody of their song "Lump", that they ended the song with his last line instead of their own ("And that's all I have to say about that") on the live recording of "Lump" featured on the compilation album ''[[Pure Frosting]]''. In 2008, Yankovic directed the music video for their song "[[Mixed Up S.O.B.]]"

[[Don McLean]] was reportedly pleased with "[[The Saga Begins]]", a parody of "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]", and told Yankovic that the parody's lyrics sometimes enter his mind during live performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0999|title="Ask Al" Q&As for September 1999|accessdate=October 29, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902121655/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0999|archivedate=September 2, 2006}}</ref> His parody not only replicates the music from the original [[Don McLean]] song, but it replicates the multi-layered rhyming structure in the verses and chorus. Additionally, [[George Lucas]] loved the song and a [[Lucasfilm]] representative told Yankovic, "You should have seen the smile on his face."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theforce.net/jedicouncil/interview/weirdal.asp|title=TheForce.Net – Jedi Council|publisher=TheForce.Net|author=Chris Knight|accessdate=August 24, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061022180839/http://www.theforce.net/jedicouncil/interview/weirdal.asp| archivedate= October 22, 2006}}</ref>

[[Chamillionaire]] was also very pleased, even putting Yankovic's parody "[[White & Nerdy]]" (a parody of "[[Ridin']]") on his official [[MySpace]] page before it was on Yankovic's own page. Chamillionaire stated in an interview, "He's actually [[rapping]] pretty good on it, it's crazy [...] I didn't know he could rap like that. It's really an honor when he does that. [...] Weird Al is not gonna do a parody of your song if you're not doing it big."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/mixtape_monday/091106|title=MTVNews.com – Mixtape Monday: Lil Wayne, Juelz To Drop Real Album; Ness Drops Da Band|accessdate=October 28, 2006}}</ref> In September 2007, Chamillionaire credited "White & Nerdy" for his recent Grammy win, stating "That parody was the reason I won the Grammy, because it made the record so big it was undeniable. It was so big overseas that people were telling me they had heard my version of Weird Al's song."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-09-16-chamillionaire_N.htm|title=Chamillionaire triumphs over cursing on 'Ultimate Victory'|author=Steve Jones|work=USA Today|accessdate=September 20, 2007|date=September 17, 2007}}</ref>

In 2011, Yankovic was initially denied permission to parody [[Lady Gaga]]'s "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" for his song "[[Perform This Way]]" for release on a new album, but through his release of the song on [[YouTube]] and subsequent spread via [[Twitter]], Lady Gaga and her staff asserted that her manager had made the decision without her input, and Gaga herself gave Yankovic permission to proceed with the parody's release.<ref name="wired gaga">{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/underwire/2011/06/weird-al-yankovic-alpocalypse|title=Alpocalypse Now: 'Weird Al' Yankovic Says 'Twitter Saved My Album'|first=Angela|last=Watercutter|date=June 20, 2011|accessdate=June 20, 2011|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }}</ref><ref name="Gaga Saga">{{cite web|first=Alfred|last=Yankovic|title=The gaga saga|date=April 20, 2011|url=http://alyankovic.wordpress.com/the-gaga-saga|accessdate=April 20, 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5y61XzOga|archivedate=April 20, 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref> Gaga considered herself "a huge Weird Al fan",<ref>{{cite web|last=TMZ.com|title=Lady Gaga – I Didn't Reject Weird Al Yankovic|publisher=TMZ.com|date=April 20, 2011|url=http://www.tmz.com/2011/04/20/weird-al-yankovic-lady-gaga-rejected-born-this-way-parody-perform-this-way|accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref> and she stated that the parody was a "rite of passage" for her musical career and considered the song "very empowering".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/videos/new-and-hot/lady-gaga-weird-al-parody-empowering-20110525|title=Lady Gaga – Weird Al parody 'empowering'|date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=June 20, 2011|work=Rolling Stone}}</ref>

Yankovic states that his style parodies have also been met with positive remarks by the original artist. He noted that his friends and fellow musicians [[Ben Folds]] and [[Taylor Hanson]] helped to support their respective style parodies "Why Does This Always Happen To Me?" and "If That Isn't Love". He also noted positive reactions he got through friends his band members have, such as from [[Frank Black]] of [[The Pixies]] for "First World Problems" and [[Southern Culture on the Skids]] for "Lame Claim to Fame", and a similar praise when he encountered [[Graham Nash]] of [[Crosby, Stills, and Nash]] on the street, and was able to play his recently completed "Mission Statement" for him.<ref name="spin 2014"/>

==== Negative ====
One of Yankovic's most controversial parodies was 1996's "[[Amish Paradise]]", based on "[[Gangsta's Paradise (song)|Gangsta's Paradise]]" by hip-hop artist [[Coolio]], which, in turn, was based on "[[Pastime Paradise]]" by [[Stevie Wonder]]. Reportedly, Coolio's label gave Yankovic the impression that Coolio had granted permission to record the parody, but Coolio maintains that he never did. While Coolio claimed he was upset, legal action never materialized, and Coolio accepted [[Royalties|royalty]] payments for the song. After this controversy, Yankovic has always made sure to speak directly with the artist of every song he parodied. At the [[XM Satellite Radio]] booth at the 2006 [[Consumer Electronics Show]] Yankovic and Coolio made peace. On his website, Yankovic wrote of this event, "I don't remember what we said to each other exactly, but it was all very friendly. I doubt I'll be invited to Coolio's next birthday party, but at least I can stop wearing that bulletproof vest to the mall."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#042706|title="Ask Al" Q&As for April 27, 2006|accessdate=September 2, 2006|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gv2Zw4KL|archivedate=May 20, 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> In an interview in 2014, Coolio extended his apology for refusing his permission, stating that at the time "I was being cocky and shit and being stupid and I was wrong and I should've embraced that shit and went with it", and that he considered Yankovic's parody "actually funny as shit".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/blog/after-all-these-years-coolio-still-lets-his-nuts-hang | title = After All These Years, Coolio Still Lets His Nuts Hang | date = April 28, 2014 | accessdate = July 15, 2014 | work = [[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] | first = Dan | last = Ozzi }}</ref>

In 2003, Yankovic was denied permission to make a video for "[[Couch Potato (song)|Couch Potato]]", his parody of [[Eminem]]'s "[[Lose Yourself]]". Yankovic believes that Eminem thought that the video would be harmful to his image.<ref name="KingOfPop">{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=Mike|title=Is the King of Pop losing it?|url=http://www.suntimes.com/output/entertainment/cst-ftr-jacko14.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016051807/http://www.suntimes.com/output/entertainment/cst-ftr-jacko14.html|archivedate=October 16, 2004|work=Chicago Sun-Times
|date=October 16, 2004|publisher=[[Internet archive#Wayback Machine|Internet Archive Wayback Machine]]|accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref>

For the ''[[Poodle Hat]]'' ''[[Al TV]]'' special, Yankovic raised the question of artistic expression in a fake interview with Eminem. As Yankovic has always done for his ''Al TV'' specials, he edited the footage of a previous Eminem interview and inserted himself asking questions for comic effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QOya9-lwQk&feature=channel|title="Weird Al" Yankovic – The Eminem Interview|accessdate=December 29, 2010}}</ref>

==== Refused parodies ====
On numerous occasions, [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] refused Yankovic permission to record parodies of his songs. Yankovic has stated in interviews that he "approached him every few years [to] see if he's lightened up."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-oholicsanonymous.com/interviews/hotwired.txt|title="Weird Al" Yankovic Interview by Michael Small of Hotwired.com|accessdate=October 28, 2006}}</ref> Yankovic related one story where, before the [[American Music Awards]] where he and Prince were assigned to sit in the same row, he got a telegram from Prince's management company, demanding he not make eye contact with the artist.<ref name="wired gaga"/>

[[Led Zeppelin]] guitarist [[Jimmy Page]] is a self-proclaimed Yankovic fan, but when Yankovic wished to create a polka medley of Led Zeppelin songs, Page refused.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0699|title="Ask Al" Q&As for June, 1999|accessdate=October 27, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061106023621/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= November 6, 2006}}</ref> Yankovic was, however, allowed the opportunity to re-record a sample of "[[Black Dog (song)|Black Dog]]" for a segment of "[[Trapped in the Drive-Thru]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/weird-al-yankovic-dishes-on-james-blunt-discusses-his-role-as-the-whitest-nerdiest-rock-star-ever-20060919|title=Weird Al Yankovic Dishes On James Blunt, Discusses His Role As the Whitest, Nerdiest Rock Star Ever|accessdate=October 27, 2006}}</ref>

[[Paul McCartney]], also a Yankovic fan, refused Yankovic permission to record a parody of [[Wings (band)|Wings]]' "[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]", titled "Chicken Pot Pie", because McCartney is a vegetarian and found the parody to be improper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-oholicsanonymous.com/interviews/alicon.html|title="Weird Al" Yankovic: The Icon Profile|accessdate=October 28, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070313104627/http://www.al-oholicsanonymous.com/interviews/alicon.html| archivedate= March 13, 2007}}</ref>

In 2006, Yankovic gained [[James Blunt]]'s permission to record a parody of "[[You're Beautiful]]". However, after Yankovic had recorded "[[You're Pitiful]]", Blunt's label, [[Atlantic Records]], rescinded this permission, despite Blunt's personal approval of the song.<ref name="wired gaga"/> The parody was pulled from Yankovic's ''[[Straight Outta Lynwood]]'' because of his label's unwillingness to "go to war" with Atlantic. Yankovic released the song as a free download on his MySpace profile, as well as his official website, and plays it in concert, since it was not Blunt himself objecting to the parody.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5482774|title=Free 'Weird Al' Yankovic!|accessdate=August 24, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060820173526/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5482774| archivedate= August 20, 2006}}</ref> Yankovic referenced the incident in his video for "White & Nerdy" when he depicts himself vandalizing [[Atlantic Records]]' Wikipedia page.

=== Live performances ===
[[File:Atlantic record sucks shirt your pitiful aug 8th 2007 ohio state fair.JPG|left|thumb|Weird Al wearing his "Atlantic Records Sucks" shirt during a performance of "[[You're Pitiful]]", in 2007, at the [[Ohio State Fair]]]]
Yankovic often describes his live concert performances as "a rock and comedy multimedia extravaganza"<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://music.uk.launch.yahoo.com/read/interview/12027570 |title=Weird Al Yankovic Interviews on Yahoo! Music|accessdate=February 17, 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65ZnGiCCS|archivedate=February 19, 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> with an audience that "ranges from toddlers to geriatrics."<ref name="hub"/> Apart from Yankovic and his band performing his classic and contemporary hits, staples of Yankovic's live performances include a medley of parodies, many costume changes between songs, and a video screen on which various clips are played during the costume changes.<ref name="yahoo"/> A concert from Yankovic's 1999 tour, "Touring with Scissors", for the ''[[Running with Scissors (album)|Running with Scissors]]'' album was released on VHS in 1999 and on DVD in 2000.<ref name="catalog"/> Titled ''[["Weird Al" Yankovic Live!]]'', the concert was recorded at the [[Marin County Civic Center]] in [[San Rafael, California]], on October 2, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/100299.htm|title=Weird Al Photo Gallery – Backstage "Pep Talk"|accessdate=November 10, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060925044253/http://weirdal.com/100299.htm| archivedate= September 25, 2006}}</ref> For legal reasons, video clips (apart from those for Yankovic's own music videos) could not be shown for the home release, and unreleased parodies were removed from the parody medley for the performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0300|title="Ask Al" Q&As for March, 2000|accessdate=November 10, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061106023621/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= November 6, 2006}}</ref>

In 2003, Yankovic toured overseas for the first time. Before 2003, Yankovic and his band had toured only the United States and parts of Canada.<ref name="livepage"/> Following the success of ''[[Poodle Hat]]'' in Australia, Yankovic performed eleven shows in Australia's major capital cities and regional areas in October of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/phtour.htm|title="Weird Al" Yankovic: Poodle Hat 2003/04 tourdates|accessdate=November 10, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206003731/http://www.weirdal.com/phtour.htm| archivedate= December 6, 2006}}</ref> Yankovic returned to Australia and toured New Zealand for the first time in 2007 to support the ''[[Straight Outta Lynwood]]'' album. On September 8, 2007, Yankovic performed his 1,000th live show at [[Idaho Falls, Idaho]].<ref name="livepage"/>

Yankovic has invited members of the [[501st Legion]] on stage during performances of his ''Star Wars''-themed songs "[[Yoda (song)|Yoda]]" and "[[The Saga Begins]]", recruiting members of local garrisons (club chapters) while on tour. In appreciation, the 501st inducted Yankovic as a "Friend of the Legion", in September 2007.<ref>[http://www.501stlegion.org/news.php?archive=2007,9 501st Legion.org--Archived News September 2007]</ref>

He performed his first ever European mini-tour, including an appearance at the [[All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival)|All Tomorrow's Parties]] music festival in [[Minehead]], England in December 2010. Yankovic was picked to perform by the Canadian band [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]], who curated the festival's lineup. Yankovic played three other dates in the UK around his festival appearance before performing a single date in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/livepage.htm|title="Weird Al" live tour dates, 2010|accessdate=July 19, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130124245/http://www.weirdal.com/livepage.htm|archivedate=30 November 2013}}</ref>

A second concert film, ''[["Weird Al" Yankovic Live!: The Alpocalypse Tour]]'', aired on [[Comedy Central]] on October 1, 2011, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD three days later. The concert was filmed at [[Massey Hall]] in [[Toronto, Canada]], during Yankovic's tour supporting the album ''Alpocalypse''. As before, video clips (apart from those for his own videos) and unreleased songs were edited out for legal reasons.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Weird-Al-Yankovic-Live-Alpocalypse/dp/product-description/B005FHHCWC/ref=dp_proddesc_0?ie=UTF8&n=2625373011&s=movies-tv&qid=1312766492&sr=8-1 "Weird Al" Yankovic Live! - The Alpocalypse Tour (2011)]</ref>

== Other work ==

=== ''UHF'' ===
{{Main article|UHF (film)}}
In 1989, Yankovic starred in a full-length feature film, co-written by himself and manager Jay Levey, and filmed in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]] called ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]''. A satire of the television and film industries, also starring [[Michael Richards]], [[Fran Drescher]], and [[Victoria Jackson]], it brought floundering studio [[Orion Pictures|Orion]] their highest [[test screening|test scores]] since the movie ''[[RoboCop]]''.<ref name="robo">{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0599 |title="Ask Al" Q&As for May, 1999|accessdate=October 28, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061106023621/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= November 6, 2006}}</ref> However, it was unsuccessful in theaters due to both poor critical reception and competition from other summer blockbusters at the time such as ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'', ''[[Lethal Weapon 2]]'', ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' and ''[[Licence to Kill]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.avclub.com/article/weird-als-iuhf-iis-uneven-but-that-just-made-it-ah-81212 | title = Weird Al's UHF is uneven, but that just made it ahead of its time | publisher = [[A.V. Club]] | date= June 14, 2012 | accessdate = July 14, 2014 | first = Scott | last = Tobias }}</ref> The failure of the film left Yankovic in a three-year slump, which was later broken by his inspiration to compose "[[Smells Like Nirvana]]".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.spin.com/articles/weird-al-yankovic-looks-back-at-20-years-of-smells-like-nirvana | title = 'Weird Al' Yankovic Looks Back at 20 Years of 'Smells Like Nirvana' | work = [[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |publisher=[[Buzzmedia]] | first = Christopher R. | last = Weingarten | date = October 11, 2012 | accessdate = October 11, 2012 }}</ref>

The film has since become a [[Cult film|cult classic]], with out-of-print copies of the VHS version selling for up to $100 on [[eBay]] until the release of the DVD in 2002.{{Citation needed|date = April 2011}} Yankovic occasionally shows clips from the film at his concerts (to which [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]], the film's current owner, initially objected in the form of a [[cease and desist]] letter).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#0500 |title="Ask Al" Q&As for May, 2000|accessdate=October 26, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061106023621/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= November 6, 2006}}</ref> In an apparent attempt to make it more accessible to overseas audiences, where the term [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] is used less frequently to describe TV broadcasts, the film was titled ''[[UHF (film)|The Vidiot From UHF]]'' in Australia and parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098546/ |title=UHF (1989)|accessdate=October 26, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061015173637/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098546/| archivedate= October 15, 2006}}</ref>

''UHF'' shows the creation of Yankovic's signature food—the Twinkie Wiener Sandwich. The snack consists of an overturned [[Twinkie]] split open as a makeshift bun, a [[hot dog]], and [[Easy Cheese]] put together and dipped in milk before eating. Yankovic has stated that he has switched to using [[tofu]] hot dogs since becoming a vegetarian, but still enjoys the occasional Twinkie Wiener Sandwich.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#1095 |title=Midnight Star "Ask Al" Q&As for October/November, 1995|accessdate=October 26, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061106023621/http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm| archivedate= November 6, 2006}}</ref>

=== Notable television appearances ===
Yankovic has hosted ''[[Al TV]]'' on MTV and ''Al Music'' on [[MuchMusic]] many times, generally coinciding with the release of each new album. For ''[[Poodle Hat]]'', ''Al TV'' appeared on [[VH1]] for the first time. A recurring segment of ''Al TV'' involves Yankovic manipulating interviews for comic effect. He inserts himself into a previously conducted interview with a musician, and then manipulates his questions, resulting in bizarre and comic responses from the celebrity.

Yankovic had a TV series called ''[[The Weird Al Show]]'', which aired from September to December 1997 on [[CBS]]. Though the show appeared to be geared at children, the humor was really more for his adult fans (as such, it is often compared to ''[[Pee-wee's Playhouse]]''). The entire series was released on DVD by [[Shout! Factory]] on August 15, 2006.

[[VH1]] produced a ''[[Behind the Music]]'' episode on Yankovic. His two commercial failures (his film ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'' and his 1986 album ''[[Polka Party!]]'') were presented as having a larger impact on the direction of his career than they really had. Also, [[Coolio]]'s later disapproval of "[[Amish Paradise]]" was played up as a large feud. Much was also made over his apparent lack of a love life, though he got married shortly after the program aired. The episode was updated and re-released in early 2012 as part of the "Behind the Music Remastered" series.

Yankovic has done voice-overs for several of animated series. He appeared in a 2003 episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', singing "The Ballad of Homer & Marge" (a parody of [[John Mellencamp]]'s "[[Jack & Diane]]") with his band. The episode, "[[Three Gays of the Condo]]", in which [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] hires Yankovic to sing the aforementioned song to [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] in an attempt to reconcile their marriage, later won an [[Emmy Award]] for "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)". Yankovic also had a cameo in a 2008 episode, titled "[[That '90s Show]]", during which he records a parody of Homer's grunge hit "Shave Me" titled "Brain Freeze" (Homer's song, "Shave Me", was itself a parody of [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s "[[Rape Me]]") making Yankovic one of only a handful of celebrities to appear twice on the show playing themselves.

He appeared in the animated [[Adult Swim]] show ''[[Robot Chicken]]'', which provided him with a music video for the song "Weasel Stomping Day".<ref name="adult">{{cite AV media | url=http://video.adultswim.com/robot-chicken/weasel-stomping-day.html | title=Weasel Stomping Day | publisher=[[Adult Swim]] | medium=[[Cartoon Network]]}}</ref><ref name="about">{{cite web | url=http://humor.about.com/od/comediansr/a/weird_al_qa_2.htm | title="Weird Al" Yankovic: An Interview About Humor | publisher=[[About.com]] | accessdate=April 8, 2012 | author=Durrett, Mike}}</ref> Yankovic is the voice for [[List of characters in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy#Toadblatt's Summer School of Sorcery|Squid Hat]] on the [[Cartoon Network]] show, ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]''. He is also the announcer of the cartoon's eponymous [[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (video game)|video game]] adaptation.

Yankovic had a guest appearance voicing [[Wreck-Gar]], a [[waste collection vehicle]] Transformer in the ''[[Transformers: Animated]]'' cartoon series;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seibertron.com/transformers/news/cartoon-network-to-air-transformers-animated-episo/13008/ |title=Cartoon Network To Air Transformers Animated Episode "Garbage In, Garbage Out"--10:30 am|accessdate=June 15, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080531214120/http://www.seibertron.com/transformers/news/cartoon-network-to-air-transformers-animated-episo/13008/| archivedate= May 31, 2008}}</ref> previously, Yankovic's "Dare to Be Stupid" song was featured in the 1986 animated film ''[[The Transformers: The Movie]]'', during the sequence in which the Wreck-Gar character was first introduced; as such, the song is referenced in the episode. He also plays local TV talent show host Uncle Muscles on several episodes of ''[[Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!]]'' along with other appearances on the show. Weird Al has also supplied the voice of one-shot character 'Petroleum Joe' on ''[[The Brak Show]]''. He also voiced himself on a ''[[Back at the Barnyard]]'' episode, and he appeared as a [[ringmaster (circus)|ringmaster]] who helps the regular characters of ''[[Yo Gabba Gabba!]]'' organize a [[circus]] in a 2007 episode of the children's show.

In 2011, Al appeared as himself in the ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' episode "[[Bat-Mite]] Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases!"<ref>[http://www.themarysue.com/scooby-doo-batman-brave-and-bold/ Not April Fools: Scooby-Doo On Batman: The Brave and the Bold | The Mary Sue]</ref> In 2012, Al was extensively featured in the [[30 Rock (season 6)|sixth season]] episode of ''[[30 Rock]]'' called "[[Kidnapped by Danger]]", where [[Jenna Maroney|Jenna]] tries to come up with a "Weird Al-proof" song,<ref name="30rock">{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/23/weird-als-30-rock-parody-song-blasts-nbc_n_1375837.html | title=Weird Al's '30 Rock' Parody Song Takes Shot At NBC | publisher=The Huffington Post | date=March 24, 2012 | accessdate=April 8, 2012 | author=Luippold, Ross}}</ref> as well as appearing on two episodes of ''[[The Aquabats! Super Show!]]'', playing two different characters as the superhero SuperMagic PowerMan and as the President of the United States. In 2014, he appeared in the [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 4)|fourth season]] ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]'' episode "[[Pinkie Pride]]" as Cheese Sandwich, a rival [[Party planning|party planner]] to [[Pinkie Pie]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: 'Weird Al' Yankovic graces 'My Little Pony'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/popcandy/2014/01/15/weird-al-my-little-pony/4490001/|work=USA Today|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> In 2016, "Weird Al" Yankovic was hired to voice the lead role in the 2017 [[Disney Channel]] series ''[[Milo Murphy's Law]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Alyssa Sage |url=http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/milo-murphys-law-disney-xd-cast-weird-al-1201696481/ |title=‘Milo Murphy’s Law’ Voice Cast: Weird Al to Lead Disney XD Series |publisher=Variety |date=2016-02-04 |accessdate=2016-06-16}}</ref> In 2016, Yankovic became the bandleader on the [[IFC (U.S. TV network)|IFC]] series ''[[Comedy Bang! Bang! (TV series)|Comedy Bang! Bang!]]'', on which he had previously guest starred.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rife|first1=Katie|title="Weird Al" Yankovic joins Comedy Bang! Bang! as bandleader and co-host|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/weird-al-yankovic-joins-comedy-bang-bang-bandleade-231216|date=January 25, 2016|work=The A.V. Club|accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref>

Yankovic performed at the [[66th Primetime Emmy Awards]] singing a comedic medley of songs based on the themes of several Emmy-nominated shows such as ''[[Mad Men]]'' and ''[[Game of Thrones]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vulture.com/2014/08/watch-weird-al-emmys-tv-theme-song-medley.html | title = Watch Weird Al's Emmys TV Theme-Song Medley | first = Gilbert | last = Cruz | date = August 25, 2014 | accessdate= August 25, 2014 | work = [[Vulture (blog)|Vulture]] }}</ref>

A brief list of television shows on which Yankovic has appeared is available on his official website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/filmtv.htm |title=Film & TV list|accessdate=July 2, 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070711005321/http://weirdal.com/filmtv.htm| archivedate= July 11, 2007}}</ref>

=== Directing career ===
"Weird Al" Yankovic has directed many of his own music videos; he has directed all of his music videos from 1993's "[[Bedrock Anthem]]" to 2006's "[[White & Nerdy]]". He also directed the end sequence of 1986's "[[Christmas at Ground Zero]]" (an original piece juxtaposing Christmas with [[nuclear warfare]]) from his ''[[Polka Party!]]'' album and the title sequence to ''[[Spy Hard]]'', for which he sang the title song.<ref name="vidfacts">{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/videtc.htm |title="Weird Al" Yankovic: Video Facts|accessdate=October 26, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061110025414/http://weirdal.com/videtc.htm| archivedate= November 10, 2006}}</ref> Yankovic wrote, directed and starred in the short 3-D movie attraction "Al's Brain: A 3-D Journey Through The Human Brain", a $2.5 million project which was sponsored by and premiered at the [[Orange County Fair (California)|Orange County Fair]] in [[Costa Mesa, California]], in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yankovic.org/blog/2008/07/30/go-into-als-brain/|title=Go Into Al's Brain: Yank Blog|accessdate=July 31, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080924164407/http://yankovic.org/blog/2008/07/30/go-into-als-brain/| archivedate= September 24, 2008}}</ref> The project included a brief cameo by Sir [[Paul McCartney]], which Yankovic directed during McCartney's appearance at the 2009 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://taxdollars.freedomblogging.com/2009/08/11/fair-will-produce-more-spectacles-after-polling-shows-affection-for-als-brain/30601/ | title = 'Al's Brain' is declared a success, and OC Fair will produce more 'feature exhibits' | publisher = OC Watchdog | date = August 11, 2009 | accessdate =August 17, 2009 | first = Teri | last= Sforza | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091016214928/http://taxdollars.freedomblogging.com/2009/08/11/fair-will-produce-more-spectacles-after-polling-shows-affection-for-als-brain/30601/| archivedate= October 16, 2009}}</ref> Fair CEO Steve Beazley, who supported the project, considered the project a success and explored leasing the exhibit to other fairs; the second appearance of the exhibit was at the 2009 [[Puyallup Fair]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thefair.com/puyallup-fair/things-to-do/weird-al.php | title = Al's Brain Exhibit | publisher = [[Puyallup Fair]] | accessdate =August 17, 2009 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606193627/http://www.thefair.com/puyallup-fair/things-to-do/weird-al.php| archivedate= June 6, 2009}}</ref>

He has also directed several videos for other artists, including [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]] (the ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' sequences in "River"), [[The Black Crowes]] ("[[Only a Fool (song)|Only a Fool]]"), [[Ben Folds]] ("[[Rockin' the Suburbs (song)|Rockin' the Suburbs]]"), [[Jeff Foxworthy]] ("Redneck Stomp" and "Party All Night"), [[Blues Explosion]] ("Wail"), and [[The Presidents of the United States of America (band)|The Presidents of the United States of America]] ("Mixed Up S.O.B").<ref name="vidfacts"/> He has cameo appearances in his videos for Blues Explosion, [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]] (as the interviewer), and [[Ben Folds]] (as the producer fixing Folds' "shitty tracks").

On January 25, 2010, Yankovic announced that he had signed a production deal with [[Warner Bros.]] to write and direct a live-action feature film.<ref name="alyankovic.wordpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://alyankovic.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/this-thing-im-doing |title=This Thing I'm Doing " AL'S BLOG |publisher=Weird Al |date=January 25, 2010 |accessdate=August 14, 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100620070654/http://alyankovic.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/this-thing-im-doing| archivedate= 20 June 2010}}</ref> Although Yankovic previously wrote the script for ''UHF'', this was to be the first movie Yankovic directed.<ref name="alyankovic.wordpress.com"/> Yankovic stated that he would not be starring in the movie, as Cartoon Network wanted a younger protagonist. During an interview on ''[[Comedy Death-Ray Radio]]'', Yankovic revealed that though Cartoon Network "loved" his script, the network decided that they were no longer intending to produce feature films. Yankovic initially stated that he would instead shop the script around to other potential studios,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blip.tv/file/3624596 |title=Comedy Death-Ray Radio, Episode 53 |accessdate=March 28, 2011}}</ref> but in 2013 revealed that the project had been scrapped as "it was really geared for Cartoon Network" and that he had "cannibalized jokes from that script to use for other projects."<ref>{{cite web|title=I am "Weird Al" Yankovic – Ask Me Anything! : IAmA |url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1h7afc/i_am_weird_al_yankovic_ask_me_anything/|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6HldZcOOd|archivedate=2013-06-30|deadurl=no|accessdate=2013-06-28}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
Yankovic wrote ''When I Grow Up,'' a children's book released on February 1, 2011 and published by [[HarperCollins]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/books/When-Grow-Up/?isbn13=9780061926914&tctid=100 |title =When I Grow Up}}</ref> The book features 8-year-old Billy presenting to his class the wide variety of imaginative career possibilities that he is considering. Yankovic stated that the idea for the book was based on his own "circuitous" career path.<ref name="cnn book">{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2011/LIVING/02/01/weird.al.book/ | title = What happened when Weird Al grew up | first = Ann | last = Hoevel | date = February 1, 2011 | accessdate =February 1, 2011 | publisher = CNN }}</ref> The book allows Yankovic to apply the humorous writing style found in his music in another medium, allowing him to use puns and rhymes.<ref name="cnn book"/> Yankovic worked with Harper Collins' editor Anne Hoppe—the first time that Yankovic has had an editor—and found her help to be a positive experience.<ref name="cnn book"/> The book is illustrated by Wes Hargis, who, according to Yankovic, has "a childlike quality and a very fun quality and a very imaginative quality" that matched well with Yankovic's writing.<ref name="cnn book"/> The book reached the No. 4 position on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] for Children's Picture Books for the week of February 20, 2011.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-02-20/picture-books/list.html | title = Children's Picture Books – Feb. 20, 2011 |work=New York Times | accessdate =February 12, 2011 | first=Jennifer | last=Schuessler}}</ref>

Yankovic also wrote a sequel to ''When I Grow Up'', 2013's ''My New Teacher and Me!''

Yankovic became the first guest editor for ''[[Mad Magazine]]'' for their 533rd issue, published in April 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2015/02/13/mad-magazine-names-its-first-guest-editor-in-its-seven-decade-history-weird-al-yankovic/ | title = MAD magazine names its first guest editor in its seven-decade history: ‘Weird Al’ Yankovic | first = Michael | last = Cavna | date = February 13, 2015 | accessdate = March 1, 2015 | work = [[Washington Post]] }}</ref>

=== Web media ===
In 2008, Weird Al joined [[Michael J. Nelson]] as a guest on the [[RiffTrax]] treatment of ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''.

On November 10, 2009, Weird Al was a guest "internet scientist" on [[Rocketboom]]'s "[[Know Your Meme]]" video series, in the installment on the topic of [[Auto-Tune]], hosted by Jamie Wilkinson.

{{anchor|Weird: the Al Yankovic Story}}
[[Eric Appel]] produced a ''[[Funny or Die]]'' movie trailer for ''Weird: The Al Yankovic Story'', a fictional [[biographical film]] that parodies other films based on musicians; Yankovic (played by [[Aaron Paul]]) is seen hiding his "weirdness" from his parents ([[Gary Cole]] and [[Mary Steenburgen]]), making it big using song parodies with the help of Dr. Demento ([[Patton Oswalt]]), falling in and out of love with Madonna ([[Olivia Wilde]]), and fading into alcoholism and being arrested, at which point his father finally admits he is "weird" as well. Yankovic himself plays a music producer in the short.<ref name="rs 13th album"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/03/24/weird-al-yankovic-movie/ | title = 'Weird Al' Yankovic Gets The Parody Biopic He Deserves | date = March 24, 2010 | accessdate=March 24, 2010 | first = Kyle | last = Anderson | publisher = MTV }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://scitech.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/23/geek-out-trailer-for-weird-al-biopic-up-on-funny-or-die/ | title= Geek Out!: Trailer for Weird Al 'biopic' up on Funny or Die | date = March 23, 2010 | accessdate =March 24, 2010 | publisher = CNN | first = Doug | last = Gross }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2010/03/24/weird-al-gets-serious-biopic-treatment-thanks-to-funny-or-die/ | title = "Weird Al" Gets Serious Biopic Treatment Thanks to Funny or Die | first = Daniel | last = Kreps | date = March 24, 2010 | accessdate =March 25, 2010 |work=Rolling Stone }}</ref> Yankovic later appeared in another ''Funny or Die'' short alongside [[Huey Lewis]] which parodied the ax murder scene in the movie ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]'', in which [[Christian Bale]]'s character [[Patrick Bateman]] discusses the nature of Lewis's musical work before killing his victim.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.spin.com/2013/04/weird-al-yankovic-huey-lewis-american-psycho-spoof-video/ |title = Watch Huey Lewis Ax-Murder ‘Weird Al’ in ‘American Psycho’ Spoof | work = [[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] | date = April 4, 2013 | accessdate = November 12, 2015 | first = Chris | last = Martins }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/e3662085fb/american-psycho-with-huey-lewis-and-weird-al | title = American Psycho with Huey Lewis and Weird Al | work = [[Funny or Die]] | date = April 3, 2013 | accessdate = November 12, 2015 }}</ref>

For ''[[The Nerdist Podcast]]'', Weird Al began hosting a new comedic celebrity interview web series, ''Face to Face with 'Weird Al' Yankovic'', on April 3, 2012. The series features ''[[Al TV]]''-esque fake interviews with movie stars.

Al has appeared on numerous other webshows, including ''[[CollegeHumor|CollegeHumor Originals]]'', ''[[Paul and Storm|LearningTown]]'', ''[[Some Jerk with a Camera]]'', ''[[Team Unicorn]]'', and ''[[Epic Rap Battles of History]]'' appearing as [[Sir Isaac Newton]] in a battle against actors portraying [[Bill Nye]], the Science Guy (''YouTube'' star [[Nice Peter]]), and [[Neil DeGrasse Tyson]] ([[Chali 2na]] of the group [[Jurassic 5]]).

=== Other media ===
Yankovic competed on a week of ''[[Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]'' taped at [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] in March 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/77962431.html?dids=77962431:77962431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+01%2C+1994&author=&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&desc=WHEEL+OF+FORTUNE%27+SPINS+INTO+O-TOWN&pqatl=google |title=Archives |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=March 1, 1994 |accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref> He also competed on ''[[Rock & Roll Jeopardy!]]''

Weird Al joined the band [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]] in their music video for "[[Thinking 'bout Somethin']]" in which he plays the tambourine.

Yankovic contributes backing vocals for the song "Time" on [[Ben Folds]]' album ''[[Songs for Silverman]]''.

Yankovic also appeared in ''[[Halloween II (2009 film)|Halloween II]]'' as himself on a news channel.

Yankovic was also one of many celebrities who took part in the [[NOH8 Campaign]] against [[California Proposition 8|Proposition 8]], which banned [[same-sex marriage]] in California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noh8campaign.com/photo-gallery/familiar-faces/photo/5622 |title=Familiar Faces |publisher=NOH8 Campaign |date=February 1, 2010 |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}</ref>

Yankovic was approached by a beer company to endorse their product. Yankovic had turned it down because he believed that "a lot of my fans were young and impressionable."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2010/11/weird-al-yankovic-regrets-turning-down.html |title=Weird Al Yankovic Talks About Beer Endorsement He Turned Down |publisher=MOG Campaign |date=November 26, 2010 |accessdate=November 26, 2010}}</ref> Yankovic later posted on his Twitter account that he never regretted the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/alyankovic/status/8100855014236160 |title=Weird Al Yankovic Twitter |accessdate=November 26, 2010}}</ref>

In 2009, Yankovic was a special guest on an episode of [[G4 (U.S. TV channel)|G4]]'s ''[[Web Soup]]'' where he came as [[Mark Gormley]] at first.<ref>{{YouTube|bxFMyuASO8g|Weird Al Yankovic Melts Down on Web Soup}} (uploaded December 11, 2009)</ref>

In 2011, Yankovic guest starred as the character "Banana Man" in an episode of ''[[Adventure Time]]''. The same year, he appeared as himself in the ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' episode "[[Noretta]]".

In 2012, he appeared as himself along with [[Alice Cooper]], [[Bret Michaels]], and [[Maria Menounos]] in ''[[The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange]]'' for the Christmas special, and sung with Alice, Bret, and Orange.

On May 31, 2014, Yankovic won the ACE Award (Amateur Cartoonist Extraordinaire) from the National Cartoonists Society at its awards banquet in San Diego.<ref>[http://www.reuben.org/2014/05/2014-ncs-awards-winners/ ''68th Annual Reuben Awards results'']</ref>

== Misattribution and imitators ==
[[File:WeirdAlLimeWire.png|thumb|A screenshot of [[LimeWire]] PRO, showing a large number of parodies misattributed to Yankovic, as well as numerous misspellings of his surname ({{start date|2007|02}})]]
Songs posted to [[file sharing]] networks are often misattributed to him because of their humorous subject matter. Often, his surname is misspelled (and thus mispronounced) as "Yankovich", among other variations. Much to the disdain of Yankovic, these misattributed files include songs that are racist, sexually explicit, or otherwise offensive. A young listener who had heard several of these offensive tracks by way of a file sharing service confronted Yankovic online, threatening a boycott because of his supposedly explicit lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/aaarchive.htm#100205 |title="Ask Al" Q&As for October 2, 2005|accessdate=August 24, 2006}}</ref> Quite a few of the songs, such as "[[Star Wars Cantina (song)#Parody song|Star Wars Cantina]]" by [[Mark Jonathan Davis]] (not, in a double misattribution, his lounge-singer character [[Richard Cheese]]), "[[Star Wars Gangsta Rap]]", "Yoda Smokes Weed", "Chewbacca", "[[The Devil Went Down to Georgia#Parody song|The Devil Went To Jamaica]]", "[[The Twelve Pains of Christmas]]" by [[Bob Rivers]] and several more have a ''[[Star Wars]]'' motif.<ref name="notalpage">{{cite web|url=http://free.house.cx/~eil/etc/notal_list.html |title=The Not Al Page: The most popular songs he didn't even write (or perform)!|accessdate=December 29, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080728111957/http://free.house.cx/~eil/etc/notal_list.html |archivedate = July 28, 2008}}</ref> Some songs misattributed to him are not songs, but spoken skits, such as "[[Sesame Street]] on crack", which is also widely misattributed to [[Adam Sandler]]. A list of songs frequently misattributed to Yankovic can be found at The Not Al Page<ref>{{cite web|url=http://free.house.cx/~eil/etc/notal_list.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728111957/http://free.house.cx/~eil/etc/notal_list.html |archivedate=July 28, 2008 |title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=July 28, 2008 |accessdate=April 12, 2012}}</ref> and a list of all commercially released songs recorded by Yankovic can be found on his website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdal.com/rcdgdate.htm |title=Recording Dates Page|accessdate=December 1, 2006}}</ref>

Yankovic cites these misattributions as "his only real beef with [[peer-to-peer]] [[file sharing]] sites":
{{Quote|If you do a search for my name on any one of those sites, I guarantee you that about half of the songs that come up will be songs I had absolutely nothing to do with. That particularly bothers me, because I really try to do quality work, and I also try to maintain a more-or-less family-friendly image—and some of these songs that are supposedly by me are just, well, vulgar and awful. I truly think my reputation has suffered in a lot of people's minds because of all those fake Weird Al songs floating around the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itworld.com/060918download |title=Don't not download this song|accessdate=September 23, 2006}}</ref>}}

In an episode of [[HBO]]'s ''[[Mr. Show with Bob and David]]'' called "[[Rudy Will Await Your Foundation]]", [[Bob Odenkirk]] plays a character called Daffy "Mal" Yinkleyankle, a parody of Weird Al. Al, who claims it was the only genuine parody act on himself he has ever seen, told Odenkirk in an email that he was "flattered, in a weird way" and "found it very funny".<ref name="AVC">{{cite web | url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/weird-al-yankovic,14163/ | title=Interview: "Weird Al" Yankovic | publisher=[[The A.V. Club]] | date=October 12, 2007 | accessdate=February 22, 2012 | author=Wolinsky, David}}</ref><ref name="CH">{{cite web | url=http://www.collegehumor.com/article/105103/weird-al-yankerview | title=My Interview With Weird Al | publisher=[[CollegeHumor]] | date=September 18, 2006 | accessdate=February 22, 2012 | author=Rubin, Jeff|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/65iiyvjnG|archivedate=February 25, 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref>

== Fan-driven campaigns ==
The Weird Al Star Fund is a campaign started by Yankovic's fans to get him a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. Their mission is to "solicit, collect, and raise the necessary money, and to compile the information needed for the application to nominate "Weird Al" Yankovic for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame."<ref name="starfund">{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdalstar.com/ |title=The Hollywood Walk of Fame Star Campaign for "Weird Al" Yankovic|accessdate =March 15, 2007| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mqzqsQen | archivedate = January 17, 2010| deadurl=no}}</ref> Fans worldwide have sent donations to raise the US$15,000 needed for a nomination. In addition to the preferred method of cash donations, many methods were used to raise money for the cause, such as a live benefit show held April 11, 2006, and selling merchandise on the official website and [[eBay]], including T-shirts, calendars, and cookbooks.<ref name="cook">{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdalstar.com/tributeshow.html |title=The Hollywood Walk of Fame Star Campaign for "Weird Al" Yankovic|accessdate =October 29, 2006}}</ref> On May 26, 2006, the campaign hit the then-$15,000 target, just five days before the May 31 deadline to submit the necessary paperwork.<ref name="starfund"/> However, Yankovic was not included on the list of inductees for 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=8ce9efb9-2eb5-4f61-85ab-c5c2ffb9d885 |title=Damon, Diddy, Ponch Got Star Power|author=Gina Serpe|publisher=E! Online News|accessdate =October 29, 2006| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5PkgVcK3K | archivedate = June 20, 2007| deadurl=no}}</ref> On February 9, 2007, the Hollywood Chamber Of Commerce raised the price to sponsor a new star to $25,000<ref name="starfund"/> and as such the Fund is accepting donations again. Yankovic's application was resubmitted for consideration in 2007, but he was not included among 2008's inductees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/?p=1129 |title=New Stars to Grace Hollywood Walk of Fame|accessdate =July 2, 2007}}</ref>

Similar to the Weird Al Star Fund, a second fan-driven campaign called "Make the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Rock Hall]] 'Weird'" has tried to enshrine him into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], for which he has been eligible since 2004.<ref name="rockhallgoal">{{cite web|url=http://www.allthingsyank.com/rockhall/goal.htm |title=Make the Rock Hall "Weird" – Our Mission|accessdate=June 15, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080723161416/http://www.allthingsyank.com/rockhall/goal.htm| archivedate= July 23, 2008}}</ref> Previous attempts to raise awareness for the campaign and support Yankovic's nomination included a petition drive from 2006 to 2007, which raised over 9000 signatures; an art competition in 2005; additionally, a documentary film about the campaign is currently being developed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allthingsyank.com/rockhall/faq.htm |title=Make the Rock Hall "Weird" – FAQ|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref><ref name="rockhallhelp">{{cite web|url=http://www.allthingsyank.com/rockhall/what.htm |title=Make the Rock Hall "Weird" – How You Can Help|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> In addition to these efforts, an ongoing campaign is underway in which supporters of Yankovic's nomination are requested to send "sincere, thoughtful" letters to the Rock Hall Foundation's headquarters in New York.<ref name="rockhallhelp"/> The Hall has not considered Yankovic for nomination since the campaign started in 2004.<ref name="rockhallgoal"/> A 2009 ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' poll named Weird Al as the top artist that should be nominated for the Hall of Fame, followed by [[Rush (band)|Rush]] (who were inducted in 2013) and [[The Moody Blues]] in the top ten."<ref name = "RSList">{{cite web | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/music/daily-blog/blogs/rsstaffblogpost_2011/45550/39509 | title = Readers' Rock List: Who Should Be Nominated For the Hall of Fame?|work=Rolling Stone | date = September 29, 2009 | accessdate =June 12, 2011}}</ref>

A smaller ongoing effort has been made by fans to have Yankovic perform at the halftime show of a [[Super Bowl]] game.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/13/five-reasons-weird-al-yankovic-should-perform-at-next-years-super-bowl/ | title = Five Reasons 'Weird Al' Yankovic Should Perform at Next Year's Super Bowl | first = Melissa | last = Lockar | date = February 13, 2012 | accessdate = July 23, 2014 | work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] }}</ref> This inspired Yankovic to write the [[fight song]] parody "Sports Song" for ''Mandatory Fun'' to help round out his repertoire.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kroq.cbslocal.com/weird-al-yankovic-on-mandatory-fun-super-bowl-halftime-show-uhf-geeking-out-on-paul-mccartney/ | title = 'Weird Al' Yankovic on ''Mandatory Fun'' | publisher = [[CBS]] | date = July 18, 2014 | accessdate = July 23, 2014}}</ref> Subsequent to the success of ''Mandatory Fun'', another fan-driven campaign pushed for Yankovic to headline the then-upcoming [[Super Bowl XLIX]] at the highlight of the artist's career, which was noticed by many media outlets, including [[CNN]] and [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]], though the decision for this selection would reside within the management of the [[NFL]] (who instead chose [[Katy Perry]] for that position).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/weird-al-yankovic-super-bowl-halftime/ | title = Fans backing Weird Al for Super Bowl halftime | first = Todd | last = Leopold | date = August 7, 2014 | accessdate = August 7, 2014 | publisher = CNN }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/weird-al-super-bowl-xlix-what-are-chances/ngx2S/ | title = 'Weird Al' at Super Bowl XLIX: What are the chances? | work = [[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] | date = August 8, 2014 | accessdate = August 8, 2014 | first = Christian | last =Bryant }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wired.com/2014/08/weird-al-super-bowl-petition/ | title=You Can Help Weird Al Headline the Super Bowl's Halftime Show | publisher=Condé Nast | date=7 August 2014 | accessdate=12 August 2014 | author=Watercutter, Angela}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main article|"Weird Al" Yankovic discography|List of songs recorded by "Weird Al" Yankovic}}

;Studio albums

{{columns-list|2|
*''[["Weird Al" Yankovic (album)|"Weird Al" Yankovic]]'' (1983)
*''[["Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D]]'' (1984)
*''[[Dare to Be Stupid]]'' (1985)
*''[[Polka Party!]]'' (1986)
*''[[Even Worse]]'' (1988)
*''[[UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff]]'' (1989)
*''[[Off the Deep End]]'' (1992)
*''[[Alapalooza]]'' (1993)
*''[[Bad Hair Day]]'' (1996)
*''[[Running with Scissors (album)|Running with Scissors]]'' (1999)
*''[[Poodle Hat]]'' (2003)
*''[[Straight Outta Lynwood]]'' (2006)
*''[[Alpocalypse]]'' (2011)
*''[[Mandatory Fun]]'' (2014)
}}

== Videography ==
{{Main article|"Weird Al" Yankovic videography}}

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Tapeheads]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'' || George Newman ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear]]'' || Police Station Thug ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Spy Hard]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Safety Patrol (film)|Safety Patrol]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Nothing Sacred'' || Clothing Store Customer ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Desperation Boulevard'' || Himself ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Haunted Lighthouse]]'' || Waiter ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Halloween II (2009 film)|Halloween II]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Batman vs. Robin]]'' || [[Dollmaker (comics)|The Dollmaker]] || Voice
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping]]'' || Hammerleg Lead Singer ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Amazing Stories (TV series)|Amazing Stories]]'' || The Cabbage Man || Episode: "Miss Stardust"
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Eek! The Cat]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Square One Television]]'' || Murray the Mouth || Episode: "[[Mathnet#ep28|The Case: Off the Record]]", segment: "[[Mathnet]]"
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]'' || Himself || Episode: "Banjo"
|-
| 1995, 1998 || ''The Eddie Files'' || Waiter Man Interrogated Bones McDuff || "Fractions: Any Way You Slice It" "Geometry: Invasion of the Polygons" "Charts & Graphs: The Dessert Derby"
|-
| 2002 || ''[[The Brak Show]]'' || Petroleum Joe || Episode: "[[Feud (The Brak Show)|Feud]]"
|-
| 2003, 2008 || ''[[The Simpsons]]'' || Himself (voice) || "[[Three Gays of the Condo]]" "[[That 90's Show]]"
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Lilo & Stitch: The Series]]'' || Singing Minstrel (voice) || Episode: "[[List of Lilo & Stitch: The Series episodes#ep20|Tank]]: Experiment 586"
|-
| 2003–05 || ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]'' || The Squid Hat (voice) || "[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (season 1)#ep1|Toadblatt's School of Scorcery/Educating Grim/It's Hokey Mon!]]" "[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (season 2)#ep16|Nigel Planter and the Chamber Pot of Secrets/Circus of Fear]]" "[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (season 4)#ep40|One Crazy Summoner/Guess What's Coming to the Dinner]]"
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' || Himself / Kevin (voice) || Episode: "[[Robot Chicken (season 2)#ep32|The Munnery]]"
|-
| 2007–10 || ''[[Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!]]'' || Uncle Muscles (voice) ||
|-
| 2008, 2009 || ''[[Transformers Animated]]'' || Wreck-Gar (voice) || "[[List of Transformers: Animated episodes#ep20|Garbage In, Garbage Out]]" "Human Error: Part II"
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Back at the Barnyard]]'' || Himself (voice) || Episode: "Get Bessy/A Beautiful Freddy"
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Yo Gabba Gabba!]]'' || The Ringmaster || Episode: "[[List of Yo Gabba Gabba! episodes#ep307|Circus]]"
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' || Mr. Star / Himself (voice) || Episode: "[[List of Batman: The Brave and the Bold episodes#ep51|Bat-Mite Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases!]]"
|-
| 2011 || ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' || Himself || Episode: "[[Noretta]]"
|-
| 2011–16 || ''[[Adventure Time]]'' || Banana Man (voice) || "[[New Frontier (Adventure Time)|The New Frontier]]" "[[We Fixed a Truck]]" "[[Adventure Time (season 7)#ep217|President Porpoise Is Missing!]]"
|-
| 2012 || ''[[30 Rock]]'' || Himself || "[[Kidnapped by Danger]]"
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Aquabats! Super Show!]]'' || President Stuncastin Super Magic Power Man! || "[[List of The Aquabats! Super Show! episodes#ep9|Pilgrim Boy!]]" "[[List of The Aquabats! Super Show! episodes#ep13|Showtime!]]"
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Animal Man#In other media|Animal Man]]'' || [[Animal Man]] (voice) || 4 episodes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[WordGirl]]'' || [[List of WordGirl characters#The Learnerer|The Learnerer]] (voice) || "[[WordGirl (season 3)#ep75|The Learnerer/Mr. Big's Dinner and a Scam]]" "[[WordGirl (season 4)#ep82|Hard-Learned Money/Gift Pony]]"
|-
| 2012–present || ''[[Comedy Bang! Bang! (TV series)|Comedy Bang! Bang!]]'' || Himself / Mike Cankers || Guest star (season 1–4) Bandleader/co-host (season 5–)
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Childrens Hospital (TV Series)|Childrens Hospital]]'' || Young Michael || Episode: "[[List of Childrens Hospital episodes#ep49|Country Weekend]]"
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Mad (TV series)|Mad]]'' || [[Superman]] (voice) || Episode: "[[List of Mad episodes#ep100|Mad's 100th Episode Special]]"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Good Morning Today]]'' || Sir Alfred Yankovic || Episode 1.9
|-
| 2014 || ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]'' || Cheese Sandwich (voice) || Episode: "[[Pinkie Pride]]"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Drunk History]]'' || [[Adolf Hitler]] || Episode: "[[Drunk History#ep9|Montgomery, AL]]"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[@midnight]]'' || Himself || Episodes 2.10, 2.64, 2.92
|-
| 2014 || ''[[The Hotwives of Orlando]]'' || Coach Cliff Bonadenturo || "[[The Hotwives#ep5|Staycation]]"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Wallykazam!]]'' || Wizard Jeff (voice) || Episode: "[[Wallykazam!#ep20|Mustache Day]]"<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/watch-weird-al-yankovic-sing-about-underpants-on-wallykazam-cartoon-20141021 Watch Animated 'Weird Al' Sing About Underpants | Rolling Stone]</ref>
|-
| 2015–16 || ''[[Galavant]]'' || Confessional Monk || Episodes: "[[Galavant#ep5|Completely Mad...Alena]]", "[[Galavant#ep18|The One True King (To Unite Them All)]]"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[The Odd Couple (2015 TV series)|The Odd Couple]]'' || Steve  || Episode: "[[List of The Odd Couple (2015 TV series) episodes#ep10|Enlightening Strikes]]"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]'' || Pal.0/Weird Pal (voice) || Episode: "[[List of Uncle Grandpa episodes#ep67|Pal.0]]"<ref>{{cite web|author=Mercedes Milligan |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/weird-al-stars-and-sings-on-uncle-grandpa/ |title=Weird Al Stars and Sings on ‘Uncle Grandpa’ |publisher=Animation Magazine |date=2015-06-11 |accessdate=2016-06-16}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Hollywood Game Night]]'' || Himself || Episode: "Everything's Coming Up Rosie"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp]]'' || Jackie Brazen || Episode: "Auditions"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Gravity Falls]]'' || Probabilitor || Voice, Episode: "Dungeons, Dungeons and More Dungeons"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Wander Over Yonder]]'' || Dr. Screwball Jones || Voice, Episode: "The Boy Wander"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Teen Titans Go! (TV series)|Teen Titans Go!]]'' || [[Darkseid]] (voice) || Voice, Episode: "Two Parter (Part 2)"
|-
| 2016 || ''[[The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)|The Goldbergs]]'' || Himself || Episode: "Weird Al"
|-
| 2016 || ''[[BoJack Horseman]]'' || Captain Peanutbutter (voice) || 2 Episodes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Milo Murphy's Law]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Petski |first=Denise |url=http://deadline.com/2016/02/weird-al-yankovic-cast-voice-milo-murphys-law-disney-xd-1201696262/ |title=“Weird Al” Yankovic To Voice Title Role In ‘Milo Murphy’s Law’ |publisher=Deadline |date=2016-02-04 |accessdate=2016-06-16}}</ref> || Milo Murphy (voice) ||
|}

=== Video games ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (video game)|The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]'' || Announcer
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
'''[[Grammy Awards]]'''<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=yankovic&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=All Past Winners Search | GRAMMY.com]</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Category !! Work !! Result
|-
| 1985 || rowspan=5|[[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album|Best Comedy Recording]] || "Eat It" || {{won}}
|-
| 1986 || ''Dare to Be Stupid'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1988 || ''Polka Party!'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1989 || ''Even Worse'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1993 || ''Off the Deep End'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 1988 || [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video|Best Concept Music Video]] || "Fat" || {{won}}
|-
| 1995 || [[Grammy Award for Best Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]] || "Jurassic Park" || {{nom}}
|-
| 2004 || [[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album|Best Comedy Album]] || ''Poodle Hat'' || {{won}}
|-
| 2007 || [[49th Annual Grammy Awards#Spoken Word|Best Comedy Album]] || ''Straight Outta Lynwood'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2010 || [[52nd Annual Grammy Awards#Comedy|Best Comedy Album]] || ''Internet Leaks'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2012 || [[54th Annual Grammy Awards#Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]] || "Perform This Way" (shared with Cisco Newman, video producer) || {{nom}}
|-
| 2012 || [[54th Annual Grammy Awards#Comedy|Best Comedy Album]] || ''Alpocalypse'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2015 || [[57th Annual Grammy Awards#Comedy|Best Comedy Album]] || ''Mandatory Fun''<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Grammy Comedy Award|url=http://www.grammy.com/videos/weird-al-yankovic-wins-best-comedy-album|website=grammys.com|publisher=Grammys|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref> || {{won}}
|}

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|"Weird Al" Yankovic}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.weirdal.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|946148|"Weird Al" Yankovic}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LyNbCRQsck "'Weird Al' Yankovic — Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?"] Diffuser, July 30, 2014. —Video.
* {{MusicBrainz artist|id=7746d775-9550-4360-b8d5-c37bd448ce01|name="Weird Al" Yankovic}}
* [http://exclaim.ca/Features/Timeline/weird_al_yankovic-alpocalypse_now8230_then "Weird Al" timeline] from [[Exclaim!]]
* {{dmoz|Arts/Music/Bands_and_Artists/Y/Yankovic%2C_Weird_Al/}}

{{"Weird Al" Yankovic}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yankovic, Weird Al}}

JSW Group

2016-08-11T02:17:26Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox company
|name = JSW Group
|logo = [[File:JSW Group logo.svg|200px]]
|type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
|slogan =
|foundation = {{start date and age|1982}}
|founder = [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[Chairman]])
|location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|area_served = Worldwide
|key_people = Mr. Sajjan Jindal; Mr. Seshagiri Rao
|num_employees =
|industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
|products = Steel, Cement, Energy, Infrastructure
|market_cap = US $ 5.6 Billion (2015)
|revenue = US $11 Billion (2015) <ref>http://www.jsw.in/groups/about-groups</ref>
|subsid = [[JSW Steel]] Ltd. [[JSW Energy]] Ltd. [[JSW Holdings]] Ltd. [[JSW Infrastructure & Logistics]] Ltd. [[Vijaynagar Minerals]] Pvt. Ltd. [[Jindal Praxair Oxygen Co.]] Ltd. [[JSoft Solutions]] Ltd. [[JSW Building Systems]] Ltd. [[JSW Energy]] [[JSW Infrastructure]] [[Ispat industries Ltd]], [[CIC Energy Corp]]JSW Cement Ltd
|net_income =
|homepage = http://www.jsw.in/
| intl = yes
}}
An $11 billion conglomerate, '''JSW Group''' is one of India's largest business conglomerates. It is led by [[Sajjan Jindal]] and part of the US $15 billion O. P. [[Jindal Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://getahead.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/06mc3.htm |title=Won't give away control of JSW Steel: Sajjan Jinda: Rediff.com Business |publisher=Getahead.rediff.com |date=2006-07-06 |accessdate=2010-09-24}}</ref>
The group has strong footprints across various sectors namely, Steel, Energy, Minerals, Port & Infrastructure & Cement in multiple locations across India, US, South America and Africa. [[JSW Steel Ltd]], [[JSW Energy]], [[JSW Infrastructure]], [[Ispat industries Ltd]] are subsidiaries of JSW Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/jan/14satyam-jsw-group-not-to-cancel-maytas-deal.htm |title=JSW Group not to cancel Rs 100 cr Maytas deal |publisher=Rediff.com |date=2004-12-31 |accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref>

Today, JSW Energy has a power generation capacity of 4531 megawatts,<ref>{{Cite web|title = JSW Group - JSW Energy - Homepage|url = http://www.jsw.in/energy|website = www.jsw.in|accessdate = 2015-12-24}}</ref> JSW Steel has one of the largest single blast furnace with a capacity of 3.3 MTPA, taking JSW’s overall installed capacity of 14.3 MTPA,<ref>{{Cite web|title = About JSW Steel|url = http://www.jsw.in/steel|website = www.jsw.in|accessdate = 2015-12-24}}</ref> JSW Steel is India’s leading private sector steel producer.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/features/focus/10977-steelmaker-rankings-posco-named-world%E2%80%99s-most-competitive-steelmaker-6-straight|title = Steelmaker Rankings by World Steel Dynamics|last = |first = |date = |work = |access-date = |via = }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{JSW Group}}
{{Major Indian companies}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1982]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in India]]

A F M Yusuf Haider

2016-08-11T01:37:41Z

BobDog54: Added DefaultSort

{{infobox person
|name=A F M Yusuf Haider
|alma_mater= [[University of Dhaka]] [[Australian National University]]
|nationality=Bangladeshi
|occupation=university administrator, physicist
}}

'''A F M Yusuf Haider''' is a Bangladesh academic and scientist. Haider was appointed as the [[pro-vice-chancellor]] of the [[University of Dhaka]] for 6 years. He served as the 25th [[vice-chancellor]] (acting) of the university from 1 Aug 2002 until 23 Sept 2002.<ref name=resume/>

==Education==
Haider completed his bachelor's and master's in nuclear physics from the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1969 and 1970 respectively. He earned his Ph.D. from [[Australian National University]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/07/08/d60708061998.htm | title=Prof Yusuf Haider re-appointed DU pro-VC | work=The Daily Star | date=8 July 2006 | accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Haider served as the [[pro-vice-chancellor]] of the University of Dhaka from 25 July 2002 until 23 January 2009.<ref name="resume">{{cite web | url=http://jobs.du.ac.bd/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Resume-AFM-Y-Haider.pdf | title=Resume-AFM-Y-Haider | publisher=University of Dhaka | accessdate=22 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Australian National University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka faculty]]
[[Category:Vice-Chancellors of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi physicists]]

{{Bangladesh-academic-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haider, Yusuf AFM}}

María Sabina

2016-08-10T22:41:01Z

BobDog54: made grammatical changes

[[File:Sabina002.jpg|thumb|Maria Sabina in a photo taken in Oaxaca.]]
'''María Sabina''' (July 22, 1894,<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome, with Alvaro Estrada. 2003. The Life" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. 2003. p.3 "I don't know what year I was born, but my mother, Maria Concepción, told me that it was the morning of the day that they celebrate the Virgin Magdalene there in Río Santiago, an ''agencia'' of Huautla. None of my ancestors knew their age."</ref> – November 23, 1985) was a [[Mazatec people|Mazatec]] '[curandera'' who lived her entire life in a modest dwelling in the [[Sierra Mazateca]] of southern [[Mexico]].<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome. 2003. "Editor's Preface" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. X</ref> Her practice was based on the use of the various species of native [[psilocybe]] mushrooms, such as ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]''.

== Her life ==
María Sabina was born outside of [[Huautla de Jimenez]] in the [[Sierra Mazateca]] towards the end of the 19th century, perhaps in 1894 although Sabina herself was not sure. Her parents were both humble ''[[Peasant|campesinos]]'', her mother María Concepcion and her father Crisanto Feliciano, who died from an illness when she was three years old. She had a younger sister María Ana. Her grandfather and great-grandfather on her father's side were also wise men, skilled in using the mushrooms to communicate with God. After the death of her father, her mother took the family to live with her parents, and Sabina grew up in the house of her maternal grandparents.<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome, with Alvaro Estrada. 2003. The Life" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. 3–8</ref>

María Sabina was the first contemporary Mexican ''curandera''defined as a [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|native]] [[shaman]], to allow Westerners to participate in the healing vigil that became known as the ''[[Velada (Mazatec ritual)|velada]]'',<ref>In Spanish, the noun ''la velada'' refers to a vigil or watch, and is uniformly a nocturnal one. [http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=velada "Acción y efecto de velar"], as defined in the Real Academia Española's ''Diccionario de la lengua española'' (RAE 2001)</ref><ref>It was [[R. Gordon Wasson]] who used the term by which it has since become generally known when he first wrote about the ritual in ''María Sabina and Her Mazatec Mushroom Velada'' (1974). See Karttunen 1994: 225.</ref> where all participants partake of the [[psilocybin mushroom]] as a [[sacrament]] to open the gates of the mind. The ''velada'' is seen as a purification and a communion with the sacred.

In 1955, the US [[Ethnomycology|ethnomycologist]] and banker [[R. Gordon Wasson]] visited María Sabina's hometown of [[Huautla de Jimenez]], [[Oaxaca]], and participated in a ''velada'' with her. He also brought [[spore]]s of the [[fungus]], which he identified as ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'', to [[Paris]]. The fungus was cultivated in Europe and its active ingredient was duplicated as the chemical [[psilocybin]] in the laboratory by [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[chemist]] [[Albert Hofmann]] in 1958.

Youth from the United States began seeking out María Sabina and the "holy children" as early as 1962, and in the years that followed, thousands of [[counterculture]] mushroom seekers, scientists, and others arrived in the [[Sierra Mazateca]], and many met her.<ref>Estrada 1996 ''passim''; Monaghan & Cohen 2000: 165</ref> By 1967 more than 70 people from the US, [[Canada]], and Western Europe were renting cabins in neighboring villages. Many of them went there directly after reading "[[Seeking the Magic Mushroom]]", a 1957 ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine article written by Wasson about his experiences.

Sabina cultivated relationships with several of them, including Wasson, who became something of a friend. Many 1960s celebrities visited María Sabina, including rock stars such as [[Bob Dylan]], [[John Lennon]], [[Mick Jagger]] and [[Keith Richards]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

While she was initially hospitable to the truth seekers thronging to her, their lack of respect for the sacred and traditional purposes caused María Sabina to remark: <blockquote>
"Before Wasson, nobody took ''the children'' simply to find God. They were always taken to cure the sick."
</blockquote>

As the community was besieged by Westerners wanting to experience the mushroom-induced hallucinations, Sabina attracted attention from the Mexican police who thought that she sold drugs to the foreigners. The unwanted attention completely altered the social dynamics of the Mazatec community and threatened to terminate the Mazatec custom. The community blamed Sabina, and she was ostracized in the community and her house was burned down. Sabina later regretted having introduced Wasson to the practice, but Wasson contended that his only intention was to contribute to the sum of human knowledge.<ref name=Letcher>{{cite book|last=Letcher|first=Andy|title=Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom|year=2006|publisher=Faber and Faber Ltd.|location=England|isbn=0-571-22770-8|pages=97–98}}</ref><ref name="Estrada">Estrada, Álvaro, (1976) ''Vida de María Sabina: la sabia de los hongos'' (ISBN 968-23-0513-6)
</ref><ref>Rothenberg, Jerome. 2003. "Editor's Preface" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. XVI</ref>

Late in life, María Sabina became bitter about her many misfortunes, and how others had profited from her name.<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome. 2003. "Editor's Preface" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. XIV-XVI</ref> She also felt that the ceremony of the velada had been desecrated and irremediably polluted by the [[hedonist]]ic use of the mushrooms:
<blockquote>
"From the moment the foreigners arrived, the 'holy children' lost their purity. They lost their force, they ruined them. Henceforth they will no longer work. There is no remedy for it."
</blockquote>

== Use of synthetic entheogens ==

María Sabina was celebrating a mushroom ''velada'' with pills of Indocybin or synthetic psilocybin.<ref>http://www.sagewisdom.org/ott2.html</ref>

On the 1962 expedition organized by R. Gordon Wasson to see Maria Sabina, Hofmann came along and brought a bottle of psilocybin pills. Sandoz was marketing them under the brand name "Indocybin"—"indo" for both "Indian" and "indole" (the nucleus of their chemical structures) and "cybin" for the main molecular constituent, "psilocybin." ("Psilo" in Greek means "bald," "cybe" means "head.") Hofmann gave his synthesized entheogen to the ''curandera'' who divulged the Indians' secret. "Of course," Wasson recalls of the encounter, "Albert Hofmann is so conservative he always gives too little a dose, and it didn't have any effect." Hofmann had a different interpretation: activation of "the pills, which must dissolve in the stomach before they can be absorbed, takes place only after 30 to 45 minutes, in contrast to the mushrooms which, when chewed, work faster because part of the drug is absorbed immediately by the mucosa in the mouth." In order to settle her doubts about the pills, more were distributed, bringing the total for Maria Sabina, her daughter, and the shaman Don Aurelio up to 30 mg., a moderately high dose by current standards but not perhaps by the Indians'. At dawn, their Mazatec interpreter reported that Maria Sabina felt there was little difference between the pill and the mushrooms. She thanked Hofmann for the bottle of pills, "saying that she would now be able to serve people even when no mushrooms were available."<ref>Psychedelics Encyclopedia, p 237–238</ref>

== Chants ==
[[Álvaro Estrada]], a fellow Mazatec, recorded her life and work and translated her [[chant]]s. Estrada's American brother-in-law, [[Henry Munn]], translated many of the chants from Spanish to English, and wrote about the significance of her language. According to Munn, María Sabina brilliantly used themes common to Mazatec and Mesoamerican spiritual traditions, but at the same time was a unique talent, a masterful oral poet, and craftsperson with a profound literary and personal charisma.

It is sung in a shamanic trance in which, as she recounted, the "saint children" [[Channelling (mediumistic)|speak through her]]:

<blockquote><poem>Because I can swim in the immense
Because I can swim in all forms
Because I am the launch woman
Because I am the sacred opposum
Because I am the Lord opposum

I am the woman Book that is beneath the water, says
I am the woman of the populous town, says
I am the shepherdess who is beneath the water, says
I am the woman who shepherds the immense, says
I am a shepherdess and I come with my shepherd, says

Because everything has its origin
And I come going from place to place from the origin...<ref>Estrada, ''María Sabina: her Life and Chants''</ref></poem></blockquote>

== Cultural impact ==
Sabina is regarded as a sacred figure in [[Huautla de Jiménez|Huautla]]. At the same time, her image is used to market various local commercial ventures, from restaurants to taxi companies.

The Mexican counterculture has an affinity for Sabina. The [[Mexican rock]] group [[Santa Sabina (band)|Santa Sabina]] is named for her, and [[El Tri]], one of the first and most successful rock groups in Mexico, dedicated the song "María Sabina" to her, proclaiming her "''un símbolo de la sabiduría y el amor''" ("a symbol of wisdom and love").

Mexican musician, [[Jorge Reyes (musician)|Jorge Reyes]], included prerecorded chants of Maria Sabina in the track "The Goddess of the Eagles", in his album ''Comala''. Reyes also used more of the recording in his collaboration with "Deep Forest" on the track, "Tres Marias", in the Album "Comparsa".

Bolivian singer [[Luzmila Carpio]] has made a song in honor of Maria Sabina.<ref>{{YouTube|_R4oeniDxW4|Luzmila Carpio - Homenaje a María Sabina}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |author=Allen, John W. |year=1997 |title=María Sabina: Saint Mother of the Sacred Mushrooms |series=Ethnomycological journals, v. 1.|location=Seattle, WA |publisher=Psilly Publications |isbn=0-9631518-9-4 |oclc=39920921}}
* Allen, John W., and Jochen Gartz, 2002. ''Teonanácatl: A Bibliography of Entheogenic Mushrooms'' (ISBN 1-58214-099-5)
* Estrada, Álvaro, (1976) ''Vida de María Sabina: la sabia de los hongos'' (ISBN 968-23-0513-6)
* Estrada, Álvaro, (1981). ''María Sabina: her Life and Chants'' (ISBN 0-915520-33-8)
* {{cite book |author=Estrada, Álvaro |year=1996 |title=Huautla en tiempo de hippies |location=Mexico |publisher=Grijalbo |isbn=970-05-0665-7 |oclc=35986756|language=es}}
* Feinberg, Benjamin, (2003). "The Devil's Book of Culture: History, Mushrooms, and Caves in Southern Mexico" (ISBN 0-292-70190-X)
* Gonzáles, Enrique, (1992). ''Conversaciones con María Sabina y Otros Curanderos'' (ISBN 968-20-0158-7) {{es icon}}
* Guerrero, Rita, (n.d.) ''"¿Qué nombre le ponemos?"'', [http://www.santasabina.com.mx/capitulo03.htm Chapter 3] of the [http://www.santasabina.com.mx/historia.htm History of Santa Sabina]
* Harner, Michael J., ed. "Hallucinogens and Shamanism" (ISBN 0-19-501649-1)
* {{cite book |author=Karttunen, Frances E. |authorlink=Frances Karttunen |year=1994 |title=Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=0-8135-2030-4 |oclc=28150669}}
* {{cite book|author=RAE [Real Academia Española] |authorlink=Real Academia Española |year=2001 |title=Diccionario de la lengua española |url=http://www.rae.es/RAE/Noticias.nsf/Home?ReadForm |format=online version |edition=22nd |location=Madrid |publisher=[[Espasa Calpe|Editorial Espasa Calpe]] |isbn=84-239-6814-6 |oclc=48657242|language=es}}
* {{cite book |author=Monaghan, John D. |author2=Jeffrey H. Cohen |year=2000 |chapter=Thirty Years of Oaxacan Ethnography |title=Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 6: Ethnology |editor=John D. Monaghan (Volume ed.), with Patricia A. Andrews |others=Victoria Reifler Bricker (General Editor) |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |pages=150–178 |isbn=0-292-70881-5 |oclc=42786223}}
* Rothenberg, Jerome, ed. (2003). "María Sabina: Selections" (ISBN 0-520-23953-9)
* Zolov, Eric, (1999). ''Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture'' (ISBN 0-520-21514-1)

== External links ==
* {{worldcat id|lccn-n82-70818}}
* [http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=1614/ R. Gordon Wasson's recording of a 1956 velada at Smithsonian Folkways]
* [http://www.stainblue.com/maria.html Maria Sabina and Visionary Mushrooms]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indigenous Mexicans]]
[[Category:Shamanism of the Americas]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Mexican animists]]
[[Category:Mazatec]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabina, Maria}}

María Sabina

2016-08-10T21:57:07Z

BobDog54: Moved Default sort to bottom of page; it then worked

[[File:Sabina002.jpg|thumb|Maria Sabina in a photo taken in Oaxaca.]]
'''María Sabina''' (July 22, 1894<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome, with Alvaro Estrada. 2003. The Life" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. 2003. p.3 "I don't know what year I was born, but my mother, Maria Concepción, told me that it was the morning of the day that they celebrate the Virgin Magdalene there in Río Santiago, an ''agencia'' of Huautla. None of my ancestors knew their age."</ref> – November 23, 1985) was a [[Mazatec people|Mazatec]] [[curandera]] who lived her entire life in a modest dwelling in the [[Sierra Mazateca]] of southern [[Mexico]].<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome. 2003. "Editor's Preface" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. X</ref> Her practice was based on the use of the various species of native [[psilocybe]] mushrooms, such as ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]''.

== Her life ==
María Sabina was born outside of [[Huautla de Jimenez]] in the [[Sierra Mazateca]] towards the end of the 19th century, perhaps in 1894 although Sabina herself was not sure. Her parents were both humble [[Peasant|campesinos]], her mother María Concepcion and her father Crisanto Feliciano, who died from an illness when she was three years old. She had a younger sister María Ana. Her grandfather and great grandfather on her father's side were also wise men, skilled in using the mushroom to communicate with God. After the death of her father her mother took the family to live with her parents, and Sabina grew up in the house of her maternal grandparents.<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome, with Alvaro Estrada. 2003. The Life" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. 3–8</ref>

María Sabina was the first contemporary Mexican curandera, defined as a [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|native]] [[shaman]], to allow Westerners to participate in the healing vigil that became known as the ''[[Velada (Mazatec ritual)|velada]]'',<ref>In Spanish, the noun ''la velada'' refers to a vigil or watch, and is uniformly a nocturnal one. [http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=velada "Acción y efecto de velar"], as defined in the Real Academia Española's ''Diccionario de la lengua española'' (RAE 2001)</ref><ref>It was [[R. Gordon Wasson]] who used the term by which it has since become generally known, when he first wrote about the ritual in ''María Sabina and Her Mazatec Mushroom Velada'' (1974). See Karttunen 1994: 225.</ref> where all participants partake of the [[psilocybin mushroom]] as a [[sacrament]] to open the gates of the mind. The velada is seen as a purification and as a communion with the sacred.

In 1955, the US [[Ethnomycology|ethnomycologist]] and banker [[R. Gordon Wasson]] visited María Sabina's hometown of [[Huautla de Jimenez]], [[Oaxaca]], and participated in a velada with her. He also brought [[spore]]s of the [[fungus]], which he identified as ''[[Psilocybe mexicana]]'', to [[Paris]]. The fungus was cultivated in Europe and its active ingredient was duplicated as the chemical [[psilocybin]] in the laboratory by [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[chemist]] [[Albert Hofmann]] in 1958.

US youth began seeking out María Sabina and the "holy children" as early as 1962, and in the years that followed, thousands of [[counterculture]] mushroom seekers, scientists, and others arrived in the [[Sierra Mazateca]], and many met her.<ref>Estrada 1996 ''passim''; Monaghan & Cohen 2000: 165</ref> By 1967 more than 70 people from the US, [[Canada]], and Western Europe were renting cabins in neighboring villages. Many of them went there directly after reading "[[Seeking the Magic Mushroom]]", a 1957 ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine article written by Wasson about his experiences.

Sabina cultivated relationships with several of them, including Wasson, who became something of a friend. Many 1960s celebrities visited María Sabina, including rock stars such as [[Bob Dylan]], [[John Lennon]], [[Mick Jagger]] and [[Keith Richards]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

While she was initially hospitable to the truth seekers thronging to her, their lack of respect for the sacred and traditional purposes caused María Sabina to remark: <blockquote>
"Before Wasson, nobody took ''the children'' simply to find God. They were always taken to cure the sick."
</blockquote>

As the community was besieged by Westerners wanting to experience the mushroom induced hallucinations, Sabina attracted attention by the Mexican police who thought that she sold drugs to the foreigners. The unwanted attention completely altered the social dynamics of the Mazatec community and threatened to terminate the Mazatec custom. The community blamed Sabina, and she was ostracized in the community and had her house burned down. Sabina later regretted having introduced Wasson to the practice, but Wasson contended that his only intention was to contribute to the sum of human knowledge.<ref name=Letcher>{{cite book|last=Letcher|first=Andy|title=Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom|year=2006|publisher=Faber and Faber Ltd.|location=England|isbn=0-571-22770-8|pages=97–98}}</ref><ref name="Estrada">Estrada, Álvaro, (1976) ''Vida de María Sabina: la sabia de los hongos'' (ISBN 968-23-0513-6)
</ref><ref>Rothenberg, Jerome. 2003. "Editor's Preface" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. XVI</ref>

Late in life, María Sabina became bitter about her many misfortunes, and how others had profited from her name.<ref>Rothenberg, Jerome. 2003. "Editor's Preface" in María Sabina: Selections. University of California Press. p. XIV-XVI</ref> She also felt that the ceremony of the velada had been desecrated and irremediably polluted by the [[hedonist]]ic use of the mushrooms:
<blockquote>
"From the moment the foreigners arrived, the 'holy children' lost their purity. They lost their force, they ruined them. Henceforth they will no longer work. There is no remedy for it."
</blockquote>

== Use of synthetic entheogens ==

María Sabina was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of Indocybin or synthetic psilocybin.<ref>http://www.sagewisdom.org/ott2.html</ref>

On the 1962 expedition organized by R. Gordon Wasson to see Maria Sabina, Hofmann came along and brought a bottle of psilocybin pills. Sandoz was marketing them under the brand name "Indocybin"—"indo" for both "Indian" and "indole" (the nucleus of their chemical structures) and "cybin" for the main molecular constituent, "psilocybin." ("Psilo" in Greek means "bald," "cybe" means "head.") Hofmann gave his synthesized entheogen to the curandera who divulged the Indians' secret. "Of course," Wasson recalls of the encounter, "Albert Hofmann is so conservative he always gives too little a dose, and it didn't have any effect." Hofmann had a different interpretation: activation of "the pills, which must dissolve in the stomach before they can be absorbed, takes place only after 30 to 45 minutes, in contrast to the mushrooms which, when chewed, work faster because part of the drug is absorbed immediately by the mucosa in the mouth." In order to settle her doubts about the pills, more were distributed, bringing the total for Maria Sabina, her daughter, and the shaman Don Aurelio up to 30 mg., a moderately high dose by current standards but not perhaps by the Indians'. At dawn, their Mazatec interpreter reported that Maria Sabina felt there was little difference between the pill and the mushrooms. She thanked Hofmann for the bottle of pills, "saying that she would now be able to serve people even when no mushrooms were available."<ref>Psychedelics Encyclopedia, p 237–238</ref>

== Chants ==
[[Álvaro Estrada]], a fellow Mazatec, recorded her life and work and translated her [[chant]]s. Estrada's American brother-in-law, [[Henry Munn]], translated many of the chants from Spanish to English, and wrote about the significance of her language. According to Munn, María Sabina brilliantly used themes common to Mazatec and Mesoamerican spiritual traditions, but at the same time was a unique talent, a masterful oral poet and craftsperson with a profound literary and personal charisma.

It is sung in a shamanic trance in which, as she recounted, the "saint children" [[Channelling (mediumistic)|speak through her]]:

<blockquote><poem>Because I can swim in the immense
Because I can swim in all forms
Because I am the launch woman
Because I am the sacred opposum
Because I am the Lord opposum

I am the woman Book that is beneath the water, says
I am the woman of the populous town, says
I am the shepherdess who is beneath the water, says
I am the woman who shepherds the immense, says
I am a shepherdess and I come with my shepherd, says

Because everything has its origin
And I come going from place to place from the origin...<ref>Estrada, ''María Sabina: her Life and Chants''</ref></poem></blockquote>

== Cultural impact ==
Sabina is regarded as a sacred figure in [[Huautla de Jiménez|Huautla]]. At the same time, her image is used to market various local commercial ventures, from restaurants to taxi companies.

The Mexican counterculture has an affinity for Sabina. The [[Mexican rock]] group [[Santa Sabina (band)|Santa Sabina]] is named for her, and [[El Tri]], one of the first and most successful rock groups in Mexico, dedicated the song "María Sabina" to her, proclaiming her "''un símbolo de la sabiduría y el amor''" ("a symbol of wisdom and love").

Mexican musician, [[Jorge Reyes (musician)|Jorge Reyes]], included prerecorded chants of Maria Sabina in the track "The Goddess of the Eagles", in his album ''Comala''. Reyes also used more of the recording in his collaboration with "Deep Forest" in the track, "Tres Marias", in the Album "Comparsa".

Bolivian singer [[Luzmila Carpio]] has made a song in honor of Maria Sabina.<ref>{{YouTube|_R4oeniDxW4|Luzmila Carpio - Homenaje a María Sabina}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |author=Allen, John W. |year=1997 |title=María Sabina: Saint Mother of the Sacred Mushrooms |series=Ethnomycological journals, v. 1.|location=Seattle, WA |publisher=Psilly Publications |isbn=0-9631518-9-4 |oclc=39920921}}
* Allen, John W., and Jochen Gartz, 2002. ''Teonanácatl: A Bibliography of Entheogenic Mushrooms'' (ISBN 1-58214-099-5)
* Estrada, Álvaro, (1976) ''Vida de María Sabina: la sabia de los hongos'' (ISBN 968-23-0513-6)
* Estrada, Álvaro, (1981). ''María Sabina: her Life and Chants'' (ISBN 0-915520-33-8)
* {{cite book |author=Estrada, Álvaro |year=1996 |title=Huautla en tiempo de hippies |location=Mexico |publisher=Grijalbo |isbn=970-05-0665-7 |oclc=35986756|language=es}}
* Feinberg, Benjamin, (2003). "The Devil's Book of Culture: History, Mushrooms, and Caves in Southern Mexico" (ISBN 0-292-70190-X)
* Gonzáles, Enrique, (1992). ''Conversaciones con María Sabina y Otros Curanderos'' (ISBN 968-20-0158-7) {{es icon}}
* Guerrero, Rita, (n.d.) ''"¿Qué nombre le ponemos?"'', [http://www.santasabina.com.mx/capitulo03.htm Chapter 3] of the [http://www.santasabina.com.mx/historia.htm History of Santa Sabina]
* Harner, Michael J., ed. "Hallucinogens and Shamanism" (ISBN 0-19-501649-1)
* {{cite book |author=Karttunen, Frances E. |authorlink=Frances Karttunen |year=1994 |title=Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=0-8135-2030-4 |oclc=28150669}}
* {{cite book|author=RAE [Real Academia Española] |authorlink=Real Academia Española |year=2001 |title=Diccionario de la lengua española |url=http://www.rae.es/RAE/Noticias.nsf/Home?ReadForm |format=online version |edition=22nd |location=Madrid |publisher=[[Espasa Calpe|Editorial Espasa Calpe]] |isbn=84-239-6814-6 |oclc=48657242|language=es}}
* {{cite book |author=Monaghan, John D. |author2=Jeffrey H. Cohen |year=2000 |chapter=Thirty Years of Oaxacan Ethnography |title=Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 6: Ethnology |editor=John D. Monaghan (Volume ed.), with Patricia A. Andrews |others=Victoria Reifler Bricker (General Editor) |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |pages=150–178 |isbn=0-292-70881-5 |oclc=42786223}}
* Rothenberg, Jerome, ed. (2003). "María Sabina: Selections" (ISBN 0-520-23953-9)
* Zolov, Eric, (1999). ''Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture'' (ISBN 0-520-21514-1)

== External links ==
* {{worldcat id|lccn-n82-70818}}
* [http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=1614/ R. Gordon Wasson's recording of a 1956 velada at Smithsonian Folkways]
* [http://www.stainblue.com/maria.html Maria Sabina and Visionary Mushrooms]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indigenous Mexicans]]
[[Category:Shamanism of the Americas]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Mexican animists]]
[[Category:Mazatec]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabina, Maria}}

Louden Up Now

2016-08-10T21:06:36Z

BobDog54: made grammar changes

{{Infobox album 
| Name = Louden Up Now
| Type = [[Album]]
| Artist = [[!!!]]
| Cover = Loudenupnowcover.jpg
| Released = June 7, 2004
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Dance-punk]]
| Length = 48:27
| Label = [[Touch and Go Records|Touch and Go]], [[Warp Records|Warp]]
| Producer = !!!
| Last album = ''[[!!! (album)|!!!]]'' (2001)
| This album = '''''Louden Up Now''''' (2004)
| Next album = ''[[Take Ecstasy with Me/Get Up]]'' (2005)
}}
{{Album ratings
| MC = 75/100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/louden-up-now/!!!-chik-chik-chik|title=Reviews for Louden Up Now by !!! [Chik Chik Chik]|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=May 26, 2012}}</ref>
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/louden-up-now-mw0000479553|title=Louden Up Now – !!!|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=May 27, 2016|last=Sendra|first=Tim}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]''
| rev2Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.blender.com/reviews/review_2118.html|title=!!!: Louden Up Now|work=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]|issue=27|date=June–July 2004|accessdate=July 6, 2016|last=Weiner|first=Jonah|page=134|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040813193350/http://www.blender.com/reviews/review_2118.html|archivedate=August 13, 2004}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev3Score = B<ref>{{cite journal|title=!!!: Louden Up Now|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=June 25, 2004|last=Fury|first=Jeanne|page=166}}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]''
| rev4Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=!!!: Louden Up Now|work=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]|issue=128|date=July 2004|page=113}}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[NME]]''
| rev5Score = 7/10<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/7439|title=!!! : Louden Up Now|work=[[NME]]|date=June 5, 2004|accessdate=May 27, 2016|last=Pattison|first=Louis}}</ref>
| rev6 = [[Pitchfork Media]]
| rev6Score = 7.0/10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1764-louden-up-now/|title=!!!: Louden Up Now|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]]|date=June 7, 2004|accessdate=May 27, 2016|last=Sylvester|first=Nick}}</ref>
| rev7 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
| rev7Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=!!!: Louden Up Now|work=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|issue=216|date=July 2004|page=110}}</ref>
| rev8 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev8Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/6040806/louden_up_now|title=Louden Up Now : !!!|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=July 8, 2004|accessdate=May 27, 2016|last=Hoard|first=Christian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044039/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/6040806/louden_up_now|archivedate=October 1, 2007}}</ref>
| rev9 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev9Score = C+<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9IgWp27kuBIC&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111|title=!!!: Louden Up Now|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|volume=20|issue=7|date=July 2004|accessdate=May 27, 2016|last=Patrin|first=Nate|pages=111–12}}</ref>
| noprose = yes
}}
'''''Louden Up Now''''' is the second studio album by American [[dance-punk]] band [[!!!]]. Released on July 27, 2004 through [[Touch and Go Records]] in the United States and [[Warp Records]] in the rest of the world, the album was greeted by mainly positive reviews from critics, with [[AllMusic]] hailing it as "a modern-day agit-pop indie dance-rock classic."<ref name="Allmusic"/> ''Louden Up Now'' sees the group continue to meld [[funk]]y [[Dance music|dance]] [[rhythm]]s with [[post-punk]] influences.

Originally one edition of the album included a bonus disc containing a [[Radio edit#Clean version of an album|clean version]]. The LP edition track listing is the same as the CD version, although track 10 is omitted. Side one is tracks 1 and 2, side two is tracks 3 to 5, side three is tracks 6 and 7, and side four is tracks 8 and 9. A two-disc version was released in some countries containing 4 additional tracks on a second disc. One of the tracks was "Sunday 5.17 AM", which was later rerecorded for ''[[Myth Takes]]'' as "Yadnus".

Two singles were released from the album: "Hello? Is This Thing On?" and "Pardon My Freedom" while the 2003 single "Me and [[Rudy Giuliani|Giuliani]] Down by the Schoolyard" was included on the release.

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| title1 = When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Karazzee
| length1 = 6:17
| title2 = Pardon My Freedom
| length2 = 5:51
| title3 = Dear Can
| length3 = 4:37
| title4 = King's Weed
| length4 = 1:19
| title5 = Hello? Is This Thing On?
| length5 = 7:33
| title6 = Shit Scheisse Merde, Pt. 1
| length6 = 5:06
| title7 = Shit Scheisse Merde, Pt. 2
| length7 = 6:10
| title8 = Me and Giuliani Down by the School Yard (A True Story)
| length8 = 9:03
| title9 = Theme From Space Island
| length9 = 2:31
| title10 = Shit Scheisse Merde, Pt. 1 (Instrumental){{ref|a|[a]}}
| length10 = 4:41
}}
{{ref|a|[a]}}Only on compact disc

{{tracklist
| headline = Bonus disc
| title1 = Sunday 5:17 AM
| length1 = 5:13
| title2 = Dear Can
| length2 = 4:47
| note2 = Maurice Fulton Vocal Mix
| title3 = When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Gets Karazee
| length3 = 6:59
| note3 = Serious Bonus Beats Mix
| title4 = Pardon My Freedom
| length4 = 5:55
| note4 = Maurice Fulton Instr. Mix
}}

==Personnel==
*Mario Andreoni – bass, guitar
*[[Justin Van Der Volgen]] – bass
*Tyler Pope – drum programming, bass, drums, percussion, keyboards, guitar
*John Pugh XI – drums, vocals, gong, percussion
*Gorman Dan – keyboards, percussion, trumpet
*[[Nic Offer]] – vocals, keyboards
*Allan Wilson – saxophone, keyboards, percussion

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{MusicBrainz album|id=2f66811e-f41e-4ab1-aa72-13d41a16d045|name=Louden Up Now}}

{{!!! (band)}}

[[Category:2004 albums]]
[[Category:!!! albums]]
[[Category:Touch and Go Record albums]]
[[Category:Warp (record label) albums]]
[[Category:English-language albums]]

Murat Akhedzhak

2016-08-10T20:54:23Z

BobDog54: Moved Default sort to bottom of page; it then worked

'''Murat Kazbekovich Akhedzhak''' ({{lang-ru|Мура́т Казбе́кович Ахеджа́к}}; July 18, 1962, village Pseytuk,<ref>[http://veneme.ru/news/skonchalsja_vice_gubernator_kubani_murat_akhedzhak/2011-01-19-158 Скончался вице-губернатор Кубани Мурат Ахеджак]</ref> [[Takhtamukaysky District]], [[Adyghe Autonomous Oblast]], [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[USSR]] - December 7, 2010, [[Freiburg]], [[Germany]]<ref>[http://www.rg.ru/2010/12/08/reg-kuban/ahedjak-anons.html Скончался вице-губернатор Кубани Мурат Ахеджак — Александр Ершов — Российская газета — Скончался вице-губернатор Кубани Мурат Ахеджак]</ref>) is a Deputy Head of Administration of [[Krasnodar Krai]] in the 2002-2010. He was awarded {{ill|ru|Hero of Labor of Kuban|Медаль «Герой труда Кубани»}} medal (posthumously).<ref>[http://nrnews.ru/51469-.html В Новороссийске будет улица Мурата Ахеджака]</ref>

He came from a princely family Akhedzhakov’s. He graduated from [[Kuban State Technological University]] on speciality [[civil engineer]] (1983). [[Candidate of Sciences|Candidate of Technical Sciences]].<ref>[http://www.kommersant.ru/Doc/14966 Ъ-Власть — Базарный день накануне выборов]</ref>

In May 2005, he was urgently hospitalized in a Krasnodar hospital with the diagnosis of [[Peritonitis]], which turned out to be a complication of acute [[appendicitis]] (appendectomy). After that he was sent to the clinic in [[Freiburg]], [[Germany]], where he went a long course of treatment, moving through more than 30 operations. A year later he returned to Krasnodar and continued to work in the administration of Krasnodar Krai.<ref>[http://www.kommersant.ru/Doc/467735 Вернулись не все]</ref>

On Evening of December 7, 2010 Akhedzhak died of a heart attack.<ref>[http://www.yuga.ru/news/210368/ Источник: Вице-губернатор Ахеджак умер от сердечного приступа — ЮГА.ру]</ref><ref>[http://lenta.ru/news/2010/12/08/murat/ Lenta.ru: В России: Умер вице-губернатор Краснодарского края]</ref>

Murat Akhedzhak was married, he had two children.<ref>[http://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/1396444/75_kvartir_ahedzhaka#ixzz1bDNs4b00 Отец чиновника оказался владельцем более 5000 м² жилья] // [[Ведомости]]. — 19 октября 2011</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rian.ru/spravka/20101208/305962172.html Биография]
* [http://www.rian.ru/society/20101208/306174710.html Ахеджак заложил основы стабильности Кубани, говорится в некрологе]

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Takhtamukaysky District]]
[[Category:Yabloko politicians]]
[[Category:United Russia politicians]]
[[Category:Politics of Krasnodar Krai]]

{{Russia-politician-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhedzhakov, Marat}}

TVNZ Kidzone

2016-08-09T20:01:00Z

BobDog54: deleted st from date

{{unreferenced|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox TV channel
|name = TVNZ Kidzone
|logofile = TVNZ Kidzone 24.png
|launch = 1 May 2011
|closed date = 30 April 2016
|owner = [[Television New Zealand|Television New Zealand, Ltd.]]
|country = [[New Zealand]]
|broadcast area = National
|sister names = [[TV One (New Zealand)|TV One]] [[TV2 (New Zealand)|TV2]] [[TVNZ|TVNZ Pop-up]]
|web = {{url|tvnz.co.nz/kidzone}}
|}}

'''TVNZ Kidzone''' was a 24-hour [[New Zealand]] children's channel service run by state broadcaster [[TVNZ|Television New Zealand]].

Kidzone was originally a 12-hour service running on former TVNZ channel [[TVNZ 6]]. It ran on the [[TVNZ 7]] for a year, before Television New Zealand announced the closure of 7. [[TVNZ]] launched TVNZ Kidzone as TVNZ Kidzone24 from May 1, 2011, until April 30, 2016.

The channel ran on Digital 106, channel 46 on [[Sky Television (New Zealand)|Sky]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10720606 | title=TVNZ to launch Kidzone24 | work=nzherald.co.nz | date=21 April 2011 | accessdate=5 July 2016}}</ref> and channel 14 on [[Igloo (TV)|Igloo]].

TVNZ closed the channel on 30 April 2016, due to SKY's contract with TVNZ being expired at the end of that month. Now it is on [[TVNZ OnDemand]] as of May 1, 2016.<ref>https://skytv.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/3364/related/1/session/L2F2LzEvdGltZS8xNDU5NDUwMTg5L3NpZC95cm9rT1NNbQ%3D%3D
TVNZ KIDZONE - CHANNEL REMOVAL, SKY Help & Support Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref>

==Programming==
* ''[[Arthur]]''
* ''Buzzy Bee and Friends''
* ''Doodleboo''
* ''[[The Go Show]]''
* ''[[Guess with Jess]]''
* ''[[Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs]]''
* ''I'm a Dinosaur''
* ''[[Jay's Jungle]]''
* ''[[Kune's Kitchen]]''
* ''[[Little Monstar]]''
* ''[[Luna's World]]''
* ''[[Miffy and Friends]]''
* ''[[Miffy's Adventures Big and Small]]''
* ''[[The Moe Show]]''
* ''[[Peppa Pig]]''
* ''Pop-Up''
* ''[[Puzzle Inc.]]''
* ''[[Raa Raa the Noisy Lion]]''
* ''[[storyTree]]''
* ''[[Tiki Tour]]''
* ''[[Wiki the Kiwi]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{TVNZ}}
{{Navboxes|
|list1=
{{TVNZ}}
{{Television in New Zealand}}
}}

[[Category:Television New Zealand]]
[[Category:New Zealand television channels]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in New Zealand]]

Fox Sports World Canada

2016-08-09T19:44:20Z

BobDog54: deleted th from date

{{Infobox TV channel
| name = Fox Sports World Canada
| logofile = Fox Sports World Canada logo.svg
| logocaption = '''Fox Sports World Canada logo'''
| logosize = 150px
| launch = September 7, 2001
| closed date = April 30, 2012
| picture format = [[480i]] ([[SDTV]])
| network =
| replaced by names =
| owner = [[Shaw Media]]
| slogan =
| country = [[Canada]]
| broadcast area = National
| headquarters =
| former names =
| replaced names =
| sister names =
| timeshift names =
}}
'''Fox Sports World Canada''' was a [[Television in Canada|Canadian]] [[English language]] [[Category B Services|Category B]] [[specialty channel]]. FSWC's programming primarily featured [[association football|soccer]] and covered other world sports such as [[Rugby football|rugby]].

Although its original [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) licence called for Fox Sports World Canada to carry soccer, cricket and rugby as their core sports, cricket and rugby matches all but disappeared from the channel after the first few years. FSWC's flagship program was the ''[[Fox Soccer Report]]'', which comprised most of its [[Canadian content]].

On October 27, 2010, [[Shaw Communications]] gained control of Fox Sports World as a result of its acquisition of Canwest, which was renamed [[Shaw Media]].<ref>[http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/headline_news/article.jsp?content=b4951353 Shaw Communications closes purchase of Canwest TV assets, rebrands as Shaw Media]</ref>

On March 6, 2012, Shaw Media released a statement announcing that they would cease the broadcast of Fox Sports World Canada on midnight of April 30 of that year. The company had been examining the possibility of launching a mainstream sports channel in competition with [[The Sports Network|TSN]] and [[Sportsnet]], but ultimately decided against it. Shaw claimed the channel "no longer makes strategic and economic sense for Shaw Media going forward" in light of that decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaw.ca/customer-bulletins/fox-sports-world/|title=Fox Sports World - Channel Removal|publisher=Shaw Communications|accessdate=2013-09-02|quote=Last summer, Shaw Media decided not to pursue a mainstream sports channel. With this decision, keeping Fox Sports World as part of their portfolio no longer made strategic and economic sense.}}</ref> The channel officially shut down on April 30, 2012, while its license was officially revoked on April 19, 2016, nearly four years after the channel went off the air.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2016/2016-142.htm|title=Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2016-142|publisher=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|accessdate=2016-04-19}}</ref>

==Programming==
Fox Sports World Canada featured both live and taped events from the following leagues and competitions:

* Australia: [[A-League]]
* England: [[Premier League]], [[FA Cup]]
* France: [[Ligue 1]]
* Italy: [[Serie A]]
* United States: [[USL First Division|United Soccer Leagues (USL) First Division]] (also from Canada and Puerto Rico), [[Major Indoor Soccer League (2008–)|Major Indoor Soccer League]], [[NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship|NCAA Men's Soccer]], [[NCAA Women's Soccer Championship|NCAA Women's Soccer]] & [[Women's Professional Soccer|WPS]]
* [[CONMEBOL]]: [[Copa Libertadores]]

===Noted programs===
*''Asia Contender''
*''Football Asia'' - Soccer highlights from around Asia
*''Football Rivalries''
*''[[Fox Soccer Report]]'' - Flagship news show that featured highlights from all the major leagues in Europe, South America, MLS, International competitions and more.
*''Hyundai A-League Highlights'' - Highlights from the [[A-League|Hyundai A-League]].
*''PGA Tour Highlights''
*''Serie-A Highlights'' - Highlights from Italy's [[Serie A]].
*''Sports Unlimited''
*''[[Sky Sports News]]'' - A feed taken directly from the UK channel of the same name.

==See also==
* [[Soccer on Canadian television]]
* [[Fox Soccer]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fox Sports}}
{{Sports television in Canada}}
{{Association football on television}}
{{Corus Entertainment}}
[[Category:Fox Sports]]
[[Category:Sports television networks in Canada]]
[[Category:Soccer on Canadian television]]
[[Category:Defunct Canadian television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2001]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Corus Entertainment]]
[[Category:Canadian digital cable television networks]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in Canada]]

{{Canada-tv-stub}}

Billy the Exterminator

2016-08-08T22:51:48Z

BobDog54: Citation needed for statement given

{{Infobox television
| show_name = Billy The Exterminator
| image = Billy the Exterminator logo.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| show_name_2 = The Exterminators (2009)
| genre = Reality
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Billy Bretherton]] Ricky Bretherton Donnie Bretherton "Big Bill" Bretherton
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = USA
| language = English
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 88 (plus two specials)
| list_episodes = List of Billy the Exterminator episodes
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location = Benton ,LA
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 30 minutes (including commercials)
| company = [[September Films]]
| distributor =
| channel = [[A&E Network|A&E]]
| network =
| picture_format =
| audio_format =
| first_aired = February 4, 2009
| last_aired = December 22, 2012
| preceded_by = ''[[Dirty Jobs]]''
| followed_by = ''[[Duck Dynasty]]''
| related =
| website = http://www.aetv.com/billy-the-exterminator/
| production_website = http://www.septemberfilms.com/
}}

'''''Billy the Exterminator''''' (formerly '''''The Exterminators''''') is an [[United States|American]] [[reality television series]] which aired on the [[A&E Network|A&E]] network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aetv.com/billy-the-exterminator/|title=Billy the Exterminator|work=aetv}}</ref>

The show followed the professional life of [[Billy Bretherton]], an expert in the field of [[pest control]] and the proprietor of Vexcon Animal and Pest Control in [[Benton, Louisiana]], which serves the [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]]-[[Bossier City, Louisiana|Bossier]] metropolitan area. Bretherton, a former [[Senior Airman]] in the [[United States Air Force]],<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/tv-reviews/tv-review-the-exterminators-1003937468.story ''The Exterminators'' -- TV Review]</ref> had previously been featured on the [[Discovery Channel]]'s ''[[List of Dirty Jobs episodes|Dirty Jobs]]'' series on the season 1 episode "Vexcon", and the season 2 episode "Termite Controller".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/04/arts/television/04exte.html Television Review - 'The Exterminators' - Gotcha! Billy Bretherto] as a Goth-Looking Pest-Control Guy - NYTimes.com]</ref> Both previously and in his current show, Bretherton is known for his unusual fashion style, consisting mostly of [[Goth subculture|Goth]]-like black garments (many of them leather) with large silver jewelry and steel studs and spikes in various configurations.

Many members of Bretherton's family, such as his parents, "Big" Bill and Donnie, and his brother, Ricky, as well as other employees, make frequent appearances. Donnie Bretherton normally acts as Vexcon's [[dispatcher]] and rarely goes out on jobs. Ricky's ex-wife, Pam, resigned during the production of the first season.

As noted in many episodes, Billy Bretherton prefers, if at all possible, to relocate captured animals and is a proponent of [[Environmentalism|natural]] methods of control. He frequently gives a description of the pests, their preferred environment, and any diseases (usually using their [[Latin]] names) associated with them. Ricky Bretherton acquired an allergy to [[bee]] and [[wasp]] stings due to being stung so many times. However Ricky recently found that this allergy has somewhat vanished/subsided.(As of 2015){{citation needed}}

Billy Bretherton entered the [[United States Air Force]] at age nineteen intent on a career in [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement]]. However, his military entrance examination indicated that he had an aptitude for [[biology]], and he was sent to study both biology and [[entomology]]. His extermination career began in earnest while stationed at [[Nellis Air Force Base]] in [[North Las Vegas, Nevada]].

Billy Bretherton is also a [[public speaker]]. Billy is also going to Canada (as of April 2016) to begin production on a new show which at this point in time will have a five season run.

==Show history==
[[File:Billy the Exterminator 2.jpg|thumb|right|Billy Bretherton, presenter of ''Billy the Exterminator'']]
"Back in 2004 [[Pilgrim Films]] contacted us and wanted to shoot a [[Television pilot|pilot]] for Discovery Channel (that was a) reality pest control show", said Bretherton. "They had interviewed about 200 different companies and found us and liked us. They sent scouts out that rode around with us for a day, made the determination that we would be good for filming, and we ended up on ''Dirty Jobs'' with Mike Rowe". The [[Spike (TV network)|Spike]] network was also approached about picking up the series.

Originally called ''The Exterminators'' during its first season in 2009 on [[A&E (TV channel)|A&E]], the show was renamed ''Billy the Exterminator'' before the second season.<ref>[http://www.septemberfilms.com/recentproductions.asp?id=221 September Films - Recent Productions]</ref> The title change is reflected in repeats of season one episodes.

Beginning in the show's fourth season, the Bretherton brothers go to various places throughout the United States to assist with local exterminators and wildlife rescue services in the removal of local vermin and wildlife, in addition to tending to a few jobs back in Louisiana. The program's opening credits have also been redone to better reflect Bretherton's attitude; the new credits omit Bretherton's wife, Mary, who resigned during the show's first season.

The show's fifth season ran from February 11, 2012 to March 10, 2012, with two new episodes on Saturdays at 10PM ET. The show's sixth season began October 6, 2012, in the same [[Dayparting|timeslot]]. On December 15, 2012, the show's sixth season timeslot moved one hour ahead to 11PM ET.

In late 2012, Bretherton left Vexcon because of personal family issues and moved to Illinois; officially ending the show after six seasons.

In October 2015, Billy's brother Ricky started hosting a YouTube series titled Vexcon The Exterminators.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-GiD-SdEvzqoFPn_EwI-GQ</ref>

==Vexcon team==
* [[Billy Bretherton|Billy]]
* Ricky: Billy's brother
* Bill Sr.: Billy's dad
* Donnie: Billy's mom

==Recurring assistants==

* "Gator" Dave Wilson - Licensed Gator Hunter
* "Danger" Dave Milliken - Animal Control Officer
* "Killy" Kim Link
* "Doc" Jim Holmes

==Episodes==
{{main article|List of Billy the Exterminator episodes}}
{{:List of Billy the Exterminator episodes}}

==DVD releases==
There have been four seasons of the show released on DVD. Season five is available on instant video online.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Python-Power/dp/B0078AG2S4/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366906999&sr=1-1&keywords=billy+the+exterminator+season+5</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! DVD Name
! No. of episodes
! Run time (minutes)
! Release
|-
| Billy the Exterminator Season One
| 13
| 286
| December 21, 2010<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Billy-Exterminator-Season-1-Bretherton/dp/B003Z88IDK</ref>
|-
| Billy the Exterminator Season Two
| 21
| 487
| December 21, 2010<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Billy-Exterminator-Season-2-Bretherton/dp/B0040LAH7Q/</ref>
|-
| Billy the Exterminator Season Three
| 17
| 397
| June 28, 2011<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Billy-Exterminator-Season-Bill-Bretherton/dp/B004K4FUFM/</ref>
|-
| Billy the Exterminator Season Four
| 12
| 256
| April 24, 2012<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Billy-Exterminator-Season-4-Bretherton/dp/B00710FEMG/</ref>
|-
| Billy the Exterminator Season Five
| 11
| 400
| March 7, 2014<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Billy-Exterminator-Season-5-Bretherton/dp/B00IV3GE80/</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Roy Rede]]
* [[Verminators]]
* [[Call of the Wildman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.aetv.com/billy-the-exterminator/}} at A&E
* [http://www.vexconinc.com/ Vexcon website]
* {{IMDb title|1395384|"Billy the Exterminator" (2009)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Billy The Exterminator}}
[[Category:2000s American television series]]
[[Category:2009 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2012 American television series endings]]
[[Category:A&E (TV channel) shows]]
[[Category:American reality television series]]
[[Category:Culture of Shreveport, Louisiana]]
[[Category:English-language television programming]]
[[Category:Pest control]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Wildlife rehabilitation]]

2-4-2

2016-08-08T22:04:53Z

BobDog54: made grammar corrections

[[File:WheelArrangement 2-4-2.svg|thumb|300px]]
[[File:Baldwin242.jpg|thumb|300px|Raahe track 2-4-2T, [[Finland]]]]
Under the [[Whyte notation]] for the classification of [[steam locomotive]]s, '''{{nowrap|2-4-2}}''' represents the [[wheel arrangement]] of two [[leading wheel]]s on one axle, four powered and coupled [[driving wheel]]s on two axles, and two [[trailing wheel]]s on one axle. The type is sometimes named '''Columbia''' after a [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] {{nowrap|2-4-2}} locomotive was showcased at the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] held at Chicago, Illinois, United States.

Other equivalent classifications are:
*[[UIC classification]]: '''1B1''' (also known as [[German classification|German]] and [[Italian classification]]s)
*[[French classification]]: '''121'''
*[[Turkish classification]]: '''24'''
*[[Swiss classification]]: '''2/4'''

When the leading and trailing wheels are in swivelling trucks, the equivalent UIC classification is '''1'B1''''.

==Overview==
The wheel arrangement was widely used on passenger [[tank locomotive]]s during the last three decades of the nineteenth and the first decade of the twentieth centuries. The vast majority of 2-4-2 locomotives were [[tank locomotive]]s, designated 2-4-2T. The symmetrical wheel arrangement suits a tank locomotive that is used to work in either direction.

While a number of 2-4-2 [[tender locomotive]]s were built, larger tender locomotive types soon became dominant.

==Usage==

===Cape of Good Hope===
[[File:Walvisbaai 2-4-2T.jpg|thumb|The engine ''Hope'', c. 1948]]
In 1899, the Walvis Bay Railway in the British territory of [[Walvis Bay]], a Cape of Good Hope [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] in ''[[Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika]]'' (German South West Africa), placed a single tank locomotive in service. The [[Walvis Bay 2-4-2T|engine, named ''Hope'']] and built by [[Kerr, Stuart and Company]], remained in service until 1904 when operations on the railway were suspended. The line was abandoned in 1905, partly as a result of being buried by a sandstorm.<ref name="SAR&H Jan 1948">Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1948). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued).'' South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, January 1948. p. 32.</ref><ref name="Dulez 150">{{Dulez 150|page=379}}</ref>

===Finland===
A 2-4-2 tank locomotive, built by [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] in 1899 and used on the private [[Raahe]] track in [[Finland]], was later bought by the [[Finnish State Railways]].

===New Zealand===
{{Main|NZR K class (1877)}}
[[File:K 88 at The Plains.jpg|thumb|left|No. K88 ''Washington'']]
In 1877, when the [[New Zealand Railways Department|New Zealand Railways]] needed new motive power, the road turned to the [[Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works|Rogers Locomotive Works]] who supplied eight 2-4-2 tender locomotives between 1877 and 1879 that were designated the "K" class. These were the first American-built locomotives in New Zealand and proved to be quite successful.

Three of these locomotives have been preserved. No. K88 ''Washington'' was used on the first through train between Christchurch and Dunedin in 1877. After fifty years of service, ''Washington'' was dumped in the Oreti River, Southland, as a flood protection measure. In 1974 the locomotive was exhumed from her watery grave and, over the next eight years, restored to full active service.

Sister locomotives numbers K92 and K94 have also been salvaged from the Oreti river. No. K92 has been restored to full active service and has re-established her position on the [[Kingston Flyer]] train, which was made famous by the K class at the end of the 19th century.

===United Kingdom===
[[File:LNWR 5ft 6in 2-4-2 Tank.jpg|right|thumb|London and North Western Railway 2-4-2T]]
The earliest British use of the 2-4-2 wheel arrangement appears to have been no. 21 ''White Raven'', supplied to the [[St Helens Railway]] by James Cross of Sutton Works in 1863. It was soon rebuilt as a [[2-4-0]] [[tender locomotive]] and eventually passed into the stock of the [[London and North Western Railway]] (L&NWR).<ref>Bertram Baxter, British Locomotive Catalogue 1825-1923, Vol. 2A, Moorland Publishing, 1978 ISBN 0-903485-51-6, p.48.</ref>

In 1864 [[Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer)|Robert Sinclair]] of the [[Great Eastern Railway]] designed the first of six 2-4-2 tank classes built by the railway, eventually totalling 262 locomotives by 1912.

[[Francis Webb (engineer)|Francis Webb]] of the [[Locomotives of the London and North Western Railway|London and North Western Railway]] also designed two 2-4-2 classes, which eventually totalled 380 locomotives, built between 1879 and 1898.

Other railway companies that built large numbers of the type included the [[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]] (L&YR) with 330 locomotives built between 1889 and 1911, the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]] with 60 locomotives built between 1886 and 1892 and the [[Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway]] with 49 locomotives built between 1889 and 1898. One of [[John Aspinall (engineer)|John Aspinall's]] [[L&YR Class 5|Class 5]] locomotives, built for the L&YR in 1889, is preserved at the [[National Railway Museum]], [[York]].

==In fiction==
*The character ''Sammy'' from [[Sammy the Shunter]] is based on the United Kingdom design of the 2-4-2 engine.
*Two characters in the 1991 film ''[[The Little Engine That Could (1991 film)|The Little Engine That Could]]'' have this type of wheel arrangement.
*''[[Minor characters in The Railway Series#Albert|Albert]]'' from [[The Railway Series]] has this wheel arrangement.

==Model railroading==
The [[Lionel Corporation]] uses the 2-4-2 configuration in numerous of its O-27 locomotives.<ref>[http://www.tandem-associates.com/lionel/lionellocomotives.htm Lionel locomotives]</ref> In the United States, this may be the most famous usage of a 2-4-2 configuration locomotive.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Commons category|2-4-2 locomotives}}
{{Whyte types}}

[[Category:2-4-2 locomotives| ]]
[[Category:Locomotives by wheel arrangement|4,2-4-2]]

(523972) 1999 CW8

2016-08-08T16:31:46Z

BobDog54: deleted th from fractions

{{Infobox planet
|minorplanet = yes
|background = #FFFFC0
|name = 1999 CW8
|image = [[File:Celestia 1999 CW8 orbit.png|300px]]
|caption = screenshot of the orbit of 1999 CW8 in the program [[Celestia]].
|discovery_ref = <ref name=iau>{{cite web|title=1999 CW8 - IAU Minor Planet Center|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1999+CW8&commit=Show|website=Minor Planet Center|publisher=International Astronomical Union|accessdate=21 March 2015}}</ref>
|discoverer = [[Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research|LINEAR]]
|discovered = 1999-Feb-12
|mp_category = [[Apollo asteroid]]
|orbit_ref = <ref name=jpl>{{cite web|title=JPL Small Body Database Browser|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1999%20CW8|website=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|publisher=NASA|accessdate=29 March 2016}}</ref>
|epoch = 13 January 2016 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457400.5)
|uncertainty = 0
|observation_arc = 3823 days (10.47 yr) (3 oppositions)
|semimajor = {{Convert|2.2356|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
|perihelion = {{Convert|0.89566|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
|aphelion = {{Convert|3.5755|AU|Gm|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|eccentricity = 0.59936
|inclination = 33.648°
|asc_node = 317.049°
|arg_peri = 262.042°
|moid = {{Convert|0.231164|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
|mars_moid = ~0.06 AU
|period = 3.34 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (1220.9 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
|mean_anomaly = 359.950[[Degree (angle)|°]]
|satellites = none
|dimensions = 460-1130 meters
|abs_magnitude = 18.6
|spectral_type = [[B-type asteroid|B]]<ref name=jpl/>
|mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.29486|sup=ms}} /day
|jupiter_moid = {{Convert|2.68151|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
}}

'''1999 CW8''' is an Apollo asteroid and near-Earth object that is a [[B-type asteroid]], relatively rare in the asteroid belt but common in the inner solar system. The asteroid never approaches Earth closer than 0.2 AU, but occasionally makes close approaches to Mars of 0.07 AU. It makes one such approach in 2073, at 0.067 AU, and another one in 2103, at 0.094 AU. Due to 1999 CW8's relatively high inclination, although it passes closer to the Sun than the Earth (0.9 AU), it never comes closer than 0.2 AU.

Based on absolute magnitude, and assuming an albedo between 0.05 and 0.3, typical of most asteroids, the asteroid is between 500 and 1100 meters across, and if it impacted the Earth would cause significant damage, but not as much as the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] progenitor, which brought about a mass extinction, as it is only 1/20 to 1/10 the size. However, it is unlikely to come close enough to Earth to impact it, or even become a risk of impact.

{|
|-
| [[File:Celestia 1999 CW8 orbit edge on.png|500px|left]]
|-
| the orbit of 1999 CW8, showing its inclination above the plane of the Solar System
|}

==See also==
*[[Mars-crossing asteroid]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Small Solar System bodies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1999 CW8}}
[[Category:Apollo asteroids]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1999|19990212]]
[[Category:B-type asteroids (SMASS)]]
[[Category:Mars-crossing asteroids]]
[[Category:Unnumbered minor planets]]

Weber Park, New Jersey

2016-08-08T15:46:45Z

BobDog54: deleted th from fraction

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Weber Park, New Jersey
|settlement_type = [[Local government in New Jersey#Unincorporated communities|Unincorporated community]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline = 2015-04-12 17 29 16 Homes along Albemarle Avenue in the Weber Park section of Ewing, New Jersey.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Homes along Albemarle Avenue in the Weber Park section of Ewing, New Jersey
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|pushpin_map = USA New Jersey Mercer County#USA New Jersey#USA
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Weber Park in Mercer County Inset: Location of county within the state of New Jersey
|pushpin_map1 =
|pushpin_label_position1 =
|pushpin_map_caption1 =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|image_map =
|map_caption =


|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|New Jersey}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New Jersey|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of townships in New Jersey|Township]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Ewing Township, New Jersey|Ewing]]
|established_title =
|established_date =


|timezone =
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=GNIS/>
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 102
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US-NJ_type:city
|latd = 40
|latm = 14
|lats = 42
|latNS = N
|longd = 74
|longm = 46
|longs = 24
|longEW = W


|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank_info = 883634<ref name=GNIS>{{cite gnis|883634|Weber Park}}</ref>
|website =
|footnotes =
|unit_pref = imperial
}}
'''Weber Park''' is a [[Local government in New Jersey#Unincorporated communities|neighborhood]] located within [[Ewing Township, New Jersey|Ewing Township]] in [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]], [[New Jersey]], United States.<ref name="Google">{{Google maps|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Weber+Park,+NJ&hl=en&sll=40.245108,-74.773217&sspn=0.00674,0.009645&t=h&hnear=Weber+Park&z=17&iwloc=A|title=Weber Park, New Jersey|accessdate=January 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewingnj.org/about-us/about-ewing/|title=History of Ewing|publisher=Township of Ewing|accessdate=February 26, 2015|quote=By the early 20th century, Trenton had become a major industrial center, and the population of the city rapidly increased. The areas of Ewing adjacent to Trenton began to take on urban characteristics, absorbing the population overflow from the city. Many Trenton residents discovered the advantages of living in Ewing, and the Township began to change from an agricultural to a residential community. Trains and streetcars enabled people to live further from the center of Trenton. Areas such as Homecrest, Prospect Heights, Prospect Park, and Weber Park were established near the borders of the City of Trenton, some of the earliest 'suburban' developments in Ewing.}}</ref> It is a residential neighborhood consisting of a mixture of detached, single-family homes and semi-attached, half-duplexes built in the 1920s through the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingplaces.com/NJ/Mercer_County/Ewing_Township/Weber_Park.html|title=Weber Park, Ewing Township, New Jersey|publisher=livingplaces.com|accessdate=2015-01-18|quote="Weber Park (sometimes called Hillcrest) is a residential neighborhood of detached singles and semi-attached, half-duplex residences built mainly from the 1920s through the 1950s. Median age is ca. 1951. Median interior living space is approximately 1,300 sq. ft. Median lot size is between 1/10 and 1/5 of an acre. Homes are typically 2 to 4 bedrooms, 1 to 2-1/2 baths; most of the homes have full basements; about half have garages. The Weber Park neighborhood is generally bounded by Parkway Avenue, Pennington Road (Route 31), North Olden Avenue, and Prospect Street."}}</ref> It is adjacent to the [[Hillcrest, Trenton, New Jersey|Hillcrest]] section of [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mercer County, New Jersey}}

[[Category:Ewing Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Mercer County, New Jersey]]

{{MercerCountyNJ-geo-stub}}

Microd

2016-08-07T23:38:10Z

BobDog54: Grammar fixes

'''Microd''' (short for '''Micro Hot Rod''') racing is a form of youth automobile racing unique to [[Central New York]] state. Drivers race on a 1/10 mile dirt or paved oval track. Novice drivers typically race at speeds of {{cvt|20|mph|kph}}, while older drivers may exceed {{cvt|50|mph|kph}}.<ref>Mid State Microd Club http://www.microd.org</ref> Traditional wood-frame microds were homemade vehicles built of common materials such as plywood. Microd clubs may also race metal-frame classes which use quarter midget cars (making the length of the track the primary difference between microd racing and [[Quarter Midget racing]]). New York State Microd Association (NYSMA) is the only governing body for this sport.

==Cars==
There are three divisions of microd racing: traditional wood-frame microds, steel frame microds, and open wheel microds (quarter midgets).<ref>New York State Microd Association http://www.nysma.org</ref> The cars in all divisions are powered by a 3 to 6 horsepower lawnmower engine with a single gearing driving the left rear wheel by a chain, or both rear wheels by the use of a live axle. Families often build the cars themselves in accordance with the construction specifications provided in the NYSMA plan book.

==History==
The sport originated in [[Skaneateles (town), New York|Skaneateles]], NY in 1954 when Edwin Robinson Sr. and his son Edwin (Bob) Robinson Jr. designed the original wood-frame microd.<ref>{{cite book | last = Woodcock | first = Sue | title = Skaneateles | publisher = Arcadia Pub | location = Charleston, S.C | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780738509358 }}</ref> After local children began driving the cars around the village streets, the village approached the Robinsons to develop the first microd track. The original clay track was located on the grounds of the current Allyn Arena.

[[NASCAR]] driver [[Doug Heveron]] began his racing career at the Syracuse-Geddes MicRod Track at the age of 8.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Motorsport in New York]]
[[Category:Racing car classes]]
[[Category:Auto racing by type]]
The history of microd Racing / [http://www.littlewheels.org Little Wheels]

Proportion (architecture)

2016-08-07T23:20:13Z

BobDog54: /* Vitruvius' Theory */

[[File:Classical orders from the Encyclopedie.png|thumb|In [[classical architecture]], proportions were set by the radii of columns.]]

'''Proportion''' is a central principle of [[architectural theory]] and an important connection between [[mathematics and art]]. It is the visual effect of the relationships of the various objects and spaces that make up a structure to one another and to the whole. These relationships are often governed by multiples of a standard unit of length known as a "module".<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (ed.), ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture'', 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2006), 606-607.</ref>

Proportion in architecture was discussed by [[Vitruvius]], [[Leon Battista Alberti|Alberti]], [[Andrea Palladio]] and [[Le Corbusier]] among others.

== Proportion in Roman Architecture ==

=== Vitruvius' Theory ===
Architecture in Roman antiquity was rarely documented except in the writings of [[Vitruvius]]' treatise ''<nowiki/>''[[De architectura|De Architectura]]''<nowiki/>''. Vitruvius served as an engineer under Julius Caesar during the first Gallic Wars (58-50 BC). The treatise was dedicated to Emperor Augustus. As Vitruvius defined the concept in the first chapters of the treatise, he mentioned the three prerequisites of architecture are firmness (''firmitas''), commodity (''utilitas''), and delight (''vernustas''), which require the architects to be equipped with a varied kind of learning and knowledge of many branches. Moreover, Vitruvius identified the ''<nowiki/>'''Six Principles of Design''' as order (''ordinatio''), arrangement (''dispositio''), proportion (''eurythmia''), symmetry (''symmetria''), propriety (''decor'') and economy (''distributio''). The word ''symmetria'' had a very different meaning as we interpret it today. Among the six principles, proportion interrelates and supports all the other factors in geometrical forms and arithmetical ratios.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Principles of Roman Architecture|last = Jones|first = Mark Wilson|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-300-08138-1|location = New Haven and London|pages = 33-46}}</ref>
[[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|The [[Vitruvian Man]] developed by Leonardo da Vinci based on the description of Vitruvius' ideal ratio of the human body.]]
''Symmetria'' as translated to symmetry in modern language, which does not mean symmetrical in forms in ancient language, but more closely related to the 'mathematical harmony'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Principles of Roman Architecture|last = Jones|first = Mark Wilson|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-300-08138-1|location = New Haven and London|pages = 41}}</ref> and measurable proportions. Vitruvius tried to describe his theory in the makeup of the human body, which he referred to as the perfector golden ratio. The principles of measurement units ''digitus'', foot, and cubit also came from the dimensions of a Vitruvian Man. More specifically, Vitruvius used the total height of 6 feet of a person, and each part of the body takes up different ratio. For example, the face is about 1/10 of the total height, and the head is about 1/8 of the total height.<ref name=":1" />Vitruvius used these ratios to prove that the composition of classical orders mimicked the human body thereby ensuring aesthetic harmonization when people viewed architectural columns.<ref name=":0" />

==Classical architecture==

In [[classical architecture]], the module was established as the radius of the lower shaft of a classical column, with proportions expressed as a fraction or multiple of that module.<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (ed.), ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture'', 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2006), 496.</ref>

==Le Corbusier==

[[File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-1987-CHF-5-obverse.png|thumb|Commemorative coin illustrating [[Le Corbusier]]'s [[Modulor]]]]
In his ''[[modulor|Le Modulor]]'' (1948), Le Corbusier presented a system of proportions which took the [[golden ratio]] and a man with a raised arm as the scalable modules of proportion.

==See also==
* [[History of architecture]]
* [[Mathematics and architecture]]
* [[Mathematics and art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* P. H. Scholfield (1958). [http://books.google.it/books?id=oJdQAAAAMAAJ ''The Theory of Proportion in Architecture'']. Cambridge University Press.
* Hanno-Walter Kruft (1994). [http://books.google.it/books?id=OPTfVyHyVW4C ''History of Architectural Theory'']. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568980102.

{{mathematical art}}
{{art-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Proportion (architecture)}}
[[Category:Architectural terminology]]
[[Category:Architectural theory]]

Proportion (architecture)

2016-08-07T23:11:35Z

BobDog54:

[[File:Classical orders from the Encyclopedie.png|thumb|In [[classical architecture]], proportions were set by the radii of columns.]]

'''Proportion''' is a central principle of [[architectural theory]] and an important connection between [[mathematics and art]]. It is the visual effect of the relationships of the various objects and spaces that make up a structure to one another and to the whole. These relationships are often governed by multiples of a standard unit of length known as a "module".<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (ed.), ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture'', 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2006), 606-607.</ref>

Proportion in architecture was discussed by [[Vitruvius]], [[Leon Battista Alberti|Alberti]], [[Andrea Palladio]] and [[Le Corbusier]] among others.

== Proportion in Roman Architecture ==

=== Vitruvius' Theory ===
Architecture in Roman antiquity was rarely documented except in the writings of [[Vitruvius]]' treatise ''<nowiki/>'[[De architectura|De Architectura]]'<nowiki/>''. Vitruvius served as an engineer under Julius Caesar during the first Gallic Wars (58 - 50 BC). The treatise was dedicated to Emperor Augustus. As Vitruvius defined the concept in the first chapters of the treatise, he mentioned the three prerequisites of architecture are firmness (''firmitas''), commodity (''utilitas''), and delight (''vernustas''), which require the architects to be equipped with a varied kind of learning and knowledge of many branches. Moreover, Vitruvius identified the ''<nowiki/>'''Six Principles of Design''' as order (''ordinatio''), arrangement (''dispositio''), proportion (''eurythmia''), symmetry (''symmetria''), propriety (''decor'') and economy (''distributio''). The word ''symmetria'' had a very different meaning as we interpret it today. Among the six principles, proportion interrelates and supports all the other factors in geometrical forms and arithmetical ratios.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Principles of Roman Architecture|last = Jones|first = Mark Wilson|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-300-08138-1|location = New Haven and London|pages = 33-46}}</ref>
[[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|The [[Vitruvian Man]] developed by Leonardo da Vinci based on the description of Vitruvius' ideal ratio of the human body.]]
''Symmetria'' as translated to symmetry in modern language, which does not mean symmetrical in forms in ancient language, but more closely related to the 'mathematical harmony'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Principles of Roman Architecture|last = Jones|first = Mark Wilson|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-300-08138-1|location = New Haven and London|pages = 41}}</ref> and measurable proportions. Vitruvius tried to describe his theory in the makeup of the human body, which he referred to as the perfector golden ratio. The principles of measurement units ''digitus'', foot, and cubit also came from the dimensions of a Vitruvian Man. More specifically, Vitruvius used the total height of 6 feet of a person, and each part of the body takes up different ratio. For example, the face is about 1/10 of the total height, and the head is about 1/8 of the total height.<ref name=":1" />Vitruvius used these ratios to prove that the composition of classical orders mimicked the human body thereby ensuring aesthetic harmonization when people viewed architectural columns.<ref name=":0" />

==Classical architecture==

In [[classical architecture]], the module was established as the radius of the lower shaft of a classical column, with proportions expressed as a fraction or multiple of that module.<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (ed.), ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture'', 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2006), 496.</ref>

==Le Corbusier==

[[File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-1987-CHF-5-obverse.png|thumb|Commemorative coin illustrating [[Le Corbusier]]'s [[Modulor]]]]
In his ''[[modulor|Le Modulor]]'' (1948), Le Corbusier presented a system of proportions which took the [[golden ratio]] and a man with a raised arm as the scalable modules of proportion.

==See also==
* [[History of architecture]]
* [[Mathematics and architecture]]
* [[Mathematics and art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* P. H. Scholfield (1958). [http://books.google.it/books?id=oJdQAAAAMAAJ ''The Theory of Proportion in Architecture'']. Cambridge University Press.
* Hanno-Walter Kruft (1994). [http://books.google.it/books?id=OPTfVyHyVW4C ''History of Architectural Theory'']. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568980102.

{{mathematical art}}
{{art-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Proportion (architecture)}}
[[Category:Architectural terminology]]
[[Category:Architectural theory]]

Proportion (architecture)

2016-08-07T23:10:26Z

BobDog54: fixed grammatical errors

[[File:Classical orders from the Encyclopedie.png|thumb|In [[classical architecture]], proportions were set by the radii of columns.]]

'''Proportion''' is a central principle of [[architectural theory]] and an important connection between [[mathematics and art]]. It is the visual effect of the relationships of the various objects and spaces that make up a structure to one another and to the whole. These relationships are often governed by multiples of a standard unit of length known as a "module".<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (ed.), ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture'', 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2006), 606-607.</ref>

Proportion in architecture was discussed by [[Vitruvius]], [[Leon Battista Alberti|Alberti]], [[Andrea Palladio]] and [[Le Corbusier]] among others.

== Proportion in Roman Architecture ==

=== Vitruvius's Theory ===
Architecture in Roman antiquity was rarely documented except in the writings of [[Vitruvius]]' treatise ''<nowiki/>'[[De architectura|De Architectura]]'<nowiki/>''. Vitruvius served as an engineer under Julius Caesar during the first Gallic Wars (58 - 50 BC). The treatise was dedicated to Emperor Augustus. As Vitruvius defined the concept in the first chapters of the treatise, he mentioned the three prerequisites of architecture are firmness (''firmitas''), commodity (''utilitas''), and delight (''vernustas''), which require the architects to be equipped with a varied kind of learning and knowledge of many branches. Moreover, Vitruvius identified the ''<nowiki/>'''Six Principles of Design''' as order (''ordinatio''), arrangement (''dispositio''), proportion (''eurythmia''), symmetry (''symmetria''), propriety (''decor'') and economy (''distributio''). The word ''symmetria'' had a very different meaning as we interpret it today. Among the six principles, proportion interrelates and supports all the other factors in geometrical forms and arithmetical ratios.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Principles of Roman Architecture|last = Jones|first = Mark Wilson|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-300-08138-1|location = New Haven and London|pages = 33-46}}</ref>
[[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|The [[Vitruvian Man]] developed by Leonardo da Vinci based on the description of Vitruvius' ideal ratio of the human body.]]
''Symmetria'' as translated to symmetry in modern language, which does not mean symmetrical in forms in ancient language, but more closely related to the 'mathematical harmony'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Principles of Roman Architecture|last = Jones|first = Mark Wilson|publisher = Yale University Press|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-300-08138-1|location = New Haven and London|pages = 41}}</ref> and measurable proportions. Vitruvius tried to describe his theory in the makeup of the human body, which he referred to as the perfector golden ratio. The principles of measurement units ''digitus'', foot, and cubit also came from the dimensions of a Vitruvian Man. More specifically, Vitruvius used the total height of 6 feet of a person, and each part of the body takes up different ratio. For example, the face is about 1/10 of the total height, and the head is about 1/8 of the total height.<ref name=":1" />Vitruvius used these ratios to prove that the composition of classical orders mimicked the human body thereby ensuring aesthetic harmonization when people viewed architectural columns.<ref name=":0" />

==Classical architecture==

In [[classical architecture]], the module was established as the radius of the lower shaft of a classical column, with proportions expressed as a fraction or multiple of that module.<ref>[[James Stevens Curl]] (ed.), ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture'', 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2006), 496.</ref>

==Le Corbusier==

[[File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-1987-CHF-5-obverse.png|thumb|Commemorative coin illustrating [[Le Corbusier]]'s [[Modulor]]]]
In his ''[[modulor|Le Modulor]]'' (1948), Le Corbusier presented a system of proportions which took the [[golden ratio]] and a man with a raised arm as the scalable modules of proportion.

==See also==
* [[History of architecture]]
* [[Mathematics and architecture]]
* [[Mathematics and art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* P. H. Scholfield (1958). [http://books.google.it/books?id=oJdQAAAAMAAJ ''The Theory of Proportion in Architecture'']. Cambridge University Press.
* Hanno-Walter Kruft (1994). [http://books.google.it/books?id=OPTfVyHyVW4C ''History of Architectural Theory'']. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568980102.

{{mathematical art}}
{{art-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Proportion (architecture)}}
[[Category:Architectural terminology]]
[[Category:Architectural theory]]

Orchard Hill Observatory

2016-08-07T20:01:56Z

BobDog54: changed 1/10th to 1/10

{{Infobox Observatory
|name = Orchard Hill Observatory
|image = [[Image:Orchard Hill Observatory.jpg|250px]]
|caption = Orchard Hill Observatory, circa 2011
|organization = [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]
|location = [[Amherst, Massachusetts]], [[USA]]
|coords = {{coord|42|23|38.62|N|72|31|17.63|W|display=inline,title}}
|altitude = 413 feet
|weather = [http://www.weatherforyou.com/weather/massachusetts/amherst.html Amherst Weather]
|established = 1965<ref>http://scua.library.umass.edu/youmass/doku.php?id=b:building_index&s</ref>
|closed =
|website= [http://www.astro.umass.edu/~orchardhill/ Orchard Hill Observatory]
|telescope1_name =  
|telescope1_type = Group 128 Inc. X16 [[cassegrain reflector]]
|telescope2_name =
|telescope2_type =
|telescope3_name =
|telescope3_type =
|telescope4_name =
|telescope4_type =
}}

The '''Orchard Hill Observatory''' is an [[astronomical]] [[observatory]] located at the highest point on the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] campus. Constructed in 1965, the observatory is a red brick building with a 16 inch [[Cassegrain reflector]] [[optical telescope]]. It is used for several community events and is regularly open for public viewing on Thursday nights. Originally the observatory was home to a 20” telescope, given to the department by an avid amateur who lived in central Massachusetts. It was a 1/10 scale model (loosely) of a larger 200” scope. Eventually, a crack was spotted during one of the re-aluminizings of the 20” mirror and the scope was no more. In the meantime, the department had been granted money associated with its move from Hasbrouck to the Grad Research Tower to buy a small telescope and put in on top of the GRC. The GRC had a small "isolation" pad built on its roof, which was supposed to be a mount for the scope, which could be accessed via a small open elevator. However, the GRC had terrible noise and gross vibration problems. The isolation pad never worked and there were too many safety concerns about using the roof of the building for observing. A 16" telescope was later bought from Competition Associates (a racing car company). That scope arrived in1976 but because of the problems with using the top of the GRC, the scope was never mounted there. In fact, it sat in the basement of Hasbrouck for perhaps 10 years, becoming known as the "Subterranean Telescope.” This situation finally led to the 20" being dissembled and the 16" scope being moved to Orchard Hill and installed in the dome there. The 16" was a major improvement in usability. As to what happened to the 20", the mirror may have been stored in the Astronomy Research Facility but the drive was most likely not kept.

Special thanks to [http://www.astro.umass.edu/people/faculty/arny/ Professor Thomas Arny] for much of the recent history of the facility.

==Hours==

The observatory does not have a regular schedule.

== Administration ==

It is maintained and operated by the UMass Astronomy Department. The observatory is supported by members of the Five College Astronomy Club. The program director is Thomas Burbine. The Program Contact is Patrick Drew. Patrick is an Astronomy major. He is currently both the secretary and treasurer for the Five College Astronomy Club. The observatory does not receive any external funding. The program is student-run, except for one faculty member. It is a part of the College of Natural Sciences/Astronomy.<ref>http://www.umass.edu/worldwide/content/orchard-hill-observatory</ref>
[[File:Comet Holmes 17P 11-7-07.jpg|thumb|alt=text|This image of Comet Holmes was taken from Orchard Hill Observatory]]

===Observations===
It is possible to see a variety of astronomical (not astrological as previously given) bodies at the observatory. Members of the observatory keep a log online of what they have observed.<ref>http://www.astro.umass.edu/~orchardhill/log.html</ref> Some things that have been logged are the double star Albireo, the great nebula in Andromeda, a dense patch of stars in the milky way near Cygnus, Jupiter with Galilean moons, the waxing gibbous Moon, Mars, and Alcor & Mizar.

==Five College Astronomy Club==

The Five College Astronomy Club is a club for those interested in astronomy, regardless of major. The club utilizes the Orchard Hill Observatory to host observing nights on clear Wednesday and Thursday nights. The club also travels to other observatories, planetariums, and other sites of interest related to astronomy. The club spans between the Five Colleges (UMass Amherst, Amherst College, Hampshire College, Smith College, and Mount Holyoke College) to further their experiences and connect with other students who share their interest in astronomy. The club sometimes hosts informational sessions geared towards students looking to propel into research positions or achieve specific academic goals within the astronomy major. However, the main objective of the club is to have fun and meet other people with a shared interest in astronomy.
* Meets: Wednesday Nights at 7:00PM Usually in LGRT 1033 OR Clear Wednesday and Thursday Nights at dusk at the Orchard Hill Observatory
* Chartered: Fall 2011 <ref>https://umassamherst.collegiatelink.net/organization/astronomy_club/about</ref>

==Five College Astronomy Department==

The Five College Astronomy Department is a collaborative program of [https://www.amherst.edu/ Amherst College], [https://www.hampshire.edu/ Hampshire College], [https://mtholyoke.edu/ Mount Holyoke College], [https://smith.edu/ Smith College], and the [https://umass.edu/ University of Massachusetts], which are all located in the Connecticut River valley of western Massachusetts. <ref>http://www.astro.umass.edu/about/fcad/</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of observatories]]
* [[List of radio telescopes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.astro.umass.edu/~orchardhill/ Orchard Hill Observatory Homepage]

{{University of Massachusetts Amherst}}

[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hampshire County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst buildings]]

British Radio Car Association

2016-08-07T16:35:43Z

BobDog54: fixed some grammar issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox Sport governing body
|assocname= British Radio Car Association
|abbrev = BRCA
|logo=File:Brca logo1-300x107.png
|aff = [[Motor Sports Association]]
|affdate =
|region =[[European Federation of Radio Operated Model Automobiles|EFRA]]
|regionyear =
| image =
| size =
| caption =
| sport = Radio-controlled racing
| category =
| jurisdiction = [[United Kingdom]]
| founded = 1971
| year closed =
| headquarters = [[Uffculme]], [[Cullompton]], [[Devon]]
| president =
| chairman = Dave Waters
| key staff =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =
|url =www.brca.org/
|countryflag= United Kingdom
|countryflag2=
}}
The '''British Radio Car Association''' (or '''BRCA''') is an organisation that promotes the construction and racing of all types of [[radio controlled car]]s in the [[United Kingdom]]. Founded in 1971 by [[Ted Longshaw]]<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4b0YuvibZ0</ref> and Keith Plested, who was also the founder of PB Racing, a manufacturer of RC cars;<ref>[http://www.kp-designs.co.uk/page12.html Keith Plested History]</ref><ref>[http://rc-radiocontrolled.com/pb_racing_rc_cars.html PB Racing RC Cars | Radio Control Cars | Remote Control Cars]</ref><ref>http://www.ifmar.org/pdf/History.pdf</ref> they coordinate BRCA affiliated clubs in the UK, and offer [[insurance]] for any accidents that might occur. They also organise regional and national racing events for various classes. Each year the BRCA produces a rules booklet for every UK racing class, such as 1:10 Electric touring cars, 1:8 Nitro circuit cars and 1:16 Electric micro offroad cars with specific rules as regard to maximum and minimum dimensions, and homologated motors and cells. It is recommended (and at some clubs compulsory) to become a BRCA member due to its insurance and health + safety benefits.

[[File:Grande Bretagne 04324.JPG|right|thumb|BRCA representatives at the 2013 EFRA 1/8 Off-Road Championship]]
The BRCA is a member of [[EFRA]] ([[European Federation Of Radio Operated Model Automobiles]]). The BRCA follows EFRA rules and uses their lists of approved equipment for model racing.

The BRCA is also affiliated with the [[Motor Sports Association]] who deal with motorsports in the UK, although deal primarily with full-size racing rather than scale model racing
[[File:Early Logo.jpg|thumb|one of the early logos of the BRCA (1970s-1990s)]]
In 2016 the BRCA is hosting the first Reedy International 1/12 Race of Champions at centre:mk [[Milton Keynes]], which is also part of the Model Motorsport Show

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.brca.org BRCA website]

[[Category:Radio-controlled car racing organisations]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sports organisations established in 1971]]

{{Sports governing bodies of the United Kingdom}}
{{UK-sport-stub}}

British Radio Car Association

2016-08-07T16:06:03Z

BobDog54: deleted th from scales

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox Sport governing body
|assocname= British Radio Car Association
|abbrev = BRCA
|logo=File:Brca logo1-300x107.png
|aff = [[Motor Sports Association]]
|affdate =
|region =[[European Federation of Radio Operated Model Automobiles|EFRA]]
|regionyear =
| image =
| size =
| caption =
| sport = Radio-controlled racing
| category =
| jurisdiction = [[United Kingdom]]
| founded = 1971
| year closed =
| headquarters = [[Uffculme]], [[Cullompton]], [[Devon]]
| president =
| chairman = Dave Waters
| key staff =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =
|url =www.brca.org/
|countryflag= United Kingdom
|countryflag2=
}}
The '''British Radio Car Association''' (or '''BRCA''') is an organisation to promote the construction and racing of all types of [[radio controlled car]]s in the [[United Kingdom]]. Founded in 1971 by [[Ted Longshaw]]<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4b0YuvibZ0</ref> and Keith Plested, who also founder of PB Racing, who manufactured RC cars;<ref>[http://www.kp-designs.co.uk/page12.html Keith Plested History]</ref><ref>[http://rc-radiocontrolled.com/pb_racing_rc_cars.html PB Racing RC Cars | Radio Control Cars | Remote Control Cars]</ref><ref>http://www.ifmar.org/pdf/History.pdf</ref> they coordinate BRCA affiliated clubs in the UK, and offer [[insurance]] for any accidents that might occur. They also organise regional and national racing events for various classes. Each year the BRCA produces a rules booklet for every UK racing class, such as 1:10 Electric touring cars, 1:8 Nitro circuit cars and 1:16 Electric micro offroad cars with specific rules as regard to maximum and minimum dimensions, and homologated motors and cells. It is recommended (and at some clubs compulsory) to become a BRCA member due to its insurance and health + safety benefits.

[[File:Grande Bretagne 04324.JPG|right|thumb|BRCA representatives at the 2013 EFRA 1/8 Off-Road Championship]]
The BRCA is a member of [[EFRA]] ([[European Federation Of Radio Operated Model Automobiles]]). The BRCA follows EFRA rules and uses their lists of approved equipment used in model racing.

The BRCA is also affiliated with the [[Motor Sports Association]] who deal with motorsports in the UK, although deal primarily with full sized racing rather than local racing
[[File:Early Logo.jpg|thumb|one of the early logos of the BRCA (1970s-1990s)]]
In 2016 the BRCA are hosting the first Reedy International 1/12 Race of Champions at centre:mk [[Milton Keynes]], which is also part of the Model Motorsport Show

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.brca.org BRCA website]

[[Category:Radio-controlled car racing organisations]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sports organisations established in 1971]]

{{Sports governing bodies of the United Kingdom}}
{{UK-sport-stub}}

Greenside Mine

2016-08-07T01:26:19Z

BobDog54: worked on conversions and fractions

{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = Greenside Mine
| image = Greenside Mine, site 2014.JPG
| width = 220px
| alt = Spoil heaps and former mine buildings beside the Swart Beck
| caption = Site of the former Greenside Mine
| pushpin_map = Cumbria
| pushpin_map_alt = Greenside Mine was west of Ullswater
| pushpin_mapsize = 220px
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Cumbria
| latd = 54.548 |latm = |lats = |latNS = N
| longd = 2.984 |longm = |longs = |longEW = W
| place = Glenridding | subdivision_type = County
| state/province = Cumbria | country = England
| products = lead, silver
| amount = 156,000 tons
| type = Underground
| opening year = during the 1700s
| closing year = 1962
}}

'''Greenside Mine''' (sometimes referred to as ''Greenside Lead Mine'') was a successful [[lead]] mine in the [[Lake District]] of England. Between 1825 and 1961 the mine produced {{convert|156000|LT|tonne|abbr=off|sigfig=3}} of [[lead]] and {{convert|1600000|oz|tonne|abbr=off}} of [[silver]],{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=464}} from around 2 million tons of [[ore]].{{refn|group=note|Estimates of the amount of crude [[ore]] brought out of the mine vary from below 2 million tons, based on figures given by Cyril Connor{{sfn|Connor|1951a}} to 2.4 million tons,{{sfn|Gough|1965|p=1461}} to about 3 million tons.{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=82}}}} During the 1940s it was the largest producer of lead ore in the UK. Unusually for a 19th-century metalliferous mine in Britain there are very full records of its activities, dating back to 1825.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=iv}}

The mine probably opened during the second half of the 1700s but had closed by 1819. In 1825 the Greenside Mining Company was formed and reopened the mine. They made good profits until 1880, when the price of lead fell. Many other lead mines closed at that time, but the company reduced its costs and continued to work Greenside until 1935. Electricity was introduced to the mine in the 1890s, and it became the first metalliferous mine in Britain to use electric winding engines and an electric locomotive. In 1936 the Basinghall Mining Syndicate Ltd. acquired the mine and turned it into a high volume lead producer. The mine closed in 1962 after lead reserves had been exhausted. Just before it closed the mine was used by the [[Atomic Weapons Research Establishment]] (AWRE) to conduct an experiment in detecting seismic signals from underground explosions. Fifteen years after the mine closed [[mine exploration|mine explorers]] began to visit the upper levels. They cleared the entrances and several roof falls, and today they are able to pass through the mine using an old escape route.

All the ore produced by the mine came from the Greenside Vein, a [[vein (geology)|mineral vein]] which filled a [[fault (geology)|geological fault]] running in a north-south direction through the east ridge of [[Green Side]], a mountain in the [[Helvellyn range]]. Mining activities traced this fault for a length of {{convert|3900|ft|m}} and to a depth of {{convert|2900|ft|m}}. Four areas of the vein, known as [[ore shoot]]s, contained [[galena]], an ore of lead which also contained small amounts of silver. At first the ore was mined simply by driving [[adit]]s into the mountain-side. To access ore at greater depths, two longer levels were driven from lower down but further away, and then a series of [[mine shaft|shafts]] were sunk within the mine. The lowest point in the mine was roughly 100 m below sea level, where the surrounding [[andesite]] rock rested upon underlying [[shale]]s in which the fault had not been mineralised.

Two processing mills were built to crush the ore and separate out the galena from it, and the mine had its own [[smelting|smelt mill]] between 1828 and 1917, but after that it was more economical to sell concentrated galena to a commercial smelter. Machinery in the mine and the mills was powered by the plentiful water supplies in the area, used to drive water wheels and power hydraulic engines, and, after 1890, to generate [[hydroelectricity]]. Dozens of carts transported supplies to the mine's remote location, and carried the lead out. In the early 1900s the mine set up its own road haulage business using two [[steam wagon]]s.

The men who worked at the mine during the 19th century travelled from a wide area, and many stayed each week in the lodging shops (bunkhouses) built at the mine. In time the company built dozens of houses in [[Glenridding]] and Glencoyne. Mining work was carried out by groups of men who took contracts to do specific jobs, and were paid by their results. Those who worked transporting ore out of the mine or processing the ore were paid at weekly rates. The closure of the mine resulted in a major loss of employment in the area.

==The location==
[[File:Greenside location map.png|thumb|left|400px|The location of Greenside Mine near Glenridding]]
The mine was west of [[Glenridding]] village, which is by the southern end of [[Ullswater]] in the parish of [[Patterdale]]. This is now in [[Cumbria]], but during the working life of the mine it was in the former county of [[Westmorland]]. Above the village is a valley which contains Glenridding Beck, flowing down from sources in Red Tarn and Brown Cove. A higher side valley to the north lies between the mountains of [[Green Side]] and [[Raise (Lake District)|Raise]]. It was above this side valley that the lead deposit was found, running through the eastern ridge of Green Side, at a height of about {{convert|2000|ft|m|sigfig=1}} above sea level.{{sfn|Connor|1951a}}

In the 18th century this deposit was worked from levels driven directly into the mountain-side, above the upper valley. Later, levels were driven to the deposit from lower down but from further away. By the end of the 19th century, the main access to the mine was from the Lucy Tongue Level, which had been driven from near the bottom of the Swart Beck. The mills for processing and smelting the ore were in the same location, {{convert|1.4|mile|km|}} up the valley above Glenridding village.

Water power for working machinery in the mine and the mills was drawn from the stream below Green Side, and from Glenridding Beck. A number of dams were built to regulate the flow of water in these becks, and natural tarns at Red Tarn and in Keppel Cove were augmented. After 1890, water power from the becks was used to generate electricity and eventually three small power stations were built. A small stream was also diverted into the mine through the Glencoyne Level in the 1850s to drive hydraulic machinery.

==The ore deposit==
[[File:Greenside geology.jpg|thumb|left|Topography of the area around Greenside Mine, showing geological dykes and faults]]
The entire production of the Greenside Mine came from a single [[mineral vein]], which filled a north-south oriented [[fault (geology)|fault]] running through the east ridge of the [[Green Side]] mountain.

Green Side is composed of [[andesite]] rock, part of the [[Borrowdale Volcanic Group]], formed during the [[Ordovician]] Period, roughly 450 million years ago.{{sfn|British Geological Survey, sheet E029}} This rests on [[shale]]s of the older [[Skiddaw Group]], which were encountered in the lowest levels of the mine. A small [[dike (geology)|dyke]] of [[porphyritic]] microgranite{{refn|group=note|This rock was called quartz-porphyry in the older literature, for example, in Gough}} which has "a dog's-leg shape" in plan{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1465}} was intruded into these rocks during the [[Devonian]] Period;{{sfn|British Geological Survey, sheet E029}} this formed a plane of weakness which controlled the position of the fault.{{sfn||Gough|1965| p=1465}}

The Greenside fault is a [[normal fault]] with an average [[strike and dip|dip]] of 70° to the east. A fault plane is not a flat surface and the actual dip of the Greenside fault varies between 58° east and vertical; in one place it was 83° west.{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1473}} As the rock fractured and the two sides moved against each other, cavities were created, partly filled with broken rock ([[fault breccia]] and [[fault gouge]]). [[Hydrothermal]] circulation of sea water at temperatures of 110–130 °C, probably during the [[Carboniferous]] Period, led to mineralisation of the fault cavities. The metal content is believed to have been leached out of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, or the underlying granite [[batholith]].{{sfn|Stone et al.| 2010|p=195}} The mineralisation of the fault shows some vertical zonation, with [[baryte]] (barium sulphate) in the upper part of the vein,{{refn|group=note|Baryte was not found below the Low Horse Level of the mine.{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=82}}}} and small amounts of both blende ([[sphalerite]], zinc sulphide) and [[chalcopyrite]] (copper-iron sulphide) at deeper levels.{{sfn|Gough|1965|p=1467}}

[[File:greenside ore.JPG|thumb|Ore from the Greenside Vein, containing baryte (white), galena (grey) and quartz (pale brown). The penny has a diameter of 20.3 mm.]]
The [[argentiferous galena]] (lead sulphide, containing small amounts of silver), which the miners sought, occurred as ribs, strings and dispersed pockets throughout the vein.{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=82}} Many strings of galena, varying in thickness between 1/8 of an inch (2 mm) and about {{convert|3|in|mm|spell=in}}, were interspersed through the vein, and sometimes spread into the rock on the east side of the vein (the [[hanging wall]] of the fault).{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=122}} The mineralised parts of the vein were mostly found in four areas, known as "[[ore shoot]]s." Their position was determined by the steepness of the fault plane. In general, areas where the fault dipped at more than 70°, were mineralised, but where the dip was less than 70° the vein was barren,{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1473}} filled with the light coloured soft fault breccia which the miners called "chunk."{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=85}} The mineralised parts of the vein, at least in the lower part of the mine, had an average lead content of 7%.{{sfn|Gough|1965|p=1468}}

The width of the vein varied from a fraction of an inch up to {{convert|30|ft|m}} or more. Barren sections were generally {{convert|5|to|7|ft|m|1}} wide;{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1467}} worked areas varied from {{convert|6|ft|m}} to as much as {{convert|40|or|50|ft|m}}.{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=88}}{{refn|group=note|An area in the South ore shoot, around the 120 fathom level was up to {{convert|40|ft|m}} wide and was known as "the wide ground."{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=87}} This was immediately above the area where the fault dip was at its greatest value of 83° west.{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1473}}}} In the upper part of the mine, where strings of lead had penetrated the hanging wall, it was sometimes worth cutting away an opening {{convert|30|to|60|ft|m}} wide,{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=122}} but in the lower workings during the 1950s stopes averaged {{convert|6|ft|m}} wide.{{sfn|Connor|1951a}} Two branch veins occurred in connection with the microgranite dyke. At higher levels the vein divided and ran along both sides of the dyke. At greater depth, where the vein was within andesite to the west of the dyke, an East Branch was found in contact with the dyke.{{sfn|Gough|1965|p=1467}}

At its southern end the vein came to an end as it approached the east-west Clay Vein by splitting into a number of small stringers,{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=399}} described as "a horsetail structure".{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1467}} All attempts to find the vein south of the Clay Vein were unsuccessful. The northern end of the vein was never determined,{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1467}} but all searches for lead beyond the limit of the northernmost ore shoot (about {{convert|3600|ft|m}} from the southern end) were also unsuccessful. The vertical extent of the vein was traced and worked from the top of Green Side down to the upper boundary of the Skiddaw Group, a distance of {{convert|2600|ft|m}}.{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1467}} Although lead veins have been found in rocks of the Skiddaw Group elsewhere in the Lake District, the strata at Green Side were unfavourable for mineralisation;{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=88}} these strata therefore marked the bottom of the mine.

==Mining before 1820==
[[File:Greenside Mine - levels in mountain-side.png|thumb|left|Diagram from 1890 showing the mountain-side, the line of the vein dipping to the east, and four old mine levels]]
It is not known when the Greenside Vein was first discovered, or when mining began there, but the amount of mining work done before 1820 suggests a date during the second half of the 1700s.{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}}{{sfn|Connor|1951a}}

There was mining activity in [[Patterdale]] throughout the 18th century. A lease for the mining rights at Hartsop Hall Mine is dated 1696;{{sfn|Adams|1995|p=136}} the [[parish registers]] recorded the burials of "a washer of ore" in 1713 and of a miner from [[Derbyshire]] in 1754;{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=2}} a [[census]] in Patterdale in 1787 recorded 16 miners out of a male population of 165{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=3}} and a writer in 1789 spoke of social changes "about thirty years ago" resulting from an influx of miners when "some lead mines were wrought in the dale."{{sfn|Clarke|1787}} Yet there is nothing to link any of these references to Greenside.

W. T. Shaw claimed Greenside was being worked by "a party of Dutch Adventurers" (probably meaning German miners) by 1690,{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=77}} but cited no evidence for this, and may have been thinking of other mines in the district. David Gough claimed "the first documentary evidence of mining at Greenside" was dated 1784, but also failed to say what that evidence was.{{sfn|Gough|1965| p=1460}} Samuel Murphy discovered what he considered "the first documentary evidence" in the form of a barrister's brief of 1799, which referred to a Mr. Thompson who was working a mine at Greenside under the Duke of Norfolk.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=8}} Murphy also found a reference to Greenside in William Green's guide book of 1819. The mines were said to be "beside the road from Keswick to Patterdale" and were "till lately worked by William Sheffield [[Esquire]]," the mineral agent to the Duke of Devonshire.{{sfn|Green|1819}}{{refn|group=note|The reference to the Duke of Devonshire here would seem to be an error; the mineral rights were claimed by the Duke of Norfolk, as in the document from 1799.}} The road mentioned is clearly the track over [[Sticks Pass]], which passes the old workings at Greenside.

A vertical section through Greenside Mine was drawn by a consultant mining engineer in 1853. This shows three old access levels above the two levels which were in use at the time, and large areas of [[stoping|stoped out]] (worked out) ground.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=10}} W. T. Shaw calculated that the old levels, known as Top Level, Middle Level and Gilgower's Level, had been driven at {{convert|40|fathom|m|ft}}, {{convert|60|fathom|m|ft}} and {{convert|85|fathom|m|ft}} below the summit of the ridge.{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=85}}{{refn|group=note|Measurements of mining work used to be made in [[fathom]]s, the distance between a man's outstretched finger tips.}} Samuel Murphy calculated that the three levels had been 659 metres above [[ordnance datum]] (AOD), 631 metres AOD and 581 metres AOD.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=10}} These three old levels imply a lot of mining work had been done before William Sheffield abandoned the mine, some time before 1819. In addition, a fourth old level (the "Hush Level", see below) was driven in this early period, and a fifth level (later known as the "High Level", or the "High Horse Level") had been started before the mine was abandoned.{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}}

The Greenside Vein may have been discovered among the rocks at the top of Glencoyne, where it [[outcrop]]s and is visible. One branch of the vein was partly cut away at the outcrop, and a [[bell pit]] known as Duke's Sump{{refn|group=note|The name Duke's Sump may be a reference to the Duke of Norfolk, on whose manor it was sunk, and who owned the mineral rights.}} was sunk on another branch "at some early date."{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=9}} Whether lead was found is not known. The vein may also have been discovered high up on the south side of Green Side. The hillside there is covered by a thick deposit of glacial [[boulder clay]], hiding the rich lead-bearing vein from view.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=11}} However, a natural gully intersected the vein high up (close to where the base of the highest of the collapse holes is today) and pieces of ore may have been found in the gully.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=10}} Further down the hillside [[hushing]] has been used to reveal the position of the vein, by releasing a dammed up stream to wash away the boulder clay.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=11}}

A survey of the surface features at Greenside Mine in the early 1990s found no sign of the Top Level. Of the Middle Level it found a shallow surface cutting at 627 metres AOD, a hole where the roof of the level had collapsed, a small waste heap, and a steep [[sled]] track running down the hillside from this point. The remains of a [[forge|smithy]] were found lower down, near the base of the middle collapse hole, where there was a flat area at 584 metres AOD, with the foundations of a building and a scattering of coal, coke, slag and iron. Gilgower's level was identified with a waste heap and entrance cutting at 582 metres AOD. Below this was evidence of another level, driven at an elevation of 572 metres AOD. With a stone-walled entrance cutting and a substantial waste heap it appeared to be a major level, and had been driven from the bottom of the prospecting hush mentioned above. This level was not shown on the mine plan of 1853, and Murphy named it the Hush Level. A shallow water channel ran from its mouth and seemed to have drained the mine for a considerable time.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=10–12}} The earliest [[Ordnance Survey]] map of the area, the 1861 map of Westmorland at a scale of 1:2,500, shows two mine levels, corresponding to Gilgower's Level and the Hush Level. Both are marked "Old Mine" showing they were no longer in use at that late date.{{sfn|Ordnance Survey|1861}}

Once the ore had been brought out of the mine it had to be separated from rock and other vein minerals ([[gangue]]). The surface survey found evidence of an early [[ore dressing|dressing]] floor beside the marsh on the valley floor, at 550 metres AOD, where a little stream provided a small source of water. In that area were found many pieces of very weathered galena. It also found the washings had later been moved to another area beside the marsh, which could be supplied with a more reliable water supply. A [[leat]] had collected water from the original stream, 36 metres above the old dressing floor, and conducted it to some small storage ponds further east, which could collect from other sources as well. However the site of the new washing floor had been destroyed by a later mine building.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=12–14}} After the ore had been dressed it was taken by [[packhorse]]s over Sticks Pass to a smelter at Stoneycroft in the Newlands Valley, near Keswick.{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=77}}

==Business issues==
'''The Greenside Mining Syndicate''' was formed "near the end of the 18th century" according to W. T. Shaw.{{sfn|Shaw|1975| p=77}} The source of this information is not known but Samuel Murphy thought that this syndicate was "probably William Sheffield's company."{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=12}}

===1825 to 1880===
[[File:George Head Head.jpg|thumb|George Head Head in 1840, the principal shareholder of the Greenside Mining Company from 1835 to 1876]]
'''The Greenside Mining Company''' was formed in the 1820s to reopen and work the abandoned mine. Four local businessmen were behind this venture, led by Thomas Cant, a successful grocer in the nearby town of [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]]. They took control of the mine in early 1825, as reported by [[The Westmorland Gazette]] on 26 March 1825.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=15}} Four miners were employed initially and mining operations were supervised by a mine agent.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=18, 50}}

Two local landowners{{refn|group=note|[[Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk|Henry Howard]] of [[Greystoke Castle]], who owned the [[manor]] of Glencoynedale, and William Marshall, who had bought the manor of Glenridding in 1824, both claimed the mine was on their land{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=16}}}} claimed the [[mineral rights]] of the area where the mine was situated. Fortunately, they came to an amicable agreement in December 1826 which gave them joint ownership of a defined area around the mine and equal shares of the [[royalties]] from the produce of the mine. They then granted a fourteen-year [[lease]] to the new company on 31 May 1827 in return for 1/9th of the value of the smelted lead, and the following day, 1 June 1827, a [[partnership]] agreement was signed by ten [[shareholder]]s in the company.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=16–18}}

Thomas Cant died in 1831. Changes in share ownership over the next few years gave control of the company to a new group of men. The principal shareholder was [[George Head Head]], a [[Quaker]] [[banker]] from [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]], who owned 18 of the 64 shares by 1835.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=33–37}} A new mine agent was appointed in 1832, and mining operations were greatly expanded, with 90 men being employed by 1834. A major investment was needed to access ore beneath the current level of the mine, but this meant driving a new level in barren ground for hundreds of yards. To safeguard their investment the company negotiated a fourteen-year extension to their lease (in 1835), giving them security until 1862.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=50–53}}

In 1853 the company again sought an extended lease. Again they were planning a new even lower level to exploit ore reserves at greater depths in the mine, and this would require years of work. This time the landowners took the opportunity to introduce some changes to the terms of the lease. William Marshall in particular was critical of the company’s lack of engineering expertise and poor long-term planning. A key provision of the new lease was the appointment of an independent consultant engineer as mineral agent, paid for by the company but appointed jointly by the landowners and the company. Other provisions sought to mitigate some of the nuisances caused by a working mine in the area, from pollution of the river and the lake, to the state of the roads and the cleanliness of the workers’ accommodation.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=78–79, 100}}

In the fifty years to 1876 Greenside produced about {{convert|60000|LT|tonne|abbr=off}} of ore, which had yielded {{convert|40000|LT|tonne|abbr=off}} of lead, worth £800,000, and {{convert|600000|oz|tonne|abbr=off}} of silver, worth £150,000. Profits of £300,000{{refn|group=note|In terms of purchasing power, £300,000 in 1876 was the equivalent of 23.2 million pounds at 2011 values{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} had been divided among the shareholders.{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=126}}

===1880 to 1920===
Poor economic conditions in the 1880s, part of a worldwide economic recession known as the [[long depression]], created financial difficulties for the mine. The lead price had fallen by 50%, and reached a minimum of £10.69{{refn|group=note|In terms of purchasing power, £10.69 in 1884 was the equivalent of £914 at 2011 values{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} per ton in 1884, the result of large-scale imports of cheap foreign lead. No dividends were paid to shareholders for the seven years from 1881 to 1887, and in 1884 a call was made on shareholders of £25 per share,{{refn|group=note|In terms of purchasing power, £25 in 1884 was the equivalent of £2,140 at 2011 values{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} the first time this had ever been necessary. Even the royalties due to the landowners could not be paid in 1884. The debt was carried over and repaid over the next ten years. Royalties in fact consumed 69% of the working profit of the mine during the decade from 1880 to 1890 as they were based on the amount of lead produced. This was in spite of a new lease which reduced royalties to 1/12 part of the lead produced, signed on 16 November 1883.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=163–165, 181}}

At the same time there had been changes among the shareholders of the mine. George Head Head had died in 1876 and [[Miles MacInnes]], his adopted heir, became the principal shareholder. Two other large shareholders died in 1882. MacInnes was discouraged by the prospects of the mine and disposed of all his shares in 1884 following the £25 call on them. But new directors, led by Robert Bradshaw Smith and John Pattinson, began to increase production and cut costs. At a time when many British lead mines were closing, these men decided to face the financial challenges and keep the mine working. The mine returned to profitability and began paying dividends again in the [[financial year]] 1888/89.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=163–165, 182}}

'''The Greenside Mining Company Ltd.''' was created in October 1889 to give shareholders the protection of [[limited liability]] in this challenging time. The old company was wound up; its lease and other assets were sold to the new company for £61,440.{{refn|group=note|In terms of purchasing power, £61,440 in 1889 was the equivalent of 5.57 million pounds at 2011 values{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}}{{refn|group=note|The new company had nominal capital value of £76,800 in the form of 7,980 £10 shares credited with £8 having been paid up, which limited shareholders’ liabilities to the unpaid £2 per share.}} One hundred and twenty shares in the new company were allotted to each of the sixty four shares in the old company.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=180–181}}

One of the first acts of the new company was to employ an experienced mining engineer as their chief mine agent. Captain W. H. Borlase{{refn|group=note|Captain William Henry Borlase was from [[Cornwall]] and he continued to use the Cornish title, Mine Captain, throughout his life.}} was recruited for his ability to manage mines under difficult circumstances. His approach was to work the mine as economically as possible by reducing the labour costs while maintaining or improving production rates. He did so by introducing the latest technical innovations such as electrical power and equipment to the mine.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=182–3, 188}}

A new 21-year lease was negotiated in 1901 and to cope with changing market conditions royalties were set on a scale which depended on the price of lead, varying from 1/30 when it was below £10 per ton, to 1/10 when the price was above £17 per ton.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=226–227}}

[[World War I]] in 1914–1918 pushed up demand for lead and the market price, but the output of the mine fell as a result of three factors: poor ore, a shortage of miners, and two very dry summers which severely reduced the water supply to the power house. By 1918 production had fallen to 600 tons per year and essential development work of ore reserves had not been done.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=243, 257}} In 1919 negotiations for the renewal of the lease were begun, and the company, aware of their dire financial position, sought a reduction of the royalties payable. But the landowners{{refn|group=note|The new landowners in 1919 were Mr. W. H. Marshall and Lady Mabel Howard.}} and their advisors rejected all the company's suggestions. As a result the company went into [[voluntary liquidation]] in November 1920.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=257–259}}

===1920 to 1935===
Attempts to sell the mine, or its assets, came to nothing. Eventually Captain Borlase, who had retired in 1919, proposed a new investment by the old shareholders and negotiated new terms with the landowners. Shareholders agreed to a [[Reconstruction (law)|reconstruction]] of the company which involved allotting four new £1 [[ordinary shares]] for each of the 7,680 old shares, and issuing 4,280 [[preference shares]] to raise money needed for development of the mine.{{refn|group=note|The new ordinary shares were credited with 16 [[shilling]]s paid (20 shillings were equivalent to £1) leaving shareholders liable for calls of up to 4 shillings per share. These shares, worth £24,576, were more than enough to purchase the mine with its buildings, plant and machinery from the liquidators (at a cost of £19,968). The 4,280 preference shares were credited with 5 shillings paid.}} The new 1923 '''Greenside Mining Company Ltd.''' came into being, and the landowners agreed a dead rent of £225 per year for five years, with a reduced scale of royalties payable on top of the rent after that time.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=260–265}}

The mine returned to profitability during the 1920s{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=267}} but was beset by a series of difficulties, and then a falling lead price in the 1930s. A reservoir dam collapsed in 1927, sending a catastrophic flood through Glenridding village. Fortunately no one was killed, but compensation claims cost the company over £4,500, several years' worth of profits.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=296–301}} A replacement reservoir dam, built at a cost of nearly £11,000, also failed in August 1931 and the reservoir was then abandoned.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=302–306, 312}} In the same month one of the shafts in the mine collapsed, and collapsed again in December 1933.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=316, 325}} The falling lead price led to a reduction in the number of employees, from 68 to 53 in February 1931, and down to 40 in July 1932.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp= 315, 318}}

The [[chairman]] of the company, J. W. Pattinson, died in April 1931, after serving as chairman for 24 years. He was replaced by J. C. Kidd, another long-standing director, and Captain Borlase's son-in-law. He carefully analysed the decline in the company's profitability, concluding that the price of lead was simply too low. Operations were gradually scaled down, and a loss of £1,635 was made in the year to March 1933.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=323}} The amount of proven ore reserves was still increasing, but the company was unable to finance the exploitation of new ground. Knowing the mine could be made profitable, the manager made a last attempt, in February 1934, to persuade the [[board of directors]] to inject enough capital to make Greenside a large-scale producer. No action was taken on his report and the company went into [[liquidation]] in March 1935.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=325–328}}

===1936 to 1962===
The British Metal Corporation (BMC) was involved with the running of a large lead mine in North Wales near [[Pentre Halkyn]], but lead reserves there were coming to an end, and when the Greenside Mine closed, BMC was already looking for a possible new venture. In 1936, BMC with a subsidiary of Associated Lead Manufactures Ltd. formed '''The Basinghall Mining Syndicate Ltd.'''{{refn|group=note|The Basinghall Mining Syndicate was named from [[Basinghall Street]] in the [[City of London]], where its [[registered office]] was located.}} to explore the possibility of purchasing Greenside, believing it had only failed from a lack of [[working capital]].

However, the company wanted to be sure that Greenside Mine contained sufficient reserves of ore to enable the large-scale mining operation which would make it profitable. They proposed taking a two-year [[option (finance)|option]] on the mine, during which they would refurbish the property and prove its resources, paying the landowners a dead rent of £90 per year. Many terms of the old leases they rejected as inappropriate to a large, modern mining company. They proposed a fixed royalty payment of 1/40th (5%) of the value of the lead concentrates, arguing that if the mine was worked on a large enough scale, these royalties would be quite satisfactory to the landowners.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=331–334}}

Urgent repairs to the mine, especially to the two underground shafts, were begun immediately, and Dr. W. R. Jones of the [[Royal School of Mines]] examined the ore reserves and prospects for the mine. His preliminary report was positive, and the company began a large-scale chemical sampling programme, which also produced good results. An increase in the lead price in late 1936 also brightened the prospects for the mine.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=335–341}} The company decided to purchase the mine from the liquidators in July 1937.{{refn|group=note|Creditors of the old company were paid in full, holders of the risky preference shares received 10 shillings per share, and holders of the ordinary shares received 1 shilling per share.}}{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=342}}

Over the next two years a lot of work was done to prepare the mine and the surface facilities for high production three-[[shift work|shift]] working. By September 1939 the two parent companies had invested £160,000 in [[share capital]] and £57,000 in loans to finance the venture, and the company's [[balance sheet]] showed a loss of £79,712 following the major expenditure that had been incurred.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=364–366}} But by 1940 Greenside Mine had become the largest producer of lead ore in the United Kingdom. Over 220 people were employed at the mine in 1941, when production peaked at over 5,000 tons of lead per year. However, this did not immediately translate into profits because of high development costs, and operating losses continued to be made until 1941{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=368–372}}

[[World War II]] had begun in 1939, just as the large-scale working of the mine began. Lead was a nationally important commodity, and the wartime [[Ministry of Supply]] wanted to take over the mine and acquire its entire lead output. A contract was agreed in July 1942, under which the Ministry paid for the operating costs of the mine, for all approved development work and for any plant or equipment needed. The company continued to run the mine on behalf of the Ministry, and in lieu of profits were paid 30 [[shillings]]{{refn|group=note|In terms of purchasing power, 30 shillings in 1942 was the equivalent of £57.40 at 2011 values{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} for each dry ton of lead concentrates. This agreement lasted until the end of June 1944.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=391, 401}}

The high level of production proved to be unsustainable. Development work of new reserves could not keep pace with the production of 6,000 tons of crude ore per month. In January 1943 production had to be scaled down, and the [[ore dressing]] mill reduced to a single shift per day.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=376, 380}} But a bigger blow was to follow. In May 1943, as one of the shafts was being deepened, the miners encountered bands of soft, black [[shale]]. The Ministry sent in a team of [[Canadian Engineers]] with diamond drilling equipment, and this confirmed that the Skiddaw Group of rocks lay at about {{convert|217|fathom|m}} below the main entrance to the mine (The Lucy Level), not at {{convert|300|fathom|m}} as the geologists had predicted. The rich bonanza of ore the company had expected was not there.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=392–393}}

A programme of surface prospecting was undertaken at once in an attempt to find a lateral extension of the vein. The hillside was covered with a thick layer of peat, and a number of Italian [[prisoners of war]] were employed to try to trace the outcrop of the vein. To help with the search, an [[Electrical resistivity tomography|electrical resistivity survey]] was carried out towards the end of 1943, and trenches were dug to investigate places on [[Hart Side]] where there were promising indications. However, only small stringers of barren quartz were found there.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=393–394}} Underground prospecting was also done, by extending both the Lucy Level and the 120 Fathom Level to the north, but without success. A thorough review of the geology by the [[British Geological Survey]] in February 1944 pointed the way to some small deposits of ore but confirmed that no major extension to the reserves existed.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=398–400}}

When the mine was returned to the company in June 1944, production was scaled down and thirty men were discharged. The manager began to plan how best to work the mine to keep it in profit, while making sure no ore reserves would be lost when the mine did close. Everything possible was done to control costs and maximise income. But this was not the high output mine the Basinghall Mining Syndicate had seen itself running, and they announced production would cease in 1946. However, in the year to September 1946 the mine made its best profit to date, of £19,926.{{refn|group=note|In terms of purchasing power, £19,926 in 1946 was the equivalent of £678,000 at 2011 values{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} A steady development programme kept production constant, and with a good lead price the company was content to leave the mine open.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=411}}

It is probable that the Basinghall Mining Syndicate went into liquidation in 1954 because a new company called '''Greenside Mines Ltd.''' was set up in March 1954 to run the mine. Finally in 1958 the decision was made not to finance any further development work at the mine, to draw out the remaining ore and close at the end of 1959.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=437–438}}

Just before the mine was due to close, the company was offered a reasonable fee to allow the [[Atomic Weapons Research Establishment]] (AWRE) to conduct an experiment in detecting seismic signals from underground explosions as part of Operation Orpheus.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=439–453}}{{refn|group=note|name=oo|Murphy's chapter on Operation Orpheus is also available on the Patterdale Today{{sfn|Patterdale Today | 2008 }} and Subterranea Britannica {{sfn|Subterranea Britannica|2004}} websites.}} When the testing programme was completed in August 1960, control of the mine returned to the Greenside company. The last of the ore was stripped out by April 1961, equipment was sold off, most of the buildings were demolished and the site cleaned up. The final twelve workmen were paid off in January 1962.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=453–457}}

==Underground workings==

===In the mountain-side===
[[File:Greenside collapse holes.JPG|thumb|A series of large holes on the side of Green Side mountain, formed by the collapse of the old mine workings underneath]]
The 18th-century mine workings began from [[adit]]s driven into the sloping hillside along the line of the vein. These were known as the '''Top Level''', '''Middle Level''' and '''Gilgower's Level'''. As each level was extended further into the hill, ore was obtained by cutting rises above the levels, or sumps below them. The ore was usually removed by overhead [[stoping]] (called "roofing" locally), that is, by cutting away the roof of a level. Wooden working platforms were built above the level, supported on heavy beams wedged between the two sides of the vein. The ore was dropped down from the stopes to the level below, filled into wooden wheelbarrows and wheeled out. In places the workings could be as much as {{convert|60|ft|m}} wide where the vein had split into two distinct branches, or fissures to the east had been mineralised. These workings were left open with no support and the large holes on the hillside today show where they eventually collapsed.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=20, 23–24}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=85}}

'''The High Horse Level'''{{refn|group=note|The High Horse Level was often known as the High Level. When it was first driven it was presumably known simply as the Horse Level, since there was no lower level at that time.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=24}}}} had been started before the mine was abandoned in the 1810s,{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=85}} from the lowest possible point on the floor of the upper valley beneath Green Side. It was made wide enough and straight enough to allow horses to pull wagons of ore along it on narrow-gauge wooden rails. The new company drove this level forward, and in 1828 it broke through to a sump (a vertical working) which had been made below Gilgower's Level. This created natural ventilation in the mine, and enabled the work to be expanded. By 1834 92 men were employed underground. The High Horse Level was continued northwards and in 1837 it crossed the northern boundary of the area shared by the two landowners.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=12, 23–25, 33, 55}}

===Below the High Horse Level===
To reach ore lower than the High Horse Level, access levels had to be driven from much further away, or shafts had to be sunk within the mine.

{{wide image|Greenside Mine 1910 mine plan.png|1000px|Vertical section through Greenside Mine in about 1910, with the High Horse Level highlighted in yellow, the Low Horse Level and Low Level Engine Shaft in green, the Lucy Tongue Level and Lucy Engine Shaft in red, and Smith's Shaft in blue. Worked out stopes are shaded.}}
In 1835 a '''Low Level''' (or Low Horse Level) was begun from the side of the ravine which carries the Swart Beck from the upper valley down to the lower valley of Glenridding, a point over {{convert|33|fathom|m}} lower than the High Level. A wooden bridge over the ravine from a narrow terrace on the west side gave access to the new level. From this point the miners had to excavate a distance of {{convert|440|yd|m}} to reach the vein, work which took nearly six years to complete and cost around £2,500.{{refn|group=note|In terms of present day costs, £2,500 in 1835 was the equivalent of £265,000 at 2011 values{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} The new level was driven towards the Greenside vein by following two other soft but barren veins where possible. The vein was reached at the end of 1840, but far to the south of the higher workings, and in barren ground. Levels were driven both north and south from this point. The one to the south, known as '''Marshall's Level''', was driven more than {{convert|100|fathom|m}}, but no lead was found. But the level to the north discovered the South Ore Shoot, a new lead-rich part of the vein in 1844.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=52–55}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=85, 86}} During the nineteenth century natural ventilation was adequate in the many interconnected levels of the mine. In blind headings a fan blast, worked by a boy, was used, or in very long drives a more powerful waterblast drove air down cast iron pipes to within a few yards of the miners at the forehead.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=114–115}}

At the same time work continued in other parts of the mine. The old Top Level was cleared out in 1842, and then driven forward. Some work was done in the old Middle Level in 1845. From 1842 to 1844 the '''Glencoyne Level''' was driven from the head of Glencoyne to explore the vein much further north, beneath the old workings known as Duke's Sump. When the vein was reached, headings were driven both north and south, and further cross-cuts made to look for other branches of the vein, but no ore was found in this area. Ore above the High Horse Level was still being worked and provided most of the mine's output.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=55–57}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=86}}

The first [[mine shaft]] at Greenside was sunk in 1851–52 to give access to ore beneath the Low Level. This was known as the '''Engine Shaft''' (or Willie Shaft) and was sunk from a point {{convert|360|yd|m}} north of where the level had first reached the vein. Initially the shaft was sunk {{convert|36|fathom|m}} and a new '''36 Fathom Level''' was driven from the bottom.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=72–78}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=78}} Two [[hydraulic engine]]s were installed at the top of the shaft, one for winding and one for pumping out water.{{refn|group=note|The shaft was called the Willie Shaft because William Glenwright was the first driver who worked these engines.{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=80}}}} The water power for running these engines came from a reservoir created in the High Horse Level. That level had been driven northwards in an unsuccessful search for ore, and its forehead was not far from the southern end of the Glencoyne Level, though about {{convert|30|ft|m}} lower. The two levels were connected, the floor of the Glencoyne Level was regraded so water would run in, not out, and a small stream diverted into the mouth of the level. A dam was built across the High Horse Level, and pipes ran down to the hydraulic engines.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=76–77}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=125}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|pp=78–80}} The shaft was extended to the '''48 Fathom Level''' in 1865–66, though that level had been started in 1858 from a sump, sunk on the vein from the 36 Fathom Level.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=89–90}} Eventually, in 1880, the shaft was sunk a further {{convert|32|fathom|m}} to connect with the Lucy Level.

Another even lower access level was driven between 1854 and 1868 from a point just above the Smelt Mill, near the bottom of the Swart Beck, {{convert|82|fathom|m}} lower than the Low Level. This was the '''Lucy Tongue Level''' (often referred to as the Lucy Level){{refn|group=note|The Lucy Tongue Level was named from the Lucy Tongue fault, which ran in a north-south direction through Lucy’s Tongue, a tongue of land on [[Sheffield Pike]] between Swart Beck and an unnamed stream to its east. The new level followed the easier ground of this fault as far north as the soft east-west Clay Vein.}} which later became the main entrance to the mine until it closed in 1962. The level was driven northwards following the Lucy Tongue fault, but progress was very slow.{{refn|group=note|By 1864 it had been driven {{convert|800|yd|m}}, averaging only {{convert|76|yd|m}} per year and was over five years behind schedule.}} Then the miners encountered the Clay Vein, a strong barren vein with a soft clay filling, and followed it to the west. While the soft sides and fragile roof needed supporting in places with stone arches, progress was much quicker. Finally they turned north-west through solid rock, to reach the Greenside Vein {{convert|1200|yd|m}} from the entrance, and five years ahead of schedule.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=81–83}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=86}}

During the 1850s and 1860s some ore was still being won from the old levels in the top of the mountain, but the main ore-producing stopes were above and below the High and Low Levels. By the end of the 1850s the Low Level had been driven {{convert|550|yd|m}} north of the Engine Shaft. Below it, the 36 Fathom Level was being extended in both directions. Although ore was at first very patchy in that level, stopes had been opened above it in both headings by 1858, and also a sump had gone down to 48 fathoms, where a new level was being driven.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=86–89}} A major rock fall occurred in 1862 (or 1865), known as "The Big Crush." Miners had cut away two parallel strings of lead ore above the High Horse Level, leaving an unsupported pendant of rock between them. This rock, {{convert|28|fathom|m}} in length and depth, and {{convert| 8|to|10|fathom|m}} thick, fell, crushing its way down the stope to the level below, and removing the floor of Gilgower's Level above. Fortunately this happened one Sunday, when no one was in the mine.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=91, 92}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=125}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=81}} In 1870 the new Lucy Tongue Level was connected to the south end of the 48 Fathom Level, by sinking a sump from above and working a rise from below. Already the new level had discovered some rich ore at the south end of the vein, and in the following years it was steadily driven north.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=122–124}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=80}}

===Below the Lucy Tongue Level===
[[File:Greenside Mine Smith Shaft.png|thumb|left|Captain Borlase's sketch showing the Low Level Shaft and Smith's Shaft, several mine levels and the dip of the vein.]]
A second engine shaft (known as the '''Lucy Engine Shaft''') was begun in 1871 from the Lucy Tongue Level, and in 1874 work began on the '''20 Fathom Level''' (also known as No. 1 Level). A hydraulic winding engine and a water pump were installed at the top of the shaft in 1875. Over time this shaft was deepened to the '''40 Fathom Level''' (or No. 2 Level), and in 1890 to the '''60 Fathom Level'''. This shaft was sunk in the hard [[footwall]] rock west of the vein, and proved to be very hard work. [[Compressed air]] rock drills and [[dynamite]] were used for the first time at the mine. Before this, all shot holes had been bored by hand and charged with [[gunpowder]].{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=125–131}} The 40 Fathom Level was the first to encounter the Middle Ore Shoot, where the most solid galena ever seen in the Greenside Vein was found, though at greater depths this ore shoot was variable in its quality.{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=87}}

In 1880 the Low Level Shaft was extended to the Lucy Tongue Level. The company employed an outside contractor to do this work. Warsop and Hill used their own rock drills and the more powerful blasting gelatine. Impressed by this technology, the company installed an air compressor in 1884 and bought a number of the rock drills from the contractors. These contractors also drove the crosscut which was needed to connect the bottom of the shaft to the Lucy Tongue Level. This crosscut, {{convert|50|yd|m}} long, was known as '''Warsop's Crosscut''' {{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=166–170}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}}

When Captain Borlase arrived as the chief agent (mine manager) in 1889{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=183}} it was clear that the engine shaft in the Lucy Level had been sunk too far to the south to work the long stretch of good ore that had been found near its northern end. Also, having been sunk into the footwall, longer and longer cross-cuts were needed to reach the vein from it.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=197}} Another problem was that limited water resources would place limits on the winding and pumping capacities of the hydraulic engines as the mine deepened. Borlase proposed bold solutions to both problems. First he proposed building a hydroelectric power station further up the Glenridding valley, where water supply was abundant, but could not easily be used in the mine. Electricity could then be used for pumps and winding engines as well as for powering a locomotive. The electric winders and locomotive were to be the first ones installed in a metalliferous mine in Britain.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=188–192}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}} Borlase also proposed a new engine shaft {{convert|147|yd|m}} north of the existing shaft, to be sunk initially in the hanging wall, from an eastern extension to Warsop's Crosscut. This (the third shaft at the mine) became known as '''Smith's Shaft''', in honour of Robert Bradshaw Smith, one of the directors and the principal shareholder.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=197–198}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=123}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=87}} Smith's Shaft is about {{convert|1|mile|km|spell=in}} from the entrance to the Lucy Tongue Level.{{sfn|Connor|1951a}}

Work on the power station began in 1890. The narrow, winding Lucy Tongue Level was made ready for locomotive working during 1892, and the sinking of the new shaft began in the same year. The locomotive began work in 1893 and was able to haul all the mine’s output, replacing six horses.{{refn|group=note|Horses continued to be employed on lower levels in the mine, to tram the ore from the stopes to the shaft.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=197}}}} Before this, much of the output had been taken up to the Low Level because of limited haulage capacity in the Lucy Level, but this now ceased and ore handling facilities at the entrance to the Low Level were no longer needed. The Low Level engine shaft was no longer needed, and the winding engine was removed.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=192–197}}

Over the next decade Smith's Shaft was sunk to the '''40 Fathom Level''', the '''60 Fathom Level''', and in 1899 to the '''75 Fathom Level'''. In 1896 it was fitted with cages and an electric winding engine, and the old Lucy Engine Shaft was abandoned in 1899.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=203–204}} By 1902 all ore production from above the Lucy Level had ceased.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=228}} In 1904 Smith's Shaft was extended to the '''90 Fathom Level''' which became the major working level for many years.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=230}} A small patch of ore above the north end of the Lucy Tongue Level was opened up in the 1890s, known as the '''Alma Workings'''. {{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=202}} [[Gelignite]] was introduced in the 1890s, replacing both blasting gelatine and gunpowder.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=204}} The first [[carbide lamp]]s were introduced at Greenside from 1909 onwards; before then all work had been done by candlelight.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=240}}

===Below the 90 Fathom Level===
Smith's Shaft was {{convert|100|ft|m}} into the footwall at the 90 Fathom Level,{{sfn|Connor|1951a}} so rather than extend it any deeper a new shaft was sunk from that level. This was an inclined shaft which followed the dip of the vein. It was sunk in 1910 from a point just north of the cross-cut at the bottom of Smith's Shaft and was known as the '''Skip Shaft'''. It was designed purely for haulage, although a ladderway was put in at the side. The skip was a large steel container with small wheels running on wooden guides. It was lowered to a chute below a working level and wagons of ore were tipped into it. It was then brought up to the 90 Fathom Level, tipped up and the ore in it dropped into other wagons to be taken along the cross-cut to Smith's Shaft.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=237}} The '''105 Fathom Level''' was developed from the Skip Shaft in 1911, and in 1917–18 the shaft was deepened to the '''120 Fathom Level'''.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=244–245}} It worked well, but there was no way to get horses down to the lower levels, so tramming had to be done by hand. So in 1916 a new cage shaft, later to be known as '''Murray's Shaft''', was begun by extending a sump from the 90 Fathom Level, at a point {{convert|33|yd|m}} south of the cross-cut from Smith's Shaft. This was another inclined shaft, but it was designed for winding cages so wagons, men and horses could all travel up and down it. However work ceased in 1918 while it was still {{convert|4|fathom|m}} short of the 120 Fathom Level and no further work was done on it before the company went into liquidation in 1920.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=245, 268}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=85, 87}}

Once the new company had been formed in 1923, Murray's Shaft was connected to the 120 Fathom Level, and then the Skip Shaft was abandoned. The 120 Fathom Level became a major production level in the mine for the next thirty years. Murray's Shaft was deepened to the '''135 Fathom Level''' in 1924 and to the '''150 Fathom Level''' in 1928. Production during the early 1930s came from the four new levels below the 90 Fathom Level.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=268–269, 314–315}} However, Murray's Shaft had been sunk on the vein in some rich ore-bearing ground which had been stoped away. Although the shaft was supported with steel girders and timbers, and the empty stope had been backfilled with rock, it was prone to collapses, when the supports gave way and waste rock poured into it. This happened (twice) in 1931 and again in 1933, bringing production to a halt while it was repaired.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=316, 325}}

[[File:Greenside ore wagon.JPG|thumb|One of the side-tipping wagons introduced in 1938, now positioned outside Helvellyn Greenside Youth Hostel]]
As soon as the Basinghall Mining Syndicate took control of the mine in 1936 urgent repair work was done on both Smith's Shaft and Murray's Shaft. The 150 Fathom Level had flooded and needed to be pumped out, and roof falls on other levels needed clearing.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=337}} After buying the mine in 1937 the Lucy Tongue Level was refurbished. Roof falls needed clearing and retimbering, the worst of the sharp bends were straightened out, and some narrow stone-arched sections were rebuilt. All the rails were replaced, as was the nearly fifty-year-old locomotive, and new side-tipping wagons were introduced.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=350–352, 365}} At the same time Murray's Shaft was deepened and a new '''175 Fathom Level''' was begun from the bottom. A small battery locomotive was installed for tramming on that level. Horses were still used on the other levels, but in time they too were replaced by battery locomotives.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=364–365}}

Murray's Shaft was deepened again to the '''200 Fathom Level''' about 1940,{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=85}} but that development was abandoned when it was found that the winding engine could not lift ore from that depth, and a new engine was unobtainable during the war. Instead a series of [[winze]]s were sunk from various places along the 175 Fathom Level. The new company had introduced a system of coordinates to specify locations within the mine, centred on Smith's Shaft. Thus the '''940N Winze''' was {{convert|940|ft|m}} north of Smith's Shaft (even though that shaft did not connect with the 175 Fathom Level.) The 940N Winze was sunk in 1939 to a new '''200 Fathom Level''' in the heart of the rich North Ore Shoot.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=373}} In 1943 the '''Capital Winze''' was sunk at 1400N and '''214 Fathom sublevels''' were driven north and south from it. Another winze at 530S was started, but suspended when it encountered quantities of water.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=373, 379}}

As the North Ore Shoot was growing richer with depth, work began in 1943 on the '''North Shaft''', another inclined shaft for winding cages, {{convert|1800|ft|m}} north from the bottom of Murray's Shaft. It was while this shaft was being sunk that shales from the Skiddaw Group of rocks were first encountered at about {{convert|217|fathom|m}} below the Lucy Tongue Level. Soon afterwards shale also appeared in the 214 Fathom north sublevel. The fault continued in these rocks but it contained no ore. Work on the shaft was stopped and the '''217 Fathom Level''' was developed to draw ore from the rich stopes just above the shale.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=377–379, 392–393}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=81, 88}}{{sfn|Connor|1951a}} A short, rich section of ore south of the shale was followed down to the '''237 Fathom Level''', the lowest level in the mine,{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=88}} roughly 100 m below sea level.

It was in the North Shaft that a fire occurred in 1952, which caused the greatest single loss of life in the mine's entire history. An electrical fault one weekend may have started the fire. When the men went to work on the Monday morning (7 July 1952), the air compressor was started up, and air from a broken air line fanned the flames, releasing poisonous [[carbon monoxide]] gas which began to circulate round the mine. Some of the men began to collapse when they reached the 175 Fathom Level. Four men who had descended the 940N Winze were killed, and rescuers were driven out of the mine by the gas. The bodies could not be recovered until 16 July, and the mine did not reopen until 1 September.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=425–431}}{{sfn|Jackson|2013}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=81}}

During the 1950s the South Ore Shoot had been exhausted and workings below the 175 Fathom Level at the south end were abandoned and allowed to flood. Exploration was continued in all likely areas, from diamond drilling in the Glencoyne Level at the north end, to an extension of the 175 Fathom Level beyond the Clay Vein at the south end. Good pockets of ore were found in some places and production actually remained higher than in the mid-19th century.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=407–412, 436–437}}{{sfn|Connor|1955}} In 1954 a second exit from the mine was created as an emergency escape route. This led through the Alma workings to the Low Horse Level, up an old sump into the High Horse Level, through the old brick dam and out through the Glencoyne Level. The shafts were fitted with climbing ladders, and the route was inspected weekly.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=433}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=89}}

==Ore processing==
Three processes were involved in extracting lead from the ore brought out of the mine. First the ore had to be crushed to liberate the [[galena]] in it from the [[gangue]] minerals. Then the galena was separated from the other minerals, using some form of [[mineral processing#gravity separation|gravity separation]] process, or (after 1938) a [[mineral processing#froth flotation|froth flotation]] process. Finally the concentrated galena was [[smelting|smelted]] in a furnace to extract the metallic lead from it.

After 1825 a horse tramway led from the High Horse Level round the edge of the marsh to a picking floor near the top of the Swart Beck. Here, pieces of waste rock were separated from ore by hand and dumped. The ore was then crushed, originally by hand using wide-headed hammers (called buckers). A crushing mill was erected in about 1827, probably using a roller crusher powered by a [[water wheel]], although this still required ore to be broken by hand (known as "knocking") into pieces less than {{convert|3|in|mm}} in size. Water was also used to separate the galena from the gangue in hotching tubs. These worked by jigging the crushed mixed ore up and down in a tub of water; the heavier galena worked its way to the bottom of the swirling mixture and the lighter gangue to the top. There were probably no slime pits at this date, so very fine lead ore and mud in the water polluted the [[beck (stream)|beck]] and the lake. Until 1828 the concentrated ore was taken to the High Wath smelter at [[Caldbeck]].{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=25–28, 57–58}}

The Greenside smelt mill was built in 1827–28,{{refn|group=note|The smelt mill was built at a cost of £340, paid for by the landowners, which the company repaid, with interest, at the rate of £17 per year. In terms of present day costs, £340 in 1828 was the equivalent of £31,600 at 2011 values.{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} down in the Glenridding valley at the bottom of the Swart Beck, where there was a good water supply and where fuel could be brought up the valley without too much difficulty. Inside the mill there was probably a furnace to prepare the ore and a single ore hearth. The air blast was produced by [[bellows]] powered by a water wheel.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=28–30, 59}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=78}} Further buildings were erected in the 1830s, to house a slag hearth furnace, and a silver refinery. There was no extended chimney: clouds of toxic lead oxides and acid sulphurous fumes would have made the valley an unhealthy place. The flue was built in 1841 to a chimney 150 m up the hillside; in 1855 it was extended to a chimney on the ridge above. Later, loops were added to increase its length. This long flue not only removed the noxious fumes, it also enabled the lead-rich dust to be recovered and returned to the smelter.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=59–64, 107, 147–148}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|pp=125–126}} The flue was built as a stone-arched cutting, following or cut into the bedrock. This served as a giant prospecting cross-cut and proved there was no extension to the Greenside Vein to the south.{{sfn|Shaw|1975|pp=78, 82}}

Completion of the Low Horse Level in the 1840s meant that new ore dressing facilities were needed at a lower level than at the old High Mill. A new Low Mill was built near the smelt mill, with a self-acting incline to lower wagons of ore to the new mill. There it was crushed, washed, and the concentrated ore was delivered to the smelt mill. [[Leat]]s from Glenridding Beck brought a plentiful supply of water to operate the machinery at the mill.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=66–69}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=78}} Increased ore production in the 1840s also meant that the smelting capacity had to be increased. One [[reverberatory furnace]] seems to have been installed in 1844, with more in 1851. These could process much larger amounts of lead ore, but were expensive to run, consuming large amounts to coal, and needing frequent replacements of their fireclay brick linings. They were soon abandoned and a number of the simpler ore hearths were installed in 1855. Since these produced greater quantities of lead dust and fumes, the flue was extended at the same time to the new chimney.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=101–107}}

[[File:Round buddle.JPG|thumb|Diagram of a round buddle, with fine material being sprayed into the pit from four revolving heads]]
The 1853 lease required the company to reduce the pollution being washed out of its mills and down the beck. Slime pits were dug to catch the fine sands and slimes, which were then treated in a number of [[buddle pit|circular buddles]]. In these, water-borne fine sands were sprayed onto a sloping conical floor. Heavy lead-rich sands and muds settled near the centre of the buddle and lighter waste flowed to the edges. They helped both to increase lead recovery and reduce pollution.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=97–99}}

When the Lucy Tongue Level was completed in 1869, its entrance was below the ore hoppers at the foot of the incline from the Low Horse Level. A water-powered incline was built to take the ore up to those hoppers, though this involved a considerable amount of reorganisation in the area. Labour shortages in 1870 led to further mechanisation of the labour-intensive ore washing. A new oscillating jaw crusher eliminated the need for initial hand-knocking of the ore, and was powered by a high-pressure water turbine. Hotching tubs, even when mechanised, still needed constant supervision, and were replaced by newly-available automated fixed-sieve jigging machines. These still involved forcing water up and down through the bed of ore, but the sieves, covered with a three-inch (76 mm) layer of galena, were stationary; material of the same density passed through the bed but lighter material was washed into the next sieve down the line. They were very effective and enabled a complete separation of galena and gangue.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=135–144}}

In the 1890s, Captain Borlase's efforts to save labour costs involved improvements to the mill, making it a continuous process.{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=125}} Ore from the mine was separated into three size fractions before crushing the larger ones. The crushed ore was passed through cylindrical [[trommel]]s so that fractions of different sizes could be sent to separate jigs. Vibrating tables replaced some of the round buddles to treat fine material, and an effort was made to recover some of the zinc blende in the ore, but this seems not to have been successful. Water provided the motive power in the mill.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=205–222}}{{sfn|Postlethwaite|1913|p=125}} Smelting and refining remained labour-intensive and costly. In 1903 the decision was made to stop separating the silver and to sell argentiferous lead to a smelting company. This created an overall saving of 14 [[shilling]]s{{refn|group=note|In terms of present day costs, 14 shillings in 1903 was equivalent to £72.70 at 2011 values.{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} per ton of lead sold, roughly £750 per year.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=248–249}} With labour shortages during World War I and reduced ore production, it was decided to cease smelting altogether in 1917 and sell the lead concentrates.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=255–256}}

When the Basinghall Mining Syndicate took over the mine in 1936 all the old equipment in the mill was removed and a completely new electrically-powered plant was designed for high production rates. The entire output of the mine was crushed in a [[ball mill]] to the size of fine sand before being passed into a bank of [[froth flotation]] cells. In these, organic oils and acids caused the galena particles to become attached to rising air bubbles to form a grey foam which overflowed a weir at the top. These gave a good separation: concentrates averaged 75% galena and the waste tailings only 0.2% galena. The concentrate was dried, conveyed to ore-bins and then hand-loaded onto lorries for carriage to smelting mills at [[Ryton, Tyne and Wear|Ryton]] near Newcastle upon Tyne.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=355–364, 371}} However the ball mill was unable to cope with the high volumes of ore in the early 1940s. New concentrating tables were introduced. By the 1950s these processed 60% of the ore and produced concentrates of 82% galena. The remaining 40% of ore went to the ball mill and froth flotation plant.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=380–385}}{{sfn|Connor|1951b}}

==Transport==
The mine was in a remote mountain valley. The lead and silver produced had to be transported out; coal, timber, explosives and other supplies had to be transported in. The number of carts travelling to and from the mine must have caused considerable damage to the roads to Penrith. To reduce this damage, the 1853 lease specified that half the carts used must have axles {{convert|4|in|mm|spell=in}} longer than the other half.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=79}} When the [[Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway]] was opened in the 1860s, this road traffic went to [[Troutbeck railway station]], saving {{convert|6|mile|km|spell=in}} each way.{{sfn|Shaw|1975|p=80}}

In 1903 the Greenside Company set up its own road haulage business. '''The Penrith & District Road Carrying Company''' was formed and operated two [[steam wagon]]s with several trailers.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=232–236}} One of these with its trailers was commandeered by the military authorities in 1917.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=246}} A new [[Sentinel Waggon Works|Sentinel]] steam wagon was bought in 1924. This had a number of accidents, and ended up falling into Glenridding Beck in 1932. There it was abandoned until a steam wagon enthusiast hauled it out and restored it in 1988. A series of petrol-driven lorries served the needs of the mine from 1928 until its closure in 1935.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=319–323}}

==Water and electrical power==
[[File:Greenside water resources.png|thumb|left|400px|Water resources, dams, reservoirs and power stations at Greenside Mine]]
Before the mine was connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in 1938, all operations which were not done by hand (or by horse) depended ultimately on water power. In many cases this was used directly, to power hydraulic engines, water wheels or water turbines. In other cases it was used to run an air compressor to power the rock drills, or small winding engines, and from 1890 it was used to generate electricity.

The main sources of water were Free Mosedale Beck (now known as Sticks Gill East), which ran through the upper valley beneath Green Side, and then became Swart Beck as it ran more steeply down to the lower valley of Glenridding. Glenridding Beck was the other source, fed by Red Tarn, Brown Cove and Keppelcove Tarn. Over the years a series of reservoirs were created to regulate the flow of water in these becks.

Samuel Murphy has suggested that the earliest dam was built on Swart Beck in 1827 beneath a large bowl-shaped area, where its foundations may still be seen beside the beck at an elevation of 531 m AOD. This regulated the flow of water to a water wheel used to power the bellows in the smelt mill, but when the dam burst during a violent storm in 1851 the smelt mill was destroyed.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=69–71}} It was replaced by Top Dam, built in 1851 above spoil heaps from the High Horse Level, creating a reservoir in the floor of the upper valley. This supplied water to a new and larger water wheel at the High Mill site.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=92–93}} W. T. Shaw claimed the destruction of the smelt mill happened in the 1870s when Top Dam was damaged, and that a {{convert|1000|oz|kg|adj=mid|}} plate of silver was washed away and never recovered, but no evidence has been found in the company's records of damage to the smelt mill at that date.{{sfn|Shaw|1975|pp=80–81}}{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=71}}

The 1853 lease gave the company the right to extract water from Red Tarn and Keppelcove Tarn.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=79}} In the late 1860s both tarns were modified by building dams. A dam was built in 1868 to increase the capacity of Red Tarn and to regulate the beck supplying water to the Low Mill.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=101}} In Keppel Cove a natural tarn had formed behind a glacial [[moraine]] across the floor of the valley. To draw on this water in times of low rainfall, a tunnel was made through the moraine and an 18-inch cast iron pipe laid through it to extract water from the bottom of the tarn. The top of the moraine was flattened and widened, and the work completed in 1871.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=136–137}} Catchment of the tarn was increased by diverting two streams into it, include the one out of Brown Cove{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=295}} and at some point a dam was built to create a reservoir in Brown Cove. Its remains can still be seen, though the wall was cut down in 1936 when it was no longer needed.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=349}}

[[File:Greenside Power House 1.JPG|thumb|right|Foundations of Power Station No. 1 at Greenside Mine, beside the track to Red Tarn]]
The first hydroelectric power station was built in 1890 just below the confluence of Red Tarn Beck and Glenridding Beck. The water for this came from Keppelcove Tarn, along a leat on the lower slopes of [[Catstye Cam]] to a wooden penstock about {{convert|400|ft|m}} above the power station. From there it was piped down to a water turbine driving a dynamo which produced a 600 volt [[Direct current|DC]] supply. Copper cables took this to the mine, through the Low Horse Level and down the Low Level Shaft to a switchroom in Warsop's Crosscut.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=189–191}} As the mine deepened, power demands increased. In 1899 a second turbine and a 500 volt dynamo was installed in the power station. The two power lines were kept separate, but the new one followed the same route into the mine, where it seems to have been used to power an air compressor.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=223–225}} New equipment was put into the power station in 1911 to produce a 2,000 volt [[Three-phase electric power|three–phase]] [[Alternating current|AC]] supply. A transformer in Warsop's Crosscut converted this to 350 volts for use in the mine, and to the 550 volt DC supply needed for the existing motors.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=241}}

A second power station was built in the early 1920s, using water from a small concrete dam on the Swart Beck. This produced a 2,200 volt AC supply which was taken into the mine along the Lucy Tongue Level and used to drive a new air compressor in Warsop's Crosscut, as well as a 250 volt DC supply used for the Lucy loco and the mill lights.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=275–277}}

[[File:Greenside Keppel Cove.JPG|thumb|Keppel Cove (lower right), with the breach in the wall of moraine, and the concrete dam of 1928, both visible to the left. Brown Cove is seen further up the main valley, beneath a snow-covered [[Helvellyn]].]]
The dam in Keppel Cove was destroyed by a storm on 29 October 1927. After a day of heavy rain, winds increased to {{convert|90|mph|km/h}} overnight and at 1.30 am the dam gave way, emptying the tarn and sending a large flood down Glenridding Beck, through the village and into the lake. Houses were flooded and families had some narrow escapes, while the mine was left without sufficient power.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=296–300}} The old dam was abandoned and a new concrete dam was built downstream from it in 1928.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=302–306}} Yet the new dam also failed, on 20 August 1931. Its foundations were undermined after two days of heavy rain, and all the water escaped down the beck again. It was abandoned and the old Top Dam was raised to increase water storage for the mill.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=312–313}}

Meanwhile a third power station had been built near Rattlebeck Bridge, just above Glenridding village, using water led along a leat from near the mine offices. This had a new turbine and alternator which produced a 2,200 volt three-phase AC power supply, and gave a greater generating capacity than the two earlier power stations combined.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=306–308}}

When the Basinghall Mining Syndicate took over the mine in 1936 they immediately began to cut down the dam walls at Red Tarn and in Brown Cove to make them safe, and so that they were no longer subject to legislation on dams, and a stone spillway was built beside Top Dam to provide a safe overflow channel.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=349}} They also decided that a reliable [[mains electricity]] supply was needed at the mine. A [[power line]] to Glenridding was installed during the winter of 1937/38. Two of the mine's power stations were refurbished so that they could supply some of the mine's requirements (up to 80% in wet weather.){{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=342–344}}{{sfn|Connor|1951a}}

==Employment issues==
Mining work at Greenside (that is, driving levels, sumps and rises, and winning ore from the stopes) was done during the nineteenth century by groups of miners who formed partnerships and worked as independent contractors. Contracts (known as "bargains") for particular jobs were let once a quarter to the group bidding the lowest rate per fathom,{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p45}} and were paid at the end of the quarter according to the amount of work that had been done. Interim payments of £2 per man (called "lent money") were made at the end of the first and second months. These were then deducted, along with the costs of candles, gunpowder and the sharpening of tools, from the payment at the end of the quarter.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=49}} On average each miner earned 16 to 18 shillings per week under this system.{{refn|group=note|Average annual nominal earnings in 1835 were £32.12. 18 shillings per week equates to £46.80 per year, well above the national average, although its purchasing power was equivalent to £72.70 at 2011 values using the [[Retail Price Index]].{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}}{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=46}} Until 1837 the quarterly payments were made at the Angel Inn in Penrith. The whole workforce travelled into the town, and £1,600 might be paid out in cash.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=49–50}}

Ore processing was the work of independent Washing Masters, who took a bargain for a year or more to carry out a particular job, and were paid a price per ton of lead smelted. They then hired boys and young men to do the work.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=46}} This system lasted until 1855, when the last of the washing contracts were made. After that the company took control of the operation and paid weekly wages to the washers. Contracts continued for smelting as well as carting and [[Blacksmith|smith work]].{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=108}}

Many of the men and boys who worked at the mine came from outside Patterdale, and lodged for the week either with local families or at Lodging Shops built at the mine.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=38}} These were simple two-storey buildings with a fireplace (for cooking and drying), tables and benches on the ground floor, and rows of double beds stacked two high on the first floor. The miners were responsible for keeping them clean, but with no floor, and no windows or ventilation upstairs, conditions in them could be very unpleasant, especially in cold wet weather or hot weather. One was built by 1832 and two more by 1839.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=39}} A large one built in 1859 included a reading room so that the washer boys could be given some education by the miners themselves.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=113}}

The men left home early on Monday morning, to arrive for a 10 o'clock start, bringing their food for the week, and returning home on Friday afternoon. The washers worked until midday on Saturday.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=40–41}} Well-graded paths on both sides of Glencoyne remain as evidence of the routes taken by the men each week. The one around the top of the valley led from Dockray and [[Matterdale]] {{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=119}} and is still known as the Miners' Balcony Path.{{sfn|Richards|2008|p=139}} The miners usually worked a single 8–hour shift, though there was no timekeeping. The men driving the Lucy Tongue Level worked three shifts (known as "cores") so that work could continue round the clock.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=113}}

Health problems in miners were the result of working in poor air, filled with dust from blasting, and from dampness. Although the miners lived nearly as long as the rest of the local population, they aged more quickly. The worst affected at Greenside were those who had come from the poorly ventilated mines on [[Alston Moor]]. The smelters suffered lead poisoning from inhaling lead fumes at the furnaces.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=114–115}} The miners ran their own insurance scheme, paying a shilling a quarter{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=116}} to either the [[Oddfellows]] Lodge (founded June 1839) or the Mechanics Lodge (founded 1869). By the 1930s these were paying 12 shillings a week to men unable to work through sickness or accident.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=323}}

[[File:Rake Head Cottages.JPG|thumb|Row of four miners' cottages at Rake Head, built in the 1860s beside the road to the mine.]]
A row of ten cottages for married miners was built at Seldom Seen in Glencoyne, beside the track from Penrith, about 1839;{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=40}} these houses still exist, now used as holiday cottages. More cottages were built in Glenridding over the years: two rows of four at Low Glenridding in 1858,{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=117}} twelve more at Rake Head in the 1860s {{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=119}} and more at High Rake in 1879 and 1881.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=157}} Twelve cottages known as Stybarrow Terrace were built in the village in 1890, and Halton Terrace in 1892.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=184}}{{sfn|Shaw|1975|pp=77–78}} Larger houses were built or bought for the mine foreman {{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=117}} and the mine agent.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=120, 186}} By 1925 the company owned 52 houses.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=272}} There were frequent complaints about the state of the [[Outhouse|privies]];{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=227, 272}} only in the 1950s were the cottages finally supplied with running water and WCs were installed.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=434–435}}

By the 1880s there was a management team whose salaries were paid quarterly. The chief agent earned £200 per annum,{{refn|group=note|£200 in 1880 represents nearly four times the average annual nominal earnings that year (which were £55.89). Its purchasing power was equivalent to £16,300 at 2011 values using the [[Retail Price Index]].{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}} two assistant agents £115 and £100, the foreman (or timekeeper) £75 and the office clerk £37/10/0d. Mining work was still carried out under the bargain system but payments were made every four (or five) weeks. Men employed on the mine transport (filling wagons, driving horses, working at the shafts) as well as timbermen, blacksmiths and surface workers were paid wages at weekly rates.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=172–174}}

In the 1870s men were attracted away from Greenside by higher wages being paid in coal and iron mines. Average pay increased from 17 shillings to 21 shillings in 1873.{{refn|group=note|21 shillings in 1873 had a purchasing power of £76.30 at 2011 values.{{sfn|Measuring Worth}}}}{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=133}} The same problem saw the loss of a fifth of the men in 1899, in spite of a 10–15% pay rise the year before.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=184}}

In the 1940s three 8-hour shifts were worked each day for six days a week. The miners worked on "group piece work." Each group was paid fortnightly according to the amount of work done, measured in cubic fathoms in the stopes, or in feet for driving levels or sinking winzes. The cost of explosives used, and of carbide supplied for lamps, was deducted from the payments made. Surface workers in the mill were paid weekly wages.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=369–370}} Poor labour relations at the time led to an unofficial [[Strike action|strike]] in 1942; the men on weekly rates eventually received an increase of 2 shillings per day following a similar settlement in the West Cumberland iron mines.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=390}}

==Operation Orpheus==
In 1959, when the Greenside Mine was about to close, it was used as the site of an experiment to test the [[seismic]] detection of large underground explosions.

The [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]] of 1963 was the result of eight years of negotiations, following a proposal for a ban on nuclear tests made by the [[Soviet Union]] in 1955. The biggest obstacle to a treaty was the issue of verifying that all parties complied with it, and the Western powers were determined that any agreement reached could not be violated in a clandestine manner.{{sfn|U S State Department|2004}} One of the issues at stake was the possibility of disguising explosions in large underground chambers by decoupling the explosive from the rock. This idea was developed by Dr Albert Latter in 1959.{{sfn|Leith|2001|p=4}} With negotiations underway, some small-scale tests were made immediately to determine whether decoupling could work to disguise the size of an underground explosion. After an initial pair of small explosions in clay, a larger programme of testing was undertaken, first in the Excelsior Tunnel beneath [[Kit Hill]] in Cornwall, followed by larger explosions at a salt mine in [[Louisiana]] in the USA, and finally two explosions in solid andesite rock at Greenside Mine. The UK part of this programme was called Operation Orpheus{{sfn|West Briton|2009}}{{sfn|Murphy|1995|p=440}}

The first explosion at Greenside involved the detonation of {{convert|3010|lb|tonne|abbr=off}} of [[TNT]] placed on a wooden frame in the centre of an ellipsoidal chamber {{convert|25|ft|m}} long and {{convert|16|ft|m}} in diameter. This was the decoupled charge. It was detonated at 22:30 on 19 December 1959, and the seismic signals were detected at six locations up to {{convert|47.5|mile|km}} away. The second explosion, of {{convert|1160|lb|tonne|abbr=off}} of TNT packed into a small chamber {{convert|5|ft|m}} long and {{convert|2|ft|m}} in diameter, should have followed 30 minutes later. This was the smaller, coupled charge, in order to compare its seismic effects with the larger decoupled one. However the first explosion destroyed the cables and control equipment needed to detonate the second charge. The second test was further delayed by a mining accident, and eventually took place at 19:00 on 29 April 1960. But the tests were conclusive. The smaller charge gave rise to a larger seismic signal and showed that the effect of the decoupled charge was attenuated by a factor of between 10 and 30.{{sfn|Murphy|1995|pp=441–447, 451}}{{refn|group=note|name=oo}}

Control of Greenside Mine for the tests was taken over by the [[United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority]] at the end of November 1959. The tests were conducted by the [[Atomic Weapons Research Establishment]] (AWRE), but the Greenside company was contracted to carry out mining operations. Access to the mine was controlled by the police. The two explosion chambers were excavated in the 175 Fathom Level, where it had been extended south of the Clay Vein and a long crosscut had been driven in an attempt to find an extension of the Greenside Vein. This site was in solid rock, well away from the fractured and mineralised vein, and {{convert|1700|ft|m}} below ground level. Two drives at right angles to the crosscut were planned to lead to the chambers. The first of these was abandoned under political pressure for a quick result, and the large chamber was excavated directly at the end of the existing crosscut. Once the TNT had been placed in the two chambers they had to be sealed off with heavy stemming. Sealing the large crosscut was difficult, and there was no time to construct a large concrete plug. Sandbags filled with tailings from the mine dam were used, interspersed with air gaps and timber walls. The area was also sealed off by two brick walls so that the poisonous gases produced by the explosions could be contained and pumped out. All personnel were cleared from the mine and the explosions were detonated from the surface.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=441–444}}

After the first explosion on 19 December, re-entry to the mine was carried out by [[mine rescue]] teams wearing breathing apparatus, until it was established that it was safe for the AWRE men to return. They found that the stemming in the crosscut had failed to contain the blast, which had destroyed the cables and control equipment for the second charge. This was repaired and the second explosion scheduled for 15 January 1960. The evening before it was due, a group of Greenside men were finishing off some sandbagging. Two of these, who were not experienced underground workers, went off during their mid-evening break to visit a stope at the northern end of the mine, to collect pieces of white [[spar (mineralogy)|spar]]. They failed to return, and were found dead, overcome by gases that had lingered in the stope. The test was halted while more work was done to improve the extraction of gas from the explosion. The second test finally took place on 29 April 1960. Venting the mine and checking for gases was carried out very thoroughly this time, and it was August 1960 before control of the mine was returned to the Greenside company.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=448–453}}

Underground nuclear tests were eventually excluded from the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.{{sfn|U S State Department|2004}}

==Closure, and after==
Between August 1960 and April 1961 the last of the ore was brought out of Greenside Mine, from what was left in the stopes and from pillars and manways that were then left to collapse. 51 men and 4 staff produced the last {{convert|718|LT|tonne|abbr=off}} of lead concentrates. About half the men were then dismissed; the other half were kept on to remove whatever equipment could be sold. Rails and pipework were removed from the working levels, and after the pumps were removed the water level slowly rose. The mill was demolished; pipes, aqueducts and power lines were removed from the surrounding hillsides. The openings of the mine were sealed. A concrete plug with drainage pipes in it sealed the Lucy Tongue Level. The mouth of the Glencoyne Level was walled up. The entrance to the Low Horse Level was blocked.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=453}}

More men were made redundant when this work had been completed in mid-December 1961. The remainder covered the spoil heaps with organic material to encourage vegetation, and demolished the old stone-walled buildings of the Smelt Mill, the Silver Refinery and the Smith's Shop. A miners' hostel was converted into a Youth Hostel. Workmen living in the many houses were helped to buy them at reduced prices. Then, on 31 January 1962 the last twelve men were paid their final wages, and the office keys were handed over to the landowners' solicitors.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=453–457}} There had been over 100 pupils at the school in Patterdale in the 1950s; after the mine closed the school roll fell to less than 20 children. Many of the houses have become holiday homes now.{{sfn|Jackson|2013}}
[[File:Seldom Seen in Glencoyne Dale.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The old miners' school and cottages of Seldom Seen in Glencoynedale have become private housing.]]
[[Mine exploration|Mine explorers]], many with an interest in Lake District mining history, first entered the mine through the Glencoyne Level in 1977. They were able to make their way down to the Lucy Tongue Level using the long ladders of the old escape route. There had been a number of large roof-falls. One had blocked the north end of the Lucy Tongue Level, there was another at the junction with Warsop's Crosscut (although a way could be made round it), and deep water was found at the south end of the level, indicating another blockage further on.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|458}} Some fine photographs were taken of the old workings in 1978.{{sfn|AditNow, Archive Album}} Attempts to enter other levels were made in 1987. The entrance to the High Horse Level was cleared, but it was found to be blocked by a collapse a few yards inside. The mouth of the Low Horse Level was also cleared, and this gave access as far as Marshall's Level and Johnston's Cross Vein, but further progress was blocked by more roof-falls.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|pp=458–459}} One potential danger to mine explorers was the fall of a large piece of rock in one of the shafts leading down to the Lucy Tongue Level in the late 1980s. They made this secure by bolting an [[I-beam|RSJ]] girder across the shaft and fastening the rock to it with steel cables. To get the girder into place it had to be hauled up to the Glencoyne Level and through the workings to the shaft.{{sfn|AditNow, The RSJ Haul}}

The reopening of the Lucy Tongue Level was agreed to in 1993 by the present owners of the mine, the Lake District Special Planning Board (LDSPB), part of the National Park Authority. Groups of enthusiasts collaborated to dig through the roof of the level from above the original entrance, and installed a large concrete pipe with a lockable [[manhole cover]]. They were able to follow the level as far as "Low Arches," where it turned west into the Clay Vein. This soft vein had always been bad ground which needed supporting and roofing, and parts of it had collapsed. By 1996 the level had been cleared for {{convert|100|yd|m}} through this area.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=459}} Eventually it was cleared right through, with the debris being bagged up and stacked along the side of the level.{{sfn|CATMHS, Achievements}}{{sfn|Mine Explorer|2009}} In 2003 there was another major collapse in the Lucy Tongue Level, just south of Smith's Shaft. This involved another major operation to clear it and install steel supports.{{sfn|CATMHS, Achievements}} Explorers can now pass right through the mine, in at the Glencoyne Level and out from the Lucy Tongue Level.{{sfn|Mine Explorer|2009}}{{sfn|Hall|2013}}

Much of the site was designated as a [[Scheduled monument|scheduled ancient monument]] in 1979. A survey of the surface remains was conducted by the [[Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England]] in 1991–94.{{sfn|Murphy|1996|p=460}}{{sfn|Pastscape|2007}}

The [[spoil heap]]s continue to be of concern. A collapse of part of the one to the west of Swart Beck, above the old Low Mill site, in 2002 resulted in a £750,000 engineering project to stabilise the area.{{sfn|Cumberland & Westmorland Herald|2002}} A further detailed topographical survey of the three spoil heaps was undertaken in July 2014, in advance of further engineering works to maintain their stability.{{sfn|Schofield|2014}} Also in 2014 [[Eden District]] Council began a twelve-month environmental investigation of the site involving testing the metal content of soil, grass and water samples.{{sfn|Eden District Council|2014}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|25em|group=note|}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em|}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite book|ref=harv | first = John |last = Adams | title = Mines of the Lake District Fells | publisher = Dalesman | location = Skipton | year = 1995 | isbn = 0852069316 }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|Eden District Council|2014}} | title = Assessment of Greenside Mine | date = 2014 | url = http://www.eden.gov.uk/environment/pollution/contaminated-land/greenside-mine/ | website = Eden District Council | accessdate = 9 February 2015 }}
* {{cite map | ref = {{harvid|British Geological Survey, sheet E029}} | publisher = [[British Geological Survey|British Geological Survey (BGS)]] | title= Sheet E029, Keswick (Solid) | map= 1:50,000 Geological Maps | date = 1999 | isbn= 0751832294}} This map may be viewed on the {{cite web |url= http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/viewer.html|title= Geology of Britain viewer | website= British Geological Survey}} or on the BGS's iGeology smartphone app
* {{Cite book|ref=harv |last = Clarke|first=James|title=A survey of the lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire|date=1787|publisher = | location = Penrith, Cumberland and London}}, quoted by {{harvnb|Murphy|1996|p=2}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|Mine Explorer|2009}} | title = COMRU Through Trip, Greenside Mine (18/10/09) | url = http://www.mineexplorer.org.uk/greenside/comru_through_trip_181009/comru_through_trip_181009.htm | website = Mine Explorer | date = 2009 | accessdate = 9 February 2015}}
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* {{cite journal | ref=harv | first = Cyril | last = Connor | date = 1951b | title = Greenside Mine – Mining and Milling Practice – Part 2 | journal = Mine & Quarry Engineering | issue = December 1951 | url = http://www.dmm.org.uk/minequar/5112-01.htm | accessdate = 5 February 2015}}
* {{cite journal | ref=harv | first = Cyril | last = Connor | date = 1955 | title = Greenside Mine | journal = Mine & Quarry Engineering | issue = June 1955 | url = http://www.dmm.org.uk/minequar/5506-01.htm | accessdate = 5 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|Measuring Worth}} | title = Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present | date=2015 | url = http://www.measuringworth.com/m/calculators/ukcompare/ | website=Measuring Worth | accessdate=9 February 2015}}
* {{cite journal |ref=harv | first = David |last = Gough | date = 1965 | title = Structural Analysis of Ore Shoots at Greeenside Lead Mine, Cumberland, England | journal = Economic Geology | volume = 60 | page = 1463 | url = http://www.aditnow.co.uk/documents/Greenside-Lead-Mine/Economic-Geology-1965_v60-n07_p1459-p1477.pdf | accessdate = 17 March 2014|doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.60.7.1459 }}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Green | first = William | authorlink = William Green (painter) | date = 1819 | title = The Tourist's New Guide: Containing a Description of the Lakes, Mountains, and Scenery, in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire|location=Kendal}}, quoted by {{harvnb|Murphy|1996|p=8}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|AditNow, Archive Album}} | title = Greenside Archive Album | url = http://www.aditnow.co.uk/album/Greenside-Lead-Mine-Archive-Album/ | website = AditNow | accessdate = 9 February 2015 }}
* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|Pastscape|2007}} | title = Greenside Lead Mines | url = http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=10386 | website = Pastscape | publisher = English Heritage | date = 2007}}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Hall | first = Andy | date = 2013 | title = Greenside Mine, 15th June 2013 | url = http://www.rrcpc.org.uk/newsletters/NL_V50_N2_A3.htm | website = Red Rose Cave & Pothole Club | accessdate = 9 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Jackson | first = Norman | date = June 2013 | title = The Greenside Lead Mine Disaster | website = Patterdale Today | url = http://www.patterdaletoday.co.uk/history/events/Greenside-Disaster | accessdate = 9 February 2015}}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Leith | first = William | date = January 2001 | title = Geologic and Engineering Constraints on the Feasibilty of Clandestine Nuclear Testing by Decoupling in Large Underground Cavities | website = U. S. Geological Survey | url = http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR0128.pdf}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv | first = Samuel|last= Murphy | date = 1996 | title = Grey Gold | publisher = Moiety | location = Tanworth-in-Arden, Warwickshire | isbn = 0952636077}}
* {{Citation|author=Ordnance Survey|date=1861|title=Map of Westmorland at a scale of 1:2,500}}. This map may be viewed at {{GBvosi|e=335862|n=518332|cty=Westmorland|txt=Oldmaps.co.uk (1861 Westmorland)}}
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* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|Subterranea Britannica|2004}} | url = http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/features/operation_orpheus/index.html | year = 2004 | title = Operation Orpheus | website = Subterranea Britannica | accessdate = 9 February 2015 }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Postlethwaite |first=John |date=1913 |title=Mines and Mining in the English Lake District |location=Whitehaven |publisher=W. H. Moss & Sons Ltd.}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Mark|last=Richards|date=2008|title=Lakeland Fellranger: The Near Eastern Fells|publisher=Cicerone|location=Milnthorpe, Cumbria|isbn=9781852845414}}
* {{cite web |ref = harv | url= https://uplandpete.wordpress.com/2014/08/18/hexacopter-uav-and-agisoft-used-to-survey-spoil-tips-at-greenside-lead-mines/ |title= Helicopter UAV and Agisoft used to survey spoil tips at Greenside Lead Mines |last = Schofield |first = Peter | date = 2014 | website = Upland Pete | accessdate = 9 February 2015}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv | first = W. T. |last = Shaw | date = 1975 | origyear = 1970 | title = Mining in the Lake Counties | edition = 3rd | publisher = Dalesman | location = Clapham, near Lancaster | isbn = 0852062710 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv |first=P. |last=Stone |date=2010 |title=British Regional Geology: Northern England | publisher = British Geological Survey| location = Nottingham |isbn = 978-0852726525|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|AditNow, The RSJ Haul}} | title = The RSJ Haul | url = http://www.aditnow.co.uk/photo/Greenside-Lead-Mine-Archive-Album-Image-46224/?order=desc | website = AditNow | accessdate = 9 February 2015 }}
* {{cite web | ref= {{harvid|West Briton|2009}} | author = This is Cornwall | url = http://www.westbriton.co.uk/Cold-War-secrets-hidden-beneath-Cornish-hill/story-11467848-detail/story.html | title = Cold War secrets beneath a Cornish hill | date = 20 January 2009 | website = West Briton | accessdate = 9 February 2015}}
* {{cite web |ref = {{harvid|U S State Department|2004}} |author = U. S. State Department |year = 2004 |title = Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water |url = http://www.state.gov/t/isn/4797.htm |website = U. S. Department of State}}
* {{cite web | ref = {{harvid|Cumberland & Westmorland Herald|2002}} | title = £750,000 safety work project starts at Greenside mine | url = http://www.cwherald.com/a/archive/750-000-safety-work-project-starts-at-greenside-mine.279178.html | website = Cumberland & Westmorland Herald | date = 18 May 2002 | accessdate = 9 February 2015}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mineexplorer.org.uk/greenside/comru_through_trip_181009/comru_through_trip_181009.htm MineExplorer.org.uk – description and photos of a trip through the mine in 2009]
* [http://www.dmm.org.uk/colliery/g912.htm Durham Mining Museum – photos of Greenside Mine, and a list of fatal accidents at the mine]
* [http://www.aditnow.co.uk/mines/Greenside-Lead-Mine/ AditNow.co.uk – some photos and plans of the mine]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3N3QSLjGz4 Video and commentary on the Greenside miners' cottages at Seldom Seen, Glencoyne.]

[[Category:Mines in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Lead mines in England]]
[[Category:Underground mines in England]]
[[Category:History of Cumbria]]

Raymond Delamarre

2016-08-07T00:49:51Z

BobDog54: /* Monument à la Défense du Canal de Suez */ did conversions

'''Raymond Delamarre''' (1890–1986) was a French sculptor and medalist. His output in both spheres was huge and this article seeks to identify his main works and in many cases describe them. It will be seen that he played a major role in the [[Art Déco]] movement. His ecclesiastical work showed him to be a devout catholic and his war memorials are particularly expressive, no doubt influenced by his own first hand experiences of the horrors of the 1914-1918 war.

==Biography==
When aged sixteen years, Delamarre joined the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and was attached to the studio of [[Jules-Félix Coutan]]. His studies were interrupted, firstly by his conscription into the army from 1911 to 1913 and then service from 1914 to 1918 after the French mobilization, although between the two he managed some further time back in Coutan's studio. Soon after mobilization Delamarre was sent to the front and was almost immediately taken prisoner. He was released in the course of an exchange of prisoners carried out in 1916 and returned to active service.

On leaving the army at the end of the war, Delamarre now tried to secure the "Prix de Rome" and with the bas-relief "Le retour du guerrier au foyer familial" he shared the prize with [[Alfred Janniot]] which meant he was able to spend four years in Rome at the [[Villa Médicis]]. He was to stay in Rome until 1924, grew a moustache and visited and studied the sculpture of Greece. The composition "Suzanne au bain" exhibited in 1922 at the Salon des Artistes Français is a good illustration of Delamarre's work at this time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revue-emulations.org/articles/maingon.pdf|title=Notes on Delamarre's military service|accessdate=20 September 2014}}</ref>

In 1925 and in collaboration with the architect [[Michel Roux Spitz]], he took part in the competition to secure the work on the proposed "Monument à la Défense du canal de Suez" to be erected in [[Ismaîlia]], a work of huge proportions and a most prestigious project. Also working with Roux-Spitz, he exhibited a sculptural composition for a water fountain at the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs in Paris, the bas-reliefs "Nessus et Dejanire" and "Persée et Andromède" cast in bronze in 1935, two tympani for the decorator [[Paul Follot]], a bronze entitled "David" and a work in plaster entitled "Femme au bélier". Between 1926 and 1927, Delamarre worked on the "Mowgli" ronde-bosse. He also executed a bas-relief of Mowgli in plaster measuring 2 metres by 2 metres.

In 1927, Delamarre married Mariel Jean-Brunhes, the daughter of the geographer [[Jean Brunhes]] and they made visits to Spain and the Ballearics. In 1928, he produced the group "Adam et Eve" or "La tentation" in bronze, which composition was to appear subsequently in various limited editions, in both bronze and plaster. In 1931, he participated in the Exposition Coloniale de Paris, creating the figure of Christ carved from acajou wood from Cuba and eight Beatitudes. 1935 saw completion of his work for the ocean liner "Normandie" and 1937 he completed his great work in bronze for the Palais de Chaillot with three 4 metre high figures being created symbolizing Philosophy, the Visual Arts and the Arts. These figures were erected after the 1939-1940 war. These three figures were to reappear in a number of limited editions in both plaster and bronze and in a variety of sizes. From 1961 to 1973, he managed the business of the "Art Sacré" studios in Paris' place de Furstenberg, working with Maurice Denis and Georges Desvallières.

In 1963 Delamarre created the last of his great "monumental" works, executing 12 reliefs in stone for the entrance of the chapel of [[Nantes]]'s new hospital, a building designed by Michel Roux Spitz, after which he worked on a number of busts, statues, medals and plaque until his death on 28 February 1986. His output both in medals and sculptures was huge. This article will concentrate on sculpture although a second article, just on Delamarre’s medals would be both justified and welcome.

== Decorations ==
* Chevalier of the [[Legion of Honour]] (1936)

==Prix de Rome winning entry "La Gloire ramène le Héros au foyer familial"==
This bas-relief in plaster was the work which won Delamarre the Prix de Rome in 1919. It is held by the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris amongst their collection of former pupils work. Because of the 1914-1918 war, the Prix de Rome prizes awarded in 1919 were shared, Delamarre sharing his prize with [[Alfred Janniot]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_3=AUTR&VALUE_3=DELAMARRE%20Raymond%20Henri%20Philippe&DOM=All&REL_SPECIFIC=3|title=La Gloire ramène le Héros au foyer familial. Delamarre's Prix de Rome winning entry of 1919|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beauxartsparis.fr/ow2/catzarts/voir.xsp?id=00101-13535|||title=La Gloire ramène le Héros au foyer familial. Delamarre's Prix de Rome winning entry of 1919|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref>

==Works executed whilst studying in Rome at the Villa Médicis and sent to Paris. 1920-1924==

Whilst in Rome Delamarre executed several works including those listed below.

===The sculpture entitled "Suzanne"===
This was the first work sent to Paris by Delamarre from Rome. When the Villa Médicis reopened after the war their finances were in a poor state and in 1920 they were not able to organize the traditional exhibition, which showed works completed by students and deemed suitable to be sent to Paris. That academic year, Delamarre had prepared a female nude study in plaster but this was not shown until an exhibition was organized in Rome for the year 1921, by which time the Villa had started to get back to normal. It was then shown in Paris in the September of that year. In 1926 a Carrara marble version was accepted by the Petit Palais des Champs-Elysées. In 1960 it was moved to the Musée d’art moderne in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-sculptures-suzanne.html|title=Comprehensive information on the composition "Suzanne" with several photographs|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=hbvt/>

===Victory monument- "monument à la Victoire"===
A work with Roux-Spitz carried out in 1921/1922 and of huge proportions being 30 metres high. Its size in fact presented problems to the administrators of Villa Médicis and there were logistical problems in carrying it by train to Paris. The whereabouts of the work is not currently known but there is at least a photograph in circulation of Delamarre's maquette. The work won [[Michel Roux-Spitz]] the 1920 Prix de Rome for architecture.<ref name=hbvt/>

===4th Station of the Cross===
This was Delamarre's third despatch of a work from Rome to Paris and involved a composition for the 4th station of the Stations of the Cross ("chemin de croix") that showing Jesus meeting His Mother. The composition was shown in Rome on 22 June 1923 and sent to Paris on 21 August 1923 and shown at that autumn's Paris Salon exhibition in the section dedicated to "Art religieux".<ref name=hbvt/>

===A study of "David"===
A copy of this Delamarre work stands in [[Charleville-Mézières]]'s Stade du "Petit Bois". This final Rome linked composition is dated to 1923/1924 when Delamarre was finishing his time at Villa Medicis. The work is known as "Jeune Frondeur" or simply "David". The piece was first executed in plaster and shown at Rome's annual exhibition on 21 May 1924 and then sent to Paris to be finally shown at the Salon des artistes français in 1925, but by this time in bronze with a gold patina. It was purchased by the French state who placed it in the Charleville-Mézières hôtel de ville before it was moved to the “Petit Bois” in 1929. A limited edition was subsequently produced by the Fonderie d'Art de Coubertin, the composition being reduced in size from 2.10 metres to 0.60 centimetres. Fonderie d'Art de Coubertin also produced a bronze of David's head alone, the "Tête de David" , this based on an original work in plaster taken from Delamarre's studio.<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-sculptures-david.html|title=David|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

==Reliefs==

Several architects commissioned Delamarre to create reliefs for buildings they were designing. Some of these are listed below.

===Relief on the façade of [[Grand-Couronne]]'s mairie===
Delamarre executed this large bas-relief between 1954 and 1955. The composition included both depictions of the port of [[Rouen]] and reminders of the Vikings and William the Conqueror. The Delamarre family made a gift to the Musée Elbeuf of various artifacts which are held in the museum's "Fabrique des savoirs" including Delamarre's studies for the Grand-Couronne work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.la-crea.fr/files/cp_don_au_musee_de_la_fabrique.pdf
|title=Grand Couronne relief|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref>

===Bas-relief for Paris' 14th arrondissement mairie===
In 1934 Delamarre participated in the decoration of the annex built for the mairie of Paris' 14th arrondissement and executed several reliefs. One relief was entitled "La Pensée" and had been shown at the 1934 "[[Salon des artistes décorateurs]]". Another of the reliefs is entitled "L'Action". In 2011, the street changed its name to Rue Pierre-Castagnou.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statue-de-paris.sculpturederue.fr/page297.html|title=Bas-relief in the Rue Durouchoux|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref>

===The 1956 relief in the Archives départementales du Cantal in [[Aurillac]]===
Delamarre completed a relief for the entrance to the Cantal archive's premises in 1956. The relief depicted the history of archives from the Middle Ages to the "Empire".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cantal.fr/?id=676|title=The Archives at Aurillac|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>

===The bas-relief "La Justice"===
This bas-relief in stone was created in 1946 for the Ministry of Justice building in Paris' rue Cambon, a building designed by the architect [[Paul Tournon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/insitu.html
|title="La Justice" rue Cambon in Paris|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref>

===The 1954 relief on Louviers' Hôtel de Poste===
The post office building was rebuilt after the war to the design of the architect Pierre Chirol and Delamarre was commissioned to create a 13 metre high relief. The relief was entitled "Iris la Messagère". In Greek mythology, Iris is the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the gods. In Delamarre's composition, Iris is shown with three carrier pigeons. She is writing a letter.<ref name=hbvt/>

==="La Famille"-a bas-relief at 34 rue Chomel===
The architect Emile Boursier commissioned Delamarre to execute a relief for this art déco style building in Paris' rue Chomel, which contained the offices of the Compagnie anonyme française d’assurances who traded under the name ‘La Populaire". The composition "La Famille" was the result with a proud father holding up a winged baby and showing it to the mother with a young girl looking on. A scene of family bliss.<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://art-figuration.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/emile-boursier-architecte-moderne-et.html|title=Article on Emile Boursier architect of 34 rue Chomel including a photograph of Delamarre's relief|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==="Pour que l’homme ne soit pas victime des forces qu’il a déchaînées" Brest Lycée de Kerichen===
This work was intended for Brest's Lycée de Kérichen designed by Jean-Baptiste Mathon. It was in 1962 that Mathon commissioned Delamarre to create sculptural decoration for the "Centre des Chèques Postaux" in [[Dijon]] and the Brest Lycée de Kerichen. Delamarre's composition "Pour que l’homme ne soit pas victime des forces qu’il a déchaînées" is based on the story of Prometheus. The Lycée de Kerichen moved Delamarre's work in a major renovation of the school and the work's present whereabouts are not known.<ref name=hbvt/>

===Three reliefs for the Salon des artistes décorateurs===
In 1926 and working with Roux-Spitz, Delamarre created three reliefs for a display in the 1926 Salon. They were entitled "Intelligence", "Mouvement" and "Harmonie". The present whereabouts of these reliefs is not known and it is possible they were destroyed when the display was dismantled.<ref name=hbvt/>

==="Aviation". A bas-relief for the Air Ministry===
This work had been shown at the 1926 Salon des artistes décorateurs and was erected in the Air Ministry in 1930. A medal with the same composition was struck by the Monnaie de Paris and both the medal and the bas-relief carried the words "AD EXCELSA PER EXCELSUM". The present whereabouts of this work is unknown.<ref name=hbvt/>

===Relief in the roserie of the Château de Bourbon-Conti===
This relief can be seen near a fountain in the château's gardens.<ref name=hbvt/>

==Works linked to International Trade Fairs==
The major international fairs of 1925, 1931, 1935 and 1937 gave opportunities for Delamarre to show his work to a wider audience.

===The 1925 International Exhibition of "arts décoratifs et industriels modernes"===
The "Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes" ([[International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts]]) was a [[World's fair]] held in [[Paris]], [[France]], from April to October 1925. This exhibition was to play a crucial role in the development of [[Art Déco]], indeed the term "[[Art Déco]]" was derived by shortening the words ''Arts Décoratifs,'' in the exhibition title. The exhibition brought together many ideas of the international avant-garde in the fields of architecture and applied arts. The exhibition took place between the esplanade of [[Les Invalides]] and the entrances of the [[Grand Palais]] and [[Petit Palais]]. It received 4,000 guests at the inauguration on April 28, and thousands of visitors on each of the following days. The pavilion called the "Ambassade française" was one of the exhibitions main attractions. It was an imaginary French embassy, whose various rooms were decorated by a team of artists, mostly members of the société des artistes décorateurs, thus creating a virtual showcase for “French taste”, for France's arts and crafts, her designers, artists, furniture makers, potters, craftsmen and craftswomen and sculptors. The building contained many rooms and many had specific themes. There was a room for "Madame", another for "Monsieur", an antechamber, a boudoir, a study, a library, a smoking room and three music rooms, four halls and an art gallery. Delamarre created two large reliefs for the Roux-Spitz "Hall de Collection" or museum room, entitled "Persée et Andromède" and "‘Nessus et Déjanire" and two tympani for Follot's "Antichambre" entitled "Pastorale" and "Courtisane". Delamarre also executed reliefs on the faces of a Roux-Spitz designed fountain in one of the exhibition's gardens, that designed by the landscape gardener Joseph Marrast in the avenue Cours-La-Reine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dieselpunks.org/profiles/blogs/1925-art-deco-is-born|title=Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/27862259@N02/5796124422/in/set-72157605734208279|title=Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/memsmn_fr|title="Ambassade française" at the 1925 Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref>

==="Exposition coloniale" of 1931===
The idea of such an exhibition was first muted in 1916 and was considered on many subsequent occasions until 1931 when it seemed necessary to stress the benefits of empire to the French population. The exhibition was mounted on a site in the Bois de Vincennes. It was decided to erect a pavilion as part of the exhibition to showcase the work of catholic missionaries and the architect [[Paul Tournon]] was chosen to design it. He chose to design a wooden replica of a church which would incorporate architectural styles from all the regions where French catholic missionaries were at work and Tournon's chapel had the look of a pagoda, his bell-tower was reminiscent of the mosques of Black Africa and its annexes were covered in the green tuiles of [[Maghreb]]. Such was Tournon's success that in 1932 he was commissioned to build an actual church in [[Epinay-sur-Seine]] to be called "Notre-Dame-des-Missions", this in reinforced concrete and brick and replicating where possible the structure made for the colonial exhibition. A huge number of sculptors, artists, and craftsmen were used by Tournon in the church's decoration including Georges Ballot, Robert Barriot, Elisabeth Branly, Maurice Denis, George Desvallières, Robert-Albert Génico, Jean Hébert-Stevens, Marguerite Hure, Paul de Laboulaye, Henri de Maistre, Henri Marret, Pauline Peugniez, Charles Plessard, Valentine Reyre, André Rinuy, Anne-Marie Roux- Colas, Carlo Sarrabezolles, Lucien Simon, Raymond Virac and Roger Villers (Maurice Denis and George Desvallières were the founders in 1919 of the "Ateliers de l’art sacré"). Two important works which Delamarre had completed for the exhibition stand were to reappear in the Epinay-sur-Seine church; his " Sacré-Cœur " and some of his "Beatitudes".

==="Exposition coloniale" of 1931-Sacré-Cœur===
One of Delamarre's contributions to the church was a "Sacré-Cœur" executed in 1930. Delamarre carved his "Sacré-Cœur" from Acajou wood from [[Cuba]]. It had a height of 1.80 metres and was dedicated to Jean Brunhes, Delamarre's father-in-law. The pedestal is inscribed {{quotation|"A Jean Bruhnes, grand savant et grand cœur, 1930. Raymond Delamarre"|}}
The "Sacré-Cœur" statue was shown at the Salon d’Automne of 1930 in the section of "art religieux" organised by George Desvallières. It was then placed in the église Notre-Dame-des-Missions at Epinay- sur-Seine until December 1943 when Delamarre's "Sacré-Cœur" became the property of the new Sacré-Cœur church being built in Dijon. Abbé Tattevin, the church's premier curé had purchased Delamarre’s piece. Tattevin issued post card's showing Delamarre's work which were raised to finance the new Dijon church and, now having ownership of the rights of reproduction, he authorized Delamarre to make a plaster copy of the work to be put in the Epinay- sur-Seine church. He also gave approval for reductions to be made of the work in terracotta these in limited editions. The Dijon church was finally inaugurated in 1955 and the original Acajou wood version was placed in front of the church's altar.<ref name=hbvt/>

===Work for the [[Exposition internationale de Bruxelles]] in 1935===
The 1935 Brussels Universal Exhibition was held in [[Heysel Plateau|Heysel]], near [[Brussels]] in [[Belgium]] from 27 April to 6 November 1935. 25 countries officially participated and a further 5 were unofficially represented. The theme was colonization, marking the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Congo Free State. For this prestigious exhibition, Delamarre created a relief in plaster entitled "La Ville Lumière", this for the main façade of the Paris pavilion which was designed by the architect [[Léon Azéma]]. The Archives de Paris hold details of this work. A maquette of Delamarre's bas-relief was shown in the 1935 exhibition of the "Salon des artistes décorateurs".<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfairs.info/expopavillondetails.php?expo_id=29&pavillon_id=2190|title=Brussels Fair 1935|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref>

===The 1937 Paris exhibition "Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne"===
For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old Palais du Trocadéro was demolished and replaced by the [[Palais de Chaillot]], designed by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. This exhibition took place in Paris where a large area between the Champ-de-Mars and the Invalides, extending to some 105 hectares, had been set aside to accommodate the exhibitions pavilions and stands and some 31 million visitors were recorded. The new buildings are decorated with quotations by [[Paul Valéry]], and sculptural groups at the upper level by Delamarre and Carlo Sarrabezolles. Delamarre's composition is known officially as "La Pensée’ but is also known as "Art et Industrie" or "Les Connaissances Humaines". The work is a group of three allegories "Les Arts plastiques" ("The visual arts"), "La Pensée" and "Les Arts Libéraux".
The work was delivered to the founders "Fonderie des Artistes" in 1938 but it was not until after the 1939-1945 war that they were erected on the new Palais de Chaillot. The new Palais de Chaillot features two wings shaped to form a wide arc. Each wing is an independent building and between them there is a wide esplanade which leaves an open view of the Eiffel Tower and beyond. The two wings house a number of museums, the Musée national la Marine (naval museum) and the Musée de l'Homme (Ethnology) are located in the southern (Passy) wing and the Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, including the Musée national des Monuments Français, in the eastern (Paris) wing, from which one also enters the Théâtre national de Chaillot. It was in the Palais de Chaillot that the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948. This event is now commemorated by a stone marker, and the esplanade is known as the "esplanade des droits de l'homme" ("esplanade of human rights").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=75116_24|title=Palais de Chaillot|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=75116_23|title=palais de Chaillot|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=75116_24|title=palais de Chaillot|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>

==Church works==

===Église du Sacré-Cœur===
This church in [[Dijon]] holds Delamarre's "Le Sacré-Coeur" and his "Ste-Marguerite-Marie-Alacoque". The decision to build this church in the place Giraud à Dijon was made in 1930 and the consecration took place on the 10 May 1938. The church is rich in sculpture with works not only by Delamarre but by H. Bouchard, H. Charlier, M. Real del Sarte, G. Serraz, R. de Villiers and Castex. "Le Sacré-Coeur" had been shown at the 1931 Exposition coloniale as part of [[Paul Tournon]]'s chapelle des missions catholiques before being moved to the Notre-Dame des missions in [[Epinay-sur-Seine]]. In December 1943 it was purchased by the abbé Tattevin and was placed eventually in the Église du Sacré-Cœur. Also in this church is Delamarre's statue of Sainte-Marguerite-Marie-Alacoque holding Jesus' heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacrecoeurdijon.free.fr/delamarre.html|title=Église du Sacré-Cœur|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reveljacques.com/dijon1b.htm|title=Église du Sacré-Cœur (with photographs of Delamarre's work|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>

==="Les Béatitudes"===
Apart from the "Sacre-coeur", four of Delamarre's "Béatitudes" (part of the "sermon on the mount" as recorded in the books of Matthew and Luke) were to form part of the church in Épinay-sur-Seine. They were installed along the sides of the church's nave and each carried the words of the appropriate Beatitude. The Épinay church is also known as Notre-Dame-des-Missions-du-cygne d'Enghien. The other four "Béatitudes", also lining the nave, are the work of Anne-Marie Roux-Colas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=93031_4|title=Les Béatitudes de R. Delamarre à N.D. des Missions|accessdate=1 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.topic-topos.com/beatitude-epinay-sur-seine|title=Les Béatitudes de R. Delamarre à N.D. des Missions|accessdate=1 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/expo1931.html|title=Les Béatitudes de R. Delamarre à N.D. des Missions|accessdate=1 October 2014 }}</ref> Tournon's design was meant to encapsulate the various areas served by the Christian missions and therefore reflect the architecture of five continents. The façade of the church is designed with three roofs at the entrance, superimposed one upon another in the Chinese style and decorated with Chinese ideographs. To these are added recumbent angels, Buddhist figures, fetishistic objects, and African-inspired designs. The bell tower is designed in the shape a minaret and the whole facade is covered in blue and white ceramic tiles in a pattern created by Lorymi and Raymond Virac, using a new type of brickwork developed in 1930 by Marguerite Huré. The cement sculptures on the bell tower, depicting the four human races, were sculpted by Carlos Sarrabezolles. Many painters, sculptors and glassworkers participated in the decoration of the inside of the church; most of these artists came from the studios of "Sacred art" founded by Maurice Denis, who had designed the windows for the nearby Notre-Dame du Raincy, and of George Desvallières.

It was important that as a group the artists achieved unity of style, and the results of their collaboration comprise one of the most outstanding examples of French ecclesiastical decoration of the 1930s. Louis Barillet and his studio realized the design of some of the stained glass windows, which depict important figures in the history of evangelization. These are grouped around a figure of Christ as Missionary designed by Jean Hébert-Stevens. Among the other notable artists to work on the stained glass in the church were André Rinuy, Marguerite Huré, and Pauline Peugniez. Important painters were engaged to create the frescos for the church. Chief among these was Henri de Maistre, who illustrated the Christianization of the world after the Resurrection in a series of paintings crafted for the building's side chapels. He chose to depict various French martyrs in his design, placing them against a map showing the great lakes and important cities of Canada. A panel showing the Christianization of southern Algeria and of the Sahara Desert by Charles de Foucauld was created for the interior by Georges Desvallières. A series of murals on the right side of the church building were painted by Raymond Virac, Lucien Simon, and Robert-Albert Génicot; these celebrate the evangelical work done in Indochina and India by Francis Xavier and that done in Japan by Alphonsus Navarette. Charles Plessard and Pauline Peugniez contributed work inspired by the Irish missions of Columba. On the left-hand side of the church may be found depictions of the Christianization of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, Gaul, England, Germany, and the Slavic world. Maurice Denis was the most famous artist to contribute to this series; he was aided by Henri-Justin Marret, Valentine Reyre, Paul de Laboulaye, and Georges Ballot.

Each of Delamarre's four "Beatitudes" were 2.60 metres in height, and were the first beatitude "Bienheureux les pauvres en esprit car le Royaume des cieux est à eux" (How blest are those who know their need of God; the kingdom of Heaven is theirs), the third beatitude "Bienheureux ceux qui pleurent car ils seront consolés" (How blessed are the sorrowful ; they shall find consolation ), the sixth beatitude "Bienheureux ceux qui ont le cœur pur car ils verront Dieu"(How blest are those whose hearts are pure ; they shall see God), and finally "Bienheureux les pacifiques car ils seront appelés enfants de Dieu" ’ (How blest are the peacemakers ; God shall call them his sons).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/beatitudes-expo1931.html|title=Delamarre's Beatitudes|accessdate =1 October 2014}}</ref>

===La statue de Saint-Ignace-de-Loyola===
This statue,sculpted from Lens stone, is to be seen in the Jesuit chapel [[Claude de la Colombière]] in [[Paray-le-Monial]]. Apart from Delamarre's statue the church also holds [[Henri Charlier]]'s statue of the "Sacré-Coeur" and another of Père de la Colombière. The plaster depiction of St-Ignace was shown at the 1933 "Salon d’Automne".<ref name=hbvt/>

===Église Saint-Félix in [[Nantes]]===
There is a resin model of the Église Notre-Dame des Foyers' "La crucifixion" in this church.<ref name=hbvt/>

===Église Notre-Dame des Foyers===
In the crypt of this church in Paris' rue de Tanger is Delamarre's "La crucifixion" of 1954-1955.<ref name=hbvt/>

===Église Saint-Antoine de Padoue===
This church was designed by [[Léon Azéma]]. Delamarre executed two statues for the outside of the bell-tower, these depicting "St François d'Assise" and "Ste Elisabeth de Hongrie", statues inside the church depicting "St François d'Assise" and "St Antoine de Padoue" and some of the "Chemin de croix" or "Stations of the Cross". The church also contains a plaster "Sacré-cœur".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-histoire.fr/Patrimoine/Paris/Paris-Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue.htm|title=Eglise St Antoine de Padoue|accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref>

==Public statues and monuments==

Delamarre's work can be seen in several public places as per details below.

===Antelopes and statue of a woman===
In 1928 the industrialist R. Didier commissioned this work from Delamarre for the gardens of his house in [[Pierrefitte-sur-Seine]]. The marble composition comprises two antelopes and a statue of a woman. It is thought that the work was destroyed during fighting in the area in 1944.<ref name=hbvt/>

===The sculptures in Paris' jardin de Reuilly===
Delamarre's 1947 "Nu féminin" can be seen in this public garden in the l’avenue Daumesnil along with " La Danse" by Charles Malfray and "Amazone" by Georges Chauvel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=75112_12|title=Nu féminin|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris.fr/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=22238|title=The sculptures in Paris' jardin de Reuilly|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref>

===Diadumène===
Delamarre's bronze version of this work was shown at the 1933 Salon des artistes français and a marble version was made 1937/1938 and shown in 1939 at the Salon. Based on Polyclète's sculpture "athlète"<ref name=hbvt/>

===Monument to Charles Jonnart-[[Saint-Omer|Saint Omer]]===
The monument's inauguration ceremony on 3 October 1937 was led by Maréchal Pétain. Jonnart came from Fléchin-en-Artois near to Saint Omar, and was regarded as one of the leading politicians of the Third Republic. He became a deputy for the Pas-de-Calais in 1889 and a senator in 1893 and both before and after the 1914-1928 war, he led various ministries and participated to the full in French political affairs. Positions held by Jonnart included the presidency in 1907 of the Suez Canal Company and in 1911 he was Minister for Foreign Affairs and French Ambassador to the Vatican from 1921 to 1923. Elected to the Académie française in 1923. Delamarre was commissioned to carry out the sculptural work involved in this monument honouring Jonnart's memory and depicts Jonnart in a bronze bas-relief within a medallion, this set into a tall pedestal at the centre of the monument and beneath which, an allegory for France, carved from black granite, stands in defiant pose. Also on the central pedestal, Delamarre added an outline of the Saint-Pierre de Rome, the Arras belfry and the Parthenon.<ref name=hbvt>{{cite web|url=http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/57/40/ANNEX/Haurie_Beatrice.Vol_-_II_-_corpus.pdf|title=A thésis by Béatrice Haurie1. "Les monuments publics de Raymond Delamarre (1890-1986)". volume 11- "Corpus des monuments". As presented to the University of Toulouse as a thésis for a doctorate|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-a-charles-jonnart-saint-omer/|title=Charles Jonnart (1)|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/region/il-y-a-75-ans-un-monument-est-eleve-au-jardin-public-en-souvenir-de-charles-jonnart-ia37b0n213970|title=Charles Jonnart (2)|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref>

===Monument to Father Brottier===
[[File:La Ferté-Saint-Cyr-41-A12b.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Delamarre's carving on the monument's pedestal states that through his orphanage he is effectively a “father” to 1400 children. The front of the church at Auteuil is shown in relief.]]
This monument was erected in 1948 in [[La Ferté-Saint-Cyr]], the birthplace of père Daniel Brottier. Brottier lived from 1876 to 1936. He was a French missionary who worked in [[Senegal]] and subsequently founded the "Orphelins apprentis d'auteuil", an orphanage for children with special needs. He was declared a saint by Pope Jean-Paul II in 1984. The monument, with sculpture by Delamarre, was inaugurated on 29 August 1948. The Euville stone monument was erected after a public subscription was organised by Maurice Sénart, president of the "Société des Admirateurs du père Daniel Brottier". In 1918 Brottier had founded the Union des Anciens Combattants with Georges Clémenceau. Bronze busts taken from Delamarre's work were reproduced in various limited editions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.la-ferte-saint-cyr.fr/diaporama23.html|title=Statue of père Daniel Brottier|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

===Monument to Jean Cras in [[Brest, France|Brest]]===
[[Jean Cras]] was a career naval officer and a talented musician. He wrote pieces for both piano and organ, chamber music, symphonic works and the opera "Polyphème". He died in 1932 and a monument was erected in [[Brest, France|Brest]] to honour his memory, the sculptural work involved being carried out by Delamarre. The work was destroyed in 1944 but recreated by Delamarre in 1959. In Delamarre's composition, the muses of the sea and music, Cras' two great loves, sit on either side of a bronze medallion depicting the composer/sailor. The dedication on the monument is a line from Polyphème {{quotation|"Belle mer écumeuse et bleue où je suis né"|}}
<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://site.erin.free.fr/Bretagne/Finistere/Brest.htm|title=Monument to Jean Cras|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref>

===Bust of Eugène Etienne===
Eugène Étienne (15 December 1844 - 13 May 1921) was a French politician born in [[Oran]], Algeria. He was a Member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1881 to 1919 and a Senator from 1920 to 1921. He was one of the founders of the École coloniale. As Minister of the Interior, he presented the 1905 law separating the Church from the State. Held various other ministerial posts during his career. The Ếcole coloniale in Paris' avenue de l’Observatoire requested a bust of Étienne and Delamarre was commissioned to execute it. He began with a version in plaster and a marble version followed a year later and was shown at the Salon des artistes français (n°3553) before delivery to the École coloniale. It seems that the plaster version of the bust was broken. The École coloniale became the École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer and then the École nationale d'administration (ENA) and the present whereabouts of Delamarre's bust is not known.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/arcade_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER&FIELD_98=AUTR&VALUE_98=Delamarre%20&NUMBER=2&GRP=0&REQ=%28%28Delamarre%29%20%3aAUTR%20%29&USRNAME=nobody&USRPWD=4%24%2534P&SPEC=1&SYN=1&IMLY=&MAX1=1&MAX2=1&MAX3=100&DOM=Tous|title=Bust of colonialist Eugène Étienne|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref>

==="Les Arts et les Monuments Régionaux" on the ocean liner Normandie===
Delamarre was commissioned to carry out work on the decoration of the iconic SS."Normandie" ocean liner (Paquebot in French)) and in 1935 he completed a large relief entitled "Les Arts et Monuments Régionaux" for the liner's first class dining room. These decorations were regarded as one of the "chefs-d’œuvre" of the Art déco movement, the decoration being organised by the architects and decorators Pierre Patout and Henri Pacon. There were four reliefs commissioned for the dining room, each 6 metres high and 4 metres in length. Apart from Delamarre's relief, the other three were by Léon Drivier, Pierre Poisson et Albert Pommier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frenchlines.com/adh/bulletin74.pdf|title=Delamarre's work on the SS Normandie|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frenchlines.com/adh/bulletin60.pdf|title=Delamarre's work on the SS Normandie|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-medailles.html|title=Delamarre's work on the SS Normandie|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>

===Decoration for the George V (Four Seasons) hotel in Paris===
The hotel had been built between 1927 and 1928 by architects [[Georges Wybo]] and Constant Lefranc and over the years Delamarre was to execute several major works for the hotel; "Frise d’enfants" for the " Salon anglais", "La Tentation" or "Adam et Eve" for the "Salon Chantilly", two eagles for an atrium in the hotel and the "Ronde de jeunes filles" for the terrasse garden of the hotel's "suite royale".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/insitu.html|title=George V hotel|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

===Persée et Andromède===
For this 1928 sculpture, Delamarre depicts [[Perseus]] riding his horse [[Pegasus]] and saving [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] from a sea monster who was on the point of devouring her. The sculpture is located at the entrance to the Léo Lagrange stadium (Stade de Vincennes) on the Route de la Pyramide and facing the Floral de Vincennes park. The work is 3 metres high.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=75112_15|title=Statue depicting Persée et Andromède|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref> The themes of "Persée et Andromède" and "Nessus et Déjanire" were much visited by Delamarre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-medaille-divers.html|title=Use by Delamarre of the themes "Persée et Andromède" and "Nessus et Déjanire"|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>

===Orival===
From 1949 to 1956 Delamarre worked on an outdoor statue of St Joseph, a "Vierge" and the "chemin de croix" (The stations of the Cross) located near the church in [[Orival, Seine-Maritime|Orival]] near [[Elbeuf]]. The Musée Elbeuf hold some of Delamarre's plaster workings for the chemin de croix given to the museum as a gift by the Delamarre family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paris-normandie.fr/detail_article/articles/PN-1161333/la-fabrique-des-savoirs-a-elbeuf-lart-deco-de-delamare-1161333#.VDUGgGt5mSM|title=Orival|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref>

===La chapelle du CHU - Hôtel Dieu===
The hospital and chapel is located in [[Nantes]]'s rue Gaston Veil. It was designed by the architects Michel Roux Spitz, P.Joëssel and Y.Liberge between 1951 and 1964. Delamarre executed 12 bas-reliefs for the front of the chapel. The earlier chapel had been badly damaged by aerial bombing in 1943 when bombs hit the hospital. The bas-reliefs cover various medical themes such as "L’apposition des mains de Dieu sur un céphalalgique", "‘Et Dieu fait parler les muets" and "‘Et les aveugles voient".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=44109_22|title=La chapelle du CHU - Hôtel Dieu|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wik-nantes.fr/nantes/1/loisirs/journees-du-patrimoine-visite-de-la-chapelle-de-lhotel-dieu|title=La chapelle du CHU - Hôtel Dieu|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref>

===The statue entitled "Ad excelsa" in the Lycée Arago in [[Perpignan]]===
The Nice architect Roger Séassal commissioned Delamarre to execute this statue in Lens stone. The height of the statue is 2 metres and was erected in 1961 being placed in the Lycée's "jardin d’honneur". The inscription reads "AD EXCELSA" a shortened version of "AD EXCELSA PER EXCELSUM".<ref name=hbvt/>

===Bust of the Comte de la Pérouse===
[[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]] was a naval officer and explorer. This bust is located in the Promenade d’Australie in Paris'15th arrondissement. A photograph of the bust is shown in the gallery at the end of this article.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statue-de-paris.sculpturederue.fr/page328.html|title=Bust of the Comte de la Pérouse|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref>

===Monument to Robert Garric in [[Aurillac]]===
Garric was a French catholic intellectual and man of letters and a medallion created by Delamarre depicting Garric was erected in the main entrance of the Cité universitaire's "maison internationale" in Paris. In 1972 permission was given to reproduce the medallion for the monument in Aurillac. The monument's inauguration took place on 2 July 1972. The monument carries the inscription {{quotation|"Robert Garric 1896-1967 Fondateur des équipes sociales"|}}<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cantal.fr/?id=recherche_grandpublic_detail&doc=accounts%2Fmnesys_ad15%2Fdatas%2Fir%2FSéries%20thématiques%2FDocuments%20figurés%2FFRAD015_6NUM.xml&page_ref=5346
|title=Monument to Robert Garric|accessdate=3 October 2014}}</ref>

===The lycée de Bellevue in [[Martinique]]===
Delamarre's "L’Antillaise" or "Créole" is located in the Lycée de jeunes filles Bellevue in [[Fort de France]]. Delamarre used the semi-hard stone of Vilhonneur for this statue which is 2.8 metres high. Delamarre's work is one of three statues which are grouped together. The statue was sculpted in Paris and shipped to Martinique in December 1963. The two other statues were by [[Claude Grange]] and Carlo Sarrabezolles. Delamarre's statue stands on the right of the group, Sarrabezolles statue entitled "Les fruits de la Terre" stands on the right and Claude Granges "La Métropole" is in the middle. In Delamarre's composition the woman depicted carries a basket containing fish and shell fish.<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{ cite web|url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/merimee_fr?ACTION=RETROUVER&FIELD_98=WEB&VALUE_98=LABELXX-MA&NUMBER=17&GRP=0&REQ=((LABELXX-MA)%20%3AWEB%20)&USRNAME=nobody&USRPWD=4%24%2534P&SPEC=9&SYN=1&IMLY=&MAX1=1&MAX2=100&MAX3=100&DOM=Tous|title=The lycée de Bellevue in Martinique|accessdate= 6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ac-martinique.fr/index.php?id=61&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1130&cHash=78d123626d115f9ba4e2c76489d18846|title=The lycée de Bellevue in Martinique|accessdate= 6 October 2014}}</ref>

==War memorials==
France was to pay a high price for her involvement in the First World War. Some 7 million men were mobilised of which approximately 1,750,000 were to lose their lives and a huge number of memorials, both public and parish, were required to quench the need of communities to record their loss in some tangible way, a memorial seeming to fill this need. Delamarre, an army veteran himself, and decorated with the [[Croix de Guerre]], worked on four war memorials, those at [[Brest, France|Brest]], [[Pontault-Combault]] and at [[Saint-Martin-de-Ré]] and that in Rome for the "Séminaire français". For Saint-Martin-de-Ré, Delamarre sculpted a weeping woman ("pleureuse") and an allegory of the victorious motherland, for Pontault-Combault, another female allegory of victory. For his Rome composition, Delamarre chose various religious symbols despite the new French law of 9 December 1905 which banned religious emblems from public monuments (it was this law which was to lead to most French communes having a public war memorial and a second memorial in the parish church). Delamarre's contribution to the Brest war memorial was to execute four bas-reliefs when Bazin, the sculptor originally commissioned to work on the memorial, died.

===[[Pontault-Combault]] War memorial===
42 men from this small commune in [[Seine-et-Marne]], out of 167 men mobilized, lost their lives fighting for France in the 1914-1918 war and in 1920 it was decided to erect a monument in their honour and a competition was organised to select architect and sculptor. The award went to Delamarre. The inauguration took place on 27 August 1922. The monument can be found in "Vieux-Pontault" on the place du Général Leclerc (place de l'église). Delamarre used Chauvigny stone to create a standing female allegory of "Victory", winged and with sword. Interesting to note that Delamarre's parents lived in the commune<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://storage.canalblog.com/60/17/470505/64766239.pdf
|title=Pontault-Combault's war memorial|accessdate=26 September 2014}}</ref>

===Saint-Martin-de-Ré War memorial===
[[File:Monument aux morts Saint-Martin-de-Ré 01.jpg|thumb|centre|400px|Saint-Martin-de-Ré's war memorial. Delamarre's allegories of a victorious France and a France in mourning join hands and hold a crown of laurel above a list of the men of the commune who gave their lives In the 1914-1918 war]]
In the centre of the memorial, which is carved from Lavoux stone, is a rectangular panel on which the names of the men of Saint-Martin-de-Ré who died in the 1914-1918 war are listed. On either side of this central panel are two standing female figures whose hands are joined across the panel and hold a crown of laurel over the list of names, its leaves hanging down the face of the memorial. The figure on the left is a winged allegory of victory, complete with sword, whilst on the right side is an allegory for grief, the "Douleur" or mourner, her head and arms covered in a shroud.The two allegorical figures pay a final hommage to those who have departed. The monument's inauguration took place on 15 October 1922.<ref name=hbvt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentsauxmorts.fr/cariboost1/crbst_610.html|title=Saint-Martin-de-Ré's war memorial|accessdate=26 September 2014}}</ref>

===Brest war memorial===
[[File:Brest Monument aux morts-05 Détail.JPG|thumb|centre|300px|The two reliefs on the right hand side of the Brest war memorial]]
The original Brest war memorial had been destroyed by the occupying Germans in 1944. It had been erected in 1900 and paid tribute to the soldiers and marines of Brittany engaged defending France in 1870 and also those who had fought and died in colonial wars. It had been inscribed {{quotation|"AUX MARINS ET SOLDATS BRETONS MORTS POUR LA PATRIE NOVEMBRE 1900"|}}. It had sculpture by Auguste Maillard which had been cast in bronze by Perzinka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-aux-soldats-et-marins-bretons-brest-detruit/|title=1870 war memorial in Brest|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref> In the 1950s architects Jean-Baptiste Mathon and Maurice Piquemal where commissioned to carry out a major reconstruction of Brest which had been badly damaged in the 1939-1940 war and the new Brest which emerged included a new public space to be known as the place de la Liberté. The reconstruction involved a new war memorial which was built in this new public square. It was to be almost a Franco-American memorial for Brest had been a landing place for the American forces in 1918 and, of course, the Americans had played the leading role in the 1944 invasion and defeat of Germany. The new memorial was to comprise a central granite obelisk decorated with a sculpture by Raymond Veysset inspired by some lines from Péguy-"heureux les épis murs et les blés moissonnés" and bas-reliefs by François Bazin. This would now be a memorial covering the 1870 and the two world wars. The memorial included the words in Breton and French, "D'hor bugale maro evit ar vro" and "La ville de Brest à ses enfants morts pour la France". Completion of the monument was in fact delayed and Bazin died resulting in Delamarre being commissioned to complete the bas-reliefs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=29019_11|title=Brest war memorial|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref>

When completed the new memorial involved a base made from reinforced concrete from which rises a 20 metre high pedestal and on either side of this pedestal, a wall carries four bas-reliefs by Delamarre. The first of these depicts French soldiers of 1870 vintage wearing the uniforms of the time. A marine carries a rifle and wears the distinctive "pompom" beret, whilst the infantryman wears a képi and the cavalryman a cuirassier's helmet and holds a sabre. In the second bas-relief we have soldiers of the 1914-1918 war. The infantryman who would have fought at the beginning of the war wears the képi but by his side we see the infantryman who would have fought later in the war; he now wears a helmet and holds a grenade in his hand. Bas-relief three shows two colonial soldiers wearing their distinctive hats and acknowledging the contribution they made and between them the soldier depicted wears the sort of beret one would associate with SAS parachutists/commandos. It was French parachutists of the 4th SAS regiment who were parachuted into Brittany on the nights of the 5 and 6 June 1944. The final and fourth bas-relief depicts the soldiers of 1939-1945. An infantryman wears a US helmet, a pilot wears a flying helmet, goggles and parachute harness and a member of the armoured forced wears the helmet worn by such soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.topic-topos.com/monument-aux-morts-1954-brent|title=Brest war memorial|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://applications002.brest-metropole-oceane.fr/VIPBI21/Interligo.web.Front/UploadFiles/publications/5228/patrimoine_brestois11.pdf.V0.aspx|title=Brest war memorial|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref>[[:fr:Place de la Liberté (Brest)|Brest war memorial]], Retrieved 29 September 2014{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/57/40/ANNEX/Haurie_Beatrice.Vol_-_IV_-_illustrations.pdf|title=Brest war memorial|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref>

===The monument to the 1st Division [[Free French]] Forces at [[Cavalaire-sur-Mer]]===
Very near the beach at Cavalaire-sur-Mer is the "Square du Souvenir" in which there are four monuments dedicated to the Allied landings of the 15 and 16 August 1944. One of these is a monument dedicated to the "1st Division Français libre" which dates to 1958. The architects were Delamarre's daughter Béatrice Delamarre-Levard and her husband Yves Levard. The monument celebrates the division's landing at [[La Croix-Valmer]] led by General Diego Brosset as part of [[Operation Dragoon]]. The inauguration took pace on 31 May 1959. The inscription on the monument, carved by Delamarre, reads {{quotation|"Dans cette baie de Cavalaire le 16 août 1944 prit pied sur la terre de France la 1ère Division des Français Libres qui s’étaient réunis au cœur de l’Afrique et dans l’Océan pacifique en septembre 1940 pour reconquérir leur pays envahi et avaient ouvert leur chemin par les armes à travers l’Erythrée, la Syrie, la Libye, la Tunisie et l’Italie avant d’aborder ici pour de nouveaux combats victorieux"|}}
<ref name=hbvt/>

===Bust of Diego Brosset===
This bust is part of the 1955 monument to General Diego Brosset and the 1st Division of the Free French Army. The monument is located on the banks of the Seine, near the bridges Pont de Grenelle and the Pont de Bir-Hakeim in Paris. The architects were Béatrice Delamarre-Levard, Delamarre's daughter and her husband Yves Levard. It was in August 1943 that Brosset took command of the 1st Division of the Free French Army and on the 16 August 1944 his forces landed on the coast of Provence at Cavalaire and participated in the taking of Toulon, Hyères, Lyon, Autun and Dijon. From the 20 September to the 19 November he commanded the Free French forces in the Battle of the Vosges. He lost his life on 19 November 1944. The monument includes a panel carrying the inscription {{quotation|"A la première division française libre et ses 4000 morts aux braves et aux fidèles qui répondirent à l’appel du Général de Gaulle de juin 1940 et combattirent 6 ans pour libérer la France dans l’honneur et par la victoire Afrique centrale Erythrée Syrie Lybie Bir Hakeim Tunisie Italie Provence Vosges Alsace"|}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statue-de-paris.sculpturederue.fr/page318.html|title=Bust of Diego Brosset|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paris1900.lartnouveau.com/paris15/squares/promenade_d_australie.htm|title=Promenade d’Australie|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-au-general-diego-brosset-paris-15e-arr/|title=Bust of Diego Brosset|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref>

===Monument aux séminaristes morts en 14-18===
The "Séminaire Pontifical Français" in Rome was a training school for French priests founded in 1853 by Father Louis-Marie Banazer de Lannurien, a follower of François Libermann. The mobilization of 1914 had seen many students at such seminaries return to France for active service and the Rome seminary was no exception. 95 trainee priests from the seminary were called up and 33 of these lost their lives. In 1922 it was decided to erect a memorial in honour of these men and Michel Roux-Spitz was commissioned to design it and Delamarre to add the sculptural content. At the time both Roux-Spitz and Delamarre were studying at the Villa Médicis. The inauguration took place on 17 December 1922. At the very top of the memorial and under an arch, two peacocks in profile face towards a cross, and below two angels kneel in prayer on either side of a list of the names of the men honoured. The central inscription on the memorial reads {{quotation|‘VOS SCITIS QUANTA FECIMUS ET PRAELIA ET ANGUSTIAS QUALES VIDIMUS"|}}-Maccabees 1 XIII.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AFqO7zCI4RMC&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=Le+Monument+aux+morts+du+Séminaire+français+de+Rome&source=bl&ots=-cqI54ljcS&sig=-PGZ0hQXgQHBDExmDaoXMIwx5aU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vjUlVKTwFYS4OPehgMgE&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Le%20Monument%20aux%20morts%20du%20Séminaire%20français%20de%20Rome&f=false|title=The French seminary in Rome (1)|accessdate= 26 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F18QDUCsV7kC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=Le+Monument+aux+morts+du+Séminaire+français+de+Rome&source=bl&ots=kYuV2Az-V8&sig=cLWQm-bYGX2cUahAn75tq6f3emI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vjUlVKTwFYS4OPehgMgE&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Le%20Monument%20aux%20morts%20du%20Séminaire%20français%20de%20Rome&f=false|title=The French seminary in Rome (2)|accessdate= 26 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.galeriemartelgreiner.com/artiste/|title=The French seminary in Rome (3)|accessdate= 26 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-art-sacre-profane.html|title=The French seminary in Rome (4)|accessdate= 26 September 2014}}</ref>

===Monument à la Défense du Canal de Suez===
[[File:Flickr - casillero - Ismailia, Unknown Soldier War Memorial.jpg|thumb|centre|350px|Delamarre's two statues on the Suez Canal memorial, "L'Intelligence Sereine" and "La Force Sévère]]
This memorial celebrates an action to defend the Suez Canal in 1915. A competition to secure an architect and sculpture for the monument was organized in 1925 by the Cie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez and was won by the architect [[Michel Roux-Spitz]] and Delamarre. It was a huge project and kept Delamarre busy from 1925 to 1930. He produced two huge statues of winged angels in the rose granite of Sardinia, these being {{cvt|8|m|ft}} high and {{cvt|13|m|ft}} in length. They were placed at the base of two {{cvt|40|m|ft}} high pylons, the space between each pylon representing the canal itself. The monument celebrated the defence of the Suez Canal in 1915 by a force of British, Egyptian, French and Italian troops who repulsed an attack by the Turkish army. In Roux-Spitz's vision "un énorme phare double que l'on verra de plusieurs kilomètres". Delamarre's two winged angels carry flaming torches and stand as "gardienne des destinées du pays" and can be seen by all ships passing through the canal. With Delamarre travelling to Egypt on many occasions in these five years, he engaged a team of "praticiens" to live "in situ" and a huge wooden scaffolding was erected on the site to facilitate their work. Delamarre's two statues were entitled "L'Intelligence Sereine" and "La Force Sévère’ and models of both, scaled down to 1/10 of their actual size, can be seen in the Musée des Années 30 (Espace Landowski) at Boulogne- Billancourt. The inauguration took place on 3 February 1930. A special medal was struck to celebrate this inauguration, the medal designed by Delamarre himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-monuments-suez.html|title=Full details of the "Defense du Canal de Suez War Memorial"|accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://imageretro.free.fr/ismailia_memorial.htm|title=Suez monument|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==[[Funerary]] sculpture==

Delamarre was commissioned to work on several graves as per details below.

===Tomb of a young man-[[Béthune]]===
Delamarre received his first private commission in 1920 when asked to sculpt a statue for the tomb of a youngster called Jacques and he created a 2 metre high marble statue of a weeping woman ("pleureuse").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-art-sacre-profane.html|title=Tomb of a young man in Béthune |accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref>

===la Mise au tombeau de Chartres (1934)===
This work in Carrara marble can be seen in the Gault-Saint-Denis cemetery near [[Chartres]]. Commissioned by Louis Fleury for the family tomb.

===The tomb of the Vetter family===
In 1924, Delamarre worked with the architect [[Michel Roux Spitz]] and fellow sculptor Marcel Renard on the family tomb for the Vetters in the Croix-Rousse cemetery in [[Lyon]]. Renard worked on carving general decoration for the tomb whereas Delamarre executed a "Douleur".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article3950|title=The tomb of the Vetter family in the Croix-Rousse cemetery in Lyon|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref>

===Sculpture for the grave of Louis Théodore David===
David was the mayor of [[Andernos-les-Bains]] from 1900 to 1929. He was buried at his own request in the grounds of his villa now known as "Maison Louis David". Delamarre executed sculpture for the tomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourisme-aquitaine.fr/fr/visiter/patrimoine-culturel/gironde/andernos-les-bains/tombe-de-louis-theodore-david.html|title=The tomb of Louis Théodore David at Andernos-les-Bains|accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref>

==Medals==
Delamarre was responsible for huge number of medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/oeuvres-medaille-divers.html|title=Details of Delamarre medals|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery of photographs of Delamarre's work==
<gallery widths=225px heights=250px perrow=4>
File:Monument Diego Brosset-Paris.jpg|Bust of Diego Brosset. Free French Forces.
File:La Pérouse - Promenade d'Australie.JPG|Bust of the Comte de la Porous
File:La Ferté-Saint-Cyr-41-A12a.JPG|The La Ferté-Saint-Cyr statue of Père Brottier.
File:Brest Monument aux morts-01.JPG| Emblems on the Brest war memorial
</gallery>

==References==
* [http://www.atelier-raymond-delamarre.fr/ site devoted to Delamarre]
The thesis written by Beatrice Haurie has been made available online and much use was made of this when compiling this article. The thesis is in four parts:
* [http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/57/40/PDF/Haurie_Beatrice.Vol_-_I_-_fiches.pdf. Volume 1 of Beatrice Haurie's thesis]
* [http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/57/40/ANNEX/Haurie_Beatrice.Vol_-_II_-_corpus.pdf. Volume 2 of Beatrice Haurie's thesis]
* [http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/57/40/ANNEX/Haurie_Beatrice.Vol_-_III_-_annexes.pdf. Volume 3 of Beatrice Haurie's thesis]
* [http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/74/57/40/ANNEX/Haurie_Beatrice.Vol_-_IV_-_illustrations.pdf- Part 4 of Beatrice Haurie's thesis shows photographs of many of Delamarre's sculptures and similar works by other French sculptors.]
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delamarre, Raymond}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:French medallists]]
[[Category:Prix de Rome for sculpture]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:20th-century French sculptors]]

Buchanan's Birthplace State Park

2016-08-06T19:40:49Z

BobDog54: /* Buchanan's Birthplace */ used a slightly better fitting word

{{Geobox Protected Area

| name = Buchanan's Birthplace State Park
| native_name =
| other_name =
| other_name1 =

| category_local = [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|Pennsylvania State Park]]
| category_iucn = V

| image = Buchanan's Birthplace State Park.jpg
| image_caption = The stone pyramid marking the site of President Buchanan's birth in the park

| etymology_type = Named for
| etymology = Birthplace of [[James Buchanan]]

| country = United States
| state = Pennsylvania
| region_type = County
| region = [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Franklin]]
| district_type = Township
| district = [[Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Peters]]
| city =

| location =
| lat_d = 39
| lat_m = 52
| lat_s = 15
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 77
| long_m = 57
| long_s = 14
| long_EW = W
| location_note = <ref name="gnis">{{cite web
| url={{Gnis3|2351403}}
| title=Buchanan's Birthplace State Park
| date = August 28, 2007
| work=[[Geographic Names Information System]]
| publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]
| accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref>
| elevation_imperial = 912
| elevation_round = 1
| elevation_note = <ref name="gnis"/>
| area_unit = acre
| area_imperial = 18.5
| area_round = 1
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| management_body = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
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| map = Pennsylvania Locator Map.PNG
| map_caption = Location of Buchanan's Birthplace State Park in Pennsylvania
| map_locator = Pennsylvania
| map_first =

| website = [http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/buchanansbirthplace/index.htm Buchanan's Birthplace State Park]
}}
'''Buchanan's Birthplace State Park''' is an {{convert|18.5|acre|adj=on}} [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|Pennsylvania state park]] near [[Cove Gap, Pennsylvania|Cove Gap]], in [[Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Peters Township]], [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Franklin County]], [[Pennsylvania]] in the United States. The park is on [[Pennsylvania Route 16]] along [[Tuscarora Mountain]]. Buchanan's Birthplace State Park was created from land donated to the state by [[Harriet Lane]] in honor of her uncle, the 15th [[President of the United States]], [[James Buchanan]].

==Recreation==
Recreation facilities are limited. There are two [[pavilion]]s and a number of [[picnic table]]s. Drinking water and two restrooms are located near the picnic area. A [[pyramid]] built with native stone stands at the site of the [[log cabin|cabin]] where President Buchanan was born. [[Buck Run (West Branch Conococheague Creek)|Buck Run]] runs through the park and has a population of native [[trout]] for [[fishing]]. [[Tuscarora Trail]], a bypass trail for the [[Appalachian Trail]], passes just to the west of the park.<ref name="bbsp">{{cite web
| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/buchanansbirthplace/index.htm| title = Buchanan's Birthplace State Park
| accessdate = 2006-12-19
| publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]}}</ref>

==Buchanan's Birthplace==
President James Buchanan was born into an [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] family on April 23, 1791, near the village of [[Cove Gap, Pennsylvania|Cove Gap]]. He was born in a log cabin on property owned by his father. The complex was known as Stony Batter, named for the family home near [[Ramelton]] in [[County Donegal]] in [[Ulster]], [[Ireland]]. At the time of Buchanan's birth, the Cove Gap area was on the edge of the [[American frontier]]. Today it is a quite isolated area, but when President Buchanan was born it was a center of frontier commerce. Stony Batter was a complex of cabins, [[barn]]s, [[stables]], storehouses, a [[general store]], and an [[orchard]]. Pioneers travelling from the East Coast through Cove Gap stopped at Stony Batter to rest and replenish their supplies. Buchanan lived at Stony Batter until he was six years old, when his father moved his business to [[Mercersburg, Pennsylvania|Mercersburg]].<ref name="bbsp"/>

==Monument==
[[Harriet Lane Johnston]] was President Buchanan's niece and since he never married she served as his [[First Lady]]. She led the effort to create a memorial to her uncle. She made several efforts to purchase his birthplace, Stony Batter, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Upon her death, in 1895, the responsibility for building the monument was transferred to a [[lawyer]] from [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], Lawrason Riggs and a [[banker]] from [[Washington, D.C.]], E. Francis Riggs. After years of trying to purchase Stony Batter, the Riggs' were finally successful in 1907. The monument in the shape of a pyramid was built of native stone. Wyatt and Nolting, an architectural firm from Baltimore, designed the memorial. The pyramid is {{convert|38|ft}} square and {{convert|31|ft}} high. It is made of {{convert|50|ST}} of [[granite|American Gray Granite]] and 250 tons of mortar and native stones. Construction of the pyramid began in October 1907 with a work force of 20 men. They built a small railroad to haul the heavy materials from the mountainside to the construction site. The work force grew to 35 men and the monument was completed by late winter with a surrounding iron railing. The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] of 1911 accepted the monument from the trust of Harriet Lane Johnston and Buchanan's Birthplace State Park was formally established.<ref name="bbsp"/>

==Nearby state parks==
The following state parks are within {{convert|30|mi}} of Buchanan's Birthplace State Park:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/where/index.htm
| title = Find a Park by Region (interactive map)
| accessdate = November 18, 2011
| publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite map |scale = 1:65,000| publisher= Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division | url= ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/franklin_GHSN.PDF | title= 2007 General Highway Map Franklin County Pennsylvania | accessdate= 2007-07-27}} ''Note: shows Buchanan's Birthplace State Park''</ref><ref name="distance">{{cite web
| last = Michels
| first = Chris
| year = 1997
| url = http://www2.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.html
| title = Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation
| publisher = [[Northern Arizona University]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
}}</ref>
*[[Berkeley Springs State Park]] ([[West Virginia]])
*[[Cacapon State Park]] (West Virginia)
*[[Cowans Gap State Park]] ([[Fulton County, Pennsylvania|Fulton County]])
*[[Caledonia State Park]] ([[Adams County, Pennsylvania|Adams]] and Franklin Counties)
*[[Fort Frederick State Park]] ([[Maryland]])
*[[Greenbrier State Park]] (Maryland)
*[[Mont Alto State Park]] (Franklin County)
*[[South Mountain State Park]] (Maryland)
*[[Trough Creek State Park]] ([[Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania|Huntingdon County]])
*[[Warriors Path State Park]] ([[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford County]])


==See also==
* [[Wheatland (James Buchanan House)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Pennsylvania}}
{{commonscat}}
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ucmprd1/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_004839.pdf Buchanan's Birthpalce State Park official map]|58 KB}}
{{-}}
{{Protected Areas of Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Buildings and monuments honoring American Presidents]]
[[Category:James Buchanan]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Parks in Franklin County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:State parks of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1911]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Birthplaces of individual people|Buchanan, James]]

Buchanan's Birthplace State Park

2016-08-06T19:38:13Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{Geobox Protected Area

| name = Buchanan's Birthplace State Park
| native_name =
| other_name =
| other_name1 =

| category_local = [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|Pennsylvania State Park]]
| category_iucn = V

| image = Buchanan's Birthplace State Park.jpg
| image_caption = The stone pyramid marking the site of President Buchanan's birth in the park

| etymology_type = Named for
| etymology = Birthplace of [[James Buchanan]]

| country = United States
| state = Pennsylvania
| region_type = County
| region = [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Franklin]]
| district_type = Township
| district = [[Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Peters]]
| city =

| location =
| lat_d = 39
| lat_m = 52
| lat_s = 15
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 77
| long_m = 57
| long_s = 14
| long_EW = W
| location_note = <ref name="gnis">{{cite web
| url={{Gnis3|2351403}}
| title=Buchanan's Birthplace State Park
| date = August 28, 2007
| work=[[Geographic Names Information System]]
| publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]
| accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref>
| elevation_imperial = 912
| elevation_round = 1
| elevation_note = <ref name="gnis"/>
| area_unit = acre
| area_imperial = 18.5
| area_round = 1
| area_note = <ref name="gnis"/>
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| map = Pennsylvania Locator Map.PNG
| map_caption = Location of Buchanan's Birthplace State Park in Pennsylvania
| map_locator = Pennsylvania
| map_first =

| website = [http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/buchanansbirthplace/index.htm Buchanan's Birthplace State Park]
}}
'''Buchanan's Birthplace State Park''' is an {{convert|18.5|acre|adj=on}} [[List of Pennsylvania state parks|Pennsylvania state park]] near [[Cove Gap, Pennsylvania|Cove Gap]], in [[Peters Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Peters Township]], [[Franklin County, Pennsylvania|Franklin County]], [[Pennsylvania]] in the United States. The park is on [[Pennsylvania Route 16]] along [[Tuscarora Mountain]]. Buchanan's Birthplace State Park was created from land donated to the state by [[Harriet Lane]] in honor of her uncle, the 15th [[President of the United States]], [[James Buchanan]].

==Recreation==
Recreation facilities are limited. There are two [[pavilion]]s and a number of [[picnic table]]s. Drinking water and two restrooms are located near the picnic area. A [[pyramid]] built with native stone stands at the site of the [[log cabin|cabin]] where President Buchanan was born. [[Buck Run (West Branch Conococheague Creek)|Buck Run]] runs through the park and has a population of native [[trout]] for [[fishing]]. [[Tuscarora Trail]], a bypass trail for the [[Appalachian Trail]], passes just to the west of the park.<ref name="bbsp">{{cite web
| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/buchanansbirthplace/index.htm| title = Buchanan's Birthplace State Park
| accessdate = 2006-12-19
| publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]}}</ref>

==Buchanan's Birthplace==
President James Buchanan was born into an [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] family on April 23, 1791, near the village of [[Cove Gap, Pennsylvania|Cove Gap]]. He was born in a log cabin on property owned by his father. The complex was known as Stony Batter, named for the family home near [[Ramelton]] in [[County Donegal]] in [[Ulster]], [[Ireland]]. At the time of Buchanan's birth, the Cove Gap area was on the edge of the [[American frontier]]. Today it is a quite isolated area, but when President Buchanan was born it was a center of frontier commerce. Stony Batter was a complex of cabins, [[barn]]s, [[stables]], storehouses, a [[general store]], and an [[orchard]]. Pioneers travelling from the East Coast through Cove Gap stopped at Stony Batter to rest and restore their supplies. Buchanan lived at Stony Batter until he was six years old, when his father moved his business to [[Mercersburg, Pennsylvania|Mercersburg]].<ref name="bbsp"/>

==Monument==
[[Harriet Lane Johnston]] was President Buchanan's niece and since he never married she served as his [[First Lady]]. She led the effort to create a memorial to her uncle. She made several efforts to purchase his birthplace, Stony Batter, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Upon her death, in 1895, the responsibility for building the monument was transferred to a [[lawyer]] from [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], Lawrason Riggs and a [[banker]] from [[Washington, D.C.]], E. Francis Riggs. After years of trying to purchase Stony Batter, the Riggs' were finally successful in 1907. The monument in the shape of a pyramid was built of native stone. Wyatt and Nolting, an architectural firm from Baltimore, designed the memorial. The pyramid is {{convert|38|ft}} square and {{convert|31|ft}} high. It is made of {{convert|50|ST}} of [[granite|American Gray Granite]] and 250 tons of mortar and native stones. Construction of the pyramid began in October 1907 with a work force of 20 men. They built a small railroad to haul the heavy materials from the mountainside to the construction site. The work force grew to 35 men and the monument was completed by late winter with a surrounding iron railing. The [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] of 1911 accepted the monument from the trust of Harriet Lane Johnston and Buchanan's Birthplace State Park was formally established.<ref name="bbsp"/>

==Nearby state parks==
The following state parks are within {{convert|30|mi}} of Buchanan's Birthplace State Park:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/where/index.htm
| title = Find a Park by Region (interactive map)
| accessdate = November 18, 2011
| publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite map |scale = 1:65,000| publisher= Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division | url= ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/franklin_GHSN.PDF | title= 2007 General Highway Map Franklin County Pennsylvania | accessdate= 2007-07-27}} ''Note: shows Buchanan's Birthplace State Park''</ref><ref name="distance">{{cite web
| last = Michels
| first = Chris
| year = 1997
| url = http://www2.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.html
| title = Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation
| publisher = [[Northern Arizona University]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-20
}}</ref>
*[[Berkeley Springs State Park]] ([[West Virginia]])
*[[Cacapon State Park]] (West Virginia)
*[[Cowans Gap State Park]] ([[Fulton County, Pennsylvania|Fulton County]])
*[[Caledonia State Park]] ([[Adams County, Pennsylvania|Adams]] and Franklin Counties)
*[[Fort Frederick State Park]] ([[Maryland]])
*[[Greenbrier State Park]] (Maryland)
*[[Mont Alto State Park]] (Franklin County)
*[[South Mountain State Park]] (Maryland)
*[[Trough Creek State Park]] ([[Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania|Huntingdon County]])
*[[Warriors Path State Park]] ([[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford County]])


==See also==
* [[Wheatland (James Buchanan House)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Pennsylvania}}
{{commonscat}}
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/ucmprd1/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_004839.pdf Buchanan's Birthpalce State Park official map]|58 KB}}
{{-}}
{{Protected Areas of Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Buildings and monuments honoring American Presidents]]
[[Category:James Buchanan]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Parks in Franklin County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:State parks of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1911]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Birthplaces of individual people|Buchanan, James]]

1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks season

2016-08-06T02:28:34Z

BobDog54: /* Regular season */ changed a to an

{{NHLTeamSeason
|Season=1989–90
|year=1989
|Team=Chicago Blackhawks
|Conference=[[Campbell Conference|Campbell]]
|ConferenceRank=2nd
|Division=[[Norris Division|Norris]]
|DivisionRank=1st
|Record=41–33–6
|HomeRecord=25–13–2
|RoadRecord=16–20–4
|GoalsFor=316
|GoalsAgainst=294
|GeneralManager=[[Bob Pulford]]
|Coach=[[Mike Keenan]]
|Captain= [[Dirk Graham]]
|AltCaptain= [[Keith Brown (ice hockey)|Keith Brown]] [[Steve Larmer]] [[Denis Savard]] [[Doug Wilson (ice hockey)|Doug Wilson]]
|Arena=[[Chicago Stadium]]
|Attendance=
|GoalsLeader=[[Steve Thomas (ice hockey)|Steve Thomas]] (40)
|AssistsLeader=Steve Larmer (59)
|PointsLeader=Steve Larmer (90)
|PIMLeader=[[Wayne Van Dorp]] (303)
|WinsLeader=[[Jacques Cloutier]] (18)
|GAALeader=Jacques Cloutier (3.09)
|DivisionWin=Yes
}}

The '''[[1989–90 NHL season|1989–90]] [[Chicago Blackhawks]] season''' was the Hawks' [[Chicago Blackhawks seasons|64th]] [[season (sports)|season]]. The season involved winning the [[Norris Division]].

==Offseason==
The most publicized offseason move was Coach Mike Keenan pulling the "C" off team star, Denis Savard's jersey, and making Dirk Graham captain. A less harolded move was the Blackhawks bringing 1970s Soviet star goaltender Vladislav Tretiak to Chicago to help improve their netminders. The biggest offseason trade was a September 1990 deal sending Steve Ludzick to the Sabres for goalie Jacques Cloutier.

===NHL Draft===
{{see also|1989 NHL Entry Draft}}

==Regular season==
The Blackhawks would play consistent hockey all season as they win the Norris Division with a record of 41-33-6.

Offensively, Steve Larmer again led the team with 59 assists and 90 points. Steve Thomas led the team in goals with 40. Dennis Savard was second in points with 80 and assists with 53. Jeremey Roenick finished his first full year with 26 goals and 40 assists for 66 points. Doug Wilson had an outstanding year with 23 goals, 50 assists for a team third-best 73 points. Dave Manson was again second-highest defenseman in scoring with 28 points. On November 2, 1989, [[Doug Wilson (ice hockey)|Doug Wilson]] scored just 18 seconds into the overtime period to give the Blackhawks a 4-3 home win over the [[Minnesota North Stars]].<ref>http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3968767.html</ref> It would prove to be the fastest overtime goal scored during the 1989-90 NHL regular season.<ref>http://www.hockey-reference.com/leagues/NHL_1990_games.html</ref>

In goal, while Alain Chevrier took the Blackhawks to the Conference finals the year before, his 16-14-3 record and 4.18 Goals Against Average in 89-90 got him traded in March 1990. Jacques Cloutier who was acquired just before the season began, was the primary goaltender with an 18-15-2 record and a 3.09 Goals Against Average. In March, the Blackhawks acquired Greg Millen from Quebec, and he began to take over in the nets at the end of the season with a 5-4-1 record. Eddie Belfour could not make the Hawks roster, and instead spent six months with the Canadian national team.

===Final standings===
{{1989–90 NHL Norris Division standings|team=CHI}}
{{1989–90 NHL Campbell Conference standings|team=CHI}}

==Schedule and results==
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable" width="70%"
|-
! width="2%" | No.
! width="3%" | R
! width="10%" | Date
! width="5%" | Score
! width="20%" | Opponent
! width="10%" | Record
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|1||L||October 5, 1989||3–8 || align="left"| [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||0–1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|2||W||October 7, 1989||3–2 || align="left"| @ [[Washington Capitals]] ([[1989–90 Washington Capitals season|1989–90]]) ||1–1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|3||L||October 8, 1989||3–5 || align="left"| [[New York Rangers]] ([[1989–90 New York Rangers season|1989–90]]) ||1–2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|4||W||October 12, 1989||9–6 || align="left"| [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||2–2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|5||L||October 14, 1989||1–2 || align="left"| @ [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||2–3–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|6||W||October 15, 1989||3–0 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||3–3–0
|- align="center"
|7||T||October 17, 1989||3–3 OT|| align="left"| @ [[New York Rangers]] ([[1989–90 New York Rangers season|1989–90]]) ||3–3–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|8||L||October 19, 1989||3–5 || align="left"| [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[1989–90 Quebec Nordiques season|1989–90]]) ||3–4–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|9||W||October 20, 1989||4–2 || align="left"| @ [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]] ([[1989–90 Winnipeg Jets season|1989–90]]) ||4–4–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|10||W||October 22, 1989||7–4 || align="left"| [[Los Angeles Kings]] ([[1989–90 Los Angeles Kings season|1989–90]]) ||5–4–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|11||W||October 24, 1989||5–3 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||6–4–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|12||W||October 26, 1989||5–3 || align="left"| [[Montreal Canadiens]] ([[1989–90 Montreal Canadiens season|1989–90]]) ||7–4–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|13||L||October 28, 1989||2–3 || align="left"| @ [[New Jersey Devils]] ([[1989–90 New Jersey Devils season|1989–90]]) ||7–5–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|14||W||October 29, 1989||1–0 || align="left"| [[Washington Capitals]] ([[1989–90 Washington Capitals season|1989–90]]) ||8–5–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|15||W||October 31, 1989||5–3 || align="left"| @ [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[1989–90 Quebec Nordiques season|1989–90]]) ||9–5–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|16||W||November 2, 1989||4–3 OT|| align="left"| [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||10–5–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|17||L||November 4, 1989||0–3 || align="left"| @ [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||10–6–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|18||W||November 5, 1989||4–3 OT|| align="left"| [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]] ([[1989–90 Winnipeg Jets season|1989–90]]) ||11–6–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|19||W||November 9, 1989||4–3 || align="left"| [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] ([[1989–90 Pittsburgh Penguins season|1989–90]]) ||12–6–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|20||W||November 11, 1989||5–3 || align="left"| @ [[New York Islanders]] ([[1989–90 New York Islanders season|1989–90]]) ||13–6–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|21||W||November 12, 1989||4–2 || align="left"| [[Hartford Whalers]] ([[1989–90 Hartford Whalers season|1989–90]]) ||14–6–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|22||L||November 16, 1989||3–4 || align="left"| @ [[Vancouver Canucks]] ([[1989–90 Vancouver Canucks season|1989–90]]) ||14–7–1
|- align="center"
|23||T||November 18, 1989||4–4 OT|| align="left"| @ [[Calgary Flames]] ([[1989–90 Calgary Flames season|1989–90]]) ||14–7–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|24||L||November 19, 1989||4–5 OT|| align="left"| @ [[Edmonton Oilers]] ([[1989–90 Edmonton Oilers season|1989–90]]) ||14–8–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|25||L||November 22, 1989||3–6 || align="left"| @ [[Los Angeles Kings]] ([[1989–90 Los Angeles Kings season|1989–90]]) ||14–9–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|26||L||November 26, 1989||3–5 || align="left"| @ [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||14–10–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|27||L||November 30, 1989||0–2 || align="left"| [[New York Islanders]] ([[1989–90 New York Islanders season|1989–90]]) ||14–11–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|28||L||December 3, 1989||3–4 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||14–12–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|29||W||December 6, 1989||6–4 || align="left"| [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||15–12–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|30||W||December 9, 1989||6–4 || align="left"| @ [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] ([[1989–90 Pittsburgh Penguins season|1989–90]]) ||16–12–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|31||W||December 10, 1989||7–1 || align="left"| [[Vancouver Canucks]] ([[1989–90 Vancouver Canucks season|1989–90]]) ||17–12–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|32||W||December 13, 1989||3–1 || align="left"| @ [[Montreal Canadiens]] ([[1989–90 Montreal Canadiens season|1989–90]]) ||18–12–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|33||L||December 15, 1989||4–8 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||18–13–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|34||W||December 17, 1989||6–5 || align="left"| [[Edmonton Oilers]] ([[1989–90 Edmonton Oilers season|1989–90]]) ||19–13–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|35||W||December 20, 1989||9–6 || align="left"| [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||20–13–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|36||L||December 22, 1989||3–5 || align="left"| [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||20–14–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|37||W||December 23, 1989||7–5 || align="left"| @ [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||21–14–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|38||L||December 26, 1989||3–8 || align="left"| @ [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||21–15–2
|- align="center"
|39||T||December 28, 1989||1–1 OT|| align="left"| [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||21–15–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|40||W||December 30, 1989||7–3 || align="left"| [[Hartford Whalers]] ([[1989–90 Hartford Whalers season|1989–90]]) ||22–15–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|41||W||January 3, 1990||3–2 || align="left"| [[Edmonton Oilers]] ([[1989–90 Edmonton Oilers season|1989–90]]) ||23–15–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|42||W||January 6, 1990||8–5 || align="left"| [[Philadelphia Flyers]] ([[1989–90 Philadelphia Flyers season|1989–90]]) ||24–15–3
|- align="center"
|43||T||January 10, 1990||2–2 OT|| align="left"| @ [[New York Rangers]] ([[1989–90 New York Rangers season|1989–90]]) ||24–15–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|44||W||January 11, 1990||5–4 || align="left"| @ [[Philadelphia Flyers]] ([[1989–90 Philadelphia Flyers season|1989–90]]) ||25–15–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|45||L||January 14, 1990||5–6 || align="left"| [[Calgary Flames]] ([[1989–90 Calgary Flames season|1989–90]]) ||25–16–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|46||L||January 15, 1990||6–7 || align="left"| @ [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||25–17–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|47||W||January 17, 1990||3–1 || align="left"| [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||26–17–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|48||W||January 19, 1990||5–2 || align="left"| [[Vancouver Canucks]] ([[1989–90 Vancouver Canucks season|1989–90]]) ||27–17–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|49||L||January 24, 1990||2–3 || align="left"| [[Buffalo Sabres]] ([[1989–90 Buffalo Sabres season|1989–90]]) ||27–18–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|50||W||January 26, 1990||4–2 || align="left"| @ [[Buffalo Sabres]] ([[1989–90 Buffalo Sabres season|1989–90]]) ||28–18–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|51||L||January 27, 1990||4–6 || align="left"| @ [[Hartford Whalers]] ([[1989–90 Hartford Whalers season|1989–90]]) ||28–19–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|52||W||February 1, 1990||7–4 || align="left"| @ [[Los Angeles Kings]] ([[1989–90 Los Angeles Kings season|1989–90]]) ||29–19–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|53||L||February 4, 1990||3–7 || align="left"| @ [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]] ([[1989–90 Winnipeg Jets season|1989–90]]) ||29–20–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|54||W||February 8, 1990||8–6 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||30–20–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|55||L||February 10, 1990||4–6 || align="left"| @ [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||30–21–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|56||W||February 13, 1990||4–1 || align="left"| [[Buffalo Sabres]] ([[1989–90 Buffalo Sabres season|1989–90]]) ||31–21–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|57||L||February 15, 1990||1–4 || align="left"| [[Calgary Flames]] ([[1989–90 Calgary Flames season|1989–90]]) ||31–22–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|58||W||February 17, 1990||3–1 || align="left"| @ [[New York Islanders]] ([[1989–90 New York Islanders season|1989–90]]) ||32–22–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|59||W||February 18, 1990||6–4 || align="left"| [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] ([[1989–90 Pittsburgh Penguins season|1989–90]]) ||33–22–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|60||W||February 20, 1990||8–3 || align="left"| @ [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||34–22–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|61||L||February 22, 1990||3–6 || align="left"| [[Boston Bruins]] ([[1989–90 Boston Bruins season|1989–90]]) ||34–23–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|62||L||February 24, 1990||2–3 || align="left"| @ [[New Jersey Devils]] ([[1989–90 New Jersey Devils season|1989–90]]) ||34–24–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|63||W||February 25, 1990||4–1 || align="left"| [[Philadelphia Flyers]] ([[1989–90 Philadelphia Flyers season|1989–90]]) ||35–24–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|64||L||February 27, 1990||0–4 || align="left"| @ [[Washington Capitals]] ([[1989–90 Washington Capitals season|1989–90]]) ||35–25–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|65||L||March 1, 1990||4–6 || align="left"| [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||35–26–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|66||L||March 3, 1990||3–4 || align="left"| @ [[Boston Bruins]] ([[1989–90 Boston Bruins season|1989–90]]) ||35–27–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|67||L||March 4, 1990||1–4 || align="left"| [[Boston Bruins]] ([[1989–90 Boston Bruins season|1989–90]]) ||35–28–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|68||L||March 7, 1990||4–5 || align="left"| @ [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||35–29–4
|- align="center"
|69||T||March 10, 1990||2–2 OT|| align="left"| @ [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||35–29–5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|70||L||March 11, 1990||4–6 || align="left"| [[St. Louis Blues (ice hockey)|St. Louis Blues]] ([[1989–90 St. Louis Blues season|1989–90]]) ||35–30–5
|- align="center"
|71||T||March 13, 1990||3–3 OT|| align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||35–30–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|72||W||March 15, 1990||6–3 || align="left"| @ [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[1989–90 Quebec Nordiques season|1989–90]]) ||36–30–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|73||L||March 17, 1990||2–3 OT|| align="left"| @ [[Montreal Canadiens]] ([[1989–90 Montreal Canadiens season|1989–90]]) ||36–31–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|74||W||March 19, 1990||3–2 || align="left"| @ [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||37–31–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|75||W||March 22, 1990||6–3 || align="left"| [[New Jersey Devils]] ([[1989–90 New Jersey Devils season|1989–90]]) ||38–31–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|76||L||March 24, 1990||3–5 || align="left"| @ [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||38–32–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|77||W||March 25, 1990||3–2 || align="left"| [[Detroit Red Wings]] ([[1989–90 Detroit Red Wings season|1989–90]]) ||39–32–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|78||W||March 29, 1990||4–2 || align="left"| [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||40–32–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|79||L||March 31, 1990||4–6 || align="left"| @ [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season|1989–90]]) ||40–33–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|80||W||April 1, 1990||4–1 || align="left"| [[Minnesota North Stars]] ([[1989–90 Minnesota North Stars season|1989–90]]) ||41–33–6
|}
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/CHI/1990_games.html |publisher=Hockey-reference.com |accessdate=2009-06-16 |title=1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks Games}}
</ref>

==Player stats==

===Regular season===
;Scoring
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" class="wikitable sortable"
|- ALIGN="center"
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" title="Position"| Pos
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Games played" | GP
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Goals" | G
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Assists" | A
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Points" | Pts
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Penalties in Minutes" | PIM
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Plus/minus" | +/-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Power play goals" | PPG
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Short-handed goals" | SHG
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Game-winning goals" | GWG
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Steve|Larmer}} ||RW ||80 ||31 ||59 ||90 ||40||25||8||2||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Denis|Savard}} ||C ||60 ||27 ||53 ||80 ||56||8||10||2||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Doug|Wilson|Doug Wilson (ice hockey)}} ||D ||70 ||23 ||50 ||73 ||40||13||13||1||2
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Steve|Thomas|Steve Thomas (ice hockey)}} ||LW ||76 ||40 ||30 ||70 ||91||-3||13||0||7
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Adam|Creighton}} ||C ||80 ||34 ||36 ||70 ||224||4||12||0||3
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jeremy|Roenick}} ||C ||78 ||26 ||40 ||66 ||54||2||6||0||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Troy|Murray}} ||C ||68 ||17 ||38 ||55 ||86||-2||3||1||4
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Dirk|Graham}} ||W ||73 ||22 ||32 ||54 ||102||1||2||3||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Greg|Gilbert}} ||LW ||70 ||12 ||25 ||37 ||54||27||0||0||3
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Dave|Manson}} ||D ||59 ||5 ||23 ||28 ||301||4||1||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Keith|Brown|Keith Brown (ice hockey)}} ||D ||67 ||5 ||20 ||25 ||87||26||2||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|Murray|Robert Frederick Murray}} ||D ||49 ||5 ||19 ||24 ||45||3||3||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Al|Secord}} ||LW ||43 ||14 ||7 ||21 ||131||5||1||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jocelyn|Lemieux}} ||RW ||39 ||10 ||11 ||21 ||47||0||1||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Mike|Hudson}} ||C/LW ||49 ||9 ||12 ||21 ||56||-3||0||0||3
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Trent|Yawney}} ||D ||70 ||5 ||15 ||20 ||82||-6||1||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Duane|Sutter}} ||RW ||72 ||4 ||14 ||18 ||156||-2||0||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Steve|Konroyd}} ||D ||75 ||3 ||14 ||17 ||34||6||1||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Wayne|Presley}} ||RW ||49 ||6 ||7 ||13 ||69||-19||1||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|McGill}} ||D ||69 ||2 ||10 ||12 ||204||-7||0||1||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Wayne|Van Dorp}} ||LW ||61 ||7 ||4 ||11 ||303||-3||0||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Michel|Goulet}} ||LW ||8 ||4 ||1 ||5 ||9||1||1||1||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Everett|Sanipass}} ||LW ||12 ||2 ||2 ||4 ||17||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Mike|Eagles}} ||C/LW ||23 ||1 ||2 ||3 ||34||-4||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|Bassen}} ||C ||6 ||1 ||1 ||2 ||8||1||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bruce|Cassidy}} ||D ||2 ||1 ||1 ||2 ||0||-1||1||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Alain|Chevrier}} ||G ||39 ||0 ||2 ||2 ||6||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Brian|Noonan}} ||RW ||8 ||0 ||2 ||2 ||6||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Greg|Millen}} ||G ||10 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||0||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Cam|Russell}} ||D ||19 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||27||-3||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jacques|Cloutier}} ||G ||43 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||8||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Mike|Peluso|Mike David Peluso}} ||LW ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||15||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Dan|Vincelette}} ||LW ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4||-1||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jimmy|Waite}} ||G ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0||0||0||0||0
|}
;Goaltending
{| width="60%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Minutes played" |MIN
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Games played in"|GP
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Wins"|W
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF"title="Losses"| L
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Ties"|T
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against"|GA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against average"|GAA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF"title="Shut-outs"| SO
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Shots against"|SA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Shots saved"|SV
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Save percentage"|SV%
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jacques|Cloutier}} ||2178 || 43 || 18 || 15 || 2 || 112 || 3.09 || 2||931||819||.880
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Alain|Chevrier}} ||1894 || 39 || 16 || 14 || 3 || 132 || 4.18 || 0||898||766||.853
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Greg|Millen}} ||575 || 10 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 32 || 3.34 || 0||267||235||.880
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jimmy|Waite}} ||183 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 14 || 4.59 || 0||92||78||.848
|- align="center"
| align="right" | '''Team:''' || 4830 || 80 || 41 || 33 || 6 || 290 || 3.60 || 2||2188||1898||.867
|}

===Playoffs===
After reaching the Conference finals the year before, hopes were high entering the playoffs. The first round reunited the Hawks with their old rivals the Minnesota North Stars for the first time since their four-year consecutive playoff match streak ended in 1985. The playoff format had changed since then, and now featured a seven-game series. The Blackhawks would barely survive this seven game war with the fourth place Minnesota North Stars. The Hawks defeated the North Stars four games to three with the Hawks outscoring Minnesota by a total of three goals over the series.

Apr 4, 1990 - CHI 1, MIN 2

Apr 6, 1990 - CHI 5, MIN 3

Apr 8, 1990 - MIN 1, CHI 2

Apr 10, 1990 - MIN 4, CHI 0

Apr 12, 1990 - CHI 5, MIN 1

Apr 14, 1990 - MIN 5, CHI 3

Apr 16, 1990 - CHI 5, MIN 2

The second round Norris Division Finals, saw the Blackhawks pitted against the St. Louis Blues. The Blackhawks again needed all seven games to advance. In a bold move, coach Mike Keenan decided to start Eddie Belfour, who was recently recalled from the minors, in nets in three of the games, and Eddie the Eagle went 3-0! The first six games were decided by one or two goals each, and game seven in Chicago was set for another close battle, however after Jeremy Roenick gave the Hawks a 2-0 first period lead, the Blues went on a powerplay only to have Steve Larmer score a demoralizing shorthanded goal, and the rout was on - resulting in 8-2 victory. The Blackhawks were again headed to the conference finals - with only the Edmonton Oilers standing in their way to get to the Stanley Cup Finals (and unlike their previous playoff loses to Edmonton, this time the Oilers were without Gretzky)

Apr 18, 1990 - CHI 3, STL 4

Apr 20, 1990 - CHI 5, STL 3

Apr 22, 1990 - STL 5, CHI 4

Apr 24, 1990 - STL 2, CHI 3

Apr 26, 1990 - CHI 3, STL 2

Apr 28, 1990 - STL 4, CHI 2

Apr 30, 1990 - CHI 8, STL 2

The Conference Finals saw Keenan go back to Millen and Cloutier in the nets with Belfour only appearing in the first game despite his 2.49 goals against average. After splitting the first two in the Edmonton, the Hawks took the first home game at the Chicago Stadium to take a 2-1 series lead. However the Oilers won the next three to win the series, and went on to win the Stanley Cup.

May 2, 1990 - EDM 5, CHI 2

May 4, 1990 - EDM 3, CHI 4

May 6, 1990 - CHI 5, EDM 1

May 8, 1990 - CHI 2, EDM 4

May 10, 1990 - EDM 4, CHI 3

May 12, 1990 - CHI 4, EDM 8

;Scoring
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" class="wikitable sortable"
|- ALIGN="center"
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" title="Position"| Pos
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Games played" | GP
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Goals" | G
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Assists" | A
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Points" | Pts
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Penalties in Minutes" | PIM
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Plus/minus" | +/-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Power play goals" | PPG
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Short-handed goals" | SHG
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" title="Game-winning goals" | GWG
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Steve|Larmer}} ||RW ||20 ||7 ||15 ||22 ||2||2||2||2||2
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Denis|Savard}} ||C ||20 ||7 ||15 ||22 ||41||0||4||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jeremy|Roenick}} ||C ||20 ||11 ||7 ||18 ||8||-1||4||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Wayne|Presley}} ||RW ||19 ||9 ||6 ||15 ||29||8||1||1||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Doug|Wilson|Doug Wilson (ice hockey)}} ||D ||20 ||3 ||12 ||15 ||18||5||1||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Steve|Thomas|Steve Thomas (ice hockey)}} ||LW ||20 ||7 ||6 ||13 ||33||2||1||0||3
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Greg|Gilbert}} ||LW ||19 ||5 ||8 ||13 ||34||10||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Adam|Creighton}} ||C ||20 ||3 ||6 ||9 ||59||1||0||1||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jocelyn|Lemieux}} ||RW ||18 ||1 ||8 ||9 ||28||1||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Troy|Murray}} ||C ||20 ||4 ||4 ||8 ||22||2||1||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Trent|Yawney}} ||D ||20 ||3 ||5 ||8 ||27||-1||3||0||1
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Michel|Goulet}} ||LW ||14 ||2 ||4 ||6 ||6||2||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Dave|Manson}} ||D ||20 ||2 ||4 ||6 ||46||-5||1||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|Murray|Robert Frederick Murray}} ||D ||16 ||2 ||4 ||6 ||8||8||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Dirk|Graham}} ||W ||5 ||1 ||5 ||6 ||2||0||0||1||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Steve|Konroyd}} ||D ||20 ||1 ||3 ||4 ||19||6||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Keith|Brown|Keith Brown (ice hockey)}} ||D ||18 ||0 ||4 ||4 ||43||2||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Duane|Sutter}} ||RW ||20 ||1 ||1 ||2 ||48||-1||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Ed|Belfour}} ||G ||9 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||6||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|Bassen}} ||C ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2||-1||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jacques|Cloutier}} ||G ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Mike|Hudson}} ||C/LW ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2||-2||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Bob|McGill}} ||D ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2||1||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Greg|Millen}} ||G ||14 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4||0||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Cam|Russell}} ||D ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0||-1||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Al|Secord}} ||LW ||12 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||8||-2||0||0||0
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Wayne|Van Dorp}} ||LW ||8 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||23||-1||0||0||0
|}
;Goaltending
{| width="60%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Player
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Minutes played" |MIN
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Games played in"|GP
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Wins"|W
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF"title="Losses"| L
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against"|GA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Goals against average"|GAA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Shut-outs"| SO
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Shots against"|SA
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Shots saved"|SV
! width="3%" bgcolor="#DDDDFF" title="Save percentage"|SV%
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Greg|Millen}} ||613 || 14 || 6 || 6 || 40 || 3.92 || 0||300||260||.867
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Ed|Belfour}} ||409 || 9 || 4 || 2 || 17 || 2.49 || 0||200||183||.915
|- align="center"
| align="right" | {{Sortname|Jacques|Cloutier}} ||175 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 8 || 2.74 || 0||75||67||.893
|- align="center"
| align="right" | '''Team:''' || 1197 || 20 || 10 || 10 || 65 || 3.26 || 0||575||510||.887
|}
<ref>{{cite web |publisher=hockey-reference.com |accessdate=2009-06-16 |title=1989-90 Chicago Blackhawks Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com|url=http://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/CHI/1990.html}}</ref>

Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals
       MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage; 

==References==
*[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0000351990.html Blackhawks on Hockey Database]
<references/>
</div>

{{Chicago Blackhawks seasons}}
{{Chicago Blackhawks}}
{{1989–90 NHL season by team}}
{{NHL on SportsChannel America}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1989-90 Chicago Blackhawks season}}
[[Category:Chicago Blackhawks seasons]]
[[Category:1989–90 NHL season by team|Chicago Blackhawks season, 1989-90]]
[[Category:Norris Division champion seasons]]
[[Category:1989–90 in American ice hockey by team|Chicago]]
[[Category:1989 in Illinois|Chicago Blackhawks]]
[[Category:1990 in Illinois|Chicago Blackhawks]]

Lions–Packers rivalry

2016-08-06T02:26:04Z

BobDog54: /* Notable moments and games */ changed a to an

{{more footnotes|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox sports rivalry
| name = Detroit Lions–Green Bay Packers
| team1 = Detroit Lions
| team2 = Green Bay Packers
| team1logo = Detroit Lions new wordmark.png
| team2logo = Green Bay Packers yellow wordmark.png
| first contested = November 2, 1930 [[Green Bay Packers|Green Bay]] 47, [[Detroit Lions|Portsmouth]] 13
| mostrecent = December 3, 2015 [[Green Bay Packers|Green Bay]] 27, [[Detroit Lions|Detroit]] 23
| nextmeeting = September 25, 2016
| total = 173 meetings
| largestvictory = [[Green Bay Packers|GB]]: 50–7 {{small|([[1940 NFL season|1940]])}}
| smallestvictory = [[Detroit Lions|DET]]: 3–0 {{small|([[1934 NFL season|1934]])}} [[Green Bay Packers|GB]]: 3–0 {{small|(1934)}}
| currentstreak = [[Green Bay Packers|GB]]: 1 win (2015–)
| longeststreak = {{unbulleted list
|'''[[Detroit Lions|DET]]:''' W11 (1949–54)
|'''[[Green Bay Packers|GB]]''': W10 (1940–45, 2005–10)
}}
| series = [[Green Bay Packers|GB]]: leads 98–68–7
| postseason = GB leads 2–0
{{unbulleted list
| January 8, 1994, GB 28, DET 24
| December 31, 1994, GB 16, DET 12
}}
}}
The '''Lions–Packers rivalry''' is an [[National Football League rivalries|NFL rivalry]] between the [[Detroit Lions]] and [[Green Bay Packers]]. They first met in 1930 when the Lions were known as the '''Portsmouth Spartans''' and based in [[Portsmouth, Ohio]]. The team eventually moved to Detroit for the 1934 season. The Lions and Packers have been division rivals since 1933 and have always met at least twice a season since 1932, without any cancelled games between both rivals (as of today). This is therefore the longest continuously-running rivalry in the NFL.

==Notable moments and games==
*'''Packers 50, Lions 7''' (November 24, 1940) – In the most lopsided game in the rivalry's history the Packers raced out to a 43–0 lead and would eventually prevail 50–7. The win moved the Packers to 6-4 and dropped the Lions to 5–5–1.<ref>http://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/194011240det.htm</ref>
*'''Lions 26, Packers 14''' (November 22, 1962) – The Packers entered the game 10–0 and in first place in the Western Conference. The Lions were second at 8–2. The Lions jumped out to a 23–0 halftime lead and would extend the lead to 26–0 before the Packers would score two late touchdowns. The Lions defense pounded Packers quarterback Bart Starr with 10 sacks. The game was played in Detroit on Thanksgiving and would pull the Lions within one game with one week left in the season. However, the following week the Lions lost to the Chicago Bears while the Packers would defeat the Los Angeles Rams en route to a 14–1 season and their eighth NFL championship.<ref>http://www.jsonline.com/sports/packers/134404073.html</ref>
*'''Lions 21, Packers 17''' (December 15, 1991) – The Lions staved off a last minute comeback attempt by the Packers offense led by quarterback [[Mike Tomczak]] to wrap up a four-point victory over the Packers at Lambeau Field. The game was the last time the Lions defeated the Packers in the state of Wisconsin until 2015, as the Packers held a 24-game home winning streak in the series.
*'''Packers 28, Lions 24''' (January 8, 1994) – This was the first ever playoff meeting between these two teams. In week 17 the Lions defeated the Packers 30–20 giving them home field advantage for this game. With Green Bay trailing 24–21 late in the game Brett Favre hit Sterling Sharpe for a 40-yard touchdown pass with 55 seconds left, giving Green Bay the lead and ultimately the win. This was the first time the Lions have ever lost a home playoff game, and remains their last home playoff game to date.<ref>http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/ic/favre/articles/favre_24325548.shtml</ref>
*'''Packers 16, Lions 12''' (December 31, 1994) – For the second consecutive season the Packers and Lions met in the playoffs, this time at Lambeau Field. The Packers held Barry Sanders to -1 yards rushing and the Lions to -4 yards rushing overall. The Packers would never trail as they led 10–0 at half time and would only allow 10 points in the second half before intentionally committing a safety on the last play of the game to run out the clock. This was the Packers' first victory at Lambeau Field against the Lions since 1985, and the Lions had lost every game at Lambeau until 2015.<ref>http://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199412310gnb.htm</ref>
*'''Packers 31, Lions 21''' (December 28, 2008) – The Packers defeated the Lions in week 17 and sent them to the first 0–16 season in NFL history.<ref>http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/recap?gameId=281228009</ref>
*'''Lions 7, Packers 3''' (December 12, 2010) – Aaron Rodgers was knocked out of the game before the half and would miss the rest of the game as well as the Packers next game against the Patriots. Matt Flynn led the Packers to a field goal that would give them a 3–0 lead in the 3rd quarter. The Lions would score a touchdown in the 4th and go on to win 7–3. This would force the Packers to need to win their final two games of the season to make the playoffs. They would do so and go on to win Super Bowl XLV.<ref>https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/recap?gid=20101212008</ref>
*'''Packers 45, Lions 41''' (January 1, 2012) – With the Packers having already clinched home field advantage in the playoffs, backup quarterback Matt Flynn started in place of Aaron Rodgers and went on to throw a team record six touchdown passes in a shootout victory over the Lions at Lambeau Field. This would be the highest scoring game between both rivals at 86 points, and the first time both teams met after each one accumulated at least 10 regular season victories.
*'''Packers 30, Lions 20''' (December 28, 2014) - The Packers and Lions entered this Week 17 match up with identical 11–4 records. Therefore, this game was for the 2014 NFC North Division Championship. Green Bay jumped out to a 14–0 lead before Aaron Rodgers would leave the game after re-injuring his calf. Rodgers would return in the second half after the Lions had tied the game at 14. The Packers would end up scoring a pair of touchdowns and forcing a Safety before the Lions would score a late touchdown. Both teams would make the playoffs as the win gave the Packers their fourth straight division championship while the Lions ended up as a Wild Card team.
*'''Packers home winning streak''' (1992–2014) – The Lions had not beaten the Packers in a road game from 1992–2014. With Green Bay's 30–20 win over Detroit on December 28, 2014, the Packers had defeated the Lions in the state of Wisconsin 24 straight times, including a Wild Card Playoff game on December 31, 1994. The last Lions victory before the streak began in Wisconsin was a 21–17 win on December 15, 1991. The Lions ended the streak with an 18–16 victory on November 15, 2015.
*'''Lions 18, Packers 16''' (November 15, 2015) – [[Matt Prater]] missed two extra-point attempts, including one late in the fourth quarter. With Green Bay trailing 18–10 late in the fourth quarter, the Packers scored a touchdown on the ensuing drive, to trim the Lions lead to 18–16, and failed on the two-point conversion, but then recovered the onside kick when [[Calvin Johnson]] couldn't secure the ball with 31 seconds left. [[Mason Crosby]]'s 52-yard attempt on the game's final play was muffed, giving Detroit their first win in the state of Wisconsin since 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000580302/article/lions-stun-packers-break-long-losing-skid-in-green-bay |title=Lions stun Packers, break long losing skid in Green Bay |work=NFL.com|first=Dan |last=Hanzus |date=November 15, 2015 |accessdate=November 15, 2015}}</ref>
*[[Miracle in Motown|'''Packers 27, Lions 23''' (December 3, 2015)]] – In the largest comeback in series history, the Packers overcame a 20-point deficit to win the game 27–23. The final play, shortly after coined as [[Miracle in Motown]], came after time had expired on the clock due to a controversial defensive penalty on the part of the Lions (NFL games cannot end on a defensive penalty even if time has expired on the clock; the offense always gets one more snap after a defensive penalty). On the final [[untimed play]] of the game, [[Aaron Rodgers]] completed a 61-yard [[Hail Mary pass]] to [[Richard Rodgers (American football)|Richard Rodgers]]. The Packers took a knee on the extra point to clinch the game and avoid their first series sweep by the Lions since 1991. This was the longest game-winning, game-ending Hail Mary in NFL history.<ref>{{cite news|last1=The Associated Press|title=Packers Stun Lions on a Rodgers-to-Rodgers Hail Mary|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/sports/football/lions-packers-coldplay-at-super-bowl-and-more-nfl-news.html?ref=sports&_r=0|accessdate=4 December 2015|agency=The Associated Press|publisher=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/blog/green-bay-packers/post/_/id/25595/richard-rodgers-the-perfect-answer-to-packers-hail-mary-prayer |title=Richard Rodgers, the perfect answer to Packers' Hail Mary prayer |work=ESPN.com|first=Rob |last=Demovsky |date=December 3, 2015 |accessdate=December 3, 2015}}</ref>

===Summary of results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
!Packers wins
!Ties
!Lions wins
!Packers points
!Lions points
|-
|Regular season
|96
|7
|68
|3,621
|3,114
|-
|Postseason
|2
|0
|0
|44
|36
|-
!Total
!98
!7
!68
!3,665
!3,150
|-
|}
{{small|Updated December 3, 2015.}}

==Game results==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B}}|Lions victory
| style="background:#fff; border-color:#fff"|
| {{tc border|c=#fc0}}|Packers victory
| style="background:#fff; border-color:#fff"|
| {{tc border|c=#df6108}}|Tie
| style="background:#fff; border-color:#fff #aaa"|
| style="background:#cff"|[[NFL playoffs|Postseason meeting]]
|}

===1930s (Packers 13–5–1)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[1930 NFL season|1930]]
|Nov 2
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|47–13
|Portsmouth Spartans
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1930
|Dec 14
| Tie
| {{tc border|c=#df6108|s=text-align:center}}|6–6
| Tie
|
|Portsmouth, Ohio
|-
|[[1932 NFL season|1932]]
|Oct 9
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|15–10
|Portsmouth Spartans
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1932
|Dec 4
|'''Portsmouth Spartans'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|19–0
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Portsmouth, Ohio
|-
|[[1933 NFL season|1933]]
|Oct 8
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|17–0
|Portsmouth Spartans
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1933
|Nov 12
|'''Portsmouth Spartans'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|7–0
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Portsmouth, Ohio
|-
|[[1934 NFL season|1934]]
|Oct 7
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|3–0
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1934
|Nov 25
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|3–0
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1935 NFL season|1935]]
|Oct 20
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|13–9
|Detroit Lions
|
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1935
|Nov 10
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|14–2
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1935
|Nov 17
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|20–10
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1936 NFL season|1936]]
|Oct 18
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|20–18
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1936
|Nov 29
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–17
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1937 NFL season|1937]]
|Oct 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–6
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1937
|Oct 31
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|14–13
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1938 NFL season|1938]]
|Oct 9
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|17–7
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1938
|Nov 13
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1939 NFL season|1939]]
|Oct 22
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1939
|Dec 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|12–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|}

===1940s (Packers 16–4)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[1940 NFL season|1940]]
|Oct 20
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|23–14
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1940
|Nov 24
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|50–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1941 NFL season|1941]]
|Sept 14
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|23–0
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1941
|Oct 26
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1942 NFL season|1942]]
|Oct 11
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|38–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1942
|Oct 25
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1943 NFL season|1943]]
|Oct 10
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|35–14
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1943
|Oct 24
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|27–6
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1944 NFL season|1944]]
|Oct 1
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|27–6
|Detroit Lions
|
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1944
|Oct 29
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|14–0
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1945 NFL season|1945]]
|Oct 7
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|57–21
|Detroit Lions
|
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1945
|Dec 2
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|14–3
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1946 NFL season|1946]]
|Oct 27
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|10–7
|Detroit Lions
|
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1946
|Nov 17
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|9–0
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1947 NFL season|1947]]
|Oct 26
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|34–17
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1947
|Dec 7
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|35–14
|Detroit Lions
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1948 NFL season|1948]]
|Oct 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|33–21
|Detroit Lions
|
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1948
|Oct 31
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–20
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1949 NFL season|1949]]
|Oct 30
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|16–14
|Detroit Lions
|
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1949
|Dec 11
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|21–7
|Green Bay Packers
|
|Detroit, Michigan
|}

===1950s (Lions 15–4–1)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[1950 NFL season|1950]]
|Sept 17
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|45–7
|Green Bay Packers
|20,285
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1950
|Nov 19
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–21
|Green Bay Packers
|18,000
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1951 NFL season|1951]]
|Nov 4
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–17
|Green Bay Packers
|18,165
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1951
|Nov 22
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|52–35
|Green Bay Packers
|32,247
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1952 NFL season|1952]]
|Oct 26
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|52–17
|Green Bay Packers
|24,656
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1952
|Nov 27
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|48–24
|Green Bay Packers
|39,101
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1953 NFL season|1953]]
|Nov 15
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|14–7
|Green Bay Packers
|20,834
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1953
|Nov 26
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|34–15
|Green Bay Packers
|52,547
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1954 NFL season|1954]]
|Nov 21
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|21–17
|Green Bay Packers
|20,767
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1954
|Nov 25
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|28–24
|Green Bay Packers
|55,532
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1955 NFL season|1955]]
|Sept 25
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|20–17
|Detroit Lions
|22,217
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1955
|Nov 24
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–10
|Green Bay Packers
|51,685
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1956 NFL season|1956]]
|Sept 30
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|20–10
|Green Bay Packers
|24,668
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1956
|Nov 22
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–20
|Detroit Lions
|54,087
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1957 NFL season|1957]]
|Oct 6
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–14
|Green Bay Packers
|32,132
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1957
|Nov 28
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|18–6
|Green Bay Packers
|54,301
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1958 NFL season|1958]]
|Oct 5
| Tie
| {{tc border|c=#df6108|s=text-align:center}}|13–13
| Tie
|32,035
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1958
|Nov 27
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–14
|Green Bay Packers
|50,971
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1959 NFL season|1959]]
|Oct 4
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–10
|Detroit Lions
|32,150
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1959
|Nov 26
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–17
|Detroit Lions
|49,221
|Detroit, Michigan
|}

===1960s (Packers 11–6–3)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[1960 NFL season|1960]]
|Oct 2
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–9
|Detroit Lions
|32,150
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1960
|Nov 24
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|23–10
|Green Bay Packers
|54,123
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1961 NFL season|1961]]
|Sept 17
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|17–13
|Green Bay Packers
|32,150
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1961
|Nov 23
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|17–9
|Detroit Lions
|43,272
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1962 NFL season|1962]]
|Oct 7
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|9–7
|Detroit Lions
|38,669
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1962
|Nov 22
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|26–14
|Green Bay Packers
|57,598
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1963 NFL season|1963]]
|Sept 22
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–10
|Detroit Lions
|45,912
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1963
|Nov 28
| Tie
| {{tc border|c=#df6108|s=text-align:center}}|13–13
| Tie
|54,016
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1964 NFL season|1964]]
|Sept 28
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|14–10
|Detroit Lions
|59,203
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|1964
|Nov 8
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|30–7
|Detroit Lions
|42,327
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1965 NFL season|1965]]
|Oct 17
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–21
|Detroit Lions
|56,712
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|1965
|Nov 7
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|12–7
|Green Bay Packers
|50,852
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1966 NFL season|1966]]
|Oct 2
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|23–14
|Detroit Lions
|50,861
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1966
|Oct 30
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–7
|Detroit Lions
|56,954
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1967 NFL season|1967]]
|Sept 17
| Tie
| {{tc border|c=#df6108|s=text-align:center}}|17–17
| Tie
|50,861
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1967
|Oct 8
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|27–17
|Detroit Lions
|57,877
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1968 NFL season|1968]]
|Sept 29
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|23–17
|Green Bay Packers
|50,681
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1968
|Oct 20
| Tie
| {{tc border|c=#df6108|s=text-align:center}}|14–14
| Tie
|57,302
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1969 NFL season|1969]]
|Oct 12
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–17
|Detroit Lions
|58,384
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|1969
|Nov 23
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|16–10
|Green Bay Packers
|50,861
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|}

===1970s (Tie 9–9–2)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[1970 NFL season|1970]]
|Sept 20
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|40–0
|Green Bay Packers
|56,263
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1970
|Dec 20
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|20–0
|Green Bay Packers
|57,387
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1971 NFL season|1971]]
|Oct 10
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|31–28
|Green Bay Packers
|54,418
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|1971
|Nov 1
| Tie
| {{tc border|c=#df6108|s=text-align:center}}|14–14
| Tie
|47,961
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1972 NFL season|1972]]
|Oct 16
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–23
|Detroit Lions
|54,418
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|1972
|Dec 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|33–7
|Detroit Lions
|56,263
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1973 NFL season|1973]]
|Sept 23
| Tie
| {{tc border|c=#df6108|s=text-align:center}}|13–13
| Tie
|55,495
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1973
|Oct 23
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|34–0
|Green Bay Packers
|43,616
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1974 NFL season|1974]]
|Sept 29
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|21–19
|Detroit Lions
|47,292
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1974
|Oct 27
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|19–17
|Green Bay Packers
|51,775
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[1975 NFL season|1975]]
|Sept 21
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|30–16
|Green Bay Packers
|52,613
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1975
|Nov 9
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|13–10
|Green Bay Packers
|75,283
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1976 NFL season|1976]]
|Oct 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–14
|Detroit Lions
|55,041
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1976
|Oct 31
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|27–6
|Green Bay Packers
|74,992
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1977 NFL season|1977]]
|Oct 16
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|10–6
|Green Bay Packers
|78,452
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1977
|Dec 4
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|10–9
|Detroit Lions
|56,267
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1978 NFL season|1978]]
|Sept 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|13–7
|Detroit Lions
|51,187
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1978
|Oct 1
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|35–14
|Detroit Lions
|54,601
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1979 NFL season|1979]]
|Oct 14
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–16
|Detroit Lions
|53,930
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1979
|Dec 15
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|18–13
|Detroit Lions
|57,376
|Pontiac, Michigan
|}

===1980s (Lions 13–7)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[1980 NFL season|1980]]
|Sept 14
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|29–7
|Green Bay Packers
|53,099
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1980
|Dec 21
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–3
|Green Bay Packers
|75,111
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1981 NFL season|1981]]
|Oct 25
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|31–27
|Green Bay Packers
|76,063
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1981
|Dec 6
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–17
|Detroit Lions
|54,481
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1982 NFL season|1982]]
|Dec 12
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|30–10
|Green Bay Packers
|51,875
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1982 NFL season|1983]]
|Jan 2
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|27–24
|Green Bay Packers
|64,377
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1983 NFL season|1983]]
|Oct 9
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|38–14
|Green Bay Packers
|67,738
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1983
|Nov 20
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|23–20 (OT)
|Green Bay Packers
|50,050
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1984 NFL season|1984]]
|Oct 28
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|41–9
|Detroit Lions
|54,289
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1984
|Nov 22
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|31–28
|Green Bay Packers
|63,698
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1985 NFL season|1985]]
|Oct 6
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|43–10
|Detroit Lions
|55,914
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1985
|Dec 15
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–23
|Detroit Lions
|49,379
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1986 NFL season|1986]]
|Oct 12
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|21–14
|Green Bay Packers
|52,290
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1986
|Nov 27
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|44–40
|Detroit Lions
|61,199
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1987 NFL season|1987]]
|Oct 11
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|19–16 (OT)
|Green Bay Packers
|35,779
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1987
|Oct 25
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|34–33
|Detroit Lions
|27,278
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1988 NFL season|1988]]
|Nov 20
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|19–9
|Green Bay Packers
|44,327
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1988
|Dec 4
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|30–14
|Green Bay Packers
|28,124
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1989 NFL season|1989]]
|Oct 29
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|23–20 (OT)
|Detroit Lions
|53,731
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1989
|Nov 12
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|31–22
|Green Bay Packers
|44,324
|Pontiac, Michigan
|}

===1990s (Packers 13–9)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[1990 NFL season|1990]]
|Sept 30
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–21
|Detroit Lions
|64,509
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1990
|Dec 22
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–17
|Green Bay Packers
|46,700
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1991 NFL season|1991]]
|Sept 8
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|23–14
|Green Bay Packers
|43,132
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1991
|Dec 15
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|21–17
|Green Bay Packers
|43,881
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1992 NFL season|1992]]
|Nov 1
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|27–13
|Detroit Lions
|60,594
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1992
|Dec 6
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|38–10
|Detroit Lions
|49,469
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1993 NFL season|1993]]
|Nov 21
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–17
|Detroit Lions
|55,119
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1993 NFL season|1994]]
|Jan 2
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|30–20
|Green Bay Packers
|77,510
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1993-94 NFL playoffs|1994]]
|Jan 8
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
|{{tc border|c=#fc0|bg=#cff|s=text-align:center}}|28–24
|Detroit Lions
|68,479
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1994 NFL season|1994]]
|Nov 6
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|38–30
|Detroit Lions
|54,995
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin
|-
|1994
|Dec 4
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|34–31
|Green Bay Packers
|76,338
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1994-95 NFL playoffs|1994]]
|Dec 31
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
|{{tc border|c=#fc0|bg=#cff|s=text-align:center}}|16–12
|Detroit Lions
|58,125
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1995 NFL season|1995]]
|Oct 15
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|30–21
|Detroit Lions
|60,302
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1995
|Oct 29
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|24–16
|Green Bay Packers
|73,462
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1996 NFL season|1996]]
|Nov 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–18
|Detroit Lions
|60,695
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1996
|Dec 15
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–3
|Detroit Lions
|73,214
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1997 NFL season|1997]]
|Sept 28
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|26–15
|Green Bay Packers
|78,110
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1997
|Nov 2
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|20–10
|Detroit Lions
|60,126
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[1998 NFL season|1998]]
|Sept 6
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|38–19
|Detroit Lions
|60,102
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|1998
|Oct 15
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|27–20
|Green Bay Packers
|77,932
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[1999 NFL season|1999]]
|Sept 19
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|23–15
|Green Bay Packers
|76,202
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|1999
|Nov 21
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–17
|Detroit Lions
|59,869
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|}

===2000s (Packers 17–3)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[2000 NFL season|2000]]
|Oct 8
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|31–14
|Green Bay Packers
|77,549
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|2000
|Dec 10
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–13
|Detroit Lions
|59,854
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2001 NFL season|2001]]
|Sept 9
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–6
|Detroit Lions
|59,523
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|2001
|Nov 22
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|29–27
|Detroit Lions
|77,730
|Pontiac, Michigan
|-
|[[2002 NFL season|2002]]
|Sept 22
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|37–31
|Detroit Lions
|61,505
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2002
|Nov 10
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|40–14
|Detroit Lions
|63,313
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2003 NFL season|2003]]
|Sept 14
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–6
|Detroit Lions
|70,244
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|2003
|Nov 27
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|22–14
|Green Bay Packers
|62,123
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[2004 NFL season|2004]]
|Oct 17
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|38–10
|Detroit Lions
|62,938
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2004
|Dec 12
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|16–13
|Detroit Lions
|70,497
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2005 NFL season|2005]]
|Sept 11
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|17–3
|Green Bay Packers
|61,877
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2005
|Dec 11
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|16–13 (OT)
|Detroit Lions
|70,019
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2006 NFL season|2006]]
|Sept 24
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–24
|Detroit Lions
|61,095
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2006
|Dec 17
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|17–9
|Detroit Lions
|70,472
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2007 NFL season|2007]]
|Nov 22
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|37–26
|Detroit Lions
|63,257
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2007
|Dec 30
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|34–13
|Detroit Lions
|70,869
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2008 NFL season|2008]]
|Sept 14
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|48–25
|Detroit Lions
|60,285
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2008
|Dec 28
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|31–21
|Detroit Lions
|70,141
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2009 NFL season|2009]]
|Oct 18
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|26–0
|Detroit Lions
|70,801
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|2009
|Nov 26
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|34–12
|Detroit Lions
|57,383
|Detroit, Michigan
|}

===2010s (Packers 8–4)===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Year
!Date
!Winner
!Result
!Loser
!Attendance
!Location
|-
|[[2010 NFL season|2010]]
|Oct 3
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|28–26
|Detroit Lions
|70,729
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|2010
|Dec 12
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|7–3
|Green Bay Packers
|57,659
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[2011 NFL season|2011]]
|Nov 24
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|27–15
|Detroit Lions
|66,263
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[2011 NFL season|2012]]
|Jan 1
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|45–41
|Detroit Lions
|70,294
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2012 NFL season|2012]]
|Nov 18
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|24–20
|Detroit Lions
|63,716
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2012
|Dec 9
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|27–20
|Detroit Lions
|70,382
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2013 NFL season|2013]]
|Oct 6
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|22–9
|Detroit Lions
|78,200
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|2013
|Nov 28
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|40–10
|Green Bay Packers
|64,934
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|[[2014 NFL season|2014]]
|Sept 21
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|19-7
|Green Bay Packers
|62,418
|Detroit, Michigan
|-
|2014
|Dec 28
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|30–20
|Detroit Lions
|78,408
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|[[2015 NFL season|2015]]
|Nov 15
|'''Detroit Lions'''
| {{tc border|c=#005A8B|s=text-align:center}}|18-16
|Green Bay Packers
|78,526
|Green Bay, Wisconsin
|-
|2015
|[[Miracle in Motown|Dec 3]]
|'''Green Bay Packers'''
| {{tc border|c=#fc0|s=text-align:center}}|27–23
|Detroit Lions
|63,207
|Detroit, Michigan
|}

==See also==
Other rivalries involving the two teams:
*[[Bears–Lions rivalry]]
*[[Bears–Packers rivalry]]
*[[Lions–Vikings rivalry]]
*[[Packers–Vikings rivalry]]

==References==
*[http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/history/pdfs/History/AT_Tm_v_Tm_2011.pdf NFL.com All-Time Team vs. Team Results]
*[http://mcubed.net/nfl/det/gb.shtml mcubed.net's Lions-Packers Series History 1966-present]
{{Reflist}}

{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Detroit Lions}}
{{Green Bay Packers}}
{{NFL rivalries}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lions-Packers rivalry}}
[[Category:Detroit Lions]]
[[Category:Green Bay Packers]]
[[Category:National Football League rivalries]]

Johnny Hetki

2016-08-06T02:22:35Z

BobDog54: /* Winter League career */ changed a to an

{{Infobox baseball biography
|name=Johnny Hetki
|position=[[Pitcher]]
|image=
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1922|5|12}}
|birth_place=[[Leavenworth, Kansas]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|debutleague = MLB
|debutdate=September 14
|debutyear=1945
|debutteam= [[Cincinnati Reds]]
|finalleague = MLB
|finaldate=September 22
|finalyear=1954
|finalteam= [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]
|statleague = MLB
|stat1label=[[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]
|stat1value=18–26
|stat2label=[[Earned run average]]
|stat2value=4.39
|stat3label=[[Save (baseball)|Saves]]
|stat3value=13
|stat4label=[[Games pitched]]
|stat4value=214
|teams=
* [[Cincinnati Reds]] (1945–1948; 1950)
* [[St. Louis Browns]] (1952)
* [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] (1953–1954)
}}

'''John Edward Hetki''' (born May 12, 1922) is a former [[long reliever|long relief pitcher]] in [[Major League Baseball]] who played for the [[Cincinnati Reds]], [[St. Louis Browns]] and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in all or parts of eight seasons spanning {{baseball year|1945}}–{{baseball year|1954}}. Listed at 6' 1", 202 lb., Hetki batted and threw [[right-handed]]. He was born in [[Leavenworth, Kansas]].<ref name=BR>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/h/hetkijo01.shtml Baseball Reference (MLB)]</ref>

==Minor League career==
Hetki first played in the [[Minor League Baseball|Minor Leagues]] at the age of 18. He had a promising debut, winning 16 games and losing 10 for the [[Arizona–Texas League#List of teams|Albuquerque Cardinals]] of the [[Arizona–Texas League]] in 1941.<ref name=BRminors>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.cgi?id=hetki-001joh Baseball Reference (MiLB)]</ref> Hetki then was signed by the Reds organization before the 1942 season, and he went 4-1 with a 2.16 [[Earned run average|ERA]] with the [[Birmingham Barons]] before joining the [[Pioneer League (baseball)#Pioneer League teams (1939–present)|Ogden Reds]], where he was 13-8 and led the [[Pioneer League (baseball)|Pioneer League]] with a 2.24 ERA. Overall, he finished the split season with a 17-9 record and a 2.22 ERA in 29 games pitched.<ref name=BRminors/> But his career was interrupted by two years of military service during [[World War II]].<ref name=WWII>[http://www.baseballinwartime.com/player_biographies/hetki_johnny.htm Baseball in Wartime]</ref>

==Major League career==
Returning to baseball in early 1945, Hetki made his major league debut with the Reds in September of that year. He went 1-2 with a 3.58 ERA in two starts and three relief appearances. His most productive season came in 1946, when he finished 6-6 with a 2.99 ERA in 32 games, including 11 [[starting pitcher|starts]] and four [[complete game]]s. Hetki was with the Reds through the 1950 season, spending part of this time in the minor leagues. As a result, in 1949 he went 16-14 for the [[Syracuse Chiefs]] of the [[International League]], ending fifth in the league in wins and second in innings (250) behind [[Al Widmar]] (294).<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type=pitch&id=9c026488 1949 International League pitching leaders]</ref> He then was purchased by the St. Louis Browns from Cincinnati in October 1950.<ref name=BR/>

Hetki spent 1951 with the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)|Toronto Maple Leafs]], and this time he led the International League with 19 victories and 256 innings pitched, while tying for second in ERA with [[Karl Drews]] (2.85) behind [[Jackie Collum]] (2.80).<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/register/leader.cgi?type=pitch&id=edaea83d 1951 International League pitching leaders]</ref> He was called up by the Browns in 1952 and appeared in only three outings for St. Louis, going 0-1. After that, he was selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the Browns in the 1952 [[Rule V Draft]]. Working mostly out of the bullpen, Hetki won 3 and lost 6 for the Pirates in 1953 and went 4-4 in 1954, leading the [[National League]] in [[games finished]] (46) in that last season.<ref name=BR/>

Overall, Hetki posted an 18–26 record with a 4.39 ERA and 13 [[save (sport)|saves]] in 214 pitching appearances (23 starts), [[strikeout|striking out]] 175 batters while [[base on balls|walking]] 185 in 525⅓ innings of work.<ref name=BR/> Additionally, he went 101–71 with an ERA of 3.27 in eight Minor League seasons between 1942 and 1956.<ref name=BRminors/>

==Winter League career==
In between, Hetki played winter ball from 1951–1952 with the [[Navegantes del Magallanes]] club of the [[Venezuelan Professional Baseball League]], collecting an 18-12 record with a 3.26 ERA in 52 games during the two seasons.<ref>[http://www.purapelota.com/lvbp/mostrar.php?id=hetkjoh001 Pura Pelota]</ref> On February 14, 1952, Hetki made history during the longest game played in Winter League history, as Magallanes and [[Cervecería Caracas]] battled to a 3–3, 18–inning tie game which lasted three hours and ten minutes. Hetki hurled all 18 innings for Magallanes, setting a record that still stands.<ref>Bjarkman, Peter (1994). ''Baseball with a Latin Beat: A History of the Latin American Game''. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-89950-973-0</ref><ref>[http://magallanesmania.blogspot.com/2006/08/historia-del-magallanes-1946-1956.html Historia del Magallanes (1946–1956)] [Spanish]</ref>

Hetki later pitched two complete games for the VPBL champion Magallanes in the [[1952 Caribbean Series]], including an 11-inning, 2–1 victory against [[Panama]]'s champion [[Panamanian Professional Baseball League#Carta Vieja Yankees|Carta Vieja Yankees]].<ref>Nuñez, José Antero (1994). ''Serie del Caribe de la Habana a Puerto La Cruz''. JAN Editor. ISBN 980-07-2389-7</ref>

==Later years==
After baseball, Hetki worked for several years as a traffic foreman for [[Thistle Manufacturing Company|Simpkins Industries]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref name=WWII/> He moved to [[Parma, Ohio]] after retiring.<ref>[http://www.whitepages.com/name/John-Hetki White Pages search]</ref>

==Sources==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hetki, Johnny}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Albuquerque Cardinals players]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Baseball players from Kansas]]
[[Category:Birmingham Barons players]]
[[Category:Caribbean Series players]]
[[Category:Cincinnati Reds players]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball pitchers]]
[[Category:Navegantes del Magallanes players]]
[[Category:Ogden Reds players]]
[[Category:People from Leavenworth, Kansas]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players]]
[[Category:St. Louis Browns players]]
[[Category:Syracuse Chiefs players]]
[[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players]]

Eli Hurvitz

2016-08-06T02:20:11Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{For|the Executive Director of the Trump Foundation|Eli Hurvitz (Meridor)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Eliyahu (Eli) Hurvitz
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =אליהו "אלי" הורביץ
| native_name_lang =
| image = Eli Hurvitz.JPG
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Eliyahu Hurvitz
| birth_date = 1932
| birth_place = [[Jerusalem]]
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 2011|11|21
| death_place =
| death_cause =
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| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
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| nationality =
| other_names =
| ethnicity = 
| citizenship = Israeli
| education =
| alma_mater = The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
| occupation = Industrialist
| years_active =
| employer = [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries]]
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
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| title = Chairman of the Board (and former CEO)
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| awards = 2002 [[Israel Prize]] for lifetime achievement and special contributions to society and the State
| signature =
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}}

'''Eli Hurvitz''' ({{lang-he|אליהו "אלי" הורביץ}}, born 1932, died 21 November 2011) was an [[Israel]]i industrialist. He was the Chairman of the Board and former CEO of [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries]] at the time of his death.

==Biography==
Eliyahu (Eli) Hurvitz was born in [[Jerusalem]], in the [[British Mandate of Palestine]], in 1932. In 1934, his family moved to [[Tel Aviv]]. In May 1948, he and his classmates were drafted by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] to fight in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. In early 1949 he resumed his studies for five months and completed his matriculation ([[Bagrut]]) exams. After graduation, he joined kibbutz [[Tel Katzir]], where he met Dalia Solomon. In June 1953 they married, and they left the [[kibbutz]] in October.<ref name=jrank>{{Cite web
| title = Hurvitz, Eli (1932–)
| work = encyclopedia.jrank.org
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/5730/Hurvitz-Eli-1932.html
}}</ref>

Hurwitz studied economics at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. He joined Assia Chemical Labs Ltd., a small firm of which Dalia's father was a managing partner, as a dishwasher in the laboratory.<ref name=nfc>{{Cite news
| title = Horowitz Eli
| work = nfc
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = March 17, 2002
| url = http://www.news1.co.il/Archive/006-D-560-00.html?tag=11-56-29
|language=he}}</ref><ref name=weintraub>{{Cite news
| last = Weintraub
| first = Don
| title = Eli Hurvitz: president and CEO, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries.
| work = ICEN
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = February 22, 1991
| url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9233700_ITM
}}</ref> After his graduation from Hebrew University in 1957 he began doing office work at Assia and moved to executive ranks. In 1964, Assia merged with Zori and in 1969 acquired a controlling interest in Teva. In 1976, the three firms merged into Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. with Hurvitz as the CEO.<ref name=jrank/> He resigned as CEO in 2002 and handed over the position to Israel Makov, and from then on until his death in 2011 had been the firm's Chairman of the Board.<ref name=reuters>{{Cite news
| title = Hurvitz, Eli
| work = Reuters
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=TEVA.O&officerId=132712
}}</ref><ref name=coren>{{Cite news
| last = Coren
| first = Ora
| title = Most respected managers in market: Tshuva, Dankner, Maor and Hurvitz
| work = Haaretz
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = February 21, 2008
| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/955989.html
}}</ref>

Hurvitz served as chairman of the Israel Export Institute from 1974 to 1978.<ref name=jrank/> In 1981 he was made president of the [[Israel Manufacturers Association]], a position he held until 1986. From 1985 to 1986 he headed [[Shimon Peres]]' economic plan to fight the inflation, for which he was awarded the Industry Prize. In 1986 he was appointed chairman of the board of [[Bank Leumi]]. In 1987, he resigned after his name was associated with [[Bank stock crisis (Israel 1983)|Israel's bank stock crisis of 1983]].<ref name=nfc/>

Hurvitz was chairman of the [[Jerusalem Development Authority]] from 1989 to 1992; a member of the Advisory Committee of the [[Bank of Israel]] from 1991 to 1995; director of Koor Industries Ltd. from 1997 to 2004; and director of Magal Security System Ltd. from 1992 to 1994. He also served as chairman of the Executive Committee of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] from 1989 to 1995. He has been a member of the board of governors of [[Tel Aviv University]] since 2001, a director of Vishay Technologies since 1997, and chair of the [[Israel Democracy Institute]] since 2002.<ref name=jrank/>

In March 1996 he was indicted on charges of an $18 million tax evasion in corporate taxes as head of a Teva subsidiary, Promedico.<ref name=gasbarre>{{Cite web
| last = Dougal Gasbarre
| first = April
| title = Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
| work = Answers.com
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://www.answers.com/topic/teva-pharmaceutical-industries-ltd
}}</ref> In 1998 he was convicted by the Jerusalem district court,<ref name=magen>{{Cite news
| last = Magen
| first = Hadas
| title = Teva CEO Eli Hurvitz Convicted of Tax Fraud Offences
| work = Globes
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = December 16, 1998
| url = http://www.globes.co.il/DocsEn/did=371915.htm
}}</ref> but was acquitted by the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] in 2000.<ref name=businesswire>{{Cite news
| title = The Israeli Supreme Court Fully Acquitted Eli Hurvitz,Teva's President and CEO.
| work = Business Wire
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = September 7, 2000
| url = http://www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/company-structures-ownership/6498120-1.html
}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hurvitz received honorary doctorates from the [[Technion Israel Institute of Technology]] in 1990, the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1994, [[Ben-Gurion University]] in 2002 and [[Tel Aviv University]] in 2004.

In 2002, he received the [[Israel Prize]], for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society and the State.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient’s C.V. | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EliHorvitz/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipient | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EliHorvitz/NimokiSuftimEliHorvitz.htm}}</ref>

In 2005, Hurvitz was named Business Leader of the Decade by [[Dun & Bradstreet]].

From 2002 to 2005 he served as a member of the International Council of the [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]].<ref name=jrank/> In 2006, [[Forbes]] estimated his wealth at $500 million and listed him as the 30th-richest Israeli.<ref name=forbes>{{Cite news
| title = #30 Eli Hurvitz
| work = Forbes
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = November 12, 2006
| url = http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Eli-Hurvitz_98MY.html
}}</ref>

In 2011, he received the honorary award of the [[Ariel University Center of Samaria]]. Horowitz received the award for his many years of promoting [[high-tech industry]], [[economy]] and [[society]] in Israel.

== See also ==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web
| title = Eli Hurvitz – Chairman of the Board
| work = tevapharm.com
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://www.tevapharm.com/about/Eli_Hurvitz.asp
}}
*{{Cite web
| title = The Eli Hurvitz Institute of Strategic Management
| work = tau.ac.il
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://recanati.tau.ac.il/Eng/Index.asp?CategoryID=364
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurvitz, Eli}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni]]
[[Category:Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society recipients]]
[[Category:Israeli chief executives]]
[[Category:People from Jerusalem]]

Eli Hurvitz

2016-08-06T02:18:42Z

BobDog54: /* Biography */ changed a to an

{{For|the Executive Director of the Trump Foundation|Eli Hurvitz (Meridor)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Eliyahu (Eli) Hurvitz
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =אליהו "אלי" הורביץ
| native_name_lang =
| image = Eli Hurvitz.JPG
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Eliyahu Hurvitz
| birth_date = 1932
| birth_place = [[Jerusalem]]
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 2011|11|21
| death_place =
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| education =
| alma_mater = The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
| occupation = Industrialist
| years_active =
| employer = [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries]]
| organization =
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| notable_works =
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| awards = 2002 [[Israel Prize]] for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society and the State
| signature =
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| signature_size =
| module =
| module2 =
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| website = 
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}

'''Eli Hurvitz''' ({{lang-he|אליהו "אלי" הורביץ}}, born 1932, died 21 November 2011) was an [[Israel]]i industrialist. He was the Chairman of the Board and former CEO of [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries]] at the time of his death.

==Biography==
Eliyahu (Eli) Hurvitz was born in [[Jerusalem]], in the [[British Mandate of Palestine]], in 1932. In 1934, his family moved to [[Tel Aviv]]. In May 1948, he and his classmates were drafted by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] to fight in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. In early 1949 he resumed his studies for five months and completed his matriculation ([[Bagrut]]) exams. After graduation, he joined kibbutz [[Tel Katzir]], where he met Dalia Solomon. In June 1953 they married, and they left the [[kibbutz]] in October.<ref name=jrank>{{Cite web
| title = Hurvitz, Eli (1932–)
| work = encyclopedia.jrank.org
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/5730/Hurvitz-Eli-1932.html
}}</ref>

Hurwitz studied economics at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. He joined Assia Chemical Labs Ltd., a small firm of which Dalia's father was a managing partner, as a dishwasher in the laboratory.<ref name=nfc>{{Cite news
| title = Horowitz Eli
| work = nfc
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = March 17, 2002
| url = http://www.news1.co.il/Archive/006-D-560-00.html?tag=11-56-29
|language=he}}</ref><ref name=weintraub>{{Cite news
| last = Weintraub
| first = Don
| title = Eli Hurvitz: president and CEO, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries.
| work = ICEN
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = February 22, 1991
| url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9233700_ITM
}}</ref> After his graduation from Hebrew University in 1957 he began doing office work at Assia and moved to executive ranks. In 1964, Assia merged with Zori and in 1969 acquired a controlling interest in Teva. In 1976, the three firms merged into Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. with Hurvitz as the CEO.<ref name=jrank/> He resigned as CEO in 2002 and handed over the position to Israel Makov, and from then on until his death in 2011 had been the firm's Chairman of the Board.<ref name=reuters>{{Cite news
| title = Hurvitz, Eli
| work = Reuters
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=TEVA.O&officerId=132712
}}</ref><ref name=coren>{{Cite news
| last = Coren
| first = Ora
| title = Most respected managers in market: Tshuva, Dankner, Maor and Hurvitz
| work = Haaretz
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = February 21, 2008
| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/955989.html
}}</ref>

Hurvitz served as chairman of the Israel Export Institute from 1974 to 1978.<ref name=jrank/> In 1981 he was made president of the [[Israel Manufacturers Association]], a position he held until 1986. From 1985 to 1986 he headed [[Shimon Peres]]' economic plan to fight the inflation, for which he was awarded the Industry Prize. In 1986 he was appointed chairman of the board of [[Bank Leumi]]. In 1987, he resigned after his name was associated with [[Bank stock crisis (Israel 1983)|Israel's bank stock crisis of 1983]].<ref name=nfc/>

Hurvitz was chairman of the [[Jerusalem Development Authority]] from 1989 to 1992; a member of the Advisory Committee of the [[Bank of Israel]] from 1991 to 1995; director of Koor Industries Ltd. from 1997 to 2004; and director of Magal Security System Ltd. from 1992 to 1994. He also served as chairman of the Executive Committee of the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] from 1989 to 1995. He has been a member of the board of governors of [[Tel Aviv University]] since 2001, a director of Vishay Technologies since 1997, and chair of the [[Israel Democracy Institute]] since 2002.<ref name=jrank/>

In March 1996 he was indicted on charges of an $18 million tax evasion in corporate taxes as head of a Teva subsidiary, Promedico.<ref name=gasbarre>{{Cite web
| last = Dougal Gasbarre
| first = April
| title = Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
| work = Answers.com
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://www.answers.com/topic/teva-pharmaceutical-industries-ltd
}}</ref> In 1998 he was convicted by the Jerusalem district court,<ref name=magen>{{Cite news
| last = Magen
| first = Hadas
| title = Teva CEO Eli Hurvitz Convicted of Tax Fraud Offences
| work = Globes
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = December 16, 1998
| url = http://www.globes.co.il/DocsEn/did=371915.htm
}}</ref> but was acquitted by the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] in 2000.<ref name=businesswire>{{Cite news
| title = The Israeli Supreme Court Fully Acquitted Eli Hurvitz,Teva's President and CEO.
| work = Business Wire
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = September 7, 2000
| url = http://www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/company-structures-ownership/6498120-1.html
}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hurvitz received honorary doctorates from the [[Technion Israel Institute of Technology]] in 1990, the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1994, [[Ben-Gurion University]] in 2002 and [[Tel Aviv University]] in 2004.

In 2002, he received the [[Israel Prize]], for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society and the State.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient’s C.V. | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EliHorvitz/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipient | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsab/EliHorvitz/NimokiSuftimEliHorvitz.htm}}</ref>

In 2005, Hurvitz was named Business Leader of the Decade by [[Dun & Bradstreet]].

From 2002 to 2005 he served as a member of the International Council of the [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]].<ref name=jrank/> In 2006, [[Forbes]] estimated his wealth at $500 million and listed him as the 30th-richest Israeli.<ref name=forbes>{{Cite news
| title = #30 Eli Hurvitz
| work = Forbes
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| date = November 12, 2006
| url = http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/81/biz_06israel_Eli-Hurvitz_98MY.html
}}</ref>

In 2011, he received the honorary award of the [[Ariel University Center of Samaria]]. Horowitz received the award for his many years of promoting [[high-tech industry]], [[economy]] and [[society]] in Israel.

== See also ==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web
| title = Eli Hurvitz – Chairman of the Board
| work = tevapharm.com
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://www.tevapharm.com/about/Eli_Hurvitz.asp
}}
*{{Cite web
| title = The Eli Hurvitz Institute of Strategic Management
| work = tau.ac.il
| accessdate = October 11, 2008
| url = http://recanati.tau.ac.il/Eng/Index.asp?CategoryID=364
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurvitz, Eli}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni]]
[[Category:Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society recipients]]
[[Category:Israeli chief executives]]
[[Category:People from Jerusalem]]

Second to Last Love (South Korean TV series)

2016-08-06T02:16:29Z

BobDog54: changed a to an; fixed some typos

{{Infobox television
| show_name = The Second Last Love
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| show_name_2 = ''Second to Last Love'' ''My Second Last Love''
| genre = [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Saigo Kara Nibanme no Koi]]''|Yoshikazu Okada}}
| developer =
| writer = Choi Yoon-jeong
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Choi Young-hoon
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Kim Hee-ae]] [[Ji Jin-hee]] [[Kwak Si-yang]]
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = South Korea
| language = Korean
| num_episodes = 16
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 70 minutes
| company = Salt Light Media Linus Pictures
| distributor = [[Seoul Broadcasting System]]
| network = [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]]
| audio_format = 2 channels [[Stereophonic sound|stereo sound]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|07|30}}
| last_aired = present
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| related = 
| website = http://program.sbs.co.kr/builder/programSubOnline.do?pgm_id=22000009619&pgm_build_id=17804&pgm_mnu_id=44136
| website_title =
| production_website =
| production_website_title =
}}

'''''The Second Last Love''''' ({{ko-hhrm|끝에서 두번째 사랑||Kkeut-eseo Dubeonjjae Sarang}}) is a [[Korean drama|South Korean television series]] starring [[Kim Hee-ae]], [[Ji Jin-hee]] and [[Kwak Si-yang]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yeon Hwi-seon|title='두 번째 사랑' 지진희·이수민·김슬기 등, 주요 출연진 확정|url=http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=14640027221117578002|work=Asia Economic Daily|date=May 23, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kim Ye-seul|title='끝에서 두 번째 사랑' 김희애X지진희, 첫 대본리딩 공개|url=http://enter.etoday.co.kr/view/news_view.php?varAtcId=63859|work=BizEnter|date=June 14, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref> It is a [[Korean drama]] [[remake]] of the [[Japanese television drama]] series ''[[Saigo Kara Nibanme no Koi]]'' which aired on [[Fuji Television|Fuji TV]] from 2012 to 2014. It replaced ''[[Beautiful Gong Shim]]'' and airs on [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] on Saturdays and Sundays at 22:00 ([[Time in South Korea|KST]]) for 16 episodes starting July 30, 2016.

==Cast==

===Main cast===
* [[Kim Hee-ae]] as Kang Min-joo<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jo Hyun-joo|title=김희애, '끝에서 두번째 사랑' 출연 확정 '지진희와 로맨스'|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/941324|work=TenAsia|date=May 23, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 46-year-old woman, she is a SBC Broadcasting's executive producer and the leader of drama division's team 1.
* [[Ji Jin-hee]] as Go Sang-sik<ref>{{Cite news|author=Yoon Go-eun|title=지진희, SBS '끝에서 두 번째 사랑' 주인공|url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2016/04/29/0200000000AKR20160429107400033.HTML|work=[[Yonhap|Yonhap News Agency]]|date=April 29, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 46-year-old man, he is a grade 5 official and the head of Woori City Hall's regional tourism section.
* [[Kwak Si-yang]] as Park Joon-woo<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee Ho-yeon|title=SBS 측 "곽시양 '끝에서 두번째 사랑' 최종 조율 중"|url=http://pop.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=201606071139188310481_1|work=[[The Korea Herald|Herald Pop]]|date=June 7, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 35-year-old man, he is the owner of healing cafe "Rest".

===Go Sang-sik's family===
* [[Kim Seul-gie]] as Go Mi-rye<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jung Ahn-ji|title=김슬기, SBS '끝에서 두 번째 사랑' 캐스팅...웹툰 작가 변신 (공식)|url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/05/23/2016052302968.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=May 23, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 35-year-old woman, she is Sang-sik youngest sister and an unknown webtoon writer.
* {{ill|ko|Jung Soo-young|정수영 (배우)}} as Go Sang-hee<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee Ho-yeon|title=정수영 '끝에서 두번째 사랑' 캐스팅, 지진희 첫째동생 役|url=http://pop.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=201606170842503219556_1|work=[[The Korea Herald|Herald Pop]]|date=June 17, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 42-year-old woman, she is Sang-sik's first younger sister and Cheon-soo's wife.
* [[Lee Soo-min (actress)|Lee Soo-min]] as Go Ye-ji<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kim Min-jeong|title='보니하니' 이수민, '끝에서 두번째 사랑' 출연...지진희 김희애와 함께|url=http://www.kookje.co.kr/news2011/asp/newsbody.asp?code=0500&key=20160524.99002002227|work=Kookje Daily News|date=May 24, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 15-year-old girl, she is Sang-sik's only daughter.
* [[Lee Hyung-chul]] as Park Cheon-soo<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee Kyung-ho|title=이형철, '끝에서 두번째 사랑' 출연..3년만에 SBS 복귀|url=http://news.joins.com/article/20151687|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|date=June 10, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 45-year-old man, he is Sang-sik's brother-in-law, Sang-hee's husband and a middle school's math teacher.
* {{ill|ko|Hong Tae-eui|홍태의}} as Park Hoon
An 18-year-old boy, he is Sang-sik's nephew, Sang-hee and Cheon-soo's only son.
* [[Sung Ji-ru]] as Dok Go-bong
A 62-year-old man, he is owner of the bar where Sang-sik is a customer.
* {{ill|ko|Stephanie Lee|스테파니 리}} as Min Ji-seon<ref>{{Cite web|author=Park Jin-young|title=[단독] 스테파니리, '끝에서 두 번째 사랑' 출연..김희애 연적된다|url=http://isplus.live.joins.com/news/article/article.asp?total_id=20105826|work=OSEN|publisher=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|date=May 31, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 29-year-old woman, she is a Canadian-born Korean model.

===Kang Min-joo's friends===
* Kim Na-young as Shin Ae-kyung
A 46-year-old woman, she is Min-joo's friend and a 2nd year divorced woman.
* [[Seo Jeong-yeon]] as Goo Tae-yeon
A 46-year-old woman, she is Min-joo's friend, a single lady, and a writing teacher.

===People of Woori City Hall===
* [[Moon Hee-kyung]] as Na Choon-woo
A 55-year-old woman, she is the Deputy Mayor.
* {{ill|ko|Kim Kwon|김권}} as Cha Soo-hyuk<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yoon Sang-geun|title=김권, '끝에서 두번째 사랑' 합류..지진희 부하직원役|url=http://news.joins.com/article/20229593|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]|date=June 28, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 35-year-old man, he is a grade 7 official and a competent of the regional tourism section.
* {{ill|ko|Go Bo-gyeol|고보결}} as Han Song-yi<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kim Kyung-ho|title=[화보] 신예 고보결,'꽃 미모 과시'|url=http://www.segye.com/content/html/2016/06/15/20160615003977.html|work=Segye|date=June 15, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 28-year-old woman, she is a female contract employee of the regional tourism section.
* N/A as Shin Seok-gi
A 43-year-old man, he is the Economic and Cultural director.

===SBC Broadcasting Bureau===
* {{ill|ko|Park Sung-geun|박성근 (배우)}} as Han Jeong-sik
A 49-year-old man, he is an executive producer and the leader of drama division's team 2.
* {{ill|ko|Yang Hyung-wook|양형욱}} as Gook Young-soo
A 52-year-old man, he is the head of drama division.
* {{ill|ko|Lee Hye-eun|이혜은}} as Oh Young-ae<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jung Hee-yeon|title=이혜은, '끝에서 두 번째 사랑' 캐스팅…김희애와 호흡 [공식입장]|url=http://sports.donga.com/3/02/20160616/78695649/1|work=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]|date=June 16, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
A 43-year-old woman, she is the production PD of drama division and Min-joo's right arm.
* {{ill|ko|Jang Seok-hyun|장석현}} as Nam Gi-cheol
A 35-year-old man, he is a 5th year assistant director and Min-joo's left arm
* {{ill|ko|Han Soo-jin|한수진 (배우)}} as Na Ae-ri
A 33-year-old woman, she is an new drama writer.
* {{ill|ko|Kim Dong-gyun|김동균}} as PD

===Extended cast===
* {{ill|ko|Lee Eun-hyung|이은형 (희극인)}}
* {{ill|ko|Kang Jae-joon|강재준}}

==Ratings==

In the table below, '''the blue numbers''' represent the lowest ratings and '''the red numbers''' represent the highest ratings.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="3"|Episode #
!rowspan="3"|Original broadcast date
!colspan="4"|Average audience share
|-
!colspan="2"|TNmS Ratings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnms.tv/rating/default.asp|title=TNmS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu|work=TNmS Ratings|accessdate=July 30, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|AGB Nielsen Ratings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nielsenkorea.co.kr/tv_terrestrial_day.asp?menu=Tit_1&sub_menu=1_1&area=00|title=AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu|work=AGB Nielsen Media Research|accessdate=July 30, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! width=100|Nationwide !! width=100|[[Seoul National Capital Area]] !! width=100|Nationwide !! width=100|[[Seoul National Capital Area]]
|-
! 1
| July 30, 2016 || '''7.5%''' || '''9.1%''' || '''8.7%''' || '''10.4%'''
|-
! 2
| July 31, 2016 || '''8.3%''' || '''9.8%''' || '''9.3%''' || '''10.9%'''
|-
! 3
| August 6, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 4
| August 7, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 5
| August 13, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 6
| August 14, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 7
| August 20, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 8
| August 21, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 9
| August 27, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 10
| August 28, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 11
| September 3, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 12
| September 4, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 13
| September 10, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 14
| September 11, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 15
| September 17, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! 16
| September 18, 2016 || % || % || % || %
|-
! colspan=2|Average || % || % || % || %
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|1=http://program.sbs.co.kr/builder/programSubOnline.do?pgm_id=22000009619&pgm_build_id=17804&pgm_mnu_id=44136}}
*{{Hancinema drama|The_Second_Last_Love}}
*{{IMDb title|5904666|The Second Last Love}}
*''[http://movie.daum.net/tv/main?tvProgramId=76378 The Second Last Love]'' at [[Daum (web portal)|Daum]] {{ko icon}}
*''[http://movie.naver.com/movie/bi/mi/basic.nhn?code=149149 The Second Last Love]'' at [[Naver|Naver Movies]] {{ko icon}}

{{SBS Weekend Special Dramas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Second Last Love, The}}
[[Category:2016 South Korean television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 South Korean television series endings]]
[[Category:Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas]]
[[Category:2010s South Korean television series]]
[[Category:Korean-language television programming]]

{{SouthKorea-tv-stub}}

List of Ultraman X characters

2016-08-06T02:01:13Z

BobDog54: /* Xio */ fixed grammar issues and smoothed the narrative

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Ultraman X'' characters}}
This is a '''character list''' of the 2015 [[Ultra Series]] '''''[[Ultraman X]]'''''.

==Xio==
Xio (stands for '''X'''eno '''I'''nvasion '''O'''utcutters) is a team under the Earth defense organization UNVER and is based at the {{nihongo4|Operation Base X|オペレーションベースX|Operēshon Bēsu Ekkusu}}. According to the documentary episode, counting the maintenance staffs as well, the total number of workers in Operation Base X is 2700 people.<ref name="cast">{{cite web|url=http://m-78.jp/x/cast/|title=Casts of Ultraman X|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref>

The announcements and navigation voice for Xio technologies is voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Hibiku Yamamura]]|山村響|Yamamura Hibiku}}.

===Main members===

====Daichi Ozora====
{{nihongo4|Daichi Ozora|大空大地|Ōzora Daichi}} is a 20-year-old youth from the Research and Development section lab team from Xio but also goes on undercover missions whenever needed.

Fifteen years prior, he lost his parents during the Ultra Flare incident, thus leaving him with the Gomora Spark Doll and his mother's space communicator as their keepsakes. He merges with a mysterious light from the sky, who turns out to be Ultraman X, and transforms into him using the {{nihongo4|X Devizer|エクスデバイザー|Ekusu Debaizā}}. He knows that fighting monsters is one of Xio's priorities, but he also wishes that there could be a way to make peace with the monsters instead of annihilating them.

Upon learning of X's past, he decided to assist the Ultra in regaining his physical body. He is a cheerful person but can also be serious at times and for once, pushes himself too hard trying to materialize Cyber Gomora which nearly costs him his good health. It wasn't until he managed to befriend the Cyber Monster that the materialization process was brought to fruition. In his free time, Daichi tried to pursue his parents' dream of communicating with extraterrestrial life forms using his mother's space communicator. After hearing of his mother's survival, he tried his best to save his parents and during X's supposed death by Greeza, Daichi discovered that he was prophesied to be Earth's savior from the destroyer, which was fulfilled with the help of the escaped Spark Dolls. After the battle, he was commended by his parents before returning to his teammates.

Daichi Ozora is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kensuke Takahashi|高橋健介|Takahashi Kensuke}}. As a child, Daichi is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Leo Ichinose|一瀬礼旺|Ichinose Reo}}.

====Asuna Yamase====
{{nihongo4|Asuna Yamase|山瀬アスナ|Yamase Asuna}} is a 19-year-old female Xio officer that is skilled in ground combat and practices martial arts. She is partnered with Daichi during undercover missions. She has a tomboyish and hot-headed outlook but deep inside, she actually wants to be more feminine, as she had once made her childhood crush cry after beating him in a [[Kendo]] match. She becomes the stand-in partner for Cyber Gomora whenever Daichi finds himself occupied. She has strong pride as a woman and thus, her reason for joining Xio is because she believes that the Earth's safety is not only to be carried by men alone.

Asuna Yamase is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Akane Sakanoue|坂ノ上茜|Sakanoue Akane}}.

====Wataru Kazama====
{{nihongo4|Wataru Kazama|風間ワタル|Kazama Wataru}} is the team's 24-year-old top sniper and expert in operating investigation vehicles. He is a clumsy man but deep inside his heart, he has a huge sense of justice. He is also a skilled pilot in space, beating Hayato, his rival, who is uncommonly good in aerial combat. In high school, Wataru was known to be a pro-rugby player and becomes a representative of Japan's national rugby team, now a member of Xio's Rugby Team during certain matches. He has been working in Xio for six years and has a little brother named Isamu that follows his footstep as a rugby player. In his free time, Wataru likes watching movies, especially [[romance film]]s. Near the finale, Wataru was thought to be killed by Greeza alongside Mamoru but instead survived and managed to join their teammates in their final battle.

Wataru Kazama is portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Yoshihiko Hosoda]]|細田よしひこ|Hosoda Yoshihiko}}.

====Hayato Kishima====
{{nihongo4|Hayato Kishima|貴島ハヤト|Kishima Hayato}} is the 24-year-old pilot in the team. He considers Wataru to be his rival, yet they are paired by Captain Kamiki in undercover missions. Hayato often relies on logic and calculations, sometimes clashing with Wataru due to his hotheaded attitude. His hometown is in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]] and his father works as a popular noodle seller. He wants to follow his father's path after his retirement from Xio.

Hayato Kishima is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Ukyo Matsumoto|松本享恭|Matsumoto Ukyō}}.

====Takeru Yamagishi====
{{nihongo4|Takeru Yamagishi|山岸タケル|Yamagishi Takeru}} is Xio's male operator and a dutiful person, never misses the daily voice training.

Takeru Yamagishi is portrayed by Voyager lead member TAKERU.

====Chiaki Matsudo====
{{nihongo4|Chiaki Matsudo|松戸チアキ|Matsudo Chiaki}} is Xio's female operator, she is greatly fond of music.

Chiaki Matsudo is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Chiaki Seshimo|瀬下千晶|Seshimo Chiaki}}.

====Sayuri Tachibana====
{{nihongo4|Sayuri Tachibana|橘さゆり|Tachibana Sayuri}} is the female deputy captain of Xio, an expert in [[search and rescue]] missions and a tactical leader. She is also observant of Xio members and acts as a parental figure despite her stoic demeanor. She has two daughters, who immigrated to Canada with Tachibana's husband due to safety measures. In episode 20, she was temporary elected as the sixth {{nihongo4|Dunamist|デュナミスト|Deunamisuto}} by Ultraman Nexus, using the opportunity to rescue her family in Canada and helped Ultraman X fight Bugbuzun Brood. Her temporary bonding with Nexus leaves her a clue to Ultraman X's identity.

As a Deunamist, Sayuri gains the possession of {{nihongo4|Evolthruster|エボルトラスター|Iborutorasutā}}, a dagger which allows her to become Nexus by pulling it out of its' sheath and raising the blade upwards.

Sayuri Tachibana is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Sarara Tsukifune|月船さらら|Tsukifune Sarara}}.

====Shotaro Kamiki====
{{nihongo4|Shotaro Kamiki|神木正太郎|Kamiki Shōtarō}} is the 48-year-old Xio captain who also believes that humanity should peacefully coexist with monsters, a trait he shares with Daichi. He lost his wife 11 years ago and has a daughter named Hiromi, whom he was forced to leave behind due to his priorities as UNVER personnel. He blames himself for not having time to be with his daughter and felt depressed over it until Xio members reassure him. In reality, Kaoru never complained about it and respected the importance of his job. He keeps a picture which Hiromi drew in the past during his wife's death and always clinches to his uniform when facing a huge crisis. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', it seems that his relationship with his daughter started to improve.

Shotaro Kamiki is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yuu Kamio|神尾佑|Kamio Yū}}.

===Lab Team===
The {{nihongo4|Lab Team|ラボチーム|Rabo Chīmu}} is a division whose purpose is to investigate phenomenon and create Xio arsenals. Daichi is also a part of this team, though his uniform also indicates that he is an officer on the battlefield.

====Mamoru Mikazuki====
{{nihongo4|Mamoru Mikazuki|三日月マモル|Mikazuki Mamoru}} is a 20-year-old genius scientist. He usually partners with Rui during research. Near the finale, Mamoru was thought to be killed by Greeza alongside Wataru but instead survived and managed to join their teammates in their final battle.

Mamoru Mikazuki is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Hayato Harada|原田隼人|Harada Hayato}}.

====Rui Takada====
{{nihongo4|Rui Takada|高田ルイ|Takada Rui}} is an 18-year-old cheerful female genius scientist. She likes Eleking and Ultraman Zero, which sometimes lead to an argument with Daichi over their favorite monsters.

Rui Takada is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Haruka Momokawa|百川晴香|Momokawa Haruka}}.

====Dr. Guruman====
{{nihongo4|Gluttonous Alien Alien Fanton "Dr. Guruman"|健啖宇宙人ファントン星人グルマン博士|Kentan Uchūjin Fanton Seijin Guruman-hakase}} is the creator of Xio's arsenal and combat vehicles. In addition, he has a large appetite and eats 13 meals a day. Guruman seems to aware of Daichi's relation to Ultraman X but so far had no intention to further indulge into it.<ref name="hero and monsters">{{cite web|url=http://m-78.jp/x/character/|title=Hero & Monsters of Ultraman X|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref> During the finale, Guruman was thought to be killed by Greeza in his last attempt to defend the Spark Dolls but instead survived in the end.

Dr. Guruman is voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Yasunori Matsumoto]]|松本保典|Matsumoto Yasunori}} and is a tribute to Alien Fanton from episode 7 of ''[[Ultraman Mebius]]''.

===Mechas and Vehicles===
Xio members deployed three vehicles into the battle, with each of them can combine with the combiner unit {{nihongo4|Xio Musketty|ジオマスケッティ|Jio Masuketti}}. Additionally, they can also use the power of Cyber Cards as armaments. All vehicles are named after the main characters of [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s ''[[The Three Musketeers]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Xio [[Athos (character)|Athos]]|ジオアトス|Jio Atosu}}: A [[Nissan Leaf]]-based investigation vehicle, its main armament is {{nihongo4|Athos Laser|アトスレーザー|Atosu Rēzā}}. By combining with Xio Musketty, Athos can become the fighter jet {{nihongo4|Sky Musketty|スカイマスケッティ|Sukai Masuketti}} and utilizes {{nihongo4|Fanton Photon Cannons|ファントン光子砲|Fanton Kōshi Hō}}.
*{{nihongo4|Xio [[Aramis]]|ジオアラミス|Jio Aramisu}}: A [[Nissan NV200]]-based investigation vehicle, its main armament is {{nihongo4|Aramis Laser|アラミスレーザー|Aramisu Rēzā}}. By combining with Xio Musketty, Aramis can become the space shuttle {{nihongo4|Space Musketty|スペースマスケッティ|Supēsu Masuketti}} and utilizes {{nihongo4|Fantonic Laser|ファントニックレーザー|Fantonikku Rēzā}}. Space Musketty was developed during X's abduction by Bemstar and later equipped with a second unit of Xio Musketty which possesses an advanced energy measurement unit in place of standard combat weapons.
*{{nihongo4|Xio [[Porthos]]|ジオポルトス|Jio Porutosu}}: A [[Nissan Atlas|e-NT400]]-based investigation truck. By combining with Xio Musketty, Porthos can become the combat tank {{nihongo4|Land Musketty|ランドマスケッティ|Land Masuketti}} and utilizes {{nihongo4|Fanton Rail Cannon|ファントンレールキャノン|Fanton Rēru Kyanon}}.

==UNVER==
UNVER (stands for '''U'''ltimate '''N'''oxious event '''V'''ersus '''E'''arth '''R'''anger) is an organization founded after the Ultra Flare incident. The organization aims to locate, retrieve and secure unstable Spark Dolls for studying. Soon Xio was founded under its branch and allies with multiple friendly aliens as means of support.

===Daisuke Minamikawa===
{{nihongo4|Daisuke Minamikawa|南川大輔|Minamikawa Daisuke|6, 7}} is the chief of UNVER Japanese Branch, he first appeared when seeing Alien Gold tE-rU accidentally destroyed the city with Rudian. During Gargorgon's arrival, he held no mercy for the fugitive and wanted him to be surrendered to the destroyer but stopped by Captain Kamiki. Eventually, after witnessing tE-rU's contribution when he participated in their plan to attack Gargorgon, Daisuke regains faith in Xio members and commended Kamiki for having a good team to manage. According to writer Hirotoshi Kobayashi, Daisuke is an old colleague of Kamiki and was the one whom offered him the Captain position in Xio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hero_to_sea/status/639765469780574208|title=Hirotoshi Kobayashi's Twitter|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>

Daisuke Minamikawa was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kouichi Miura|三浦浩一|Miura Kōichi}}.

==Ultras==

===Ultraman X===
[[File:Ultraman X profile.jpg|thumb|Ultraman X]]
{{nihongo4|Ultraman X|ウルトラマンエックス|Urutoraman Ekkusu}} is an Ultra from space whom merges with Daichi as his host to combat against monster threats. While not in transformed state, he resides in the X Devizer, communicating with Daichi over time. Fifteen years prior to the series, he was chasing Greeza and defeated him by throwing to the sun but in the end accidentally triggered the Ultra Flare incident, thus his body trapped in a form of computer data. He sensed a great frequency in Daichi, being the main reason X bonded with him. His finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Xanadium Ray|ザナディウム光線|Zanadiumu Kōsen}}, which capable of regressing his opponents to Spark Dolls instead of killing them.<ref name="hero and monsters" />

After Ultraman X lost himself in the cyberspace following his defeat by Tsurugi Demaaga, Daichi ventured in and finds a rainbow which grants him the {{nihongo4|Xlugger|エクスラッガー|Ekusuraggā}}, allowing X to become {{nihongo4|Ultraman Exceed X|ウルトラマンエクシードX|Urutoraman Ekushīdo Ekkusu}}. The Xlugger is stored on his forehead and can be removed when in need. This form as well expels the Dark Thunder Energy that possessed the monsters.

Near the finale series, X revealed himself to Xio after Greeza headed towards Earth, seeking cooperation with Earth Defense Forces to fight him. Later in the fight, his relation to Daichi was revealed as well but with Greeza proven stronger, the two performed a [[kamikaze]] attack by letting themselves absorbed into Greeza and self-destructs, leaving X's Color Timer intact. However, he was revived thanks to Daichi's memory him, as well as Asuna whom managed to find the latter when he drifted in the cyberspace. Using the Hybrid Armor, X manages to defeat Greeza once and for all, preventing the Earth from its fated destruction. Despite still trapped as a computer data, X was later accepted into Xio, now being acknowledged as a member.

Thanks to the upgrades installed by Dr. Guruman, Daichi can initiate {{nihongo4|MonsArmor|モンスアーマー|Monsuāmā}} to combine X with Cyber Monsters.
*{{nihongo4|Gomora Armor|ゴモラアーマー|Gomora Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Gomora, X gains a pair of huge claws as his arsenal, which allows him to create digital shields for protection. His finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Gomora Oscillatory Wave|ゴモラ振動波|Gomora Shindō-ha}}.
*{{nihongo4|Eleking Armor|エレキングアーマー|Erekingu Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Eleking, X gains a cannon as his arsenal, which allows him to manipulate electricity. His finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Eleking Shock Wave|エレキング電撃波|Erekingu Dengeki-ha}}.
*{{nihongo4|Bemstar Armor|ベムスターアーマー|Bemusutā Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Bemstar, X gains an {{nihongo4|Arm Shield|アームシールド|Āmu Shīrudo}} that resembles Bemstar's stomach gorge. The shield can be used as a claw appendage and initiates a finisher attack, {{nihongo4|Bemstar Spout|ベムスタースパウト|Bemusutā Supauto}}, where X redirects in incoming attack from the opponent back to them.
*{{nihongo4|Zetton Armor|ゼットンアーマー|Zetton Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Zetton, X gained a pair of huge arm guards/cannons on his hands. It was meant for X to use against the real Zetton but Quila activated a hidden [[malware]] that enslaved X as part of the plan to enact his revenge on Ultraman Max until Daichi purified the card with Cyber Eleking. Its main finishers are {{nihongo4|Zetton Tornado|ゼットントルネード|Zetton Torunēdo}} and {{nihongo4|Zetton Flaming Bullet|ゼットン火炎弾|Zetton Kaen-dan}}.
*{{nihongo4|Hybrid Armor|ハイブリッドアーマー|Haiburiddo Āmā}}: The combination result of X and all MonsAmors, this armor appeared during the final battle against Greeza and wields the Xlugger. The main finisher is {{nihongo4|Ultimate Xanadium|ウルティメイト・ザナディウム|Urutimeito Zanadiumu}}, where X launches an X-shaped ray from his chest before launching the Xlugger.

Apart from that, there are also alternatives to the MonsArmors, the {{nihongo4|Cyber Armor|サイバーアーマー|Saibā Āmā}}, which serve as copies of past Ultramen's powers:
*{{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero Armor|ウルティメイトゼロアーマー|Urutimeito Zero Āmā}}: The combination result of X and a copy of Ultraman Zero's {{nihongo4|Ultimate Aegis|ウルティメイトイージス|Urutimeito Ījisu}}, X gains the Ultimate Aegis and {{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero Sword|ウルティメイトゼロソード|Urutimeito Zero Sōdo}} as his arsenal, which allows him to travel in-between dimensions.
*{{nihongo4|Beta Spark Armor|ベータスパークアーマー|Bēta Supāku Āmā}}: An armor utilized by Ultraman Exceed X during his battle with Zaigorg, it serves as an analogy to Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga. His primary weapon is a pair of {{nihongo4|Cyber Wings|サイバーウィング|Saibā Wingu}} on his back and the {{nihongo4|Beta Spark|ベータスパーク|Bēta Supāku}}, which can form into two different weapons, namely {{nihongo4|Beta Spark Sword|ベータスパークソード|Bēta Supāku Sōdo}} and {{nihongo4|Beta Spark Arrow|ベータスパークアロー|Bēta Supāku Arō}}.

Ultraman X is voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Yuichi Nakamura (voice actor)|Yuichi Nakamura]]|中村悠一|Nakamura Yuichi}}.

===Past Heisei Ultras and Ultra Hosts===
The following characters below are Heisei Ultras from the past series:<ref name="hero and monsters" />
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Zero|ウルトラマンゼロ|Urutoraman Zero|5, X The Movie}}: A member of the {{nihongo4|Space Garrisons|宇宙警備隊|Uchū Keibitai}} and the son of [[Ultra Seven]]. Zero was tracking Bandero in various dimensions and arrived on Earth when he tried to steal the Spark Dolls. With Rui accidentally taken to Planet Guillermo, Zero went on a rescue operation and joined by X, the two managed to defeat both Bandero and Black King. He was mentioned in episode 13 of ''Ultraman X'', as he told Show of his encounter with said Ultramen. He has three alternate forms: {{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero|ウルティメイトゼロ|Urutimeito Zero}}, an armament that allows him to travel in-between dimensions, {{nihongo4|Strong Corona Zero|ストロングコロナゼロ|Sutorongu Korona Zero}}, a form that focuses on brute strength, and {{nihongo4|Luna Miracle Zero|ルナミラクルゼロ|Runa Mirakuru Zero}}, a form that focuses on speed and mental abilities. His finisher attacks are {{nihongo4|Wide Zero Shot|ワイドゼロショット|Waido Zero Shotto}} and {{nihongo4|Zero Twin Shoot|ゼロツインシュート|Zero Tsuin Shūto}}. Ultraman Zero was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Mamoru Miyano]]|宮野真守|Miyano Mamoru}} and debuted at ''[[Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy Legend The Movie]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Kaito Touma/Ultraman Max|トウマ・カイト／ウルトラマンマックス|Tōma Kaito/Urutoraman Makkusu|8, X The Movie}}:<ref name="cast" /> Long ago, an Ultra Warrior that was fighting on an alternate Earth, he approached this continuity in the form of his former human host, having aware of Alien Sran Quila trying to sabotage Ultraman X. Exposing Quila's true plan and form in front of Xio, he discovered it too late as X had fallen under Quila's control and transformed to fight Zetton. After Daichi managed to remove the corrupted programming from Cyber Zetton, X was freed, allowing him to assist Max in fighting Zetton and Quila. With his mission ended, he lend them a portion of his power in a form of a Cyber Card before flying away. Max is capable of moving at fast speed and his weapons are {{nihongo4|Maxium Sword|マクシウムソード|Makushiumu Sōdo}}, a boomerang from his head and the {{nihongo4|Max Galaxy|マックスギャラクシー|Makkusu Gyarakushī}} bracer. His finisher attacks are {{nihongo4|Maxium Cannon|マクシウムカノン|Makushiumu Kanon}} or {{nihongo4|Galaxy Cannon|ギャラクシーカノン|Gyarakushī Kanon}} with the Max Galaxy. Kaito Touma was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Sota Aoyama]]|青山草太|Aoyama Sōta}}, reprising his role from the ''[[Ultraman Max]]'' series.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Ginga Victory|ウルトラマンギンガビクトリー|Urutoraman Ginga Bikutorī|14}}: The combined form of Ultraman Ginga and Victory which was made when Hikaru and Show performed the {{nihongo4|Ultra Touch|ウルトラタッチ|Urutora Tatchi}}, and scans the {{nihongo4|Ultra Fusion Brace|ウルトラフュージョンブレス|Urutora Fyūjon Buresu}} to the Victory Lancer. Using the Ultra Fusion Brace, Ginga Victory can accessed the power of past Heisei Ultraman and by doing so, their apparition appears whenever any finisher is made. It was accessed again to stop in a final battle against Guar Spectre alongside Ultraman Exceed X.
**{{nihongo4|Show/Ultraman Victory|ショウ／ウルトラマンビクトリー|Shō/Urutorman Bikutorī|13, 14, X The Movie}}: A Victorian from another world, Show takes the mantle of Ultraman Victory from the queen of the Victorian civilization after being declared as the chosen one and joining the ranks of UPG to fight alongside Hikaru Raidō/Ultraman Ginga. Following [[Ultra Fight Victory|his last fight with Juda Spectre]], he pursued the Guar Army which lead by the former's siblings but while fighting Mold Spectre, he was kidnapped into X's world alongside Arisa until they took refuge in Xio. Seeing Daichi/X's battle against Mold Spectre and learn of him from Ultraman Zero, he gave the boy a swordsmanship training and finally joins him in fighting the Guar Army. As Ultraman Victory, Show can perform UlTrance which allows him to partially manifest a Spark Doll's powers. With the use of Knight Timbre, he can assume {{nihongo4|Ultraman Victory Knight|ウルトラマンビクトリーナイト|Urutoraman Bikutorī Naito}}. He was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kiyotaka Uji|宇治清高|Uji Kiyotaka}}, reprising his role since ''[[Ultraman Ginga S]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Hikaru Raidō/Ultraman Ginga|礼堂ヒカル／ウルトラマンギンガ|Raidō Hikaru/Urutoraman Ginga|13, 14, X The Movie}}: The main character of ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'', Hikaru is also a UPG member and fighting as Ultraman Ginga alongside Show. During Mold's attack, he tried to join the battle but was too late as his partner and Arisa was dragged in to another world. Fortunately, he managed to find another portal made by Mold Spectre and eliminated the Guar Army's armada before using it to get to X's world and assist his partner and Ultraman X. Hikaru Raidō was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Takuya Negishi|根岸拓哉|Negishi Takuya}}, reprising his role since ''Ultraman Ginga''.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Cosmos|ウルトラマンコスモス|Urutoraman Kosumosu|14}}: Mentioned by Hikaru as one of the peaceful Ultraman to Daichi.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Gaia|ウルトラマンガイア|Urutoraman Gaia|14}}: His apparition appeared when Ultraman Ginga Victory used his signature attack, {{nihongo4|Photon Edge|フォトンエッジ|Foton Ejji}} against Guar Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Dyna|ウルトラマンダイナ|Urutoraman Daina|14}}: His apparition appeared when Ultraman Ginga Victory used his signature attack, {{nihongo4|Solgent Ray|ソルジェント光線|Sorujento Kōsen}} against Guar Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Tiga|ウルトラマンティガ|Urutoraman Tiga|14, X The Movie}}: His apparition appeared when Ultraman Ginga Victory used his signature attack, {{nihongo4|Zepellion Ray|ゼペリオン光線|Zeperion Kōsen}} against Guar Spectre. Another Ultraman Tiga appears in ''Ultraman X: The Movie'', whom was a statue guarding the stone that maintains Zaigorg's imprisonment. After the monster escapes, he bonds with Yuuto Tamaki to fight in the real life and support the Ultra Warriors against Zaigorg's Devil Clone Beasts, fending off against Gorg Antlar. Tiga used all three of his forms against Antlar, {{nihongo4|Sky Type|スカイタイプ|Sukai Taipu}} during aerial combat (while assisted by Hayato in Sky Musketty), {{nihongo4|Power Type|パワータイプ|Pawā Taipu}} on ground combat and destroyed it with Zepellion Ray via {{nihongo4|Multi Type|マルチタイプ|Maruchi Taipu}}.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Nexus|ウルトラマンネクサス|Urutoraman Nekusasu|20, X The Movie}}: A silver-colored Ultraman whose original identity is the legendary {{nihongo4|Ultraman Noa|ウルトラマンノア|Urutoraman Noa}}, he arrived on Earth after Space Beasts landed on that planet first. Nexus had bonded with multiple humans in the past, called {{nihongo4|Dunamists|デュナミスト|Dyunamisuto}} and recently bonded with Sayuri, Xio's lieutenant, to help her by defending her family in Canada and assisted X in defeating a giant Bugbuzun Brood. Nexus' original form is {{nihongo4|Anphans|アンファンス|Anfansu}} and can change into the red form, {{nihongo4|Junis|ジュネッス|Jiunessu}}. Meanwhile, his main ability is to create a protective dome called {{nihongo4|Meta Field|メタフィールド|Meta Fīrudo}} to transport his opponents to his pocket dimension and his main finisher is {{nihongo4|Over Ray Storm|オーバーレイ・シュトローム|Ōbā Rei Shutorōmu}}. Before departing, he told Daichi to never give up in his dreams and gave him a Cyber Card.

===Past Showa Ultras and Ultra Hosts===
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Ace|ウルトラマンエース|Urutoraman Eisu|13}}: The adopted brother of [[Ultraman Taro]]. Only mentioned in the series, according to Show/Ultraman Victory, he helped Victory to defeat Juda Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Leo|ウルトラマンレオ|Urutoraman Reo|13}}: A royal prince of L-77 and an older brother to Astra. Also mentioned in the series, according to Show/Ultraman Victory, he helped Victory to defeat Juda Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Astra|アストラ|Asutora|13}}: A prince of L-77 and a younger brother to Leo. Also mentioned in the series, according to Show/Ultraman Victory, he helped Victory to defeat Juda Spectre. First appeared in episode 22 of ''Ultraman Leo''.
*{{nihongo4|[[Ultra Seven (character)|Ultra Seven]]|ウルトラセブン|Urutora Sebun|14}}: The father of Ultraman Zero, he was mentioned by Hikaru to explain Daichi of good monsters, as Seven has used three monsters to aid him whenever he is occupied in battle.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman|ウルトラマン|Urutoraman|X The Movie}}: See [[Ultraman (character)#Subsequent history]]

==Cyber Cards and Cyber Monsters==
The {{nihongo4|Cyber Monsters|サイバー怪獣|Saibā Kaijū}} (also in different letter {{nihongo4||電脳怪獣|Dennō Kaijū}}) are artificial monsters stored within the {{nihongo4|Cyber Cards|サイバーカード|Saibā Kādo}} that created by Xio out of using Spark Dolls as its main basis. Originally, they were supposed to aid Xio in battling against monster threats but the development was briefly halted due to Cyber Gomora's part. Soon, these cards are utilized by Daichi to initiate MonsArmor, where the Cyber Monster combines with Ultraman X. While most cards usually house Cyber Monsters, but Type U categories instead house copies of Ultramen powers.

It was soon revealed that instead of only being copies to Spark Dolls, Cyber Monsters shares the same consciousness to their Spark Doll templates and materialization process not only requires brainwave synchronization, but also their approval to join their partner. This eventually allows Daichi to finally materializes Cyber Gomora to life. To materialize them, the Cyber Monster's Cyber Cards morph into Spark Dolls and the user {{nihongo4|"Realize"|リアライズ|Riaraizu}} it. However, mental linking with a Cyber Monster can be fatal if used for a long time.

Outside its use as "biological weapons", Cyber Cards can also be used as ammunition in Xio's technologies and arsenal. Several of them were given {{nihongo4|Limiters|リミッター|Rimittā}} within their program due to its enormous power.

===Cyber Monsters===
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Gomora|サイバーゴモラ|Saibā Gomora|1, 11, 12, 14, 15, 21, 22, X the Movie}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Gomora was created from the data of Daichi's Gomora Spark Doll. It was supposedly brought to life at first but the process failed when electron particles used to create it only reached 67%. It was later modified by Guruman in order to fit its MonsArmor function to X. After 27 failed attempts, while Ultraman X battles King Joe, Daichi dwells into Gomora's brain, learning that his failure to materialize was due to his refusal to cooperate, worrying Daichi's safety but after being reassured, Gomora successfully materializes. Its finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Cyber Super Oscillatory Wave|サイバー超振動波|Saibā Chō Shindō-ha}} where it delivers a large shockwave impulse. Alternatively, Cyber Gomora can be paired with Asuna or other Xio members like Captain Kamiki and Hayato should Daichi finds himself occupied. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', Cyber Gomora was used by Daichi after X went unavailable due to being defeated by Zaigorg. Gomora faced itself against Zaigorg and Xio used the Cyber Monsters' powers to stop it but failed once Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza were summoned. Gomora's card was used by Asuna to maximize her Xio Bazooka, utilizing {{nihongo4|Gomora Oscillatory Cannon|ゴモラ振動砲|Gomora Shindō-Hō}} to delay Gorg Fire Golza while Ultraman was recovering from the monster's attack.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Eleking|サイバーエレキング|Saibā Erekingu}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Eleking was created from the data of Eleking Spark Doll. It was modified by Rui in order to fit its MonsArmor function to X, hence the Eleking head on Eleking Armor's left shoulder pad was to make it "cuter". In Xio's first attempt to hold Zaigorg from advancing, Mamoru used Eleking's card in conjunction with two parabolic antennae to utilize {{nihongo4|Eleking Energy Shield|エレキング・エナジーシールド|Erekingu Enajī Shīrudo}} in hopes of imprisoning Zaigorg in a barrier while Xio members tried to destroy it, until the appearance of Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza turned the tables as they destroyed the parabolic antennae that imprisoned their masters.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Telesdon|サイバーテレスドン|Saibā Teresudon}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Telesdon was created from the data of Telesdon Spark Doll. By installing the card, it grants them its {{nihongo4|Lava Heatwave|溶岩熱線|Yōgan Nessen}}. It was first created and used in episode 4 in an operation to rescue Ultraman X from Bemstar, using Telesdon's lava to crack the bird monster's stomach.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Bemstar|サイバーベムスター|Saibā Bemusutā}}: Classified as Type B, Cyber Bemstar was created from the data of Bemstar Spark Doll. It was modified for Ultraman X to utilize Bemstar Armor. While joining Tiga Sky Type and Sky Musketty against Gorg Antlar, Space Musketty used the card and initiated {{nihongo4|Bemstar Ruirui Shield|ベムスタールイルイシールド|Bemusutā Ruirui Shīrudo}}, blocking Gorg Antlar's attack while Sky Musketty charged and destroyed its wings via Cyber Birdon's card.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Zetton|サイバーゼットン|Saibā Zetton}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Zetton was created from the data of Zetton Spark Doll. It was meant for X to use against the real Zetton but Quila activated a hidden malware that enslaved X as part of the plan to enact his revenge on Ultraman Max until Daichi purified the card with Cyber Eleking. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', Cyber Zetton's card was used by Wataru in Land Musketty against Gorg Fire Golza, utilizing {{nihongo4|Zetton Rail Cannon|ゼットンレールキャノン|Zetton Rēru Kyanon}} through the removal of its Limiter to delay it while Ultraman recovered from the monster's attack.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber King Joe|サイバーキングジョー|Saibā Kingu Jō}}: Classified as Type M, Cyber King Joe was created from the data of King Joe Spark Doll. By installing the card, it grants them {{nihongo4|King Joe Destroy Cannon|キングジョーデストロイ砲|Kingu Jō Desutoroi Hō}}. It was first used in episode 19 by Sky Musketty to stop Daichi's Gomora from advancing towards an urban area. This card was used again in Xio's attempt to delay Zaigorg by Sky Musketty once more but failed due to Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza's intervention.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Birdon|サイバーバードン|Saibā Bādon}}: Classified as Type B, Cyber Birdon was created from the data of Birdon Spark Doll. While joining Tiga Sky Type and Space Musketty against Gorg Antlar, Sky Musketty used the card and initiated {{nihongo4|Birdon Phoenix Attack|バードン・フェニックス・アタック|Bādon Fenikkusu Atakku}} through the removal of its Limiter, shrouding the jet with flames and used it to crash Antlar's wings.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Red King|サイバーレッドキング|Saibā Reddo Kingu}}: Classified as Type G, it was created from Red King's Spark Doll. This card was used again in Xio's attempt to delay Zaigorg by Land Musketty, utilizing {{nihongo4|Red King Armor-Piercing Bullet|レッドキング徹甲弾|Reddo Kingu Tekkōdan}} but failed due to Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza's intervention.

===Type U===
*{{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero|ウルティメイトゼロ|Urutimeito Zero}}: Created by Xio based on Ultimate Zero, its usage is to arm X with a copy of Ultimate Aegis, allowing the transportation in-between universe.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Max|ウルトラマンマックス|Urutoraman Makkusu}}: Created by Ultraman Max, it was given to X and Daichi to support them in their future battles. This card allows X to borrow Ultraman Max's Max Galaxy and initiates Galaxy Cannon. This card later resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Geneva, Switzerland.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Nexus|ウルトラマンネクサス|Urutoraman Nekusasu}}: Created by Ultraman Nexus after he departed from Earth, the card's cover represents his Junis Mode rather than his original Anphans mode. X and Daichi had yet to put the Cyber Card to use but however in one stageshow, it gives X a copy of {{nihongo4|Armed Nexus|アームドネクサス|Āmudo Nekusasu}} and allows him to initiate Nexus Junis Mode's Over Ray Storm. This card was resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Cairo, Egypt.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Zero|ウルトラマンゼロ|Urutoraman Zero}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Zero, it resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Shanghai, China.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Victory|ウルトラマンビクトリー|Urutorman Bikutorī}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Victory, it resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Ginga|ウルトラマンギンガ|Urutoraman Ginga}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Ginga, it resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Chicago, America.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Tiga|ウルトラマンティガ|Urutoraman Tiga}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Tiga's statue, it resonated with Ultraman X and created the {{nihongo4|X Park Lens|エクスパークレンス|Ekusu Pāku Rensu}} to complete the Beta Spark Sword and granted X the Beta Spark Armor.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman|ウルトラマン|Urutoraman}}: Created through the data of Ultraman, it resonated with Ultraman X and created the {{nihongo4|X Beta Capsule|エクスベータカプセル|Ekusu Bēta Kapuseru}} to complete the Beta Spark Sword and granted X the Beta Spark Armor.

==Antagonists==

===Greeza===
{{nihongo4|Void Monster Greeza|虚空怪獣グリーザ|Kokū Kaijū Gurīza|1, 4, 21, 22}} is the primary antagonist of ''Ultraman X''. Called the {{nihongo4|mysterious luminescent life form|謎の発光生命体|Nazo no Hakkō Seimei-tai}} in the beginning, he is a sentient space [[Void (astronomy)|void]] that had destroyed three planets which emitted biological life signs and sets the Solar System as his recent target. However, he was thrown into the sun by Ultraman X, creating the Ultra Flare and set forth the motion of the series. While thought to be dead, Greeza in fact survived his destruction and planned the {{nihongo4|Dark Thunder Energy|ダークサンダーエナジー|Dāku Sandā Enajī}} attack on Earth while slowly recovering his strength, racing towards the Earth and contemplated to absorb the Spark Dolls to strengthen himself before destroying the Earth. Facing the Xio members and X, he battled them and easily overpowered the resistance until X performs a Kamikaze attack, which apparently killed both him and Greeza. However, Greeza survived the explosion and stole all of Xio's Spark Dolls to achieve its final form until X revived as well and with the help of the escaped Spark Dolls, they fused with X and destroyed Greeza once and for all.

Its first and initial form was a spiked ball, later evolved into a more humanoid second form after absorbing the Spark Dolls storage facility in UNVER Nevada Branch, which also allowed it to become a living space distortion. After absorbing Xio's Spark Doll, Greeza entered its final form, which gave it a spike armor and capable of manifesting the Spark Dolls' power for its own use.

===Gargorgon===
{{nihongo4|Petrification Demon Beast [[Gargoyle|Gar]][[gorgon]]|石化魔獣ガーゴルゴン|Sekika Majū Gāgorugon|6, 7}}: An intelligent space life form, Gargorgon was once responsible for petrifying an ancient human civilization and [[Atlantis|sank it under the sea]]. She attacked Planet Gold in search of its energies and returned to Earth after tracking it but met resistance in the form of Ultraman X, Rudian and Earth Defense Force, UNVER and Xio. She petrifies Ultraman X and demands the Earth to give tE-rU to her in 44 minutes or else the Earth population will receive the same fate. However, refusing to obey to her superiority, Xio and UNVER resurrected X and thus, she was defeated by the Ultra in Bemstar Armor and Rudian. As theorized by Guruman, Gargorgon's arrival on Earth in the past may had inspired the Gorgon from [[Greek mythology]].

Gargorgon was voiced by [[Russia]]n voice actor Jenya.

===Guar Army===
The {{nihongo4|Guar Army|グア軍団|Gua Gundan|12-14}} was an evil empire that first appeared from the ''Andro Melos'' comics, as well as its mini-series, ''Andro Super Warriors''. Their original plan was to invade the galaxy until the army went defunct after their leaders were killed by the Andro Warriors. Soon, this army was rebuilt after Juda Spectre's death in ''[[Ultra Fight Victory]]'', as Mold and Gina were revived as well and they arrived on Earth in X's world to harvest the mysterious Dark Thunder Energy to strengthen their force. Unfortunately, Ultraman Ginga appeared and revealed that he had wiped the entire Guar Army's armada while on his way to X's world.

====Leaders====
*{{nihongo4|Phantom Composite Figure Great Devil Emperor Guar Spectre|幻影合身大魔帝グア・スペクター|Gen'ei Gasshin Daimatei Gua Supekutā|14}}: The combined form of the leaders of Guar Army, he used Mold's body as a basis while its weapons were Mold Spectre's Bat Axe and Juda Spectre's {{nihongo4|Bat Calibre|バットキャリバー|Batto Kyaribā}}, with the latter wielded Juda and Gina's faces. This formation originally tried to release all of Xio's Spark Dolls as Guar Army's new combatants until Ultraman Ginga Victory and Ultraman Exceed X killed him. He is voiced by Hidenari Ugaki and Minami Tsukui, both are behind the voices of Mold and Gina respectively.
**{{nihongo4|Phantom Space Great King Mold Spectre|幻影宇宙大王モルド・スペクター|Gen'ei Uchū Daiō Morudo Supekutā|12-14}}: The eldest son and the first sibling. Originally the {{nihongo4|Army Commander Mold|軍団長モルド|Gundan-chō Morudo}}, he was revived and firstly fought Show/Ultraman Victory in hopes of avenging Juda's defeat but was forced to brought him to X's world as the Guar Army's captive. His main weapon is the {{nihongo4|Bat Axe|バットアックス|Batto Akkusu}} [[Tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]]. After Ginga wiped the remaining Guar Army's armada, Mold was forced to use Xio's Spark Dolls as place-holders for his army and combined with his siblings until he was killed by Ultraman Ginga Victory and Ultraman Exceed X. He was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Hidenari Ugaki]]|宇垣秀成|Ugaki Hidenari}}.
**{{nihongo4|Phantom Space Queen Gina Spectre|幻影宇宙女王ギナ・スペクター|Gen'ei Uchū Joō Gina Supekutā|12-14}}: The only daughter and middle sibling. Originally the {{nihongo4|Army Commander Gina|軍団長ギナ|Gundan-chō Gina}}, she was revived and took the appearance of a woman garbled in warrior outfit. Her main weapon is a whip called the {{nihongo4|Bat Whip|バットウィップ|Batto Uippu}} and can manipulate dark energies to awaken monsters and turn Spark Dolls back to their original forms. In her final hours, she combined with Mold and Juda to form Guar Spectre. Gina Spectre is portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Minami Tsukui]]|佃井皆美|Tsukui Minami}}.
**{{nihongo4|Phantom Space Emperor Juda Spectre|幻影宇宙帝王ジュダ・スペクター|Gen'ei Uchū Teiō Juda Supekutā|14}}: The youngest sibling and the second son. He was originally the first of his siblings to be revived but his plan to invade the galaxy was stopped by the Ultramen, especially Victory Knight in ''Ultra Fight Victory''. But nonetheless, his spirit re-emerges to assist the Guar siblings in forming Guar Spectre.

====Servants====
*{{nihongo4|Sabre Tyrant Alien Magma|サーベル暴君マグマ星人|Sāberu Bōkun Maguma Seijin|12, 13}}: An alien mercenary hired by Gina Spectre alongside Alien Shaplay. His main weapon is a pair of [[Pata (sword)|Pata]] on each hands and can grew into the monstrous size to that of Ultraman. Both him and Shaplay were tasked to take care of Show until he managed to escape. Later, Magma assist Mold in fighting Ultramen X and Victory but in the end was killed by Victory Knight. Alien Magma is voiced by {{nihongo4|Isamu Yūsen|祐仙勇|Yūsen Isamu}}. While indeed first appear in episodes 1 and 30 of ''[[Ultraman Leo]]'', but its position in the Guar Army alluded to the {{nihongo4|Evil Battle Aliens Alien Magma Trio|悪の戦闘星人マグマ星人3人衆|Aku no Sentō Seijin Maguma Seijin San-ninshū}} from the ''Andro Melos'' and ''Andro Super Warriors''.
*{{nihongo4|Darkness Alien Alien Shaplay|暗黒星人シャプレー星人|Ankoku Seijin Shapurē Seijin|12-14}}: An alien mercenary hired by Gina Spectre alongside Alien Magma. He was finally killed by Show, whom originally tried to attack Gina until Shaplay took the bullet for her. Alien Shaplay is voiced by {{nihongo4|Haruka Jinya|陣谷遥|Jinya Haruka}} and first appeared in episode 20 of ''[[Ultra Seven]]''.

===Intergalactic Criminal Networks===
Aside from regular aliens, there are also intergalactic criminals serving under criminal networks:
*{{nihongo4|Dark Star Cluster|暗黒星団|Ankoku Seidan|9}}: A crime network run by four aliens, they were first spotted attempting robbery at a warehouse. When Halky's Samekujira, Jolly appeared on Earth, they demanded his pet to be sold as a monster weapon but Valky challenges them for a [[Rugby football|rugby]] match, which they ended up losing. Unable to accept such defeat, the Dark Star Clusters enlarged and ran amok until Ultraman X Gomora Armor neutralise the situation by sending them to outer space via Gomora Oscillatory Wave.
**{{nihongo4|Dark Alien Alien Babarue|暗黒星人ババルウ星人|Ankoku Seijin Babaru Seijin|9}}: The leading member, Babarue was once a top player number 8 of the {{nihongo4|Space [[Rugby League]]|宇宙ラグビーリーグ|Uchū Ragubī Rīgu}} until he retired and formed the criminal group. While playing rugby, his signature move is {{nihongo4|Bullet Babarue Kick|弾丸ババルウキック|Dangan Babarū Kikku}}. Alien Babarue was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kazunori Naotsuka|直塚和紀|Naotsuka Kazunori}} and first appeared in episodes 38 and 39 of ''[[Ultraman Leo]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Transforming Phantom Alien Zetton|変身怪人ゼットン星人|Henshin Kaijin Zetton Seijin|9}}: Appears wearing a special suit which designed after a golden tuxedo. He has the ability to enlarge into gigantic size like his teammates, something which his race actually incapable of. Alien Zetton was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Yūki Ono]]|小野友樹|Ono Yūki}} and first appeared in episode 39 of ''Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|Kidnapping Phantom Kemur Man|誘拐怪人ケムール人|Yūkai Kaijin Kemūru Jin|9, 16}}: A fast-moving alien with the ability to elongate his limbs for a greater mobility. Another Kemur Man was part of a criminal network ran by a Dada, whom wants to kidnap female humans. He was captured by Xio and his interrogation by captain Kamiki leads to the destruction of his boss' criminal syndicate. Kemur Man was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kōichi Toshima|外島孝一|Toshima Kōichi}}, while his disguise was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Makoto Takahashi|高橋麻琴|Takahashi Makoto}}. First appeared in episode 20 of ''[[Ultra Q]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Three-faced Phantom Dada|三面怪人ダダ|Sanmen Kaijin Dada|9, 16}}: A clumsy, yet quick-thinking, he has the ability to teleport. Another Dada was a leader of his own criminal network whom wanted to kidnap female women until he was captured by Xio. The second Dada revealed that humanity is on the verge of extinction from the effect of Dark Thunder Energy. Dada was voiced by {{nihongo4|Takahiro Maeda|前田高宏|Maeda Takahiro}} in episode 9 and {{nihongo4|Daisuke Nagumo|南雲大輔|Nagumo Daisuke}} in episode 16 while first appeared in episode 28 of ''Ultraman''.
*Dada's criminal network: Appeared in episode 16, this group is formed by a Dada, whom wanted to collect several female humans for [[cloning]], predicted that humanity will be endangered from the Dark Thunder Energy's assault. This group was finally put to an end by Xio.
**{{nihongo4|Planet Phantom Cicada Woman|遊星怪人セミ女|Yūsei Kaijin Semi Onna|16}}: A female [[cicada]]-like alien, her duty was to lure female victims to be shrink and captured until she was apprehended by Xio after Asuna disguised as her client. Cicada Woman's disguise was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Una|宇那}} and first appeared in episode 15 of ''[[Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy]]''.

===Zaigorg===
{{nihongo4|Devil Beast Zaigorg|閻魔獣ザイゴーグ|Enma-jū Zaigōgu|X The Movie}} is the main antagonist of ''[[Ultraman X: Here It Comes! Our Ultraman]]''. Long ago, a monster that was sealed in an ancient civilization, it was released to the present day by a greedy treasure hunter Kurosaki, whom lifted the seal of Zaigorg's prison. After escaped, it defeated Ultraman Exceed X and advanced to Carlos Communications to destroy the stone that sealed it before. Xio members tried to use the Cyber Monsters' powers but failed after Zaigorg unleashed its minions, Gorg Antlar and Gorg Fire Golza. Once arriving at the tower, the prison stone, Spark Lens and XDevizer reacted with each other, restoring Ultraman X and bringing forth Ultraman Tiga (via Tsukasa) and Ultraman for them to fight against the destroyer. With Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza taken care of, X seemingly defeated Zaigorg but the latter quickly robbed Tiga and Ultraman's energies to summon five Tsurugi Demaagas across the worldwide. After obtaining the Beta Spark Armor, X freed the two Ultra Warriors and easily outmatched Zaigorg before defeating it with Beta Spark Arrow.

Zaigorg's main weapon is a huge [[Kanabō]] on its left arm and had the ability to unleash blade-like protrusions on its back, which in turn created Devil Clone Beasts as his entire army. It can also create molten lava to burrow underground and unleash tentacles from its chest to grab its opponents and absorb their energies.

===Devil Clone Beasts===
The {{nihongo4|Devil Clone Beasts|閻魔分身獣|Enma Bunshin-jū|X The Movie}} is an army of Zaigorg's clones of past monsters, which were created using spikes that emerge from his back before they were launched to create respective monsters. Two monsters, Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza were created as part of Zaigorg's army while advancing to Carlos Communications to destroy the stone that sealed it. Later, by absorbing the energies of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga, five clones of Tsurugi Demaaga were created and sent simultaneously across the world:
*{{nihongo4|Gorg Antlar|ゴーグアントラー|Gōgu Antorā}}: A stag beetle-themed monster and an enhanced version of Antlar, one of Ultraman's past enemies. It was colored red per alteration from Zaigorg and can fly with its wings. Gorg Antlar engaged in a fight against Ultraman Tiga and Xio fighter jets, Sky Musketty and Space Musketty. First engaged against Tiga Sky Type in an aerial combat, its wings were crippled by Sky Musketty via Cyber Birdon's powers and forced to battle Tiga Power Type on land before being destroyed by Multi Type via Zepellion Ray. Gorg Antlar is a tribute to Antlar from episode 7 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Gorg Fire Golza|ゴーグファイヤーゴルザ|Gōgu Faiyā Goruza}}: An enhanced version of Fire Golza, one of Ultraman Tiga's past enemies. It was colored light blue per alteration from Zaigorg and can roll itself into a cannonball for attack. Gorg Fire Golza fought against Ultraman, whom accompanied by Asuna via Xio Bazooka and Wataru in Land Musketty. With Ultraman injured by Golza's cannonball, Asuna and Wataru used the powers of Cyber Gomora and Cyber Zetton respectively to delay Golza while Ultraman recovers and destroyed it with his Specium Ray. Gorg Fire Golza is a tribute to Fire Golza from episode 18 of ''Ultraman Tiga''.
*Tsurugi Demaaga: See [[List of Ultraman X characters#Evil|below]].

===Desastro===
{{nihongo4|Desastro|デザストロ|Dezasutoro|X The Movie}} is the final antagonist that appeared near the end of ''Ultraman X: Here It Comes! Our Ultraman''. Following Zaigorg's demise, the monster appeared from the wormhole and sets its sight on Earth. X decided to take the matters on his own and separated from Daichi to confront the mysterious threat.

==Ozora Family==
*{{nihongo4|Takashi Ozora|大空鷹志|Ōzora Takashi|1, 2, 12, 22}}: Daichi's father and an archaeologist that studies the OOPArt Spark Dolls. He disappeared 15 years prior to the start of the series when trying to rescue his wife in a laboratory that was soon digitized during the Ultra Flare, as the young Daichi watch in horror. Before the event, he entrusted Gomora to Daichi as the Spark Doll becomes the very keepsake from Takashi. He was thought to be killed in that incident but in fact survived. After Greeza was killed, Takashi and Haruka approached their son for the final time, congratulating him for his bravery before disappearing. Takashi Ozora was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Yūrei Yanagi]]|柳憂怜|Yanagi Yūrei}}.
*{{nihongo4|Haruka Ozora|大空遥|Ōzora Haruka|2, 12, 20, 22}}: Daichi's mother and a space physicist. Haruka was the first to discover the Xlugger prior to the Ultra Flare, along with the prophecy of the Earth's demise by Greeza. However, she also discovered that her son would become Earth's savior in the future and choose to disappear alongside Takashi in a laboratory that was soon digitized during the Ultra Flare, as the young Daichi watch in horror. Haruka's space communicator was kept by Daichi as he tried to follow his mother's wish of communicating with extraterrestrial life forms. She was thought to be killed in that incident but in fact survived and send her message to Earth, seeking Daichi for help. After Greeza was killed, Haruka and Takashi approached their son for the final time, congratulating him for his bravery before disappearing. Haruka Ozora was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Shizuka Ochi|越智静香|Ochi Shizuka}}.

==Other characters==
*{{nihongo|Yūki Harusaki|春崎優希|Harusaki Yūki|6, 7}}: A schoolgirl whom fell in love with tE-rU regardless of his extraterrestrial origin after he saved her from several thugs. She willingly helps him after he accidentally provoked multiple misunderstandings with the humans. Before leaving for Planet Gold, tE-rU gave Yūki his pendant and wishes that her name would represent the courage that would unite the galaxy. Yūki Harusaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yūki Shinmasu|新舛有紀|Shinmasu Yūki}}.
*{{nihongo4|Isamu Kazama|風間イサム|Kazama Isamu|9}}: Age 20 years old and Wataru's younger brother, he is the number 10 rugby player of the Seihoku University, as his career was originated from his admiration towards his brother. However, after a humiliating defeat, he quits rugby until an encounter with the Nebula House residents. Isamu's willingness to participate in a rugby match to save their pet Jolly renewed his spirit as Isamu resumes his career, while preparing for a championship in [[London]], [[England]]. Isamu Kazama was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kyouichi Shioya|汐谷恭一|Shioya Kyōichi}}.
*{{nihongo4|Hana Suda|須田花|Suda Hana|10}}: A young civilian girl and a resident of Sakane Village. She learned of Houlinga's past from her father and befriended the monster, revealing to Daichi what actually happened to Houlinga after Xio mistaken the monster for being ill. Hana Suda was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Ai Nakamura|中村愛依|Nakamura Ai}}.
*{{nihongo4|Chizuru Ueki|植木千鶴|Ueki Chizuru|10}}: Hana's caretaker in her father's absence. Chizuru Ueki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Misato Hirata|平田弥里|Hirata Misato}}.
*{{nihongo4|Yamato Suda|須田大和|Suda Yamato|10}}: Hana's grandfather and the mayor of Sakane Village. He viewed Houlinga as the village's centrepiece in tourism but mistaken the monster for being ill, prompting Xio to take action. Yamato Suda was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Yu Tokui]]|徳井優|Tokui Yū}}.
*{{nihongo4|Hiromi Kamiki|神木裕美|Kamiki Hiromi|15}}: Aged 21 and Captain Kamiki's daughter, she was left behind by her father for several years due to his duty as a soldier. However, she never holds a grudge towards him, knowing his job is to save civilians from monster attacks. She invited him to her wedding ceremony, which Shotaro wasn't able to attend after Gomess (S) attacks the city. To make up for his absence, Hiromi and her father re-enact her wedding ceremony. Hiromi Kamiki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kaoru Hirata|平田薫|Hirata Kaoru}}, while the young Hiromi was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Maharu Nemoto|根元真陽|Nemoto Maharu}}.
*{{nihongo4|Yuki Kamiki|神木雪|Kamiki Yuki|15}}: Captain Kamiki's wife and Hiromi's mother, she died at the hospital 11 years prior to the series, leaving Hiromi alone when Captain Kamiki was burdened with his duty as an UNVER personnel at that time. Yuki Kamiki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Aki Morita|森田亜紀|Morita Aki}}.
*{{nihongo4|Kaoru Tachibana|橘かおる|Tachibana Kaoru|16, 20}}: Sayuri's eldest daughter. During Bemular's attack in Canada, she was rendered unconscious and almost killed until Nexus/Sayuri rescued her. Kaoru Tachibana was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Sorami Watanabe|渡邉空美|Watanabe Sorami}}.
*{{nihongo4|Michiru Tachibana|橘みちる|Tachibana Michiru|16, 20}}: Sayuri's youngest daughter. Michiru Tachibana was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Sora Tamaki|田牧そら|Tamaki Sora}}.
*{{nihongo4|Sakura Aizawa|相沢サクラ|Aizawa Sakura|17}}: A young girl whom recently moved to a place near Tatara city, she befriended Pigmon and kept its existence a secret from her mother, until the monster reveals itself to warn others of the Dark Thunder Energy. Sakura Aizawa was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Cocone Hamada|濱田ここね|Hamada Kokone}}.
*{{nihongo4|Kaori Aizawa|相沢かおり|Aizawa Kaori|17}}: Sakura's mother. Kaori Aizawa was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kumiko Endo|遠藤久美子|Endō Kumiko}}.
*{{nihongo4|Nanako|菜々子||18}}: Wataru's childhood friend, she appears to be in relationship with Hayato, causing Wataru to become jealous. Nanako was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Chihiro Otsuka]]|大塚千弘|Ōtsuka Chihiro}}.
*{{nihongo4|Shogo Tachibana|橘祥吾|Tachibana Shōgo|20}}: Sayuri's husband, he was the one that moved their family to Canada while she works as a Xio Lieutenant in Japan, fearing for his daughters' safety from monster attacks. His family was almost killed by a Bemular until Ultraman Nexus, whom bonded with Sayuri, rescued them. Shogo Tachibana was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Takuji Kawakubo|川久保拓司|Kawakubo Takuji}}, who previously played {{nihongo|Kazuki Komon|孤門一輝|Komon Kazuki}}, main character and sometimes narrator in the ''Ultraman Nexus'' series.
*Hayato's Father (21): Hayato's father, whom runs a successful noodle restaurant. Though not making any appearances, his voice can only be heard when Hayato called him through his Devizer as the latter promises to return home in New Year's Eve. Hayato's father was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Shigeru Chiba]]|千葉繁|Chiba Shigeru}}.
*{{nihongo4|Carlos Kurosaki|カルロス黒崎|Karurosu Kurosaki|X The Movie}}: A treasure hunter and an internet celebrity, as well as the president of {{nihongo4|Carlos Communications|カルロスコミュニケーションズ|Karurosu Komyunikēshonzu}}. He is known for being adventurous, with his experiences had been recorded in the {{nihongo4|Carlos Kurosaki's World Mystery Q|カルロス黒崎のワールド・ミステリーQ|Karurosu Kurosaki no Wārudo Misuterī Kyu}} but at the same time greedy and prideful of his status. During Xio members' expedition into the old civilization, Carlos impatiently remove Zaigorg's seal, unintentionally freeing the monster from its prison. Carlos Kurosaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Michael Tomioka|マイケル富岡|Maikeru Tomioka}}.
*{{nihongo4|Saeko Kirihara|桐原冴子|Kirihara Saeko|X The Movie}}: Carlos' faithful secretary, she was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yuka Nakayama|中山由香|Nakayama Yuka}}.
*{{nihongo4|Tsukasa Tamaki|玉城ツカサ|Tamaki Tsukasa|X The Movie}}: An archaeologist of the Toto University and is capable of deciphering ancient codes and languages. She always felt uneasy due to her eccentric son Yuuto always followed her to every excavation sites. Tsukasa Tamaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Takami Yoshimoto|吉本多香美|Yoshimoto Takami}}, previously portraying Rena Yanase in ''Ultraman Tiga''.
*{{nihongo4|Yuto Tamaki|玉城ユウト|Tamaki Yūto|X The Movie}}: Tsukasa's son. He is always shown following his mother to any excavation sites and likes picking up remains from any historical places. He aspires to become an assistant to his mother. His refusal to leave his mother behind during Zaigorg's attack resonates with Ultraman Tiga, giving Yuuto the strength to assist the Ultra Warriors. Yuto Tamaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Serai Takagi|高木星来|Takagi Serai}}.

==Returning characters==
*{{nihongo4|Arisa Sugita|杉田アリサ|Sugita Arisa|13, 14}}: A female member of UPG, she was accidentally brought alongside Victory to X's world as they escape from the Guar Army's clutches and seek assistance from Xio to fight the Guar Army's invasion. After the army's destruction, she and her friends return to their world via Ultraman X's Ultimate Zero Armor. Arisa Sugita was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yukari Taki|滝裕可里|Taki Yukari}}, reprising her role from ''Ultraman Ginga S''.

==Spark Dolls==
{{Main|List of Ultraman Ginga characters#Spark Dolls}}
The similar concept reused from the past series ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'' and its successor, ''[[Ultraman Ginga S]]'', {{nihongo4|'''Spark Dolls'''|スパークドール|Supāku Dōru}} are the embodiments of Ultramen and other Ultra Monsters but unlike the aforementioned past series, instead of being figures that cursed into these dolls, they are [[Out-of-place artifacts|OOPArts]] on Earth studied by several researchers, among them being Takashi Ozora, Daichi's father. As a result of the Ultra Flare, these Spark Dolls were given life as rampaging monsters in the worldwide which Xio fought till nowadays. Eventually, it is also revealed that Earth is not the only Planet with it. As shown, alien planets like Planet Gold developed their own Spark Doll, Rudian, which was used by the planet's royal prince, tE-rU. They were also seen as useful monster weapons sought by intergalactic outlaws like Alien Zarab, Alien Nackle Bandero and etc.

==Other monsters and aliens==
{{Main|Ultra Monsters}}
As a result of the Ultra Flare, Spark Dolls on Earth that were affected becomes monsters that fought by Xio and Ultraman X. However, there are also extraterrestrial threats as well as other aliens and monsters whom shows no sign of hostility towards Earthlings (examples with Dr. Guruman, the Alien Fanton that works in Xio).<ref name="hero and monsters" />

===Good===
*{{nihongo4|Ancient Monster Gomora|古代怪獣ゴモラ|Kodai Kaijū Gomora|19}}: The Ozora family's Spark Doll, it was given to Daichi by Takashi before the Ultra Flare incident kill him and his wife. Gomora became Daichi's valuable possession ever since that day and had its consciousness shared to the Cyber Gomora, allowing it to assist Xio in real life. It was brought to materialization for the first time but went astray from the effects of Dark Thunder Energy until Exceed X purified it. Before X can turn it to a Spark Doll, Gomora had done the deed already. First appeared in episode 26 of ''Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|EX Gomora|EXゴモラ|Ī Ekkusu Gomora|19, 22}}: The mutation resulted after the radiation of Dark Thunder Energy, EX Gomora's body was heavily armored and able to launch {{Nihongo4|EX Super Oscillatory Wave|EX超振動波|Ī Ekkusu Chō Shindō-ha}}. It rampages in a pier until Exceed X purified it. EX Gomora first appeared in the 2005 [[video game]] ''[[Ultraman Fighting Evolution Rebirth]]'' under the name {{nihongo4|Modified Gomora|改造ゴモラ|Kaizō Gomora}} but made its TV debut in episode 11 of ''[[Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Exiled Alien Alien Gold "tE-rU"|亡命宇宙人ゴールド星人{{Ruby|tE・rU|テル}}|Bōmei Uchūjin Gōrudo Seijin Teru|6, 7}}: A survivor from Planet Gold, tE-rU was sent by his ancestor to reawaken Rudian on Earth to destroy the monster Gargorgon. After a misunderstood with the Earthlings, he attacked them, believing them as hostile with Rudian until X managed to halt his assaults. tE-rU was put under Xio's custody and learns of Daichi's relation to Ultraman X, seeking their help as they battle Gargorgon. tE-rU was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Masaya Kikawada]]|黄川田将也|Kikawada Masaya}}.<ref name="cast" />
*{{nihongo4|Mecha Guardian Beast Rudian|メカ守護獣ルディアン|Meka Shugojū Rudian|6, 7}}: A robot from Planet Gold, it was spirited away by tE-rU due to the energy of Planet Gold stored within it, not wanting Gargorgon to exploit it. Soon, it receives assistance from Ultraman X and Earth forces, finally defeating the monster.
*Nebula House residents: These three aliens are actually disguised as humans and live in a rent home {{nihongo4|Nebula House|星雲荘|Seiun-sō}}. As they worked in the human society, they need to pay the monthly rent of 15,000 [[Japanese yen|¥]] (124.76 [[United States dollar|USD]] as of October 2015), thus needing a new housemate to ease the payment and find it in a form of Isamu, Wataru's younger brother. When the Dark Star Cluster demanded Halky's Samekujira, Jolly for a monster weapon, the residents participated in a rugby match and wins. Afterwards, the group decided to let Isamu go on his own path. They are tributes to the Dark agents from ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'', as their membership are shared by the same number of race.
**{{nihongo4|Assassination Alien Alien Nackle "Nackley"|暗殺宇宙人ナックル星人ナクリ|Ansatsu Uchūjin Nakkuru Seijin Nakuri|9}}: The head of the Nebula House resident, he assumes a human form named {{nihongo4|Nakuri|名栗}} and earns 500 ¥ for each paper. He encouraged Isamu not to give up after hearing the latter was a former rugby player that given up his career. Nackley was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kunji Hirano|平野勲人|Hirano Kunji}}, who also portrayed his disguise, and Alien Nackle first appeared in episodes 37 and 38 of ''[[Return of Ultraman]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Different Dimension Alien Alien Icarus "Icary"|異次元宇宙人イカルス星人イカリ|Ijigen Uchūjin Ikarusu Seijin Ikari|9}}: A convenient store worker, he assumes a human form named {{nihongo4|Ikari|伊刈}} and ends his sentence with {{nihongo4|"Ika"|イカ||lit. "[[Squid]]"}}. Icary was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Tomokazu Seki]]|関智一|Seki Tomokazu}}, who also portrayed his disguise, and Alien Icarus first appeared in episode 10 of ''[[Ultra Seven]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Space Fisherman Alien Valky "Halky"|宇宙海人バルキー星人ハルキ|Uchū Kaijin Barukī Seijin Haruki|9}}: A craftsman, he assumes a human form named {{nihongo4|Haruki|春木}} and always puts English words in his sentences. Halky was voiced by {{nihongo4|Tatsuya Hashimoto|橋本達也|Hashimoto Tatsuya}}, who also portrayed his disguise, and Alien Valky first appeared in episode 53 of ''[[Ultraman Taro]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Marine Animal Samekujira "Jolly"|海獣サメクジラ（ジョリー）|Kaijū Samekujira (Jorī)|9}}: A baby Samekujira from the Planet Valky and Halky's pet. It appears on Earth after missing its master but accidentally attracted the Dark Star Cluster's interest as their monster weapon until the Nebula House residents defeated them in a rugby match. First appeared in episode 53 of ''Ultraman Taro''.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Sacred Beast Shepherdon|地底聖獣シェパードン|Chitei Seiju Shepādon|14}}: Mentioned by Hikaru, this monster was one of the characters of ''[[Ultraman Ginga S]]'' and the Victorian's protector aside from Ultraman Victory. It is currently held in Spark Doll state after being brutally attacked by Verokron and can be utilized as {{nihongo4|Shepherdon Saber|シェパードンセイバー|Shepādon Seibā}}.
*{{nihongo4|Friendly Rare-beast Pigmon|友好珍獣ピグモン|Yūkō Chinjū Pigumon|17}}: A race of small friendly monster that awakened ever since the Ultra Flare incident and mostly found in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and [[Luxembourg]]. Pigmons are rated as the most friendly monster and can easily felt loneliness when no children or any of their kind were around. One of them lives in Japan, having met various children and played with them, as well as collecting their keepsakes with its recent friend is the newly moved girl Sakura. Witnessing the Dark Thunder Energy, Pigmon tries to warn Sakura and the Tatara City civilians but was mistaken as threat until Xio members arrive and the Dark Thunder Energy summoned King Guesra. It seemingly died after protecting a civilian from several falling rubble until Xio members nursed it back to health and return Pigmon to Sakura. First appeared in episode 8 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Cat Mu|宇宙化猫ムー|Uchū Bakeneko Mū|18}}: A space cat that X rescued in the past, Mu grew infatuated towards X and flew to Earth to look for it, unintentionally causing troubles and accidentally wiped X and everyone's memories of her until her tears cured the victims at the cost of her own memories and love for X. Mu was voiced by Jenya, whom first voiced Gargorgon in this series while Mu itself is tribute to the Space Cats that appeared in episode 16 of ''Ultraman Max''.

===Evil===
*{{nihongo4|Molten Iron Monster Demaaga|熔鉄怪獣デマーガ|Yōtetsu Kaijū Demāga|1, 12}}: Demaaga was an iron clad demon from eight centuries prior, rampaging on the Pacific lands and sealed by the giant of light. Demaaga reawakened in the modern era and went toward the city until he was stopped by X and regressed into a Spark Doll, which later recovered by Daichi. Another breed was awakened by Gina Spectre as a test subject which she intend to use by charging it with the Dark Thunder Energy and becomes Tsurugi Demaaga until Ultraman Exceed X cleanse the monster from said energy, returning to normal before being regressed into a Spark Doll by Xanadium Ray. Demaaga's common ability is to unleash extreme heats and flames and burrowing underground.
**{{nihongo4|Tsurugi Demaaga|ツルギデマーガ|Tsurugi Demāga|12, 22 X the Movie}}: Affected by the Dark Thunder Energy, a second breed of Demaaga was mutated into growing blades underneath its arms and shoulders. This monster easily pummels X, forcing it to separate from Daichi and losing himself in the Cyber World. It fought the Xio mechas before X appears again as Ultraman Exceed X, cleansing Tsurugi Demaaga from the energy and reverting it to normal. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', five clones of Tsurugi Demaaga were created simultaneously by Zaigorg after absorbing the energies of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga. Each clones were sent to the worldwide on a rampaging spree until five Type U Cyber Cards reacted and summoned the Ultra Warriors. Each Demaagas were faced with the Ultra Warriors and defeated by the Ultras' finishers after they received additional power boost from Exceed X Beta Spark Armor.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Monster Telesdon|地底怪獣テレスドン|Chitei Kaijū Teresudon|3}}: Telesdon attacks the Area T-7B under orders of Underground Woman. He attacks again the next night but defeated by X in Eleking Armor via Eleking Shock Wave. The Spark Doll was salvaged by the Underground Woman, before she left it to Xio after vanished due to being shot multiple times. Telesdon is capable of spinning its body into a giant drill for attacks, breathing magma and pecks with its sharp beak. First appeared in episode 22 of ''[[Ultraman]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Woman|地底女|Chitei Onna|3}}: She hates the human race for "poisoning" the night scenery with lights. She assumes the disguise of {{nihongo4|Ryoko Mabuse|間伏涼子|Mabuse Ryōko}}, a late beauty salon manager. After Telesdon's defeat, she salvaged the monster's Spark Doll but loses it when Xio members attacks her as she disappears. Currently her background is still remains a mystery but according to Daichi, while he was investigating in a subway, he found a 500-year-old monument which was erected to seal something unknown. Her main weapon is a blaster gun and can unleash a painful screech enough to disrupt electricity and summon Telesdon. The Underground Woman was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Hinako Saeki]]|佐伯日菜子|Saeki Hinako}} and is a tribute to the Underground People that appeared in episode 22 of ''Ultraman'', yet even demonstrated the fact that she lacks a pair of human eyes.<ref name="cast" />
*{{nihongo4|Evil Alien Alien Zarab|凶悪宇宙人ザラブ星人|Kyōaku Uchūjin Zarabu Seijin|4}}: A terrorist that destroyed countless planets and sets Earth as his target. He brings forth Bemstar from a Spark Doll and allows the monster to wreak havoc while he destroys chemical plants. He managed to escape his first encounter with Xio officers but gets overpowered when fighting them again. Enraged, he tried to grow into giant proportions and crush them but the combined teamwork of Asuna, Hayato and Wataru managed to kill him. His main weapon is a remote bomb controller and can reanimate Sparks Dolls to their true forms. Alien Zarab was voiced by {{nihongo4|You Murakami|村上ヨウ|Murakami Yō}} and first appeared in episode 18 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Giant Space Monster Bemstar|宇宙大怪獣ベムスター|Uchū Dai Kaijū Bemusutā|4}}: Originally a Spark Doll, Bemstar was brought to life by Alien Zarab in his plan to destroy Earth. Bemstar ate Ultraman X via its stomach and took rest on a moon but Xio officers Wataru and Hayato manages to free the Ultra as he finished Bemstar via Xanadium Ray and claimed his Spark Doll. Bemstar's main ability are absorbing incoming attacks, projectiles and even giant-size enemies with its {{nihongo4|Suction Attractor Spout|吸引アトラクター・スパウト|Kyūin Atorakutā Supauto}}. First appeared in episode 18 of ''Return of Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Assassin Alien Alien Nackle "Bandero"|暗殺宇宙人ナックル星人バンデロ|Ansatsu Uchūjin Nakkuru Seijin Bandero|5}}: An arms dealer and a thief wanted by the Space Garrisons, Bandero arrived on Earth to steal the Spark Dolls from Xio under orders of his client. He managed to steal them but Rui, whom accidentally sneaked in to Planet Gilmo had retrieved them back as Bandero was killed by Ultraman Zero. Bandero was voiced by {{nihongo4|Tetsuo Kishi|岸哲生|Kishi Tetsuo}} and is a homage to Alien Nackle that appeared in episodes 37 and 38 of ''Return of Ultraman''. According to [[Koichi Sakamoto]], Bandero's client was Alien Markind, whom appeared in episode 14 in the series.<ref name="Bandero">{{cite web|url=http://blog.m-78.jp/2015/10/23/%E3%81%8A%E5%BE%85%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AD%E3%81%AE%E7%AC%AC14%E8%A9%B1%E3%82%92%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1%EF%BC%81%E3%81%9D%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%80%8C%E5%AE%AE%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%88%E3%83%89%E3%82%AD/|title=お待ちかねの第14話を配信！そして「宮野真守ドキュメンタリー」フジテレビNEXTで10/24（土）放送|date=2015-10-23}}</ref>
*{{nihongo4|Bodyguard Monster Black King|用心棒怪獣ブラックキング|Yōjinbō Kaijū Burakku Kingu|5, 14}}: Bandero's monster, he keeps Xio members busy for moments while his master steals the Spark Doll. His horn was severed by Ultraman Zero, forcing it and Bandero to retreat to Planet Gilmo. It was later mentioned as one of the Spark Dolls used by Hikaru in ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'' before he assumed Ginga's Spark Doll in battle. Black King is covered with a thick layer of exoskeleton and can withstand average attacks. First appeared in episodes 37 and 38 of ''Return of Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|Black King Drill Custom|ブラックキングドリルカスタム|Burakku Kingu Doriru Kasutamu|5}}: Soon, Bandero replaced Black king's lost horn with a drill, which allows it to initiate the {{nihongo4|Drill Blaster|ドリル・ブラスター|Doriru Burasutā}} attack. He was defeated by X's Xanadium Ray after being strike with Gomora Oscillatory Wave and Eleking Electric Shock Wave while its Spark Doll was claimed by Rui.
*{{nihongo4|Fast Alien Alien Sran "Quila"|高速宇宙人スラン星人クワイラ|Kōsoku Uchūjin Suran Seijin Kuwaira|8}}: Wanting revenge on Ultraman Max for killing one of his race years ago, Quila posed himself as Dr. Kaito Touma, a Spark Doll examiner from UNVER and tricked Xio into creating Cyber Zetton based on its Spark Doll. With the real Zetton appeared and X wearing Zetton Armor, Quila activated the malware programming and render X his puppet until Daichi used Cyber Eleking to destroy the malware from Cyber Zetton. Quila alas was killed by Ultraman Max. An Alien Sran himself, Quila's main ability is to quickly move at incredible speed, launching energy blasts from its claws and enlarges into the size of an Ultraman. Quila was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kenta Matsumoto|松本健太|Matsumoto Kenta}}, while his human form, Kaito Touma was portrayed by Sota Aoyama, whom also played a dual role as Ultraman Max's disguise on Earth. He is a tribute to an Alien Sran that appeared in episode 4 of ''[[Ultraman Max]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Dinosaur Zetton|宇宙恐竜ゼットン|Uchū Kyōryū Zetton|8}}: Alien Sran's monster, it was unleashed to attack the city and its Spark Doll was used by Quila in the creation of Cyber Zetton card for the alien to control X with. Eventually, the monster was destroyed by Ultraman X with Xanadium Ray. Zetton is a fearsome monster and capable of launching fireballs, creating enhanced shielding and teleport. First appeared in episode 39 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Demon Alien Akumania|宇宙悪霊アクマニヤ星人|Uchū Akuryō Akumaniya Seijin|9}}: The Dark Star Cluster's personal referee, he allowed cheats in the rugby match, hinting that he was bribed by them. First appeared in episode 33 of ''Ultraman Leo''.
*{{nihongo4|Alien Pedan|ペダン星人|Pedan Seijin|11}}: Only mentioned in the series, according to Guruman, they are barbaric race that had destroying civilizations on seven planets. They sent King Joe to attack Earth. First appeared in episodes 14 and 15 of ''Ultra Seven''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Robot King Joe|宇宙ロボットキングジョー|Uchū Robotto Kingu Jō|11}}: Alien Pedan's robot, it was launched to attack Earth as its target. Its main ability is to split into four spaceships and able to resist minor attacks due to being built from the extraterrestrial metal {{nihongo4|Pedanium|ペダニウム|Pedaniumu}}. It was destroyed by Ultraman X's Galaxy Cannon after being weakened by Cyber Gomora's Cyber Super Oscillatory Wave. First appeared in episodes 14 and 15 of ''Ultra Seven''.
*{{nihongo4|Transformation Monster Zaragas|変身怪獣ザラガス|Henshin Kaijū Zaragasu|12}}: Summoned by Gina Spectre from its Spark Doll, Zaragas was used as her replacement to flee from her fight with Asuna while she checked on Tsurugi Demaaga. Zaragas fought Cyber Gomora, whom connected to Asuna and defeated from Gomora's Cyber Super Oscillatory Wave before being reduced back to a Spark Doll and picked up by Xio. Zaragas' body can adapt to any attacks and unleashes blinding flashes through its body tubes. First appeared in episode 36 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Merchant Alien Markind|宇宙商人マーキンド星人|Uchū Shōnin Mākindo Seijin|14}}: An arms dealer hired by the Guar Army, he sold them Mecha Gomora's Spark Doll and Spark Doll detectors but eventually betrayed and shot dead by Alien Shaplay. Alien Markind was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Holly Kaneko]]|金子はりい|Kaneko Harii}} and first appeared in episode 3 of ''[[Ultraseven X]]''. According to Koichi Sakamoto, he was also Alien Nackle Bandero's customer from episode 5 of the series.<ref name="Bandero" />
*{{nihongo4|Mecha Robot Monster Mecha Gomora|メカロボット怪獣メカゴモラ|Meka Robotto Kaijū Meka Gomora|14}}: A mechanical knock-off of the original Gomora, it was firstly appeared a Spark Doll sold to the Guar Army by Alien Markind and used by Gina Spectre to lure Xio members away while Mold attacked their base. It was finally defeated by Cyber Gomora linked by Asuna and Arisa via the Ultlaser. First appeared in ''Ultra Galaxy Legend Gaiden: Ultraman Zero vs. Darklops Zero''.
*{{nihongo4|Insect type Beast Bugbuzun Brood|インセクトタイプビーストバグバズンブルード|Insekuto Taipu Bīsuto Bagubazun Burūdo|20}}: A species of the {{nihongo4|Space Beasts|スペースビースト|Supēsu Bīsuto}}, collective group of monsters in the galaxy that feeds on their victims' fears, several of them infiltrated the Earth, only to be destroyed by Xio officers. However, one escaped and turned giant by the Dark Thunder Energy by the next day, growing a pair of "branches" on its shoulders and gain sharper talons. It was finally defeated by Exceed X and Ultraman Nexus. Being a Space Beast, these monsters are purely hostile to any beings, with ideals for peaceful coexistence are considered futile. First appeared in the extra episode of ''[[Ultraman Nexus]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Ninja Alien Baltan|宇宙忍者バルタン星人|Uchu Ninja Barutan Seijin|X The Movie}}: A [[crayfish]]-themed alien and the adversary of the original Ultraman. True to their subtitle, they were notorious for their mastery in illusions. First appeared in episode 2 of ''Ultraman''.

===Neutral===
*{{nihongo4|Space Monster Bemular|宇宙怪獣ベムラー|Uchū Kaijū Bemurā|1, 20}}: The first monster to be awakened from the Ultra Flare, Bemular awakened and rampaged at a construction site in Japan. Fifteen years later, it appeared and attempted to attack Lt. Sayuri's family at Canada, until her first transformation into Ultraman Nexus halted the monster's attack and defeated it, saving her family's lives. First appeared in episode 1 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Blue Foam Monster Aboras|青色発泡怪獣アボラス|Seishoku Happō Kaijū Aborasu|1}}: Awakened at [[Russia]], Aboras fought its nemesis, Banila and ensued chaos on the city. First appeared in episode 19 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Red Flame Monster Banila|赤色火焔怪獣バニラ|Sekishoku Kaen Kaijū Banira|1}}: Awakened at Russia, Banila fought its nemesis, Aboras and ensued chaos on the city. First appeared in episode 19 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Monster Magular|地底怪獣マグラー|Chitei Kaijū Magurā|1}}: Awakened at [[France]], Magular attacked several tourists at [[Arc de Triomphe]], [[Paris]]. First appeared in episode 8 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Oil Beast Pestar|油獣ペスター|Yujū Pesutā|1}}: Awakened at Middle East, Pestar attacked several workers at an oil refinery. First appeared in episode 13 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Frozen Monster Peguila|冷凍怪獣ペギラ|Reitō Kaijū Pegira|1}}: Awakened at [[Singapore]], Peguila induced snowstorms at [[Marina Bay Sands]]. First appeared in episode 5 of ''Ultra Q''.
*{{nihongo4|Volcanic Bird Monster Birdon|火山怪鳥バードン|Kazan Kaichō Bādon|2}}: Birdon emerges from Okumayama to create a nest for her eggs, unintentionally placing several civilians in captive. She battles Xio members and Ultraman X, later defeated by Ultraman X Gomora Armor's Gomora Oscillatory Wave. Her Spark Doll was recovered by Daichi. Birdon's ability is to launch fireballs and rotates its neck to 180 degrees. First appeared in episode 18 of ''Ultraman Taro''.
*{{nihongo4|Immobile Monster Houlinga|不動怪獣ホオリンガ|Fudō Kaijū Hōringa|10}}: A monster native to Sakane village, its brethren previously became mountains of the village at the end of their life cycles. It tried to join its comrades but was mistaken for being sick and injected with a nutrition drug by Xio, causing it to rampage on the village until Ultraman X purified it from the ailment and finally rests in peace. A peaceful monster, it can unleash its tentacles over the Sakane village and deliver nutrients to the land. Houlinga is based on [[Hoori]], the third and youngest son of the ''[[kami]]'' [[Ninigi-no-Mikoto]] and the blossom princess [[Konohanasakuya-hime]] from the [[Japanese mythology]].
*{{nihongo4|Ancient Monster Gomess (S)|古代怪獣ゴメス(S)|Kodai Kaijū Gomess (Esu)|15}}: A ancient monster that scientifically labelled as {{nihongo4|Gometeus|ゴメテウス|Gometeusu}}, it appeared and had rampaged on two places, first in a countryside and second in the urban area. After taking beatings from Ultraman X in its second rampaging spree, Gomess (S) burrowed underground to recover itself from the sustained injuries until the Dark Thunder Energy takes effect, turning Gomess (S) more violent and brutish, now with the ability to launch energy stream from its mouth. Gomess was finally put to stop by Ultraman X and Cyber Gomora, controlled by Captain Kamiki. Gomess (S) first appeared in episode 1 of ''[[Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey]]'' while its original and diminutive form, Gomess, first appeared in episode 1 of ''Ultra Q''.
*{{nihongo4|Deep Sea Monster Gubila|深海怪獣グビラ|Shinkai Kaijū Gubira|16}}: A victim of the Dark Thunder Energy, Gubila rampages until X put a stop to it, purifying the giant fish before defeating it with Xanadium Ray. Gubila's main weapon is a nose drill. First appeared in episode 23 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Sea Beast King Guesra|海獣キングゲスラ|Kaijū Kingu Gesura|17}}: A fish monster that is a variant of the Guesra species. It was awakened and corrupted after being bathed from the Dark Thunder Energy, rising from the ground of Tatara City. It fought X and manages to overwhelm the latter until Exceed X purified it from the dark energy before turning it into a Spark Doll. King Guesra's attacks are {{nihongo4|Shocking Venom|ショッキング・ベノム|Shokkingu Benomu}} and launching energy scales. First appeared in ''[[Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Skull Monster Red King|どくろ怪獣レッドキング|Dokuro Kaijū Reddo Kingu|18}}: A monster awakened when the Dark Thunder Energy strikes the ground, it attacked the city, fighting against Mu and X until it was charged with the same energy again into EX Red King before being purified by Exceed X. First appeared in episode 8 of ''Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|EX Red King|EXレッドキング|Ī Ekkusu Reddo Kingu|18, 22}}: After being charged with the Dark Thunder Energy, Red King turned black and his fists enlarges. He was quickly purified by Ultraman Exceed X before being turned to Spark Doll. EX Red King's attack is {{nihongo4|Flame Road|フレイムロード|Fureimu Rōdo}}, sending a large series of shockwave impacts to the ground. EX Red King first appeared in the 2005 video game ''Ultraman Fighting Evolution Rebirth'' under the name {{nihongo4|Modified Red King|改造レッドキング|Kaizō Reddo Kingu}} but made its TV debut in episode 13 of ''[[Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Comet Monster Dorako|彗星怪獣ドラコ|Suisei Kaijū Dorako|18}}: A monster from X's past, it bullied Mu until X defeated it, causing Mu to fall in love with X. First appeared in episode 25 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Artificial Life Form M1|人工生命M1号|Jinkō Seimei Emu Ichi-gō|19}}: An artificial life form created by humanity years ago, M1 was jettisoned to space, orbiting the Earth after being deemed a failure. It kidnapped X while he was battling EX Gomora and imprisoned him and Daichi, feeling that humanity cannot coexist with monsters but changes his mind after seeing Asuna's determination to stop EX Gomora. M1 itself is capable of teleporting a person with only one snap of a finger and block the opponent's attacks. M1 was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Shōzō Iizuka]]|飯塚昭三|Iizuka Shōzō}} and first appeared in episode 10 of ''Ultra Q''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ultraman X Characters, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of fictional Japanese characters]]
[[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2015|*, Ultraman X]]

List of Ultraman X characters

2016-08-06T01:37:35Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Ultraman X'' characters}}
This is a '''character list''' of the 2015 [[Ultra Series]] '''''[[Ultraman X]]'''''.

==Xio==
Xio (stands for '''X'''eno '''I'''nvasion '''O'''utcutters) is a team under the Earth defense organization UNVER and is based at the {{nihongo4|Operation Base X|オペレーションベースX|Operēshon Bēsu Ekkusu}}. According to the documentary episode, counting the maintenance staffs as well, the total of workers in Operation Base X are 2700 people.<ref name="cast">{{cite web|url=http://m-78.jp/x/cast/|title=Casts of Ultraman X|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref>

The announcements and navigation voice for Xio technologies are voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Hibiku Yamamura]]|山村響|Yamamura Hibiku}}.

===Main members===

====Daichi Ozora====
{{nihongo4|Daichi Ozora|大空大地|Ōzora Daichi}} is a 20-year-old youth from the Research and Development section lab team from Xio but also goes on undercover missions whenever needed.

Fifteen years prior, he lost his parents during the Ultra Flare incident, thus leaving him with the Gomora Spark Doll and his mother's space communicator as their keepsakes. He merges with a mysterious light from the sky, whom turns out to be Ultraman X, and transforms into him using the {{nihongo4|X Devizer|エクスデバイザー|Ekusu Debaizā}}. While knowing that fighting monsters is one of Xio's priority, but he also wishes if there is a way to make peace with the monsters instead of annihilating them.

Upon learning of X's past, he decided to assist the Ultra in regaining his physical body. He is a cheerful person but can also be serious at times and for once, pushing himself too hard to materialize Cyber Gomora which nearly costs his health condition. It wasn't until he manages to befriend the Cyber Monster that brings the materialization process to fruition. In his free time, Daichi tried to pursue his parents' dream to communicate with extraterrestrial life forms using her mother's space communicator. After hearing of his mother's survival, he tried his best to save his parents and during X's supposed death by Greeza, Daichi discovered that he was prophesied to be Earth's savior from the destroyer, which was fulfilled with the help of the escaped Spark Dolls. After the battle, he was commended by his parents before returning to his teammates.

Daichi Ozora is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kensuke Takahashi|高橋健介|Takahashi Kensuke}}. As a child, Daichi is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Leo Ichinose|一瀬礼旺|Ichinose Reo}}.

====Asuna Yamase====
{{nihongo4|Asuna Yamase|山瀬アスナ|Yamase Asuna}} is a 19-year-old female Xio officer that skilled in ground combat and practices martial arts. She is partnered with Daichi during undercover missions. She has a tomboyish and hot-headed outlook but deep inside, she actually wants to be more feminine, as she had once made her childhood crush cried after beating him in a [[Kendo]] match. She becomes the stand in partner for Cyber Gomora whenever Daichi finds himself occupied. She has a strong pride as a woman and thus, her reason for joining Xio is because she believes that the Earth's safety is not only to be carried by men alone.

Asuna Yamase is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Akane Sakanoue|坂ノ上茜|Sakanoue Akane}}.

====Wataru Kazama====
{{nihongo4|Wataru Kazama|風間ワタル|Kazama Wataru}} is the team's 24-year-old top sniper and expert in operating investigation vehicles. He is a clumsy man but deep inside his heart, he has a huge sense of justice. He is also a skilled pilot in space, beating Hayato, his rival, whose commonly good in aerial combat. In high school, Wataru was known to be a pro-rugby player and becomes a representative of Japan's national rugby team, now a member of Xio's Rugby Team during certain matches. He has been working in Xio for six years and has a little brother named Isamu that follows his footstep as a rugby player. In his free time, Wataru likes watching movies, especially [[romance film]]s. Near the finale, Wataru was thought to be killed by Greeza alongside Mamoru but instead survived and managed to join their teammates in their final battle.

Wataru Kazama is portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Yoshihiko Hosoda]]|細田よしひこ|Hosoda Yoshihiko}}.

====Hayato Kishima====
{{nihongo4|Hayato Kishima|貴島ハヤト|Kishima Hayato}} is the 24-year-old pilot in the team. He harbours Wataru as his rival, yet they are paired by Captain Kamiki in undercover missions. Hayato often relies on logic and calculations, sometimes clashing with Wataru due to his hotheaded attitude. His hometown is in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]] and his father works as a popular noodle seller, wanting to follow his path after his retirement from Xio.

Hayato Kishima is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Ukyo Matsumoto|松本享恭|Matsumoto Ukyō}}.

====Takeru Yamagishi====
{{nihongo4|Takeru Yamagishi|山岸タケル|Yamagishi Takeru}} is Xio's male operator and a dutiful person, never misses the daily voice training.

Takeru Yamagishi is portrayed by Voyager lead member TAKERU.

====Chiaki Matsudo====
{{nihongo4|Chiaki Matsudo|松戸チアキ|Matsudo Chiaki}} is Xio's female operator, she is greatly fond of music.

Chiaki Matsudo is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Chiaki Seshimo|瀬下千晶|Seshimo Chiaki}}.

====Sayuri Tachibana====
{{nihongo4|Sayuri Tachibana|橘さゆり|Tachibana Sayuri}} is the female deputy captain of Xio, an expert of [[search and rescue]] missions and a tactical leader. She is also observant of Xio members and acts as a parental figure despite her stoic demeanor. She has two daughters, whose immigrated to Canada with Tachibana's husband due to safety measures. In episode 20, she was temporary elected as the sixth {{nihongo4|Dunamist|デュナミスト|Deunamisuto}} by Ultraman Nexus, using the opportunity to rescue her family in Canada and helped Ultraman X fighting Bugbuzun Brood. Her temporary bonding with Nexus leaves her a clue to Ultraman X's identity.

As a Deunamist, Sayuri gains the possession of {{nihongo4|Evolthruster|エボルトラスター|Iborutorasutā}}, a dagger which allows her to become Nexus by pulling out its sheathe and raise the blade upwards.

Sayuri Tachibana is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Sarara Tsukifune|月船さらら|Tsukifune Sarara}}.

====Shotaro Kamiki====
{{nihongo4|Shotaro Kamiki|神木正太郎|Kamiki Shōtarō}} is the 48-year-old Xio captain and also believes that humanity should peacefully coexist with monsters, a trait he shares with Daichi. He lost his wife 11 years ago and has a daughter named Hiromi, whom he was forced to left behind due to his priority as an UNVER personnel back then. He blames himself for not having time to be with his daughter and felt depresses over it until Xio members reassures him, although in reality, Kaoru never complained about it and respected the importance of his job. He keeps a picture which Hiromi drew in the past during his wife's death and always clinches to his uniform when facing a huge crisis. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', it seems that his relationship with his daughter started to improve.

Shotaro Kamiki is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yuu Kamio|神尾佑|Kamio Yū}}.

===Lab Team===
The {{nihongo4|Lab Team|ラボチーム|Rabo Chīmu}} is a division whose purpose is to investigate phenomenons and creating Xio arsenals. Daichi is also a part of this team, though his uniform also indicates him as an officer in the battlefield.

====Mamoru Mikazuki====
{{nihongo4|Mamoru Mikazuki|三日月マモル|Mikazuki Mamoru}} is a 20-year-old genius scientist. He usually partners with Rui during researches. Near the finale, Mamoru was thought to be killed by Greeza alongside Wataru but instead survived and managed to join their teammates in their final battle.

Mamoru Mikazuki is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Hayato Harada|原田隼人|Harada Hayato}}.

====Rui Takada====
{{nihongo4|Rui Takada|高田ルイ|Takada Rui}} is an 18-year-old cheerful female genius scientist. She likes Eleking and Ultraman Zero, which sometimes lead to an argument with Daichi over their favorite monsters.

Rui Takada is portrayed by {{nihongo4|Haruka Momokawa|百川晴香|Momokawa Haruka}}.

====Dr. Guruman====
{{nihongo4|Gluttonous Alien Alien Fanton "Dr. Guruman"|健啖宇宙人ファントン星人グルマン博士|Kentan Uchūjin Fanton Seijin Guruman-hakase}} is the creator of Xio's arsenal and combat vehicles. In addition, he has a large appetite and eats 13 meals a day. Guruman seems to aware of Daichi's relation to Ultraman X but so far had no intention to further indulge into it.<ref name="hero and monsters">{{cite web|url=http://m-78.jp/x/character/|title=Hero & Monsters of Ultraman X|accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref> During the finale, Guruman was thought to be killed by Greeza in his last attempt to defend the Spark Dolls but instead survived in the end.

Dr. Guruman is voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Yasunori Matsumoto]]|松本保典|Matsumoto Yasunori}} and is a tribute to Alien Fanton from episode 7 of ''[[Ultraman Mebius]]''.

===Mechas and Vehicles===
Xio members deployed three vehicles into the battle, with each of them can combine with the combiner unit {{nihongo4|Xio Musketty|ジオマスケッティ|Jio Masuketti}}. Additionally, they can also use the power of Cyber Cards as armaments. All vehicles are named after the main characters of [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s ''[[The Three Musketeers]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Xio [[Athos (character)|Athos]]|ジオアトス|Jio Atosu}}: A [[Nissan Leaf]]-based investigation vehicle, its main armament is {{nihongo4|Athos Laser|アトスレーザー|Atosu Rēzā}}. By combining with Xio Musketty, Athos can become the fighter jet {{nihongo4|Sky Musketty|スカイマスケッティ|Sukai Masuketti}} and utilizes {{nihongo4|Fanton Photon Cannons|ファントン光子砲|Fanton Kōshi Hō}}.
*{{nihongo4|Xio [[Aramis]]|ジオアラミス|Jio Aramisu}}: A [[Nissan NV200]]-based investigation vehicle, its main armament is {{nihongo4|Aramis Laser|アラミスレーザー|Aramisu Rēzā}}. By combining with Xio Musketty, Aramis can become the space shuttle {{nihongo4|Space Musketty|スペースマスケッティ|Supēsu Masuketti}} and utilizes {{nihongo4|Fantonic Laser|ファントニックレーザー|Fantonikku Rēzā}}. Space Musketty was developed during X's abduction by Bemstar and later equipped with a second unit of Xio Musketty which possess an advanced energy measurement unit in place of standard combat weapons.
*{{nihongo4|Xio [[Porthos]]|ジオポルトス|Jio Porutosu}}: A [[Nissan Atlas|e-NT400]]-based investigation truck. By combining with Xio Musketty, Porthos can become the combat tank {{nihongo4|Land Musketty|ランドマスケッティ|Land Masuketti}} and utilizes {{nihongo4|Fanton Rail Cannon|ファントンレールキャノン|Fanton Rēru Kyanon}}.

==UNVER==
UNVER (stands for '''U'''ltimate '''N'''oxious event '''V'''ersus '''E'''arth '''R'''anger) is an organization founded after the Ultra Flare incident. The organization aims to locate, retrieve and secure unstable Spark Dolls for studying. Soon Xio was founded under its branch and allies with multiple friendly aliens as means of support.

===Daisuke Minamikawa===
{{nihongo4|Daisuke Minamikawa|南川大輔|Minamikawa Daisuke|6, 7}} is the chief of UNVER Japanese Branch, he first appeared when seeing Alien Gold tE-rU accidentally destroyed the city with Rudian. During Gargorgon's arrival, he held no mercy for the fugitive and wanted him to be surrendered to the destroyer but stopped by Captain Kamiki. Eventually, after witnessing tE-rU's contribution when he participated in their plan to attack Gargorgon, Daisuke regains faith in Xio members and commended Kamiki for having a good team to manage. According to writer Hirotoshi Kobayashi, Daisuke is an old colleague of Kamiki and was the one whom offered him the Captain position in Xio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hero_to_sea/status/639765469780574208|title=Hirotoshi Kobayashi's Twitter|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>

Daisuke Minamikawa was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kouichi Miura|三浦浩一|Miura Kōichi}}.

==Ultras==

===Ultraman X===
[[File:Ultraman X profile.jpg|thumb|Ultraman X]]
{{nihongo4|Ultraman X|ウルトラマンエックス|Urutoraman Ekkusu}} is an Ultra from space whom merges with Daichi as his host to combat against monster threats. While not in transformed state, he resides in the X Devizer, communicating with Daichi over time. Fifteen years prior to the series, he was chasing Greeza and defeated him by throwing to the sun but in the end accidentally triggered the Ultra Flare incident, thus his body trapped in a form of computer data. He sensed a great frequency in Daichi, being the main reason X bonded with him. His finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Xanadium Ray|ザナディウム光線|Zanadiumu Kōsen}}, which capable of regressing his opponents to Spark Dolls instead of killing them.<ref name="hero and monsters" />

After Ultraman X lost himself in the cyberspace following his defeat by Tsurugi Demaaga, Daichi ventured in and finds a rainbow which grants him the {{nihongo4|Xlugger|エクスラッガー|Ekusuraggā}}, allowing X to become {{nihongo4|Ultraman Exceed X|ウルトラマンエクシードX|Urutoraman Ekushīdo Ekkusu}}. The Xlugger is stored on his forehead and can be removed when in need. This form as well expels the Dark Thunder Energy that possessed the monsters.

Near the finale series, X revealed himself to Xio after Greeza headed towards Earth, seeking cooperation with Earth Defense Forces to fight him. Later in the fight, his relation to Daichi was revealed as well but with Greeza proven stronger, the two performed a [[kamikaze]] attack by letting themselves absorbed into Greeza and self-destructs, leaving X's Color Timer intact. However, he was revived thanks to Daichi's memory him, as well as Asuna whom managed to find the latter when he drifted in the cyberspace. Using the Hybrid Armor, X manages to defeat Greeza once and for all, preventing the Earth from its fated destruction. Despite still trapped as a computer data, X was later accepted into Xio, now being acknowledged as a member.

Thanks to the upgrades installed by Dr. Guruman, Daichi can initiate {{nihongo4|MonsArmor|モンスアーマー|Monsuāmā}} to combine X with Cyber Monsters.
*{{nihongo4|Gomora Armor|ゴモラアーマー|Gomora Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Gomora, X gains a pair of huge claws as his arsenal, which allows him to create digital shields for protection. His finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Gomora Oscillatory Wave|ゴモラ振動波|Gomora Shindō-ha}}.
*{{nihongo4|Eleking Armor|エレキングアーマー|Erekingu Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Eleking, X gains a cannon as his arsenal, which allows him to manipulate electricity. His finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Eleking Shock Wave|エレキング電撃波|Erekingu Dengeki-ha}}.
*{{nihongo4|Bemstar Armor|ベムスターアーマー|Bemusutā Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Bemstar, X gains an {{nihongo4|Arm Shield|アームシールド|Āmu Shīrudo}} that resembles Bemstar's stomach gorge. The shield can be used as a claw appendage and initiates a finisher attack, {{nihongo4|Bemstar Spout|ベムスタースパウト|Bemusutā Supauto}}, where X redirects in incoming attack from the opponent back to them.
*{{nihongo4|Zetton Armor|ゼットンアーマー|Zetton Āmā}}: The combination result of X and Cyber Zetton, X gained a pair of huge arm guards/cannons on his hands. It was meant for X to use against the real Zetton but Quila activated a hidden [[malware]] that enslaved X as part of the plan to enact his revenge on Ultraman Max until Daichi purified the card with Cyber Eleking. Its main finishers are {{nihongo4|Zetton Tornado|ゼットントルネード|Zetton Torunēdo}} and {{nihongo4|Zetton Flaming Bullet|ゼットン火炎弾|Zetton Kaen-dan}}.
*{{nihongo4|Hybrid Armor|ハイブリッドアーマー|Haiburiddo Āmā}}: The combination result of X and all MonsAmors, this armor appeared during the final battle against Greeza and wields the Xlugger. The main finisher is {{nihongo4|Ultimate Xanadium|ウルティメイト・ザナディウム|Urutimeito Zanadiumu}}, where X launches an X-shaped ray from his chest before launching the Xlugger.

Apart from that, there are also alternatives to the MonsArmors, the {{nihongo4|Cyber Armor|サイバーアーマー|Saibā Āmā}}, which serve as copies of past Ultramen's powers:
*{{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero Armor|ウルティメイトゼロアーマー|Urutimeito Zero Āmā}}: The combination result of X and a copy of Ultraman Zero's {{nihongo4|Ultimate Aegis|ウルティメイトイージス|Urutimeito Ījisu}}, X gains the Ultimate Aegis and {{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero Sword|ウルティメイトゼロソード|Urutimeito Zero Sōdo}} as his arsenal, which allows him to travel in-between dimensions.
*{{nihongo4|Beta Spark Armor|ベータスパークアーマー|Bēta Supāku Āmā}}: An armor utilized by Ultraman Exceed X during his battle with Zaigorg, it serves as an analogy to Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga. His primary weapon is a pair of {{nihongo4|Cyber Wings|サイバーウィング|Saibā Wingu}} on his back and the {{nihongo4|Beta Spark|ベータスパーク|Bēta Supāku}}, which can form into two different weapons, namely {{nihongo4|Beta Spark Sword|ベータスパークソード|Bēta Supāku Sōdo}} and {{nihongo4|Beta Spark Arrow|ベータスパークアロー|Bēta Supāku Arō}}.

Ultraman X is voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Yuichi Nakamura (voice actor)|Yuichi Nakamura]]|中村悠一|Nakamura Yuichi}}.

===Past Heisei Ultras and Ultra Hosts===
The following characters below are Heisei Ultras from the past series:<ref name="hero and monsters" />
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Zero|ウルトラマンゼロ|Urutoraman Zero|5, X The Movie}}: A member of the {{nihongo4|Space Garrisons|宇宙警備隊|Uchū Keibitai}} and the son of [[Ultra Seven]]. Zero was tracking Bandero in various dimensions and arrived on Earth when he tried to steal the Spark Dolls. With Rui accidentally taken to Planet Guillermo, Zero went on a rescue operation and joined by X, the two managed to defeat both Bandero and Black King. He was mentioned in episode 13 of ''Ultraman X'', as he told Show of his encounter with said Ultramen. He has three alternate forms: {{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero|ウルティメイトゼロ|Urutimeito Zero}}, an armament that allows him to travel in-between dimensions, {{nihongo4|Strong Corona Zero|ストロングコロナゼロ|Sutorongu Korona Zero}}, a form that focuses on brute strength, and {{nihongo4|Luna Miracle Zero|ルナミラクルゼロ|Runa Mirakuru Zero}}, a form that focuses on speed and mental abilities. His finisher attacks are {{nihongo4|Wide Zero Shot|ワイドゼロショット|Waido Zero Shotto}} and {{nihongo4|Zero Twin Shoot|ゼロツインシュート|Zero Tsuin Shūto}}. Ultraman Zero was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Mamoru Miyano]]|宮野真守|Miyano Mamoru}} and debuted at ''[[Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy Legend The Movie]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Kaito Touma/Ultraman Max|トウマ・カイト／ウルトラマンマックス|Tōma Kaito/Urutoraman Makkusu|8, X The Movie}}:<ref name="cast" /> Long ago, an Ultra Warrior that was fighting on an alternate Earth, he approached this continuity in the form of his former human host, having aware of Alien Sran Quila trying to sabotage Ultraman X. Exposing Quila's true plan and form in front of Xio, he discovered it too late as X had fallen under Quila's control and transformed to fight Zetton. After Daichi managed to remove the corrupted programming from Cyber Zetton, X was freed, allowing him to assist Max in fighting Zetton and Quila. With his mission ended, he lend them a portion of his power in a form of a Cyber Card before flying away. Max is capable of moving at fast speed and his weapons are {{nihongo4|Maxium Sword|マクシウムソード|Makushiumu Sōdo}}, a boomerang from his head and the {{nihongo4|Max Galaxy|マックスギャラクシー|Makkusu Gyarakushī}} bracer. His finisher attacks are {{nihongo4|Maxium Cannon|マクシウムカノン|Makushiumu Kanon}} or {{nihongo4|Galaxy Cannon|ギャラクシーカノン|Gyarakushī Kanon}} with the Max Galaxy. Kaito Touma was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Sota Aoyama]]|青山草太|Aoyama Sōta}}, reprising his role from the ''[[Ultraman Max]]'' series.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Ginga Victory|ウルトラマンギンガビクトリー|Urutoraman Ginga Bikutorī|14}}: The combined form of Ultraman Ginga and Victory which was made when Hikaru and Show performed the {{nihongo4|Ultra Touch|ウルトラタッチ|Urutora Tatchi}}, and scans the {{nihongo4|Ultra Fusion Brace|ウルトラフュージョンブレス|Urutora Fyūjon Buresu}} to the Victory Lancer. Using the Ultra Fusion Brace, Ginga Victory can accessed the power of past Heisei Ultraman and by doing so, their apparition appears whenever any finisher is made. It was accessed again to stop in a final battle against Guar Spectre alongside Ultraman Exceed X.
**{{nihongo4|Show/Ultraman Victory|ショウ／ウルトラマンビクトリー|Shō/Urutorman Bikutorī|13, 14, X The Movie}}: A Victorian from another world, Show takes the mantle of Ultraman Victory from the queen of the Victorian civilization after being declared as the chosen one and joining the ranks of UPG to fight alongside Hikaru Raidō/Ultraman Ginga. Following [[Ultra Fight Victory|his last fight with Juda Spectre]], he pursued the Guar Army which lead by the former's siblings but while fighting Mold Spectre, he was kidnapped into X's world alongside Arisa until they took refuge in Xio. Seeing Daichi/X's battle against Mold Spectre and learn of him from Ultraman Zero, he gave the boy a swordsmanship training and finally joins him in fighting the Guar Army. As Ultraman Victory, Show can perform UlTrance which allows him to partially manifest a Spark Doll's powers. With the use of Knight Timbre, he can assume {{nihongo4|Ultraman Victory Knight|ウルトラマンビクトリーナイト|Urutoraman Bikutorī Naito}}. He was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kiyotaka Uji|宇治清高|Uji Kiyotaka}}, reprising his role since ''[[Ultraman Ginga S]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Hikaru Raidō/Ultraman Ginga|礼堂ヒカル／ウルトラマンギンガ|Raidō Hikaru/Urutoraman Ginga|13, 14, X The Movie}}: The main character of ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'', Hikaru is also a UPG member and fighting as Ultraman Ginga alongside Show. During Mold's attack, he tried to join the battle but was too late as his partner and Arisa was dragged in to another world. Fortunately, he managed to find another portal made by Mold Spectre and eliminated the Guar Army's armada before using it to get to X's world and assist his partner and Ultraman X. Hikaru Raidō was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Takuya Negishi|根岸拓哉|Negishi Takuya}}, reprising his role since ''Ultraman Ginga''.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Cosmos|ウルトラマンコスモス|Urutoraman Kosumosu|14}}: Mentioned by Hikaru as one of the peaceful Ultraman to Daichi.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Gaia|ウルトラマンガイア|Urutoraman Gaia|14}}: His apparition appeared when Ultraman Ginga Victory used his signature attack, {{nihongo4|Photon Edge|フォトンエッジ|Foton Ejji}} against Guar Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Dyna|ウルトラマンダイナ|Urutoraman Daina|14}}: His apparition appeared when Ultraman Ginga Victory used his signature attack, {{nihongo4|Solgent Ray|ソルジェント光線|Sorujento Kōsen}} against Guar Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Tiga|ウルトラマンティガ|Urutoraman Tiga|14, X The Movie}}: His apparition appeared when Ultraman Ginga Victory used his signature attack, {{nihongo4|Zepellion Ray|ゼペリオン光線|Zeperion Kōsen}} against Guar Spectre. Another Ultraman Tiga appears in ''Ultraman X: The Movie'', whom was a statue guarding the stone that maintains Zaigorg's imprisonment. After the monster escapes, he bonds with Yuuto Tamaki to fight in the real life and support the Ultra Warriors against Zaigorg's Devil Clone Beasts, fending off against Gorg Antlar. Tiga used all three of his forms against Antlar, {{nihongo4|Sky Type|スカイタイプ|Sukai Taipu}} during aerial combat (while assisted by Hayato in Sky Musketty), {{nihongo4|Power Type|パワータイプ|Pawā Taipu}} on ground combat and destroyed it with Zepellion Ray via {{nihongo4|Multi Type|マルチタイプ|Maruchi Taipu}}.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Nexus|ウルトラマンネクサス|Urutoraman Nekusasu|20, X The Movie}}: A silver-colored Ultraman whose original identity is the legendary {{nihongo4|Ultraman Noa|ウルトラマンノア|Urutoraman Noa}}, he arrived on Earth after Space Beasts landed on that planet first. Nexus had bonded with multiple humans in the past, called {{nihongo4|Dunamists|デュナミスト|Dyunamisuto}} and recently bonded with Sayuri, Xio's lieutenant, to help her by defending her family in Canada and assisted X in defeating a giant Bugbuzun Brood. Nexus' original form is {{nihongo4|Anphans|アンファンス|Anfansu}} and can change into the red form, {{nihongo4|Junis|ジュネッス|Jiunessu}}. Meanwhile, his main ability is to create a protective dome called {{nihongo4|Meta Field|メタフィールド|Meta Fīrudo}} to transport his opponents to his pocket dimension and his main finisher is {{nihongo4|Over Ray Storm|オーバーレイ・シュトローム|Ōbā Rei Shutorōmu}}. Before departing, he told Daichi to never give up in his dreams and gave him a Cyber Card.

===Past Showa Ultras and Ultra Hosts===
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Ace|ウルトラマンエース|Urutoraman Eisu|13}}: The adopted brother of [[Ultraman Taro]]. Only mentioned in the series, according to Show/Ultraman Victory, he helped Victory to defeat Juda Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Leo|ウルトラマンレオ|Urutoraman Reo|13}}: A royal prince of L-77 and an older brother to Astra. Also mentioned in the series, according to Show/Ultraman Victory, he helped Victory to defeat Juda Spectre.
*{{nihongo4|Astra|アストラ|Asutora|13}}: A prince of L-77 and a younger brother to Leo. Also mentioned in the series, according to Show/Ultraman Victory, he helped Victory to defeat Juda Spectre. First appeared in episode 22 of ''Ultraman Leo''.
*{{nihongo4|[[Ultra Seven (character)|Ultra Seven]]|ウルトラセブン|Urutora Sebun|14}}: The father of Ultraman Zero, he was mentioned by Hikaru to explain Daichi of good monsters, as Seven has used three monsters to aid him whenever he is occupied in battle.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman|ウルトラマン|Urutoraman|X The Movie}}: See [[Ultraman (character)#Subsequent history]]

==Cyber Cards and Cyber Monsters==
The {{nihongo4|Cyber Monsters|サイバー怪獣|Saibā Kaijū}} (also in different letter {{nihongo4||電脳怪獣|Dennō Kaijū}}) are artificial monsters stored within the {{nihongo4|Cyber Cards|サイバーカード|Saibā Kādo}} that created by Xio out of using Spark Dolls as its main basis. Originally, they were supposed to aid Xio in battling against monster threats but the development was briefly halted due to Cyber Gomora's part. Soon, these cards are utilized by Daichi to initiate MonsArmor, where the Cyber Monster combines with Ultraman X. While most cards usually house Cyber Monsters, but Type U categories instead house copies of Ultramen powers.

It was soon revealed that instead of only being copies to Spark Dolls, Cyber Monsters shares the same consciousness to their Spark Doll templates and materialization process not only requires brainwave synchronization, but also their approval to join their partner. This eventually allows Daichi to finally materializes Cyber Gomora to life. To materialize them, the Cyber Monster's Cyber Cards morph into Spark Dolls and the user {{nihongo4|"Realize"|リアライズ|Riaraizu}} it. However, mental linking with a Cyber Monster can be fatal if used for a long time.

Outside its use as "biological weapons", Cyber Cards can also be used as ammunition in Xio's technologies and arsenal. Several of them were given {{nihongo4|Limiters|リミッター|Rimittā}} within their program due to its enormous power.

===Cyber Monsters===
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Gomora|サイバーゴモラ|Saibā Gomora|1, 11, 12, 14, 15, 21, 22, X the Movie}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Gomora was created from the data of Daichi's Gomora Spark Doll. It was supposedly brought to life at first but the process failed when electron particles used to create it only reached 67%. It was later modified by Guruman in order to fit its MonsArmor function to X. After 27 failed attempts, while Ultraman X battles King Joe, Daichi dwells into Gomora's brain, learning that his failure to materialize was due to his refusal to cooperate, worrying Daichi's safety but after being reassured, Gomora successfully materializes. Its finisher attack is {{nihongo4|Cyber Super Oscillatory Wave|サイバー超振動波|Saibā Chō Shindō-ha}} where it delivers a large shockwave impulse. Alternatively, Cyber Gomora can be paired with Asuna or other Xio members like Captain Kamiki and Hayato should Daichi finds himself occupied. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', Cyber Gomora was used by Daichi after X went unavailable due to being defeated by Zaigorg. Gomora faced itself against Zaigorg and Xio used the Cyber Monsters' powers to stop it but failed once Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza were summoned. Gomora's card was used by Asuna to maximize her Xio Bazooka, utilizing {{nihongo4|Gomora Oscillatory Cannon|ゴモラ振動砲|Gomora Shindō-Hō}} to delay Gorg Fire Golza while Ultraman was recovering from the monster's attack.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Eleking|サイバーエレキング|Saibā Erekingu}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Eleking was created from the data of Eleking Spark Doll. It was modified by Rui in order to fit its MonsArmor function to X, hence the Eleking head on Eleking Armor's left shoulder pad was to make it "cuter". In Xio's first attempt to hold Zaigorg from advancing, Mamoru used Eleking's card in conjunction with two parabolic antennae to utilize {{nihongo4|Eleking Energy Shield|エレキング・エナジーシールド|Erekingu Enajī Shīrudo}} in hopes of imprisoning Zaigorg in a barrier while Xio members tried to destroy it, until the appearance of Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza turned the tables as they destroyed the parabolic antennae that imprisoned their masters.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Telesdon|サイバーテレスドン|Saibā Teresudon}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Telesdon was created from the data of Telesdon Spark Doll. By installing the card, it grants them its {{nihongo4|Lava Heatwave|溶岩熱線|Yōgan Nessen}}. It was first created and used in episode 4 in an operation to rescue Ultraman X from Bemstar, using Telesdon's lava to crack the bird monster's stomach.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Bemstar|サイバーベムスター|Saibā Bemusutā}}: Classified as Type B, Cyber Bemstar was created from the data of Bemstar Spark Doll. It was modified for Ultraman X to utilize Bemstar Armor. While joining Tiga Sky Type and Sky Musketty against Gorg Antlar, Space Musketty used the card and initiated {{nihongo4|Bemstar Ruirui Shield|ベムスタールイルイシールド|Bemusutā Ruirui Shīrudo}}, blocking Gorg Antlar's attack while Sky Musketty charged and destroyed its wings via Cyber Birdon's card.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Zetton|サイバーゼットン|Saibā Zetton}}: Classified as Type G, Cyber Zetton was created from the data of Zetton Spark Doll. It was meant for X to use against the real Zetton but Quila activated a hidden malware that enslaved X as part of the plan to enact his revenge on Ultraman Max until Daichi purified the card with Cyber Eleking. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', Cyber Zetton's card was used by Wataru in Land Musketty against Gorg Fire Golza, utilizing {{nihongo4|Zetton Rail Cannon|ゼットンレールキャノン|Zetton Rēru Kyanon}} through the removal of its Limiter to delay it while Ultraman recovered from the monster's attack.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber King Joe|サイバーキングジョー|Saibā Kingu Jō}}: Classified as Type M, Cyber King Joe was created from the data of King Joe Spark Doll. By installing the card, it grants them {{nihongo4|King Joe Destroy Cannon|キングジョーデストロイ砲|Kingu Jō Desutoroi Hō}}. It was first used in episode 19 by Sky Musketty to stop Daichi's Gomora from advancing towards an urban area. This card was used again in Xio's attempt to delay Zaigorg by Sky Musketty once more but failed due to Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza's intervention.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Birdon|サイバーバードン|Saibā Bādon}}: Classified as Type B, Cyber Birdon was created from the data of Birdon Spark Doll. While joining Tiga Sky Type and Space Musketty against Gorg Antlar, Sky Musketty used the card and initiated {{nihongo4|Birdon Phoenix Attack|バードン・フェニックス・アタック|Bādon Fenikkusu Atakku}} through the removal of its Limiter, shrouding the jet with flames and used it to crash Antlar's wings.
*{{nihongo4|Cyber Red King|サイバーレッドキング|Saibā Reddo Kingu}}: Classified as Type G, it was created from Red King's Spark Doll. This card was used again in Xio's attempt to delay Zaigorg by Land Musketty, utilizing {{nihongo4|Red King Armor-Piercing Bullet|レッドキング徹甲弾|Reddo Kingu Tekkōdan}} but failed due to Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza's intervention.

===Type U===
*{{nihongo4|Ultimate Zero|ウルティメイトゼロ|Urutimeito Zero}}: Created by Xio based on Ultimate Zero, its usage is to arm X with a copy of Ultimate Aegis, allowing the transportation in-between universe.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Max|ウルトラマンマックス|Urutoraman Makkusu}}: Created by Ultraman Max, it was given to X and Daichi to support them in their future battles. This card allows X to borrow Ultraman Max's Max Galaxy and initiates Galaxy Cannon. This card later resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Geneva, Switzerland.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Nexus|ウルトラマンネクサス|Urutoraman Nekusasu}}: Created by Ultraman Nexus after he departed from Earth, the card's cover represents his Junis Mode rather than his original Anphans mode. X and Daichi had yet to put the Cyber Card to use but however in one stageshow, it gives X a copy of {{nihongo4|Armed Nexus|アームドネクサス|Āmudo Nekusasu}} and allows him to initiate Nexus Junis Mode's Over Ray Storm. This card was resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Cairo, Egypt.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Zero|ウルトラマンゼロ|Urutoraman Zero}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Zero, it resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Shanghai, China.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Victory|ウルトラマンビクトリー|Urutorman Bikutorī}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Victory, it resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Ginga|ウルトラマンギンガ|Urutoraman Ginga}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Ginga, it resonated with people's hopes and summoned the Ultra Warrior to fight Tsurugi Demaaga in Chicago, America.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman Tiga|ウルトラマンティガ|Urutoraman Tiga}}: Created through the data of Ultraman Tiga's statue, it resonated with Ultraman X and created the {{nihongo4|X Park Lens|エクスパークレンス|Ekusu Pāku Rensu}} to complete the Beta Spark Sword and granted X the Beta Spark Armor.
*{{nihongo4|Ultraman|ウルトラマン|Urutoraman}}: Created through the data of Ultraman, it resonated with Ultraman X and created the {{nihongo4|X Beta Capsule|エクスベータカプセル|Ekusu Bēta Kapuseru}} to complete the Beta Spark Sword and granted X the Beta Spark Armor.

==Antagonists==

===Greeza===
{{nihongo4|Void Monster Greeza|虚空怪獣グリーザ|Kokū Kaijū Gurīza|1, 4, 21, 22}} is the primary antagonist of ''Ultraman X''. Called the {{nihongo4|mysterious luminescent life form|謎の発光生命体|Nazo no Hakkō Seimei-tai}} in the beginning, he is a sentient space [[Void (astronomy)|void]] that had destroyed three planets which emitted biological life signs and sets the Solar System as his recent target. However, he was thrown into the sun by Ultraman X, creating the Ultra Flare and set forth the motion of the series. While thought to be dead, Greeza in fact survived his destruction and planned the {{nihongo4|Dark Thunder Energy|ダークサンダーエナジー|Dāku Sandā Enajī}} attack on Earth while slowly recovering his strength, racing towards the Earth and contemplated to absorb the Spark Dolls to strengthen himself before destroying the Earth. Facing the Xio members and X, he battled them and easily overpowered the resistance until X performs a Kamikaze attack, which apparently killed both him and Greeza. However, Greeza survived the explosion and stole all of Xio's Spark Dolls to achieve its final form until X revived as well and with the help of the escaped Spark Dolls, they fused with X and destroyed Greeza once and for all.

Its first and initial form was a spiked ball, later evolved into a more humanoid second form after absorbing the Spark Dolls storage facility in UNVER Nevada Branch, which also allowed it to become a living space distortion. After absorbing Xio's Spark Doll, Greeza entered its final form, which gave it a spike armor and capable of manifesting the Spark Dolls' power for its own use.

===Gargorgon===
{{nihongo4|Petrification Demon Beast [[Gargoyle|Gar]][[gorgon]]|石化魔獣ガーゴルゴン|Sekika Majū Gāgorugon|6, 7}}: An intelligent space life form, Gargorgon was once responsible for petrifying an ancient human civilization and [[Atlantis|sank it under the sea]]. She attacked Planet Gold in search of its energies and returned to Earth after tracking it but met resistance in the form of Ultraman X, Rudian and Earth Defense Force, UNVER and Xio. She petrifies Ultraman X and demands the Earth to give tE-rU to her in 44 minutes or else the Earth population will receive the same fate. However, refusing to obey to her superiority, Xio and UNVER resurrected X and thus, she was defeated by the Ultra in Bemstar Armor and Rudian. As theorized by Guruman, Gargorgon's arrival on Earth in the past may had inspired the Gorgon from [[Greek mythology]].

Gargorgon was voiced by [[Russia]]n voice actor Jenya.

===Guar Army===
The {{nihongo4|Guar Army|グア軍団|Gua Gundan|12-14}} was an evil empire that first appeared from the ''Andro Melos'' comics, as well as its mini-series, ''Andro Super Warriors''. Their original plan was to invade the galaxy until the army went defunct after their leaders were killed by the Andro Warriors. Soon, this army was rebuilt after Juda Spectre's death in ''[[Ultra Fight Victory]]'', as Mold and Gina were revived as well and they arrived on Earth in X's world to harvest the mysterious Dark Thunder Energy to strengthen their force. Unfortunately, Ultraman Ginga appeared and revealed that he had wiped the entire Guar Army's armada while on his way to X's world.

====Leaders====
*{{nihongo4|Phantom Composite Figure Great Devil Emperor Guar Spectre|幻影合身大魔帝グア・スペクター|Gen'ei Gasshin Daimatei Gua Supekutā|14}}: The combined form of the leaders of Guar Army, he used Mold's body as a basis while its weapons were Mold Spectre's Bat Axe and Juda Spectre's {{nihongo4|Bat Calibre|バットキャリバー|Batto Kyaribā}}, with the latter wielded Juda and Gina's faces. This formation originally tried to release all of Xio's Spark Dolls as Guar Army's new combatants until Ultraman Ginga Victory and Ultraman Exceed X killed him. He is voiced by Hidenari Ugaki and Minami Tsukui, both are behind the voices of Mold and Gina respectively.
**{{nihongo4|Phantom Space Great King Mold Spectre|幻影宇宙大王モルド・スペクター|Gen'ei Uchū Daiō Morudo Supekutā|12-14}}: The eldest son and the first sibling. Originally the {{nihongo4|Army Commander Mold|軍団長モルド|Gundan-chō Morudo}}, he was revived and firstly fought Show/Ultraman Victory in hopes of avenging Juda's defeat but was forced to brought him to X's world as the Guar Army's captive. His main weapon is the {{nihongo4|Bat Axe|バットアックス|Batto Akkusu}} [[Tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]]. After Ginga wiped the remaining Guar Army's armada, Mold was forced to use Xio's Spark Dolls as place-holders for his army and combined with his siblings until he was killed by Ultraman Ginga Victory and Ultraman Exceed X. He was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Hidenari Ugaki]]|宇垣秀成|Ugaki Hidenari}}.
**{{nihongo4|Phantom Space Queen Gina Spectre|幻影宇宙女王ギナ・スペクター|Gen'ei Uchū Joō Gina Supekutā|12-14}}: The only daughter and middle sibling. Originally the {{nihongo4|Army Commander Gina|軍団長ギナ|Gundan-chō Gina}}, she was revived and took the appearance of a woman garbled in warrior outfit. Her main weapon is a whip called the {{nihongo4|Bat Whip|バットウィップ|Batto Uippu}} and can manipulate dark energies to awaken monsters and turn Spark Dolls back to their original forms. In her final hours, she combined with Mold and Juda to form Guar Spectre. Gina Spectre is portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Minami Tsukui]]|佃井皆美|Tsukui Minami}}.
**{{nihongo4|Phantom Space Emperor Juda Spectre|幻影宇宙帝王ジュダ・スペクター|Gen'ei Uchū Teiō Juda Supekutā|14}}: The youngest sibling and the second son. He was originally the first of his siblings to be revived but his plan to invade the galaxy was stopped by the Ultramen, especially Victory Knight in ''Ultra Fight Victory''. But nonetheless, his spirit re-emerges to assist the Guar siblings in forming Guar Spectre.

====Servants====
*{{nihongo4|Sabre Tyrant Alien Magma|サーベル暴君マグマ星人|Sāberu Bōkun Maguma Seijin|12, 13}}: An alien mercenary hired by Gina Spectre alongside Alien Shaplay. His main weapon is a pair of [[Pata (sword)|Pata]] on each hands and can grew into the monstrous size to that of Ultraman. Both him and Shaplay were tasked to take care of Show until he managed to escape. Later, Magma assist Mold in fighting Ultramen X and Victory but in the end was killed by Victory Knight. Alien Magma is voiced by {{nihongo4|Isamu Yūsen|祐仙勇|Yūsen Isamu}}. While indeed first appear in episodes 1 and 30 of ''[[Ultraman Leo]]'', but its position in the Guar Army alluded to the {{nihongo4|Evil Battle Aliens Alien Magma Trio|悪の戦闘星人マグマ星人3人衆|Aku no Sentō Seijin Maguma Seijin San-ninshū}} from the ''Andro Melos'' and ''Andro Super Warriors''.
*{{nihongo4|Darkness Alien Alien Shaplay|暗黒星人シャプレー星人|Ankoku Seijin Shapurē Seijin|12-14}}: An alien mercenary hired by Gina Spectre alongside Alien Magma. He was finally killed by Show, whom originally tried to attack Gina until Shaplay took the bullet for her. Alien Shaplay is voiced by {{nihongo4|Haruka Jinya|陣谷遥|Jinya Haruka}} and first appeared in episode 20 of ''[[Ultra Seven]]''.

===Intergalactic Criminal Networks===
Aside from regular aliens, there are also intergalactic criminals serving under criminal networks:
*{{nihongo4|Dark Star Cluster|暗黒星団|Ankoku Seidan|9}}: A crime network run by four aliens, they were first spotted attempting robbery at a warehouse. When Halky's Samekujira, Jolly appeared on Earth, they demanded his pet to be sold as a monster weapon but Valky challenges them for a [[Rugby football|rugby]] match, which they ended up losing. Unable to accept such defeat, the Dark Star Clusters enlarged and ran amok until Ultraman X Gomora Armor neutralise the situation by sending them to outer space via Gomora Oscillatory Wave.
**{{nihongo4|Dark Alien Alien Babarue|暗黒星人ババルウ星人|Ankoku Seijin Babaru Seijin|9}}: The leading member, Babarue was once a top player number 8 of the {{nihongo4|Space [[Rugby League]]|宇宙ラグビーリーグ|Uchū Ragubī Rīgu}} until he retired and formed the criminal group. While playing rugby, his signature move is {{nihongo4|Bullet Babarue Kick|弾丸ババルウキック|Dangan Babarū Kikku}}. Alien Babarue was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kazunori Naotsuka|直塚和紀|Naotsuka Kazunori}} and first appeared in episodes 38 and 39 of ''[[Ultraman Leo]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Transforming Phantom Alien Zetton|変身怪人ゼットン星人|Henshin Kaijin Zetton Seijin|9}}: Appears wearing a special suit which designed after a golden tuxedo. He has the ability to enlarge into gigantic size like his teammates, something which his race actually incapable of. Alien Zetton was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Yūki Ono]]|小野友樹|Ono Yūki}} and first appeared in episode 39 of ''Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|Kidnapping Phantom Kemur Man|誘拐怪人ケムール人|Yūkai Kaijin Kemūru Jin|9, 16}}: A fast-moving alien with the ability to elongate his limbs for a greater mobility. Another Kemur Man was part of a criminal network ran by a Dada, whom wants to kidnap female humans. He was captured by Xio and his interrogation by captain Kamiki leads to the destruction of his boss' criminal syndicate. Kemur Man was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kōichi Toshima|外島孝一|Toshima Kōichi}}, while his disguise was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Makoto Takahashi|高橋麻琴|Takahashi Makoto}}. First appeared in episode 20 of ''[[Ultra Q]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Three-faced Phantom Dada|三面怪人ダダ|Sanmen Kaijin Dada|9, 16}}: A clumsy, yet quick-thinking, he has the ability to teleport. Another Dada was a leader of his own criminal network whom wanted to kidnap female women until he was captured by Xio. The second Dada revealed that humanity is on the verge of extinction from the effect of Dark Thunder Energy. Dada was voiced by {{nihongo4|Takahiro Maeda|前田高宏|Maeda Takahiro}} in episode 9 and {{nihongo4|Daisuke Nagumo|南雲大輔|Nagumo Daisuke}} in episode 16 while first appeared in episode 28 of ''Ultraman''.
*Dada's criminal network: Appeared in episode 16, this group is formed by a Dada, whom wanted to collect several female humans for [[cloning]], predicted that humanity will be endangered from the Dark Thunder Energy's assault. This group was finally put to an end by Xio.
**{{nihongo4|Planet Phantom Cicada Woman|遊星怪人セミ女|Yūsei Kaijin Semi Onna|16}}: A female [[cicada]]-like alien, her duty was to lure female victims to be shrink and captured until she was apprehended by Xio after Asuna disguised as her client. Cicada Woman's disguise was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Una|宇那}} and first appeared in episode 15 of ''[[Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy]]''.

===Zaigorg===
{{nihongo4|Devil Beast Zaigorg|閻魔獣ザイゴーグ|Enma-jū Zaigōgu|X The Movie}} is the main antagonist of ''[[Ultraman X: Here It Comes! Our Ultraman]]''. Long ago, a monster that was sealed in an ancient civilization, it was released to the present day by a greedy treasure hunter Kurosaki, whom lifted the seal of Zaigorg's prison. After escaped, it defeated Ultraman Exceed X and advanced to Carlos Communications to destroy the stone that sealed it before. Xio members tried to use the Cyber Monsters' powers but failed after Zaigorg unleashed its minions, Gorg Antlar and Gorg Fire Golza. Once arriving at the tower, the prison stone, Spark Lens and XDevizer reacted with each other, restoring Ultraman X and bringing forth Ultraman Tiga (via Tsukasa) and Ultraman for them to fight against the destroyer. With Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza taken care of, X seemingly defeated Zaigorg but the latter quickly robbed Tiga and Ultraman's energies to summon five Tsurugi Demaagas across the worldwide. After obtaining the Beta Spark Armor, X freed the two Ultra Warriors and easily outmatched Zaigorg before defeating it with Beta Spark Arrow.

Zaigorg's main weapon is a huge [[Kanabō]] on its left arm and had the ability to unleash blade-like protrusions on its back, which in turn created Devil Clone Beasts as his entire army. It can also create molten lava to burrow underground and unleash tentacles from its chest to grab its opponents and absorb their energies.

===Devil Clone Beasts===
The {{nihongo4|Devil Clone Beasts|閻魔分身獣|Enma Bunshin-jū|X The Movie}} is an army of Zaigorg's clones of past monsters, which were created using spikes that emerge from his back before they were launched to create respective monsters. Two monsters, Gorg Antlar and Fire Golza were created as part of Zaigorg's army while advancing to Carlos Communications to destroy the stone that sealed it. Later, by absorbing the energies of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga, five clones of Tsurugi Demaaga were created and sent simultaneously across the world:
*{{nihongo4|Gorg Antlar|ゴーグアントラー|Gōgu Antorā}}: A stag beetle-themed monster and an enhanced version of Antlar, one of Ultraman's past enemies. It was colored red per alteration from Zaigorg and can fly with its wings. Gorg Antlar engaged in a fight against Ultraman Tiga and Xio fighter jets, Sky Musketty and Space Musketty. First engaged against Tiga Sky Type in an aerial combat, its wings were crippled by Sky Musketty via Cyber Birdon's powers and forced to battle Tiga Power Type on land before being destroyed by Multi Type via Zepellion Ray. Gorg Antlar is a tribute to Antlar from episode 7 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Gorg Fire Golza|ゴーグファイヤーゴルザ|Gōgu Faiyā Goruza}}: An enhanced version of Fire Golza, one of Ultraman Tiga's past enemies. It was colored light blue per alteration from Zaigorg and can roll itself into a cannonball for attack. Gorg Fire Golza fought against Ultraman, whom accompanied by Asuna via Xio Bazooka and Wataru in Land Musketty. With Ultraman injured by Golza's cannonball, Asuna and Wataru used the powers of Cyber Gomora and Cyber Zetton respectively to delay Golza while Ultraman recovers and destroyed it with his Specium Ray. Gorg Fire Golza is a tribute to Fire Golza from episode 18 of ''Ultraman Tiga''.
*Tsurugi Demaaga: See [[List of Ultraman X characters#Evil|below]].

===Desastro===
{{nihongo4|Desastro|デザストロ|Dezasutoro|X The Movie}} is the final antagonist that appeared near the end of ''Ultraman X: Here It Comes! Our Ultraman''. Following Zaigorg's demise, the monster appeared from the wormhole and sets its sight on Earth. X decided to take the matters on his own and separated from Daichi to confront the mysterious threat.

==Ozora Family==
*{{nihongo4|Takashi Ozora|大空鷹志|Ōzora Takashi|1, 2, 12, 22}}: Daichi's father and an archaeologist that studies the OOPArt Spark Dolls. He disappeared 15 years prior to the start of the series when trying to rescue his wife in a laboratory that was soon digitized during the Ultra Flare, as the young Daichi watch in horror. Before the event, he entrusted Gomora to Daichi as the Spark Doll becomes the very keepsake from Takashi. He was thought to be killed in that incident but in fact survived. After Greeza was killed, Takashi and Haruka approached their son for the final time, congratulating him for his bravery before disappearing. Takashi Ozora was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Yūrei Yanagi]]|柳憂怜|Yanagi Yūrei}}.
*{{nihongo4|Haruka Ozora|大空遥|Ōzora Haruka|2, 12, 20, 22}}: Daichi's mother and a space physicist. Haruka was the first to discover the Xlugger prior to the Ultra Flare, along with the prophecy of the Earth's demise by Greeza. However, she also discovered that her son would become Earth's savior in the future and choose to disappear alongside Takashi in a laboratory that was soon digitized during the Ultra Flare, as the young Daichi watch in horror. Haruka's space communicator was kept by Daichi as he tried to follow his mother's wish of communicating with extraterrestrial life forms. She was thought to be killed in that incident but in fact survived and send her message to Earth, seeking Daichi for help. After Greeza was killed, Haruka and Takashi approached their son for the final time, congratulating him for his bravery before disappearing. Haruka Ozora was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Shizuka Ochi|越智静香|Ochi Shizuka}}.

==Other characters==
*{{nihongo|Yūki Harusaki|春崎優希|Harusaki Yūki|6, 7}}: A schoolgirl whom fell in love with tE-rU regardless of his extraterrestrial origin after he saved her from several thugs. She willingly helps him after he accidentally provoked multiple misunderstandings with the humans. Before leaving for Planet Gold, tE-rU gave Yūki his pendant and wishes that her name would represent the courage that would unite the galaxy. Yūki Harusaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yūki Shinmasu|新舛有紀|Shinmasu Yūki}}.
*{{nihongo4|Isamu Kazama|風間イサム|Kazama Isamu|9}}: Age 20 years old and Wataru's younger brother, he is the number 10 rugby player of the Seihoku University, as his career was originated from his admiration towards his brother. However, after a humiliating defeat, he quits rugby until an encounter with the Nebula House residents. Isamu's willingness to participate in a rugby match to save their pet Jolly renewed his spirit as Isamu resumes his career, while preparing for a championship in [[London]], [[England]]. Isamu Kazama was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kyouichi Shioya|汐谷恭一|Shioya Kyōichi}}.
*{{nihongo4|Hana Suda|須田花|Suda Hana|10}}: A young civilian girl and a resident of Sakane Village. She learned of Houlinga's past from her father and befriended the monster, revealing to Daichi what actually happened to Houlinga after Xio mistaken the monster for being ill. Hana Suda was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Ai Nakamura|中村愛依|Nakamura Ai}}.
*{{nihongo4|Chizuru Ueki|植木千鶴|Ueki Chizuru|10}}: Hana's caretaker in her father's absence. Chizuru Ueki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Misato Hirata|平田弥里|Hirata Misato}}.
*{{nihongo4|Yamato Suda|須田大和|Suda Yamato|10}}: Hana's grandfather and the mayor of Sakane Village. He viewed Houlinga as the village's centrepiece in tourism but mistaken the monster for being ill, prompting Xio to take action. Yamato Suda was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Yu Tokui]]|徳井優|Tokui Yū}}.
*{{nihongo4|Hiromi Kamiki|神木裕美|Kamiki Hiromi|15}}: Aged 21 and Captain Kamiki's daughter, she was left behind by her father for several years due to his duty as a soldier. However, she never holds a grudge towards him, knowing his job is to save civilians from monster attacks. She invited him to her wedding ceremony, which Shotaro wasn't able to attend after Gomess (S) attacks the city. To make up for his absence, Hiromi and her father re-enact her wedding ceremony. Hiromi Kamiki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kaoru Hirata|平田薫|Hirata Kaoru}}, while the young Hiromi was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Maharu Nemoto|根元真陽|Nemoto Maharu}}.
*{{nihongo4|Yuki Kamiki|神木雪|Kamiki Yuki|15}}: Captain Kamiki's wife and Hiromi's mother, she died at the hospital 11 years prior to the series, leaving Hiromi alone when Captain Kamiki was burdened with his duty as an UNVER personnel at that time. Yuki Kamiki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Aki Morita|森田亜紀|Morita Aki}}.
*{{nihongo4|Kaoru Tachibana|橘かおる|Tachibana Kaoru|16, 20}}: Sayuri's eldest daughter. During Bemular's attack in Canada, she was rendered unconscious and almost killed until Nexus/Sayuri rescued her. Kaoru Tachibana was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Sorami Watanabe|渡邉空美|Watanabe Sorami}}.
*{{nihongo4|Michiru Tachibana|橘みちる|Tachibana Michiru|16, 20}}: Sayuri's youngest daughter. Michiru Tachibana was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Sora Tamaki|田牧そら|Tamaki Sora}}.
*{{nihongo4|Sakura Aizawa|相沢サクラ|Aizawa Sakura|17}}: A young girl whom recently moved to a place near Tatara city, she befriended Pigmon and kept its existence a secret from her mother, until the monster reveals itself to warn others of the Dark Thunder Energy. Sakura Aizawa was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Cocone Hamada|濱田ここね|Hamada Kokone}}.
*{{nihongo4|Kaori Aizawa|相沢かおり|Aizawa Kaori|17}}: Sakura's mother. Kaori Aizawa was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Kumiko Endo|遠藤久美子|Endō Kumiko}}.
*{{nihongo4|Nanako|菜々子||18}}: Wataru's childhood friend, she appears to be in relationship with Hayato, causing Wataru to become jealous. Nanako was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Chihiro Otsuka]]|大塚千弘|Ōtsuka Chihiro}}.
*{{nihongo4|Shogo Tachibana|橘祥吾|Tachibana Shōgo|20}}: Sayuri's husband, he was the one that moved their family to Canada while she works as a Xio Lieutenant in Japan, fearing for his daughters' safety from monster attacks. His family was almost killed by a Bemular until Ultraman Nexus, whom bonded with Sayuri, rescued them. Shogo Tachibana was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Takuji Kawakubo|川久保拓司|Kawakubo Takuji}}, who previously played {{nihongo|Kazuki Komon|孤門一輝|Komon Kazuki}}, main character and sometimes narrator in the ''Ultraman Nexus'' series.
*Hayato's Father (21): Hayato's father, whom runs a successful noodle restaurant. Though not making any appearances, his voice can only be heard when Hayato called him through his Devizer as the latter promises to return home in New Year's Eve. Hayato's father was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Shigeru Chiba]]|千葉繁|Chiba Shigeru}}.
*{{nihongo4|Carlos Kurosaki|カルロス黒崎|Karurosu Kurosaki|X The Movie}}: A treasure hunter and an internet celebrity, as well as the president of {{nihongo4|Carlos Communications|カルロスコミュニケーションズ|Karurosu Komyunikēshonzu}}. He is known for being adventurous, with his experiences had been recorded in the {{nihongo4|Carlos Kurosaki's World Mystery Q|カルロス黒崎のワールド・ミステリーQ|Karurosu Kurosaki no Wārudo Misuterī Kyu}} but at the same time greedy and prideful of his status. During Xio members' expedition into the old civilization, Carlos impatiently remove Zaigorg's seal, unintentionally freeing the monster from its prison. Carlos Kurosaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Michael Tomioka|マイケル富岡|Maikeru Tomioka}}.
*{{nihongo4|Saeko Kirihara|桐原冴子|Kirihara Saeko|X The Movie}}: Carlos' faithful secretary, she was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yuka Nakayama|中山由香|Nakayama Yuka}}.
*{{nihongo4|Tsukasa Tamaki|玉城ツカサ|Tamaki Tsukasa|X The Movie}}: An archaeologist of the Toto University and is capable of deciphering ancient codes and languages. She always felt uneasy due to her eccentric son Yuuto always followed her to every excavation sites. Tsukasa Tamaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Takami Yoshimoto|吉本多香美|Yoshimoto Takami}}, previously portraying Rena Yanase in ''Ultraman Tiga''.
*{{nihongo4|Yuto Tamaki|玉城ユウト|Tamaki Yūto|X The Movie}}: Tsukasa's son. He is always shown following his mother to any excavation sites and likes picking up remains from any historical places. He aspires to become an assistant to his mother. His refusal to leave his mother behind during Zaigorg's attack resonates with Ultraman Tiga, giving Yuuto the strength to assist the Ultra Warriors. Yuto Tamaki was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Serai Takagi|高木星来|Takagi Serai}}.

==Returning characters==
*{{nihongo4|Arisa Sugita|杉田アリサ|Sugita Arisa|13, 14}}: A female member of UPG, she was accidentally brought alongside Victory to X's world as they escape from the Guar Army's clutches and seek assistance from Xio to fight the Guar Army's invasion. After the army's destruction, she and her friends return to their world via Ultraman X's Ultimate Zero Armor. Arisa Sugita was portrayed by {{nihongo4|Yukari Taki|滝裕可里|Taki Yukari}}, reprising her role from ''Ultraman Ginga S''.

==Spark Dolls==
{{Main|List of Ultraman Ginga characters#Spark Dolls}}
The similar concept reused from the past series ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'' and its successor, ''[[Ultraman Ginga S]]'', {{nihongo4|'''Spark Dolls'''|スパークドール|Supāku Dōru}} are the embodiments of Ultramen and other Ultra Monsters but unlike the aforementioned past series, instead of being figures that cursed into these dolls, they are [[Out-of-place artifacts|OOPArts]] on Earth studied by several researchers, among them being Takashi Ozora, Daichi's father. As a result of the Ultra Flare, these Spark Dolls were given life as rampaging monsters in the worldwide which Xio fought till nowadays. Eventually, it is also revealed that Earth is not the only Planet with it. As shown, alien planets like Planet Gold developed their own Spark Doll, Rudian, which was used by the planet's royal prince, tE-rU. They were also seen as useful monster weapons sought by intergalactic outlaws like Alien Zarab, Alien Nackle Bandero and etc.

==Other monsters and aliens==
{{Main|Ultra Monsters}}
As a result of the Ultra Flare, Spark Dolls on Earth that were affected becomes monsters that fought by Xio and Ultraman X. However, there are also extraterrestrial threats as well as other aliens and monsters whom shows no sign of hostility towards Earthlings (examples with Dr. Guruman, the Alien Fanton that works in Xio).<ref name="hero and monsters" />

===Good===
*{{nihongo4|Ancient Monster Gomora|古代怪獣ゴモラ|Kodai Kaijū Gomora|19}}: The Ozora family's Spark Doll, it was given to Daichi by Takashi before the Ultra Flare incident kill him and his wife. Gomora became Daichi's valuable possession ever since that day and had its consciousness shared to the Cyber Gomora, allowing it to assist Xio in real life. It was brought to materialization for the first time but went astray from the effects of Dark Thunder Energy until Exceed X purified it. Before X can turn it to a Spark Doll, Gomora had done the deed already. First appeared in episode 26 of ''Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|EX Gomora|EXゴモラ|Ī Ekkusu Gomora|19, 22}}: The mutation resulted after the radiation of Dark Thunder Energy, EX Gomora's body was heavily armored and able to launch {{Nihongo4|EX Super Oscillatory Wave|EX超振動波|Ī Ekkusu Chō Shindō-ha}}. It rampages in a pier until Exceed X purified it. EX Gomora first appeared in the 2005 [[video game]] ''[[Ultraman Fighting Evolution Rebirth]]'' under the name {{nihongo4|Modified Gomora|改造ゴモラ|Kaizō Gomora}} but made its TV debut in episode 11 of ''[[Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Exiled Alien Alien Gold "tE-rU"|亡命宇宙人ゴールド星人{{Ruby|tE・rU|テル}}|Bōmei Uchūjin Gōrudo Seijin Teru|6, 7}}: A survivor from Planet Gold, tE-rU was sent by his ancestor to reawaken Rudian on Earth to destroy the monster Gargorgon. After a misunderstood with the Earthlings, he attacked them, believing them as hostile with Rudian until X managed to halt his assaults. tE-rU was put under Xio's custody and learns of Daichi's relation to Ultraman X, seeking their help as they battle Gargorgon. tE-rU was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Masaya Kikawada]]|黄川田将也|Kikawada Masaya}}.<ref name="cast" />
*{{nihongo4|Mecha Guardian Beast Rudian|メカ守護獣ルディアン|Meka Shugojū Rudian|6, 7}}: A robot from Planet Gold, it was spirited away by tE-rU due to the energy of Planet Gold stored within it, not wanting Gargorgon to exploit it. Soon, it receives assistance from Ultraman X and Earth forces, finally defeating the monster.
*Nebula House residents: These three aliens are actually disguised as humans and live in a rent home {{nihongo4|Nebula House|星雲荘|Seiun-sō}}. As they worked in the human society, they need to pay the monthly rent of 15,000 [[Japanese yen|¥]] (124.76 [[United States dollar|USD]] as of October 2015), thus needing a new housemate to ease the payment and find it in a form of Isamu, Wataru's younger brother. When the Dark Star Cluster demanded Halky's Samekujira, Jolly for a monster weapon, the residents participated in a rugby match and wins. Afterwards, the group decided to let Isamu go on his own path. They are tributes to the Dark agents from ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'', as their membership are shared by the same number of race.
**{{nihongo4|Assassination Alien Alien Nackle "Nackley"|暗殺宇宙人ナックル星人ナクリ|Ansatsu Uchūjin Nakkuru Seijin Nakuri|9}}: The head of the Nebula House resident, he assumes a human form named {{nihongo4|Nakuri|名栗}} and earns 500 ¥ for each paper. He encouraged Isamu not to give up after hearing the latter was a former rugby player that given up his career. Nackley was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kunji Hirano|平野勲人|Hirano Kunji}}, who also portrayed his disguise, and Alien Nackle first appeared in episodes 37 and 38 of ''[[Return of Ultraman]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Different Dimension Alien Alien Icarus "Icary"|異次元宇宙人イカルス星人イカリ|Ijigen Uchūjin Ikarusu Seijin Ikari|9}}: A convenient store worker, he assumes a human form named {{nihongo4|Ikari|伊刈}} and ends his sentence with {{nihongo4|"Ika"|イカ||lit. "[[Squid]]"}}. Icary was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Tomokazu Seki]]|関智一|Seki Tomokazu}}, who also portrayed his disguise, and Alien Icarus first appeared in episode 10 of ''[[Ultra Seven]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Space Fisherman Alien Valky "Halky"|宇宙海人バルキー星人ハルキ|Uchū Kaijin Barukī Seijin Haruki|9}}: A craftsman, he assumes a human form named {{nihongo4|Haruki|春木}} and always puts English words in his sentences. Halky was voiced by {{nihongo4|Tatsuya Hashimoto|橋本達也|Hashimoto Tatsuya}}, who also portrayed his disguise, and Alien Valky first appeared in episode 53 of ''[[Ultraman Taro]]''.
**{{nihongo4|Marine Animal Samekujira "Jolly"|海獣サメクジラ（ジョリー）|Kaijū Samekujira (Jorī)|9}}: A baby Samekujira from the Planet Valky and Halky's pet. It appears on Earth after missing its master but accidentally attracted the Dark Star Cluster's interest as their monster weapon until the Nebula House residents defeated them in a rugby match. First appeared in episode 53 of ''Ultraman Taro''.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Sacred Beast Shepherdon|地底聖獣シェパードン|Chitei Seiju Shepādon|14}}: Mentioned by Hikaru, this monster was one of the characters of ''[[Ultraman Ginga S]]'' and the Victorian's protector aside from Ultraman Victory. It is currently held in Spark Doll state after being brutally attacked by Verokron and can be utilized as {{nihongo4|Shepherdon Saber|シェパードンセイバー|Shepādon Seibā}}.
*{{nihongo4|Friendly Rare-beast Pigmon|友好珍獣ピグモン|Yūkō Chinjū Pigumon|17}}: A race of small friendly monster that awakened ever since the Ultra Flare incident and mostly found in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and [[Luxembourg]]. Pigmons are rated as the most friendly monster and can easily felt loneliness when no children or any of their kind were around. One of them lives in Japan, having met various children and played with them, as well as collecting their keepsakes with its recent friend is the newly moved girl Sakura. Witnessing the Dark Thunder Energy, Pigmon tries to warn Sakura and the Tatara City civilians but was mistaken as threat until Xio members arrive and the Dark Thunder Energy summoned King Guesra. It seemingly died after protecting a civilian from several falling rubble until Xio members nursed it back to health and return Pigmon to Sakura. First appeared in episode 8 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Cat Mu|宇宙化猫ムー|Uchū Bakeneko Mū|18}}: A space cat that X rescued in the past, Mu grew infatuated towards X and flew to Earth to look for it, unintentionally causing troubles and accidentally wiped X and everyone's memories of her until her tears cured the victims at the cost of her own memories and love for X. Mu was voiced by Jenya, whom first voiced Gargorgon in this series while Mu itself is tribute to the Space Cats that appeared in episode 16 of ''Ultraman Max''.

===Evil===
*{{nihongo4|Molten Iron Monster Demaaga|熔鉄怪獣デマーガ|Yōtetsu Kaijū Demāga|1, 12}}: Demaaga was an iron clad demon from eight centuries prior, rampaging on the Pacific lands and sealed by the giant of light. Demaaga reawakened in the modern era and went toward the city until he was stopped by X and regressed into a Spark Doll, which later recovered by Daichi. Another breed was awakened by Gina Spectre as a test subject which she intend to use by charging it with the Dark Thunder Energy and becomes Tsurugi Demaaga until Ultraman Exceed X cleanse the monster from said energy, returning to normal before being regressed into a Spark Doll by Xanadium Ray. Demaaga's common ability is to unleash extreme heats and flames and burrowing underground.
**{{nihongo4|Tsurugi Demaaga|ツルギデマーガ|Tsurugi Demāga|12, 22 X the Movie}}: Affected by the Dark Thunder Energy, a second breed of Demaaga was mutated into growing blades underneath its arms and shoulders. This monster easily pummels X, forcing it to separate from Daichi and losing himself in the Cyber World. It fought the Xio mechas before X appears again as Ultraman Exceed X, cleansing Tsurugi Demaaga from the energy and reverting it to normal. In ''Ultraman X The Movie'', five clones of Tsurugi Demaaga were created simultaneously by Zaigorg after absorbing the energies of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga. Each clones were sent to the worldwide on a rampaging spree until five Type U Cyber Cards reacted and summoned the Ultra Warriors. Each Demaagas were faced with the Ultra Warriors and defeated by the Ultras' finishers after they received additional power boost from Exceed X Beta Spark Armor.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Monster Telesdon|地底怪獣テレスドン|Chitei Kaijū Teresudon|3}}: Telesdon attacks the Area T-7B under orders of Underground Woman. He attacks again the next night but defeated by X in Eleking Armor via Eleking Shock Wave. The Spark Doll was salvaged by the Underground Woman, before she left it to Xio after vanished due to being shot multiple times. Telesdon is capable of spinning its body into a giant drill for attacks, breathing magma and pecks with its sharp beak. First appeared in episode 22 of ''[[Ultraman]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Woman|地底女|Chitei Onna|3}}: She hates the human race for "poisoning" the night scenery with lights. She assumes the disguise of {{nihongo4|Ryoko Mabuse|間伏涼子|Mabuse Ryōko}}, a late beauty salon manager. After Telesdon's defeat, she salvaged the monster's Spark Doll but loses it when Xio members attacks her as she disappears. Currently her background is still remains a mystery but according to Daichi, while he was investigating in a subway, he found a 500-year-old monument which was erected to seal something unknown. Her main weapon is a blaster gun and can unleash a painful screech enough to disrupt electricity and summon Telesdon. The Underground Woman was portrayed by {{nihongo4|[[Hinako Saeki]]|佐伯日菜子|Saeki Hinako}} and is a tribute to the Underground People that appeared in episode 22 of ''Ultraman'', yet even demonstrated the fact that she lacks a pair of human eyes.<ref name="cast" />
*{{nihongo4|Evil Alien Alien Zarab|凶悪宇宙人ザラブ星人|Kyōaku Uchūjin Zarabu Seijin|4}}: A terrorist that destroyed countless planets and sets Earth as his target. He brings forth Bemstar from a Spark Doll and allows the monster to wreak havoc while he destroys chemical plants. He managed to escape his first encounter with Xio officers but gets overpowered when fighting them again. Enraged, he tried to grow into giant proportions and crush them but the combined teamwork of Asuna, Hayato and Wataru managed to kill him. His main weapon is a remote bomb controller and can reanimate Sparks Dolls to their true forms. Alien Zarab was voiced by {{nihongo4|You Murakami|村上ヨウ|Murakami Yō}} and first appeared in episode 18 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Giant Space Monster Bemstar|宇宙大怪獣ベムスター|Uchū Dai Kaijū Bemusutā|4}}: Originally a Spark Doll, Bemstar was brought to life by Alien Zarab in his plan to destroy Earth. Bemstar ate Ultraman X via its stomach and took rest on a moon but Xio officers Wataru and Hayato manages to free the Ultra as he finished Bemstar via Xanadium Ray and claimed his Spark Doll. Bemstar's main ability are absorbing incoming attacks, projectiles and even giant-size enemies with its {{nihongo4|Suction Attractor Spout|吸引アトラクター・スパウト|Kyūin Atorakutā Supauto}}. First appeared in episode 18 of ''Return of Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Assassin Alien Alien Nackle "Bandero"|暗殺宇宙人ナックル星人バンデロ|Ansatsu Uchūjin Nakkuru Seijin Bandero|5}}: An arms dealer and a thief wanted by the Space Garrisons, Bandero arrived on Earth to steal the Spark Dolls from Xio under orders of his client. He managed to steal them but Rui, whom accidentally sneaked in to Planet Gilmo had retrieved them back as Bandero was killed by Ultraman Zero. Bandero was voiced by {{nihongo4|Tetsuo Kishi|岸哲生|Kishi Tetsuo}} and is a homage to Alien Nackle that appeared in episodes 37 and 38 of ''Return of Ultraman''. According to [[Koichi Sakamoto]], Bandero's client was Alien Markind, whom appeared in episode 14 in the series.<ref name="Bandero">{{cite web|url=http://blog.m-78.jp/2015/10/23/%E3%81%8A%E5%BE%85%E3%81%A1%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AD%E3%81%AE%E7%AC%AC14%E8%A9%B1%E3%82%92%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1%EF%BC%81%E3%81%9D%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%80%8C%E5%AE%AE%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%88%E3%83%89%E3%82%AD/|title=お待ちかねの第14話を配信！そして「宮野真守ドキュメンタリー」フジテレビNEXTで10/24（土）放送|date=2015-10-23}}</ref>
*{{nihongo4|Bodyguard Monster Black King|用心棒怪獣ブラックキング|Yōjinbō Kaijū Burakku Kingu|5, 14}}: Bandero's monster, he keeps Xio members busy for moments while his master steals the Spark Doll. His horn was severed by Ultraman Zero, forcing it and Bandero to retreat to Planet Gilmo. It was later mentioned as one of the Spark Dolls used by Hikaru in ''[[Ultraman Ginga]]'' before he assumed Ginga's Spark Doll in battle. Black King is covered with a thick layer of exoskeleton and can withstand average attacks. First appeared in episodes 37 and 38 of ''Return of Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|Black King Drill Custom|ブラックキングドリルカスタム|Burakku Kingu Doriru Kasutamu|5}}: Soon, Bandero replaced Black king's lost horn with a drill, which allows it to initiate the {{nihongo4|Drill Blaster|ドリル・ブラスター|Doriru Burasutā}} attack. He was defeated by X's Xanadium Ray after being strike with Gomora Oscillatory Wave and Eleking Electric Shock Wave while its Spark Doll was claimed by Rui.
*{{nihongo4|Fast Alien Alien Sran "Quila"|高速宇宙人スラン星人クワイラ|Kōsoku Uchūjin Suran Seijin Kuwaira|8}}: Wanting revenge on Ultraman Max for killing one of his race years ago, Quila posed himself as Dr. Kaito Touma, a Spark Doll examiner from UNVER and tricked Xio into creating Cyber Zetton based on its Spark Doll. With the real Zetton appeared and X wearing Zetton Armor, Quila activated the malware programming and render X his puppet until Daichi used Cyber Eleking to destroy the malware from Cyber Zetton. Quila alas was killed by Ultraman Max. An Alien Sran himself, Quila's main ability is to quickly move at incredible speed, launching energy blasts from its claws and enlarges into the size of an Ultraman. Quila was voiced by {{nihongo4|Kenta Matsumoto|松本健太|Matsumoto Kenta}}, while his human form, Kaito Touma was portrayed by Sota Aoyama, whom also played a dual role as Ultraman Max's disguise on Earth. He is a tribute to an Alien Sran that appeared in episode 4 of ''[[Ultraman Max]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Dinosaur Zetton|宇宙恐竜ゼットン|Uchū Kyōryū Zetton|8}}: Alien Sran's monster, it was unleashed to attack the city and its Spark Doll was used by Quila in the creation of Cyber Zetton card for the alien to control X with. Eventually, the monster was destroyed by Ultraman X with Xanadium Ray. Zetton is a fearsome monster and capable of launching fireballs, creating enhanced shielding and teleport. First appeared in episode 39 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Demon Alien Akumania|宇宙悪霊アクマニヤ星人|Uchū Akuryō Akumaniya Seijin|9}}: The Dark Star Cluster's personal referee, he allowed cheats in the rugby match, hinting that he was bribed by them. First appeared in episode 33 of ''Ultraman Leo''.
*{{nihongo4|Alien Pedan|ペダン星人|Pedan Seijin|11}}: Only mentioned in the series, according to Guruman, they are barbaric race that had destroying civilizations on seven planets. They sent King Joe to attack Earth. First appeared in episodes 14 and 15 of ''Ultra Seven''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Robot King Joe|宇宙ロボットキングジョー|Uchū Robotto Kingu Jō|11}}: Alien Pedan's robot, it was launched to attack Earth as its target. Its main ability is to split into four spaceships and able to resist minor attacks due to being built from the extraterrestrial metal {{nihongo4|Pedanium|ペダニウム|Pedaniumu}}. It was destroyed by Ultraman X's Galaxy Cannon after being weakened by Cyber Gomora's Cyber Super Oscillatory Wave. First appeared in episodes 14 and 15 of ''Ultra Seven''.
*{{nihongo4|Transformation Monster Zaragas|変身怪獣ザラガス|Henshin Kaijū Zaragasu|12}}: Summoned by Gina Spectre from its Spark Doll, Zaragas was used as her replacement to flee from her fight with Asuna while she checked on Tsurugi Demaaga. Zaragas fought Cyber Gomora, whom connected to Asuna and defeated from Gomora's Cyber Super Oscillatory Wave before being reduced back to a Spark Doll and picked up by Xio. Zaragas' body can adapt to any attacks and unleashes blinding flashes through its body tubes. First appeared in episode 36 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Merchant Alien Markind|宇宙商人マーキンド星人|Uchū Shōnin Mākindo Seijin|14}}: An arms dealer hired by the Guar Army, he sold them Mecha Gomora's Spark Doll and Spark Doll detectors but eventually betrayed and shot dead by Alien Shaplay. Alien Markind was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Holly Kaneko]]|金子はりい|Kaneko Harii}} and first appeared in episode 3 of ''[[Ultraseven X]]''. According to Koichi Sakamoto, he was also Alien Nackle Bandero's customer from episode 5 of the series.<ref name="Bandero" />
*{{nihongo4|Mecha Robot Monster Mecha Gomora|メカロボット怪獣メカゴモラ|Meka Robotto Kaijū Meka Gomora|14}}: A mechanical knock-off of the original Gomora, it was firstly appeared a Spark Doll sold to the Guar Army by Alien Markind and used by Gina Spectre to lure Xio members away while Mold attacked their base. It was finally defeated by Cyber Gomora linked by Asuna and Arisa via the Ultlaser. First appeared in ''Ultra Galaxy Legend Gaiden: Ultraman Zero vs. Darklops Zero''.
*{{nihongo4|Insect type Beast Bugbuzun Brood|インセクトタイプビーストバグバズンブルード|Insekuto Taipu Bīsuto Bagubazun Burūdo|20}}: A species of the {{nihongo4|Space Beasts|スペースビースト|Supēsu Bīsuto}}, collective group of monsters in the galaxy that feeds on their victims' fears, several of them infiltrated the Earth, only to be destroyed by Xio officers. However, one escaped and turned giant by the Dark Thunder Energy by the next day, growing a pair of "branches" on its shoulders and gain sharper talons. It was finally defeated by Exceed X and Ultraman Nexus. Being a Space Beast, these monsters are purely hostile to any beings, with ideals for peaceful coexistence are considered futile. First appeared in the extra episode of ''[[Ultraman Nexus]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Space Ninja Alien Baltan|宇宙忍者バルタン星人|Uchu Ninja Barutan Seijin|X The Movie}}: A [[crayfish]]-themed alien and the adversary of the original Ultraman. True to their subtitle, they were notorious for their mastery in illusions. First appeared in episode 2 of ''Ultraman''.

===Neutral===
*{{nihongo4|Space Monster Bemular|宇宙怪獣ベムラー|Uchū Kaijū Bemurā|1, 20}}: The first monster to be awakened from the Ultra Flare, Bemular awakened and rampaged at a construction site in Japan. Fifteen years later, it appeared and attempted to attack Lt. Sayuri's family at Canada, until her first transformation into Ultraman Nexus halted the monster's attack and defeated it, saving her family's lives. First appeared in episode 1 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Blue Foam Monster Aboras|青色発泡怪獣アボラス|Seishoku Happō Kaijū Aborasu|1}}: Awakened at [[Russia]], Aboras fought its nemesis, Banila and ensued chaos on the city. First appeared in episode 19 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Red Flame Monster Banila|赤色火焔怪獣バニラ|Sekishoku Kaen Kaijū Banira|1}}: Awakened at Russia, Banila fought its nemesis, Aboras and ensued chaos on the city. First appeared in episode 19 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Underground Monster Magular|地底怪獣マグラー|Chitei Kaijū Magurā|1}}: Awakened at [[France]], Magular attacked several tourists at [[Arc de Triomphe]], [[Paris]]. First appeared in episode 8 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Oil Beast Pestar|油獣ペスター|Yujū Pesutā|1}}: Awakened at Middle East, Pestar attacked several workers at an oil refinery. First appeared in episode 13 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Frozen Monster Peguila|冷凍怪獣ペギラ|Reitō Kaijū Pegira|1}}: Awakened at [[Singapore]], Peguila induced snowstorms at [[Marina Bay Sands]]. First appeared in episode 5 of ''Ultra Q''.
*{{nihongo4|Volcanic Bird Monster Birdon|火山怪鳥バードン|Kazan Kaichō Bādon|2}}: Birdon emerges from Okumayama to create a nest for her eggs, unintentionally placing several civilians in captive. She battles Xio members and Ultraman X, later defeated by Ultraman X Gomora Armor's Gomora Oscillatory Wave. Her Spark Doll was recovered by Daichi. Birdon's ability is to launch fireballs and rotates its neck to 180 degrees. First appeared in episode 18 of ''Ultraman Taro''.
*{{nihongo4|Immobile Monster Houlinga|不動怪獣ホオリンガ|Fudō Kaijū Hōringa|10}}: A monster native to Sakane village, its brethren previously became mountains of the village at the end of their life cycles. It tried to join its comrades but was mistaken for being sick and injected with a nutrition drug by Xio, causing it to rampage on the village until Ultraman X purified it from the ailment and finally rests in peace. A peaceful monster, it can unleash its tentacles over the Sakane village and deliver nutrients to the land. Houlinga is based on [[Hoori]], the third and youngest son of the ''[[kami]]'' [[Ninigi-no-Mikoto]] and the blossom princess [[Konohanasakuya-hime]] from the [[Japanese mythology]].
*{{nihongo4|Ancient Monster Gomess (S)|古代怪獣ゴメス(S)|Kodai Kaijū Gomess (Esu)|15}}: A ancient monster that scientifically labelled as {{nihongo4|Gometeus|ゴメテウス|Gometeusu}}, it appeared and had rampaged on two places, first in a countryside and second in the urban area. After taking beatings from Ultraman X in its second rampaging spree, Gomess (S) burrowed underground to recover itself from the sustained injuries until the Dark Thunder Energy takes effect, turning Gomess (S) more violent and brutish, now with the ability to launch energy stream from its mouth. Gomess was finally put to stop by Ultraman X and Cyber Gomora, controlled by Captain Kamiki. Gomess (S) first appeared in episode 1 of ''[[Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey]]'' while its original and diminutive form, Gomess, first appeared in episode 1 of ''Ultra Q''.
*{{nihongo4|Deep Sea Monster Gubila|深海怪獣グビラ|Shinkai Kaijū Gubira|16}}: A victim of the Dark Thunder Energy, Gubila rampages until X put a stop to it, purifying the giant fish before defeating it with Xanadium Ray. Gubila's main weapon is a nose drill. First appeared in episode 23 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Sea Beast King Guesra|海獣キングゲスラ|Kaijū Kingu Gesura|17}}: A fish monster that is a variant of the Guesra species. It was awakened and corrupted after being bathed from the Dark Thunder Energy, rising from the ground of Tatara City. It fought X and manages to overwhelm the latter until Exceed X purified it from the dark energy before turning it into a Spark Doll. King Guesra's attacks are {{nihongo4|Shocking Venom|ショッキング・ベノム|Shokkingu Benomu}} and launching energy scales. First appeared in ''[[Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Skull Monster Red King|どくろ怪獣レッドキング|Dokuro Kaijū Reddo Kingu|18}}: A monster awakened when the Dark Thunder Energy strikes the ground, it attacked the city, fighting against Mu and X until it was charged with the same energy again into EX Red King before being purified by Exceed X. First appeared in episode 8 of ''Ultraman''.
**{{nihongo4|EX Red King|EXレッドキング|Ī Ekkusu Reddo Kingu|18, 22}}: After being charged with the Dark Thunder Energy, Red King turned black and his fists enlarges. He was quickly purified by Ultraman Exceed X before being turned to Spark Doll. EX Red King's attack is {{nihongo4|Flame Road|フレイムロード|Fureimu Rōdo}}, sending a large series of shockwave impacts to the ground. EX Red King first appeared in the 2005 video game ''Ultraman Fighting Evolution Rebirth'' under the name {{nihongo4|Modified Red King|改造レッドキング|Kaizō Reddo Kingu}} but made its TV debut in episode 13 of ''[[Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey]]''.
*{{nihongo4|Comet Monster Dorako|彗星怪獣ドラコ|Suisei Kaijū Dorako|18}}: A monster from X's past, it bullied Mu until X defeated it, causing Mu to fall in love with X. First appeared in episode 25 of ''Ultraman''.
*{{nihongo4|Artificial Life Form M1|人工生命M1号|Jinkō Seimei Emu Ichi-gō|19}}: An artificial life form created by humanity years ago, M1 was jettisoned to space, orbiting the Earth after being deemed a failure. It kidnapped X while he was battling EX Gomora and imprisoned him and Daichi, feeling that humanity cannot coexist with monsters but changes his mind after seeing Asuna's determination to stop EX Gomora. M1 itself is capable of teleporting a person with only one snap of a finger and block the opponent's attacks. M1 was voiced by {{nihongo4|[[Shōzō Iizuka]]|飯塚昭三|Iizuka Shōzō}} and first appeared in episode 10 of ''Ultra Q''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ultraman X Characters, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of fictional Japanese characters]]
[[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2015|*, Ultraman X]]

Transport in Saudi Arabia

2016-08-05T17:29:49Z

BobDog54: verified numbers using current references and added conversions

With the arrival of [[petrodollar]]s, the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] has initiated many mega infrastructure development projects in the country, and the extensive development of the transportation network has followed suit in support of various economic developments. As a result, the country now boasts an extensive transportation network.

== Road transportation ==
[[Image:Riyadh-Makkah Road near Tuwaiq Escarpment.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Riyadh]]-[[Mecca]] Road near Tuwaiq Escarpment in November 2006]]
[[Image:Highway60SaudiArabia.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Highway 60 passing through Hejaz Mountain Ranges near [[Taif]]]]
Total: {{cvt|221372|km|mi}}
 Paved: {{cvt|47529|km|mi}} (includes {{cvt|3891|km|mi}} of expressways)
 Unpaved: {{cvt|173843|km|mi}} (as of 2006)

Roads in Saudi Arabia vary from eight-laned roads to small two-lane roads in rural areas. The city highways and other major highways are well maintained, especially the roads in the capital [[Riyadh]]. The roads have been constructed to resist the consistently high temperatures and do not reflect the strong sunshine. The other city highways such as the one linking coast to coast are not as great as the inner-city highways but the government is now working on rebuilding those roads. In October 2013, a group of auto enthusiasts drove some {{cvt|2000|km|mi}} through Saudi Arabia in search of the best driving road, and named the Jeddah-Taif-Al-Hada highway as "motoring nirvana".<ref>http://www.crankandpiston.com/on-the-road/mclaren-12c-saudi-arabia-the-hidden-kingdom/</ref>

Saudi Arabia encourages road transport as it has maintained one of the lowest petrol prices in the world, at $0.48 per gallon ($0.13 per liter).<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2011/0913/World-s-cheapest-gas-Top-5-countries/Saudi-Arabia-0.48-per-gallon-0.13-per-liter</ref>

Some of the important inter-city highways include the following:<ref>[http://saudinf.com/main/g11.htm Saoudi inter-city highways]</ref><ref>http://www.saudia-online.com/newsnov01/news06.shtml</ref>

* [[Dammam]] - [[Abu Hadriya]] - [[Ras Tanura]] Highway {{cvt|257|km|mi}}
* [[Khaybar]] - [[Al Ola]] Highway {{cvt|175|km|mi}}
* [[Mecca]] - [[Medina|Madinah Al Munawarah]] Highway {{cvt|421|km|mi}}
* [[Riyadh]] - [[Dammam]] Highway {{cvt|383|km|mi}}
* [[Riyadh]] - [[Sudair]] - [[Al Qasim]] Highway {{cvt|317|km|mi}}
* [[Riyadh]] - [[Taif]] Highway {{cvt|750|km|mi}}
* [[Taif]] - [[Abha]] - [[Jizan]] Highway {{cvt|750|km|mi}}
* [[Medina]] - [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] Highway {{cvt|680|km|mi}}
* [[Jeddah]] - [[Al Lith|Al Leith]] - [[Jizan]] Highway {{cvt|775|km|mi}}
* [[Jeddah]] - [[Mecca]] Highway {{cvt|80|km|mi}}

== Sea transportation ==
Saudi Arabia has a well development sea transport network developed primarily to support the transport of [[petrochemical]]s. [[Saudi Ports Authority]] is the ports management organization in the country, overseeing the operations.

The major ports in the country are as follows;

=== [[Persian Gulf]] ===
* [[King Abdul Aziz Port]], Dammam
* [[Jubail]]
* [[Ras Tanura]]
* [[Khafji]]
* [[Khobar]]
* [[Ras Al-Zour]] (under construction)

=== [[Red Sea]] ===
* [[Jeddah]]
* [[Yanbu' al Bahr]]
* [[Al Lith]]
* [[Duba, Saudi Arabia|Duba]]
* [[Rabigh]]
* [[Jizan]]
* [[Farasan (city)]]

== Air transportation ==
{{see also|List of airports in Saudi Arabia|List of airlines of Saudi Arabia}}
There are an estimated 203 airports in Saudi Arabia (2003 est.).

=== Airports with paved runways ===
 ''total:''
61
 ''over 3,047 m:''
32
 ''2,438 to 3,047 m:''
13
 ''1,524 to 2,437 m:''
12
 ''914 to 1,523 m:''
2
 ''under 914 m:''
2 (2003 est.)

=== Airports with unpaved runways ===
 ''total:''
133
 ''over 3047 m:''
1
 ''2,438 to 3,047 m:''
5
 ''1,524 to 2,437 m:''
75
 ''914 to 1,523 m:''
38
 ''under 914 m:''
14 (2003 est.) ([[Saudia]] is the nation's [[flag carrier]] airline)

=== Helicopters ===
9 (2009 est.)

== Rail transport ==
{{Portal|Railways}}
{{expand section|date=March 2014}}
{{see|Saudi Railways Organization|Saudi Railway Company}}
[[File:Rail transport map of Saudi Arabia.png|thumb|Rail transport map of Saudi Arabia.]]

As a result of over-reliance on road and air travel, the rail transport has not received a similar level of investment in Saudi Arabia. However, there are now plans to add more tracks and develop new railway routes.

There is a large scale railway project [[Haramain High Speed Rail Project]] underway in the Western province, connecting [[Makkah]] with [[Jeddah]] and [[Madinah]] city. The primary objective of this railway line is to provide an alternative for the Muslim pilgrims travelling between the three cities.

The [[Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro Southern Line]] is part of the [[Makkah Metro]] rail transit system, which was developed in Makkah city. This is a {{convert|18.1|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} track developed as exclusive shuttle a forecasted 8 million pilgrims between Mecca, Mount Arafat, Muzdalifa and Mina in the annual [[Hajj]] pilgrimage.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Asia topic|Transport in}}
{{Rail transport in Saudi Arabia}}

[[Category:Transport in Saudi Arabia]]

Træna Lighthouse

2016-08-05T16:37:00Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{Infobox lighthouse
| name = Træna Lighthouse
| image_name =
| caption =
| location = [[Træna]] [[Nordland]] [[Norway]]
| pushpin_map = Nordland
| pushpin = lighthouse
| pushpin_map_caption = Nordland
| latd = 66 | latm = 25 | lats = 50.4 | latNS = N
| longd= 11 | longm= 58 | longs= 07.7 | longEW= E
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| yearbuilt = 1877
| yearlit =
| automated = 1974
| yeardeactivated =
| foundation = granite basement
| construction = cast iron tower
| shape = cylindrical tower with double balcony
| marking = red tower
| height = {{convert|18|m}}
| focalheight = {{convert|36.7|m}}
| lens =
| currentlens =
| intensity = 88,000 [[candela|cd]]
| range = {{convert|17|nmi|km mi|abbr=on}}
| characteristic = Fl W 15s.
| racon =
| admiralty = L2348
| canada =
| NGA = 10196
| ARLHS = NOR-255
| USCG =
| country = Norway
| countrynumber = NF-6600<ref>[https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/nornw5.htm Træna Lighthouse] ''The Lighthouse Directory''. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved March 2, 2016.</ref>
}}

'''Træna Lighthouse''' ({{lang-no|Træna fyr}}) is a [[coastal lighthouse]] in the municipality of [[Træna]] in [[Nordland]] county, [[Norway]]. It is located on the island of Sørholmen in the [[Trænfjorden]], about {{convert|10|km}} southwest of the main island of [[Husøya]] and about {{convert|17|km}} west of [[Lovund]] in [[Lurøy]]. The lighthouse was built in 1877 and automated in 1974. It has a [[granite]] foundation with an {{convert|18|m|adj=on}} tall red [[iron]] tower. The light can be seen for about {{convert|17|nmi|km mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=snl>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Træna fyr |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]]||editor-last=Godal | editor-first=Anne Marit | editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |url=http://snl.no/Træna_fyr |language=Norwegian|accessdate=7 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fyr.no/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=781:traena-fyrstasjon&catid=112:nordland&Itemid=584 |publisher=Norsk Fyrhistorisk Forening |title=Træna fyrstasjon |language=Norwegian |accessdate=7 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=2011|url=http://www.kystverket.no/PageFiles/7617/Norsk%20Fyrliste,%20Region%204%20(Nordland)%2026.10.2011.pdf|format=PDF|author=Kystverket|authorlink=Norwegian Coastal Administration|language=Norwegian|title=Norske Fyrliste 2010|isbn=978-82-450-1039-8}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Norway}}}}
* [[List of lighthouses in Norway]]
* [[Lighthouses in Norway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fyr.no/fyrene Norsk Fyrhistorisk Forening] {{no icon}}
* [https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/photos/Norway4/TraenaNORNW4.jpg Picture of Træna Lighthouse]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Traena Lighthouse}}
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1877]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1877]]
[[Category:Træna]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in Nordland]]

{{Nordland-geo-stub}}
{{Norway-lighthouse-stub}}

Stripe, Inc.

2016-08-05T16:08:50Z

BobDog54: /* History */ changed a to an

{{Other uses|Stripe (disambiguation)}}

{{advert|date=February 2016}}

{{Infobox dot-com company
| name = Stripe
| logo = Stripe logo, revised 2014.png
| founder = [[Patrick Collison]] [[John Collison]]
| CEO = [[Patrick Collison]]
| area_served = United States, Canada, UK, [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, [[Finland]], France, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, [[Netherlands]], [[Luxembourg]]
| num_employees = 410 (March, 2016)<ref name="vb">{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Stripe Press resources|url=http://stripe.com/press}}</ref>
| founded = September, 2011
| industry = [[Payment processor]]
| url = {{URL|https://stripe.com}}
| current status = Active
}}

'''Stripe''' is an American technology company,<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside Stripe, The PayPal Competitor Backed By PayPal Founders Peter Thiel, Elon Musk|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1813087/inside-stripe-paypal-competitor-backed-paypal-founders-peter-thiel-elon-musk}}</ref> operating in over 20 countries, that allows both private individuals and businesses to accept payments over the [[Internet]]. Stripe focuses on providing the technical, [[Credit card fraud|fraud]] prevention, and banking infrastructure required to operate online payment systems.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNBC|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/102655071|title=Stripe}}</ref>

== Payment logistics ==

Using Stripe, [[web developers]] can integrate payment processing into their websites without having to register and maintain a [[merchant account]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Carr|first = Austin|title = Inside Stripe, The Paypal Competitor Backed By Paypal Founders Peter Thiel, Elon Musk|url = http://www.fastcompany.com/1813087/inside-stripe-paypal-competitor-backed-paypal-founders-peter-thiel-elon-musk|work = FastCompany|accessdate = April 2, 2014|date = February 1, 2012}}</ref> Stripe has a seven-day waiting period for initial transactions, during which time it profiles the businesses involved to protect against potential fraud. Stripe then transfers the funds directly into the bank account linked to the payee.<ref name="Startup Grind">{{cite web|title = The Collison Brothers and Story Behind The Founding Of Stripe|url = http://startupgrind.com/2012/02/true-startup-story-the-collison-brothers-and-stripe-com/|work = Startup Grind|accessdate = April 2, 2014|date = February 9, 2012}}</ref>

== History ==

John and Patrick Collison founded Stripe in 2010.<ref name="Startup Grind"/> Stripe began as a startup called /dev/payments. The name resulted in misspellings and confusion to those outside the company, so the company renamed itself Stripe.<ref>{{cite web|last = Brockman|first = Greg|title = How Did Stripe Come Up With Its Name?|url = http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2014/04/02/how-did-stripe-come-up-with-its-name/|work = Forbes|accessdate = April 2, 2014|date = April 2, 2014}}</ref> In June 2010, Stripe received seed funding from [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]], a startup accelerator.<ref name="vb" /> In May 2011, Stripe received a $2 million investment from venture capitalists [[Peter Thiel]], [[Sequoia Capital]], and [[Andreessen Horowitz]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Arrington|first = Michael|title = Stealth Payment Startup Stripe Backed By PayPal Founders|url = http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/28/stealth-payment-startup-stripe-paypal/|work = TechCrunch|accessdate = February 14, 2014|date = March 28, 2011}}</ref> In February 2012, Stripe received an $18 million Series A investment led by Sequoia Capital at a $100 million valuation.<ref>{{cite web|last = Mitroff|first = Sarah|title = Stripe attracts $18M in funding at $100M valuation|url = http://venturebeat.com/2012/02/09/stripe-funding-valuation/|work = VentureBeat|accessdate = February 14, 2014|date = February 9, 2012}}</ref> Stripe launched publicly in September 2011 after an extensive private [[Beta test|beta]].<ref>{{cite web|last = |first = |title = Stripe: instant payment processing for developers|url = https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=3053883|work = Hacker News|accessdate = February 14, 2014|date = September 29, 2011}}</ref> Less than a year after its public launch, Stripe received a $20 million Series B investment from [[General Catalyst Partners|General Catalyst]], Sequoia Capital, Peter Thiel, [[Redpoint Ventures]], [[Chris Dixon]], and [[Aaron Levie]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Tsotsis|first = Alexia|title = Sexy Payments Startup Stripe Swipes $20M From General Catalyst, Sequoia, Thiel And More|url = http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/09/payments-startup-stripe-swipes-20m-from-general-catalyst-sequoia-thiel-and-more/|work = TechCrunch|accessdate = February 14, 2014|date = July 9, 2012}}</ref> In March, 2013, Stripe acquired chat and [[Task management|task-management]] application Kickoff.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Leena|title=Payments Company Stripe Makes First Acquisition, Buys Team Task Management And Collaboration App Kickoff|url=http://techcrunch.com/2013/03/11/payments-company-stripe-acquires-team-task-management-and-collaboration-app-kickoff/|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref>

In March 2014, CEO Patrick Collison announced that Stripe would support [[bitcoin]] transactions.<ref name="bitcoin">{{cite web|last = Del Rey|first = Jason|title = Stripe Merchants Will Soon Be Able to Accept Bitcoin Payments|url = http://recode.net/2014/03/27/stripe-merchants-will-soon-be-able-to-accept-bitcoin-payments/|work = Recode|accessdate = April 2, 2014|date = March 27, 2014}}</ref> In January 2015, Stripe introduced a [[machine learning]] based fraud detection system.<ref name="machine-learn">{{cite web|last = Reader|first = Ruth|title = Stripe invites merchants to help improve its machine-learning fraud detection system|url = http://venturebeat.com/2015/01/14/stripe-invites-merchants-to-help-improve-its-machine-learning-fraud-detection-system/|work = Recode|accessdate = June 19, 2016|date = January 14, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Electronic commerce]]
* [[Payment gateway]]
* [[Payment service provider]]
* [[Subscription business model]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://stripe.com}}

{{YC companies|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Web applications]]
[[Category:Business software]]
[[Category:Payment service providers]]
[[Category:Merchant services]]
[[Category:Y Combinator companies]]

Noss Head Lighthouse

2016-08-05T16:01:59Z

BobDog54: added Scotland

{{Infobox lighthouse
| name = Noss Head Lighthouse
| image_name = Noss Head Lighthouse (geograph 2595409).jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Noss Head in 2011
| location = [[Wick, Caithness|Wick]] [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
| pushpin_map = Scotland Highland
| relief = 1
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Highland
| pushpin = lighthouse
| pushpin_label_position = left
| latd =58.479 | latm = | lats = | latNS =
| longd = -3.0509 | longm = | longs = | longEW =
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes =
| yearbuilt = 1849
| yearlit =
| automated =
| yeardeactivated =
| foundation =
| construction = masonry tower
| shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern attached to 1-storey keeper's house
| marking = white tower, black lantern, ochre trim
| height = {{convert|18|m}}
| focalheight = {{convert|53|m}}
| lens =
| currentlens =
| lightsource =
| intensity =
| range = {{convert|25|nmi}}
| characteristic = Fl WR 20s
| fogsignal =
| racon =
| admiralty = A3544
| canada =
| NGA = 114-3012
| ARLHS = SCO-157
| USCG =
| country =
| countrynumber =
| countrylink =
| managingagent = [[Northern Lighthouse Board]]
| heritage =
}}

The '''Noss Head Lighthouse''' is an active 19th century [[lighthouse]] near [[Wick, Caithness|Wick]] in [[Caithness]] in the [[Highland (council area)|Highland council area]] of Scotland. It is located at the end of Noss Head, a peninsula on the north-west coast of Caithness that overlooks [[Sinclairs Bay]] three miles north-east of Wick. It is notable as being the first lighthouse that was built with a diagonally paned lantern room.

==History==
The need for the lighthouse was promoted by the [[Northern Lighthouse Board| Northern Lights Commissioners]], and the light first entered service in 1849, and consists of an {{convert|18|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} cylindrical tower, which is painted white. It supports a single gallery and a lantern with a black cupola. There are 76 steps to the top of the tower.<ref name=nlb/> Adjacent to the tower are a pair of keeper’s cottages and subsidiary buildings, bounded by a walled compound.<ref name=rowlett/>

The lighthouse was built by Mr. Arnot of Inverness, with the construction being overseen by the notable lighthouse engineer [[Alan Stevenson]], who for the first time used diagonal glass panes and framing for the exterior lantern. Considered to be both stronger, and less likely to interrupt the light from the optic, the design was employed as the standard for all future lighthouses built by the Board.<ref name=nlb/>

As a way to provide work for those local people who had been affected by the [[Highland Potato Famine|Highland potato famine]], and needed [[Poor Relief]], labourers were hired at a rate of 3s/6d per day (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|3.5/20|1846|r=0}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}} to construct an access road from Wick to the lighthouse.<ref name=nlb/><ref name=T1847/>

In 1987 the light was converted to automatic operation, and the keeper’s cottages were sold and are now used by the [[Clan Sinclair Trust]] as a study centre for research into the clan's history. The main keeper’s house and one of the cottages have also been converted to holiday accommodation.

Following automation, the original [[Fresnel]] lens and mechanical drive train from the lighthouse were removed and are now exhibited on two floors of the Wick Heritage Centre, one of the few lens and drive train from this period that are still in full working order.<ref name=whc/>

==Operational details==

With a focal height of 53m above sea level, the light can be seen for 25 nautical miles. Its [[light characteristic]] is made up of a flash of light every twenty seconds. The colour being white or red, varying with direction.<ref name=rowlett/><ref name=nlb/> The light and tower is maintained by the Northern Lighthouse Board, and is registered under the international Admiralty number A3544 and has the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|NGA]] identifier of 114-3012.<ref name=rowlett/>

==Listed buildings==
The entire station including the tower, keeper’s cottages and outhouses are protected as a [[List of Category A listed buildings in Highland|category A listed building]], and considered to be of national or international importance.<ref name=hes/><ref name=canmore/>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Scotland|Lighthouses}}}}
* [[List of lighthouses in Scotland]]
* [[List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses]]
 

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=rowlett>{{cite rowlett|sctnw|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=nlb>{{cite web| url= https://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Lighthouse/Noss-Head/ | title=Noss Head Lighthouse| publisher=[[Northern Lighthouse Board]]||accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=T1847>{{cite book|author=Treasury|title=Correspondence from July, 1846, to February, 1847, Relating to the Measures Adopted for the Relief of the Distress in Scotland...|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iv7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA164|year=1847|publisher=W. Clowes & sons|pages=164–}}</ref>
<ref name=hes>{{cite web |url= http://portal.historic-scotland.gov.uk/designation/LB14087 |title=Noss Head Lighthouse: Listed Building Report |publisher=[[ Historic Environment Scotland]] |accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=whc>{{cite web |url=http://www.wickheritage.org/museum-lighthouse.asp |title= Lighthouse |publisher=Wick Heritage Museum |accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=canmore>{{Canmore |num=9112 |desc=Noss Head Lighthouse |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Noss Head Lighthouse}}
* [http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Main/ Northern Lighthouse Board]
 

{{Lighthouses of the Northern Lighthouse Board}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noss Head Lighthouse}}
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1849]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1849]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Listed lighthouses in Scotland]]

Noss Head Lighthouse

2016-08-05T15:59:56Z

BobDog54: /* History */ corrected verb form

{{Infobox lighthouse
| name = Noss Head Lighthouse
| image_name = Noss Head Lighthouse (geograph 2595409).jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Noss Head in 2011
| location = [[Wick, Caithness|Wick]] [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
| pushpin_map = Scotland Highland
| relief = 1
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Highland
| pushpin = lighthouse
| pushpin_label_position = left
| latd =58.479 | latm = | lats = | latNS =
| longd = -3.0509 | longm = | longs = | longEW =
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes =
| yearbuilt = 1849
| yearlit =
| automated =
| yeardeactivated =
| foundation =
| construction = masonry tower
| shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern attached to 1-storey keeper's house
| marking = white tower, black lantern, ochre trim
| height = {{convert|18|m}}
| focalheight = {{convert|53|m}}
| lens =
| currentlens =
| lightsource =
| intensity =
| range = {{convert|25|nmi}}
| characteristic = Fl WR 20s
| fogsignal =
| racon =
| admiralty = A3544
| canada =
| NGA = 114-3012
| ARLHS = SCO-157
| USCG =
| country =
| countrynumber =
| countrylink =
| managingagent = [[Northern Lighthouse Board]]
| heritage =
}}

The '''Noss Head Lighthouse''' is an active 19th century [[lighthouse]] near [[Wick, Caithness|Wick]] in [[Caithness]] in the [[Highland (council area)|Highland council area]] . It is located at the end of Noss Head, a peninsula on the north-west coast of Caithness that overlooks [[Sinclairs Bay]] three miles north-east of Wick. It is notable as being the first lighthouse that was built with a diagonally paned lantern room.

==History==
The need for the lighthouse was promoted by the [[Northern Lighthouse Board| Northern Lights Commissioners]], and the light first entered service in 1849, and consists of an {{convert|18|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} cylindrical tower, which is painted white. It supports a single gallery and a lantern with a black cupola. There are 76 steps to the top of the tower.<ref name=nlb/> Adjacent to the tower are a pair of keeper’s cottages and subsidiary buildings, bounded by a walled compound.<ref name=rowlett/>

The lighthouse was built by Mr. Arnot of Inverness, with the construction being overseen by the notable lighthouse engineer [[Alan Stevenson]], who for the first time used diagonal glass panes and framing for the exterior lantern. Considered to be both stronger, and less likely to interrupt the light from the optic, the design was employed as the standard for all future lighthouses built by the Board.<ref name=nlb/>

As a way to provide work for those local people who had been affected by the [[Highland Potato Famine|Highland potato famine]], and needed [[Poor Relief]], labourers were hired at a rate of 3s/6d per day (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|3.5/20|1846|r=0}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}} to construct an access road from Wick to the lighthouse.<ref name=nlb/><ref name=T1847/>

In 1987 the light was converted to automatic operation, and the keeper’s cottages were sold and are now used by the [[Clan Sinclair Trust]] as a study centre for research into the clan's history. The main keeper’s house and one of the cottages have also been converted to holiday accommodation.

Following automation, the original [[Fresnel]] lens and mechanical drive train from the lighthouse were removed and are now exhibited on two floors of the Wick Heritage Centre, one of the few lens and drive train from this period that are still in full working order.<ref name=whc/>

==Operational details==

With a focal height of 53m above sea level, the light can be seen for 25 nautical miles. Its [[light characteristic]] is made up of a flash of light every twenty seconds. The colour being white or red, varying with direction.<ref name=rowlett/><ref name=nlb/> The light and tower is maintained by the Northern Lighthouse Board, and is registered under the international Admiralty number A3544 and has the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|NGA]] identifier of 114-3012.<ref name=rowlett/>

==Listed buildings==
The entire station including the tower, keeper’s cottages and outhouses are protected as a [[List of Category A listed buildings in Highland|category A listed building]], and considered to be of national or international importance.<ref name=hes/><ref name=canmore/>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Scotland|Lighthouses}}}}
* [[List of lighthouses in Scotland]]
* [[List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses]]
 

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=rowlett>{{cite rowlett|sctnw|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=nlb>{{cite web| url= https://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Lighthouse/Noss-Head/ | title=Noss Head Lighthouse| publisher=[[Northern Lighthouse Board]]||accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=T1847>{{cite book|author=Treasury|title=Correspondence from July, 1846, to February, 1847, Relating to the Measures Adopted for the Relief of the Distress in Scotland...|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iv7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA164|year=1847|publisher=W. Clowes & sons|pages=164–}}</ref>
<ref name=hes>{{cite web |url= http://portal.historic-scotland.gov.uk/designation/LB14087 |title=Noss Head Lighthouse: Listed Building Report |publisher=[[ Historic Environment Scotland]] |accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=whc>{{cite web |url=http://www.wickheritage.org/museum-lighthouse.asp |title= Lighthouse |publisher=Wick Heritage Museum |accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=canmore>{{Canmore |num=9112 |desc=Noss Head Lighthouse |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Noss Head Lighthouse}}
* [http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Main/ Northern Lighthouse Board]
 

{{Lighthouses of the Northern Lighthouse Board}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noss Head Lighthouse}}
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1849]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1849]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Listed lighthouses in Scotland]]

Noss Head Lighthouse

2016-08-05T15:59:01Z

BobDog54: /* History */ fixed grammar

{{Infobox lighthouse
| name = Noss Head Lighthouse
| image_name = Noss Head Lighthouse (geograph 2595409).jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Noss Head in 2011
| location = [[Wick, Caithness|Wick]] [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
| pushpin_map = Scotland Highland
| relief = 1
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Highland
| pushpin = lighthouse
| pushpin_label_position = left
| latd =58.479 | latm = | lats = | latNS =
| longd = -3.0509 | longm = | longs = | longEW =
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes =
| yearbuilt = 1849
| yearlit =
| automated =
| yeardeactivated =
| foundation =
| construction = masonry tower
| shape = cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern attached to 1-storey keeper's house
| marking = white tower, black lantern, ochre trim
| height = {{convert|18|m}}
| focalheight = {{convert|53|m}}
| lens =
| currentlens =
| lightsource =
| intensity =
| range = {{convert|25|nmi}}
| characteristic = Fl WR 20s
| fogsignal =
| racon =
| admiralty = A3544
| canada =
| NGA = 114-3012
| ARLHS = SCO-157
| USCG =
| country =
| countrynumber =
| countrylink =
| managingagent = [[Northern Lighthouse Board]]
| heritage =
}}

The '''Noss Head Lighthouse''' is an active 19th century [[lighthouse]] near [[Wick, Caithness|Wick]] in [[Caithness]] in the [[Highland (council area)|Highland council area]] . It is located at the end of Noss Head, a peninsula on the north-west coast of Caithness that overlooks [[Sinclairs Bay]] three miles north-east of Wick. It is notable as being the first lighthouse that was built with a diagonally paned lantern room.

==History==
The need for the lighthouse was promoted by the [[Northern Lighthouse Board| Northern Lights Commissioners]], and the light first entered service in 1849, and consists of an {{convert|18|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} cylindrical tower, which is painted white. It supports a single gallery and a lantern with a black cupola. There are 76 steps to the top of the tower.<ref name=nlb/> Adjacent to the tower are a pair of keeper’s cottages and subsidiary buildings, bounded by a walled compound.<ref name=rowlett/>

The lighthouse was built by Mr. Arnot of Inverness, with the construction being overseen by the notable lighthouse engineer [[Alan Stevenson]], who for the first time used diagonal glass panes and framing for the exterior lantern. Considered to be both stronger, and less likely to interrupt the light from the optic, the design was employed as the standard for all future lighthouses built by the Board.<ref name=nlb/>

As a way to provide work for those local people who had been affected by the [[Highland Potato Famine|Highland potato famine]], and needed [[Poor Relief]], labourers were hired at a rate of 3s/6d per day (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|3.5/20|1846|r=0}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}} to construct an access road from Wick to the lighthouse.<ref name=nlb/><ref name=T1847/>

In 1987 the light was converted to automatic operation, and the keeper’s cottages were sold and are now used by the [[Clan Sinclair Trust]] as a study centre for research into the clan's history. The main keeper’s house and one of the cottages have also been converted to holiday accommodation.

Following automation, the original [[Fresnel]] lens and mechanical drive train from the lighthouse were removed and are now exhibited on two floors of the Wick Heritage Centre, one of the few lens and drive train from this period that is still in full working order.<ref name=whc/>

==Operational details==

With a focal height of 53m above sea level, the light can be seen for 25 nautical miles. Its [[light characteristic]] is made up of a flash of light every twenty seconds. The colour being white or red, varying with direction.<ref name=rowlett/><ref name=nlb/> The light and tower is maintained by the Northern Lighthouse Board, and is registered under the international Admiralty number A3544 and has the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|NGA]] identifier of 114-3012.<ref name=rowlett/>

==Listed buildings==
The entire station including the tower, keeper’s cottages and outhouses are protected as a [[List of Category A listed buildings in Highland|category A listed building]], and considered to be of national or international importance.<ref name=hes/><ref name=canmore/>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Scotland|Lighthouses}}}}
* [[List of lighthouses in Scotland]]
* [[List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses]]
 

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=rowlett>{{cite rowlett|sctnw|accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=nlb>{{cite web| url= https://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Lighthouse/Noss-Head/ | title=Noss Head Lighthouse| publisher=[[Northern Lighthouse Board]]||accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=T1847>{{cite book|author=Treasury|title=Correspondence from July, 1846, to February, 1847, Relating to the Measures Adopted for the Relief of the Distress in Scotland...|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iv7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA164|year=1847|publisher=W. Clowes & sons|pages=164–}}</ref>
<ref name=hes>{{cite web |url= http://portal.historic-scotland.gov.uk/designation/LB14087 |title=Noss Head Lighthouse: Listed Building Report |publisher=[[ Historic Environment Scotland]] |accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=whc>{{cite web |url=http://www.wickheritage.org/museum-lighthouse.asp |title= Lighthouse |publisher=Wick Heritage Museum |accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=canmore>{{Canmore |num=9112 |desc=Noss Head Lighthouse |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Noss Head Lighthouse}}
* [http://www.nlb.org.uk/LighthouseLibrary/Main/ Northern Lighthouse Board]
 

{{Lighthouses of the Northern Lighthouse Board}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noss Head Lighthouse}}
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1849]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1849]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Listed lighthouses in Scotland]]

Kel-Tec RFB

2016-08-05T15:53:22Z

BobDog54: /* Variants */ changed a to an

{{Infobox Weapon
|name=RFB
|image=[[File:Keltecrfb.jpg|300px]]
|caption=The RFB Carbine model with EOTech 512 [[Holographic weapon sight]] attached.
|origin={{flagcountry|United States}}
|type=[[Semi-automatic rifle|Semi-automatic]] [[battle rifle]]

|is_ranged=Yes

|service=
|used_by=
|wars=

|designer=[[George Kellgren]]<ref name="MF">{{cite web |url=http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sn75-e.htm |title=Modern Firearm's Kel-tec RFB rifle |accessdate=2008-10-29 |publisher=Modern Firearms}}</ref>
|design_date=2003<ref name="MF"/>
|manufacturer=[[Kel-Tec]]
|production_date=2008<ref name="MF"/>–present
|number=
|variants=Carbine, sporter, target

|weight={{convert|8.1|lb|kg|lk=on|abbr=on}} w. {{convert|18|in|mm|lk=on|abbr=on}} barrel (Carbine) {{convert|8.7|lb|kg|abbr=on}} w. {{convert|24|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel (Sporter) {{convert|11.3|lb|kg|abbr=on}} w. {{convert|32|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel (Target)
|length={{convert|26|in|mm|abbr=on}} (Carbine) {{convert|32|in|abbr=on}} (Sporter) {{convert|40|in|abbr=on}} (Target)
|part_length={{convert|18|in|abbr=on}} (Carbine) {{convert|24|in|abbr=on}} (Sporter) {{convert|32|in|abbr=on}} (Target)
|width=
|height=
|diameter=

|cartridge=[[7.62×51mm NATO]]
|caliber=7.62mm
|action=[[Gas-operated reloading|Gas-operated]] piston, tilting breechblock
|rate=[[Semi-automatic firearm|Semi-automatic]]
|velocity={{convert|2500|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|range= {{convert|500|m|yd|abbr=on}}
|max_range=
|feed=10 or 20-round metric [[FN FAL|FAL]] detachable box [[Magazine (firearm)|magazines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshwaterseas.com/bullpups/Kel-Tec%20RFB.htm|title=Some interesting bullpup guns|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref><ref name="TL">{{cite web|url=http://www.tactical-life.com/online/special-weapons/new-kel-tec-rfb-308/|title=New Kel-Tec RFB .308|accessdate=2008-10-29|publisher=Special Weapons for Military & Police}}</ref><ref name="GB">{{cite web|url=http://www.gunblast.com/KelTec-RFB.htm|title=Kel-Tec 7.62×51mm RFB Bullpup Carbine|accessdate=2010-01-16|author=Jeff Quinn|publisher=Gun Blast}}</ref>
|sights=None
}}

The '''Kel-Tec RFB''' ('''R'''ifle, '''F'''orward-ejection, '''B'''ullpup)<ref name="GB"/> is a gas-operated [[bullpup]] type [[semi-automatic rifle]], manufactured by [[Kel-Tec]] Industries of [[Florida]]. At the 2008 [[SHOT Show]] held from February 2 to 5 in [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] it was declared by Kel-Tec representatives that the RFB rifle would be made available to the public by the 4th quarter of 2008. Later, the Kel-Tec website stated that the {{convert|18|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel carbine variant would not be shipping until February 2009 due to a change in the production process intended as preventative measures against potential [[gun control]] legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kel Tec RFB Carbine Delayed |url=http://www.gunsholstersandgear.com/2008/12/19/kel-tec-rfb-carbine-delayed/ |date=December 19, 2008 |author=Richard}}</ref> The rifle first shipped to distributors in the first week of March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ar15.com/forums/topic.html?b=6&f=43&t=246362&page=13|title=AR15.com RFB Thread|accessdate=2009-03-10|publisher=AR15.com}}</ref>

It was first seen at the 2007 [[SHOT Show]].<ref name="MF"/>

==Design details==
The RFB is a [[semi-automatic firearm]] chambered for [[7.62×51mm NATO]]/[[.308 Winchester]] ammunition. The RFB uses metric [[FN FAL|FAL]] magazines,<ref>''Bullpup Rifles'', p. 34.</ref> which insert straight into the magazine well and do not need to rock into place. It has a [[Gas-operated reloading|short-stroke gas piston]] operating system.<ref>[https://www.keltecweapons.com/our-guns/rfb/rifle Keltec product page]</ref> The rifle uses a patented forward-ejection system via a tube placed over the barrel that ejects the spent case forwards, over the handguard of the rifle. Extraction is accomplished by two [[Extractor (firearms)|extractors]], each with two axis of rotation. The extractors may move side-to-side to engage the rim of the case, and pivot upwards to extract the spent case after firing. Empty cases remain in the ejection chute<ref name="TL"/> until either the weapon is tilted downwards, the charging handle is operated, or they are pushed out by following cases. Cases drop gently from this chute to the left of the barrel.<ref name="MF"/> To avoid sloppy trigger pull typical of firearms modified into bullpups, the RFB uses a floating linkage bar between the [[Sear (firearm)|sear]] and the [[Hammer (firearm)|hammer]], allowing the sear to remain above the trigger.<ref name="Brochure">{{cite web |url=http://www.kel-tec-cnc.com/images/downloads/RFB_Flyer_SHOT_2007_web.pdf |title=SHOT SHOW 2007 Kel-Tec RFB Brochure |accessdate=2008-10-29 |publisher=Kel-Tec |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> The weapon is fully [[ambidextrous]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tactical-life.com/online/tactical-weapons/shot-mission-gear-spotlight/ |title=SHOT Mission Gear Spotlight |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=Tactical Life}}</ref> much in the style of the Belgian [[F2000]] rifle. The RFB is delivered without [[iron sight]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.striketactical.com/newsletter/?id=33&archive=0 |title=FEEDBACK FROM THE SHOT SHOW |accessdate=2008-10-29 |publisher=Strike Tactical Solutions}}</ref> A [[mil-spec]] [[Picatinny rail]] is provided for mounting a wide range of optics and tactical accessories.<ref name="Brochure"/>

The barrel of the RFB is not fully [[Free-floating barrel|free floated]], it instead serves as the rigid "spine" of the weapon, to which all other components are attached (either directly or through other components).

Meanwhile, Kel-Tec has prepared similar bullpup rifles in 5.56mm called the RDB and the M43 which will be released later in 2014.<ref>http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2014/01/14/kel-tecs-rdb-m43-bullpup-rifles/</ref>

==Variants==
Kel-Tec has produced at least four versions with differing barrel lengths, weight, overall length, and performance:

* '''Carbine''' with an {{convert|18|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel,
* '''Sporter''' variant with {{convert|24|in|abbr=on}} length barrel,
* '''Target''' version with either a heavy profile {{convert|32|in|abbr=on}} barrel or {{convert|26|in|mm|abbr=on}} stainless steel barrel, and
* '''RFB-C''' with an {{convert|18.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel meeting the Canadian requirement for non-restricted rifles, exclusively for export to Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keltecweapons.com/specifications.htm |title=Kel Tec Weapon specifications |accessdate=2010-01-17 |publisher=[[Kel-Tec]]}}</ref>
The Target version also features a five-way adjustable trigger, for a trigger pull from {{convert|2|to|6|lb-f|N|lk=on|abbr=on}}. As of 2013, all four variants have been publicly released for sale.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==See also==
*[[List of bullpup firearms]]
*[[List of battle rifles]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.keltecweapons.com/our-guns/rifle/rfb Official Page]
* [http://www.thektog.org/forum/f91/ KTOG RFB Forum]

; Videos
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDyH2q8VaK8 Kel Tec RFB being fired]

{{Kel-Tec}}
{{Bullpup Firearms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kel-Tec Rfb}}
[[Category:7.62 mm firearms]]
[[Category:Bullpup rifles]]
[[Category:Semi-automatic rifles]]

Transocean John Shaw

2016-08-05T15:45:55Z

BobDog54: smoothed out the grammar

{|{{Infobox ship begin |display title=ital}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image =
| Ship caption =
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Vanuatu}}
| Ship name = '''''Transocean John Shaw'''''
| Ship owner = [[Transocean]]
| Ship operator = [[Transocean]]
| Ship registry = [[Vanuatu]]
| Ship route =
| Ship ordered =
| Ship builder =*[[Mitsui|Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Ltd]]
*[[Chiba, Chiba]], [[Japan]]
| Ship original cost =
| Ship yard number =
| Ship way number =
| Ship laid down =
| Ship launched =
| Ship completed = 1982
| Ship christened =
| Ship acquired =
| Ship maiden voyage =
| Ship in service =
| Ship out of service =
| Ship identification =*[[Call sign]]: 3EDT9
*[[Det Norske Veritas|DNV ID:]] 13097
*{{IMO Number|8752025}}
| Ship fate =
| Ship status = Operational
| Ship notes =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class =*[[Det Norske Veritas]]
*+ 1A1, Column stabilised Unit
| Ship tonnage = {{GT|15,425}}; {{NetT|4,627}}
| Ship displacement =
| Ship length = {{convert|281|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|212|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship height =
| Ship draught =*Operating: {{convert|70|ft|abbr=on}}
*Transit: {{convert|24|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship depth = {{convert|116|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship decks =
| Ship deck clearance =
| Ship ramps =
| Ship ice class =
| Ship sail plan =
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion =
| Ship speed =
| Ship capacity =
| Ship crew = 115
| Ship notes = <ref name="dnv">{{cite ship register |register=DNV |id=13097 |shipname=Transocean John Shaw |accessdate=4 June 2010 }}</ref>
}}
|}

'''''Transocean John Shaw''''' was a [[Semi-submersible Platform|semi-submersible]] [[drilling rig]] designed by Friede & Goldman as a self-propelled modified & enhanced pacesetter, built and delivered in 1982 by [[Mitsui|Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Ltd.]] in Japan.

The [[Panama]]-[[convenience flag]]ged vessel was designed and outfitted to operate in harsh environments. The rig was capable of operations at water depths up to {{convert|1800|ft|abbr=on}} and drilling down to approximately {{convert|25000|ft|abbr=on}} using an {{convert|18.77|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 10,000 PSI [[blowout preventer]] (BOP), and a {{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on}} outside diameter (OD) [[marine riser]].<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Fleet Specifications: ''Transocean John S. Shaw'' | url=http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Transocean-John-Shaw-102C14.html?LayoutID=17 | publisher=Transocean | year=2010 | accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref>

The rig was named after [[John S. Shaw]], former chairman of [[Birmingham, Alabama]]-based [[Sonat Inc.]] Sonat spun off its offshore division as Sonat Offshore in 1993, and it changed its name to [[Transocean]] in 1996. In January 2016, it was decided to scrap the rig, and after a period berthed at [[Invergordon|Invergordon, Scotland]], it departed, under tow, for Aliaga, Turkey on 19 April 2016.

==See also==
{{Portal|Nautical}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deepwater.com Transocean official website]
* {{cite web | author= | title=Rig Data: Transocean John Shaw | url=http://www.rigzone.com/data/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=1088 | work=Rigzone | year=2010 | accessdate=19 May 2010}}

[[Category:Oil platforms]]
[[Category:Semi-submersibles]]
[[Category:Ships built in Japan]]
[[Category:1982 ships]]
[[Category:Drilling rigs]]
[[Category:Transocean]]

Transocean John Shaw

2016-08-05T15:40:54Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{|{{Infobox ship begin |display title=ital}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image =
| Ship caption =
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Vanuatu}}
| Ship name = '''''Transocean John Shaw'''''
| Ship owner = [[Transocean]]
| Ship operator = [[Transocean]]
| Ship registry = [[Vanuatu]]
| Ship route =
| Ship ordered =
| Ship builder =*[[Mitsui|Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Ltd]]
*[[Chiba, Chiba]], [[Japan]]
| Ship original cost =
| Ship yard number =
| Ship way number =
| Ship laid down =
| Ship launched =
| Ship completed = 1982
| Ship christened =
| Ship acquired =
| Ship maiden voyage =
| Ship in service =
| Ship out of service =
| Ship identification =*[[Call sign]]: 3EDT9
*[[Det Norske Veritas|DNV ID:]] 13097
*{{IMO Number|8752025}}
| Ship fate =
| Ship status = Operational
| Ship notes =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class =*[[Det Norske Veritas]]
*+ 1A1, Column stabilised Unit
| Ship tonnage = {{GT|15,425}}; {{NetT|4,627}}
| Ship displacement =
| Ship length = {{convert|281|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|212|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship height =
| Ship draught =*Operating: {{convert|70|ft|abbr=on}}
*Transit: {{convert|24|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship depth = {{convert|116|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship decks =
| Ship deck clearance =
| Ship ramps =
| Ship ice class =
| Ship sail plan =
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion =
| Ship speed =
| Ship capacity =
| Ship crew = 115
| Ship notes = <ref name="dnv">{{cite ship register |register=DNV |id=13097 |shipname=Transocean John Shaw |accessdate=4 June 2010 }}</ref>
}}
|}

'''''Transocean John Shaw''''' was a [[Semi-submersible Platform|semi-submersible]] [[drilling rig]] designed by Friede & Goldman as a self-propelled modified & enhanced pacesetter, built and delivered in 1982 by [[Mitsui|Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Ltd.]] in Japan.

The [[Panama]]-[[convenience flag]]ged vessel was designed and outfitted to operate in harsh environments. The rig was capable of operations at water depths up to {{convert|1800|ft|abbr=on}} and drilling down to approximately {{convert|25000|ft|abbr=on}} using an {{convert|18.77|in|cm|abbr=on}}, 10,000 PSI [[blowout preventer]] (BOP), and a {{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on}} outside diameter (OD) [[marine riser]].<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Fleet Specifications: ''Transocean John S. Shaw'' | url=http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Transocean-John-Shaw-102C14.html?LayoutID=17 | publisher=Transocean | year=2010 | accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref>

The rig was named after [[John S. Shaw]], former chairman of [[Birmingham, Alabama]]-based [[Sonat Inc.]] Sonat spun off its offshore division as Sonat Offshore in 1993, and it changed its name to [[Transocean]] in 1996. January 2016 it was decided to scrap the rig, and after a period berthed at Invergordon departed under tow for Aliaga, Turkey on 19 April 2016.

==See also==
{{Portal|Nautical}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deepwater.com Transocean official website]
* {{cite web | author= | title=Rig Data: Transocean John Shaw | url=http://www.rigzone.com/data/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=1088 | work=Rigzone | year=2010 | accessdate=19 May 2010}}

[[Category:Oil platforms]]
[[Category:Semi-submersibles]]
[[Category:Ships built in Japan]]
[[Category:1982 ships]]
[[Category:Drilling rigs]]
[[Category:Transocean]]

Reef Diver

2016-08-05T15:38:42Z

BobDog54: /* Ride */ corrected conversion

{{ Infobox attraction
| name = Reef Diver
| logo = 
| logo_width = 
| image = Reef Diver - Dreamworld.jpg
| imagedimensions = 250px
| caption =
| location = Dreamworld
| section = [[Ocean Parade (Dreamworld)|Ocean Parade]]
| cost =
| soft_opened =
| opened = {{Start date|1983|df=yes}}
| closed = {{End date|2014|4|28|df=yes}}
| previousattraction = 
| replacement = 
| coordinates = {{coord|27|51|53.10|S|153|18|58.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Enterprise (ride)|Enterprise]]
| manufacturer = Huss Rides
| designer = 
| model =
| theme = Ocean
| height_m = 18.3
| speed_km/h = 60
| gforce = 3
| capacity = 500
| vehicles = 20
| riders_per_vehicle = 2
| duration =
| restriction_ft = 
| restriction_in = 
| restriction_cm = 
| virtual_queue_name =
| virtual_queue_image = 
| virtual_queue_status= 
| single_rider = 
| custom_label_1 = Previous name
| custom_value_1 = Enterprise
| custom_label_2 = Maximum angle
| custom_value_2 = 87°
| custom_label_3 =
| custom_value_3 =
| custom_label_4 =
| custom_value_4 =
| custom_label_5 =
| custom_value_5 =
| custom_label_6 =
| custom_value_6 =
| custom_label_7 =
| custom_value_7 =
| custom_label_8 =
| custom_value_8 =
| transfer_accessible =
}}

'''Reef Diver''' was an [[Enterprise (ride)|Enterprise]] [[amusement ride]] in the [[Ocean Parade (Dreamworld)|Ocean Parade]] section of [[Dreamworld]] on the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]].<ref name=Parkz>{{Parkz|ride_name=Reef Diver|location=Dreamworld|parkz_number=1|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Park Map 2011-06-25">{{cite web|title=Dreamworld & WhiteWater World Park Map|url=http://www.dreamworld.com.au/Resources/Documents/Park-Map.pdf.pdf|work=Park Map|publisher=Dreamworld|accessdate=8 July 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zgwOGDud|archivedate=22 June 2014}}</ref>

==History==
''Reef Diver'' opened in the [[List of former Dreamworld attractions#County Fair|County Fair]] section of Dreamworld in 1983. At that time it operated under the name ''Enterprise''.<ref name=Parkz/><ref name="Map 1982">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map1.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=1982}}</ref><ref name="Map 1983">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map2.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=1983}}</ref> In 2000, the actual ride from Schwarzkopf Industries was replaced with an new one from HUSS Park Attractions.<ref name=Parkz/> In 2002, Ocean Parade was expanded to encompass the remaining rides in County Fair. The processed involved the renaming and retheming of the ride to ''Reef Diver''.<ref name=Parkz/><ref name="Map 2000">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map9.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=2000}}</ref><ref name="Map 2002">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map10.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=2002}}</ref> On 28 April 2014, Reef Diver closed and was subsequently removed.<ref name=Parkz />

==Ride==
The ''Reef Diver'' is an Enterprise ride.<ref name=Parkz/> Two riders sit inline in each of 20 gondolas arranged in an {{Convert|18.3|m|adj=on}} circle.<ref name=Parkz/><ref name=ARE>{{cite web|last=Burton|first=David|title=Enterprise|url=http://www.ride-extravaganza.com/thrill/enterprise/|publisher=Amusement Ride Extravaganza|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> The ride spins clockwise at speeds of up to {{Cvt|60|km/h|mi/h}},<ref name=Parkz/> dispelling a slight amount of [[centrifugal force]].<ref name=ARE/> A hydraulically powered arm underneath the ride then raises and tilts the frame so that the ride is rotating at 87° from the horizontal, transforming the ride from a horizontal experience to a nearly vertical one.<ref name=ARE/> The Reef Diver features no safety restraints as the centrifugal force applied to the riders is sufficient to keep them pinned in their seats.<ref name=ARE/><ref name="KW PR">{{cite web|title=Kid's World - Where kids really do rule|url=http://about.dreamworld.com.au/Media-Centre/Media-Kit/Media-Kit-Pages/Nick-Central-Where-Kids-Rule.aspx|work=Press Release|publisher=Dreamworld|accessdate=8 July 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zfufz2fw|archivedate=24 June 2011|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> Riders can experience up to 3 times the [[g-force|force of gravity]] during the ride.<ref name=Parkz/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dreamworld.com.au/Rides/Family-Rides/Family---Lightboxes/Reef-Diver.aspx Reef Diver] on the official Dreamworld website

{{Dreamworld}}

[[Category:Amusement rides introduced in 1983]]
[[Category:Amusement rides manufactured by Sanoyas Hishino Meisho]]
[[Category:Amusement rides that closed in 2014]]
[[Category:Dreamworld]]

Reef Diver

2016-08-05T15:35:22Z

BobDog54: /* Ride */ changed a to an

{{ Infobox attraction
| name = Reef Diver
| logo = 
| logo_width = 
| image = Reef Diver - Dreamworld.jpg
| imagedimensions = 250px
| caption =
| location = Dreamworld
| section = [[Ocean Parade (Dreamworld)|Ocean Parade]]
| cost =
| soft_opened =
| opened = {{Start date|1983|df=yes}}
| closed = {{End date|2014|4|28|df=yes}}
| previousattraction = 
| replacement = 
| coordinates = {{coord|27|51|53.10|S|153|18|58.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Enterprise (ride)|Enterprise]]
| manufacturer = Huss Rides
| designer = 
| model =
| theme = Ocean
| height_m = 18.3
| speed_km/h = 60
| gforce = 3
| capacity = 500
| vehicles = 20
| riders_per_vehicle = 2
| duration =
| restriction_ft = 
| restriction_in = 
| restriction_cm = 
| virtual_queue_name =
| virtual_queue_image = 
| virtual_queue_status= 
| single_rider = 
| custom_label_1 = Previous name
| custom_value_1 = Enterprise
| custom_label_2 = Maximum angle
| custom_value_2 = 87°
| custom_label_3 =
| custom_value_3 =
| custom_label_4 =
| custom_value_4 =
| custom_label_5 =
| custom_value_5 =
| custom_label_6 =
| custom_value_6 =
| custom_label_7 =
| custom_value_7 =
| custom_label_8 =
| custom_value_8 =
| transfer_accessible =
}}

'''Reef Diver''' was an [[Enterprise (ride)|Enterprise]] [[amusement ride]] in the [[Ocean Parade (Dreamworld)|Ocean Parade]] section of [[Dreamworld]] on the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]].<ref name=Parkz>{{Parkz|ride_name=Reef Diver|location=Dreamworld|parkz_number=1|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Park Map 2011-06-25">{{cite web|title=Dreamworld & WhiteWater World Park Map|url=http://www.dreamworld.com.au/Resources/Documents/Park-Map.pdf.pdf|work=Park Map|publisher=Dreamworld|accessdate=8 July 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zgwOGDud|archivedate=22 June 2014}}</ref>

==History==
''Reef Diver'' opened in the [[List of former Dreamworld attractions#County Fair|County Fair]] section of Dreamworld in 1983. At that time it operated under the name ''Enterprise''.<ref name=Parkz/><ref name="Map 1982">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map1.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=1982}}</ref><ref name="Map 1983">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map2.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=1983}}</ref> In 2000, the actual ride from Schwarzkopf Industries was replaced with an new one from HUSS Park Attractions.<ref name=Parkz/> In 2002, Ocean Parade was expanded to encompass the remaining rides in County Fair. The processed involved the renaming and retheming of the ride to ''Reef Diver''.<ref name=Parkz/><ref name="Map 2000">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map9.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=2000}}</ref><ref name="Map 2002">{{cite web|author=Dreamworld|title=Park Map|url=http://www.scottware.com.au/theme/dream/logos_maps_etc/map10.JPG|publisher=Scottware|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=2002}}</ref> On 28 April 2014, Reef Diver closed and was subsequently removed.<ref name=Parkz />

==Ride==
The ''Reef Diver'' is an Enterprise ride.<ref name=Parkz/> Two riders sit inline in each of 20 gondolas arranged in an {{Convert|18.3|m|adj=on}} circle.<ref name=Parkz/><ref name=ARE>{{cite web|last=Burton|first=David|title=Enterprise|url=http://www.ride-extravaganza.com/thrill/enterprise/|publisher=Amusement Ride Extravaganza|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> The ride spins clockwise at speeds of up to {{Convert|60|km/h}},<ref name=Parkz/> dispelling a slight amount of [[centrifugal force]].<ref name=ARE/> A hydraulically powered arm underneath the ride then raises and tilts the frame so that the ride is rotating at 87° from the horizontal, transforming the ride from a horizontal experience to a nearly vertical one.<ref name=ARE/> The Reef Diver features no safety restraints as the centrifugal force applied to the riders is sufficient to keep them pinned in their seats.<ref name=ARE/><ref name="KW PR">{{cite web|title=Kid's World - Where kids really do rule|url=http://about.dreamworld.com.au/Media-Centre/Media-Kit/Media-Kit-Pages/Nick-Central-Where-Kids-Rule.aspx|work=Press Release|publisher=Dreamworld|accessdate=8 July 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5zfufz2fw|archivedate=24 June 2011|date=24 June 2011}}</ref> Riders can experience up to 3 times the [[g-force|force of gravity]] during the ride.<ref name=Parkz/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dreamworld.com.au/Rides/Family-Rides/Family---Lightboxes/Reef-Diver.aspx Reef Diver] on the official Dreamworld website

{{Dreamworld}}

[[Category:Amusement rides introduced in 1983]]
[[Category:Amusement rides manufactured by Sanoyas Hishino Meisho]]
[[Category:Amusement rides that closed in 2014]]
[[Category:Dreamworld]]

New Brunswick Route 465

2016-08-05T15:33:39Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=???? placeholders|date=July 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2012}}
}}

{{Infobox road
|province=NB
|type=NB
|route=465
|maint=[[Department of Transportation (New Brunswick)|New Brunswick Department of Transportation]]
|length_km=
|length_ref=<ref>New Brunswick Department of Transportation: ''Designated Provincial Highways'', 2003</ref>
|length_round=1
|established=
|direction_a=West
|direction_b=East
|terminus_a={{jct|state=NB|NB|126}} in [[Coal Branch, New Brunswick|Coal Branch]]
|terminus_b={{jct|state=NB|NB|116}} in [[Smiths Corner, New Brunswick|Smiths Corner]]
|previous_type=NB
|previous_route=460
|next_type=NB
|next_route=470
}}

'''Route 460''' is an {{convert|18|km|mi|adj=on}} long north-east secondary highway in the northwest portion of [[New Brunswick]], Canada.

The route's Southern terminus starts at the intersection of [[New Brunswick Route 126|Route 126]] in [[Coal Branch, New Brunswick|Coal Branch]] heading north-east into the community of [[Clairville, New Brunswick|Clairville]]. The road then crosses the ??? River and follows it north entering the community of [[Beersville, New Brunswick|Beersville]] then intersects with [[New Brunswick Route 470|Route 470]] near [[Fords Mills, New Brunswick|Fords Mills]]. The road then heads north-west crossing the ???? River passing the community of [[Cails Mills, New Brunswick|Cails Mills]] then heads west. Following the ??? River on the South bank, the road ends at the community of [[Smiths Corner, New Brunswick|Smiths Corner]] at the intersection of [[New Brunswick Route 116|Route 116]].

==History==
{{Empty section|date=June 2012}}

==See also==
*{{portal-inline|Canada Roads}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|46.441406|N|65.073395|W|region:CA|display=title}}

[[Category:New Brunswick provincial highways|465]]
[[Category:Roads in Kent County, New Brunswick|465]]

{{NewBrunswick-road-stub}}

New Brunswick Route 470

2016-08-05T15:31:43Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=???? placeholders in article|date=July 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2012}}
}}

{{Infobox road
|province=NB
|type=NB
|route=470
|maint=[[Department of Transportation (New Brunswick)|New Brunswick Department of Transportation]]
|length_km=
|length_ref=<ref>New Brunswick Department of Transportation: ''Designated Provincial Highways'', 2003</ref>
|length_round=1
|established=
|direction_a=West
|direction_b=East
|terminus_a={{jct|state=NB|NB|465}} in [[Fords Mills, New Brunswick|Fords Mills]]
|terminus_b={{jct|state=NB|NB|495}} in [[Mundleville, New Brunswick|Mundleville]]
|previous_type=NB
|previous_route=465
|next_type=NB
|next_route=475
}}

'''Route 470''' is an {{convert|18|km|mi|adj=on}} long west-east secondary highway in the northwest portion of [[New Brunswick]], Canada.

The route's eastern terminus starts at the intersection of [[New Brunswick Route 465|Route 465]], west of [[Fords Mills, New Brunswick|Fords Mills]]. The road crosses the [[St Nicholas River]] heading north-east into the community of [[Clairville, New Brunswick|Clairville]]. The road then crosses the [[Coal Branch River]] then enters the community of [[Fords Mills, New Brunswick|Fords Mills]] where it intersects with [[New Brunswick Route 510|Route 510]] then continues east through the community of [[Pine Ridge, New Brunswick|Pine Ridge]] at the intersection of [[New Brunswick Route 490|Route 490]]. The road here follows the [[West Branch River (New Brunswick)|West Branch River]] on the north bank as the road begins to travel north east through the communities of [[Ford Bank, New Brunswick|Ford Bank]] and [[West Branch, New Brunswick|West Branch]]. The Road then begins to follow the [[St. Nicholas River (New Brunswick)|St. Nicholas River]] north passing the western terminus of [[New Brunswick Route 510|Route 510]] in [[Mundleville, New Brunswick|Mundleville]]. The last stretch crosses the '''St. Nicholas River''' and ends at the intersection with [[New Brunswick Route 495|Route 495]]

==History==
{{Empty section|date=July 2012}}

==See also==
*{{portal-inline|Canada Roads}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|46.513279|N|64.987049|W|region:CA|display=title}}

[[Category:New Brunswick provincial highways|470]]
[[Category:Roads in Kent County, New Brunswick|470]]

{{NewBrunswick-road-stub}}

Vimalanatha

2016-08-04T19:23:38Z

BobDog54: /* Famous Temple */ Made section title plural

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Jain deity
| subheader = 13th Jain [[Tirthankara]]
| image = Vimalnath.JPG
| alt = Vimalanatha
| caption = Ancient image of Tirthankara Vimalnath at a museum in India
| predecessor = [[Vasupujya]]
| successor = [[Anantanatha]]
| father = Kritvarman
| mother = Suramya (Syama)
| dynasty = [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvaku]]
| birth_date = 1.6 X 10211 years ago
| birth_place = [[Kampilya]]
| moksha_place = [[Sammed Shikhar]]
| color = [[Gold (color)|Golden]]
| symbol = [[Pig]]
| height = 60 bows (180 meters)
| age = 6,000,000 years
| yaksha = Shatdukh
| yakshini = Vijaya
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Vimalnath''' was the thirteenth [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age (Avasarpini). According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]], a [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberated soul]] which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Vimalanatha was born to King Kratvarm and Queen Shyama Devi at Kampilaji of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the third day of the Magh Sukla month of the Indian calendar.

==Biography==
Vimalnath was the thirteenth [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age (Avasarpini).{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]], a [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberated soul]] which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Vimalanatha was born to King Kratvarm and Queen Shyama Devi at Kampilaji of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the third day of the Magh Sukla month of the Indian calendar.{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}}

==Famous Temples==
* [[Kampil#Jain_Temple|Kampilya Jain Temples]] at [[Kampilya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]: They are 1800 years old with a Bhagawan Vimalanatha idol around 2600 years old.{{cn|date=June 2016}}
* [[Jain_Temple_Dubai|Jain Derasar in Dubai]]
* [[Bibwewadi#Jain Temple|Shri vimalnatha swami jain shwetambar temple]] in [[Bibwewadi]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Sakri#Tourism|Shree Vimalnath Bhagwan Tirth]] in [[Dhule]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Agam_Mandir,_Katraj_Jain_Temple,_Pune.JPG|Shri vimalnatha swami jain shwetambar temple,Bibwewadi
Jain Altarpiece with Vimalanatha LACMA M.67.72.17.jpg|Jain Altarpiece with Vimalanatha
Jain Vimalnath.jpg|Miniature painting from Jodhpur ca. 1800 of 13th Tirthankara or Jina of Jainism
Vimalnathji at Bishangarh.png|Bhagwan Vimalnathji idol of Bishangarh
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons cat}}
*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Arihant (Jainism)]]
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Tukol |first=T. K. |authorlink=T. K. Tukol |title=Compendium of Jainism |publisher=[[University of Karnataka]] |date=1980 |location=[[Dharwad]] }}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tirthankaras]]

{{India-reli-bio-stub}}
{{Jainism-stub}}

Vimalanatha

2016-08-04T19:22:25Z

BobDog54: /* Famous Temple */ fixed grammar

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Jain deity
| subheader = 13th Jain [[Tirthankara]]
| image = Vimalnath.JPG
| alt = Vimalanatha
| caption = Ancient image of Tirthankara Vimalnath at a museum in India
| predecessor = [[Vasupujya]]
| successor = [[Anantanatha]]
| father = Kritvarman
| mother = Suramya (Syama)
| dynasty = [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvaku]]
| birth_date = 1.6 X 10211 years ago
| birth_place = [[Kampilya]]
| moksha_place = [[Sammed Shikhar]]
| color = [[Gold (color)|Golden]]
| symbol = [[Pig]]
| height = 60 bows (180 meters)
| age = 6,000,000 years
| yaksha = Shatdukh
| yakshini = Vijaya
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Vimalnath''' was the thirteenth [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age (Avasarpini). According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]], a [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberated soul]] which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Vimalanatha was born to King Kratvarm and Queen Shyama Devi at Kampilaji of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the third day of the Magh Sukla month of the Indian calendar.

==Biography==
Vimalnath was the thirteenth [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] of the present age (Avasarpini).{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}} According to Jain beliefs, he became a [[Siddha]], a [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberated soul]] which has destroyed all of its [[Karma in Jainism|karma]]. Vimalanatha was born to King Kratvarm and Queen Shyama Devi at Kampilaji of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. His birth date was the third day of the Magh Sukla month of the Indian calendar.{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}}

==Famous Temple==
* [[Kampil#Jain_Temple|Kampilya Jain Temples]] at [[Kampilya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]: They are 1800 years old with a Bhagawan Vimalanatha idol around 2600 years old.{{cn|date=June 2016}}
* [[Jain_Temple_Dubai|Jain Derasar in Dubai]]
* [[Bibwewadi#Jain Temple|Shri vimalnatha swami jain shwetambar temple]] in [[Bibwewadi]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Sakri#Tourism|Shree Vimalnath Bhagwan Tirth]] in [[Dhule]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Agam_Mandir,_Katraj_Jain_Temple,_Pune.JPG|Shri vimalnatha swami jain shwetambar temple,Bibwewadi
Jain Altarpiece with Vimalanatha LACMA M.67.72.17.jpg|Jain Altarpiece with Vimalanatha
Jain Vimalnath.jpg|Miniature painting from Jodhpur ca. 1800 of 13th Tirthankara or Jina of Jainism
Vimalnathji at Bishangarh.png|Bhagwan Vimalnathji idol of Bishangarh
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons cat}}
*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Arihant (Jainism)]]
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Tukol |first=T. K. |authorlink=T. K. Tukol |title=Compendium of Jainism |publisher=[[University of Karnataka]] |date=1980 |location=[[Dharwad]] }}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tirthankaras]]

{{India-reli-bio-stub}}
{{Jainism-stub}}

Mathis Airport

2016-08-04T19:15:43Z

BobDog54: changed a to an; added wikilink

{{unreferenced|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Mathis Airport
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
| FAA = GA27
| type = Closed
| owner =
| operator =
| city-served =
| location = Suwanee, Georgia
| elevation-f = 1,171 (est)
| elevation-m = 357.0 (est)
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|06|04.35|N|84|09|39.69|W|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 3/21
| r1-length-f = 1,800
| r1-length-m = 548.6
| r1-surface = Asphalt
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mathis Airport''' {{airport codes|||GA27}} was a private [[airport]] located in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Forsyth County, Georgia|Forsyth County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], about {{convert|5|mi|km}} northwest of [[Suwanee, Georgia|Suwanee]] in the northeastern part of [[metro Atlanta]]. The airport closed in October 2014.

It had an 1800-[[foot (unit)|foot]] or 550-[[metre|meter]] [[runway]], {{convert|1171|ft|m}} or 357 meters [[above mean sea level]] (AMSL). Mathis Airport sat among residential subdivisions in southern Forsyth County.

From 2004 to 2009, Mathis was home to [[Experimental Aircraft Association]] Chapter 1415, but in 2009 this chapter moved to Air Acres airport in Woodstock, GA.

== History ==
LG Mathis founded Mathis Airport in 1959 as a privately owned/public use airport. In 1979 LG Mathis and Patrick McLaughlin began Mathis Airpark as a fly-in residential community adjacent to the airport. In 1985 LG Mathis sold half of the airport to his brother, CJ. In 1990 CJ Mathis bought the remaining half of the airport. In 1992 CJ sold the airport to Seven Oaks, LLC. In 1995 Seven Oaks, LLC sold the airport back to CJ Mathis. In June 2004 CJ sold the airport (10.53 acres) and an adjacent subdivision lot (3.54 acres) in the airpark to Flyboy Aviation Properties LLC (Flyboy Aviation).

In 2004, Flyboy Aviation expanded the airport in many ways (tore down the original wooden hangars and cinder-block FBO, added 17 new metal T-hangars, built a new clubhouse, widened and lengthened the [[asphalt]] runway, asphalted taxiways and hangar aprons).

In October 2014 the airport was closed and all hangars removed. The land will be converted to build houses on the property.

== Facilities ==
Mathis Airport covers {{convert|10.53|acre}} and has one runway:
* Runway 3/21: {{convert|1800|x|35|ft|m|abbr=on}}, Surface: Asphalt

== External links ==
*[http://mathisairport.com/ Mathis Airport]

{{Atlanta airports}}

[[Category:Airports in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1959]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Forsyth County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Transportation in Forsyth County, Georgia]]

{{GeorgiaUS-airport-stub}}

Korres Engineering

2016-08-04T13:48:16Z

BobDog54: changed a to an;added conversions

'''Korres Engineering''', founded by architect and engineer Dimitris Korres in [[Athens]], mainly focuses on design, consulting and subcontracting for [[civil engineering]] projects. It particularly specializes in complex structure relocation, while other branches undertake customized engineering tasks and vehicle design and development. Over the last two decades, it has completed dozens of challenging relocations of structures which include several ancient and medieval monuments and heavy structures such as an 1800-tonne 3-storey stone building of the [[Hellenic Railways Organization]].

Vehicles developed include a 1000cc motorcycle (1989), a series of cars (P1 to P4, since 2002) featuring Korres's patented [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension system]], combining high performance with extreme [[Off-road vehicle|off-road]] capabilities, and D3, a city car design for disabled drivers, proposed in 2012.

==The project 4==
[[Korres P4]] (or Project 4), the final/production version of the aforementioned series, was introduced in 2013. This combination of an exotic [[sports car]] with an extreme [[all-terrain vehicle]], is powered by a 7-liter 505 [[Horsepower|hp]] [[List of GM engines|GM engine]], has a top speed of {{cvt|300|km/h|mi/h}} and can reach {{cvt|100|km/h|mi/h}} in 3.8 seconds.

== References ==
*[https://www.academia.edu/2899187/Greek_vehicle_and_machine_manufacturers_1800_to_present_A_pictorial_history L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Bookstars, Athens (2013)] ISBN 978-960-571-009-5

== External links ==
*[http://www.korres-engineering.com/ Korres Engineering website]
*[http://www.korresproject.gr/?page_id=3199 Korres P4 official website]
*[http://www.topspeed.com/cars/others/2013-korres-project-4-ar157729.html Korres P4 (report)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85R8AYEckGY Korres P4, the Gadget Show (video)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v94yzr3rDB8 Korres P4 exhibition (video)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtAMsFuwnvc Korres P2 and P3 (video)]
*[http://www.autoblog.gr/2012/11/07/project-d3-by-korres-engineering/ Korres project D3]

[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Greece]]

{{Greece-company-stub}}

Robert Llewellyn Wright House

2016-08-04T13:39:29Z

BobDog54: changed a to an

{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Robert Llewellyn Wright House
| image = Robert Llewellyn Wright House.JPG
| caption = Robert Llewellyn Wright House, September 2012
| location = 7927 Deepwell Drive [[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]], [[Maryland]]
| lat_degrees = 39
| lat_minutes = 0
| lat_seconds = 27.71
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 77
| long_minutes = 10
| long_seconds = 0.62
| long_direction = W
| coord_display = inline,title
| locmapin = Maryland#USA
| built = {{Start date|1957}}
| architect = Wright, Frank Lloyd; Beharka, Robert
| architecture = Hemicyclical, [[Usonia]]n
| added = August 12, 1986
| area = {{convert|2|acre}}
| governing_body = Private
| refnum = 86002621<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>
}}

The '''Robert Llewellyn Wright House''' is a historic home located at 7927 Deepwell Drive in [[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]], [[Maryland]], [[United States]]. It is an 1800-square foot two-story concrete-block structure designed by noted architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] in 1953, and constructed in 1957 for his sixth child, Robert Llewellyn Wright, who worked at the Justice Department.<ref name=wp>{{cite news| last = McKeon | first = Nancy | title = A family home, a family legacy|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/20/AR2010082000063.html | pages = E1,E4 | journal = The Washington Post | date = 21 August 2010|access-date=21 August 2015}}</ref>

The [[Usonia]]n house was designed using intersecting and [[concentric]] segments of a circle, or "[[hemicycle]]s". Initial designs were scrapped after the construction was too costly.<ref name=wp/>

The house can be seen from Deepwell Drive on a sloping lot that overlooks a stream. It is also visible from the Cabin John Stream Valley Trail, which follows the [[Cabin John Creek (Potomac River)|Cabin John Creek]] below it. In 1960, the grounds were landscaped by the son of the architect, [[Lloyd Wright]].

As of 2010, the house was inhabited by Tom Wright, grandson of Frank Lloyd and volcano specialist.<ref name=wp/>

It is one of only two Wright-designed structures in Maryland; the other is the [[Joseph Euchtman House]] in [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]].<ref name="mht_ihp">{{cite web|url=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-961.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Robert Llewellyn Wright House |date=February 1985 |accessdate=2016-01-01 |author=Peter E. Kurtze |publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Frank Lloyd Wright works]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, Maryland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MHT url|id=963|title=Robert Llewellyn Wright House}}, Maryland Historical Trust

{{National Register of Historic Places in Maryland}}
{{Frank Lloyd Wright}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wright House}}
[[Category:Houses completed in 1957]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bethesda, Maryland]]
[[Category:Frank Lloyd Wright buildings]]
[[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland]]
[[Category:Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland]]

{{MontgomeryCountyMD-NRHP-stub}}