Girgaon Chowpatty

2008-02-25T10:40:43Z

Bollywoodbombay:

Columbia University

2008-02-25T10:39:40Z

Bollywoodbombay:

{{Infobox_University
|name = Columbia University in the City of New York
|image_name = Cu-shield.png
|image_size = 161px
|motto = In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen ([[Latin]]: ''In Thy light shall we see light'' — a paraphrase of [[Psalms]] 36:9)
|established = 1754
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|endowment = [[United States dollar|US $]]7.15 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/endowment.html Columbia University Statistical Abstract | Endowment]</ref>
|calendar = Semester
|president = [[Lee Bollinger]]
|students = 24,820<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_level_2004-2007.htm</ref>
|undergrad = 6,923<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_level_2004-2007.htm</ref>
|postgrad = 15,731<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_level_2004-2007.htm</ref>
|non-degree = 2,166<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/enrollment_fte_level_2004-2007.htm</ref>
|faculty = 3,543<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/full_time_faculty_gender2007.htm</ref>
|city = {{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City|New York]]
|state = [[New York|NY]]

|campus = Urban, 36 acres (0.15 [[kilometre|km]]²) Morningside Heights Campus, 26 acres (0.1 km²), Baker Field athletic complex, 20 acres (0.09 km²), Medical Center, 157 acres (0.64 km²) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 60 acres (0.25 km²), Nevis Laboratories, Reid Hall (Paris)
|former_names = *King's College (1754-1776) *Columbia College (1784-1857)
|athletics =[[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I FCS]], [[Ivy League]] 29 sports teams
|free_label = Newspaper
|free = [http://www.columbiaspectator.com/ Columbia Spectator]
|colors= [[Columbia blue]] and [[White]] {{color box|#9BDDFF}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
|nickname = [[Columbia Lions]]
|website = [http://www.columbia.edu/ www.columbia.edu]
}}
[[Image:Alma Mater at Columbia.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Alma Mater]]
'''Columbia University''' is a private university in the [[United States]] and a member of the [[Ivy League]].

Columbia's main campus lies in the [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] neighborhood in the [[borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Manhattan]], in [[New York City]]. The university is legally known as '''Columbia University in the City of New York'''. The institution was established as ''King's College'' by the [[Church of England]], receiving a [[Royal Charter]] in 1754 from [[George II of Great Britain]]. It was the first college established in [[New York]], and [[Colonial Colleges|the fifth college]] established in the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. After the [[American Revolution]] it was briefly chartered as a state entity from 1784-1787, however the university now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private [[trustee|board of trustees]].

Columbia University is home to the [[Pulitzer Prize]], which, for over a century, has rewarded outstanding achievement in journalism, literature and music. 87 [[Nobel Prize]] winners have been affiliated with Columbia,<ref>[[Nobel laureates by university affiliation]]</ref> [[Nobel laureates by university affiliation|more than any other institution in the world]].

Columbia was the birthplace of [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]], the first American university to offer [[anthropology]] and [[political science]] as [[List of academic disciplines|academic disciplines]], the first American school to grant the [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] degree, and the birthplace of modern [[genetics]]. An early research center for [[Manhattan Project]] development of the [[nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]], its Morningside Heights campus was the first [[North America]]n site where the [[uranium]] [[atom]] was split. Literary and artistic movements as varied as the [[Harlem Renaissance]], the [[Beat generation|Beat movement]] and [[postcolonialism]] all took shape within Columbia's gates in the [[20th century]].

Columbia has a long tradition of educating both American and foreign heads of state. U.S. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] both studied law at Columbia, and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was president of the University before making his [[White House]] bid. Current [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] candidates for president [[Barack Obama]] and [[Mike Gravel]] received their undergraduate degrees at Columbia, as did current [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] [[Michael Mukasey]] and a number of current [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] and Members of [[United States Congress|Congress]].

The university is affiliated with [[Barnard College]] (BC), [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]], and the [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]] (UTS), all located nearby in Morningside Heights. A joint undergraduate program is available through the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] as well as through the [[Juilliard School]].<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/students/academics/special_prog/juilliard.php Columbia College Academics > Special Programs > Julliard]</ref>

== Campus ==
=== Morningside Heights ===
Most of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] at [[Seth Low]]'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught in one location. The campus was designed along [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] principles by acclaimed architects [[McKim, Mead, and White]] and is considered one of their best works.

[[Image:Nyc columbia.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Butler Library]] (June 2003)]]
Columbia's main [[campus]] occupies more than six [[city block]]s, or 32 acres (132,000 m²), in [[Morningside Heights]], a neighborhood located between the [[Upper West Side]] and [[Harlem]] sections of [[Manhattan]] that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,000 apartments in Morningside Heights, which house faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions - Housing & Dining]</ref>

[[Image:Low Memorial Library Columbia University NYC.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Low Memorial Library]]
New buildings and [[architectural structure|structures]] on the campus, especially those built following the [[World War II|Second World War]], have often only been constructed after a contentious process often involving open debate and protest over the new structures. Often the complaints raised by these protests during these periods of expansion have included issues beyond the debate over the construction of any of the architectural features which diverged from the original McKim, Mead, and White plan, and often involved complaints against the administration of the university. This was the case with Uris Hall, which sits behind Low Library, built in the 1960s, and the more recent [[Alfred Lerner Hall]], a [[deconstructivism|deconstructivist]] structure completed in 1998 and designed by Columbia's then-Dean of Architecture, [[Bernard Tschumi]]. Elements of these same issues have been reflected in the current debate over the future expansion of the campus into [[Manhattanville]], several blocks uptown from the current campus.<ref>{{cite web | last = Tan | first = Tao | year = 2004 | url = http://www.columbia.edu/~tt2124/CUHist/ | title = The Evolution of Morningside | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>

[[Image:Columbia College Walk.jpg|thumb|200px|right|"College Walk" provides a public path between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue, cutting through the main [[campus]] quad.]]
Columbia's [[Columbia University Library System|library system]] includes over nine million volumes.<ref>Sources vary; e.g. {{cite web | year = [[14 September]] [[2005]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/facts.html?libraries | title = FACTS 2005: Libraries | work = Planning and Institutional Research|publisher = Columbia University Office of the Provost|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}: "9.3 million printed volumes"; {{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=libraryfactsheet&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=101295|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held, ALA Library Fact Sheet Number 22|publisher=American Library Association|accessdate=2007-04-30|date=December , 2006}}: 9,277,042 "volumes held."</ref> One library of note on campus is the [[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]] which is the largest library of architecture in the United States and among, if not the largest, in the world.<ref>According to the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] (R.I.B.A.)</ref> The library contains more than 400,000 volumes, of which most are non-circulating and must be read on site. One of the library's prominent undertakings is the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals, which is one of the foremost international resources for locating citations to architecture and related topics in periodical literature. The Avery Index covers periodicals thoroughly back to the 1930s, with limited coverage dating to the nineteenth century, up to the present day.

[[Image:Columbia University bridge.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Interior of the bridge between Pupin and Schapiro buildings]]
Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. [[Low Memorial Library]], the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. [[Philosophy Hall]] is listed as the site of the invention of [[FM radio]]. Also listed is [[Pupin Hall]], also a [[National Historic Landmark]], which houses the physics and astronomy departments, where initial experiments on the nuclear fission of uranium were conducted by [[Enrico Fermi]]. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagenhaper, Denmark.

=== Other campuses ===
Health-related schools are located at the [[Columbia University Medical Center]], twenty acres located in the neighborhood of [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], fifty blocks uptown. Columbia also owns the 26-acre Baker Field, which includes the [[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]] as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, tennis, and growing small trains at the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]]). There is a third campus on the west bank of the [[Hudson River]], the 157-acre [[Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] in [[Palisades, New York]], and another, the 60-acre [[Nevis Laboratories]], in [[Irvington, New York]]. There is a satellite campus in [[Paris]], [[Reid Hall]]. The Arden House in [[Harriman, New York]] is primarily used for the Executive MBA Program.
=== University Hospital ===
New York-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with medical schools of both Columbia and Cornell universities. According to the US News and World Report's Americas Best Hospitals 2007, it is ranked 6th overall (3rd among university hospitals). Columbia medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute. Columbia is also affiliated with nineteen hospitals in the US and four hospitals overseas.

== History ==
Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in the state of [[New York]]. Founded and chartered as King's College in 1754, Columbia is the sixth-oldest such institution in the United States (by date of founding; fifth by date of chartering). After the [[American Revolutionary War]], King's College was renamed Columbia College in 1784, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. Columbia has grown over time to encompass twenty schools and affiliated institutions.

=== King's College: 1754-1776 ===

[[Image:Columbiatrinity.jpg|left|thumb|Trinity Church schoolyard, the first home of King's College]] Discussions regarding the foundation of a college in New York began as early as 1704, but serious consideration of such proposals was not entertained until the early 1750s, when local graduates of [[Yale University|Yale]] and members of the congregation of [[Trinity Church, New York|Trinity Church]] (then [[Church of England]], now [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]]) in New York City became alarmed by the establishment of the College of New Jersey (now [[Princeton University]]); both because it was founded by "new-light" [[Presbyterians]] influenced by the evangelical [[Great Awakening]] and, as it was located in the province just across the [[Hudson River]], because it provoked fears of New York developing a cultural and intellectual inferiority. They established their own "rival" institution, King's College, and elected as its first president [[Samuel Johnson (1696-1772)|Samuel Johnson]]. Classes began on [[July 17]], [[1754]] in Trinity Church yard, with Johnson as the sole faculty member. A few months later, on [[October 31]], [[1754]], [[Great Britain]]'s [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] officially granted a royal charter for the college. In 1760, King's College moved to its own building at Park Place, near the present [[New York City Hall|City Hall]], and in 1767 it established the first American [[medical school]] to grant the [[M.D.]] degree.

[[Image:Johnson2.JPG|thumb|right|The Rev. Dr. [[Samuel Johnson (1696-1772)|Samuel Johnson]], first president of King's College]] Controversy surrounded the founding of the new college in New York, as it was a thoroughly Church of England institution dominated by the influence of Crown officials, such as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and the Crown Secretary for Plantations and Colonies, in its governing body. Fears of the establishment of a Church of England [[episcopacy]] and of [[British monarchy|Crown]] influence in America through King's College were underpinned by its vast wealth, far surpassing all other [[colonial colleges]] of the period.<ref>{{cite web|last = McCaughey|first = Robert A.|year = [[September 15]] [[2004]] | url = http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/cuhis3057/04Lectures/04Lecture3.htm | title = Farewell, Aristocracy - The World Turned Upside Down | work = Social History of Columbia University Fall 2004 Lectures | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>

[[Image:Kings college 1770.gif|thumb|left|King's College Hall, 1770]]
The [[American Revolution]] and the subsequent [[American Revolutionary War|war]] were catastrophic for King's College. It suspended instruction in 1776, and remained so for eight years, beginning with the arrival of the [[Continental Army]] in the spring of that year and continuing with the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their [[Evacuation Day (New York)|departure]] in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces. Additionally, many of the college's alumni, primarily [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], fled to [[Canada]] or Great Britain in the war's aftermath, leaving its future governance and financial status in question.

Although the college had been considered a bastion of [[Tory]] sentiment, it nevertheless managed to produce many key leaders of the Revolutionary generation - individuals later instrumental in the college's revival. Among the early King's College students had been [[John Jay]], who negotiated the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] between the United States and Great Britain, ending the Revolutionary War, and who later became the first [[Chief Justice of the United States]]; [[Alexander Hamilton]], military aide to General [[George Washington]], author of most of the ''[[Federalist Papers]]'', and the first [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]; [[Gouverneur Morris]], the author of the final draft of the [[United States Constitution]]; and [[Robert Livingston (1746-1813)|Robert R. Livingston]], a member of the five-man committee that drafted the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]. .[[Image:Young alexander hamilton.jpg|left|thumb|Arguably King's College's most famous alum, Alexander Hamilton (shown here as a young man)]]
Hamilton's first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with [[Nicholas Fish]], [[Robert Troup]], and a group of other students from King's he joined a volunteer militia company called the "[[Hearts of Oak (New York militia)|Hearts of Oak]]" – Hamilton achieving the rank of Lieutenant. They adopted distinctive uniforms, complete with the words "Liberty or Death" on their hatbands, and drilled under the watchful eye of a former British officer in the graveyard of the nearby [[St. Paul's Chapel]]. In August 1775, while under fire from the HMS ''Asia'', the Hearts of Oak (a.k.a. the "Corsicans") participated in a successful raid to seize cannon from [[Battery Park (New York)|the Battery]], becoming an artillery unit thereafter. Ironically, in 1776 Captain Hamilton would engage in and survive the [[Battle of Harlem Heights]], which took place on and around the site that would become home to his Alma Mater over a century later, only to be - after his dueling death twenty-eight years later - entombed on the site of the first home for King's College in the [[Trinity Church Cemetery|Trinity Chruch yard]].

=== Early Columbia College: 1784-1857 ===

[[Image:Dewitt.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[DeWitt Clinton]], transfer from Princeton]] Although the college had been discredited by its association with the Loyalist establishment prior to the war, the remaining alumni, including Hamilton and Jay, and especially the would-be governors of King's College, argued passionately for its reopening. Nevertheless, it was probably ultimately the fact that New York State governor [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] was forced to send his nephew [[DeWitt Clinton|DeWitt]] out of state for a college education (specifically, to the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University) that prompted local sentiment to favor the need of a local college to retain him, and a renewed King's, which could easily provide the necessary facilities, was the logical choice. In 1784, the school reopened as [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]], the romantically patriotic name meant to demonstrate its commitment to the new republic.

The nature of the reopening, however, made possible via the encouragements of Governor Clinton and the state legislature, ensured that Columbia College would be an institution as distinct as much in kind as in name. The new charter made no mention of the college's former Church of England affiliations. Its governance was to be handled by a board of Regents representing all the counties of New York State, with Governor Clinton as Chancellor. As a state asset under state control, Columbia was to become the basis for a statewide public education system.

As the state proved negligent in its funding of the institution, this arrangement became increasingly unsatisfactory for both. An expansion of the Regents to 20 New York City residents had placed Hamilton and Jay at the helm, and they, along with New York City mayor [[James Duane]], argued for privatization of the college. In 1787 a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of Trustees. Samuel Johnson's son, [[William Samuel Johnson]], became its president.

[[Image:1830.jpg|thumb|left|College Hall in the 1830s, expanded and refaced in the [[Greek Revival]] style]] For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]] governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. [[George Washington]], notably, attended the commencement of 1790, and nascent interest in legal education commenced under Professor [[James Kent]]. As the state and country transitioned to a considerably more [[Jeffersonian democracy|Jeffersonian]] era, however, the college's good fortunes began to dry up. The primary difficulty was funding; the college, already receiving less from the state following its privatization, was beset with even more financial difficulties as hostile politicians took power and as new upstate colleges, particularly [[Hamilton College|Hamilton]] and [[Union College|Union]], lobbied effectively for subsidies. What Columbia did receive was Manhattan real estate, which would only later prove lucrative.

Columbia's performance flagged for the remainder of the 19th century's first half. The law faculty never managed to thrive during this period, and in 1807 the medical school, hoping to arrest its decline, broke off to merge with the independent College of Physicians and Surgeons. Contention between students and faculty were highlighted by the "Riotous Commencement" of 1811, in which students violently protested the faculty's decision not to confer a degree upon John Stevenson, who had inserted objectionable words into his commencement speech. Though the college was finally able to shake its embarrassing reputation for structural shabbiness by adding several wings to College Hall and refinishing it in the more fashionable [[Greek Revival]] style, the effort failed to halt Columbia's long-term downturn, and was soon overshadowed by the Gibbs Affair of 1854, in which famed chemistry professor [[Oliver Wolcott Gibbs]] was denied a professorship at the college, from which he had graduated, due to his [[Unitarian]] affiliation. The event demonstrated to many, including frustrated diarist and trustee [[George Templeton Strong]], the narrow-mindedness of the institution. By July, 1854 the ''Christian Examiner'' of Boston, in an article entitled "The Recent Difficulties at Columbia College", noted that the school was "good in classics" yet "weak in sciences", and had "very few distinguished graduates".<ref name=appendixe>{{cite web|last = McCaughey|first = Robert|year = [[December 10]] [[2003]] | url = http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/e.html | title = Appendix E: Institutional Comparisons | work = Stand, Columbia - A History of Columbia University | publisher = Columbia University Press | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>

=== Expansion and the move to Madison Avenue ===
[[Image:columbia law madison.gif|left|thumb|The [[Gothic Revival]] Law School building on the Madison Avenue campus]] In 1857, the College moved from Park Place to a primarily [[Gothic Revival]] campus on 49th Street and [[Madison Avenue]], where it remained for the next fifty years. The transition to the new campus coincided with a new outlook for the college; during the commencement of that year, College President [[Charles King]] proclaimed Columbia "a university". During the last half of the nineteenth century, under the leadership of President [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|F.A.P. Barnard]], the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a true modern university. [[Columbia Law School]] was founded in 1858, and in 1864 the [[Columbia University School of Mines|School of Mines]], the country's first such institution and the precursor to today's [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]], was established. [[Barnard College]] for women, established by the eponymous Columbia president, was established in 1889; the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]] came under the aegis of the University in 1891, followed by [[Teachers College, Columbia University]] in 1893. The Graduate Faculties in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science awarded its first PhD in 1875.<ref name=appendixe/><ref>{{cite web | last = McCaughey | first = Robert | year = [[December 10]] [[2003]] | url = http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html | title = Leading American University Producers of PhDs, 1861–1900 | work = Stand, Columbia - A History of Columbia University|publisher = Columbia University Press|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> This period also witnessed the inauguration of Columbia's participation in intercollegiate sports, with the creation of the baseball team in 1867, the organization to the football team in 1870, and the creation of a [[Sport rowing|crew]] team by 1873. The first intercollegiate Columbia football game was a 6-3 loss to [[Rutgers]]. The ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'' began publication during this period as well, in 1877.<ref> [http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_events/symposia/history_studentlife_timeline.html Columbia College Student Life Timeline]</ref>

=== Morningside Heights ===
[[Image:ColumbiaUNYC1915.jpg|frame|Development of the Morningside Heights campus by 1915]] In 1896, the trustees officially authorized the use of yet another new name, Columbia University, and today the institution is officially known as "Columbia University in the City of New York." Additionally, the engineering school was renamed the "School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry." At the same time, University president [[Seth Low]] moved the campus again, from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious (and, at the time, more rural) campus in the developing neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights]]. The site was formerly occupied by the [[Bloomingdale Insane Asylum]]. One of the asylum's buildings, the warden's cottage (later known as East Hall and Buell Hall), is still standing today.

The building often depicted as emblematic of Columbia is the centerpiece of the Morningside Heights campus, [[Low Memorial Library]]. Constructed in 1895, the building is still referred to as "Low Library" although it has not functioned as a library since 1934. It currently houses the offices of the President and Provost, the Visitor's Center, the Trustees' Room and Columbia Security. Patterned on several precursors, including the [[Parthenon]] and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], it is surmounted by the largest all-granite dome in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|date=2002-07-30 | url = http://www.gs.columbia.edu/kevinmap/lowmemorial.htm | title = Low Memorial Library | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>

[[Image:Columbia low plaza 3old.jpg|thumb|left|[[Low Memorial Library|The Steps in front of Low Library]], circa [[1900]] ]]

Under the leadership of Low's successor, [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt. On the Morningside Heights campus, Columbia centralized on a single campus the College, the School of Law, the Graduate Faculties, the School of Mines (predecessor of the Engineering School), and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. Butler went on to serve as president of Columbia for over four decades and became a giant in American public life (as one-time vice presidential candidate and a [[Nobel Laureate]]). His introduction of "downtown" business practices in university administration led to innovations in internal reforms such as the centralization of academic affairs, the direct appointment of registrars, deans, provosts, and secretaries, as well as the formation of a professionalized university bureaucracy, unprecedented among American universities at the time.

[[Image:Columbia University 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Low Library.]]

In 1893 the [[Columbia University Press]] was founded in order to "promote the study of economic, historical, literary, scientific and other subjects; and to promote and encourage the publication of literary works embodying original research in such subjects." Among its publications are ''[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]],'' first published in 1935, and ''The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World,'' first published in 1952.

In 1902, New York newspaper magnate [[Joseph Pulitzer]] donated a substantial sum to the University for the founding of a school to teach journalism. The result was the 1912 opening of the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]] — the only journalism school in the Ivy League. The school is the administrator of the [[Pulitzer Prize]] and the [[duPont-Columbia Award]] in broadcast journalism.

In 1904 Columbia organized adult education classes into a formal program called Extension Teaching (later renamed University Extension). Courses in Extension Teaching eventually give rise to the Columbia Writing Program, the [[Columbia Business School]], and the School of Dentistry and Oral Surgery.

[[Columbia Business School]] was added in the early 20th century. During the first half of the 20th Century Columbia and [[Harvard]] had the largest endowments in the US.

[[Image:Columbiaman.jpg|thumb|left|Archetypal Columbia man, from a 1902 poster]] By the late 1930s, a Columbia student could study with the likes of [[Jacques Barzun]], [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Mark Van Doren]], [[Lionel Trilling]], and [[I. I. Rabi]]. The University's graduates during this time were equally accomplished — for example, two alumni of Columbia's Law School, [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and [[Harlan Fiske Stone]] (who also held the position of Law School dean), served successively as Chief Justices of the United States. [[Dwight Eisenhower]] served as Columbia's president from 1948 until he became the [[President of the United States]] in 1953, although he spent the majority of his University presidency on leave as Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during [[World War II]].

[[Image:The Thinker Columbia.JPG|thumb|right|[[The Thinker]] by [[Auguste Rodin]].]]

Research into the atom by faculty members [[John R. Dunning]], I. I. Rabi, [[Enrico Fermi]] and [[Polykarp Kusch]] placed Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the [[Manhattan Project]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html| title = Why They Called It the Manhattan Project | accessdate = 2007-10-30}}</ref>.

Following the end of [[World War II]] the School of International Affairs was founded in 1946. Focusing on developing [[diplomat]]s and [[foreign affairs]] specialists the school began by offering the [[Master of International Affairs]]. To satisfy an increasing desire for skilled [[civil service|public service]] professionals at home and abroad, the School added the [[Master of Public Administration]] degree in 1977. In 1981 the School was renamed the [[School of International and Public Affairs]] (SIPA). The School introduced an MPA in [[Environmental Science]] and [[environmental policy|Policy]] in 2001 and, in 2004, SIPA inaugurated its first doctoral program — the interdisciplinary Ph.D. in [[Sustainable Development]].

In 1947, to meet the needs of [[GI (military)|GIs]] returning from World War II, University Extension was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the [[Columbia University School of General Studies]]. While University Extension had granted the B.S. degree since 1921, the School of General Studies first granted the B.A. degree in 1968.

Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, an all female institution affiliated with the University, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas authorized by both Columbia and Barnard.

In 1990 the Faculty of Arts & Sciences was created, unifying the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the School of International and Public Affairs.

In 1997, the Columbia Engineering School was renamed the [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]], in honor of Chinese businessman Z. Y. Fu, who gave Columbia $26 million. The school is now referred to as "SEAS" or simply, "the engineering school."

[[Image:Earl Hall Columbia University NYC.jpg|thumb|left|Earl Hall]]
As of April 2007, the university had purchased more than two-thirds of 17 acres desired for a new campus in [[Manhattanville]], to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, the new campus would house buildings for Columbia's schools of business and the arts and allow the construction of the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://neighbors.columbia.edu/pages/manplanning/index.html | title = Manhattanville in West Harlem | accessdate = 2007-04-01}}</ref> The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments.

The project has suffered from criticism of a lack of transparency and concern for community needs. According to the Environmental Impact Statement recently certified by the Department of City Planning, almost 300 people would be displaced from the project zone, and almost 3,300 would be displaced from areas surrounding it. Community activist groups in West Harlem have committed to fighting the expansion.<ref>{{cite news | last = Williams | first = Timothy | title = In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents | work = New York Times | date = [[November 20]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/nyregion/20columbia.html?em&ex=1164171600&en=85fc31aebe9f875c&ei=5087% }}</ref> Despite a constant barrage of opposition at a series of public hearings, the City Council of New York green-lighted Columbia's Manhattanville expansion plan on December 19th, 2007, after receiving strong support from Councilman Robert Jackson (D-West Harlem) and Councilwoman Inez Dickens (D-Central Harlem). Critics accuse the university of having used its political muscle to silence dissent.

On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire [[John Kluge]]<ref>[http://users2.wsj.com/lmda/do/checkLogin?mg=evo-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB117624800578765660.html%3Fmod%3Dhome_whats_news_us Wall Street Journal article breaking the news about Kluge's donation]</ref> to be used exclusively for financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education. Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge's estate at the time of his death.

== Academics ==
=== Admissions and financial aid ===
[[Image:Vanamquad.JPEG|thumb|right|Van Am Quad]]

In 2007, Columbia College admitted 9.1% of applicants for the Class of 2011, one of the lowest rates in the country<ref name="stat">
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink = Columbia University
| coauthors =
| title = Admission Statistics
| work =
| publisher = Columbia University
| date =
| url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/applications/stats.php
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-10-18
| refname=stats }}</ref>. The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences admitted 18.6%, a record for the School<ref name="stat" />. Columbia College ultimately admitted an additional 29 students from the waiting list, while the Engineering school admitted 16 students<ref name="stat" />.

Columbia is also a diverse school, with approximately 49% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, over 50% of all undergraduates in the Class of 2011 will be receiving financial aid. The average financial aid package for these students exceeds $27,000, with an average grant size of over $20,000.

=== Organization and rankings ===
==== Organization ====
Its undergraduate schools are: [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]] (CC), the [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (SEAS), and, for students who want to begin or resume their education after one or more years of interruption, the [[Columbia University School of General Studies|School of General Studies]] (GS). Also affiliated with Columbia is [[Barnard College]], an all women's institution. The university has numerous graduate schools, the most notable of which include the [[Columbia Law School]], the Graduate School of Business ([[Columbia Business School]] or CBS), the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]] (Columbia's medical school), Columbia University School of Nursing, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia College of Dental Medicine, the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]] (J-School or CJS), the [[School of International and Public Affairs]] (SIPA), the [[Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] (GSAPP), the [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] (GSAS), the [[Columbia University School of the Arts]] (SoA), [[Columbia University School of Social Work]], and [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]] (the Graduate School of Education of Columbia University). Some graduate students also attend the engineering school. [[Columbia University's School of Continuing Education]] offers classes for non-matriculated elective course students, Master of Science Degrees, Postbaccalaureate Certificates, English Language Programs, Overseas Programs, Summer Session, and High School Programs.

==== Rankings ====
[[Image:Pupin Hall.jpg|left|thumb|Pupin Hall, the physics building, showing the rooftop observatory]]
{{Infobox US university ranking
| USNWR_NU = 9th
| USNWR_LA =
| USNWR_Bus = 9th
| USNWR_Law = 5th
| USNWR_Medr = 10th
| USNWR_Medc =
| USNWR_Eng = 19th
| USNWR_Ed = 1st
| ARWU_W = 7th
| ARWU_N = 6th
| ARWU_SCI = 12th
| ARWU_ENG = 43rd
| ARWU_LIFE = 7th
| ARWU_MED = 5th
| ARWU_SOC = 3rd
| Newsweek =
| THES_W = 11th
| THES_N = 7th
| CMUP = 1st
| Wamo = 41st
}}
The undergraduate school of Columbia University is ranked 9th (tied with The [[University of Chicago]]) among national universities by [[U.S. News and World Report]] (USNWR),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php |title=America's Best Colleges 2008 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> 7th among world universities and 6th among universities in the Americas by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006 |year=2006 |publisher= Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> 11th among world universities and 7th in North America by the [[THES - QS World University Rankings]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/ |title=World University Rankings |year=2006 |publisher=The Times Higher Educational Supplement |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/] — A 2006 ranking from ''[[THES - QS]]'' of the world’s research universities.</ref> 36th among national universities by [[The Washington Monthly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.national.html |title=The Washington Monthly College Rankings |year=2006 |publisher=The Washington Monthly |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> 10th among "global universities" by [[Newsweek]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/site/newsweek/ |journal= Newsweek |title=The World's 100 Most Global Universities |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> and in the 1st tier among national universities by [[The Center for Measuring University Performance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research2006.pdf |title=The Top American Research Universities: 2006 Annual Report |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> According to the [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]], graduate programs are ranked 8th nationally.

Columbia also participates in the [http://www.naicu.edu/ National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities] ([[NAICU]])'s [[University and College Accountability Network (U-CAN)]].

Graduate and professional schools of Columbia University are among the best in the US with most of them ranking among the top 10 programs in the country. According to the [[U.S. News & World Report]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/rankindex_brief.php |title=America's Best Graduate Schools 2008 |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, home to the Pulitzer Prize, ranks #1. Teachers College (Columbia's Graduate School of Education) ranks #1. School of Social Work ranks #3. The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) ranks #3 (according to Architect magazine's November 2007 issue). Columbia Law School ranks #5. The Mailman School of Public Health ranks #6. Columbia Business School ranks #9 (#2 according to The [[Financial Times]]; #6 according to [[Fortune Magazine]]). Columbia's medical school, called the College of Physicians and Surgeons, ranks #10. According to ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine, the School of International & Public Affairs (SIPA) PhD program (overall) in international relations is ranked #2, and the Master's program (policy area) is ranked #5.

=== Academic freedom ===
The University states that it "is committed to maintaining a climate of academic freedom," in which professors are given the "widest possible latitude in their teaching and scholarship."<ref>''Obligations and Responsibilities of Officers of Instruction and Research'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/fhb/c7/intro.html]</ref> Its policy on academic freedom prohibits the penalization by the University of a professor for expressions of opinion or associations in their private or civic capacity. <ref>''Code of Academic Freedom and Tenure'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/fhb/c7/c7frame.html]</ref>

In 2005, the University became embroiled in a controversy regarding the academic freedom of students in connection with their studies in the department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures ("MEALAC"). The students charged that MEALAC faculty showed an anti-Israel bias, with one student who was formerly with the Israeli Defense Forces charging that a professor, Joseph Massad, refused to answer his question until he "revealed how many Palestinians he had killed."<ref name=CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy>''Columbia Embroiled in Academic Freedom Controversy'' [http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/1517]</ref> The professor denied that the incident took place.<ref name=CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy> </ref> A group called "The David Project"<ref>[http://www.davidproject.org/ The David Project Center For Jewish Leadership - Home]</ref> produced a documentary entitled ''Columbia Unbecoming'' in which the charges were made.<ref name=CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy> </ref> In response, President Bollinger convened an ad hoc panel to investigate the incidents described in the film and established a standing panel and grievance procedure for future claims of student intimidation.<ref name=CampusWatchAcademicFreedomControversy> </ref>

== Life ==
=== The geography of student life ===
==== ''Alma Mater'' ====

{{main|Alma Mater (New York sculpture)}}

This name refers to a statue on the steps (see below) of [[Low Memorial Library]] by sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]]. There is a small owl "hidden" on the sculpture. Alma Mater is also the subject of many Columbia legends. The main legends include that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Barnard student who finds it will marry a Columbia man, seeing as how Barnard is a [[women's college]].

==== Butler Library ====

{{main|Butler Library}}

The main library, packed during midterms and finals weeks, is composed of three main parts: the stacks, the study rooms, and the cafe. Students are known to leave their belongings as a placeholder for days on end, a few only leaving the library to sleep a few hours while others come and go as they please. During finals, to get a spot at Butler, students wake up early in the morning and compete with others for a seat. Some students are reported to have gone so far as to set up offices in disused sections of the library on the ninth floor.
Butler houses 1.9 million of the university's 9.2 million volumes,<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/news/libraries/2006/2006-09-01.bible.html Columbia’s Rare Book & Manuscript Library Acquires Early Thirteenth-Century Manuscript Bible]</ref> mostly in the humanities and history. Unlike the libraries of most other schools, Butler remains at least partially open 24 hours a day and acts as a center of late night studying. Butler also houses Columbia University's Rare Books and Manuscripts Library (including the Columbiana University Archives), the Philip L. Milstein Undergraduate Library, the Oral History collection, and the Butler Media Collection. Butler Library is one of two dozen libraries on campus, mostly distinguished by subject disciplines.<ref> ''Columbia University Libraries'' [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/libraries.html]</ref>

==== Residence halls ====
First-year students usually live in one of the residence halls situated around South Lawn: [[Hartley Hall|Hartley]], [[Wallach Hall|Wallach]], [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]], Furnald or [[Carman Hall|Carman]]. Upperclass students may also live in Hartley and Wallach, which are collectively part of the Living and Learning Center (LLC), through a highly selective application process. Other upperclassmen participate in a housing lottery. Rising sophomores may also live in Furnald Hall, depending on the lottery results. The other upperclassmen students can choose, depending on their luck, among [[Broadway Hall|Broadway]], [[East Campus (Columbia University)|East Campus]], 47 Claremont, [[Hogan Hall|Hogan]], McBain Hall, River Hall, Ruggles Hall, [[Schapiro Hall|Schapiro]], 600 W 113th, Watt Hall, Wien Hall, and Woodbridge Hall. Most students consider a townhouse in East Campus the best suite style housing option, which includes two-story suites for six students including a kitchen, common lounge, large single rooms, and a quiet location. A four or five person suite in Hogan, in which each person lives in a single and the suite shares a full kitchen, bathroom and living room, is also considered excellent housing, as its location is near many restaurants on Broadway and much closer to the subway than East Campus. Very lucky seniors with the best lottery numbers can get their own studio apartment in [[Watt]].

==== The Steps ====

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area and hangout for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace, atop which sits [[Low Memorial Library]], as well as adjacent areas, including Low Plaza and small nearby lawns. On warm days, particularly in the spring, the steps become crowded with students conversing, reading, or sunbathing. Occasionally, they play host to film screenings and concerts. The [[King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe]] annually performs an outdoor play by "the Bard", in which the Steps frequently play a prominent role. The design of the steps are modeled after the architecture in Raphael's "The School of Athens," a fresco in the Vatican.

==== Sundial ====
[[Image:columbiasundial.jpg|thumb|right|The sundial as it originally appeared prior to the removal of the granite sphere]] This elevated stone pedestal at the center of the main campus quadrangle now serves as a podest for various speeches. Originally there was a large granite sphere located upon the pedestal, which would mark the time via its shadow. It sat upon the pedestal from approximately 1914 to 1946. It was removed in that year due to cracks that formed within it. The ball was assumed destroyed for 55 years until it was discovered intact in a Michigan field in 2001. As of 2006, it seems unlikely that the sundial will ever be restored to a working state.<ref>{{cite web | last = Pulimood | first = Steven K. | year = [[May 7]] [[2002]] | url = http://www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2002/05/07/ArtsEntertainment/116th.Was.Gnomons.Land-2038876.shtml?norewrite200608101408&sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com | title = 116th was Gnomon's Land | publisher = Columbia Spectator | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>

==== Tunnels ====
{{main|Columbia University tunnels}}
Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system dating back more than a century, with the oldest portions existing even before the present campus was constructed. Some of these tunnels are open to students today, while others have been closed off to the public.

====Online====
In recent years, new outlets for Columbia student life have opened online. Some, such as the Bwog,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bwog.net | title = Bwog | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the [[blog]] of the undergraduate magazine ''[[The Blue and White]]'' and a medium for campus gossip, and the professor ratings site CULPA<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.culpa.info | title = Columbia Underground Listing of Professor Ability | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> (the Columbia Underground Listing of Professor Ability), have flourished. CULPA, established in 1997 and unaffiliated officially with the university, allows students to anonymously post their own reviews of their professors. It is regarded as one of the most useful tools for students looking to enroll in a class, boasting over 10,000 reviews. Because of the candid nature of the submissions, the site has occasionally been accused of harboring biased reviews and misrepresenting professors. Still, it is the main source of professor review currently available to the Columbia student body.

Students have launched a number of other, sometimes pioneering, websites. CU Community was a popular online networking website created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06) containing 85% of the undergraduate student body, that later rebranded itself CampusNetwork and launched across several universities, before succumbing to its long-time competitor, [[Facebook]]. The [[Columbia Daily Spectator]] launched a blog called SpecBlogs,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.specblogs.com | title = SpecBlogs | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> but this has also since been shut down. Other ventures have been more successful. [[Carsplit]], also created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06), launched in 2005 as a way for students to split the cost of taking a taxi to the airport. Usage peaks during winter break where, last year, over 1,000 students used the service. CU Snacks, authored by Brandon Arbiter (SEAS ´06) was one of the first online, late night snack delivery services. It started from Wien Residence Hall in 2004 and, although it remains completely student-run, it is now part of the experiential education program of Columbia's Center for Career Education. A more recent launch was WikiCU,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wikicu.com | title = WikiCU | accessdate = 2007-03-08}}</ref>, created by the [[Engineering Student Council]], which serves as an information resource and insider's guide to the university and neighborhood. It is the manifestation of a long-time project to start a wiki, called Project Athena.

=== Clubs and activities ===
==== Publications ====
Major publications include the ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]],'' the nation's second-oldest student newspaper;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiaspectator.com | title = Columbia Daily Spectator | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the ''[[The Current (Columbia University journal)|Columbia Current]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiacurrent.com | title = The Columbia Current}}</ref> a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs; ''The Columbian'', the second oldest collegiate yearbook in the nation; ''Columbia Review'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review | title = The Columbia Review | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the nation's oldest college literary magazine; The ''Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism'';<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/ | title = Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism | accessdate = 2006-12-07}}</ref> The Columbia Observer; the ''Columbia Science Review'', the ''[[Columbia Political Review]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiapoliticalreview.com | title = Columbia Political Review | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union; ''[[The Fed (Columbia newspaper)|The Fed]]''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed | title = The Fed | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper; ''[[Jester of Columbia]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com | title = Jester of Columbia | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> the newly (and frequently) revived campus humor magazine; ''[[The Blue and White]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theblueandwhite.org/ | title = Blue & White | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a literary magazine established in 1890 that has recently begun to foray into in-depth pieces on campus life and politics; and the ''[[Journal of Politics & Society]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.helvidius.org | title = Journal of Politics & Society | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences, published by the [[Helvidius Group]]. Columbia also has an online arts and literary web magazine, ''The Mobius Strip''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mobiusmag.com | title = The Mobius Strip | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> ''AdHoc'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.adhocmag.com | title = AdHoc | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine; it deals largely with local political issues and arts events. Another group of undergraduates started ''The Current'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbiacurrent.com | title = The Current | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a journal of politics, culture, and Jewish affairs. ''[[The Birch]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thebirchonline.org | title = The Birch | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> Columbia's undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture, is the first national student-run undergraduate journal of its kind. Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include ''Current Musicology''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://music.columbia.edu/%7Ecurmus/ | title = Current Musicology | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> and ''[[The Journal of Philosophy]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.journalofphilosophy.org/ | title = The Journal of Philosophy | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> The ''[http://www.columbiasciencereview.org|Columbia Science Review]'' is the University's only science magazine that prints hard copies; it prints general interest articles, faculty profiles and student research papers.
During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish [http://www.bronxbeat.org The Bronx Beat],a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.

==== Broadcasting ====
Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate student broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV.

[[WKCR]], the student run radio station broadcasts to the Tri-State area and claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the University's affiliation with [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Major Edwin Armstrong]]. The station currently has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan.

Columbia Television (CTV)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv | title = CTV | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> is the nation's second oldest student television station and home of CTV News,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ctvnewsonline.com | title = CTV News | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students. CTV transmits a cablecast and webcast from its studio in Alfred Lerner Hall.

==== Speech and debate ====

The [[Philolexian Society]] is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country. It has many famous alumni, and administers the Joyce Kilmer Bad Poetry Contest (see [[Columbia University#Joyce Kilmer Memorial Annual Bad Poetry Contest|below]]).

The Columbia University Mock Trial Program<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mocktrial | title = Columbia Mock Trial Program | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> was founded in 1998. It fields four teams that compete in tournaments across the country under the umbrella American Mock Trial Association (AMTA).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegemocktrial.com|title = AMTA Homepage|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> In recent years the Columbia Mock Trial Program has won tournaments at [[Northwestern University]], [[George Washington University]], [[Yale University]], [[UCLA]], as well as three Northeast Regional Titles. The Columbia program is one of the best in the country, ranked in the Top-Ten since 2003 and peaking at the Number 2 ranking in 2004. In 2005-2006, Columbia Mock Trial had one team finish 5th Place at the National Tournament in St. Petersburg, FL and one team finish 6th Place at the National Championship Tournament in Des Moines, Iowa. Every year Columbia hosts the Columbia University Big Apple Invitational Tournament (CUBAIT), one of the best invitational tournaments in the nation. CUBAIT annually attracts many of the top twenty teams in the nation.

The Columbia [[Model United Nations]] holds several functions. Its traveling team competes in conferences both domestically and internationally and is considered one of the top Model United Nations teams in the country. It also holds the Columbia Model United Nations Conference and Exposition (CMUNCE),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cmunce.org | title = Columbia Model United Nations Conference and Exposition | accessdate = 2006-08-27}}</ref> an annual high school international affairs conference, founded in 2001 by Erica DeBruin. The conference is known for its crisis-oriented committees and the comparatively small committee size. Columbia Model United Nations in New York (CMUNNY]),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cmunny.org | title = Columbia Model United Nations in New York | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> is a small crisis-oriented Model United Nations conference for college students that prides itself in non-conventional committees. It was founded in 2006 by David Coates.

The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/debate | title = Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> competes in tournaments around the country as part of the [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]], and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.

====Greek life====

Columbia University is home to many [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternities, sororities]], and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10-15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/faq/campus.php#4 Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life], retrieved [[2007-09-12]]</ref> There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1842 of the Lambda Chapter of [[Psi Upsilon]]. Today, there are thirteen [[North-American Interfraternity Conference|NIC]] fraternities on the campus. The prominent fraternities at Columbia include:

*[[Pi Kappa Alpha]]
*[[Sigma Chi]]
*[[Beta Theta Pi]]
*[[Delta Sigma Phi]]
*[[Psi Upsilon]]
*[[Phi Gamma Delta]]
*[[Sigma Nu]]
*[[Zeta Beta Tau]]
*[[Alpha Epsilon Pi]]
*[[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]
*[[Zeta Psi]]
*[[Kappa Delta Rho]]
*[[Delta Psi]]

In addition, there are four [[National Panhellenic Conference|NPC]] sororities on campus:

*[[Kappa Alpha Theta]]
*[[Delta Gamma]]
*[[Sigma Delta Tau]]
*[[Alpha Chi Omega]]

There are also various multicultural Greek organizations, including:

*[[Alpha Delta Phi]], a co-educational literary society
*[[Kappa Phi Lambda]], an Asian-interest cultural sorority
*[[Hermandad de Sigma Iota Alpha, Inc]], a Latina-interest sorority

====Other====
The Columbia University Asian American Alliance (AAA or triple-A) has recently become one of the most active Asian American student organizations in the nation and one of the largest student organizations at Columbia. In the past three years of growth, AAA has founded the regional NYC Asian American student conference and a national daily blog on Asian American issues called TheBlaaag. With three subcommittees that specialize in social life, political issues, and community service, AAA works on a variety of issues including addressing hate crimes and bias incidents, large scale event programming, social networking, workshops, and collaborating with the greater community at Columbia.

Black Students Organization
[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/bso/]
The Columbia University Black Students Organization is one of the oldest and most active organizations of its kind in the nation. Dating back to as early as 1964, the BSO still remains an active force on the Columbia University campus. It runs one of the few student operated safe spaces on campus, the Malcolm X Lounge which can be found in 106 Hartley Hall.

The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs ([http://www.columbia.edu/cu/core CORE]) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including a business plan competition and a series of seminars. Recent seminar speakers include Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and Chairman of HDNet, and Blake Ross, creator of Mozilla Firefox. As of 2006, CORE has awarded graduate and undergraduate students with over $100,000 in seed capital. Events are possible through the contributions of various private and corporate groups; previous sponsors include Deloitte & Touche, Citigroup, and i-Compass.
There are currently over 2,000 members in CORE. The organization is governed by its executive board, which comprises fifteen undergraduates.

The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States.[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/]

Columbia Community Outreach (CCO) is a student organized, student run service day that promotes community service on campus. Founded in 1997, CCO is a community service initiative that seeks to bring together the Columbia University community, raise awareness of opportunities for long-term service and to form mutually beneficial relationships with Columbia's neighboring communities. Every year over 1,000 students, faculty, staff and alumni volunteer for a day alongside community members and non-profit organizations, such as the New York City Parks Department and Habitat for Humanity. [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/outreach]

[[Art History Underground]], the student club for arts, organizes yearly events such as roundtables, panels and discussions. The first traditional "What is Art History?" roundtable took place in October, 2006 with the support of the Art History Department. The club also has a biannual journal with the same name, whose first issue was printed in late Fall, 2006.

The [[Columbia Queer Alliance]] is the central Columbia student organization that represents the lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student [[Homophile]] League in 1966 by students including lifelong activist [[Stephen Donaldson]].[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cqa/index.html]

[[Conversio Virium]] is the college's student-run [[BDSM]] education and discussion group, providing Columbia students with a safe, confidential space to discuss BDSM activities and interests. It is the oldest still-running University group of its kind, recently celebrating its ten-year anniversary.[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cv/]

Columbia's [[Bhangra]] team "cuBhangra" is one of the most energetic and entertaining college, co-ed bhangra teams in the nation. Established in 2002, it has already secured placings at various bhangra competitions in the states and enjoys performing around New York City and in various on-campus performances.

Columbia University campus military groups include the [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/usmilvetscu U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University] and [http://www.advocatesforrotc.org/columbia Advocates for Columbia ROTC]. In the 2005-06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the [http://www.advocatesforrotc.org/columbia/hamilton.html Hamilton Society] for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".

There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia, including Fruit Paunch, Columbia's renowned improv comedy group.

The Columbia University Muslim Students Association is one of the oldest and most active [[Muslim Students Association]]s in the country.

The largest undergraduate club on campus is the Columbia University College Democrats, who won College Democrats of America's Chapter of the Year award for the 2006-2007 school year.

==== Athletics ====

{{main|Columbia Lions}}

A member institution of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]], Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat [[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]] at [[Baker Field (Columbia University)|Baker Field]]. One hundred blocks north of the main campus at Morningside Heights, the Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and rowing. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.

The Columbia mascot is a lion named Roar-ee. At football games, the Columbia University Marching Band plays "Roar, Lion, Roar" each time the team scores and "Who Owns New York?" with each first down. At halftime, alumni stand and sing the alma mater, "Sans Souci."

The Lions boast a rich athletic tradition. The [[collegiate wrestling|wrestling]] team is the oldest in the nation, and the [[American football|football]] team was the third to join intercollegiate play. A Columbia [[Sport rowing|crew]] was the first from outside Britain to win at the [[Henley Royal Regatta]]. Former students include [[baseball Hall of Famers]] [[Lou Gehrig]] and [[Eddie Collins]] and [[football Hall of Famer]] [[Sid Luckman]].

More recently, Columbia has excelled at [[archery]], [[Cross country running|cross country]], [[fencing (sport)|fencing]] and [[collegiate wrestling|wrestling]]. In 2000, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[gold medal]] [[swimmer]] [[Cristina Teuscher]] became the first Ivy League student to win the [[Honda-Broderick Cup]], awarded to the best collegiate woman athlete in the nation. Other recent Lions include [[Pro Bowl]] defensive end [[Marcellus Wiley]], whose success in the NFL is credited with drawing the attention of professional scouts back to the Ivy League.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} In 2007, the Men's Track Team captured the 4x800 Penn Relay's victory. This was the first time an Ivy League school won this race since 1974.

[[Image:Scholars Lion.JPG|thumb|right|"The Scholar's Lion," presented on Dean's Day, April 3, 2004, in honor of the 250th anniversary of Columbia College. A gift by sculptor Greg Waytt, CC`71.]]

Columbia became the third school in the United States to play intercollegiate football when it sent a squad to New Brunswick, N.J., in 1870 to play a team from [[Rutgers]]. Three years later, Columbia students joined representatives from [[Princeton University|Princeton]], Rutgers and [[Yale University|Yale]] to ratify the first set of rules to govern intercollegiate play.

During the first half of the 20th century, the Lions had consistent success on the gridiron. Under Hall of Fame coach [[Lou Little]], the 1934 squad shut out heavily favored [[Stanford]] in the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] winning what was the precursor to the national championship. During [[World War II]] football players were recruited to move uranium in support of the school's participation in the [[Manhattan Project]]. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html Why They Called It the Manhattan Project by William J. Broad - New York Times - October 30, 2007]</ref>
Little’s 1947 edition beat defending national champion [[Army]], then riding a 32-game win streak, in one of the most stunning upsets of the century. Greats of the era included the [[All-American]] Luckman, the quarterback who would lead the [[Chicago Bears]] to four NFL championships in the 1940s while ushering football into the modern era with the [[T formation]].

Since sharing their only Ivy League title with [[Harvard]] in 1961, the football Lions have had three winning seasons (6-3 in 1971, 5-4-1 in 1994 and 8-2 in 1996). The distance of practice facilities at Baker Athletics Complex from the main campus at [[Morningside Heights]], competition for the attention of the student body with all the diversions that Manhattan has to offer, and the lack of a winning tradition sometimes are cited as challenges to recruiting at Columbia.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} [[Norries Wilson]], a runner-up for national assistant coach of the year while at the [[University of Connecticut]] in 2004, is the latest head coach brought in to try to turn the program around. The 2006 squad had a 5-5 record (the program's first .500-or-better season in 10 years), with two victories to close out the year against Cornell and Brown.

The baseball team boasts involvement in the first-ever televised sporting event. On [[May 17]], [[1939]] fledgling [[NBC]] filmed the doubleheader of the Columbia Lions vs. [[Princeton University|Princeton]] Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field.<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television]</ref> The team was involved in the highest-scoring baseball game ever on [[June 8]], [[1869]], losing to [[Niagara University|Niagara]] 209-10.<ref name="bleacher">{{cite news | last = Schott | first = Arthur | title = A Wild and Wacky Score of a 19th Century Game: 209-10 | publisher = ''Bleacher Creature'' |date=2004-09 | url = http://www.neworleansbaseball.com/articles/bleachercreature/bleacherCreature2004September.pdf | accessdate = 2007-08-05}}</ref>

In basketball, perhaps the greatest player to wear Columbia Blue was [[All-American]] [[Chet Forte]], the 1957 national college player of the year. George Gregory, Jr. became the first African-American All-American in 1931. The 1968 Ivy League championship team included future [[NBA]] player [[Jim McMillian]].

== Controversies and student demonstrations ==
==== Nazi Germany ====
In 1933 the German Ambassador to the United States, [[Hans Luther]], was the featured speaker at the Institute of Arts and Sciences at the Columbia University. When he started to speak a woman in the audience asked him about the burning of the homes of exiled professors. She and two other protesters were forcibly removed by security. Hans Luther's speech stressed Hitler's "peaceful intentions" toward his European neighbors. Afterward, [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], Columbia's president, held a reception in his honor. The head of the institute, Russell Potter, called the protestors "ill-mannered children"<ref name=responsefascism>[http://mj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/kjm013v1 Complicity and Conflict: Columbia University’s Response to Fascism, 1933–1937]</ref>. Protestors handing out leaflets protesting against Nazi Germany were arrested.<ref name=responsefascism/><ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-rutten29sep29,0,1222354.story?coll=la-headlines-calendar Los Angeles Times: Ahmadinejad walks away with a win]</ref>

====Protests of 1968====

{{main|Columbia University protests of 1968}}

Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two major issues. The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring [[Morningside Park]]; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring [[Harlem]]. A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in [[the Pentagon]]'s weapons research think-tank, the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside [[Low Memorial Library|Low Library]], [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]], and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/1968.html#notes Columbia University - 1968]</ref>

====Protests against racism and apartheid====

Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]] during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]] regime in [[South Africa]]. A variety of more recent protests, most notably those of Spring 2004 and Spring 2006, have primarily concerned perceived racism on campus.

====Antiwar protests====

In addition to the 1968 protests (see above), tangentially related to the [[Vietnam War]], students and faculty have protested U.S. involvement in various other conflicts. Most recently and controversially, at a faculty sit-in protest of the [[Iraq War]], Professor [[Nicholas de Genova]] praised "[[fragging]]" (soldiers murdering fellow soldiers) and called for U.S. troops to experience "a million Mogadishus," a reference to the casualties U.S. troops suffered in the [[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Battle of Mogadishu]] in 1993. The U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University, a Columbia University student-veterans group, issued [http://milvetslibrary.blogspot.com/2006/01/milvets-response-to-prof-de-genova-apr.html this letter] in response to Professor De Genova's remarks.

====Ad Hoc Grievance Committee (Allegations of faculty intimidation of Jewish students)====

In 2004 Columbia drew nationwide attention when allegations were made that some professors intimidated and harrassed students with pro-Israel views. <ref>[http://www.forward.com/articles/2958]</ref> [[Nat Hentoff]] of the [[Village Voice]] accused Columbia of sweeping a serious problem under the carpet. <ref>Nat Hentoff, Columbia Whitewashes Itself; A committee of insiders, some with conflicts of interest, clears the university,
by Nat Hentoff, April 8th, 2005 4:59 PM</ref>

====Minuteman protest====
On [[October 4]], [[2006]], a group of students disrupted a speech by [[Jim Gilchrist]], the founder of [[The Minuteman Project Inc.|the Minuteman Project]], a group that patrols the border between the United States and Mexico, who had been invited to campus by the Columbia College Republicans. Two student members of the [[International Socialist Organization]] stepped on to the stage and unfurled a banner that stated, in Spanish, English, and Arabic, "No human being is illegal", a criticism of the Minuteman Project's attitude toward illegal immigrants. This action incited other students to rush the stage, including members of the school's Chicano Caucus. A brawl between protestors and supporters of the Minuteman project ensued. Gilchrist and Marvin Stewart, another Minuteman member, were escorted away after the protesters stormed onstage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22287|title=Protestors Rush Minutemen|author=Laura Brunts|last=Brunts|first=Laura|date=2006-10-04|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>

The protesters were initially accused of attacking the Minutemen. However, video tape of the events surfaced that shows violence being initiated by supporters of the Minuteman Project against the protestors.<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22346|title=Kicking Visible in Univision Footage|author=Laura Brunts|last=Brunts|first=Laura|date=2006-10-08|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref><ref name="HannityColmesMinuteman">{{web cite|url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,220506,00.html|title= Former Terrorist, Former Nazi Speak at Columbia Univ. |date=2006-10-13|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>

The students' actions were condemned as violations of the Minuteman Project's right to free speech by New York City Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]]<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22319|title= Mayor Chides Bollinger on Free Speech|author=Laura Brunts|last=Brunts|first=Laura|date=2006-10-05|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>, University President [[Lee Bollinger]]<ref>{{web cite|url= http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/22354|title= Official Statements on the Minutemen Brawl|date=2006-10-12|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>, and media figures from across the country.<ref name="HannityColmesMinuteman"/> Representatives of the protestors claimed they were fighting hatred, not free speech.<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/23483|title=We Fought Hate, Not Free Speech|author=Karina Garcia|last=Garcia|first=Karina|date=2007-01-19|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>

The University responded with disciplinary action, charging eight students with violating University rules. Three Latino students received harsher punishments than the other students, resulting in some accusations of unfairness and racism at the University.<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/25158|title=Minutemen Founder's Speech Ignites Yearlong Free Speech Debate|date=2007-05-06|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>

====Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visit and speech controversy====
{{further|[[Lee Bollinger#Mahmoud Ahmadinejad controversy|Lee Bollinger]]}}
{{wikinews|Protests mark Ahmadinejad's visit to Columbia University}}[[Image:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia 1 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Students protest Ahmadinejad's visit.]]
On [[September 24]], [[2007]], Columbia and its [[School of International and Public Affairs]] invited [[Iran]]ian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] to speak on campus as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/09/ahmadinejad2.html
|title=President Bollinger's Statement About President Ahmadinejad's Scheduled Appearance
|date=[[2007-09-19]]
|publisher=Columbia News}}</ref> The invitation was criticized by some, applauded by others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/24/politics/main3292477.shtml|title=Candidates Speak Out On Ahmadinejad Visit|date=[[2007-09-24]]|publisher=CBS News}}</ref>

In his introductory speech, University President [[Lee Bollinger]] called Ahmadinejad, a "petty and cruel dictator" and asked him questions about previous remarks concerning the holocaust and his record on human rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/09/lcbopeningremarks.html
|title=President Lee C. Bollinger's Introductory Remarks at SIPA-World Leaders Forum with President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
|publisher=Columbia News.
|date=[[2007-09-24]]}}</ref> Ahmadinejad responded to Bollinger's remarks by saying:<blockquote>
"In Iran, tradition requires when you invite a person to be a speaker, we actually respect our students enough to allow them to make their own judgment, and don't think it's necessary before the speech is even given to come in with a series of complaints to provide vaccination to the students and faculty."</blockquote>
During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized [[Israel|Israel's]] policies towards the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], called for research on the historical accuracy of [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]], expressed his sympathy for the families of the victims of [[9/11 attacks]], raised questions as to who initiated the attacks, expressed the [[self-determination]] of Iran's nuclear power program, criticizing the [[United Nation]]'s policy of sanctions on his country, and criticized U.S. policy in the Middle East. In response to a question about Iran's treatment of women and homosexuals, he asserted that women are respected in Iran, and denied that there are any [[homosexuals]] in Iran.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/24/world/worldspecial/24cnd-iran.html?hp
|title=Facing Scorn, President of Iran Defends His Beliefs
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=[[2007-09-24]]
|quote=In Iran, we don’t have homosexuals like in your country. We don’t have that in our country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3644319
|title=Ahmadinejad Questions 9/11, Holocaust
|publisher=[[Associated Press]]
|date=[[2007-09-25]]}}</ref>

====Tenure Battles====

Political battles over tenure decisions drew national attention, particularly to [[Joseph Massad]] and [[Nadia Abu El Haj]].

== Traditions ==

:''For a more comprehensive list see: [[Columbia traditions]]''

==== Orgo Night ====
On the day before the Organic Chemistry exam—which is often on the first day of finals—at precisely the stroke of midnight, the [[Columbia University Marching Band]] occupies [[Butler Library]] to distract diligent students from studying. After a half-hour of campus-interest jokes, the procession then moves out to the lawn in front of Hartley, Wallach and John Jay residence halls to entertain the residents there. The band then plays at various other locations around Morningside Heights, including the residential quadrangle of [[Barnard College]], where students of the all-women's school, in mock-consternation, rain trash - including notes and course packets - and water balloons upon them from their dormitories above. The band tends to close their Orgo Night performances before Furnald Hall, known among students as the more studious and reportedly "anti-social" residence hall, where the underclassmen in the marching band serenade the seniors with an entertaining, though vulgar, mock-hymn to Columbia, composed of quips that poke fun at the various stereotypes about the Columbia student body.

==== Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies====

[[Image:Collegewalk2.jpg|thumb|right|College Walk is illuminated in the winter months]] The campus Tree-Lighting Ceremony is a relatively new tradition at Columbia, inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until [[February 28]]. Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot chocolate, performances by various ''a cappella'' groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.

Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The ceremony dates to a period prior to the [[Revolutionary War]], but lapsed before being revived by University President [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] in the early 20th century. A troop of students dressed in [[Continental Army]] soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols.<ref>{{cite web | last = Hollander|first = Jason|year = [[December 3]] [[1999]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html | title = Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony | work = Columbia News | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> The ceremony is accompanied by a reading of ''[[A Visit From St. Nicholas]]'' by [[Clement Clarke Moore]] (Columbia College class of 1798) and ''[[Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus]]'' by [[Francis Pharcellus Church]] (Class of 1859).

==== The Varsity Show ====

{{main|The Varsity Show}}

An annual musical written by and for students, this is one of Columbia's oldest and finest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians [[Richard Rodgers]] and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Oscar Hammerstein]], [[Lorenz Hart]], [[I.A.L. Diamond]], and [[Herman Wouk]]. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.<ref>{{cite web | year = [[January 10]] [[2005]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/04/04/varsity_show.html | title = The Varsity Show, [[April 15]]-18 | publisher = Columbia University | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref>

==Inventions, discoveries and patents==
[[Image:Riverside Church.jpg|thumb|left|Riverside Church (left), as seen from Pupin Hall]]

Columbia is home to numerous scientific and technological breakthroughs. It was the first North American site where the [[Uranium]] atom was split. It was the birthplace of [[FM radio]] and the [[laser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf |title=Columbia To Go |accessdate=2007-04-29}}</ref> The [[MPEG-2]] algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by [[Dimitris Anastassiou]], a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist [[Martin Chalfie]] was the first to introduce the use of [[Green Fluorescent Protein]] (GFP) in labelling cells in intact organisms<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2001/07/26/0726gfp_print.html Forbes.com - Magazine Article]</ref>. Other inventions and products related to Columbia include [[Sequential Lateral Solidifcation]] (SLS) technology for making LCDs, [[System Management Arts]] (SMARTS), [[Session Initiation Protocol]] (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), [[pharmacopeia]], [[Macromodel]] (a software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for [[glass concrete]], Blue [[LED]]s, [[Beamprop]] (used in photonics), among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV's%20Success%20Stories.pdf |title=STV's Success Stories |accessdate=2007-04-29}}</ref>

Some of the greatest contributions by Columbia scientists have been in the health sciences field, including about 175 new inventions each year<ref>[http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2 Science and Technology Ventures - Success Stories]</ref>. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia are on the market today. These include [[Remicade]] (for arthritis), [[Reopro]] (for blood clot complications), [[Xalatan]] (for glaucoma), [[Benefix]], [[Latanoprost]] (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, [[homocysteine]] (testing for cardiovascular disease), [[Zolinza]] (for cancer therapy)<ref>[http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2 Science and Technology Ventures - Success Stories]</ref>.

Columbia ranks among the top U.S. schools in revenues earned from patents and license agreements on its inventions and discoveries. Its Science and Technology Ventures currently manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements<ref>[http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2 Science and Technology Ventures - Success Stories]</ref>. Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2006/11/28/News/Patents.Bring.In.The.Cash.To.Columbia-2509908.shtml]</ref>. In 2004, Columbia made $178 million (compared to $24 million made by [[Harvard]])<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2006/11/28/News/Patents.Bring.In.The.Cash.To.Columbia-2509908.shtml]</ref>.

==Awards and honors==

As of October 2006, 76<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Columbia_University_people]</ref>Columbia University affiliates have been honored with Nobel Prizes for their work in physics<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/columbianobels.html Columbia Nobels]</ref>, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. In the last 10 years (1996-2006) 15 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of which 8 are current faculty members. (Economics-6, Physiology/Medicine-4, Physics-2, Chemistry-2, Literature-1)

'''Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years (1996-2006):'''<ref name=awards>{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php | title = Faculty | publisher = Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions | accessdate = 2007-05-06}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Faculty
! Affiliation at Columbia
! Nobel Prize
|-
| 1.[[Orhan Pamuk]]
| Dept.of Middle East Languages & Cultures
| Literature, 2006
|-
| 2.[[Edmund Phelps]]
| Dept. of Economics
| Economics, 2006
|-
| 3.[[Richard Axel]]
| Center for Neurobiology & Behavior, A.B.1967
| Physiology/Medicine, 2004
|-
| 4.[[Joseph Stiglitz]]
| Dept. of Economics
| Economics, 2001
|-
| 5.[[Eric Kandel]]
| Center for Neurobiology & Behavior
| Physiology/Medicine, 2000
|-
| 6.[[Robert Mundell]]
| Dept. of Economics
| Economics, 1999
|-
| 7.[[Horst Stormer]]
| Dept. of Physics
| Physics, 1998
|-
| 8.[[William Vickrey]]
| Dept. of Economics, M.A.1937,PhD1948
| Economics, 1996
|}

'''Columbia affiliates awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years (1996-2006):'''<ref name=awards>{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php | title = Faculty | publisher = Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions | accessdate = 2007-05-06}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Affiliation at Columbia
! Nobel Prize
|-
| 9.[[John Mather]]
| Goddard Institute for Space Studies
| Physics, 2006
|-
| 10.[[Robert Grubbs]]
| PhD 1968
| Chemistry, 2005
|-
| 11.[[Linda Buck]]
| Research Scientist 1980-91
| Physiology/Medicine, 2004
|-
| 12.[[William Knowles]]
| PhD 1942
| Chemistry, 2001
|-
| 13.[[James Heckman]]
| Faculty 1970-74
| Economics, 2000
|-
| 14.[[Louis Ignarro]]
| B.S. 1962
| Physiology/Medicine, 1998
|-
| 15.[[Robert Merton]]
| B.S. 1966
| Economics, 1997
|}

Other awards/honors won by current faculty include:

*[[MacArthur Foundation]] Award: 28<ref name=awards>{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php | title = Faculty | publisher = Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
* [[National Medal of Science]]: 4<ref name=awards/>
*The [[National Academies]]: 99 (sum of 41+20+38, below)
:*[[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]: 41<ref name=awards/>
:*[[National Academy of Engineering]]: 20<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30 | title = Members By Parent Institution | work = National Academy of Engineering | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
:*Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: 38<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iom.edu/CMS/2951/16476.aspx?ps=50&sb=LastName&sd=ASC&cp=5&filterby=C&browseby=Institution&scroll=2#ResultScroll2 | title = Membership Directory | work = Institute of Medicine of the National Academies | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>
*[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]: 143<ref name=awards/>

==Presidents ==

{| border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #aaa solid; font-size: 95%;"
! !! President !! Birth Year–Death Year !! Years as President !! Name of Institution; Notes
|-
| 1 || [[Samuel Johnson (1696-1772)|Samuel Johnson]] || (1696–1772) || (1754–1763) || King's College
|-
| 2 || [[Myles Cooper]] || (1735–1785) || (1763–1775) || King's College
|-
| 2.1 || [[Benjamin Moore]] || (1748–1816) || (1775–1776) || King's College; acting
|-
| 2.2 || [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] || (1739–1812) || (1784–1787) || Columbia College "in the State of New York"; Chancellor (Regents government)
|-
| 3 || [[William Samuel Johnson]] || (1727–1819) || (1787–1800) || Columbia College "in the City of New York" (Trustees government)
|-
| 4 || [[Charles Henry Wharton]] || (1748–1833) || (1801–1801) || Columbia College
|-
| 5 || [[Benjamin Moore]] || (1748–1816) || (1801–1810) || Columbia College
|-
| 6 || [[William Harris (academic)|William Harris]] || (1765–1829) || (1811–1829) || Columbia College; shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816
|-
| 7 || [[William Alexander Duer]] || (1780–1858) || (1829–1842) || Columbia College
|-
| 8 || [[Nathaniel Fish Moore]] || (1782–1872) || (1842–1849) || Columbia College
|-
| 9 || [[Charles King (academic)|Charles King]] || (1789–1867) || (1849–1863) || Columbia College; presides over move to Madison Avenue campus
|-
| 10 || [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard]] || (1809–1889) || (1864–1889) || Columbia College
|-
| 11 || [[Seth Low]] || (1850–1916) || (1890–1901) || Columbia College; presides over move to [[Morningside Heights]] campus; name changes to "Columbia University in the City of New York"
|-
| 12 || [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] || (1862–1947) || (1902–1945) || Columbia University
|-
| 12.1 || [[Frank D. Fackenthal]] || (1883–1968) || (1945–1948) || Columbia University (acting)
|-
| 13 || [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || (1890–1969) || (1948–1953) || Columbia University; on leave while Supreme Commander of [[NATO]]
|-
| 14 || [[Grayson L. Kirk]] || (1903–1997) || (1953–1968) || Columbia University; resigned after [[Columbia University protests of 1968|1968 protests]]
|-
| 15 || [[Andrew W. Cordier]] || (1901–1975) || (1969–1970) || Columbia University
|-
| 16 || [[William J. McGill]] || (1922–1997) || (1970–1980) || Columbia University
|-
| 17 || [[Michael I. Sovern]] || (1931– ) || (1980–1993) || Columbia University
|-
| 18 || [[George Erik Rupp]] || (1942– ) || (1993–2002) || Columbia University
|-
| 19 || [[Lee C. Bollinger]] || (1947– ) || (2002– ) || Columbia University
|}

==Notable Columbians==

{{main|List of Columbia University people}}

===Alumni and attenders===

[[Image:Alexander Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull 1806.jpg|right|thumb|[[Alexander Hamilton]], the most famous attendee of King's College (Columbia's progenitor)]] Two former [[Presidents of the United States]] have attended Columbia. Six Justices of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] and 39 [[Nobel Prize]] winners have obtained degrees from Columbia. Today, three [[United States Senator]]s and 16 current Chief Executives of [[Fortune 500]] companies hold Columbia degrees, as do three of the 25 richest Americans[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_The-400-Richest-Americans_Rank.html].

Attendees of King's College, Columbia's predecessor, included [[Founding Fathers]] [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Jay]], [[Robert Livingston (1746-1813)|Robert R. Livingston]], and [[Gouverneur Morris]]. U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justices [[Harlan Fiske Stone]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and Associate Justice [[Benjamin Cardozo]], as well as former US Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], were all educated at the law school. Former U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] served as President of the University. Other significant figures in American history to attend the university were [[John L. O'Sullivan]], the journalist who coined the phrase "manifest destiny", [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], the geostrategist who wrote on the significance of sea power, and progressive intellectual [[Randolph Bourne]]. Former [[Secretary of State]] [[Alexander Haig]] studied at [[Columbia Business School]] between 1954 and 1955. [[Wellington Koo]], a Chinese diplomat who argued passionately against Japanese and Western imperialism in Asia at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], is a graduate, having honed his debating skills in Columbia's [[Philolexian Society]], as is Dr. [[Bhimrao Ambedkar]], founding father of India and co-author of its constitution. Local politicians have been no less represented at Columbia, including [[Seth Low]], who served as both President of the University and Mayor of the City of New York, and New York governors [[Thomas Dewey]], also an unsuccessful US presidential candidate, [[DeWitt Clinton]], who presided over the construction of the [[Erie Canal]], [[Hamilton Fish]], later to become US Secretary of State, and [[Daniel D. Tompkins]], who also served as a Vice President of the United States.

[[Philip Gunawardena]], a [[Sri Lanka]]n Revolutionary and [[India]]n Freedom Fighter, who was later to be known as "The Father of Socialism in Sri Lanka", joined Columbia in 1925 for his post-graduate studies. He was later to become a Cabinet Minister, instituting far-reaching changes in Sri Lanka's agrarian structure. General, historian, and author [[John Watts de Peyster]], who was influential in the modernization of the [[New York National Guard]], [[New York Police Department]], and the [[Fire Department of New York]], attendeed Columbia College and later received a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A. degree]].

[[Image:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg|left|thumb|[[John Jay]], Founding Father, diplomat and First Chief Justice of the United States]] More recent political figures educated at Columbia include current U.S. Senators [[Barack Obama]] of [[Illinois]],[[Judd Gregg]] of [[New Hampshire]] and [[Frank Lautenberg]] of [[New Jersey]], former U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]], UN weapons inspector [[Hans Blix]], former UN Secretary General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], conservative commentators [[Pat Buchanan|Patrick J. Buchanan]] and [[Norman Podhoretz]], U.S. Supreme Court Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], former chairman of the US Federal Reserve Bank [[Alan Greenspan]], [[George Stephanopoulos]], Senior Advisor to former US President Bill Clinton, [[George Pataki]], the former governor of New York State, and [[Mikhail Saakashvili]], the current President of the country of Georgia. [[Louisiana]] [[Lieutenant Governor]] (1956–1960) [[Lether Frazar]], who was president of two universities in his state, obtained his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1942.

Scientists [[Stephen Jay Gould]], [[Robert Millikan]] and [[Michael Pupin]], cultural historian [[Jacques Barzun]], literary critic [[Lionel Trilling]], sociologists [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] and [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], behavioral psychologist [[Charles Ferster]], poet-professor [[Mark Van Doren]], philosophers [[Irwin Edman]] and [[Robert Nozick]], and economists [[Milton Friedman]], Afghan Finance Minister [[Ashraf Ghani]], [[Daniel C. Kurtzer]], and communications economist [http://www.harveyjlevin.com Harvey J. Levin] all obtained degrees from Columbia.

In culture and the arts, [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]], [[Lorenz Hart]], screenwriters [[Sidney Buchman]] and [[I.A.L. Diamond]], critic and biographer [[Tim Page (music critic)|Tim Page]] and musician [[Art Garfunkel]] are all among Columbia's alumni. The poets [[Langston Hughes]], [[Federico García Lorca]], [[Joyce Kilmer]] and [[John Berryman]], the writers [[Eudora Welty]], [[Isaac Asimov]], [[J. D. Salinger]], [[Upton Sinclair]], [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[Phyllis Haislip]], [[Roger Zelazny]], [[Herman Wouk]], [[Hunter S. Thompson]], and [[Paul Auster]], the playwright [[Tony Kushner]], the architects [[Robert A. M. Stern]], [[Ricardo Scofidio]], [[Peter Eisenman]] and [[Christine Wang]], the composer [[Béla Bartók]] also attended the university. [[Trappist]] monk, author, and humanist [[Thomas Merton]] is an alumnus both as an undergraduate and graduate student, and converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] while attending. Urban theorist and cultural critic [[Jane Jacobs]] spent time at the School of General Studies. Educator [[Elisabeth Irwin]] received her M.A. there in 1923. Television talk show host [[Sally Jesse Raphael]] is a graduate. [[Vampire Weekend]] band members Ezra Koenig, Rostam Batmanglij, Chris Tomson, and Chris Baio.

Baseball legends [[Lou Gehrig]], [[Mo Berg]] (The Catcher Was a Spy) and [[Sandy Koufax]], along with football quarterback [[Sid Luckman]] and sportscaster [[Roone Arledge]], are alumni.

Celebrities who graduated from Columbia include the actors [[Brian Dennehy]], [[Jesse Bradford]], [[Ben Stein]], [[George Segal]], [[Amanda Peet]], [[Rafael Salguero]], [[Maggie Gyllenhaal]], [[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]] (Dr. Jack Shephard in the TV drama ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''), [[Rider Strong]] (Corey's best friend in the [[sitcom]] ''[[Boy Meets World]]'') and [[Julia Stiles]] of ''[[10 Things I Hate about You]]'' and ''[[Save the Last Dance]]'', among other films. [[Anna Paquin]], who won an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for her performance in the ''[[The Piano]]'', also attended Columbia. The actress [[Famke Janssen]] graduated with a degree in writing and literature at Columbia. [[Liza Weil]] of [[Gilmore Girls]] attended as well. The actors [[Ed Harris]] and [[Jake Gyllenhaal]] attended Columbia for a time before dropping out as well. R&B Singer [[Lauryn Hill]] entered Columbia, but left after one year. Another R&B singer, [[Alicia Keys]], was accepted to Columbia but never attended in order to dedicate herself fully to her musical career. Likewise, Japanese-American pop-star [[Utada Hikaru]] opted to pursue a musical career instead of finishing her undergraduate studies at Columbia. In other hand, Korean-American pop-star [[Lena Park]] attended the University in 2006.<ref>[http://www.enter-t.com/music/star_view1.aspx/|http://www.enter-t.com/music/star_view1.aspx/]</ref> Current head of the New York City Planning Department, [[Amanda Burden]], received her masters at Columbia. Radio personality [[Tom Griswold]] of the nationally syndicated morning radio show ''[[The Bob and Tom Show]]'' graduated from Columbia. James Doty, the foremost chef of his generation and the "inventor" or pene a la vodka, is a graduate of Columbia College. Director [[Spike Lee]] has been spotted arriving for an evening class on campus.<ref>http://www.ivyleak.com/node/152|http://www.ivyleak.com/node/152</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2008}}

===Faculty and affiliates===

[[Image:John Dewey.jpg|thumb|left|[[John Dewey]] ]] [[Jacques Barzun]], [[Lionel Trilling]], and [[Mark Van Doren]] were legendary Columbia faculty members as well as graduates, teaching alongside such luminaries as the philosopher [[John Dewey]], American historians [[Richard Hofstadter]], [[John A. Garraty]], [[Charles Beard]] and [[Reinhard H Luthin]], educator [[George Counts]], sociologists [[Daniel Bell]], [[C. Wright Mills]], [[Robert K. Merton]], and [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], and art historian [[Meyer Schapiro]]. The history of the discipline of [[anthropology]] practically begins at Columbia with [[Franz Boas]]. [[Margaret Mead]], a [[Barnard College]] alumna, along with Columbia graduate [[Ruth Benedict]], continued this tradition by bringing the discipline into the spotlight. Nuclear physicists [[Enrico Fermi]], [[John R. Dunning]], [[I. I. Rabi]], and [[Polykarp Kusch]] helped develop the [[Manhattan Project]] at the university, and pioneering geophysicist [[Maurice Ewing]] made great strides in the understanding of plate tectonics. [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] discovered the chromosomal basis for genetic inheritance at his famous "fly room" at the university, laying the foundation for modern genetics. Philosopher [[Hannah Arendt]] was a visiting professor in the 1960s. Noted Chinese author and illustrator, [[Chiang Yee]] taught Chinese from 1955 to 1977, and retired as Emeritus Professor of Chinese. In 1978 [[Frank Daniel]] began his Columbia teaching career, he is most notable for his development of the [[Sequence (film)|sequence paradigm]] of screenwriting.

More recently, architects [[Bernard Tschumi]], [[Santiago Calatrava]] and [[Frank Gehry]] have taught at the school. The postcolonial scholar [[Edward Said]] taught at Columbia, where he spent virtually the entirety of his academic career, until his death in 2003.

Today, celebrated faculty members include string-theory expert [[Brian Greene]], Ricci flow inventor [[Richard Hamilton (professor)|Richard Hamilton]], American historian [[Eric Foner]], Middle Eastern studies expert [[Richard Bulliet]], Eric Kandel, a nobel prize winner who conducted fundamental research in neuroscience, New York City historian [[Kenneth T. Jackson]], Je Tsong Khapa Professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies [[Robert Thurman]], composers [[Tristan Murail]], [[Fred Lerdahl]] and [[George Lewis]], literary theorist [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]], philosopher [[Philip Kitcher]], British historian [[Simon Schama]], art historian [[Rosalind Krauss]], director [[Mira Nair]], East Asian studies expert [[Wm. Theodore de Bary|William Theodore de Bary]], scientist, critic, writer and physician [[Oliver Sacks]], Turkish author and Nobel prize winner [[Orhan Pamuk]], and economists [[Jeffrey Sachs]], [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Edmund Phelps]], [[Xavier Sala-i-Martin]], [[Robert Mundell]].

In November and December, 2006, [[Václav Havel]] spent eight weeks as an [[artist-in-residence]] at Columbia University.<ref>{{cite web|year = [[June 21]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/06/06/havel.html | title = Václav Havel, Artist in Residence at Columbia This Fall | work = Columbia News | publisher = Columbia University | accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref>

[[Sunil Gulati]], President of [[US Soccer]], is a professor of Economics at the University.

===Fictitious Columbians===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=February 2008}}
In ''[[Spider-Man]]'' films directed by [[Sam Raimi]], Peter Parker attains his powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider at a Columbia laboratory, and later attends the school. The [[Marvel Comics]] superhero [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]] attended Columbia Law School and finished at the top of his class.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Willie Keith, the protagonist in [[Herman Wouk]]'s ''[[The Caine Mutiny]]'', is a Columbia student when he signs up for the Navy at the beginning of World War II; Wouk specifically refers to the campus, including buildings such as Furnald Hall. ''[[Law & Order]]'' prosecutor [[Jamie Ross]] (later a judge on ''[[Law & Order: Trial by Jury]]'') attended Columbia Law. [[Meadow Soprano]], of the television series ''[[The Sopranos]]'', attends Columbia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hbo.com/sopranos/cast/character/meadow_soprano.shtml | title = Meadow Soprano, played by Jamie-Lynn Sigler | work = The Sopranos|publisher = HBO|accessdate = 2006-08-10}}</ref> Michael Moscovitz, a character in the ''[[The Princess Diaries]]'' series by [[Meg Cabot]], also attends Columbia University. On the [[NBC]] [[sitcom]] ''[[Will & Grace]]'', both main characters, [[Will Truman]] and [[Grace Adler]], played by [[Eric McCormack]] and [[Debra Messing]], respectively, were Columbia graduates.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]]) from ABC's ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' graduated from [[Columbia University Medical Center]]. [[Jessie Spano]] from ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'' attended Columbia University in the show's spin-off. [[Jessica Darling]], the protagonist of [[Megan McCafferty]]'s ''Sloppy Firsts, Second Helpings, and Charmed Thirds'', attends Columbia. Dr. Joel Fleishman ([[Rob Morrow]]) on the television series ''[[Northern Exposure]]'' was a graduate of Columbia. Valerie Tyler in the TV show ''[[What I Like About You (TV series)|What I Like About You]]'' is a Columbia graduate.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Carol Seaver from the family sitcom ''[[Growing Pains]]'' ([[Tracey Gold]]) also attended the university.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In ''[[How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days]]'', Andie Anderson ([[Kate Hudson]]) graduated from Columbia Journalism. In the film ''[[I Think I Love My Wife]]'', Richard Cooper ([[Chris Rock]]) held an [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A.]] degree from Columbia (An M.B.A. diploma from Columbia can be seen hanging on the wall in the character's office). [[Marshall Eriksen]] of ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' is a Columbia Law school graduate.{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

== In film, television, and the arts ==

Movies featuring scenes shot on the Morningside campus include:

[[Image:Scarlett Johansson on Columbia campus.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Scarlett Johansson]] at Columbia University during the shooting of [[The Nanny Diaries (film)|''The Nanny Diaries'']].]]
[[Image:Columbia University fountain.jpg|thumb|right|300px|One of the fountains in Columbia University]]

* ''[[3 lbs|3 Lbs]]'' 
* ''[[A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy]]'' 
* ''[[Altered States]]'' 
* ''[[Anger Management]]'' 
* ''[[Awakenings]]'' 
* ''[[Black and White (movie)|Black and White]]'' 
* ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' 
* ''[[Crimes and Misdemeanors]]'' 
* ''[[Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind]]''
* ''[[Everyone Says I Love You]]'' 
* ''[[Ghostbusters]]''
* ''[[Ghostbusters II]]''
* ''[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]''
* ''[[Hitch (film)|Hitch]]''
* ''[[K-PAX (film)|K-PAX]]''
* ''[[Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna]]''
* ''[[Kinsey (film)|Kinsey]]''
* ''[[Malcolm X (film)|Malcolm X]]''
* ''[[Manhattan (film)|Manhattan]]''
* ''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]''
* ''[[The Mirror Has Two Faces]]''
* ''[[Mona Lisa Smile]]''
* ''[[The Nanny Diaries (film)|The Nanny Diaries]]''
* ''[[New York Minute (movie)|New York Minute]]''
* ''[[Porn 'n Chicken]]''
* ''[[The Producers: The Movie Musical]]''
* ''[[P.S.]]''
* ''[[Simon]]''
* ''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]''
* ''[[Spider-Man 2]]''
* ''[[Stay]]''
* ''[[Tadpole (film)|Tadpole]]''
* ''[[Thirteen Conversations About One Thing]]''

Movies or shows with significant portrayals of Columbia alumni or students:

* ''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]'' - [[Dustin Hoffman]] plays a Columbia graduate student studying history.
* ''[[Husbands and Wives]]'' - [[Woody Allen]] plays a Barnard professor in love with his Barnard student, played by [[Juliette Lewis]].
* ''[[Finding Forrester]]'' - William Forrester bears a likeness to [[J. D. Salinger]], a Columbia alumnus.
* ''[[Hitch (film)|Hitch]]'' - Alex Hitchinson, played by [[Will Smith]], went to Columbia. He met a girl there and fooled around in the stacks of Butler Library.
* ''[[Igby Goes Down]]'' - Igby's elder brother, the class-conscious snob attends Columbia University
* ''[[The Pride of the Yankees]]'' - Biopic of Lou Gehrig, who attended Columbia in the 1920s.
*''[[Quiz Show]]'' - Noted alum [[Charles Van Doren]] and the [[Twenty One (game show)|quiz show scandal]] of the 1950s.
* ''[[Real Women Have Curves]]'' - Ana, ([[America Ferrera]]), wins a scholarship to Columbia and leaves for college near the end of the movie.
* ''[[The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants]]'' - Eric, [[Mike Vogel]], is a student at Columbia.
* ''[[The Sopranos]]'' - the daughter of [[Tony Soprano]] is an undergraduate Columbia student.
* ''[[Nip/Tuck]]'' - [[Dr. Erica Noughton]], the mother of Julia McNamara, is a Columbia alumna with a Ph. D in clinical psychology.
* ''[[The Rock (film)]]'' - Nicholas Cage's character, Stanley Goodspeed, is a Columbia alumnus.
* ''[[Will & Grace]]'' - In one episode, [[Will Truman]] says, "Oh, Harvard. I went to Columbia, which is just as good, no matter what my parents say.";<ref>Wrubel, Bill (2003), "Nice in White Satin", ''Will & Grace,'' Episode 6.07, original airdate [[November 13]], [[2003]], as transcribed at the Twiztv website[http://www.twiztv.com/scripts/willandgrace/season6/willandgrace-607.htm]</ref> the show's other title character, [[Grace Adler]], also went to Columbia.
* ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'' - Jessie Spano attends Columbia
* ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' - Marshall Eriksen is a Law student at Columbia. Many references are made to the school, including some episodes where his life as a student has a key factor in the plot.
* ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' - Both [[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]] and his character, Dr. Jack Shephard, are Columbia alumni.
* "[[Clark and Michael]]" - In the last episode of the Internet TV show, Clark Duke is accepted to Columbia University but chooses not to go after his and Michael Cera's fictional TV show, "The Family Cruise", is picked up by CBS.
Currently shooting on or near the University's campus:
* ''[[August Rush]]''
* ''[[What I Like About You (TV series)|What I Like About You]]''- Val's character is an alumna of Columbia, and Holly goes for an interview at the campus, but then decided the college isn't right for her.
* ''[[7th Heaven]]'' - [[Matt Camden|Matt]] and Sarah (Glass) Camden were students here until they graduated just after the 10th season finale.
Recording artist [[Nellie McKay]] has released a song on her second album ''[[Pretty Little Head]]'', entitled "Columbia Is Bleeding", discusses alleged animal abuse as part of the practice of [[animal testing]] at Columbia University.

== In geography ==

The [[Columbia Glacier (Alaska)|Columbia Glacier]], one of the largest in [[Alaska]]'s [[College Fjord]], is named after the university, where it sits among other glaciers named for the [[Ivy League]] and [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] schools. [[Mount Columbia (Colorado)|Mount Columbia]] in the [[Collegiate Peaks Wilderness]] of [[Colorado]] also takes its name from the university and is situated among peaks named for [[Mount Harvard|Harvard]], [[Mount Yale|Yale]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].

==See also==
* [[Education in New York City]]
* [[List of Columbia University people]]
**[[List of Columbia College people]]
** [[List of Columbia Law School alumni]]
* [[Nobel laureates by university affiliation]]
* ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]''
* ''[[The Blue and White]]''
* ''[[WKCR]]''
* ''[[Jester of Columbia]]''
* The [[Varsity Show]]
* [[The Philolexian Society]]
* [[Columbia University Tunnels]]
* [[Columbia University Library System]]
* [[Medical School for International Health]]
* [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]]
* [[Go Ask Alice!]]
* The [[Pulitzer Prize]]
* The [[Bancroft Prize]]
* [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]
* [[John Bates Clark Medal]]
* [[Columbia University Marching Band]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/ Columbia University] - Official website
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/ Columbia Libraries]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/prospective_students/index.html Admissions]
* [http://www.columbiaspectator.com/ Columbia Daily Spectator] - Student newspaper
* [http://alumni.columbia.edu/ Columbia Connection] - Alumni website
* [http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ Columbia Athletics]
* [http://www.Theschool.columbia.edu The School At Columbia, A school for Columbia Faculty and for neighborhood children]
{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|40.808783|-73.962278}}

{{Columbia}}
{{Ivy_League}}
{{Association of American Universities}}
{{New York City}}
{{Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges}}
{{NYC Colleges}}

[[Category:Columbia University]]
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[[Category:Ivy League]]
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in New York City]]
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in New York]]
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Columbia University

2008-02-25T10:38:53Z

Bollywoodbombay:

2008-02-25T10:35:59Z

Bollywoodbombay:

Ulhasnagar

2008-02-25T10:35:17Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* References */

{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |
native_name = Ulhasnagar |
type = city |
latd = 19.22 | longd = 73.15|
locator_position = right |
state_name = Maharashtra |
district = [[Thane district|Thane]] |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
altitude = 19|
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 472,943|
population_density = |
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone = STD code 0251|
postal_code =421001-5 |
vehicle_code_range = MH-05|
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website = www.umc.gov.in|
footnotes = |
}}
'''Ulhasnagar''' ([[Hindi_language|Hindi]]/[[Marathi_language|Marathi]] : उल्हासनगर) is a city located on coast of the [[West India]], approximately 60 [[kilometers]] (37 miles) northeast of the City of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), in the [[Thane district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Ulhasnagar, also referred as '''Sindhunagar''', has an estimated population of 472,943 people (2001).<ref>[http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/basic_councils.htm Mumbai Councils]</ref>
The name derives from the [[Ulhas river]] which flows through it.

Over the years, the city has grown a reputation for lawlessness, and is known for its gang warfare; it is said that
"There was a time when there would be a killing in Ulhasnagar every Tuesday."<ref name=dons>
{{cite news
| title = The States: Dons in a new role
| author = Dionne Bunsha
| publisher = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217001704400.htm
| date = [[2004-12-17]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref> While its image has improved in recent times, it remains one of
the cities that has continuously sent a gangster to the legislature;
don [[Pappu Kalani]] has won four state elections here, two of them while he was in jail on charges including several murders.<ref name=surat>{{cite news
| title = Pappu Kalani is free: bluster intact, not his base
| author = Tanushree Chakraborty
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010906/top6.html
| date = September 06, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Geography and Demographics==

Ulhasnagar is located at {{coor d|19.22|N|73.15|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Ulhasnagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ulhasnagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 19 [[metre]]s (62 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]).

[[As of 2001]] India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Ulhasnagar had a population of 472,943. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ulhasnagar has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Ulhasnagar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==

After the [[partition of India]], over 100,000 [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] [[refugees]] from the newly created West [[Pakistan]] were relocated to deserted military camps five kilometers from [[Kalyan]]. The area was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then [[Governor-general of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (literally 'city of joy'; ''ulhas''=joy; ''nagar''=city).

A suburban railway station was built in 1955. Five years later in January 1960 Ulhasnagar Municipality was formed, with Arjun K. Ballani as first chief, and a municipal council was nominated. In 1965, elections to this council were held for the first time. Now this 22 square kilometer area has 350,000 people of Sindhi descent, the largest enclave of this ethnic group in India. The town lies outside [[Mumbai]] city but within the [[Mumbai Conurbation]].

The Sindhi community flourished as a business group, though it became well known for duplicate products, often on the borders of legality: for a good part of the 70s and 80s ‘Made in USA’ meant ‘Made in Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association’. While this helped the local businesses flourish for a while, the city was seen as nothing more than a counterfeiters’ paradise and soon the rot set in. Illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units and high levels of pollution, all began to plague the town.<ref name=ecotimes>
{{cite news
| title = Pappu's Ulhasnagar gambit may backfire
| author = Girish Kuber
| publisher = [[Economic Times]]
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Pappus_Ulhasnagar_gambit_may_backfire/articleshow/msid-1102026,curpg-2.cms
| date = [[2007-01-09]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

Business grew, and the Ulhasnagar turnover was estimated at [[Rs]]. 1,000 [[crore]]s (US$ 200 million) in 1995. The duplicate goods image gradually
wore off, but the lawlessness continued, particularly in illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units, and high levels of pollution. Consequently, politicians started to charge money to look the other way, and
by 1999, each corpora tor in the municipality was said to be making 5 to ten lakhs in "protection money".<ref name=pelf>
{{cite news
| title = Three Ps rule Ulhas: Pelf, Politicians & Pappu
| author = Yogesh Pawar
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990303/ige03076p.html
| date = 1999-03-03
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Places to Visit==

The city is served by 5 [[Postal Index Number|pincodes]] 421001 to 421005 and these sections are referred to as camps 1 to 5 by the local residents.

There are interesting places to visit in Ulhasnagar like temples, gardens and shopping areas. Camp 2 and 3 have areas marked for local shopping. Ulhasnagar is a good place to bargain and get good deals on clothes, furniture & electronics.

There city also has gardens and parks like Gol Maidan, Sapna Garden, Netaji Garden etc. The biggest one is Gol Maidan (Gol means Circle) which has rides for children, cricket ground, jogging track, and also some yoga and meditation centers.

There are various famous temples and landmarks in and around Ulhasnagar like Swami Shanti Prakash Temple, Swami Shanti Prakash Chowk, Statue of Swami Shanti Prakash, Puj Jhulelal Mandir - Temple ([[Jhulelal]] is God of water worshiped by Sindhis).

==Shopping==

Ulhasnagar is famous for its products, be it clothes or furniture or electronics or jewellery. Earlier it was infamous for being a smuggler's haven and duplicate item sales but this has changed in the recent past. Today people from Mumbai or Thane come to Ulhasnagar for shopping. Bargaining is the mantra and one can get some of the best deals around in wholesale or retail.

There is a famous saying "The person who can trade in Ulhasnagar, can trade in any part of this world". Goods are exported throughout the nation and some parts of world.

==Transport==

One can reach Ulhasnagar by road or railway. By using Mumbai suburban railway (Central branch) one can reach Ulhasnagar by alighting at stations like [[Kalyan]] and [[Shahad]] stations which are near camp 1 and 2 or Ulhasnagar and Vithalwadi stations which are close to rest of the camps. The city is serviced by [[autorickshaw]] for travel from Mumbai and [[Thane]] as well as intra city transport.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/ulhasnagar.html First online reference to Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com/bdirectory1.php Ulhasnagar Online Business Directory]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com Very Informative site for Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=19230000&x=73150000&z=13&l=0&m=a&v=2 Ulhasnagar on WikiMapia]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/in/ulhasnagar/maps.htm Ulhasnagar Maps]

{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway,Central|'''Ulhasnagar'''|Central|Ambarnath |Vithalwadi | 25 | 58 | 2}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai]]

[[bn:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[de:Ulhasnagar]]
[[hi:उल्हासनगर]]
[[bpy:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[id:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pl:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pt:Ulhasnagar]]

Ulhasnagar

2008-02-25T10:34:43Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* Shopping */

Ulhasnagar

2008-02-25T10:34:14Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* Places to Visit */

{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |
native_name = Ulhasnagar |
type = city |
latd = 19.22 | longd = 73.15|
locator_position = right |
state_name = Maharashtra |
district = [[Thane district|Thane]] |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
altitude = 19|
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 472,943|
population_density = |
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone = STD code 0251|
postal_code =421001-5 |
vehicle_code_range = MH-05|
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website = www.umc.gov.in|
footnotes = |
}}
'''Ulhasnagar''' ([[Hindi_language|Hindi]]/[[Marathi_language|Marathi]] : उल्हासनगर) is a city located on coast of the [[West India]], approximately 60 [[kilometers]] (37 miles) northeast of the City of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), in the [[Thane district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Ulhasnagar, also referred as '''Sindhunagar''', has an estimated population of 472,943 people (2001).<ref>[http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/basic_councils.htm Mumbai Councils]</ref>
The name derives from the [[Ulhas river]] which flows through it.

Over the years, the city has grown a reputation for lawlessness, and is known for its gang warfare; it is said that
"There was a time when there would be a killing in Ulhasnagar every Tuesday."<ref name=dons>
{{cite news
| title = The States: Dons in a new role
| author = Dionne Bunsha
| publisher = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217001704400.htm
| date = [[2004-12-17]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref> While its image has improved in recent times, it remains one of
the cities that has continuously sent a gangster to the legislature;
don [[Pappu Kalani]] has won four state elections here, two of them while he was in jail on charges including several murders.<ref name=surat>{{cite news
| title = Pappu Kalani is free: bluster intact, not his base
| author = Tanushree Chakraborty
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010906/top6.html
| date = September 06, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Geography and Demographics==

Ulhasnagar is located at {{coor d|19.22|N|73.15|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Ulhasnagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ulhasnagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 19 [[metre]]s (62 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]).

[[As of 2001]] India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Ulhasnagar had a population of 472,943. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ulhasnagar has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Ulhasnagar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==

After the [[partition of India]], over 100,000 [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] [[refugees]] from the newly created West [[Pakistan]] were relocated to deserted military camps five kilometers from [[Kalyan]]. The area was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then [[Governor-general of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (literally 'city of joy'; ''ulhas''=joy; ''nagar''=city).

A suburban railway station was built in 1955. Five years later in January 1960 Ulhasnagar Municipality was formed, with Arjun K. Ballani as first chief, and a municipal council was nominated. In 1965, elections to this council were held for the first time. Now this 22 square kilometer area has 350,000 people of Sindhi descent, the largest enclave of this ethnic group in India. The town lies outside [[Mumbai]] city but within the [[Mumbai Conurbation]].

The Sindhi community flourished as a business group, though it became well known for duplicate products, often on the borders of legality: for a good part of the 70s and 80s ‘Made in USA’ meant ‘Made in Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association’. While this helped the local businesses flourish for a while, the city was seen as nothing more than a counterfeiters’ paradise and soon the rot set in. Illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units and high levels of pollution, all began to plague the town.<ref name=ecotimes>
{{cite news
| title = Pappu's Ulhasnagar gambit may backfire
| author = Girish Kuber
| publisher = [[Economic Times]]
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Pappus_Ulhasnagar_gambit_may_backfire/articleshow/msid-1102026,curpg-2.cms
| date = [[2007-01-09]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

Business grew, and the Ulhasnagar turnover was estimated at [[Rs]]. 1,000 [[crore]]s (US$ 200 million) in 1995. The duplicate goods image gradually
wore off, but the lawlessness continued, particularly in illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units, and high levels of pollution. Consequently, politicians started to charge money to look the other way, and
by 1999, each corpora tor in the municipality was said to be making 5 to ten lakhs in "protection money".<ref name=pelf>
{{cite news
| title = Three Ps rule Ulhas: Pelf, Politicians & Pappu
| author = Yogesh Pawar
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990303/ige03076p.html
| date = 1999-03-03
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Places to Visit==

The city is served by 5 [[Postal Index Number|pincodes]] 421001 to 421005 and these sections are referred to as camps 1 to 5 by the local residents.

There are interesting places to visit in Ulhasnagar like temples, gardens and shopping areas. Camp 2 and 3 have areas marked for local shopping. Ulhasnagar is a good place to bargain and get good deals on clothes, furniture & electronics.

There city also has gardens and parks like Gol Maidan, Sapna Garden, Netaji Garden etc. The biggest one is Gol Maidan (Gol means Circle) which has rides for children, cricket ground, jogging track, and also some yoga and meditation centers.

There are various famous temples and landmarks in and around Ulhasnagar like Swami Shanti Prakash Temple, Swami Shanti Prakash Chowk, Statue of Swami Shanti Prakash, Puj Jhulelal Mandir - Temple ([[Jhulelal]] is God of water worshiped by Sindhis).

==Shopping==

Ulhasnagar is famous for its products, be it clothes or furniture or electronics or jewellery. Earlier it was infamous for selling duplicate stuff but this has changed in the recent past. Today people from Mumbai or Thane come to Ulhasnagar for shopping. Bargaining is the mantra and one can get some of the best deals around in wholesale or retail.

There is a famous saying "The person who can trade in Ulhasnagar, can trade in any part of this world". Goods are exported throughout the nation and some parts of world.

==Transport==

One can reach Ulhasnagar by road or railway. By using Mumbai suburban railway (Central branch) one can reach Ulhasnagar by alighting at stations like [[Kalyan]] and [[Shahad]] stations which are near camp 1 and 2 or Ulhasnagar and Vithalwadi stations which are close to rest of the camps. The city is serviced by [[autorickshaw]] for travel from Mumbai and [[Thane]] as well as intra city transport.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/ulhasnagar.html First online reference to Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com/bdirectory1.php Ulhasnagar Online Business Directory]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com Very Informative site for Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=19230000&x=73150000&z=13&l=0&m=a&v=2 Ulhasnagar on WikiMapia]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/in/ulhasnagar/maps.htm Ulhasnagar Maps]

{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway,Central|'''Ulhasnagar'''|Central|Ambarnath |Vithalwadi | 25 | 58 | 2}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai]]

[[bn:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[de:Ulhasnagar]]
[[hi:उल्हासनगर]]
[[bpy:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[id:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pl:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pt:Ulhasnagar]]

Ulhasnagar

2008-02-25T10:34:03Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* Places to Visit */

{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |
native_name = Ulhasnagar |
type = city |
latd = 19.22 | longd = 73.15|
locator_position = right |
state_name = Maharashtra |
district = [[Thane district|Thane]] |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
altitude = 19|
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 472,943|
population_density = |
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone = STD code 0251|
postal_code =421001-5 |
vehicle_code_range = MH-05|
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website = www.umc.gov.in|
footnotes = |
}}
'''Ulhasnagar''' ([[Hindi_language|Hindi]]/[[Marathi_language|Marathi]] : उल्हासनगर) is a city located on coast of the [[West India]], approximately 60 [[kilometers]] (37 miles) northeast of the City of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), in the [[Thane district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Ulhasnagar, also referred as '''Sindhunagar''', has an estimated population of 472,943 people (2001).<ref>[http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/basic_councils.htm Mumbai Councils]</ref>
The name derives from the [[Ulhas river]] which flows through it.

Over the years, the city has grown a reputation for lawlessness, and is known for its gang warfare; it is said that
"There was a time when there would be a killing in Ulhasnagar every Tuesday."<ref name=dons>
{{cite news
| title = The States: Dons in a new role
| author = Dionne Bunsha
| publisher = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217001704400.htm
| date = [[2004-12-17]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref> While its image has improved in recent times, it remains one of
the cities that has continuously sent a gangster to the legislature;
don [[Pappu Kalani]] has won four state elections here, two of them while he was in jail on charges including several murders.<ref name=surat>{{cite news
| title = Pappu Kalani is free: bluster intact, not his base
| author = Tanushree Chakraborty
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010906/top6.html
| date = September 06, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Geography and Demographics==

Ulhasnagar is located at {{coor d|19.22|N|73.15|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Ulhasnagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ulhasnagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 19 [[metre]]s (62 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]).

[[As of 2001]] India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Ulhasnagar had a population of 472,943. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ulhasnagar has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Ulhasnagar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==

After the [[partition of India]], over 100,000 [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] [[refugees]] from the newly created West [[Pakistan]] were relocated to deserted military camps five kilometers from [[Kalyan]]. The area was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then [[Governor-general of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (literally 'city of joy'; ''ulhas''=joy; ''nagar''=city).

A suburban railway station was built in 1955. Five years later in January 1960 Ulhasnagar Municipality was formed, with Arjun K. Ballani as first chief, and a municipal council was nominated. In 1965, elections to this council were held for the first time. Now this 22 square kilometer area has 350,000 people of Sindhi descent, the largest enclave of this ethnic group in India. The town lies outside [[Mumbai]] city but within the [[Mumbai Conurbation]].

The Sindhi community flourished as a business group, though it became well known for duplicate products, often on the borders of legality: for a good part of the 70s and 80s ‘Made in USA’ meant ‘Made in Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association’. While this helped the local businesses flourish for a while, the city was seen as nothing more than a counterfeiters’ paradise and soon the rot set in. Illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units and high levels of pollution, all began to plague the town.<ref name=ecotimes>
{{cite news
| title = Pappu's Ulhasnagar gambit may backfire
| author = Girish Kuber
| publisher = [[Economic Times]]
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Pappus_Ulhasnagar_gambit_may_backfire/articleshow/msid-1102026,curpg-2.cms
| date = [[2007-01-09]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

Business grew, and the Ulhasnagar turnover was estimated at [[Rs]]. 1,000 [[crore]]s (US$ 200 million) in 1995. The duplicate goods image gradually
wore off, but the lawlessness continued, particularly in illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units, and high levels of pollution. Consequently, politicians started to charge money to look the other way, and
by 1999, each corpora tor in the municipality was said to be making 5 to ten lakhs in "protection money".<ref name=pelf>
{{cite news
| title = Three Ps rule Ulhas: Pelf, Politicians & Pappu
| author = Yogesh Pawar
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990303/ige03076p.html
| date = 1999-03-03
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Places to Visit==

The city is served by 5 [[Postal Index Number|pincodes]] 421001 to 421005 and these sections are referred to as camps 1 to 5 by the local residents.

There are interesting places to visit in Ulhasnagar like temples, gardens and shopping areas. Camp 2 and 3 have areas marked for local shopping. Ulhasnagar is a good place to bargain and get good deals on clothes, furniture & electronics.

There city also has gardens and parks like Gol Maidan, Sapna Garden, Netaji Garden etc. The biggest one is Gol Maidan (Gol means Circle) which has rides for children, cricket ground, jogging track, and also some yoga and meditation centers.

There are various famous temples and landmarks in and around Ulhasnagar like Swami Shanti Prakash Temple, Swami Shanti Prakash Chowk, Statue of Swami Shanti Prakash, Puj Jhulelal Mandir - Temple ([[Jhulelal]] is God of water worshiped by Sindhis).

==Shopping==

Ulhasnagar is famous for its products, be it clothes or furniture or electronics or jewellery. Earlier it was infamous for selling duplicate stuff but this has changed in the recent past. Today people from Mumbai or Thane come to Ulhasnagar for shopping. Bargaining is the mantra and one can get some of the best deals around in wholesale or retail.

There is a famous saying "The person who can trade in Ulhasnagar, can trade in any part of this world". Goods are exported throughout the nation and some parts of world.

==Transport==

One can reach Ulhasnagar by road or railway. By using Mumbai suburban railway (Central branch) one can reach Ulhasnagar by alighting at stations like [[Kalyan]] and [[Shahad]] stations which are near camp 1 and 2 or Ulhasnagar and Vithalwadi stations which are close to rest of the camps. The city is serviced by [[autorickshaw]] for travel from Mumbai and [[Thane]] as well as intra city transport.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/ulhasnagar.html First online reference to Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com/bdirectory1.php Ulhasnagar Online Business Directory]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com Very Informative site for Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=19230000&x=73150000&z=13&l=0&m=a&v=2 Ulhasnagar on WikiMapia]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/in/ulhasnagar/maps.htm Ulhasnagar Maps]

{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway,Central|'''Ulhasnagar'''|Central|Ambarnath |Vithalwadi | 25 | 58 | 2}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai]]

[[bn:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[de:Ulhasnagar]]
[[hi:उल्हासनगर]]
[[bpy:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[id:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pl:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pt:Ulhasnagar]]

Ulhasnagar

2008-02-25T10:33:48Z

Bollywoodbombay:

{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |
native_name = Ulhasnagar |
type = city |
latd = 19.22 | longd = 73.15|
locator_position = right |
state_name = Maharashtra |
district = [[Thane district|Thane]] |
leader_title = |
leader_name = |
altitude = 19|
population_as_of = 2001 |
population_total = 472,943|
population_density = |
area_magnitude= sq. km |
area_total = |
area_telephone = STD code 0251|
postal_code =421001-5 |
vehicle_code_range = MH-05|
sex_ratio = |
unlocode = |
website = www.umc.gov.in|
footnotes = |
}}
'''Ulhasnagar''' ([[Hindi_language|Hindi]]/[[Marathi_language|Marathi]] : उल्हासनगर) is a city located on coast of the [[West India]], approximately 60 [[kilometers]] (37 miles) northeast of the City of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), in the [[Thane district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Ulhasnagar, also referred as '''Sindhunagar''', has an estimated population of 472,943 people (2001).<ref>[http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/basic_councils.htm Mumbai Councils]</ref>
The name derives from the [[Ulhas river]] which flows through it.

Over the years, the city has grown a reputation for lawlessness, and is known for its gang warfare; it is said that
"There was a time when there would be a killing in Ulhasnagar every Tuesday."<ref name=dons>
{{cite news
| title = The States: Dons in a new role
| author = Dionne Bunsha
| publisher = [[The Hindu]]
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217001704400.htm
| date = [[2004-12-17]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref> While its image has improved in recent times, it remains one of
the cities that has continuously sent a gangster to the legislature;
don [[Pappu Kalani]] has won four state elections here, two of them while he was in jail on charges including several murders.<ref name=surat>{{cite news
| title = Pappu Kalani is free: bluster intact, not his base
| author = Tanushree Chakraborty
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010906/top6.html
| date = September 06, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Geography and Demographics==

Ulhasnagar is located at {{coor d|19.22|N|73.15|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Ulhasnagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ulhasnagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 19 [[metre]]s (62 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]).

[[As of 2001]] India [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Ulhasnagar had a population of 472,943. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ulhasnagar has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Ulhasnagar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==

After the [[partition of India]], over 100,000 [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] [[refugees]] from the newly created West [[Pakistan]] were relocated to deserted military camps five kilometers from [[Kalyan]]. The area was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then [[Governor-general of India]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (literally 'city of joy'; ''ulhas''=joy; ''nagar''=city).

A suburban railway station was built in 1955. Five years later in January 1960 Ulhasnagar Municipality was formed, with Arjun K. Ballani as first chief, and a municipal council was nominated. In 1965, elections to this council were held for the first time. Now this 22 square kilometer area has 350,000 people of Sindhi descent, the largest enclave of this ethnic group in India. The town lies outside [[Mumbai]] city but within the [[Mumbai Conurbation]].

The Sindhi community flourished as a business group, though it became well known for duplicate products, often on the borders of legality: for a good part of the 70s and 80s ‘Made in USA’ meant ‘Made in Ulhasnagar Sindhi Association’. While this helped the local businesses flourish for a while, the city was seen as nothing more than a counterfeiters’ paradise and soon the rot set in. Illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units and high levels of pollution, all began to plague the town.<ref name=ecotimes>
{{cite news
| title = Pappu's Ulhasnagar gambit may backfire
| author = Girish Kuber
| publisher = [[Economic Times]]
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Pappus_Ulhasnagar_gambit_may_backfire/articleshow/msid-1102026,curpg-2.cms
| date = [[2007-01-09]]
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

Business grew, and the Ulhasnagar turnover was estimated at [[Rs]]. 1,000 [[crore]]s (US$ 200 million) in 1995. The duplicate goods image gradually
wore off, but the lawlessness continued, particularly in illegal construction, unauthorized industrial units, and high levels of pollution. Consequently, politicians started to charge money to look the other way, and
by 1999, each corpora tor in the municipality was said to be making 5 to ten lakhs in "protection money".<ref name=pelf>
{{cite news
| title = Three Ps rule Ulhas: Pelf, Politicians & Pappu
| author = Yogesh Pawar
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990303/ige03076p.html
| date = 1999-03-03
| accessdate = 2007-05-24
}}</ref>

==Places to Visit==

The city is served by 5 [[Postal Index Number|pincodes]] 421001 to 421005 and these sections are referred to as camps 1 to 5 by the local residents.

There are interesting places to visit in Ulhasnagar like temples, gardens and shopping areas. Camp 2 and 3 have areas marked for local shopping. Ulhasnagar is a good place to bargain and get good deals on clothes, furniture & electronics.

There city also has gardens and parks like Gol Maidan, Sapna Garden, Netaji Garden etc. The biggest one is Gol Maidan (Gol means Circle) which has rides for children, cricket ground, jogging track, and also some yoga and meditation centers.

There are various famous temples and landmarks in and around Ulhasnagar like Swami Shanti Prakash Temple, Swami Shanti Prakash Chowk, Statue of Swami Shanti Prakash, Puj Jhulelal Mandir - Temple ([[Jhulelal]] is God of water worshiped by Sindhis).

==Shopping==

Ulhasnagar is famous for its products, be it clothes or furniture or electronics or jewellery. Earlier it was infamous for selling duplicate stuff but this has changed in the recent past. Today people from Mumbai or Thane come to Ulhasnagar for shopping. Bargaining is the mantra and one can get some of the best deals around in wholesale or retail.

There is a famous saying "The person who can trade in Ulhasnagar, can trade in any part of this world". Goods are exported throughout the nation and some parts of world.

==Transport==

One can reach Ulhasnagar by road or railway. By using Mumbai suburban railway (Central branch) one can reach Ulhasnagar by alighting at stations like [[Kalyan]] and [[Shahad]] stations which are near camp 1 and 2 or Ulhasnagar and Vithalwadi stations which are close to rest of the camps. The city is serviced by [[autorickshaw]] for travel from Mumbai and [[Thane]] as well as intra city transport.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/ulhasnagar.html First online reference to Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com/bdirectory1.php Ulhasnagar Online Business Directory]
* [http://www.sindhunagar.com Very Informative site for Ulhasnagar]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=19230000&x=73150000&z=13&l=0&m=a&v=2 Ulhasnagar on WikiMapia]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/in/ulhasnagar/maps.htm Ulhasnagar Maps]

{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway,Central|'''Ulhasnagar'''|Central|Ambarnath |Vithalwadi | 25 | 58 | 2}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai]]

[[bn:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[de:Ulhasnagar]]
[[hi:उल्हासनगर]]
[[bpy:উল্লাসনগর]]
[[id:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pl:Ulhasnagar]]
[[pt:Ulhasnagar]]

Las Palmas

2008-02-25T10:32:49Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* History */

{{redirect6|Las Palmas|the province of Las Palmas|Las Palmas (province)}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:0,5em; background:#FFDEAD;"
!Coat of arms
! Map
|---- bgcolor="#ffc0cb"
| align="center" |
!
|---- bgcolor="#Ffc0cb"
! align="center" | [[Image:Esc laspalmas.jpg|125px]]
! align="center" | [[Image:GC LasPalmasdeGC.png|125px|right]]
|-
! colspan="2" | Statistics
|---- bgcolor="#FFc0cb"
| [[Autonomous Region]]: || [[Canary Islands]]
|---- bgcolor="#Ffc0cb"
| [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]: || [[Las Palmas (province)|Las Palmas]]
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| [[Island]]: || [[Gran Canaria]]
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| [[Area]]: || 100.55 km² some reads 99.77 km²
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| [[Population]]: || 376,953 ''([http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/ ISTAC], 2003)''
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| [[Population density]]: || 3,778.22/km²
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| [[Elevation]]: || [[Atlantic Ocean]] 8 m southern part
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| [[List of postal codes in Spain#35000-35600|Postal code]]: || 35000
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" valign="top"
| [[Geographic coordinate system|Location]]: || {{coord|28.135|-15.435}}
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| ISTAC code: || E-35016
|---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Mayor]]: || [[Jerónimo Saavedra]] ([[PSOE]])

|}

'''Las Palmas de Gran Canaria''' is a [[Spain|Spanish]] city, the capital city of [[Gran Canaria]] which is one of the [[Canary Islands]], in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], 210 kilometers located off the northwestern coast of [[Africa]]. It is also the capital of the [[provinces of Spain|province]] of [[Las Palmas (province)|Las Palmas]] and co-capital of the [[autonomous community]] of the Canary Islands, sharing this status with [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]].

The population of the city of Las Palmas was 377,056 as of [[2006]], making it the largest city in the Canary Islands and the eighth most populous city in Spain. The population of the whole urban area was estimated in 2005 to be 723,629, ranking as the eighth largest metropolitan area in Spain. (Gran Canaria island had 807,049 inhabitants in 2006).

==History==
The city was founded on June 24, [[1478]], with the name "Real de Las Palmas" by [[Juan Rejón]], head of the invading [[Kingdom of Castile|Castilian]] army, before engaging in war with the local [[Guanches]] (aboriginal people of the Canary Islands). In [[1492]], [[Christopher Columbus]] anchored in the Port of Las Palmas (and spent some time on the island) on his first trip to the Americas. He also stopped on the way back to Spain. Today, a museum is named after him - [[Casa Colón]]- in the Vegueta area of the city.

Las Palmas is today a cosmopolitan city. It has three beaches (Las Canteras, Las Alcaravaneras and San Cristobal) and a big sea-port (Puerto de la Luz harbor) - a very important on during the 70s and early 90s (that benefited greatly from the closure of the [[Suez Canal]] during the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]]). Due to its situation as nexus of three continents and its importance as a touristic spot, many foreign workers have migrated and settled in the city. Merchants and traders from [[Africa]], [[China]], [[Russia]] and the [[Middle East]] mingle with one other in the streets of the city's business centers. The [[Korean people|Korean]] and [[Indian people|Indian]] communities are the largest ones, although the majority have been acquiring Spanish citizenship over the years.

[[Image:Vista de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.jpg|left|thumb|350px|View of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria from La Isleta]]

According to a study carried out by Thomas Whitmore, director of research on climatology at [[Syracuse University]] ([[USA]]), the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria enjoys "the best climate in the world."{{fact|date=November 2007}}
The main City Festival ([http://www.promocionlaspalmas.com/sanjuan/ Fiestas de San Juan]) is in June, celebrating the foundation of the City.

The Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria[http://www.laspalmascarnaval.com] is also widely known not only in Spain but worldwide, one of the main attractions for tourists.

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is a sister city of [[San Antonio, Texas]] in the [[United States]], which was founded in [[1718]] by about 25 Canary Islanders.

==Demographics==
{{Demography 4col|450px|1991|1996|2001|2004|354,877|355,563|354,860|376,953}}

==Historical population==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Population !! Density
|-
| [[1991]] || 354,887 || -
|-
| [[1996]] || 355,563 || -
|-
| [[2001]] || 354,863 || 3,513.49km²
|-
| [[2002]] || 370,649 || -
|-
| [[2003]] || 377,760 || 3,755.35/km²
|-
| [[2004]] || 376,953 || 3,778.2/km²
|}

== Attractions ==
[[Image:Catedral de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.jpg|Catedral de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|thumb|right|250px|Cathedral of Canary islands in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
*Auditorio Alfredo Kraus
*Teatro Pérez Gáldos
*Paseo Playa de Las Canteras
*[http://www.museoelder.org/microsite/index.php Museo de las Ciencias ELDER]
*Gabinete Literario
*Museo Casa Colón
*Museo CAAM Centro de Arte Moderno
*Museo Canario
*Castillo de la Luz
*Museo Nestor
*Centro de Teatro insular
*Teatro Cuyas
*CICCA
*International Film Festival
*International Theater and Dance Festival
*Fiestas de San Juan
*El WOMAD
*Triana
*Carnavales de Las Palmas
*Gala Drag queen

== Parks and Squares ==
[[Image:Las palmas canteras.jpg|Las Canteras|thumb|right|250px|Las Canteras beach]]
*Parque de Santa Catalina
*Parque Doramas
*Parque Juan Pablo II
*Parque de la Mayordomia
*Plaza Santa Ana
*Plaza de La Feria
*Plaza de España
*Parque San Telmo
*Fuente Luminosa
*Plaza de Las Ranas
*Plaza de Canarias
*Triana
*Avenida Mésa y López
*Avenida Maritima
*Playa de Las Canteras
*Playa de las Alcaravaneras
*El Confital

==Transportation==
The city is linked with three superhighways including the [[GC1 (Gran Canaria)|GC1]] to the south, the [[GC2 (Gran Canaria)|GC2]] to the west and [[GC3 (Gran Canaria)|GC3]] to the center of the island. The nearest airport is the [[Gran Canaria International Airport]] or the Las Palmas - Gando International Airport located 18 km from the capital.

==Notable Natives and Residents==
*[[Javier Bardem]], a famous [[List of Spanish actors|Spanish actor]] ( Academy Award-winning)
*[[Juan Fernando López Aguilar]] (Former Spanish Minister of Justice)
*[[Alfredo Kraus]], was a [[List of Spanish people|Spanish tenor]], one of the best tenors in the 20th Century
*[[Francisco Kraus]], Spanish Baritone, and a voice teacher.
*[[Benito Pérez Galdós]], one of the best writers in the 19th Century
*[[Jerónimo Saavedra]] (Former Spanish Minister of Education and Science, Minister of Public Administrations of Spain, President of Canaries and now Mayor of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)
*[[Antonia San Juan]], a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[actress]], [[film director|director]] and [[screenwriter]]
*[[Sven Giegold]], a [[List of Germans|German politician]]
*[[Mateo Gil]] (Writer and Film Director)
*[[Juan José Armas Marcelo]], a [[List of Spanish writers|Spanish writer]]
*[[Marta Marrero]], tennis player
*[[José Viera y Clavijo]]
*[[Juan Negrín]], politician
*[[Nicolas Estevanez]], military officer, politician and poet
*[[Magui Serna]], tennis player
*[[Juan Carlos Valerón]], football (soccer) player
*[[Manuel Pablo García Díaz]], football (soccer) player
*[[Antonio Betancort]], football (soccer) player. Former goalkeeper of Real Madrid, Deportivo de La Coruña and U.D. Las Palmas

==External links==
{{commons|:Category:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}}
* [http://www.laspalmascarnaval.com/set.html Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]
* [http://www.festivalcinelaspalmas.com Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival]
* [http://www.teatroydanzalaspalmas.com Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Theater and Dance Festival]
* [http://www.elmuseocanario.com Canarian Museum]
* [http://www.auditorio-alfredokraus.com/ Auditorio Alfredo Kraus ]
* [http://teatroperezgaldos.com/tpg.html Pérez Gáldos Theater]
* [http://www.caam.net CAAM Modern Art Gallery]
* [http://www.museoelder.org Science and Technology Museum]
* [http://www.museonestor.com Nestor Museum]
* [http://www.grancanariacultura.com/museos/ccolon/contenidos.htm Columbus House] [[Image:Las Palmas on world map.jpg|right]]
* [http://www.infecar.es/en/index.php Canary Islands Exhibition Centre]
* [http://teatrocuyas.com/ Cuyas Theater]
* [http://www.laspalmasgc.es City Council]
* [http://www.ulpgc.es/index.php University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]
* [http://www.aspainattraction.com/spain-attractions-il/las-palmas-de-gran-canaria.html Tourist attractions in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center"
|-
| width="35%" |
| width="30%" | '''North:''' [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| width="35%" |
|-
| '''West:''' [[Arucas, Las Palmas|Arucas]]
| '''Las Palmas de Gran Canaria'''
| '''East:''' Atlantic Ocean
|-
|
| '''South:''' [[Santa Brígida, Las Palmas|Santa Brígida]] and [[Telde]]
|
|}

{{Canary Islands-Capitals|Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las}}
{{Gran Canaria|Palmas}}
[[Category:1478 establishments]]
[[Category:Coastal cities|Palmas]]
[[Category:Municipalities in Las Palmas]]
[[Category:Las Palmas province]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Spain]]
[[Category:Settlements established in the 1470s]]

[[ast:Les Palmes de Gran Canaria]]
[[bg:Лас Палмас де Гран Канария]]
[[ca:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[cs:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[da:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[de:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[et:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[es:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[eo:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[eu:Kanaria Handiko Las Palmas]]
[[fr:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[gl:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[hr:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[id:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[it:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[sw:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[lv:Laspalmasa]]
[[lt:Gran Kanarijos las Palmas]]
[[nl:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[ja:ラス・パルマス・デ・グラン・カナリア]]
[[no:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[nn:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[pl:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[pt:Las Palmas]]
[[ru:Лас-Пальмас-де-Гран-Канария]]
[[simple:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[sk:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[sr:Лас Палмас де Гран Канарија]]
[[fi:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[sv:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[tr:Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]]
[[zh:拉斯帕尔马斯]]

Las Palmas

2008-02-25T10:32:37Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* History */

Las Palmas

2008-02-25T10:32:28Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* History */

2008-02-25T10:26:59Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* Hindu Sindhis */

Sindhis

2008-02-25T10:26:51Z

Bollywoodbombay: /* Hindu Sindhis */

Sindhis

2008-02-25T10:26:41Z

Bollywoodbombay:

2008-02-12T00:58:08Z

Bollywoodbombay:

{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |
native_name=Mumbai|
type=metropolitan city |
type_2=capital |
latd = 18.96|longd=72.82 |
locator_position=right |
skyline= DowntownBombay.jpg |650px|
skyline_caption=[[Nariman Point]] & [[Cuffe Parade]] |
state_name=Maharashtra |
district= • [[Mumbai City]] • [[Mumbai Suburban]] |
leader_title=[[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal commissioner]] |
leader_name=[[Jairaj Phatak]] |
leader_title_2=[[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]] |
leader_name_2=[[Shubha Raul]] |
leader_title_3=[[Sherriff|Sherriff]] |
leader_name_3=[[Indu Shahani]] |
altitude=8 |
population_total = 13.3 [[million]] |
per capita income = $31278 |
population_as_of = 2006 |
population_rank = 1st |
population_metropolitan_area = 19700000 |
population_metro_as_of = 2006 |
population_metro_rank = 1st |
population_density = 21880 |
area_magnitude=8 |
area_total=603.45 |
area_telephone= 9122 |
postal_code= 400 xxx |
vehicle_code_range= MH-01—03 |
unlocode=INBOM |
website=www.mcgm.gov.in |
footnotes = |
}}

{{redirect|Bombay}}
'''Mumbai''' ([[Marathi]]: [[:mr:मुंबई|{{lang|mr|मुंबई}}]] ''{{transl|mr|Mumbaī}}'', [[Help:IPA|IPA]]: {{audio|Mumbai_pronunciation.ogg|/ˈmumbəi/}}), formerly known as '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. With an estimated official population of 13 million, it is the largest [[metropolis]] in India and [[List of cities by population|one of the most populous cities]] in the world. With a population of 19 million, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] which includes cities of [[Navi Mumbai]] & [[Thane]], is also the [[world's largest cities|world's 5th most populated]] metropolitan area.

Mumbai is one of the world's top 10 centers of [[commerce]] in terms of global financial flow.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/18mumbai.htm | title = Mumbai among world's top 10 financial flow hubs | date = 2007-06-18 | publisher = Rediff News }}</ref> Mumbai is also the commercial and entertainment capital of India, contributing 25% of industrial output, 40% of maritime trade, and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]]<ref>http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/2299/dscn7619ql4.jpg</ref>. The city houses important financial institutions, such as the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of many [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and numerous [[multinational corporations]]. The city is home to [[Bollywood]], the largest [[film producer|film producer]] in the world. Mumbai attracts migrants from all over India because of the immense employment opportunities and the relatively high [[Standard of living in India|standard of living]].

Located off the [[Konkan|west coast]] of India, on the [[Indian Ocean]], Mumbai has a deep natural sea harbour. The city handles over half of India's passenger traffic and a significant amount of cargo.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Manorama Yearbook 2006 | year = 2006 | publisher = Malayala Manorama | location = Kottayam, India | isbn = 8189004077 }}</ref> Mumbai is also one of the few cities in the world that accommodates a national park, the [[Borivali National Park|Sanjay Gandhi National Park]], within its city limits.

==Names==
The name Mumbai is an [[eponym]], [[Etymology|etymologically]] derived from ''Mumba'' or ''Maha-Amba''— the name of the [[Hindu]] goddess [[Mumbadevi]], and ''Aai'' — mother in [[Marathi]].<ref>{{ cite book | last = Sheppard | first = Samuel T | title = Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City | year = 1917 | publisher = The Times Press | location = Bombay, India | pages = pp 104–105 | id = {{ASIN|B0006FF5YU}} }}</ref> The former name ''Bombay'' had its origins in the 16th century when the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in the area and called the place with various names, which would finally take on the written form ''Bombaim'', still common in current Portuguese use. After the [[British Empire|British]] gained possession in the 17th century, it was [[anglicise]]d to ''Bombay'', although it was known as ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as ''Bambai'' in Hindi, Urdu.<ref>{{ cite book | editor = Sujata Patel & Jim Masselos | title = Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition | chapter = Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism | year = 2003 | publisher = The Oxford University Press | location = Delhi, India | pages = pg 4 | isbn = 0195677110}}</ref> However, even Marathi and Gujarati-speakers commonly used "Bombay" when speaking in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{ cite book | last = Mehta | first = Suketu | title = Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found | year = 2004 | publisher = Penguin | location = Delhi, India | pages = pg 130 | isbn = 0144001594 }}</ref> The name was officially changed to its Marathi pronunciation of ''Mumbai'' in 1995.

[[Image:Mumbai Taj.JPG|thumb|"Mumbai" written in [[Marathi]] script, at the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]]]]

A widespread explanation of the origin of the traditional English name ''Bombay'' holds that it was derived from a Portuguese name meaning ''good bay''.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=MBI&folder=Facts-History | title = Cities Guide: Mumbai | publisher = Economist.com }}</ref> This is based on the fact that ''bom'' (masc.) is Portuguese for ''good'' whereas the English word ''bay'' is similar to the Portuguese ''baía'' (fem., ''bahia'' in old spelling). The normal Portuguese rendering of ''good bay'' would have been ''boa bahia'' rather than the grammatically incorrect ''bom bahia''. However, it is possible to find the form ''baim'' (masc.) for ''little bay'' in sixteenth-century Portuguese.

Other sources have a different origin for the Portuguese [[toponym]] ''Bombaim''. José Pedro Machado's ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa'' ("Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") mentions what is probably the first Portuguese reference to the place, dated from 1516, as ''Benamajambu'' or ''Tena-Maiambu'',<ref>{{ cite book | last = Barbosa | first = Duarte | title = Livro Em Que Dá Relação Do Que Viu E Ouviu No Oriente | year = 1516 | language = Portugese | others = apud Machado, J.P., ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa'' }}</ref> pointing out that "maiambu"' seems to refer to Mumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place is named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, the spelling seems to have evolved to ''Mombayn'' (1525)<ref>Documents from the "Tombo do Estado da Índia" (currently the Historical Archives of Goa or Goa Purabhilekha)</ref> and then ''Mombaim'' (1563).<ref>{{ cite book | last = Orta | first = Garcia da | title = Colóquios Dos Simples E Drogas Da Índia | origyear = 1565 | date = 1891 | language = Portugese | others = apud Machado, J.P., ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa'' }}</ref> The final form ''Bombaim'' appears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gaspar Correia in his ''Lendas da Índia'' ("Legends of India").<ref>{{ cite book | last = Correia | first = Gaspar | title = Lendas da Índia | others = "originally from the 16th century" | year = 1858  }}</ref> J.P. Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the presence of a bay at the place led the English to assume that the noun (''bahia'', "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay, adapted from Portuguese.<ref>{{ cite book | last = Machado | first = José Pedro | title = Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa | others = entry "Bombaim", Volume I | pages = pp. 265-266 }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Mumbai}}

[[Image:Highcourt.jpg|thumb|The [[Bombay High Court]] is a historic example of British colonial architecture in Mumbai]]
[[Image:Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|The [[Gateway of India]] was built to commemorate the visit of [[King George V]] and [[Queen Mary]] to Bombay in December 1911.]]
Present Mumbai was originally an [[archipelago]] of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]].
Artefacts found near [[Kandivali]] in northern Mumbai indicate that these islands had been inhabited since the [[Stone Age]]. Documented evidence of human habitation dates back to 250 BC, when it was known as ''Heptanesia'' ([[Ptolemy]]) ([[Ancient Greek]]: ''A Cluster of Seven Islands''). In the 3rd century BC, the islands formed part of the [[Maurya]] Empire, ruled by the [[Buddhist]] emperor, [[Ashoka|Aşoka]]. During its first few centuries, control over Mumbai was disputed between the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Western Satraps]] and the [[Satavahanas]]. The Hindu rulers of the [[Silhara dynasty|Silhara Dynasty]] later governed the islands until 1343, when the kingdom of [[Gujarat]] annexed them. Some of the oldest edifices of the archipelago – the [[Elephanta Island|Elephanta Caves]] and the [[Banganga Tank|Walkeshwar temple complex]] date from this era.

In 1534, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] appropriated the islands from [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]]. They were ceded to [[Charles II of England]] in 1661, as [[dowry]]<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019061813652 | title = UK Government Foreign and Commonwealth Office | accessdate = 2008-01-06 | date = 2007-06-28 }}</ref> for [[Catherine de Braganza]]. These islands, were in turn leased to the [[British East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[pound sterling|£]]10 [[per annum]]. The company found the deep [[harbour]] on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large [[civil engineering]] projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as the [[Hornby Vellard]], was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438 [[square kilometre|km²]]. In 1853, India's first passenger [[railway]] line was established, connecting Bombay to the town of [[Thane]]. During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief [[cotton]] trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature.

The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{ cite book | last = Dossal | first = Mariam | title = Imperial Designs and Indian Realities. The Planning of Bombay City 1845–1875 | location = Delhi | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 }}</ref> Over the next thirty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of many of the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906, making it the second largest in India after [[Calcutta]]. As capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], it was a major base for the [[Indian independence movement]], with the [[Quit India Movement]] called by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1942 being its most rubric event. After India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of [[Bombay State]]. In the 1950 the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette island which lay to the north.
[[Image:Image-Mumbai fountain.jpg|thumb|[[Flora Fountain]] was renamed [[Hutatma Chowk]], or "Martyr's Square," in memory of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra]] Movement]]
After 1955, when the [[State of Bombay]] was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], there was a demand that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. However, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] opposed this, and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Following a successful protests in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra state was formed with Mumbai as its capital on [[May 1]], [[1960]].

The late 1970s witnessed a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, which saw Mumbai overtake [[Kolkata]] as India's most populous city. This influx caused unrest among local [[Maharashtrian]]s who worried about the loss of culture, jobs, and language.<ref>[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=129954 Raj Thackeray has a point]</ref> The [[Shiv Sena]] Party was formed by [[Balasaheb Thackeray]] for the purpose of securing the interests of Maharashtrians.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/23espec3.htm | title = Know your party | accessdate = 2007-12-05 | author = Ashraf, Syed Firdaus | date = 2004-04-23 | work = Elections 2004 Rediff Special | publisher = Rediff News }}</ref> The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the [[Bombay Riots|riots]] of 1992–93, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. A few months later, on [[March 12]], [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of co-ordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by the [[Mumbai underworld]] killed around three hundred people. In 1995, the city was renamed ''Mumbai'' by the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local appellations. There have also been terrorist attacks, sponsored by Islamic extremists, on public transport buses in past years. In 2006, Mumbai was also the site of a [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|major terrorist attack]] in which over two hundred people were killed when several bombs exploded almost simultaneously on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]].<ref>{{ cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm | title = Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks | date = 2006-09-30 | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2008-08-13 }}</ref>
{{see also|Timeline of Mumbai events}}

==Geography==
[[Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|thumb|The metropolis consists of the Mumbai city, Mumbai suburban district and also the cities of [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Thane]]]]
{{main|Geography of Mumbai}}
Mumbai is located on seven now-merged islands (see [[seven islands of Bombay]]) which are [[Isle of Bombay]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Colaba]], [[Old Woman's Island]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], and [[Salsette Island]]. Mumbai lies at the mouth of [[Ulhas River]] off the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. Much of Mumbai is just above [[sea level]], and the average elevation ranges from {{convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Northern Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 metres (1,450 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]])<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.bhramanti.com/kanheri.html | title = Kanheri, Lungs of Mumbai | accessdate = 2007-12-05 | author = Krishnadas Warrior }}</ref>. Mumbai spans a total area of 603 [[square kilometre|km²]] (233 [[square mile|sq mi]]).

Four lakes supply water to Mumbai: Lakes Vihar, Vaitarna, Tulsi and Tansa. [[Tulsi Lake]] and [[Vihar Lake]] are located within the metropolitan limits, in [[Borivili National Park]], and supply part of the city's drinking water. The waters of a fifth lake also within the city, Powai, is not used. Mumbai also has three small rivers within the city limits originating in the National Park. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, rich in [[biodiversity]]. The western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black [[Deccan]] basalt flows, and their acid and [[basic (chemistry)|basic]] variants dating back to the late [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Eocene]] [[geologic timeline|eras]]. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html | title = The Seismic Environment of Mumbai | publisher = Tata Institute of Fundamental Research | accessdate = 2007-12-06 }}</ref> owing to the presence of three fault lines in the vicinity. The area is classified as a Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the [[Richter]]-scale may be expected.

Mumbai is classified as a metropolis of India, under the jurisdiction of the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]. It consists of two distinct regions — the city and the suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as the ''Island City''.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm | title = MMRDA Projects | accessdate = 2007-12-06 | publisher = Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) }}</ref>

{{See also|List of Mumbai beaches}}

==Climate==
{{main|Weather of Mumbai}}

[[Image:MumbaiClimate.jpg|thumb|Mumbai lies in the [[tropical|tropical zone]]]]

The climate of the city, being in the [[tropical|tropical zone]], and near the [[Arabian Sea]], may be broadly classified into two main seasons — the [[humidity|humid]] season, and the dry season. The humid season, between March and October, is characterized by high humidity and temperatures of over 30 [[Celsius|°C]] (86 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]). The [[monsoon]] rains lash the city between June and September, and supply most of the city's annual [[rainfall]] of 2,200 [[millimetre|mm]] (85 [[inch]]es). The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (135.89 inches) in 1954.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php | title = Mumbai Plan | publisher = Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra) }}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|highest rainfall]] recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37.16 inches) on [[2005-07-26]].<ref>{{ cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1039257 | title = Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day | publisher = Daily News and Analysis | location = Mumbai | date = 2006-07-03 }}</ref>

The dry season, between November and February, is characterized by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February. Annual temperatures range from a high of 38 °C (100 °F) to a low of 11 °C (52 °F). The record high is 43.3 °C (110 °F) and record low is 7.4 °C (45 °F) on [[1962-01-22]].<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm | title = Extreme temperatures | last = Herrera | first = Maximiliano | accessdate = 2007-12-06 }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[Image:Mumbai Downtown.jpg|thumb|[[Cuffe Parade]] is a financial district of Mumbai]]
[[Image:Bombay-Stock-Exchange-2.jpg|thumb|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.]]
[[Image:DSC03239.JPG|thumb|The [[Bandra-Kurla complex|Bandra-Kurla Complex]], a modern business district, has shifted commercial concentration towards the suburbs]]

{{main|Economy of Mumbai}}
Mumbai serves as an important economic hub of the country, contributing 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all [[income tax]] collections, 60% of all [[Customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of all central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of India's [[foreign trade]] and 40 [[1 E9|billion]] [[Indian rupee|Rupees]] ([[US dollar|US$]] 9 billion) in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Manorama Yearbook | publisher = Malayala Manorama | year = 2003 | page = pp 678 | isbn = ISBN 81-900461-8-7 }}</ref> Mumbai's per-capita income is Rs.48,954 which is almost three times the national average.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html | title = Maharashtra - trivia | publisher = Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation | accessdate = 2007-12-07 }}</ref> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including [[State Bank Of India]], [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej]] and [[Reliance]]), and four of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies are based in Mumbai. Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area. Up until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]] and [[information technology]]. Mumbai is home to the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Center]], and most of India's specialized, technical industries, having a modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources. Rising venture capital firms, start-ups and established brands work in [[aerospace]], [[optical engineering]], medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, ship-building and salvaging, and renewable energy and power. The [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)]] also runs oil operations at [[Bombay High]], an offshore oilfield located 160 km off the coast of Mumbai. The [[Bombay High]] supplies 14% of India's oil requirement and accounts for about 38% of all domestic production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombayhigh.com/ |title=Bombay High - Offshore and Maritime Energy News |accessdate= 2008-02-01 |publisher=Bombay High}}</ref> The ''Knowledge City'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bee-india.nic.in/sidelinks/EC%20Award/eca05/Commercial%20Building/DhirubhaiAmbaniKnowledgeCityNaviMumbai.pdf |title= Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City, Navi Mumbai |accessdate= 2008-02-02 |publisher=Bureau of Energy Efficiency India}}</ref> set up by the [[Reliance Communications]] is the largest economy campus in [[India]], located at [[Navi Mumbai]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/companies/companies_r/reliance_infocom/20021227_knowledge_city.html |title= Reliance Infocomm opens Knowledge City in Navi Mumbai |accessdate= 2008-02-02 |publisher=The Information Company Private Limited}}</ref>

Mumbai's status as the state capital means that state and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such [[blue collar]] professions. The port and shipping industry, too, employs many residents, directly or indirectly.

The media industry is another major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, [[Bollywood]] produces the largest number of films per year in the world; and the name Bollywood is a [[portmanteau]] of Bombay and Hollywood. [[Marathi television]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]] are also based in Mumbai.

Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an [[economic boom]] since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and [[Business Process Outsourcing|BPO]] boom in this decade. The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the driver behind the consequent consumer boom. Upward mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending. Mumbai has been ranked 10th among the world's biggest [[commerce|centres of commerce]] in terms of financial flow in a survey compiled by Mastercard Worldwide.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/18mumbai.htm | title = Mumbai among world's top 10 financial flow hubs | date = 2007-06-18 | publisher = Rediff News}}</ref>

One of the largest [[Special Economic Zone]] (''SEZ'') in [[India]] is being set-up in [[Navi Mumbai]]. The ''Navi Mumbai SEZ (NMSEZ)'' will be spread over an area of around 50 square kilometers.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.navimumbaisez.com/home.htm
|title=SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
|accessdate= 2008-01-27
|publisher=S E Z - S p e c i a l E c o n o m i c Z o n e
}}</ref> Another [[Special Economic Zone|SEZ]] known as the ''Maha Mumbai SEZ'' is also being set up in Mumbai. These two twin [[Special Economic Zone|SEZs]] are slated to be the second largest single location SEZ complex in the world.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/25/stories/2006022503740500.htm
|title= Mumbai twin SEZs achieve financial closure
|accessdate= 2008-01-27
|author= Vinod Mathew
|publisher=The Hindu Business Line
}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
{{main|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation}}

The city is administered by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation), with executive power vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal Commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] appointed by the [[Maharashtra#Government|state government]]. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twenty four [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|municipal wards]], five nominated Councillors, and a titular [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]. The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the state political parties field candidates in the elections for Councillors.

The Greater Mumbai forms two [[List of Indian districts|districts]] of Maharashtra, with each district under the jurisdiction of a [[District Collector]]. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the [[Government of India|Central Government]], and oversee the [[Elections in India|national elections]] held in the city.

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="180" style="margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%"
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#cccccc" align="center" | '''City officials'''
|-
| width="15%" | '''[[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]'''
| [[Shubha Raul]]

|-
| '''[[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal Commissioner]]'''
| [[Jairaj Phatak]]

|-
| '''[[Sheriff of Mumbai|Sheriff]]'''
| [[Indu Shahani]]

|}
The [[Mumbai Police]] is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Police Commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. Currently, there are 86 police stations in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mumbaipolice.org/ |title=MUMBAI POLICE : CUSTODIANS OF YOUR TRUST |accessdate= 2008-01-27 |publisher=Mumbai Police}}</ref> The ''Mumbai Fire Brigade'' department is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and 6 Divisional Officers. There are 28 Fire Brigade stations in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mumbaisuburbs.com/mumbai-tourist/mumbai-emergency-services-fire.html |title=Fire Brigade Stations in Mumbai - 101 |accessdate= 2008-02-02 |publisher=Mumbai Travel & Living Guides}}</ref>

Mumbai is the seat of the [[Bombay High Court]], which exercises jurisdiction over the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]], and the [[Union Territory|Union Territories]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the [[Small Causes Court]] for civil matters, and the [[Sessions Court]] for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special TADA (''Terrorist and Disruptive Activities'') court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.

The city elects six members to the [[Indian Parliament|Lok Sabha]] and thirty-four members to the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] (State assembly).

==Transport==
{{main|Public transport in Mumbai}}

Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on [[public transport]] to travel to and from their workplace. Transport systems in Mumbai include the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] buses, taxis, [[auto rickshaw]]s, ferries, and aeroplanes.
[[Image:Mumbai India.jpg|thumb|The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], headquarters of the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]], is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]]]

The city is the headquarters of two [[Indian railways|railway zones]] – the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (formerly known as Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near [[Churchgate]]. The backbone of the city's transport, the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The [[Western Railway]] runs along the western region of the city, while the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] covers most of the central and northeast parts of the metropolis. Both lines extend into the exurbs, each covering a total one-way length of around 125 km. The [[Harbour Line]] is a sub-division of the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]], covering a distance of {{convert|54|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} along the south-eastern section of the city, near the docks, and extending into [[Navi Mumbai]] (New Mumbai). The [[Konkan Railway]] which operates along the [[Konkan]] coast of India, is also headquartered at [[CBD Belapur]] ([[Navi Mumbai]]) in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rail-travel-india.com/railway-zones/konkan/ | title = Konkan Railway | accessdate = 2008-02-08 | publisher = www.rail-travel-india.com}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metro]], an underground and elevated railway system that is currently under construction, is set to become the first truly [[standard gauge]] railway project in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/26/stories/2006052616840400.htm | title = Conflicting views over Mumbai Metro gauge | accessdate = 2008-01-29 |author = Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar | publisher = The Hindu}}</ref> It will run from Versova to Andheri to Ghatkopar when the first phase is completed in 2009. Mumbai is well connected to most parts of [[India]] by the [[Indian Railways]]. Trains originate from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], [[Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai Central]] and [[Bandra|Bandra terminus]]. Mumbai's suburban rail systems carry a total of 2.2 billion passengers every year, one third of the world's population. [[Tram]] services in Mumbai were terminated in 1964 but the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] is mulling a proposal to reintroduce tram services in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/09tram.htm | title = Trams may soon run again in Mumbai | publisher = Rediff.com India Limited | accessdate = 2008-02-10}}</ref>
[[Image:Best cbd wad.jpg|thumb|A [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] bus]]
Public [[buses]] run by BEST (an autonomous body under the BMC) cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Thane]]. Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST runs a total of 3,400 buses,<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp | title = Composition of Bus Fleet | accessdate = 2006-10-12 | publisher = BEST Undertaking }}</ref> ferrying 4.5 million passengers over 340 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor and air-conditioned buses. BEST launched 'disabled friendly' buses on exclusive routes that have low ramps and space for wheelchairs.<ref>{{ cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=193 | title = Now, BEST buses for the disabled | publisher = Daily News & Analysis | date = 2005-08-19 | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref> Apart from [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] buses, [[MSRTC]] buses also provide intercity transport as well as connects Mumbai with other major cities of [[Maharashtra]] and other states. The ''Mumbai Darshan'' is a famed bus service in Mumbai which provides a tranquil and economic way of exploring the various sight seeings in the city.

Black and yellow-metered [[taxis]] traverse most of the metropolis. They can accommodate up to four passengers with luggage. Cool Cabs are blue, air-conditioned taxis that provide a comfortable ride but cost a little more. Gold Cabs, a new luxury service launched recently, are air conditioned and GPS enabled and provide audio and video entertainment.<ref>{{ cite news | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/08/07/stories/2006080702840100.htm | title = Novel scheme for Mumbai taxi drivers | last = Shah | first = Mayur N | accessdate = 2007-12-24 | date = 2006-08-06 | publisher = The Hindu }}</ref> [[Auto rickshaw]]s operate in the suburban areas of Mumbai. Rickshaws run on [[Compressed Natural Gas]], are the main form of hired transport. These three-wheeled vehicles are a quick way to get around. They are the cheapest form of hired transport and can accommodate up to three passengers.
[[Image:Mumbai Airport.jpg|thumb|Domestic Terminal 1B of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]].]]

Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] (formerly, Sahar International Airport) is the busiest airport in India, and caters to cargo and passenger flights. It has two distinct terminals - the domestic terminal commonly called Santacruz Airport situated between the suburbs of Vile Parle and Santacruz, and the international terminal (still popularly called Sahar Airport) situated in the eastern Andheri suburbs. The [[Juhu aerodrome]] was India's first airport, and now hosts a [[flying club]] and a [[heliport]]. The proposed [[Navi Mumbai International airport|Navi Mumbai International Airport]] which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has been sanctioned by the Government and would help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. Mumbai single handedly handles about 25% of the domestic and 38% of the international air passenger traffic in the country.

[[Hovercrafts]] are proposed to serve the west coast of Mumbai.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.msrdc.org/projects/pwt2.html | title = MSRDC - Inland Passenger Water Transport (IPWT) Project along West Coast of Mumbai | accessdate = 2007-12-24 | publisher = Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation Ltd. }}</ref> The Mumbai Water Transport Project will cover 55 km from [[Borivali]] to [[Nariman Point]].<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/Main%20article6.shtml</ref> Ferries from [[Ferry wharf|Ferry Wharf]] allow cheap access to islands and beaches in the area. A Ferry service from [[Vashi]] to [[Gateway of India]] has also been proposed.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=2008020720080207021104484bdb5311b&pageno=1 | title = Ferry good news for Vashi commuters | accessdate = 2008-02-07 | publisher = Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd.}}</ref> With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Manorama Yearbook 2006 | year = 2006 | publisher = Malayala Manorama | location = Kottayam, India | isbn = 8189004077 }}</ref> It is also an important base for the [[Indian Navy]], being the headquarters of the Western Naval Command.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Manorama Yearbook 2003 | year = 2003 | publisher = Malayala Manorama | location = Kottayam, India | pages = pp 524 | isbn = 8189004077 }}</ref>

==Utility services==
[[Image:Mumbai Bmc.jpg|thumb|The BMC headquarters]]

The BMC supplies [[potable water]] to the city, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The water is filtered at [[Bhandup]], which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. The BMC is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 [[metric tonne]]s is transported to dumping grounds in [[Gorai]] in the northwest, [[Mulund]] in the northeast, and [[Deonar]] in the east. [[Sewage]] treatment is carried out at [[Worli]] and [[Bandra]], and disposed off by two independent marine outfalls of {{convert|3.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|3.7|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} at Bandra and Worli respectively. A third outfall at Malad is in the planning stages. The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] has also set up a ''Garbage Control Room'' to take complaints from the public about uncollected garbage. The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] runs 5 electric crematoria, one each in [[Shivaji Park]], [[Sion, Maharashtra|Sion]], [[Chandanwadi, Mumbai|Chandanwadi]], [[Oshiwara]] and [[Chembur]]. As of 1995, there are about 200 public toilets operational in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/amenities/sanitation/waste-disposal.html | title=Management of Sanitation | accessdate=2008-01-30 |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai)}}</ref>

The Mumbai Postal Service is maintained by the Maharashtra Postal Circle, which is an offshoot of the [[Indian Postal Service]]. There are 40 [[Post office]]s in Mumbai<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yellowpages.sulekha.com/mumbai/community-social-services/post-offices/256.htm | title=Post Offices in Mumbai | accessdate=2008-02-05 |publisher=Sulekha.com}}</ref> with the [[General Post Office (Mumbai)|Mumbai General Post Office]] currently being the biggest [[Post office]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.maharashtrapost.gov.in/htmldocs/history.htm | title=History | accessdate=2008-02-05 |publisher=Maharashtra Postal Circle}}</ref> Then Main [[Passport]] Office is located at [[Worli]] in Mumbai and the [[Passport]] Office Annexe is located at [[Prabhadevi]] in Mumbai. The Regional [[Passport]] Office in Mumbai caters to the applicants from ''Greater Mumbai'', [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and [[Beed district|Beed]] districts in [[Maharashtra]], [[Daman District, India|Daman]] and [[Silvassa]] under the Union Territory of [[Daman and Diu|Daman & Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra & Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.bombay-mumbai-hotels.com/passport-office-mumbai.html | title=Passport Office Mumbai | accessdate=2008-02-05 |publisher=Mumbai Hotels & Travel Guide}}</ref> Mumbai has 95 private hospitals<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.karmayog.com/lists/mumpvthospitals.htm | title=95 Private Hospitals in Mumbai / Navi Mumbai / Thane | accessdate=2008-02-06 |publisher=Karmayog - Improve Your World}}</ref> and 72 Municipal Hospitals.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.karmayog.com/lists/mumgovhospitals.htm | title=72 Government / Municipal Hospitals | accessdate=2008-02-06 |publisher=Karmayog - Improve Your World}}</ref> Mumbai houses 48 [[Consul (representative)|Consulates]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaispace.com/business/consulates.htm | title=CONSULATES IN MUMBAI ( INDIA) | accessdate=2008-02-07 |publisher=Mumbai Space}}</ref> and numerous Deputy High Commissions of different countries.

[[Electricity]] is provided by [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] in the island city, and by [[Reliance Energy]], [[Tata Power]], and [[Mahavitaran]] (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] and [[nuclear energy|nuclear]] based. Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity. The largest [[telephone]] service provider is the state-owned [[MTNL]], which held a [[monopoly]] over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile [[Wireless local loop|WLL]] services. [[Cell phone]] coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are [[Vodafone Essar]], [[Airtel]], [[BPL group]], [[Reliance Communications]] and [[Tata Indicom]]. Both [[GSM]] and [[CDMA]] services are available in the city. [[Broadband internet]] penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and [[Tata group|Tata]] being the leading service providers.

Since 1995, many parts of the city also have access to piped gas, provided by Mahanagar Gas Limited, which also provides compressed natural gas to 127 gas stations.

{{See also|Mumbai's water sources}}

==Demographics==
[[Image:Mumbai Skyline.JPG|thumb|Since the 1970s, Mumbai saw a population boom that has made it the 5th most populous city in the world and led to a construction boom]]
[[Image:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] is a famous landmark in Mumbai]]
[[Image:Hiranandani.jpg|thumb|Most of Mumbai's residents live in suburbs like Powai]]
[[Image:Mumbai skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Nariman Point]] is a famous landmark in Mumbai]]
[[Image:Ganesh utsav.jpg|thumb|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]], a popular festival in the city]]
[[Image:Chowpatti.jpg|thumb|[[Girgaum Chowpatti|Chowpatti Beach]] is a popular destination for residents and tourists alike]]

According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai is about 13 million,<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.net/results/millioncities.html | title = Cities with more than one Million Population | accessdate = 2007-08-17 | work = Census of India, 2001 }}</ref> with the population of the urban agglomerate exceeding 16 million.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.net/results/miilion_plus.html | title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population of more than one million in 2001 | accessdate=2007-08-17 | work = Census of India, 2001 }}</ref> As of the 2008 census carried out by the ''World Gazetteer'', ''Greater Mumbai'' has a population of 13,662,885<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan
|title= IIndia: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |accessdate= 2008-01-31 |publisher= World Gazetteer}}</ref> and the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] has a population of 20,870,764.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a
|title= India: metropolitan areas |accessdate= 2008-01-17 |publisher= World Gazetteer}}</ref> The population density is estimated to be about 22,000 persons per square kilometre. The overall literacy rate of the city is above 86%, higher than the national average.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm | title = Census GIS India - Census of India 2001 | year = 2006 | publisher = Census of India }}</ref>
There are 875 females to every 1,000 males – which is lower than the national average, a situation common in Indian cities as many men migrate to cities from rural areas leaving women and children behind.

The religions represented in Mumbai include [[Hindu]]s (68% of the population), [[Muslim]]s (17% of the population), and [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Jains]] (4% each). The remainder are [[Parsi]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, [[Sikh]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[atheist]]s.

According to the 1991 census, the ethnic groups demographics are - [[Maharashtrians]] (42%), [[Gujaratis]] (18%), [[North Indians]] (21%), [[Tamil people]] (3%), [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] (3%), [[Kannadigas]] (5%) and others.

Mumbai has a large [[Multilingualism|polyglot]] population like any other [[Status of Indian cities|metropolitan city]] of India. [[Marathi]], the official language of Maharashtra state is widely spoken. Other languages spoken are [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''[[Bambaiya]]'' – a blend of [[Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Indian English]] and some invented colloquial words are spoken on the streets. English is extensively spoken, and is the principal language of the city's [[white collar]] workforce.

Like other [[metropolises]] in the developing world, Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in [[developing countries]] — widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health, civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. According to 2001 census of India, about 54% of the city's population lives in slums.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3761/is_200609/ai_n17197135/pg_5 |title= India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition |accessdate= 2008-01-19 |author=Haub, Carl, Sharma, O P |publisher= CNET Networks, Inc.}}</ref> Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main jail is the [[Arthur Road Jail]].

{{seealso|Growth of Mumbai|Mumbai statistics}}

==People and Culture==
{{main|Mumbai culture}}

A resident of Mumbai is called a ''[[Mumbaikar]]'', ''Mumbaite'' or ''Bombayite''. Many residents live close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting. Thus, many live a fast-paced life. Mumbai's appetizing foods and cuisines have been influenced by the rich but not too spicy styles of cooking from the surrounding [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] states. Some of the unique and famous palatable specialties include ''Dhan Sak'', ''Khicheri'', ''Bombli Batata Bhaji'', ''Kamag Kakri'', ''Solachi Kadhi'', ''Min Vela Curry'' and ''Curried Bombay Duck''.<ref>{{ cite web
| url = http://www.hillmanwonders.com/cuisines/mumbai_cuisine.htm | title=Mumbai Cuisine | accessdate=2008-01-19 |author=Howard Hillman | publisher=HQP / Hillman Quality Publications}}</ref> Local roadside [[fast food]] includes [[vada pav]], [[panipuri]], paav bhaji, and [[bhelpuri]]. They also enjoy going to [[Irani café]]s. With ''[[McDonald's]]'' outlets and various [[pizzeria]]s persisting in the city, the residents also enjoy [[hamburger]]s and [[pizza]].

Mumbai is the birthplace of [[Indian cinema]] ([[Dadasaheb Phalke]] laid the foundations with his silent movies followed by his [[Marathi cinema|Marathi talkies]]), with the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also boasts of large number of cinemas, including the world's largest [[IMAX]] dome theatre,<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.adlabscinemas.com/imax.asp | title = AdLabs: The IMAX Experience | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | publisher = AdLabsCinemas.com }}</ref> which feature mainstream [[Bollywood]], [[Marathi]] and [[Hollywood]] movies. Many film festivals are avidly attended throughout the year. Besides catering to cinephiles, the city has a thriving theatrical tradition in Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, English and other regional languages.

Contemporary art is well-represented in both government funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded [[art gallery|art galleries]] include The [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] and The [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]. Built in 1833, the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay]] is the oldest [[public library]] in the city. The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] is a renowned museum in the heart of [[South Mumbai]] near the [[Gateway of India]] which houses rare and ancient exhibits of Indian history.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bombaymuseum.org/| title=CHHATRAPATI sHIVAJI mAHARAJ vASTU sANGRAHALAYA | accessdate=2007-01-30 | publisher=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai}}</ref> Mumbai also has a very popular zoo named [[Jijamata Udyaan]] which also harbours a beauteous garden within its boundaries.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mumbainet.com/travel/vjbudyan.htm | title=Veermata Jeejabai Udyan | accessdate=2007-01-30 | publisher=Mumbai on the net}}</ref> The city of Mumbai is home to many well known Indian [[List of Poets from Mumbai|poets]].

Mumbai has two [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the [[Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] and the [[Elephanta Caves]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in | title=India: World heritage sites centre | accessdate=2007-08-09 | publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Popular places in the city are [[Nariman Point]], [[Girgaum Chowpatti|Chowpatti Beach]], [[Juhu Beach]], and [[Marine Drive]]. Essel World <ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.esselworld.com/ | title=Essel World | accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> is an international-style theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mumbainet.com/travel/esselworld.htm | title=Esselworld | accessdate=2008-01-29
| publisher=mumbainet.com}}</ref> Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom, <ref> {{cite web | url =http://www.esselworld.com/waterkingdom/WWW/booking/Booking1.asp | title=WATERKINGDOM | accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> is also located in Mumbai.<ref>{{ cite web
| url =http://www.bombay-india.net/travel/waterkingdom.html | title=Water Kingdom | publisher=My CityPedia Publications | accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> Other popular water parks near Mumbai which have a great deal of merriment include Shangrila Water Park<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.shangrilawaterpark.com/ | title=Shangrila Resort & Waterpark |accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>, Nishiland Water Park<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.nishilandwaterpark.com/ | title=Nishiland Water Park |accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> and Suraj Water Park.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.arunmuchhalagroups.com/waterpark.htm | title=Welcome to Suraj Water Park |accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>

Mumbai residents celebrate [[Western culture|Western]] and [[Indian festivals]] with great fanfare. Festivals and celebrations are observed by residents of all communities and religions. [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Christmas]], [[Navratri]], [[Good Friday]], [[Eid]], [[Dussera]], [[Moharram]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Durga Puja]] and [[Maha Shivratri]] are some of the most popular festivals in the city. The ''Kala Ghoda Festival'' is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artistes in the fields of music, dance, theater, film and all the genres of art that make for the vibrantly rich culture of Mumbai.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ | title=Kala Ghoda Association | accessdate=2008-02-06}}</ref> A week long fair known as the ''Bandra Fair'' or the ''Mount Mary Festival'' is celebrated by people of all faiths.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,320375/683/record.html | title=Mount Mary Festival/ Bandra Fair | accessdate=2008-01-18 | publisher=wcities.com}}</ref> The ''Banganga Festival'' is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January which is organised by the ''Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC)'' at the historic [[Banganga Tank]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html | title=The Banganga Festival | accessdate=2008-02-07 | publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation}}</ref> The ''Elephanta Festival'' which is celebrated every February on the [[Elephanta Island]]s, is dedicated to the classical Indian Dance and Music with artists from across the country converging on the occasion conjuring a mesmerizing atmosphere on this picturesque island.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html | title=The Elephanta Festival | accessdate=2008-02-07 | publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation}}</ref>

Mumbai has six [[sister city|sister cities]] (the maximum permitted by the Indian government). They are:
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[United States]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.lacity.org/SisterCities/| title=Sister Cities of Loas Angeles| accessdate=2008-02-08 |}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianembassy.de/template.php?mnid=104&inclpage=stuttgartmeeting.htm | title=“Stuttgart Meets Mumbai”: 40th Anniversary Celebrations of the Sister City Relationship | accessdate=2008-02-08 |publisher=The Embassy of India Berlin}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.city.yokohama.jp/ne/info/map/worldE.html | title=Yokohama of the World | accessdate=2008-02-08 |publisher=City of Yokohama.}}</ref>

==Media==

Mumbai has numerous [[Indian newspapers|newspaper]] publications and television and radio stations. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the ''[[Times of India]]'', ''[[Mid-day]]'', ''[[D N A - Daily News And Analysis|DNA]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' and ''[[Indian Express]]''. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] newspapers include ''[[Loksatta]]'', ''[[Sakal]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'' and ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages with [[Navbharat Times]] in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and The ''Urdu Times Daily'' in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] being the popular ones. Mumbai is home to India's oldest newspaper, ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', which has been published in Gujarati and English since 1822. ''Bombay Durpan'' - the first Marathi newspaper - was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/br/2002/02/05/stories/2002020500040500.htm | title = Privatising emancipation: A Book Critique | work = LANGUAGE POLITICS, ELITES, AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE: Veena Naregal | publisher = The Hindu | accessdate = 2007-12-24 }}</ref> Popular magazines are ''Saaptahik Sakaal'', ''Lokprabha'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and ''[[India Today]]'', ''Outlook'' in [[English language|English]].
[[Image:Bolywood.jpg|thumb|[[Bollywood]] is the largest film producer in the world, producing twice as many films as Hollywood.]]
Numerous [[Television in India|Indian]] and foreign channels can be watched in Mumbai. Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's [[Multilingualism|polyglot]] populace. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, [[Doordarshan]], provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. [[Zee Marathi]], [[ETV Marathi]], DD Sahyadri, [[Zee TV]], [[STAR Plus]] and news channels are popular. Popular news channels entirely dedicated to the city include ''Sahara Samay Mumbai''. [[Direct broadcast satellite|Satellite television (DTH)]] has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Popular [[Direct broadcast satellite|DTH]] entertainment services in Mumbai include [[Dish TV India|Dish TV]] and [[Tata Sky]]. There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] band, and three [[All India Radio]] stations broadcasting on the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio
|title= Radio stations in Maharashtra, India
|accessdate= 2008-01-18
|publisher= ASIAWAVES: Radio and TV Broadcasting in South and South-East Asia
}}</ref> The ''Conditional Access System (CAS)'' started by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in 2006 has met a very poor response in Mumbai due to the arduous competition from its sister technology [[Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home (DTH)]] transmission service.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/856609.cms
|title=Few takers for CAS in Mumbai
|accessdate= 2008-01-22
|publisher= Times Internet Limited
}}</ref>

[[Bollywood]], the Hindi film industry that is the largest [[film producer]] in the world, is based in Mumbai. [[Bollywood]] produces more than 800 films a year, twice as many as [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. It has an audience of 3.6 billion people.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.businessweek.com//magazine/content/02_48/art02_48/a48tab37.gif | title = Bollywood vs. Hollywood | format = GIF image | publisher = Business Week | accessdate = 2007-12-24 | year = 2002 }}</ref> Film studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for many movie sets. The [[Marathi cinema|Marathi Film Industry]] is also based in Mumbai.

{{See also|List of Mumbai radio stations}}, ''[[List of Poets from Mumbai]]''

==Education==
[[Image:Nehru c.jpg|thumb|[[Nehru Science Centre]]]]

Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the BMC) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the [[Maharashtra State Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board|Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE)]], the all-India [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE)]], or the [[CBSE|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]] boards. Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools. A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure and the use of English as a medium of instruction.

Under the [[10+2+3 plan|10+2+3/4 plan]], students complete ten years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in [[Junior College]], where they select one of three streams: [[liberal arts|arts]], commerce or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]], one of the largest [[university|universities]] in the world in terms of the number of graduates. The [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] which is India's premier engineering schools, [[VJTI|VJTI (Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute)]], [[SNDT Women's University]] and [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] are the other universities in Mumbai.

Mumbai is home to two of India's important research institutions – The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ([[TIFR]]), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ([[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]]).

{{seealso|List of Mumbai Colleges}}

==Sports==
[[Image:Brabourne.jpg|thumb|[[Brabourne Stadium]], one of the oldest cricket stadiums in the city]]
[[Image:Wankhede Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Wankhede Stadium]] under flood lights]]

[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the city, and is usually played in the [[maidan]]s (grounds) around the city. [[Backyard cricket|Gully cricket]], a modified form of cricket, is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city, especially on Sundays. Mumbai has produced several famous international cricketers, and is home to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). The ''Mumbai Team'' of the [[Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League (IPL)]] has been won by the business tycoon [[Mukesh Ambani]] of [[Reliance Industries]] for a bid of $111.9 million.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c_online.php?leftnm=10&bKeyFlag=IN&autono=32914
|title=Mukesh wins Mumbai IPL team for $111.9mn
|accessdate= 2008-01-28
|publisher=Business Standard Ltd.
}}</ref> International cricket is widely watched, and the city comes to a virtual standstill on days when the [[Indian cricket team]] plays important matches. The local [[Mumbai cricket team]] is among the strongest competitors and the most successful team in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the nation's top domestic cricketing circuit. The [[Mumbai Champs]], one of the six teams competing in the [[Indian Cricket League|Indian Cricket League (ICL)]] is based in Mumbai. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the [[Brabourne Stadium]]. The Wankhede stadium is set to host the final of [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]. Eminent cricketers from Mumbai include [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Ravi Shastri]] and [[Ajit Agarkar]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mumbai_cricketers
|title=Mumbai cricketers
|accessdate= 2008-01-27
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
}}</ref>

[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the second most popular sport with the city clubs playing during the [[monsoon]]s, when other outdoor sports cannot be played. The [[Football World Cup]] is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai. The [[Mumbai FC]] (''Mumbai Football Club'') launched on May 28, 2007 is one of the renowned Indian football clubs, based in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm
|title=Mumbai Football Club launched
|accessdate= 2008-01-29
|publisher=Rediff.com India Limited.
}}</ref> India's national sport, [[field hockey]], has gone into decline in the recent years, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket. Mumbai is home to the [[Maratha Warriors]], one of the few teams competing for the [[Premier Hockey League|Premier Hockey League (PHL)]] from [[Maharashtra]]. The ''Bombay Hockey Association'' located at [[Marine Lines]] is a popular [[Hockey]] organization dedicated to Mumbai. [[Chess]] is also a very popular indoor sport played in Mumbai. The ''Bombay Chess Association'' is an esteemed organization which caters to various chess activities in the city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mumbaichess.org/index.html
|title=Bombay Chess Association
|accessdate= 2008-01-28
|publisher= Webz Solutions™
}}</ref> The ''South Mumbai Chess Academy'' <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.smchessacademy.com/
|title=SOUTH MUMBAI CHESS ACADEMY
|accessdate= 2008-01-28
|publisher=Virtual Web Link
}}</ref> and ''Chanakya Chess Academy'' <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mumbai.olx.in/chankya-chess-academy-iid-1280409
|title= CHANKYA CHESS ACADEMY – Mumbai
|accessdate= 2008-01-28
|publisher=OLX, Inc.
}}</ref> are popular chess academies which are affiliated to the ''Bombay Chess Association''. Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and [[gymkhana]]s, and include [[lawn tennis|tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[billiards]], [[badminton]], [[table tennis]] and [[golf]]. Mumbai also plays [[Rugby union]], one of the few Indian cities to do so. Every February, Mumbai holds the [[Derby (horse race)|Derby]] races in the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]]. In recent times [[Formula 1]] racing has also caught on. The [[Force India]] team of [[Formula One]] will unveil its 2008 car in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motorSportsNews/idUKL2521523620080125
|title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai
|accessdate= 2008-01-27
|publisher=uk.reuters.com
}}</ref> In March 2004, Mumbai Grand Prix was held as part of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing|F1 powerboat world championship]]. Other sports such as [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]] are mostly popular in schools and colleges.

In 2004, the [[Mumbai Marathon]], an annual marathon event, was established in a bid to bring the sport to the Indian public. Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host to the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], an [[International Series Tournaments|International Series]] tournament of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]].

==See also==
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Mumbai, Attractions and Landmarks}}

==References==
<div style="height: 120px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4" >
{{reflist}}
</div>

==Further reading==
{{sisterlinks|Mumbai}}
{{refbegin}}
* Fox, Edmund A; ''Short History of Bombay Presidency'' (1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN
* MacLean, James Mackenzie; ''A Guide to Bombay'' (1875 & 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN
* Chaudhari, K.K; ''History of Bombay'' (1987) — Modern Period Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra
* Tindall, Gillian; ''City of Gold'' (1992) — Penguin ISBN 0-14-009500-4
* [[Suketu Mehta|Mehta, Suketu]] ; ''Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found'' (2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8
* Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; ''Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India'' (1995) — [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 0-19-563688-0
* [[Arun Katiyar|Katiyar, Arun]] & Bhojani, Namas; ''Bombay, A Contemporary Account'' (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN 81-7223-216-0
*[http://www.eastindians.blogspot.com/ Info on Mumbai's Aborigine Natives]
* [[Behram Contractor|Contractor, Behram]]; ''From Bombay to Mumbai'' (1998) — Oriana Books
* Virani, Pinki; ''Once was Bombay'' (1999) — Viking ISBN 0-670-88869-9
* Mappls — ''Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai'' (1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2
* Agarwal, Jagdish; ''Bombay - Mumbai: A Picture Book'' (1998) — Wilco Publishing House ISBN 81-87288-35-3
* Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; ''Bombay, The Cities Within'' (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-85028-80-X
* [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php BMC information on the city] — A complete reference on the city prepared by the BMC
* Sharada Dwivedi,[http://www.hvk.org/articles/0605/63.html ''Goddess Island'']Indian Express, [[June 6]], [[2005]]
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/ The Mumbai Pages] — a vast collection of information on the city
* ''Our Greater Bombay'' (1990) — Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research
* ''The Oxford School Atlas''; 28th Revised Edition (1991) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4
* ''BusinessWeek''; [[August 12]], [[2005]]; "China and India" special coverage
* [http://urbanrail.net/as/mumb/mumbai.htm Mumbai Suburban Rail Map (including Proposed Metrol Rail Project)]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Mumbai.ogg|2006-03-12}}
{{IndicText}}
*[http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]
*[http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Official city report]
*{{Wikitravel}}

 
{{Maharashtra}}
{{India state and UT capitals}}
{{Metropolitan Cities of India}}
{{Million plus cities in India}}
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{{Featured article}}

[[Category:Mumbai|*]]
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Mumbai

2008-02-12T00:53:48Z

Bollywoodbombay:

Jodhaa Akbar

2008-02-12T00:49:08Z