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Army of the Rhine (1791–1795)

2019-12-01T09:54:04Z

Centenier: /* 1793 Order of Battle */

{{redirect|Army of the Rhine}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Army of the Rhine
|image=[[File:Fusilier Révolution française.jpg|200px|alt=A French fusilier carries his long muzzled musket. He wears a blue jacket and white shirt and trousers; his cartridge belt is strapped across his chest and he wears a tricorn hat with a red revolutionary cockade.]]
|caption=[[Fusilier]] of a French Revolutionary Army
|dates= 1791–95, 1797–98, 1799–1801
|country=[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px|France|link=]]
|allegiance=[[First French Republic|First Republic]]
|branch=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=''Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin''
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=
20 April 1795

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders= [[Nicolas Luckner]] [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine]]
}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition}}
{{Campaignbox Rhine Campaign of 1793-94}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition 1795}}
The '''Army of the Rhine''' (''Armée du Rhin'') was formed in December 1791, for the purpose of bringing the French Revolution to the German states along the [[Rhine River]]. During its first year in action (1792), under command of [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine|Adam Philippe Custine]], the Army of the Rhine participated in several victories, including [[Siege of Mainz (1792)|Mainz]], Frankfurt and Speyer. Subsequently, the army underwent several reorganizations and merged with the [[Army of the Moselle]] to form the [[Army of the Rhine and Moselle]] on 20 April 1795.
[[File:Armée du Rhin (page 1).png|thumbnail|left|Organization of French Armies, 1791–1793]]

==Revolutionary Wars==
The Army of the Rhine (''Armée du Rhin'') was one of the main [[French Revolutionary Army|French Revolutionary armies]] operated in the Rhineland theater, principally in the [[Rhine River]] valley, from 1791 to 1795. At its creation, the Army of the Rhine had 88,390 men. It was formed on 14 December 1791, to defend France's eastern frontier in conjunction with two other armies, the [[Army of the North (France)|Army of the North]] and the Army of the Center (name changed in October 1792 to [[Army of the Moselle]]). These armies were subdivided, fresh forces were raised and gradually grew until, by 30 April 1793, eleven armies encircled France on its coastal and the land frontiers. In October 1792, a portion of the army was used to form the [[Army of the Vosges]] but these units rejoined the Army of the Rhine on 15 March 1793.<ref>{{citation |first=Ramsey Weston |last=Phipps |title=Armies of the First French Republic |volume=I|publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|date=2011 |pages=2–3}}</ref>

===Song of Glory===
In the first months of fighting, victories for France were few. Although Custine had succeeded in driving the [[episcopal see|ecclesiastical authorities]] from the Swiss village of [[Porrentruy]] by 27 April 1792, this singular victory was accomplished largely through the enterprises of a local uprising assisted by some advanced guard and it was the last French victory for several weeks: subsequently, the borders of France had been assaulted by the Habsburgs and their allies. At Mons (18–29 April 1792), [[Tournai|Tournay]] (29 April 1792), [[Bavay]] (17 May 1792), [[Rumégies]] (19 May 1792), [[Florennes]] 28 May 1792, and La Glisuelle, a village {{convert|5|km|mi|0|sp=us}} north of [[Maubeuge]] (11 June 1792), Austrian skirmishers repeatedly defeated French forces.{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=21–22}}

Although much of the spring and summer of 1792 action continued throughout in the border regions with Belgium,{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=22–27}} the cities along the Upper Rhine, especially the city of [[Strasbourg]], felt under threat of invasion by the Habsburg armies massing on the east side of the Rhine River. On 25 April 1792, [[Philippe Friedrich Dietrich]], mayor of [[Strasbourg]], asked a guest, [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]], to compose a song to rally against the Habsburg threat.{{sfn|Billington|2011|pp=58–59}} That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" (English: "War Song for the Army of the Rhine"),{{sfn|Weber|1976|p=439}} and dedicated the song to [[Marshal of France|Marshal]] [[Nicolas Luckner]], a [[Bavaria]]n in French service.{{sfn|Stevens|1896|p=2}} The melody soon became the rallying call to the Revolution: ''Allons enfants de la Patrie'' (Arise, children of the Fatherland)/''Le jour de gloire est arrivé!'' (The day of glory has arrived!). It was renamed "[[La Marseillaise]]".{{sfn|Weber|1976|p=439}}

===Successes under Custine's command===
The French government ordered Luckner to take command of the Army of the North, and Custine replaced him as overall commander of the Army of the Rhine in Spring 1793. Under his experienced command, the Army took several important positions on the Rhine, including at Speyer, Mainz, Limburg and Frankfurt (see chart of battles below).{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=21–26}}

==Final reorganization==
On 29 December 1794, the left wing of the Army and the right wing of the [[Army of the Moselle]] combined to form the Army besieging Mainz. The rest of the Army of the Moselle united with the Army of the Rhine on 20 April, to form the [[Army of the Rhine and Moselle]]. This army united with the [[Army of Sambre-et-Meuse]] to form the [[Army of Germany (1797)|Army of Germany]] on 29 September 1797.<ref>Orders of Battle show the same troops, under the amalgamation, reformed into these armies {{harv|Smith|1996|pp=111, 131}}.</ref>

==Principal battles==
{| class="wikitable" width=95% align=center
|+Battles of the Army of the Rhine.<ref>Unless otherwise noted, all information in the chart comes from {{harvnb|Smith|1996|pp=28–96}}</ref> 1792–1795
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Battle
! scope="col" class="sortable" | Victor
! scope="col" |Commander
|-
|28 April 1792 ||[[Battle of Porrentruy]] ||France ||Adam Philippe Custine<ref>{{harvnb|Chuquet1892|p=43}}; and {{harvnb|Vautrey|1878|pp=225–227}}</ref>
|-
|21 October 1792 ||[[Siege of Mainz (1792)|1st Mainz]] ||French ||Custine
|-
|30 September 1792||Capture of Speyer|| French|| Custine
|-
|21 October 1792||Capture of Frankfurt||French||Custine
|-
|10 November 1792||Limburg||French||Custine, Houchard commanding the advanced guard.
|-
|2 December 1792||Frankfurt am Main||Coalition||Custine, GdB van Helden commanding the garrison force
|-
|14 April–23 July 1793 ||[[Siege of Mainz (1793)|2nd Mainz]] ||Coalition ||[[Alexandre de Beauharnais]]
|-
|13 October 1793 ||[[First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)|1st Wissembourg]] ||Coalition ||Jean Pascal Carlenc
|-
|20 August–23 December 1793 ||[[Siege of Landau (1793)|Landau]] ||French ||[[Louis Lazare Hoche]] (Army of the Moselle) [[Jean-Charles Pichegru]] (Army of the Rhine)
|-
|18 November–22 December 1793 ||[[Battle of Haguenau (1793)|Haguenau]] ||French ||Pichegru
|-
|18–22 December 1793 ||[[Battle of Froeschwiller (1793)|Fröschwiller]] ||French ||Hoche
|-
|26–29 December 1793 ||[[Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)|2nd Wissembourg]] ||French ||Hoche and Pichegru
|-
|23 May 1794||[[Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794)|2nd Kaiserslautern]] ||Prussian-Saxon ||[[Claude Ignace François Michaud]]
|-
|23 May 1794|| [[Battle of Schifferstadt]]|| French||Michaud
|-
|12–13 July 1794||[[Battle of Schänzel|Schänzel]]||French|| [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]]
|-
|17–20 September 1794|| [[Second Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794)|3rd Kaiserslautern]]||Prussian-Saxon || [[François Ignace Schaal]]
|-
|25 December 1794|| [[Battle of Mannheim bridge]]||French|| [[Martial Vachot]]
|}

==1793 Order of Battle==
In its five-year history, the Army had several Orders of Battle. This is the OOB at the beginning of the 1793 campaign.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=41}}
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

===Right wing===
* Column [[Louis Dominique Munnier|Munnier]]
:*[[National Guard (France)|National Guard]]
::*1st and 2nd Battalions Haute-Saône
::*2nd Battalion Nièvre
::*4th Battalion Vosges
::*4th Battalion Seine-et-Oise
::*3rd Battalion Bas-Rhin
::*2nd Battalion Puy-de-Dôme
::*1st, 3rd Battalions Ain
::*3rd Battalion [[Grenadier]]s de l'Indre-et-Loire
::*2nd Battalion Rhône-et-Loire
:Total 20 battalions

===Center===
* Column Custine, positioned at [[Mainz]].
:*Grenadiers (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th battalions)
:*57th [[Infantry]] Regiment (two battalions)
:*62nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
:*82nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
:*National Guard
::*2nd Battalion Ain
::*4th Battalion Haut-Rhin
::*9th and 10th Battalions Haute-Saône
::*4th Battalion Calvados
::*10th Battalion Meurthe
::*2nd Battalion Républicque
::*1st Battalion Chasseurs républicains
::*3rd, 7th, and 8th Battalions Vosges
::*5th and 6th Battalions Bas-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Fédérés Nationaux
::*2nd Battalion Seine-et-Oise
:*14th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*2nd [[Chasseurs à Cheval]] (light cavalry) (1 squadron)
:*7th Chasseurs à Cheval(4 squadrons)
:*10th Chasseurs à Cheval (5 squadrons)
:Total 26 battalions, 12 squadrons
{{col-2}}

===Left wing===
Positioned at [[Bingen am Rhein|Bingen]].
:*1st Infantry Brigade [[Joseph Victorin Nevinger|Neuwinger]]
:Brigade [[Jean Nicolas Houchard|Houchard]]
::*7th Light Infantry Regiment (1st Battalion)
::*36th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
::*37th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
::National Guard
::*4th and 6th Battalions Jura
::*2nd Battalion Haute-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Seine-et-Loire
::*1st and 2nd Battalions Vosges
:*8th Chasseurs à Cheval (4 squadrons)

:2nd Brigade [[Joseph Gilot|Gilot]]
:*13th Infantry Regiment
:*48th Infantry Regiment
:*National Guard
::*1st Battalion Haute-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Bas-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Correze
::*3rd Battalion Nievre

===Cavalry===
* [[Louis Ferdinand Baillard de Beaurevoir|Beaurevoir]]
:*2nd Chasseurs à Cheval (3 squadrons)
:*2nd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons
:*3rd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*9th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*11th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*12th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:Total 22 squadrons

===Reserves===
:*Grenadiers (12 companies)
:*6th Light Infantry Regiment
:*2nd Infantry Regiment
:*2nd Carbine Regiment (3 Squadrons)
:*16th Dragoon Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*National Guard
::*6th, 10th and 13 Battalions Vosges
::*5th Battalion de l'Eure
::*6th Battalion Calvados
::*12h Battalion Haute-Saône
::*Hussards de la Liberté (unknown )
::*National Gendarmarie
:Reserve totals 8 battalions, 12 squadrons, 2 platoons

{{col-end}}

==Commanders==
Stability of command of the Army of the Rhine reflected the overall chaos of the French Revolutionary governments, especially in the years 1791–1794. Four of the generals serving in those years were guillotined (see chart below).

{| class="wikitable" width=95% align=center
|+ Commanders-in-Chief of the Army of the Rhine 1791–1795 Italics indicates general was guillotined during Reign of Terror
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Name
|-
|14 December 1791 – 6 May 1792 ||''Nicolas Luckner''{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 7 May – 20 July 1792 ||[[Alexis Magallon de la Morlière]] (intérim){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 21 July – 25 December 1792 ||''[[Armand Louis de Gontaut]]'' (also called "Biron") *{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 26 December 1792 –14 March 1793, ||[[Étienne Deprez-Crassier]], interim and subordinate to Adam Philippe Custine, who commanded this and the [[Army of the Moselle]]{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 15 March – 17 May 1793 ||''Custine'', also commander of the [[Army of the Moselle]] until l9 April; he was removed from command of both armies on 29 July 1793, tried and executed in August.{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 18–29 May 1793||[[Dominique Diettmann]], interim and subordinate to [[Jean Nicolas Houchard]]* {{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 30 May – 17 August 1793|| ''[[Alexandre de Beauharnais]],'' provisionally and subordinate to Houchard.{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 18 August – 29 September 1793||[[Charles Hyacinthe Leclerc de Landremont]], interim to 23 August, then provisionally{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 30 September – 1 October 1793||Louis Dominique Munnier (interim){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 2–26 October 1793||[[Jean Pascal Raymond Carlenc]] (provisional){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 27 October 1793 – 13 January 1794|| [[Jean-Charles Pichegru]], subordinate to [[Lazare Hoche]]{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 14 January 1794 – 10 April 1795 ||[[Claude Ignace François Michaud]], during his absences, [[Jean Philippe Raymond Dorsner]]
|-
| 4 December 1794 – 13 February 1795|| [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]], subordinate to the Army of Mainz
|-
|14 February – 29 April 1795|| [[François Ignace Schaal]], subordinate to Army of Mainz
|-
| 11–16 April 1795,||Jean-Baptiste Kléber (interim)
|-
| 17–19 April 1795|| Jean-Charles Pichegru, during assembly of the Armies of the Rhine and Moselle
|-
|}

==Other incarnations==
An army of the [[Bourbon Restoration]] bore this name. In 1815 during the [[Hundred Days]] the [[French armies (1815)|V Corps – ''Armée du Rhin'']]{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=180}} under the command of General [[Jean Rapp]], was cantoned near [[Strassburg]], and fought holding actions against contingents of Russians and Austrians, the largest of which was the [[Battle of La Suffel]] on fought on 28 June 1815.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=772}}

This name was also used for the French military forces posted to Germany during the [[Occupation of the Rhineland]] (1919–1930), following the [[First World War]].

==Related people==
People known to have served in this Armée include:
* General [[Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers|Baraguey d'Hilliers]]
* General [[Adam Philippe de Custine|Custine]]
* [[Antoine Marie Chamans de Lavalette]]
* The [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] [[Charles Fourier]] (1794–1795)
* General [[Victor Claude Alexandre Fanneau de Lahorie]]
* [[Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc]]
* General [[Louis-Théobald Ihler]]
* General [[François-Joseph Offenstein]]
* Captain [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] writer of [[La Marseillaise]]
* General [[Charles Pichegru]]
* [[Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg]]

== Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{citation |last=Billington |first=James H. |date=2011|title=Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-1401-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=saTynFUNPD8C&pg=PA58 58]–59}}
* {{citation |last=Chandler |first=David |year=1981 |origyear=1980 |title=Waterloo: The Hundred Days |publisher=Osprey Publishing}}
*{{citation |last=Chuquet |first=Arthur |year=1892 |title=L'expédition de Custine |publisher=L. Cert |pages=[ [https://books.google.com/books?id=ip8sAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:qKAsYWBOqYoC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eKcRVebAKoKogwTunoLQDw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fort-Louis&f=false 5]–6, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ip8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43 43] |language=fr}}
*{{citation|last=Phipps|first=Ramsey Weston|year=2011|origyear=1933|title=The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle|publisher= Pickle Partners Publishing}}
*{{citation |last=Siborne |first=William |authorlink=William Siborne |year=1895 |title=The Waterloo Campaign 1815 |edition=4th |publisher=Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road |chapter=Supplement section |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/waterloocampaig02sibogoog#page/n767/mode/1up|pages=767–780 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaig02sibogoog}}
*{{citation |last=Smith |first=Digby |author-link=Digby Smith |title=Napoleonic Wars Data Book |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1996}}
*{{citation |last=Stevens |first=Benjamin F. |date=January 1896 |title=Story of La Marseillaise |journal=The Musical Record |publisher=Oliver Ditson Company|location=Boston, Massachusetts |issue=408 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA2}}
*{{citation |last=Vautrey |first=Louis |year=1878 |title=Histoire de Porrentruy |publisher=J. Gürtler |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qpDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225 225]–227 |language=fr}}
*{{citation |last=Weber |first=Eugen |date=1976 |title=Peasants Into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1013-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KnC4ROsiwwC&pg=PA439 439]}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|ref=none |last=Clerget |first=C. |year=1905 |title=Tableaux des armées françaises pendant les guerres de la Révolution |publisher=Librairie militaire|language=fr}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Army Of The Rhine}}
[[Category:Armées of the French First Republic|Rhine]]
[[Category:Field armies of France|Rhine]]
[[Category:War of the First Coalition]]

Army of the Rhine (1791–1795)

2019-12-01T09:33:24Z

Centenier: /* 1793 Order of Battle */

{{redirect|Army of the Rhine}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Army of the Rhine
|image=[[File:Fusilier Révolution française.jpg|200px|alt=A French fusilier carries his long muzzled musket. He wears a blue jacket and white shirt and trousers; his cartridge belt is strapped across his chest and he wears a tricorn hat with a red revolutionary cockade.]]
|caption=[[Fusilier]] of a French Revolutionary Army
|dates= 1791–95, 1797–98, 1799–1801
|country=[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px|France|link=]]
|allegiance=[[First French Republic|First Republic]]
|branch=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=''Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin''
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=
20 April 1795

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders= [[Nicolas Luckner]] [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine]]
}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition}}
{{Campaignbox Rhine Campaign of 1793-94}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition 1795}}
The '''Army of the Rhine''' (''Armée du Rhin'') was formed in December 1791, for the purpose of bringing the French Revolution to the German states along the [[Rhine River]]. During its first year in action (1792), under command of [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine|Adam Philippe Custine]], the Army of the Rhine participated in several victories, including [[Siege of Mainz (1792)|Mainz]], Frankfurt and Speyer. Subsequently, the army underwent several reorganizations and merged with the [[Army of the Moselle]] to form the [[Army of the Rhine and Moselle]] on 20 April 1795.
[[File:Armée du Rhin (page 1).png|thumbnail|left|Organization of French Armies, 1791–1793]]

==Revolutionary Wars==
The Army of the Rhine (''Armée du Rhin'') was one of the main [[French Revolutionary Army|French Revolutionary armies]] operated in the Rhineland theater, principally in the [[Rhine River]] valley, from 1791 to 1795. At its creation, the Army of the Rhine had 88,390 men. It was formed on 14 December 1791, to defend France's eastern frontier in conjunction with two other armies, the [[Army of the North (France)|Army of the North]] and the Army of the Center (name changed in October 1792 to [[Army of the Moselle]]). These armies were subdivided, fresh forces were raised and gradually grew until, by 30 April 1793, eleven armies encircled France on its coastal and the land frontiers. In October 1792, a portion of the army was used to form the [[Army of the Vosges]] but these units rejoined the Army of the Rhine on 15 March 1793.<ref>{{citation |first=Ramsey Weston |last=Phipps |title=Armies of the First French Republic |volume=I|publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|date=2011 |pages=2–3}}</ref>

===Song of Glory===
In the first months of fighting, victories for France were few. Although Custine had succeeded in driving the [[episcopal see|ecclesiastical authorities]] from the Swiss village of [[Porrentruy]] by 27 April 1792, this singular victory was accomplished largely through the enterprises of a local uprising assisted by some advanced guard and it was the last French victory for several weeks: subsequently, the borders of France had been assaulted by the Habsburgs and their allies. At Mons (18–29 April 1792), [[Tournai|Tournay]] (29 April 1792), [[Bavay]] (17 May 1792), [[Rumégies]] (19 May 1792), [[Florennes]] 28 May 1792, and La Glisuelle, a village {{convert|5|km|mi|0|sp=us}} north of [[Maubeuge]] (11 June 1792), Austrian skirmishers repeatedly defeated French forces.{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=21–22}}

Although much of the spring and summer of 1792 action continued throughout in the border regions with Belgium,{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=22–27}} the cities along the Upper Rhine, especially the city of [[Strasbourg]], felt under threat of invasion by the Habsburg armies massing on the east side of the Rhine River. On 25 April 1792, [[Philippe Friedrich Dietrich]], mayor of [[Strasbourg]], asked a guest, [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]], to compose a song to rally against the Habsburg threat.{{sfn|Billington|2011|pp=58–59}} That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" (English: "War Song for the Army of the Rhine"),{{sfn|Weber|1976|p=439}} and dedicated the song to [[Marshal of France|Marshal]] [[Nicolas Luckner]], a [[Bavaria]]n in French service.{{sfn|Stevens|1896|p=2}} The melody soon became the rallying call to the Revolution: ''Allons enfants de la Patrie'' (Arise, children of the Fatherland)/''Le jour de gloire est arrivé!'' (The day of glory has arrived!). It was renamed "[[La Marseillaise]]".{{sfn|Weber|1976|p=439}}

===Successes under Custine's command===
The French government ordered Luckner to take command of the Army of the North, and Custine replaced him as overall commander of the Army of the Rhine in Spring 1793. Under his experienced command, the Army took several important positions on the Rhine, including at Speyer, Mainz, Limburg and Frankfurt (see chart of battles below).{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=21–26}}

==Final reorganization==
On 29 December 1794, the left wing of the Army and the right wing of the [[Army of the Moselle]] combined to form the Army besieging Mainz. The rest of the Army of the Moselle united with the Army of the Rhine on 20 April, to form the [[Army of the Rhine and Moselle]]. This army united with the [[Army of Sambre-et-Meuse]] to form the [[Army of Germany (1797)|Army of Germany]] on 29 September 1797.<ref>Orders of Battle show the same troops, under the amalgamation, reformed into these armies {{harv|Smith|1996|pp=111, 131}}.</ref>

==Principal battles==
{| class="wikitable" width=95% align=center
|+Battles of the Army of the Rhine.<ref>Unless otherwise noted, all information in the chart comes from {{harvnb|Smith|1996|pp=28–96}}</ref> 1792–1795
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Battle
! scope="col" class="sortable" | Victor
! scope="col" |Commander
|-
|28 April 1792 ||[[Battle of Porrentruy]] ||France ||Adam Philippe Custine<ref>{{harvnb|Chuquet1892|p=43}}; and {{harvnb|Vautrey|1878|pp=225–227}}</ref>
|-
|21 October 1792 ||[[Siege of Mainz (1792)|1st Mainz]] ||French ||Custine
|-
|30 September 1792||Capture of Speyer|| French|| Custine
|-
|21 October 1792||Capture of Frankfurt||French||Custine
|-
|10 November 1792||Limburg||French||Custine, Houchard commanding the advanced guard.
|-
|2 December 1792||Frankfurt am Main||Coalition||Custine, GdB van Helden commanding the garrison force
|-
|14 April–23 July 1793 ||[[Siege of Mainz (1793)|2nd Mainz]] ||Coalition ||[[Alexandre de Beauharnais]]
|-
|13 October 1793 ||[[First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)|1st Wissembourg]] ||Coalition ||Jean Pascal Carlenc
|-
|20 August–23 December 1793 ||[[Siege of Landau (1793)|Landau]] ||French ||[[Louis Lazare Hoche]] (Army of the Moselle) [[Jean-Charles Pichegru]] (Army of the Rhine)
|-
|18 November–22 December 1793 ||[[Battle of Haguenau (1793)|Haguenau]] ||French ||Pichegru
|-
|18–22 December 1793 ||[[Battle of Froeschwiller (1793)|Fröschwiller]] ||French ||Hoche
|-
|26–29 December 1793 ||[[Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)|2nd Wissembourg]] ||French ||Hoche and Pichegru
|-
|23 May 1794||[[Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794)|2nd Kaiserslautern]] ||Prussian-Saxon ||[[Claude Ignace François Michaud]]
|-
|23 May 1794|| [[Battle of Schifferstadt]]|| French||Michaud
|-
|12–13 July 1794||[[Battle of Schänzel|Schänzel]]||French|| [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]]
|-
|17–20 September 1794|| [[Second Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794)|3rd Kaiserslautern]]||Prussian-Saxon || [[François Ignace Schaal]]
|-
|25 December 1794|| [[Battle of Mannheim bridge]]||French|| [[Martial Vachot]]
|}

==1793 Order of Battle==
In its five-year history, the Army had several Orders of Battle. This is the OOB at the beginning of the 1793 campaign.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=41}}
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

===Right wing===
* Column [[Louis Dominique Munnier|Munnier]]
:*[[National Guard (France)|National Guard]]
::*1st and 2nd Battalions Haute Saône
::*2nd Battalion Nièvre
::*4th Battalion Vosges
::*4th Battalion Seine-et-Oise
::*3rd Battalion Bas-Rhin
::*2nd Battalion Puy-de-Dôme
::*1st, 3rd Battalions Ain
::*3rd Battalion [[Grenadier]]s de l'Indre-et-Loire
::*2nd Battalion Rhône-et-Loire
:Total 20 battalions

===Center===
* Column Custine, positioned at [[Mainz]].
:*Grenadiers (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th battalions)
:*57th [[Infantry]] Regiment (two battalions)
:*62nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
:*82nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
:*National Guard
::*2nd Battalion Ain
::*4th Battalion Haut-Rhin
::*9th and 10th Battalions Haute-Saône
::*4th Battalion Calvados
::*10th Battalion Meurthe
::*2nd Battalion Républicque
::*1st Battalion Chasseurs républicains
::*3rd, 7th, and 8th Battalions Vosges
::*5th and 6th Battalions Bas-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Fédérés Nationaux
::*2nd Battalion Seine-et-Oise
:*14th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*2nd [[Chasseurs à Cheval]] (light cavalry) (1 squadron)
:*7th Chasseurs à Cheval(4 squadrons)
:*10th Chasseurs à Cheval (5 squadrons)
:Total 26 battalions, 12 squadrons
{{col-2}}

===Left wing===
Positioned at [[Bingen am Rhein|Bingen]].
:*1st Infantry Brigade [[Joseph Victorin Nevinger|Neuwinger]]
:Brigade [[Jean Nicolas Houchard|Houchard]]
::*1st Battalion 7th Light Brigade
::*36th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
::*37th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
::National Guard
::*4th and 6th Battalions Jura
::*2nd Battalion Haute-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Seine-et-Loire
::*1st and 2nd Battalions Vosges
:*8th Chasseurs à Cheval (4 squadrons)

:2nd Brigade [[Joseph Gilot|Gilot]]
:*13th Infantry Regiment
:*48th Infantry Regiment
:*National Guard
::*1st Battalion Haute-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Bas-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Correze
::*3rd Battalion Nievre

===Cavalry===
* [[Louis Ferdinand Baillard de Beaurevoir|Beaurevoir]]
:*2nd Chasseurs à Cheval (3 squadrons)
:*2nd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons
:*3rd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*9th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*11th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*12th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:Total 22 squadrons

===Reserves===
:*Grenadiers (12 companies)
:*6th Light Infantry
:*2nd Infantry Regiment
:*2nd Carbine Regiment (3 Squadrons)
:*16th Dragoon Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*National Guard
::*6th, 10th and 13 Battalions Vosges
::*5th Battalion de l'Eure
::*6th Battalion Calvados
::*12h Battalion Haute Saône
::*Hussars de la Liberte (unknown )
::*National Gendarmarie
:Reserve totals 8 battalions, 12 squadrons, 2 platoons

{{col-end}}

==Commanders==
Stability of command of the Army of the Rhine reflected the overall chaos of the French Revolutionary governments, especially in the years 1791–1794. Four of the generals serving in those years were guillotined (see chart below).

{| class="wikitable" width=95% align=center
|+ Commanders-in-Chief of the Army of the Rhine 1791–1795 Italics indicates general was guillotined during Reign of Terror
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Name
|-
|14 December 1791 – 6 May 1792 ||''Nicolas Luckner''{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 7 May – 20 July 1792 ||[[Alexis Magallon de la Morlière]] (intérim){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 21 July – 25 December 1792 ||''[[Armand Louis de Gontaut]]'' (also called "Biron") *{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 26 December 1792 –14 March 1793, ||[[Étienne Deprez-Crassier]], interim and subordinate to Adam Philippe Custine, who commanded this and the [[Army of the Moselle]]{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 15 March – 17 May 1793 ||''Custine'', also commander of the [[Army of the Moselle]] until l9 April; he was removed from command of both armies on 29 July 1793, tried and executed in August.{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 18–29 May 1793||[[Dominique Diettmann]], interim and subordinate to [[Jean Nicolas Houchard]]* {{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 30 May – 17 August 1793|| ''[[Alexandre de Beauharnais]],'' provisionally and subordinate to Houchard.{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 18 August – 29 September 1793||[[Charles Hyacinthe Leclerc de Landremont]], interim to 23 August, then provisionally{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 30 September – 1 October 1793||Louis Dominique Munnier (interim){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 2–26 October 1793||[[Jean Pascal Raymond Carlenc]] (provisional){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 27 October 1793 – 13 January 1794|| [[Jean-Charles Pichegru]], subordinate to [[Lazare Hoche]]{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 14 January 1794 – 10 April 1795 ||[[Claude Ignace François Michaud]], during his absences, [[Jean Philippe Raymond Dorsner]]
|-
| 4 December 1794 – 13 February 1795|| [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]], subordinate to the Army of Mainz
|-
|14 February – 29 April 1795|| [[François Ignace Schaal]], subordinate to Army of Mainz
|-
| 11–16 April 1795,||Jean-Baptiste Kléber (interim)
|-
| 17–19 April 1795|| Jean-Charles Pichegru, during assembly of the Armies of the Rhine and Moselle
|-
|}

==Other incarnations==
An army of the [[Bourbon Restoration]] bore this name. In 1815 during the [[Hundred Days]] the [[French armies (1815)|V Corps – ''Armée du Rhin'']]{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=180}} under the command of General [[Jean Rapp]], was cantoned near [[Strassburg]], and fought holding actions against contingents of Russians and Austrians, the largest of which was the [[Battle of La Suffel]] on fought on 28 June 1815.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=772}}

This name was also used for the French military forces posted to Germany during the [[Occupation of the Rhineland]] (1919–1930), following the [[First World War]].

==Related people==
People known to have served in this Armée include:
* General [[Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers|Baraguey d'Hilliers]]
* General [[Adam Philippe de Custine|Custine]]
* [[Antoine Marie Chamans de Lavalette]]
* The [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] [[Charles Fourier]] (1794–1795)
* General [[Victor Claude Alexandre Fanneau de Lahorie]]
* [[Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc]]
* General [[Louis-Théobald Ihler]]
* General [[François-Joseph Offenstein]]
* Captain [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] writer of [[La Marseillaise]]
* General [[Charles Pichegru]]
* [[Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg]]

== Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{citation |last=Billington |first=James H. |date=2011|title=Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-1401-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=saTynFUNPD8C&pg=PA58 58]–59}}
* {{citation |last=Chandler |first=David |year=1981 |origyear=1980 |title=Waterloo: The Hundred Days |publisher=Osprey Publishing}}
*{{citation |last=Chuquet |first=Arthur |year=1892 |title=L'expédition de Custine |publisher=L. Cert |pages=[ [https://books.google.com/books?id=ip8sAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:qKAsYWBOqYoC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eKcRVebAKoKogwTunoLQDw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fort-Louis&f=false 5]–6, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ip8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43 43] |language=fr}}
*{{citation|last=Phipps|first=Ramsey Weston|year=2011|origyear=1933|title=The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle|publisher= Pickle Partners Publishing}}
*{{citation |last=Siborne |first=William |authorlink=William Siborne |year=1895 |title=The Waterloo Campaign 1815 |edition=4th |publisher=Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road |chapter=Supplement section |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/waterloocampaig02sibogoog#page/n767/mode/1up|pages=767–780 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaig02sibogoog}}
*{{citation |last=Smith |first=Digby |author-link=Digby Smith |title=Napoleonic Wars Data Book |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1996}}
*{{citation |last=Stevens |first=Benjamin F. |date=January 1896 |title=Story of La Marseillaise |journal=The Musical Record |publisher=Oliver Ditson Company|location=Boston, Massachusetts |issue=408 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA2}}
*{{citation |last=Vautrey |first=Louis |year=1878 |title=Histoire de Porrentruy |publisher=J. Gürtler |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qpDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225 225]–227 |language=fr}}
*{{citation |last=Weber |first=Eugen |date=1976 |title=Peasants Into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1013-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KnC4ROsiwwC&pg=PA439 439]}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|ref=none |last=Clerget |first=C. |year=1905 |title=Tableaux des armées françaises pendant les guerres de la Révolution |publisher=Librairie militaire|language=fr}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Army Of The Rhine}}
[[Category:Armées of the French First Republic|Rhine]]
[[Category:Field armies of France|Rhine]]
[[Category:War of the First Coalition]]

Army of the Rhine (1791–1795)

2019-12-01T09:08:20Z

Centenier: /* 1793 Order of Battle */

{{redirect|Army of the Rhine}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Army of the Rhine
|image=[[File:Fusilier Révolution française.jpg|200px|alt=A French fusilier carries his long muzzled musket. He wears a blue jacket and white shirt and trousers; his cartridge belt is strapped across his chest and he wears a tricorn hat with a red revolutionary cockade.]]
|caption=[[Fusilier]] of a French Revolutionary Army
|dates= 1791–95, 1797–98, 1799–1801
|country=[[File:Flag of France.svg|20px|France|link=]]
|allegiance=[[First French Republic|First Republic]]
|branch=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=''Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin''
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=
20 April 1795

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders= [[Nicolas Luckner]] [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine]]
}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition}}
{{Campaignbox Rhine Campaign of 1793-94}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition 1795}}
The '''Army of the Rhine''' (''Armée du Rhin'') was formed in December 1791, for the purpose of bringing the French Revolution to the German states along the [[Rhine River]]. During its first year in action (1792), under command of [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine|Adam Philippe Custine]], the Army of the Rhine participated in several victories, including [[Siege of Mainz (1792)|Mainz]], Frankfurt and Speyer. Subsequently, the army underwent several reorganizations and merged with the [[Army of the Moselle]] to form the [[Army of the Rhine and Moselle]] on 20 April 1795.
[[File:Armée du Rhin (page 1).png|thumbnail|left|Organization of French Armies, 1791–1793]]

==Revolutionary Wars==
The Army of the Rhine (''Armée du Rhin'') was one of the main [[French Revolutionary Army|French Revolutionary armies]] operated in the Rhineland theater, principally in the [[Rhine River]] valley, from 1791 to 1795. At its creation, the Army of the Rhine had 88,390 men. It was formed on 14 December 1791, to defend France's eastern frontier in conjunction with two other armies, the [[Army of the North (France)|Army of the North]] and the Army of the Center (name changed in October 1792 to [[Army of the Moselle]]). These armies were subdivided, fresh forces were raised and gradually grew until, by 30 April 1793, eleven armies encircled France on its coastal and the land frontiers. In October 1792, a portion of the army was used to form the [[Army of the Vosges]] but these units rejoined the Army of the Rhine on 15 March 1793.<ref>{{citation |first=Ramsey Weston |last=Phipps |title=Armies of the First French Republic |volume=I|publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|date=2011 |pages=2–3}}</ref>

===Song of Glory===
In the first months of fighting, victories for France were few. Although Custine had succeeded in driving the [[episcopal see|ecclesiastical authorities]] from the Swiss village of [[Porrentruy]] by 27 April 1792, this singular victory was accomplished largely through the enterprises of a local uprising assisted by some advanced guard and it was the last French victory for several weeks: subsequently, the borders of France had been assaulted by the Habsburgs and their allies. At Mons (18–29 April 1792), [[Tournai|Tournay]] (29 April 1792), [[Bavay]] (17 May 1792), [[Rumégies]] (19 May 1792), [[Florennes]] 28 May 1792, and La Glisuelle, a village {{convert|5|km|mi|0|sp=us}} north of [[Maubeuge]] (11 June 1792), Austrian skirmishers repeatedly defeated French forces.{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=21–22}}

Although much of the spring and summer of 1792 action continued throughout in the border regions with Belgium,{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=22–27}} the cities along the Upper Rhine, especially the city of [[Strasbourg]], felt under threat of invasion by the Habsburg armies massing on the east side of the Rhine River. On 25 April 1792, [[Philippe Friedrich Dietrich]], mayor of [[Strasbourg]], asked a guest, [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]], to compose a song to rally against the Habsburg threat.{{sfn|Billington|2011|pp=58–59}} That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" (English: "War Song for the Army of the Rhine"),{{sfn|Weber|1976|p=439}} and dedicated the song to [[Marshal of France|Marshal]] [[Nicolas Luckner]], a [[Bavaria]]n in French service.{{sfn|Stevens|1896|p=2}} The melody soon became the rallying call to the Revolution: ''Allons enfants de la Patrie'' (Arise, children of the Fatherland)/''Le jour de gloire est arrivé!'' (The day of glory has arrived!). It was renamed "[[La Marseillaise]]".{{sfn|Weber|1976|p=439}}

===Successes under Custine's command===
The French government ordered Luckner to take command of the Army of the North, and Custine replaced him as overall commander of the Army of the Rhine in Spring 1793. Under his experienced command, the Army took several important positions on the Rhine, including at Speyer, Mainz, Limburg and Frankfurt (see chart of battles below).{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=21–26}}

==Final reorganization==
On 29 December 1794, the left wing of the Army and the right wing of the [[Army of the Moselle]] combined to form the Army besieging Mainz. The rest of the Army of the Moselle united with the Army of the Rhine on 20 April, to form the [[Army of the Rhine and Moselle]]. This army united with the [[Army of Sambre-et-Meuse]] to form the [[Army of Germany (1797)|Army of Germany]] on 29 September 1797.<ref>Orders of Battle show the same troops, under the amalgamation, reformed into these armies {{harv|Smith|1996|pp=111, 131}}.</ref>

==Principal battles==
{| class="wikitable" width=95% align=center
|+Battles of the Army of the Rhine.<ref>Unless otherwise noted, all information in the chart comes from {{harvnb|Smith|1996|pp=28–96}}</ref> 1792–1795
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Battle
! scope="col" class="sortable" | Victor
! scope="col" |Commander
|-
|28 April 1792 ||[[Battle of Porrentruy]] ||France ||Adam Philippe Custine<ref>{{harvnb|Chuquet1892|p=43}}; and {{harvnb|Vautrey|1878|pp=225–227}}</ref>
|-
|21 October 1792 ||[[Siege of Mainz (1792)|1st Mainz]] ||French ||Custine
|-
|30 September 1792||Capture of Speyer|| French|| Custine
|-
|21 October 1792||Capture of Frankfurt||French||Custine
|-
|10 November 1792||Limburg||French||Custine, Houchard commanding the advanced guard.
|-
|2 December 1792||Frankfurt am Main||Coalition||Custine, GdB van Helden commanding the garrison force
|-
|14 April–23 July 1793 ||[[Siege of Mainz (1793)|2nd Mainz]] ||Coalition ||[[Alexandre de Beauharnais]]
|-
|13 October 1793 ||[[First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)|1st Wissembourg]] ||Coalition ||Jean Pascal Carlenc
|-
|20 August–23 December 1793 ||[[Siege of Landau (1793)|Landau]] ||French ||[[Louis Lazare Hoche]] (Army of the Moselle) [[Jean-Charles Pichegru]] (Army of the Rhine)
|-
|18 November–22 December 1793 ||[[Battle of Haguenau (1793)|Haguenau]] ||French ||Pichegru
|-
|18–22 December 1793 ||[[Battle of Froeschwiller (1793)|Fröschwiller]] ||French ||Hoche
|-
|26–29 December 1793 ||[[Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)|2nd Wissembourg]] ||French ||Hoche and Pichegru
|-
|23 May 1794||[[Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794)|2nd Kaiserslautern]] ||Prussian-Saxon ||[[Claude Ignace François Michaud]]
|-
|23 May 1794|| [[Battle of Schifferstadt]]|| French||Michaud
|-
|12–13 July 1794||[[Battle of Schänzel|Schänzel]]||French|| [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]]
|-
|17–20 September 1794|| [[Second Battle of Kaiserslautern (1794)|3rd Kaiserslautern]]||Prussian-Saxon || [[François Ignace Schaal]]
|-
|25 December 1794|| [[Battle of Mannheim bridge]]||French|| [[Martial Vachot]]
|}

==1793 Order of Battle==
In its five-year history, the Army had several Orders of Battle. This is the OOB at the beginning of the 1793 campaign.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=41}}
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}

===Right wing===
* Column [[Louis Dominique Munnier|Munnier]]
:*[[National Guard (France)|National Guard]]
::*1st and 2nd Battalions Haute Saône
::*2nd Battalion Nièvre
::*4th Battalion Vosges
::*4th Battalion Seine-et-Oise
::*3rd Battalion Bas-Rhin
::*2nd Battalion Puy-de-Dôme
::*1st, 3rd Battalions Ain
::*3rd Battalion [[Grenadier]]s de l'Indre-et-Loire
::*2nd Battalion Rhône-et-Loire
:Total 20 battalions

===Center===
* Column Custine, positioned at [[Mainz]].
:*Grenadiers (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th battalions)
:*57th [[Infantry]] Regiment (two battalions)
:*62nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
:*82nd Infantry Regiment (one battalion)
:*National Guard
::*2nd Battalion Ain
::*4th Battalion Haut-Rhin
::*9th and 10th Battalions Haute-Saône
::*4th Battalion Calvados
::*10th Battalion Meurthe
::*2nd Battalion Républicque
::*1st Battalion Chasseurs républicains
::*3rd, 7th, and 8th Battalions Vosges
::*5th and 6th Battalions Bas-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Fédérés Nationaux
::*2nd Battalion Seine-et-Oise
:*14th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*2nd [[Chasseurs à Cheval]] (light cavalry) (1 squadron)
:*7th Chasseurs à Cheval(4 squadrons)
:*10th Chasseurs à Cheval (5 squadrons)
:Total 26 battalions, 12 squadrons
{{col-2}}

===Left wing===
Positioned at [[Bingen am Rhein|Bingen]].
:*1st Infantry Brigade [[Joseph Victorin Nevinger|Neuwinger]]
:Brigade [[Jean Nicolas Houchard|Houchard]]
::*1st Battalion 7th Light Brigade
::*36th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
::*37th Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
::National Guard
::*4th and 6th Battalions Jura
::*2nd Battalion Haute-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Seine-et-Loire
::*1st and 2nd Battalions Vosges
:*8th Chasseurs à Cheval (4 squadrons)

:2nd Brigade [[Joseph Gilot|Gilot]]
:*13th Infantry Regiment
:*48th Infantry Regiment
:*National Guard
::*1st Battalion Haute-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Bas-Rhin
::*1st Battalion Correze
::*3rd Battalion Nievre

===Cavalry===
* [[Louis Ferdinand Baillard de Beaurevoir|Beaurevoir]]
:*2nd Chasseurs à Cheval (3 squadrons)
:*2nd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons
:*3rd Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*9th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*11th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*12th Cavalry Regiment (3 squadrons)
:Total 22 squadrons

===Reserves===
:*Grenadiers (12 companies)
:*6th Light Infantry
:*2nd Infantry Regiment
:*22nd Carbine Regiment (3 Squadrons)
:*16th Dragoon Regiment (3 squadrons)
:*National Guard
::*6th, 10th and 13 Battalions Vosges
::*5th Battalion de l'Eure
::*6th Battalion Calvados
::*12h Battalion Haute Saône
::*Hussars de la Liberte (unknown )
::*National Gendarmarie
:Reserve totals 8 battalions, 12 squadrons, 2 platoons

{{col-end}}

==Commanders==
Stability of command of the Army of the Rhine reflected the overall chaos of the French Revolutionary governments, especially in the years 1791–1794. Four of the generals serving in those years were guillotined (see chart below).

{| class="wikitable" width=95% align=center
|+ Commanders-in-Chief of the Army of the Rhine 1791–1795 Italics indicates general was guillotined during Reign of Terror
|-
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Name
|-
|14 December 1791 – 6 May 1792 ||''Nicolas Luckner''{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 7 May – 20 July 1792 ||[[Alexis Magallon de la Morlière]] (intérim){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 21 July – 25 December 1792 ||''[[Armand Louis de Gontaut]]'' (also called "Biron") *{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 26 December 1792 –14 March 1793, ||[[Étienne Deprez-Crassier]], interim and subordinate to Adam Philippe Custine, who commanded this and the [[Army of the Moselle]]{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 15 March – 17 May 1793 ||''Custine'', also commander of the [[Army of the Moselle]] until l9 April; he was removed from command of both armies on 29 July 1793, tried and executed in August.{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 18–29 May 1793||[[Dominique Diettmann]], interim and subordinate to [[Jean Nicolas Houchard]]* {{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 30 May – 17 August 1793|| ''[[Alexandre de Beauharnais]],'' provisionally and subordinate to Houchard.{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 18 August – 29 September 1793||[[Charles Hyacinthe Leclerc de Landremont]], interim to 23 August, then provisionally{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 30 September – 1 October 1793||Louis Dominique Munnier (interim){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 2–26 October 1793||[[Jean Pascal Raymond Carlenc]] (provisional){{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 27 October 1793 – 13 January 1794|| [[Jean-Charles Pichegru]], subordinate to [[Lazare Hoche]]{{sfn|Chuquet|1892|pp=5–6}}
|-
| 14 January 1794 – 10 April 1795 ||[[Claude Ignace François Michaud]], during his absences, [[Jean Philippe Raymond Dorsner]]
|-
| 4 December 1794 – 13 February 1795|| [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]], subordinate to the Army of Mainz
|-
|14 February – 29 April 1795|| [[François Ignace Schaal]], subordinate to Army of Mainz
|-
| 11–16 April 1795,||Jean-Baptiste Kléber (interim)
|-
| 17–19 April 1795|| Jean-Charles Pichegru, during assembly of the Armies of the Rhine and Moselle
|-
|}

==Other incarnations==
An army of the [[Bourbon Restoration]] bore this name. In 1815 during the [[Hundred Days]] the [[French armies (1815)|V Corps – ''Armée du Rhin'']]{{sfn|Chandler|1981|p=180}} under the command of General [[Jean Rapp]], was cantoned near [[Strassburg]], and fought holding actions against contingents of Russians and Austrians, the largest of which was the [[Battle of La Suffel]] on fought on 28 June 1815.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=772}}

This name was also used for the French military forces posted to Germany during the [[Occupation of the Rhineland]] (1919–1930), following the [[First World War]].

==Related people==
People known to have served in this Armée include:
* General [[Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers|Baraguey d'Hilliers]]
* General [[Adam Philippe de Custine|Custine]]
* [[Antoine Marie Chamans de Lavalette]]
* The [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] [[Charles Fourier]] (1794–1795)
* General [[Victor Claude Alexandre Fanneau de Lahorie]]
* [[Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc]]
* General [[Louis-Théobald Ihler]]
* General [[François-Joseph Offenstein]]
* Captain [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]] writer of [[La Marseillaise]]
* General [[Charles Pichegru]]
* [[Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg]]

== Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{citation |last=Billington |first=James H. |date=2011|title=Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-1401-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=saTynFUNPD8C&pg=PA58 58]–59}}
* {{citation |last=Chandler |first=David |year=1981 |origyear=1980 |title=Waterloo: The Hundred Days |publisher=Osprey Publishing}}
*{{citation |last=Chuquet |first=Arthur |year=1892 |title=L'expédition de Custine |publisher=L. Cert |pages=[ [https://books.google.com/books?id=ip8sAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:qKAsYWBOqYoC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eKcRVebAKoKogwTunoLQDw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Fort-Louis&f=false 5]–6, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ip8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43 43] |language=fr}}
*{{citation|last=Phipps|first=Ramsey Weston|year=2011|origyear=1933|title=The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle|publisher= Pickle Partners Publishing}}
*{{citation |last=Siborne |first=William |authorlink=William Siborne |year=1895 |title=The Waterloo Campaign 1815 |edition=4th |publisher=Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road |chapter=Supplement section |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/waterloocampaig02sibogoog#page/n767/mode/1up|pages=767–780 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaig02sibogoog}}
*{{citation |last=Smith |first=Digby |author-link=Digby Smith |title=Napoleonic Wars Data Book |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=1996}}
*{{citation |last=Stevens |first=Benjamin F. |date=January 1896 |title=Story of La Marseillaise |journal=The Musical Record |publisher=Oliver Ditson Company|location=Boston, Massachusetts |issue=408 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA7-PA2}}
*{{citation |last=Vautrey |first=Louis |year=1878 |title=Histoire de Porrentruy |publisher=J. Gürtler |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qpDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225 225]–227 |language=fr}}
*{{citation |last=Weber |first=Eugen |date=1976 |title=Peasants Into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1013-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KnC4ROsiwwC&pg=PA439 439]}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|ref=none |last=Clerget |first=C. |year=1905 |title=Tableaux des armées françaises pendant les guerres de la Révolution |publisher=Librairie militaire|language=fr}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Army Of The Rhine}}
[[Category:Armées of the French First Republic|Rhine]]
[[Category:Field armies of France|Rhine]]
[[Category:War of the First Coalition]]

Joint Support Service (Germany)

2019-11-21T09:24:26Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Lkdo Nordrhein-Westfalen (B).png → File:LKdo Nordrhein-Westfalen (B).png corr.

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Joint Support Service
| native_name = ''Streitkräftebasis''
| image = Bundeswehr Logo Streitkraeftebasis with lettering.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption =Logo of the Streitkräftebasis
| dates =1 October 2000
| country = [[Germany]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type =
| role =
| size = 27,640 (31 December 2018)<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march ="Marsch der Streikräftebasis"<ref>{{cite news |work=Heidenheimer Zeitung |date=1 October 2010 |language=German |title=Der große Erfolg von Gerhard Fetzer |first=Claus-Dieter |last=Kirschner}}</ref>
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/

| commander1 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Martin Schelleis|Martin Schelleis]] ([[German Air Force]])
| commander1_label =Inspector
| commander2 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Peter Bohrer|Peter Bohrer]] (German Air Force)
| commander2_label =Deputy Inspector
| commander3 =[[Generalmajor]] [[Jürgen Setzer]] ([[German Army]])
| commander3_label =Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders =[[Manfred Nielson]], [[Wolfram Kühn]]

| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| alt =Logo of the Joint Support Service
| countries =
| current_commander =
}}

[[Image:German military police car (aka).jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Feldjäger]]'' MP patrol vehicle]]

The '''Joint Support Service''' ({{lang-de|Streitkräftebasis, SKB}}, literally Armed Forces Foundation) is a [[military branch|branch]] of the [[Germany|German]] [[Bundeswehr]] established in October 2000 as a result of major reforms of the Bundeswehr. It handles various [[military logistics|logistic]] and organisational tasks of the Bundeswehr. The SKB is the fifth component of the Bundeswehr, the other five being the [[German Army|Army]], [[German Navy|Navy]], [[German Air Force|Air Force]] , the [[Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service|Joint Medical Service]] and [[Cyber and Information Domain Service (Germany)]]. As of 31 December 2018, the force is composed of 27,640 personnel.<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>

== Organization ==
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}

Unlike the similar [[UK|British]] [[Defence Logistics Organisation]] and the [[Australian Department of Defence]]'s [[Defence Materiel Organisation#Organisation|Support Command Australia]], Germany's current military environment has led to a number of combat-associated commands being allotted to it, principally the small German territorial defence structure embodied in the four ''Wehrbereichskommandos'' ([[Military District]] Commands), and the national supervision of active German military operations beyond the NATO area,{{clarify|reason=What is meant by current military environment, the residual German territorial defence structure embodied in the four Wehrbereichskommandos, and national supervision of German military operations ?|date=June 2014}} performed by the ''[[:de:Einsatzführungskommando_der_Bundeswehr|Einsatzführungskommando]]'' (Bundeswehr Operations Command), which is headquartered in [[Potsdam]].

The WBK headquarters are in:
* [[Kiel]] WBK I
* [[Mainz]] WBK II
* [[Erfurt]] WBK III
* [[Munich]] WBK IV

Each Military District Command controls several ''[[Landeskommando]]s'' ([[States of Germany|State]] Commands) due to the [[Politics of Germany|federal structure of Germany]]. Previously this function was carried out by the Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos (VBKs) or Military Region Commands (Defence District Commands). These command authorities are in charge of all [[military building|military facilities]] in their area of responsibility and of several supporting [[regiment]]s. The SKB was formed on the basis of the former IV (GE){{clarify|date=November 2014}} Korps. Most of its remaining elements have been reassigned from the Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr, encompassing a wide range of logistics agencies, schools, and other support units.

The top command authorities are the ''Kommando Streitkräftebasis'' ([[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support Service Command]]) which is in charge of numerous of command and control roles. The ''Streitkräfteamt'' ([[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]) directs all schools, training and research centres, the Military Counterintelligence Service ([[Militärischer Abschirmdienst]]), and the Bundeswehr's higher academies and universities.

== Structure ==
{{Bundeswehr}}
* '''[[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support and Enabling Service Headquarters]]''', in [[Bonn]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation Streitkräftebasis |url=http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/start/uberun/organi/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zinSx8QnyMLI2MTEM8LAw8zQL9ff0tnD09HI30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6wSmp-pFAM8wRZri4uoPN8Hb2NDQ1sjA31w_Wj9KPykosS6zQK8gvKslJLdFLTAa5UD8yIzEvJSc1ID_ZESJQkBtRblDuqAgAo9UnEw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922DEG80I6QKCI152877 |publisher=Bundeswehr |accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>
** Multinationale Kommando Operative Führung/Multinational Joint Headquarters Ulm, in [[Ulm]]
** Military Studies Office, in [[Munich]]
** [[Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik|Federal Security Policy Academy]], in Berlin
** German Military Representative at NATO & EU, in [[Brussels]]

=== Logistic Command ===
* [[File:Wappen LogKdoBw.jpg|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Logistic Command''', in [[Erfurt]]
** [[File:LogSBw.svg|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic School, in [[Garlstedt]]
** [[File:LogZBw.png|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic Center, in [[Wilhelmshaven]]
** [[File:SpezPiBtl 164.jpg|20px]] 164th Special Engineer Regiment, in [[Husum]]
** [[File:LogBtl 161..png|20px]] 161st Logistic Battalion, in [[Delmenhorst]]
** [[File:LogBtl 171..png|20px]] 171st Logistic Battalion, in [[Burg bei Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LogBtl 172 (1).png|20px]] 172nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Beelitz]]
** [[File:LogBtl 461.png|20px]] 461st Logistic Battalion, in [[Walldürn]]
** [[File:LogBtl 467.jpg|20px]] 467th Logistic Battalion, in [[Volkach]]
** [[File:Wappen 3.Logistikbataillon 472 Kümmersbruck.svg|20px]] 472nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Kümmersbruck]]

=== Military Police Command ===
* [[File:COA KdoFJgBw.svg|25px]] '''[[Feldjäger|Bundeswehr Military Police]] Command''', in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:COA SFJg-StDstBw.svg|20px]] Military Police and Staff Service School, in Hanover
** 1st Military Police Regiment, in [[Berlin]]
** 2nd Military Police Regiment, in [[Hilden]]
** 3rd Military Police Regiment, in [[Munich]]

=== CBRN-defense Command ===
* [[File:ABCAbwKdoBw.gif|25px]] '''Bundeswehr [[CBRN defense|CBRN-defense]] Command''', in [[Bruchsal]]
** [[File:SABCAbwGSchAufg.png|20px]] CBRN-defense and Legal Protection Tasks School, in [[Sonthofen]]
** [[File:ABCAbwBtl 7.jpg|20px]] 7th CBRN-defense Battalion, in [[Höxter]]
** [[File:ABCAbwRgt 750.jpg|20px]] 750th CBRN-defense Battalion, in Bruchsal

=== Territorial Tasks Command ===
* [[File:KdoTA.png|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Territorial Tasks Command''', in Berlin
** [[File:LKdo Baden-Württemberg (B).png|20px]] [[Baden-Württemberg]] State Command ([[Landeskommando]]), in [[Stuttgart]]
** [[File:LKdo Bayern (B).png|20px]] [[Bayern]] State Command, in Munich
** [[File:LKdo Brandenburg (B).png|20px]] [[Brandenburg]] State Command, in [[Potsdam]]
** [[File:LKdo Bremen (B).png|20px]] [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] State Command, in Bremen
** [[File:LKdo Hamburg (B).png|20px]] [[Hamburg]] State Command, in [[Hamburg]]
** [[File:LKdo Hessen (B).png|20px]] [[Hessen]] State Command, in [[Wiesbaden]]
** [[File:LKdo Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (B).png|20px]] [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] State Command, in [[Schwerin]]
** [[File:LKdo Niedersachsen (B ).png|20px]] [[Niedersachsen]] State Command, in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:LKdo Nordrhein-Westfalen (B).png|20px]] [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] State Command, in [[Düsseldorf]]
** [[File:LKdo Rheinland-Pfalz (B).png|20px]] [[Rheinland-Pfalz]] State Command, in [[Mainz]]
** [[File:LKdo Saarland (B).png|20px]] [[Saarland]] State Command, in [[Saarbrücken]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen]] State Command, in [[Dresden]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen-Anhalt (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen-Anhalt]] State Command, in [[Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LKdo Schleswig-Holstein (B).png|20px]] [[Schleswig-Holstein]] State Command, in [[Kiel]]
** [[File:LKdo Thüringen (B).png|20px]] [[Thüringen]] State Command, in [[Erfurt]]
** [[Zentrum Zivil-Militärische Zusammenarbeit der Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Civil-Military Cooperation Centre]], in [[Nienburg, Lower Saxony|Nienburg]]
** [[Wachbataillon|Guard battalion at the Ministry of Defence]], in Berlin
** All Bundeswehr Training Areas, divided into three regions (North, South, East)

=== Armed Forces Office ===
* '''[[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]''', in [[Bonn]]
** Bundeswehr Verification Tasks Centre, in [[Geilenkirchen]]
** Bundeswehr Service Dog School, in [[Ulmen]]
** Bundeswehr Public Relations Centre, in [[Strausberg]]
** [[Military Music Center of the Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Military Music Centre]], in Bonn
** Bundeswehr Sport School, in [[Warendorf]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK94uyk-ILMKv2CbEdFAIovPjA!/ www.streitkraeftebasis.de (engl.)]

{{Military of Germany}}
{{NATO Land Forces}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Branches of the Bundeswehr]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Joint Support Service (Germany)]]

Joint Support Service (Germany)

2019-11-21T09:22:29Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Lkdo Hessen (B).png → File:LKdo Hessen (B).png corr.

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Joint Support Service
| native_name = ''Streitkräftebasis''
| image = Bundeswehr Logo Streitkraeftebasis with lettering.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption =Logo of the Streitkräftebasis
| dates =1 October 2000
| country = [[Germany]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type =
| role =
| size = 27,640 (31 December 2018)<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march ="Marsch der Streikräftebasis"<ref>{{cite news |work=Heidenheimer Zeitung |date=1 October 2010 |language=German |title=Der große Erfolg von Gerhard Fetzer |first=Claus-Dieter |last=Kirschner}}</ref>
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/

| commander1 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Martin Schelleis|Martin Schelleis]] ([[German Air Force]])
| commander1_label =Inspector
| commander2 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Peter Bohrer|Peter Bohrer]] (German Air Force)
| commander2_label =Deputy Inspector
| commander3 =[[Generalmajor]] [[Jürgen Setzer]] ([[German Army]])
| commander3_label =Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders =[[Manfred Nielson]], [[Wolfram Kühn]]

| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| alt =Logo of the Joint Support Service
| countries =
| current_commander =
}}

[[Image:German military police car (aka).jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Feldjäger]]'' MP patrol vehicle]]

The '''Joint Support Service''' ({{lang-de|Streitkräftebasis, SKB}}, literally Armed Forces Foundation) is a [[military branch|branch]] of the [[Germany|German]] [[Bundeswehr]] established in October 2000 as a result of major reforms of the Bundeswehr. It handles various [[military logistics|logistic]] and organisational tasks of the Bundeswehr. The SKB is the fifth component of the Bundeswehr, the other five being the [[German Army|Army]], [[German Navy|Navy]], [[German Air Force|Air Force]] , the [[Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service|Joint Medical Service]] and [[Cyber and Information Domain Service (Germany)]]. As of 31 December 2018, the force is composed of 27,640 personnel.<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>

== Organization ==
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}

Unlike the similar [[UK|British]] [[Defence Logistics Organisation]] and the [[Australian Department of Defence]]'s [[Defence Materiel Organisation#Organisation|Support Command Australia]], Germany's current military environment has led to a number of combat-associated commands being allotted to it, principally the small German territorial defence structure embodied in the four ''Wehrbereichskommandos'' ([[Military District]] Commands), and the national supervision of active German military operations beyond the NATO area,{{clarify|reason=What is meant by current military environment, the residual German territorial defence structure embodied in the four Wehrbereichskommandos, and national supervision of German military operations ?|date=June 2014}} performed by the ''[[:de:Einsatzführungskommando_der_Bundeswehr|Einsatzführungskommando]]'' (Bundeswehr Operations Command), which is headquartered in [[Potsdam]].

The WBK headquarters are in:
* [[Kiel]] WBK I
* [[Mainz]] WBK II
* [[Erfurt]] WBK III
* [[Munich]] WBK IV

Each Military District Command controls several ''[[Landeskommando]]s'' ([[States of Germany|State]] Commands) due to the [[Politics of Germany|federal structure of Germany]]. Previously this function was carried out by the Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos (VBKs) or Military Region Commands (Defence District Commands). These command authorities are in charge of all [[military building|military facilities]] in their area of responsibility and of several supporting [[regiment]]s. The SKB was formed on the basis of the former IV (GE){{clarify|date=November 2014}} Korps. Most of its remaining elements have been reassigned from the Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr, encompassing a wide range of logistics agencies, schools, and other support units.

The top command authorities are the ''Kommando Streitkräftebasis'' ([[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support Service Command]]) which is in charge of numerous of command and control roles. The ''Streitkräfteamt'' ([[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]) directs all schools, training and research centres, the Military Counterintelligence Service ([[Militärischer Abschirmdienst]]), and the Bundeswehr's higher academies and universities.

== Structure ==
{{Bundeswehr}}
* '''[[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support and Enabling Service Headquarters]]''', in [[Bonn]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation Streitkräftebasis |url=http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/start/uberun/organi/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zinSx8QnyMLI2MTEM8LAw8zQL9ff0tnD09HI30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6wSmp-pFAM8wRZri4uoPN8Hb2NDQ1sjA31w_Wj9KPykosS6zQK8gvKslJLdFLTAa5UD8yIzEvJSc1ID_ZESJQkBtRblDuqAgAo9UnEw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922DEG80I6QKCI152877 |publisher=Bundeswehr |accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>
** Multinationale Kommando Operative Führung/Multinational Joint Headquarters Ulm, in [[Ulm]]
** Military Studies Office, in [[Munich]]
** [[Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik|Federal Security Policy Academy]], in Berlin
** German Military Representative at NATO & EU, in [[Brussels]]

=== Logistic Command ===
* [[File:Wappen LogKdoBw.jpg|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Logistic Command''', in [[Erfurt]]
** [[File:LogSBw.svg|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic School, in [[Garlstedt]]
** [[File:LogZBw.png|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic Center, in [[Wilhelmshaven]]
** [[File:SpezPiBtl 164.jpg|20px]] 164th Special Engineer Regiment, in [[Husum]]
** [[File:LogBtl 161..png|20px]] 161st Logistic Battalion, in [[Delmenhorst]]
** [[File:LogBtl 171..png|20px]] 171st Logistic Battalion, in [[Burg bei Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LogBtl 172 (1).png|20px]] 172nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Beelitz]]
** [[File:LogBtl 461.png|20px]] 461st Logistic Battalion, in [[Walldürn]]
** [[File:LogBtl 467.jpg|20px]] 467th Logistic Battalion, in [[Volkach]]
** [[File:Wappen 3.Logistikbataillon 472 Kümmersbruck.svg|20px]] 472nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Kümmersbruck]]

=== Military Police Command ===
* [[File:COA KdoFJgBw.svg|25px]] '''[[Feldjäger|Bundeswehr Military Police]] Command''', in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:COA SFJg-StDstBw.svg|20px]] Military Police and Staff Service School, in Hanover
** 1st Military Police Regiment, in [[Berlin]]
** 2nd Military Police Regiment, in [[Hilden]]
** 3rd Military Police Regiment, in [[Munich]]

=== CBRN-defense Command ===
* [[File:ABCAbwKdoBw.gif|25px]] '''Bundeswehr [[CBRN defense|CBRN-defense]] Command''', in [[Bruchsal]]
** [[File:SABCAbwGSchAufg.png|20px]] CBRN-defense and Legal Protection Tasks School, in [[Sonthofen]]
** [[File:ABCAbwBtl 7.jpg|20px]] 7th CBRN-defense Battalion, in [[Höxter]]
** [[File:ABCAbwRgt 750.jpg|20px]] 750th CBRN-defense Battalion, in Bruchsal

=== Territorial Tasks Command ===
* [[File:KdoTA.png|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Territorial Tasks Command''', in Berlin
** [[File:LKdo Baden-Württemberg (B).png|20px]] [[Baden-Württemberg]] State Command ([[Landeskommando]]), in [[Stuttgart]]
** [[File:LKdo Bayern (B).png|20px]] [[Bayern]] State Command, in Munich
** [[File:LKdo Brandenburg (B).png|20px]] [[Brandenburg]] State Command, in [[Potsdam]]
** [[File:LKdo Bremen (B).png|20px]] [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] State Command, in Bremen
** [[File:LKdo Hamburg (B).png|20px]] [[Hamburg]] State Command, in [[Hamburg]]
** [[File:LKdo Hessen (B).png|20px]] [[Hessen]] State Command, in [[Wiesbaden]]
** [[File:LKdo Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (B).png|20px]] [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] State Command, in [[Schwerin]]
** [[File:LKdo Niedersachsen (B ).png|20px]] [[Niedersachsen]] State Command, in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:Lkdo Nordrhein-Westfalen (B).png|20px]] [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] State Command, in [[Düsseldorf]]
** [[File:LKdo Rheinland-Pfalz (B).png|20px]] [[Rheinland-Pfalz]] State Command, in [[Mainz]]
** [[File:LKdo Saarland (B).png|20px]] [[Saarland]] State Command, in [[Saarbrücken]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen]] State Command, in [[Dresden]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen-Anhalt (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen-Anhalt]] State Command, in [[Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LKdo Schleswig-Holstein (B).png|20px]] [[Schleswig-Holstein]] State Command, in [[Kiel]]
** [[File:LKdo Thüringen (B).png|20px]] [[Thüringen]] State Command, in [[Erfurt]]
** [[Zentrum Zivil-Militärische Zusammenarbeit der Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Civil-Military Cooperation Centre]], in [[Nienburg, Lower Saxony|Nienburg]]
** [[Wachbataillon|Guard battalion at the Ministry of Defence]], in Berlin
** All Bundeswehr Training Areas, divided into three regions (North, South, East)

=== Armed Forces Office ===
* '''[[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]''', in [[Bonn]]
** Bundeswehr Verification Tasks Centre, in [[Geilenkirchen]]
** Bundeswehr Service Dog School, in [[Ulmen]]
** Bundeswehr Public Relations Centre, in [[Strausberg]]
** [[Military Music Center of the Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Military Music Centre]], in Bonn
** Bundeswehr Sport School, in [[Warendorf]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK94uyk-ILMKv2CbEdFAIovPjA!/ www.streitkraeftebasis.de (engl.)]

{{Military of Germany}}
{{NATO Land Forces}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Branches of the Bundeswehr]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Joint Support Service (Germany)]]

Joint Support Service (Germany)

2019-11-21T09:20:33Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Lkdo Hamburg (B).png → File:LKdo Hamburg (B).png corr.

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Joint Support Service
| native_name = ''Streitkräftebasis''
| image = Bundeswehr Logo Streitkraeftebasis with lettering.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption =Logo of the Streitkräftebasis
| dates =1 October 2000
| country = [[Germany]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type =
| role =
| size = 27,640 (31 December 2018)<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march ="Marsch der Streikräftebasis"<ref>{{cite news |work=Heidenheimer Zeitung |date=1 October 2010 |language=German |title=Der große Erfolg von Gerhard Fetzer |first=Claus-Dieter |last=Kirschner}}</ref>
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/

| commander1 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Martin Schelleis|Martin Schelleis]] ([[German Air Force]])
| commander1_label =Inspector
| commander2 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Peter Bohrer|Peter Bohrer]] (German Air Force)
| commander2_label =Deputy Inspector
| commander3 =[[Generalmajor]] [[Jürgen Setzer]] ([[German Army]])
| commander3_label =Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders =[[Manfred Nielson]], [[Wolfram Kühn]]

| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| alt =Logo of the Joint Support Service
| countries =
| current_commander =
}}

[[Image:German military police car (aka).jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Feldjäger]]'' MP patrol vehicle]]

The '''Joint Support Service''' ({{lang-de|Streitkräftebasis, SKB}}, literally Armed Forces Foundation) is a [[military branch|branch]] of the [[Germany|German]] [[Bundeswehr]] established in October 2000 as a result of major reforms of the Bundeswehr. It handles various [[military logistics|logistic]] and organisational tasks of the Bundeswehr. The SKB is the fifth component of the Bundeswehr, the other five being the [[German Army|Army]], [[German Navy|Navy]], [[German Air Force|Air Force]] , the [[Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service|Joint Medical Service]] and [[Cyber and Information Domain Service (Germany)]]. As of 31 December 2018, the force is composed of 27,640 personnel.<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>

== Organization ==
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}

Unlike the similar [[UK|British]] [[Defence Logistics Organisation]] and the [[Australian Department of Defence]]'s [[Defence Materiel Organisation#Organisation|Support Command Australia]], Germany's current military environment has led to a number of combat-associated commands being allotted to it, principally the small German territorial defence structure embodied in the four ''Wehrbereichskommandos'' ([[Military District]] Commands), and the national supervision of active German military operations beyond the NATO area,{{clarify|reason=What is meant by current military environment, the residual German territorial defence structure embodied in the four Wehrbereichskommandos, and national supervision of German military operations ?|date=June 2014}} performed by the ''[[:de:Einsatzführungskommando_der_Bundeswehr|Einsatzführungskommando]]'' (Bundeswehr Operations Command), which is headquartered in [[Potsdam]].

The WBK headquarters are in:
* [[Kiel]] WBK I
* [[Mainz]] WBK II
* [[Erfurt]] WBK III
* [[Munich]] WBK IV

Each Military District Command controls several ''[[Landeskommando]]s'' ([[States of Germany|State]] Commands) due to the [[Politics of Germany|federal structure of Germany]]. Previously this function was carried out by the Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos (VBKs) or Military Region Commands (Defence District Commands). These command authorities are in charge of all [[military building|military facilities]] in their area of responsibility and of several supporting [[regiment]]s. The SKB was formed on the basis of the former IV (GE){{clarify|date=November 2014}} Korps. Most of its remaining elements have been reassigned from the Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr, encompassing a wide range of logistics agencies, schools, and other support units.

The top command authorities are the ''Kommando Streitkräftebasis'' ([[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support Service Command]]) which is in charge of numerous of command and control roles. The ''Streitkräfteamt'' ([[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]) directs all schools, training and research centres, the Military Counterintelligence Service ([[Militärischer Abschirmdienst]]), and the Bundeswehr's higher academies and universities.

== Structure ==
{{Bundeswehr}}
* '''[[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support and Enabling Service Headquarters]]''', in [[Bonn]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation Streitkräftebasis |url=http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/start/uberun/organi/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zinSx8QnyMLI2MTEM8LAw8zQL9ff0tnD09HI30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6wSmp-pFAM8wRZri4uoPN8Hb2NDQ1sjA31w_Wj9KPykosS6zQK8gvKslJLdFLTAa5UD8yIzEvJSc1ID_ZESJQkBtRblDuqAgAo9UnEw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922DEG80I6QKCI152877 |publisher=Bundeswehr |accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>
** Multinationale Kommando Operative Führung/Multinational Joint Headquarters Ulm, in [[Ulm]]
** Military Studies Office, in [[Munich]]
** [[Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik|Federal Security Policy Academy]], in Berlin
** German Military Representative at NATO & EU, in [[Brussels]]

=== Logistic Command ===
* [[File:Wappen LogKdoBw.jpg|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Logistic Command''', in [[Erfurt]]
** [[File:LogSBw.svg|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic School, in [[Garlstedt]]
** [[File:LogZBw.png|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic Center, in [[Wilhelmshaven]]
** [[File:SpezPiBtl 164.jpg|20px]] 164th Special Engineer Regiment, in [[Husum]]
** [[File:LogBtl 161..png|20px]] 161st Logistic Battalion, in [[Delmenhorst]]
** [[File:LogBtl 171..png|20px]] 171st Logistic Battalion, in [[Burg bei Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LogBtl 172 (1).png|20px]] 172nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Beelitz]]
** [[File:LogBtl 461.png|20px]] 461st Logistic Battalion, in [[Walldürn]]
** [[File:LogBtl 467.jpg|20px]] 467th Logistic Battalion, in [[Volkach]]
** [[File:Wappen 3.Logistikbataillon 472 Kümmersbruck.svg|20px]] 472nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Kümmersbruck]]

=== Military Police Command ===
* [[File:COA KdoFJgBw.svg|25px]] '''[[Feldjäger|Bundeswehr Military Police]] Command''', in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:COA SFJg-StDstBw.svg|20px]] Military Police and Staff Service School, in Hanover
** 1st Military Police Regiment, in [[Berlin]]
** 2nd Military Police Regiment, in [[Hilden]]
** 3rd Military Police Regiment, in [[Munich]]

=== CBRN-defense Command ===
* [[File:ABCAbwKdoBw.gif|25px]] '''Bundeswehr [[CBRN defense|CBRN-defense]] Command''', in [[Bruchsal]]
** [[File:SABCAbwGSchAufg.png|20px]] CBRN-defense and Legal Protection Tasks School, in [[Sonthofen]]
** [[File:ABCAbwBtl 7.jpg|20px]] 7th CBRN-defense Battalion, in [[Höxter]]
** [[File:ABCAbwRgt 750.jpg|20px]] 750th CBRN-defense Battalion, in Bruchsal

=== Territorial Tasks Command ===
* [[File:KdoTA.png|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Territorial Tasks Command''', in Berlin
** [[File:LKdo Baden-Württemberg (B).png|20px]] [[Baden-Württemberg]] State Command ([[Landeskommando]]), in [[Stuttgart]]
** [[File:LKdo Bayern (B).png|20px]] [[Bayern]] State Command, in Munich
** [[File:LKdo Brandenburg (B).png|20px]] [[Brandenburg]] State Command, in [[Potsdam]]
** [[File:LKdo Bremen (B).png|20px]] [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] State Command, in Bremen
** [[File:LKdo Hamburg (B).png|20px]] [[Hamburg]] State Command, in [[Hamburg]]
** [[File:Lkdo Hessen (B).png|20px]] [[Hessen]] State Command, in [[Wiesbaden]]
** [[File:LKdo Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (B).png|20px]] [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] State Command, in [[Schwerin]]
** [[File:LKdo Niedersachsen (B ).png|20px]] [[Niedersachsen]] State Command, in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:Lkdo Nordrhein-Westfalen (B).png|20px]] [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] State Command, in [[Düsseldorf]]
** [[File:LKdo Rheinland-Pfalz (B).png|20px]] [[Rheinland-Pfalz]] State Command, in [[Mainz]]
** [[File:LKdo Saarland (B).png|20px]] [[Saarland]] State Command, in [[Saarbrücken]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen]] State Command, in [[Dresden]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen-Anhalt (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen-Anhalt]] State Command, in [[Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LKdo Schleswig-Holstein (B).png|20px]] [[Schleswig-Holstein]] State Command, in [[Kiel]]
** [[File:LKdo Thüringen (B).png|20px]] [[Thüringen]] State Command, in [[Erfurt]]
** [[Zentrum Zivil-Militärische Zusammenarbeit der Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Civil-Military Cooperation Centre]], in [[Nienburg, Lower Saxony|Nienburg]]
** [[Wachbataillon|Guard battalion at the Ministry of Defence]], in Berlin
** All Bundeswehr Training Areas, divided into three regions (North, South, East)

=== Armed Forces Office ===
* '''[[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]''', in [[Bonn]]
** Bundeswehr Verification Tasks Centre, in [[Geilenkirchen]]
** Bundeswehr Service Dog School, in [[Ulmen]]
** Bundeswehr Public Relations Centre, in [[Strausberg]]
** [[Military Music Center of the Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Military Music Centre]], in Bonn
** Bundeswehr Sport School, in [[Warendorf]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK94uyk-ILMKv2CbEdFAIovPjA!/ www.streitkraeftebasis.de (engl.)]

{{Military of Germany}}
{{NATO Land Forces}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Branches of the Bundeswehr]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Joint Support Service (Germany)]]

Canon de 240 L Mle 1884

2019-10-12T07:32:16Z

Centenier: /* Photo Gallery */

{{Infobox weapon
|name=Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884
|image=Guerre 14-18-Canon américain avec soldat noir-vers 1918.JPG
|image_size=300
|caption=A black US soldier with a mle 1884. The gun and cradle have been dismounted from a rail carriage.
|origin=France
|type=[[Coastal artillery]] [[Siege artillery]] [[Railway artillery]]

|is_ranged=yes
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=yes
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_UK=

|service=
|used_by=France Italy Nazi Germany
|wars=[[World War I]] [[World War II]]

|designer=[[Charles Ragon de Bange]]
|design_date=1873
|manufacturer=[[St. Chamond (manufacturer)|St. Chamond]]
|production_date=1884<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760719947|title=Twentieth-century artillery|last=Hogg|first=Ian|date=2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|year=|isbn=0760719942|location=New York|pages=85|oclc=44779672|url-access=registration}}</ref>
|number=60 guns and 60 spare barrels<ref name=":0" />
|variants=

|weight={{convert|31,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|length=
|part_length={{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} L/26<ref name=":0" />
|width=
|height=
|crew=

|cartridge={{convert|162|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|cartridge_weight=HE; {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|caliber={{convert|240|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|action=
|rate=1 shot every three minutes
|velocity={{convert|575|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|range=
|max_range={{convert|17.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" />
|feed=
|sights=

|breech=[[Charles Ragon de Bange#De Bange breech obturator system|de Bange]]
|recoil=[[Hydraulic recoil mechanism|Hydro-gravity]]
|carriage=
|elevation=0° to +38°
|traverse=10°<ref name=":0" />

|filling=
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=
}}

The '''Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884''' was a heavy artillery piece originally employed as [[coastal artillery]] and later converted to [[siege artillery]] and [[railway artillery]] roles. Mle 1884 guns were used in both the [[First world war]] and [[Second world war]]s.

==History==
The Canon de 240 mm L mle 1884 was one of a series of heavy artillery pieces designed by [[Charles Ragon de Bange|Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange]]. On 11 May 1874 three de Bange heavy cannons ([[Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878|120 mm]], [[De Bange 155 mm cannon|155 mm]], 220 mm) and two mortars ([[Mortier de 220 mm modèle 1880|220 mm]], [[Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889|270 mm]]) were ordered by the [[French Army in World War I|French Army]].

The mle 1884 was advanced for its time due to being built completely of steel instead of a steel liner and cast iron reinforcing [[Hoop gun|hoops]] of the previous ''Canon de 240 mm C mle 1870''-87. The mle 1884 was also [[breech loaded]] with a [[Charles Ragon de Bange#De Bange breech obturator system|de Bange obturator]] and a simple hydraulic recoil system.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/wiki/index.php/Canon_G_de_240_mle_1884_de_c%C3%B4te|title=Canon G de 240 mle 1884 de côte - WO1Wiki|website=www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl|language=nl|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>

==Variants==
=== Coastal Artillery ===
In the coastal artillery role, the mle 1884 was mounted on a variety of [[barbette]]s which normally consisted of a large diameter geared steel ring set into a concrete slab behind a [[parapet]]. A rectangular steel firing platform sat on top of the ring with the barrel of the gun overhanging the parapet at the front and an overhanging loading platform to the rear. The firing platform was then traversed by a [[worm drive|worm gear]] which attached to the base.<ref name=":1" />

The recoil system for the mle 1884 consisted of a U shaped gun cradle which held the [[trunnion]]ed barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with hydraulic buffers. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffer slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity. Later some mle 1884's were modified to use a [[Canet gun|Canet]] [http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/Canons/ImagesCanons/France/Forteresse/155Thierville3.JPG breech] to reduce the number of crew needed to service the gun and increase its rate of fire. The resulting gun was designated the ''[[Canon de 240 TR Mle 1903|Canon de 240 TR mle 1884/03]]''. At the outbreak of the First World War, it is estimated there were 149 mle 1884's deployed in coastal fortifications.<ref name=":1" />

=== Siege Artillery ===
Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] stagnated and [[trench warfare]] set in. Two sources of heavy artillery suitable for conversion to field use were [[Coastal defence and fortification|coastal fortifications]] and surplus [[naval guns]]. Suitable field and rail carriages were built for these guns in an effort to give their forces the heavy field artillery needed to overcome trenches and hardened concrete fortifications.<ref name=":0" />

Although an older design the need for heavy artillery on the Western Front was so pressing that at least five different mounts were devised for the mle 1884: two static and three railroad. The initial conversion of 16 guns was carried out by the [[Military port of Toulon|Arsenal de Toulon]] and was designated the ''Canon'' ''de'' ''240 mm mle 1884 sur affût à échantigolles.'' These consisted of the steel firing platform of the coastal gun being placed on top a platform made from wooden beams. There was no traverse mechanism so the entire platform had to be aligned with the target. Despite these limitations, the conversions were considered successful.<ref name=":1" />

In 1915 [[St. Chamond company|St. Chamond]] was given the task of building a carriage for the mle 1884 and the design was accepted in 1916. The new gun was designated the ''Canon de 240 mm mle 1884 sur affût à Tracteur Saint-Chamont'' or ''Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884'' and St. Chamond completed sixty guns between October 1916 and October 1917. For transport, the mle 1884 could be broken down into two {{convert|20000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} loads each with their own carriage. Each carriage was towed by an [[artillery tractor]] with the tractors consuming about {{convert|1000|l|gal|abbr=on}} of gasoline per {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Therefore, the artillery tractors were only used near the front with long-distance transport accomplished by rail. Once onsite the guns could be assembled in approximately 24 hours by cranes and [[Block and tackle|block & tackle]].<ref name=":1" />

The new mount used the same large diameter geared base as the coastal mount with 10° traverse and 38° elevation was possible. The new guns were popular due to good barrel wear, long range, and heavy {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}} shell. Guns that survived the war were designated the ''Canon de Mle 84/17'' and used again during [[World War II]]. In 1939, twelve guns were mobilized and those captured by the [[Wehrmacht]] after the [[Fall of France]] were designated ''Kanone 556(f)'' and used for coastal defense.<ref name=":0" />

=== Railway Artillery ===
In addition to its siege gun and coastal artillery roles, the mle 1884 was also converted to act as railway artillery:

* The first of these conversions was designated the ''Canon de 240 mm mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider''. The gun and its base were attached to a 5-axle [[railway wagon|railroad carriage]] built by [[Schneider-Creusot|Schneider]]. There was no traverse for the carriage and to aim the gun had to be drawn across a section of curved track. The gun cradle used the same hydro-gravity recoil system as the coastal defense gun. The carriage had 4 wooden transverse beams that could be screwed down to anchor the carriage in place to absorb recoil. There was also a [[windlass]] at the front of the carriage to return the gun to position if it recoiled.<ref name=":1" />

* The second conversion of the mle 1884 began during 1914 to mount the earlier Canon de 240 mm G mle 1870-87 on a railroad carriage and was designated the ''Canon de 24 cm modèle 1870-87 et modèle 1870-93 sur affut tous azimuts Batignolles''. This was one of the first pieces of railway artillery built by [[Batignolles]] and featured 360° of traverse. The gun rested on two three-axle bogies. Before firing, 4 steel beams were anchored across the track, and 4 lateral outriggers were unfolded next to the track to ensure the stability and 360° fire. A loading platform on the rear of the firing platform could carry five ready rounds and charges which raised the rate of fire to four shots in five minutes.<ref name=":1" /> The conversion was successful but the mle 1870-87 was a very old gun and due to its mixed construction, each metal had different thermal properties which accelerated barrel wear. Therefore, it was decided in early 1917 to mate the mle 1884 with the Batignolles rail carriage and designated the ''Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ''. The combination was successful and considered one of the best pieces of French rail artillery by combining a powerful and accurate gun with 360° traverse. Guns which survived the First World War later saw action in the Second World War and those captured by the Germans were given the designation ''24cm K(E) 557(f)'' and used as coastal artillery.<ref name=":1" />

* The last conversion of the mle 1884 began late in 1917 and used the same rail carriage as the Canon 240 mm Mile 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider. However, the gun originally mounted on the carriage was the ''Canon de 240 mm G mle 1876'' with mle 1884 barrels eventually replacing worn mle 1876 barrels. The details are largely the same as the previous conversion and were designated ''Canon 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût de fortune Mle 1917''. It is believed that the 38 converted were too late to enter service during the First World War.<ref name=":1" /> Eight mle 17 guns were mobilized during the Second world war and five were captured by the Germans who gave them the designation ''24 cm Kanone (Eisenbahn) 557(f).'' Three were used by the Germans and two were given to the Italians after the [[Battle of France|Fall of France]]. After the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian capitulation]] the two guns given to Italy returned to German service.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907965829|title=Railway guns of World War II|last=Zaloga|first=Steve|publisher=Osprey|others=Dennis, Peter|year=2016|isbn=1472810686|location=Oxford|pages=5-8|oclc=907965829}}</ref>

==Photo Gallery==
<gallery widths="150">
File:Canon de 240 L Mle 1884.jpg|A diagram of a Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 on a center pivot mount.
File:Terny. Pièces de 240. 08-05-18. Cap. Féraud - Fonds Berthelé - 49Fi1046.jpg| A camouflaged Canon de 240 mle 1884 employed as field artillery at Terny-Sorny (Aisne) May 8, 1918.
File:Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.jpg| A line drawing of a Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.
File:Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ.jpg| A line drawing of a Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ.
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Commons Category|Canon de 240 L Mle 1884}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* S. Ferrard, Les Matériels de l’armée de terre Française 1940, Tome 2, p83-85, p124-125.
* G. François, Les canons de la Victoire. Tôme 2, Artillerie Lourde à Grande Puissance, p15, p20, p30, 32.
* G. François, Les canons de la Victoire. Tôme 3, l’Artillerie de côte et l’artillerie de tranchée, p22.
* G. François, Histoire de l’artillerie lourde sur voie ferrée française de 1886 à 1918, p31.
* F. Kosar, Die Schweren Geschütze der welt, p 102-103.
* F. Kosar, Die Eisenbahn-Geschütze der welt, p 86.
* H. Miller, Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery , 192

==External links==
* http://canonspgmww1guns.canalblog.com/archives/2010/04/09/17526807.html
* http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/wiki/index.php/Canon_G_de_240_mle_1884_de_c%C3%B4te
* http://www.fortiffsere.fr/artillerie/index_fichiers/Page2829.htm
{{De Bange system}}
{{WWIFrenchGuns}}
{{WWIIFrenchGuns}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884}}
[[Category:Artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War I artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War II weapons of France]]
[[Category:Railway guns]]
[[Category:World War I railway artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War I guns]]
[[Category:Coastal artillery]]
[[Category:240 mm artillery]]

Canon de 240 L Mle 1884

2019-10-12T07:31:09Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Verdun-240-guns.jpg → File:Verdun-240-guns m 1876.jpg corr

{{Infobox weapon
|name=Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884
|image=Guerre 14-18-Canon américain avec soldat noir-vers 1918.JPG
|image_size=300
|caption=A black US soldier with a mle 1884. The gun and cradle have been dismounted from a rail carriage.
|origin=France
|type=[[Coastal artillery]] [[Siege artillery]] [[Railway artillery]]

|is_ranged=yes
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=yes
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_UK=

|service=
|used_by=France Italy Nazi Germany
|wars=[[World War I]] [[World War II]]

|designer=[[Charles Ragon de Bange]]
|design_date=1873
|manufacturer=[[St. Chamond (manufacturer)|St. Chamond]]
|production_date=1884<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760719947|title=Twentieth-century artillery|last=Hogg|first=Ian|date=2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|year=|isbn=0760719942|location=New York|pages=85|oclc=44779672|url-access=registration}}</ref>
|number=60 guns and 60 spare barrels<ref name=":0" />
|variants=

|weight={{convert|31,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|length=
|part_length={{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} L/26<ref name=":0" />
|width=
|height=
|crew=

|cartridge={{convert|162|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|cartridge_weight=HE; {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|caliber={{convert|240|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|action=
|rate=1 shot every three minutes
|velocity={{convert|575|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|range=
|max_range={{convert|17.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" />
|feed=
|sights=

|breech=[[Charles Ragon de Bange#De Bange breech obturator system|de Bange]]
|recoil=[[Hydraulic recoil mechanism|Hydro-gravity]]
|carriage=
|elevation=0° to +38°
|traverse=10°<ref name=":0" />

|filling=
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=
}}

The '''Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884''' was a heavy artillery piece originally employed as [[coastal artillery]] and later converted to [[siege artillery]] and [[railway artillery]] roles. Mle 1884 guns were used in both the [[First world war]] and [[Second world war]]s.

==History==
The Canon de 240 mm L mle 1884 was one of a series of heavy artillery pieces designed by [[Charles Ragon de Bange|Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange]]. On 11 May 1874 three de Bange heavy cannons ([[Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878|120 mm]], [[De Bange 155 mm cannon|155 mm]], 220 mm) and two mortars ([[Mortier de 220 mm modèle 1880|220 mm]], [[Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889|270 mm]]) were ordered by the [[French Army in World War I|French Army]].

The mle 1884 was advanced for its time due to being built completely of steel instead of a steel liner and cast iron reinforcing [[Hoop gun|hoops]] of the previous ''Canon de 240 mm C mle 1870''-87. The mle 1884 was also [[breech loaded]] with a [[Charles Ragon de Bange#De Bange breech obturator system|de Bange obturator]] and a simple hydraulic recoil system.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/wiki/index.php/Canon_G_de_240_mle_1884_de_c%C3%B4te|title=Canon G de 240 mle 1884 de côte - WO1Wiki|website=www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl|language=nl|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>

==Variants==
=== Coastal Artillery ===
In the coastal artillery role, the mle 1884 was mounted on a variety of [[barbette]]s which normally consisted of a large diameter geared steel ring set into a concrete slab behind a [[parapet]]. A rectangular steel firing platform sat on top of the ring with the barrel of the gun overhanging the parapet at the front and an overhanging loading platform to the rear. The firing platform was then traversed by a [[worm drive|worm gear]] which attached to the base.<ref name=":1" />

The recoil system for the mle 1884 consisted of a U shaped gun cradle which held the [[trunnion]]ed barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with hydraulic buffers. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffer slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity. Later some mle 1884's were modified to use a [[Canet gun|Canet]] [http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/Canons/ImagesCanons/France/Forteresse/155Thierville3.JPG breech] to reduce the number of crew needed to service the gun and increase its rate of fire. The resulting gun was designated the ''[[Canon de 240 TR Mle 1903|Canon de 240 TR mle 1884/03]]''. At the outbreak of the First World War, it is estimated there were 149 mle 1884's deployed in coastal fortifications.<ref name=":1" />

=== Siege Artillery ===
Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] stagnated and [[trench warfare]] set in. Two sources of heavy artillery suitable for conversion to field use were [[Coastal defence and fortification|coastal fortifications]] and surplus [[naval guns]]. Suitable field and rail carriages were built for these guns in an effort to give their forces the heavy field artillery needed to overcome trenches and hardened concrete fortifications.<ref name=":0" />

Although an older design the need for heavy artillery on the Western Front was so pressing that at least five different mounts were devised for the mle 1884: two static and three railroad. The initial conversion of 16 guns was carried out by the [[Military port of Toulon|Arsenal de Toulon]] and was designated the ''Canon'' ''de'' ''240 mm mle 1884 sur affût à échantigolles.'' These consisted of the steel firing platform of the coastal gun being placed on top a platform made from wooden beams. There was no traverse mechanism so the entire platform had to be aligned with the target. Despite these limitations, the conversions were considered successful.<ref name=":1" />

In 1915 [[St. Chamond company|St. Chamond]] was given the task of building a carriage for the mle 1884 and the design was accepted in 1916. The new gun was designated the ''Canon de 240 mm mle 1884 sur affût à Tracteur Saint-Chamont'' or ''Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884'' and St. Chamond completed sixty guns between October 1916 and October 1917. For transport, the mle 1884 could be broken down into two {{convert|20000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} loads each with their own carriage. Each carriage was towed by an [[artillery tractor]] with the tractors consuming about {{convert|1000|l|gal|abbr=on}} of gasoline per {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Therefore, the artillery tractors were only used near the front with long-distance transport accomplished by rail. Once onsite the guns could be assembled in approximately 24 hours by cranes and [[Block and tackle|block & tackle]].<ref name=":1" />

The new mount used the same large diameter geared base as the coastal mount with 10° traverse and 38° elevation was possible. The new guns were popular due to good barrel wear, long range, and heavy {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}} shell. Guns that survived the war were designated the ''Canon de Mle 84/17'' and used again during [[World War II]]. In 1939, twelve guns were mobilized and those captured by the [[Wehrmacht]] after the [[Fall of France]] were designated ''Kanone 556(f)'' and used for coastal defense.<ref name=":0" />

=== Railway Artillery ===
In addition to its siege gun and coastal artillery roles, the mle 1884 was also converted to act as railway artillery:

* The first of these conversions was designated the ''Canon de 240 mm mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider''. The gun and its base were attached to a 5-axle [[railway wagon|railroad carriage]] built by [[Schneider-Creusot|Schneider]]. There was no traverse for the carriage and to aim the gun had to be drawn across a section of curved track. The gun cradle used the same hydro-gravity recoil system as the coastal defense gun. The carriage had 4 wooden transverse beams that could be screwed down to anchor the carriage in place to absorb recoil. There was also a [[windlass]] at the front of the carriage to return the gun to position if it recoiled.<ref name=":1" />

* The second conversion of the mle 1884 began during 1914 to mount the earlier Canon de 240 mm G mle 1870-87 on a railroad carriage and was designated the ''Canon de 24 cm modèle 1870-87 et modèle 1870-93 sur affut tous azimuts Batignolles''. This was one of the first pieces of railway artillery built by [[Batignolles]] and featured 360° of traverse. The gun rested on two three-axle bogies. Before firing, 4 steel beams were anchored across the track, and 4 lateral outriggers were unfolded next to the track to ensure the stability and 360° fire. A loading platform on the rear of the firing platform could carry five ready rounds and charges which raised the rate of fire to four shots in five minutes.<ref name=":1" /> The conversion was successful but the mle 1870-87 was a very old gun and due to its mixed construction, each metal had different thermal properties which accelerated barrel wear. Therefore, it was decided in early 1917 to mate the mle 1884 with the Batignolles rail carriage and designated the ''Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ''. The combination was successful and considered one of the best pieces of French rail artillery by combining a powerful and accurate gun with 360° traverse. Guns which survived the First World War later saw action in the Second World War and those captured by the Germans were given the designation ''24cm K(E) 557(f)'' and used as coastal artillery.<ref name=":1" />

* The last conversion of the mle 1884 began late in 1917 and used the same rail carriage as the Canon 240 mm Mile 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider. However, the gun originally mounted on the carriage was the ''Canon de 240 mm G mle 1876'' with mle 1884 barrels eventually replacing worn mle 1876 barrels. The details are largely the same as the previous conversion and were designated ''Canon 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût de fortune Mle 1917''. It is believed that the 38 converted were too late to enter service during the First World War.<ref name=":1" /> Eight mle 17 guns were mobilized during the Second world war and five were captured by the Germans who gave them the designation ''24 cm Kanone (Eisenbahn) 557(f).'' Three were used by the Germans and two were given to the Italians after the [[Battle of France|Fall of France]]. After the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian capitulation]] the two guns given to Italy returned to German service.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907965829|title=Railway guns of World War II|last=Zaloga|first=Steve|publisher=Osprey|others=Dennis, Peter|year=2016|isbn=1472810686|location=Oxford|pages=5-8|oclc=907965829}}</ref>

==Photo Gallery==
<gallery widths="150">
File:Canon de 240 L Mle 1884.jpg|A diagram of a Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 on a center pivot mount.
File:Terny. Pièces de 240. 08-05-18. Cap. Féraud - Fonds Berthelé - 49Fi1046.jpg| A camouflaged Canon de 240 mle 1884 employed as field artillery at Terny-Sorny (Aisne) May 8, 1918.
File:Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.jpg| A line drawing of a Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.
File:Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ.jpg| A line drawing of a Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ.
File:Verdun-240-guns m 1876.jpg|Two Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ at [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]].
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Commons Category|Canon de 240 L Mle 1884}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* S. Ferrard, Les Matériels de l’armée de terre Française 1940, Tome 2, p83-85, p124-125.
* G. François, Les canons de la Victoire. Tôme 2, Artillerie Lourde à Grande Puissance, p15, p20, p30, 32.
* G. François, Les canons de la Victoire. Tôme 3, l’Artillerie de côte et l’artillerie de tranchée, p22.
* G. François, Histoire de l’artillerie lourde sur voie ferrée française de 1886 à 1918, p31.
* F. Kosar, Die Schweren Geschütze der welt, p 102-103.
* F. Kosar, Die Eisenbahn-Geschütze der welt, p 86.
* H. Miller, Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery , 192

==External links==
* http://canonspgmww1guns.canalblog.com/archives/2010/04/09/17526807.html
* http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/wiki/index.php/Canon_G_de_240_mle_1884_de_c%C3%B4te
* http://www.fortiffsere.fr/artillerie/index_fichiers/Page2829.htm
{{De Bange system}}
{{WWIFrenchGuns}}
{{WWIIFrenchGuns}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884}}
[[Category:Artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War I artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War II weapons of France]]
[[Category:Railway guns]]
[[Category:World War I railway artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War I guns]]
[[Category:Coastal artillery]]
[[Category:240 mm artillery]]

Canon de 240 L Mle 1884

2019-10-12T06:18:51Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Canon de 240 mm Mile 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.jpg → File:Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.jpg corr

{{Infobox weapon
|name=Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884
|image=Guerre 14-18-Canon américain avec soldat noir-vers 1918.JPG
|image_size=300
|caption=A black US soldier with a mle 1884. The gun and cradle have been dismounted from a rail carriage.
|origin=France
|type=[[Coastal artillery]] [[Siege artillery]] [[Railway artillery]]

|is_ranged=yes
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=yes
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_UK=

|service=
|used_by=France Italy Nazi Germany
|wars=[[World War I]] [[World War II]]

|designer=[[Charles Ragon de Bange]]
|design_date=1873
|manufacturer=[[St. Chamond (manufacturer)|St. Chamond]]
|production_date=1884<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760719947|title=Twentieth-century artillery|last=Hogg|first=Ian|date=2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|year=|isbn=0760719942|location=New York|pages=85|oclc=44779672|url-access=registration}}</ref>
|number=60 guns and 60 spare barrels<ref name=":0" />
|variants=

|weight={{convert|31,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|length=
|part_length={{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} L/26<ref name=":0" />
|width=
|height=
|crew=

|cartridge={{convert|162|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|cartridge_weight=HE; {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|caliber={{convert|240|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|action=
|rate=1 shot every three minutes
|velocity={{convert|575|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|range=
|max_range={{convert|17.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" />
|feed=
|sights=

|breech=[[Charles Ragon de Bange#De Bange breech obturator system|de Bange]]
|recoil=[[Hydraulic recoil mechanism|Hydro-gravity]]
|carriage=
|elevation=0° to +38°
|traverse=10°<ref name=":0" />

|filling=
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=
}}

The '''Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884''' was a heavy artillery piece originally employed as [[coastal artillery]] and later converted to [[siege artillery]] and [[railway artillery]] roles. Mle 1884 guns were used in both the [[First world war]] and [[Second world war]]s.

==History==
The Canon de 240 mm L mle 1884 was one of a series of heavy artillery pieces designed by [[Charles Ragon de Bange|Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange]]. On 11 May 1874 three de Bange heavy cannons ([[Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878|120 mm]], [[De Bange 155 mm cannon|155 mm]], 220 mm) and two mortars ([[Mortier de 220 mm modèle 1880|220 mm]], [[Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889|270 mm]]) were ordered by the [[French Army in World War I|French Army]].

The mle 1884 was advanced for its time due to being built completely of steel instead of a steel liner and cast iron reinforcing [[Hoop gun|hoops]] of the previous ''Canon de 240 mm C mle 1870''-87. The mle 1884 was also [[breech loaded]] with a [[Charles Ragon de Bange#De Bange breech obturator system|de Bange obturator]] and a simple hydraulic recoil system.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/wiki/index.php/Canon_G_de_240_mle_1884_de_c%C3%B4te|title=Canon G de 240 mle 1884 de côte - WO1Wiki|website=www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl|language=nl|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref>

==Variants==
=== Coastal Artillery ===
In the coastal artillery role, the mle 1884 was mounted on a variety of [[barbette]]s which normally consisted of a large diameter geared steel ring set into a concrete slab behind a [[parapet]]. A rectangular steel firing platform sat on top of the ring with the barrel of the gun overhanging the parapet at the front and an overhanging loading platform to the rear. The firing platform was then traversed by a [[worm drive|worm gear]] which attached to the base.<ref name=":1" />

The recoil system for the mle 1884 consisted of a U shaped gun cradle which held the [[trunnion]]ed barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with hydraulic buffers. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffer slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity. Later some mle 1884's were modified to use a [[Canet gun|Canet]] [http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/Canons/ImagesCanons/France/Forteresse/155Thierville3.JPG breech] to reduce the number of crew needed to service the gun and increase its rate of fire. The resulting gun was designated the ''[[Canon de 240 TR Mle 1903|Canon de 240 TR mle 1884/03]]''. At the outbreak of the First World War, it is estimated there were 149 mle 1884's deployed in coastal fortifications.<ref name=":1" />

=== Siege Artillery ===
Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] stagnated and [[trench warfare]] set in. Two sources of heavy artillery suitable for conversion to field use were [[Coastal defence and fortification|coastal fortifications]] and surplus [[naval guns]]. Suitable field and rail carriages were built for these guns in an effort to give their forces the heavy field artillery needed to overcome trenches and hardened concrete fortifications.<ref name=":0" />

Although an older design the need for heavy artillery on the Western Front was so pressing that at least five different mounts were devised for the mle 1884: two static and three railroad. The initial conversion of 16 guns was carried out by the [[Military port of Toulon|Arsenal de Toulon]] and was designated the ''Canon'' ''de'' ''240 mm mle 1884 sur affût à échantigolles.'' These consisted of the steel firing platform of the coastal gun being placed on top a platform made from wooden beams. There was no traverse mechanism so the entire platform had to be aligned with the target. Despite these limitations, the conversions were considered successful.<ref name=":1" />

In 1915 [[St. Chamond company|St. Chamond]] was given the task of building a carriage for the mle 1884 and the design was accepted in 1916. The new gun was designated the ''Canon de 240 mm mle 1884 sur affût à Tracteur Saint-Chamont'' or ''Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884'' and St. Chamond completed sixty guns between October 1916 and October 1917. For transport, the mle 1884 could be broken down into two {{convert|20000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} loads each with their own carriage. Each carriage was towed by an [[artillery tractor]] with the tractors consuming about {{convert|1000|l|gal|abbr=on}} of gasoline per {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Therefore, the artillery tractors were only used near the front with long-distance transport accomplished by rail. Once onsite the guns could be assembled in approximately 24 hours by cranes and [[Block and tackle|block & tackle]].<ref name=":1" />

The new mount used the same large diameter geared base as the coastal mount with 10° traverse and 38° elevation was possible. The new guns were popular due to good barrel wear, long range, and heavy {{convert|140|kg|lb|abbr=on}} shell. Guns that survived the war were designated the ''Canon de Mle 84/17'' and used again during [[World War II]]. In 1939, twelve guns were mobilized and those captured by the [[Wehrmacht]] after the [[Fall of France]] were designated ''Kanone 556(f)'' and used for coastal defense.<ref name=":0" />

=== Railway Artillery ===
In addition to its siege gun and coastal artillery roles, the mle 1884 was also converted to act as railway artillery:

* The first of these conversions was designated the ''Canon de 240 mm mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider''. The gun and its base were attached to a 5-axle [[railway wagon|railroad carriage]] built by [[Schneider-Creusot|Schneider]]. There was no traverse for the carriage and to aim the gun had to be drawn across a section of curved track. The gun cradle used the same hydro-gravity recoil system as the coastal defense gun. The carriage had 4 wooden transverse beams that could be screwed down to anchor the carriage in place to absorb recoil. There was also a [[windlass]] at the front of the carriage to return the gun to position if it recoiled.<ref name=":1" />

* The second conversion of the mle 1884 began during 1914 to mount the earlier Canon de 240 mm G mle 1870-87 on a railroad carriage and was designated the ''Canon de 24 cm modèle 1870-87 et modèle 1870-93 sur affut tous azimuts Batignolles''. This was one of the first pieces of railway artillery built by [[Batignolles]] and featured 360° of traverse. The gun rested on two three-axle bogies. Before firing, 4 steel beams were anchored across the track, and 4 lateral outriggers were unfolded next to the track to ensure the stability and 360° fire. A loading platform on the rear of the firing platform could carry five ready rounds and charges which raised the rate of fire to four shots in five minutes.<ref name=":1" /> The conversion was successful but the mle 1870-87 was a very old gun and due to its mixed construction, each metal had different thermal properties which accelerated barrel wear. Therefore, it was decided in early 1917 to mate the mle 1884 with the Batignolles rail carriage and designated the ''Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ''. The combination was successful and considered one of the best pieces of French rail artillery by combining a powerful and accurate gun with 360° traverse. Guns which survived the First World War later saw action in the Second World War and those captured by the Germans were given the designation ''24cm K(E) 557(f)'' and used as coastal artillery.<ref name=":1" />

* The last conversion of the mle 1884 began late in 1917 and used the same rail carriage as the Canon 240 mm Mile 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider. However, the gun originally mounted on the carriage was the ''Canon de 240 mm G mle 1876'' with mle 1884 barrels eventually replacing worn mle 1876 barrels. The details are largely the same as the previous conversion and were designated ''Canon 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût de fortune Mle 1917''. It is believed that the 38 converted were too late to enter service during the First World War.<ref name=":1" /> Eight mle 17 guns were mobilized during the Second world war and five were captured by the Germans who gave them the designation ''24 cm Kanone (Eisenbahn) 557(f).'' Three were used by the Germans and two were given to the Italians after the [[Battle of France|Fall of France]]. After the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian capitulation]] the two guns given to Italy returned to German service.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907965829|title=Railway guns of World War II|last=Zaloga|first=Steve|publisher=Osprey|others=Dennis, Peter|year=2016|isbn=1472810686|location=Oxford|pages=5-8|oclc=907965829}}</ref>

==Photo Gallery==
<gallery widths="150">
File:Canon de 240 L Mle 1884.jpg|A diagram of a Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 on a center pivot mount.
File:Terny. Pièces de 240. 08-05-18. Cap. Féraud - Fonds Berthelé - 49Fi1046.jpg| A camouflaged Canon de 240 mle 1884 employed as field artillery at Terny-Sorny (Aisne) May 8, 1918.
File:Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.jpg| A line drawing of a Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur de Circonstance Schneider.
File:Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ.jpg| A line drawing of a Canon de 240 mm Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ.
File:Verdun-240-guns.jpg|Two Mle 1884 sur affût-Trucs TAZ at [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]].
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Commons Category|Canon de 240 L Mle 1884}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* S. Ferrard, Les Matériels de l’armée de terre Française 1940, Tome 2, p83-85, p124-125.
* G. François, Les canons de la Victoire. Tôme 2, Artillerie Lourde à Grande Puissance, p15, p20, p30, 32.
* G. François, Les canons de la Victoire. Tôme 3, l’Artillerie de côte et l’artillerie de tranchée, p22.
* G. François, Histoire de l’artillerie lourde sur voie ferrée française de 1886 à 1918, p31.
* F. Kosar, Die Schweren Geschütze der welt, p 102-103.
* F. Kosar, Die Eisenbahn-Geschütze der welt, p 86.
* H. Miller, Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery , 192

==External links==
* http://canonspgmww1guns.canalblog.com/archives/2010/04/09/17526807.html
* http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/wiki/index.php/Canon_G_de_240_mle_1884_de_c%C3%B4te
* http://www.fortiffsere.fr/artillerie/index_fichiers/Page2829.htm
{{De Bange system}}
{{WWIFrenchGuns}}
{{WWIIFrenchGuns}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Canon de 240 mm L modèle 1884}}
[[Category:Artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War I artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War II weapons of France]]
[[Category:Railway guns]]
[[Category:World War I railway artillery of France]]
[[Category:World War I guns]]
[[Category:Coastal artillery]]
[[Category:240 mm artillery]]

17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen

2019-09-30T12:03:01Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:17-cm-Schnellladekanone L-40 i.R.L..jpg → File:17-cm-Schnelladekanone L-40 i.R.L..jpg no three L at this time

{{Infobox weapon
|name=17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen "Samuel"
| image=17-cm-Schnelladekanone L-40 i.R.L..jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=side view of a captured weapon
|origin=German Empire
|type=[[Railway Gun]]

|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=yes
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_UK=

|service=1917—1940
|used_by=German Empire Belgium
|wars=[[World War I]] [[World War II]]

|designer=[[Krupp]]
|design_date=
|manufacturer=[[Krupp]]
|production_date=1916—18
|number=
|variants=[[17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.]]

|weight={{convert|61.5|t|ton}}
|length={{convert|16.75|m|ftin|sigfig=1}}
|part_length={{convert|6.9|m|ftin}}
|width=
|height=
|crew=

|cartridge=semi-fixed
|caliber={{convert|172.6|mm|in}}
|action=
|rate=1 rpm
|velocity={{convert|785|to|815|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|range=
|max_range={{convert|24,020|m|yd}}
|feed=
|sights=

|breech=horizontal [[Rifled breech loader#The sliding block|sliding-wedge]]
|recoil=[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#Hydro-spring|hydro-spring]]
|carriage=2 x 2-axle [[Bogie|trucks]]
|elevation=+0° to 45°
|traverse=26°
}}

The '''17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen "Samuel"''' ('''SK - Schnelladekanone''' (quick-loading cannon), '''L/40 - Länge''' (40 [[caliber]] barrel), '''i.R.L. - in Räder-Lafette''' (on wheeled carriage) '''auf Eisenbahnwagen''' (on railroad car)) was a [[Military of Germany|German]] [[Railway gun|railroad gun]] used in [[World War I]].

==Design and history==
These guns, the [[17 cm SK L/40 gun]], were designed as the secondary armament of the {{sclass-|Braunschweig|battleship|5}}- and {{sclass-|Deutschland|battleship|0}} [[Pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnoughts]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_675-40_skc04.htm |title=German 17 cm/40 (6.75") SK L/40 |accessdate=11 April 2009 |last=DiGuilian |first=Tony |date=21 May 2006 |publisher=Navweaps |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gTxTUMgr?url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_675-40_skc04.htm |archivedate=3 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> but they were transferred to the [[German Army (German Empire)|Army]] from the Navy ([[Kaiserliche Marine]]) when those ships began to be relegated to training duties in 1916.<ref name=f>François, p. 40</ref> It was first adapted for land use by mounting it on an improvised carriage as the [[17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.]], but it proved to be extremely heavy, often too heavy to be moved by horse, even after being broken down into three loads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landships.freeservers.com/17cm_schnelladekanone_ir.htm |title=German 17cm Schnelladekanone i.R. L/40 "Samuel" |accessdate=11 April 2009 |publisher=Landships |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gTxTwIhG?url=http://www.landships.freeservers.com/17cm_schnelladekanone_ir.htm |archivedate=3 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:17cmSamuelRear.jpg|left|thumb|rear view of a damaged gun showing the traversing rail]]
The solution was to mount the guns, still on their carriages, on rail cars to increase their strategic mobility. The gun's firing platform (''Bettungslafette'') was used as a model for the mount on the rail car. A metal ring was fixed to the surface of the car on which the wheels rested. At the center of this ring was a large pivot pin from which tension rods extended to the carriage's trail which rested against a circular section of rail. The gun was traversed by means of a gear that engaged pins on the outside of the rail. The trail rested on two spring-supported rollers, which would compress during firing and allow the shock of recoil to be transmitted to the floor of the car. To prevent damage to the [[Bogie|trucks]] during firing cast-steel wedges were placed on the railroad ties under matching wedges on the car and the car was moved up on them. Some sources quote its maximum elevation as 47.5°, but Miller says that the sight on the gun itself was only calibrated to 45°. If more traverse was needed the gun's original firing platform was carried on a separate car and the gun could be dismounted to use it.<ref>Miller, pp. 463-466</ref>

===Ammunition===
The shells for this gun were loaded by two men using a tray. It had eyes which engaged hooks on the [[breech-loading weapon|breech]] of the gun and then the shell and powder was manually rammed. It used the German naval system of ammunition, where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag that was rammed first.<ref>Miller, p. 465</ref>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Shell name
! Weight
! Filling Weight
! Muzzle velocity
! Range
|-
| nose-fused [[high-explosive shell]] ''(Sprenggranate) L/3 Kz.''
| {{convert|64|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} ([[Explosive material|HE]])
| {{convert|785|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|16,900|m|yd|abbr=on}}
|-
| nose-fused [[high-explosive shell]] with [[Shell (projectile)|ballistic cap]] ''(Sprenggranate) L/4.7 Kz. (mit Haube)''
| {{convert|62.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|6.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} ([[Explosive material|HE]])
| {{convert|815|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|24,020|m|yd|abbr=on}}
|}

==Combat History==
[[File:German 17 cm railway gun AWM H13304.jpeg|thumb|left|<center>Laying the gun before firing, France 1918</center>]]
Thirty saw service on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] beginning in 1917. They were organized into fifteen batteries, manned by the Army (''Heer''), each with two guns. ''Batteries 423, 462, 478, 521, 536, 551, 642, and 797'' have been identified.<ref>François, p. 10</ref> Eight participated in the 1918 [[Spring Offensive]].<ref>François, p. 14</ref> Six guns were captured in Belgium and two others were captured by the French Army in October 1918. Another fourteen were found after the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice]].<ref name="f"/> Fourteen of these were destroyed in 1922 by the [[Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control]].<ref>François, p. 47</ref>
{{clear|left}} Around a dozen surviving guns entered service with the Belgian Army, and saw action during the German invasion in May 1940. <ref>https://18daagseveldtocht.be/artillerie/legerartillerie/5de-regiment-legerartillerie</ref>

==See also==
{{Empty section|date=October 2012}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* François, Guy. ''Eisenbahnartillerie: Histoire de l'artillerie lourd sur voie ferrée allemande des origines à 1945''. Paris: Editions Histoire et Fortifications, 2006
* Jäger, Herbert. ''German Artillery of World War One''. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2001 {{ISBN|1-86126-403-8}}
* Kosar, Franz. ''Eisenbahngeschütz der Welt''. Stuttgart: Motorbook, 1999 {{ISBN|3-613-01976-0}}
* Miller, H. W., Lt. Col. [https://archive.org/details/railwayartiller00deptgoog ''Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery, Volume I''] Washington: Government Print Office, 1921

== External links ==
{{Commons category|17 cm SK L/40 railway gun}}
{{Commons category|17 cm SK L/40 gun}}
{{Commons category|17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.}}

* [http://www.landships.freeservers.com/17cm_schnelladekanone_ir.htm 17 cm SK L/40 i.R. on Landships]
* [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_675-40_skc04.htm 17 cm SK L/40 on Navweaps]

{{WWIGermanArtillery}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:17 Cm Sk L 40 I.R.L. Auf Eisenbahnwagen}}
[[Category:World War I railway artillery of Germany]]
[[Category:173 mm artillery]]

17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen

2019-09-30T12:02:23Z

Centenier: nope

{{Infobox weapon
|name=17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen "Samuel"
| image=17-cm-Schnellladekanone L-40 i.R.L..jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=side view of a captured weapon
|origin=German Empire
|type=[[Railway Gun]]

|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=yes
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_UK=

|service=1917—1940
|used_by=German Empire Belgium
|wars=[[World War I]] [[World War II]]

|designer=[[Krupp]]
|design_date=
|manufacturer=[[Krupp]]
|production_date=1916—18
|number=
|variants=[[17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.]]

|weight={{convert|61.5|t|ton}}
|length={{convert|16.75|m|ftin|sigfig=1}}
|part_length={{convert|6.9|m|ftin}}
|width=
|height=
|crew=

|cartridge=semi-fixed
|caliber={{convert|172.6|mm|in}}
|action=
|rate=1 rpm
|velocity={{convert|785|to|815|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
|range=
|max_range={{convert|24,020|m|yd}}
|feed=
|sights=

|breech=horizontal [[Rifled breech loader#The sliding block|sliding-wedge]]
|recoil=[[Glossary of British ordnance terms#Hydro-spring|hydro-spring]]
|carriage=2 x 2-axle [[Bogie|trucks]]
|elevation=+0° to 45°
|traverse=26°
}}

The '''17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L. auf Eisenbahnwagen "Samuel"''' ('''SK - Schnelladekanone''' (quick-loading cannon), '''L/40 - Länge''' (40 [[caliber]] barrel), '''i.R.L. - in Räder-Lafette''' (on wheeled carriage) '''auf Eisenbahnwagen''' (on railroad car)) was a [[Military of Germany|German]] [[Railway gun|railroad gun]] used in [[World War I]].

==Design and history==
These guns, the [[17 cm SK L/40 gun]], were designed as the secondary armament of the {{sclass-|Braunschweig|battleship|5}}- and {{sclass-|Deutschland|battleship|0}} [[Pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnoughts]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_675-40_skc04.htm |title=German 17 cm/40 (6.75") SK L/40 |accessdate=11 April 2009 |last=DiGuilian |first=Tony |date=21 May 2006 |publisher=Navweaps |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gTxTUMgr?url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_675-40_skc04.htm |archivedate=3 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> but they were transferred to the [[German Army (German Empire)|Army]] from the Navy ([[Kaiserliche Marine]]) when those ships began to be relegated to training duties in 1916.<ref name=f>François, p. 40</ref> It was first adapted for land use by mounting it on an improvised carriage as the [[17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.]], but it proved to be extremely heavy, often too heavy to be moved by horse, even after being broken down into three loads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landships.freeservers.com/17cm_schnelladekanone_ir.htm |title=German 17cm Schnelladekanone i.R. L/40 "Samuel" |accessdate=11 April 2009 |publisher=Landships |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gTxTwIhG?url=http://www.landships.freeservers.com/17cm_schnelladekanone_ir.htm |archivedate=3 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:17cmSamuelRear.jpg|left|thumb|rear view of a damaged gun showing the traversing rail]]
The solution was to mount the guns, still on their carriages, on rail cars to increase their strategic mobility. The gun's firing platform (''Bettungslafette'') was used as a model for the mount on the rail car. A metal ring was fixed to the surface of the car on which the wheels rested. At the center of this ring was a large pivot pin from which tension rods extended to the carriage's trail which rested against a circular section of rail. The gun was traversed by means of a gear that engaged pins on the outside of the rail. The trail rested on two spring-supported rollers, which would compress during firing and allow the shock of recoil to be transmitted to the floor of the car. To prevent damage to the [[Bogie|trucks]] during firing cast-steel wedges were placed on the railroad ties under matching wedges on the car and the car was moved up on them. Some sources quote its maximum elevation as 47.5°, but Miller says that the sight on the gun itself was only calibrated to 45°. If more traverse was needed the gun's original firing platform was carried on a separate car and the gun could be dismounted to use it.<ref>Miller, pp. 463-466</ref>

===Ammunition===
The shells for this gun were loaded by two men using a tray. It had eyes which engaged hooks on the [[breech-loading weapon|breech]] of the gun and then the shell and powder was manually rammed. It used the German naval system of ammunition, where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag that was rammed first.<ref>Miller, p. 465</ref>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Shell name
! Weight
! Filling Weight
! Muzzle velocity
! Range
|-
| nose-fused [[high-explosive shell]] ''(Sprenggranate) L/3 Kz.''
| {{convert|64|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} ([[Explosive material|HE]])
| {{convert|785|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|16,900|m|yd|abbr=on}}
|-
| nose-fused [[high-explosive shell]] with [[Shell (projectile)|ballistic cap]] ''(Sprenggranate) L/4.7 Kz. (mit Haube)''
| {{convert|62.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|6.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} ([[Explosive material|HE]])
| {{convert|815|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|24,020|m|yd|abbr=on}}
|}

==Combat History==
[[File:German 17 cm railway gun AWM H13304.jpeg|thumb|left|<center>Laying the gun before firing, France 1918</center>]]
Thirty saw service on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] beginning in 1917. They were organized into fifteen batteries, manned by the Army (''Heer''), each with two guns. ''Batteries 423, 462, 478, 521, 536, 551, 642, and 797'' have been identified.<ref>François, p. 10</ref> Eight participated in the 1918 [[Spring Offensive]].<ref>François, p. 14</ref> Six guns were captured in Belgium and two others were captured by the French Army in October 1918. Another fourteen were found after the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice]].<ref name="f"/> Fourteen of these were destroyed in 1922 by the [[Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control]].<ref>François, p. 47</ref>
{{clear|left}} Around a dozen surviving guns entered service with the Belgian Army, and saw action during the German invasion in May 1940. <ref>https://18daagseveldtocht.be/artillerie/legerartillerie/5de-regiment-legerartillerie</ref>

==See also==
{{Empty section|date=October 2012}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* François, Guy. ''Eisenbahnartillerie: Histoire de l'artillerie lourd sur voie ferrée allemande des origines à 1945''. Paris: Editions Histoire et Fortifications, 2006
* Jäger, Herbert. ''German Artillery of World War One''. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2001 {{ISBN|1-86126-403-8}}
* Kosar, Franz. ''Eisenbahngeschütz der Welt''. Stuttgart: Motorbook, 1999 {{ISBN|3-613-01976-0}}
* Miller, H. W., Lt. Col. [https://archive.org/details/railwayartiller00deptgoog ''Railway Artillery: A Report on the Characteristics, Scope of Utility, Etc., of Railway Artillery, Volume I''] Washington: Government Print Office, 1921

== External links ==
{{Commons category|17 cm SK L/40 railway gun}}
{{Commons category|17 cm SK L/40 gun}}
{{Commons category|17 cm SK L/40 i.R.L.}}

* [http://www.landships.freeservers.com/17cm_schnelladekanone_ir.htm 17 cm SK L/40 i.R. on Landships]
* [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_675-40_skc04.htm 17 cm SK L/40 on Navweaps]

{{WWIGermanArtillery}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:17 Cm Sk L 40 I.R.L. Auf Eisenbahnwagen}}
[[Category:World War I railway artillery of Germany]]
[[Category:173 mm artillery]]

Imperial and Royal Hussars

2019-09-27T13:51:27Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Beschlagmeister 1. Klassei - k.u.k. Husarenregiment Nr. 13.png → File:Beschlagmeister 1. Klasse - k.u.k. Husarenregiment Nr. 13.png corr.

Together with the [[Imperial and Royal Dragoons|Dragoons]] and [[Imperial and Royal Uhlans|Uhlans]], the '''Imperial and Royal Hussars''' ({{lang-de|k.u.k. Husaren}}), made up the [[cavalry]] of the [[Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1867–1914|Austro-Hungarian Army]] from 1867 to 1918, both in the [[Common Army]] and in the Hungarian [[Landwehr]], where they were known as the '''Royal Hungarian Hussars''' (''k.u. Husaren'').

The Austrian monarchy, weakened by the losing the [[Austro-Prussian War|war against Prussia in 1866]], had to effectively guarantee the autonomy of Kingdom of Hungary in the so-called [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Compromise of 15 March 1867]]. As a result, the [[Transleithania|Hungarian half of the Empire]] immediately began to establish its own army, the [[Royal Hungarian Landwehr]] (Hungarian: ''Magyar Királyi Honvédség''). The cavalry of the Hungarian Landwehr was made up of the ''Landwehr Hussars''.

Following the signing of the Compromise, the [[Cisleithania|Austrian]] half of the Empire also started to build an army, the [[Imperial-Royal Landwehr]] (German: ''k.k. Landwehr''). The two new ''[[Landwehr]]'' forces thus existed alongside the [[Common Army]] (''Gemeinsame Armee''), the imperial army of the whole Empire. In effect this meant that [[Austria-Hungary]] had three separate armies at the same time.
[[File:K.u.k.Husaren1910.jpg|thumb|250px|Imperial and Royal Hussars around 1910]]
[[File:Heroic Hungarian Hussars attack in Krasnik, Poland 23. August 1914.jpg|thumb|Hungarian Hussars attack in Krasnik, Poland 23. August 1914]]

== Organisation ==
The Common Army had 16 hussar regiments and the Royal Hungarian Landwehr had ten. By tradition, the majority of the hussars were recruited from the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian lands]] (modern-day [[Hungary]], [[Slovakia]] and parts of [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Croatia]], [[Austria]] and [[Poland]]). The [[regiment]]s, with a few exceptions, were all stationed there.

*The Imperial and Royal [[Cavalry]] regiments each had two divisions ([[battalion]]s) each of three [[squadron (cavalry)|squadron]]s (''Eskadronen'')

== The Imperial and Royal Hussars in 1914 ==
A list of the Imperial and Royal Hussars regiments in 1914 is given below by short title (i.e. "1st Hussars" as opposed to "1st Regiment of Hussars").

*[[1st Hussars (Emperor)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Kaiser“ Nr. 1'')
*[[2nd Hussars (Frederick Leopold of Prussia's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Friedrich Leopold von Preußen“ Nr. 2'')
[[File:Beschlagmeister 1. Klasse - k.u.k. Husarenregiment Nr. 13.png|thumb|Master Farrier, 13th Hussars]]
*[[3rd Hussars (Count of Hadik's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Graf von Hadik“ Nr. 3'')
*[[4th Hussars (Duke Arthur of Connaught and Strathearn's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Arthur Herzog von Connaught und Strathearn“ Nr. 4'')
*[[5th Hussars (Count Radetzky's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Graf Radetzky“ Nr. 5'')
*[[6th Hussars (King William II of Württemberg's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Wilhelm II. König von Württemberg“ Nr. 6'')
*[[7th Hussars (William II, German Emperor and King of Prussia's)]] (''Jazigier und Kumanier Husaren-Regiment „Wilhelm II. Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen“ Nr. 7'')
*[[8th Hussars (von Terstyanski's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „von Tersztyánszky“ Nr. 8'')
*[[9th Hussars (Count Nadasdy's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Graf Nádasdy“ Nr. 9'')
*[[10th Hussars (King Frederick William II of Prussia's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Friedrich Wilhelm III. König von Preußen“ Nr. 10'')
*[[11th Hussars (King Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Ferdinand I. König der Bulgaren“ Nr. 11'')
*[[12th Hussars (vacant)]] (''Husaren-Regiment (Vacant) Nr. 12'')
*[[13th Hussars (Crown Prince William of the German Empire and Prussia)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Wilhelm Kronprinz des Deutschen Reiches und Kronprinz von Preußen“ Nr. 13'')
*[[14th Hussars (von Kolossvary's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „von Kolossváry“ Nr. 14'')
[[File:Eskadronstrompeter im k.u.k. 7. Husarenregiment.png|thumb|Bugler, 7th Hussars (wearing a light blue [[atilla (clothing)|atilla]])]]

*[[15th Hussars (Archduke Franz Salvator's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Erzherzog Franz Salvator“ Nr. 15'')
*[[16th Hussars (Count Üxküll-Gyllenband's)]] (''Husaren-Regiment „Graf Üxküll-Gyllenband“ Nr. 16'')

== Royal Hungarian Hussars ==
The regiments listed below were part of the '''Royal Hungarian Hussars''', also known as the '''Royal Hungarian Honved Hussars''' (''k.u. Husaren''), ''Honvéd'' being Hungarian for "defence". English sources usually refer to regiments simply as e.g. the "1st Hussars" or "1st Honved Hussars".:

*1st Hussars (Budapest) (''Budapester Honvéd Husaren Rgt 1'')
:19th Cavalry Brigade, 5th Cavalry Division (''19. Honvéd Kavallerie Brigade - 5. Honvéd Kavallerie Division'')
:Commander: Colonel Colbert Zech von Deybach Freiherr von Hart und Sulz - Debachi Zech Colbert harti ès sulzi baró ezredes

*2nd Hussars (Debrezin) (''[[Debreczen]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 2'')
:22nd Cavalry Brigade, 11th Cavalry Division (''22. Honvéd Kavallerie Brigade - 11. Honvéd Kavallerie Truppendivision'')
:Kommandant: Lieutenant Colonel Johann Flór - Flór János alezredes

*3rd Hussars (Szeged) (''[[Szeged]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 3'')
:22nd Cavalry Brigade, 11th Cavalry Division
:Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Árpád Cserépy von Kisruszka - Kisruszkai Cserépy Árpád alezredes
[[File:Husaren, österreichisch-ungarische.jpg|thumb|Imperial and Royal Hussars on parade]]

*4th Hussars (Szabadka) (''[[Szabadka]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 4'')
:I and II Squadrons, 23rd Infantry Division (''I., II. Esk. 23. Honvéd Infanterie Truppendivision'')
:III and IV Squadrons, 20th Infantry Division
:V and VI Squadrons, 41st Infantry Division
:Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Nikolaus Jankovich von Jeszenicze - Jesceniczai Jankovich Miklos alezredes

*5th Hussars (Kassa) (''[[Košice|Kassa]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 5'')
:24th Cavalry Brigade, 11th Cavalry Division
:Commander: Colonel Paul Hegedüs - Hegedüs Pál ezredes

*6th Hussars (Zalaegerszeg) (''[[Zalaegerszeg]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 6'')
:23rd Cavalry Brigade, 5th Cavalry Division
:Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Ladislaus Forster von Szenterzsébet - Szenterzsébeti Forster László alezredes

*7th Hussars (Pápa) (''[[Pápa]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 7'')
:23rd Cavalry Brigade, 5th Cavalry Division
:Commander: Colonel Johann Graf Lubienski - Gróf Lubienski János ezredes

*8th Hussars (Pécs) (''[[Pécs]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 8'')
:19th Cavalry Brigade - 5th Cavalry Division
:Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Alexius Thege von Konkily - Konkoly Thege Elek alezredes

*9th Hussars (Marosvásárhely) (''[[Maros-Vásárhely]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 9'')
:24th Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division
:Commander: Colonel Koloman Géczy von Garamszeg - Garamszegi Gèczy Kálmán ezredes

*10th Hussars (Varaždin) (''[[Varaždin]]er Honvéd Husaren Rgt 10'')
:I and II Sqns, 36th Infantry Division
:III and IV Sqns, 42nd Infantry Division
:V and VI Sqns, 13th Infantry Brigade
:Commander: Lieutenant Colonel Alois Hauer - Hauer Alajos alezredes


;Shako-coating of the k.u.k. Hussars Regiment
<gallery perrow="6">
File:Tschako der k.u.k. Husaren-Regimenter 4, 5, 8 und 14.png|<center>brick-red 4th, 5th, 8th and 14th Hussars</center>
File:Tschako der k.u.k. Husaren-Regimenter 1 und 13.png|<center>dark-blue 1st and 13th Hussars</center>
File:Tschako der k.u.k. Husaren-Regimenter 7 und 10.png|<center>light-blue 7th and 10th Hussars</center>
File:Tschako der k.u.k. Husaren-Regimenter 6, 11, 15 und 16.png|<center>ash-grey 6th, 11th, 15th and 16th Hussars</center>
File:Tschako der k.u.k. Husaren-Regimenter 2, 3, 9 und 12.png|<center>white 2nd, 3rd, 9th and 12th Hussars</center>
</gallery>
{{commons category|Official patterns of Austria-Hungarian uniforms (Hussars)}}

== References ==
{{no footnotes|date=September 2014}}

== Literature ==
* Johann C. Allmayer-Beck, Erich Lessing: ''Die K.u.k. Armee. 1848-1918''. Verlag Bertelsmann, München 1974, {{ISBN|3-570-07287-8}}.
* Stefan Rest: ''Des Kaisers Rock im ersten Weltkrieg''. Verlag Militaria, Wien 2002, {{ISBN|3-9501642-0-0}}
* ''Das k.u.k. Heer im Jahre 1895'' Schriften des Heeresgeschichtlichen Museums in Wien - Stocker Verlag, Graz 1997
* [[k.u.k. Kriegsministerium]] „Dislokation und Einteilung des k.u.k Heeres, der k.u.k. Kriegsmarine, der k.k. Landwehr und der k.u. Landwehr“ in: Seidels kleines Armeeschema - Herausg.: Seidel & Sohn Wien 1914
* k.u.k. Kriegsministerium „Adjustierungsvorschrift für das k.u.k. Heer, die k.k. Landwehr, die k.u. Landwehr, die verbundenen Einrichtungen und das Korps der Militärbeamten“ Wien 1911/1912
<div class="BoxenVerschmelzen">

{{Military of Austria-Hungary}}



[[Category:Austro-Hungarian Army|Hussars]]
[[Category:Cavalry]]

2nd Dragoon Regiment (France)

2019-09-25T07:20:59Z

Centenier:

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 2nd Dragoon Regiment
| native_name = ''2e régiment de dragons''
| image = 2-Régiment-Dragons.png
| caption =
| dates = {{unbulleted list|1556–1815|1815–1942|1943–}}
| country= {{flag|France}}
| branch=[[French Army]]
| type = [[Armoured cavalry]]
| role= [[CBRN defence]]
| size=7 squadrons, 849 personnel (2013)
| command_structure= [[3rd Armored Division (France)|3rd Division]]
| garrison= [[Fontevraud-l'Abbaye]]
| equipment = {{unbulleted list|[[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]] NBC reconnaissance|[[VLRA]] NBC}}
| equipment_label =Current equipment
| nickname = "Condé-Dragons"
| motto = ''Da materiam splendescam'' 
"Give me a chance to shine"
| patron = [[Louis, Grand Condé]]
| march = "Marche de Condé-Dragons"
| decorations = {{unbulleted list|[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre 1914–1918]]|
with two palmes and two vermeil stars|
[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de guerre 1939–1945]]|
with two palmes|
[[Médaille des évadés]]}}
| battles = {{unbulleted list|style= font-size: 90%|[[Thirty Years' War]]|[[Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)|Franco-Spanish War]]|[[Reapers' War]]|[[Fronde]]|[[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)|Anglo-Spanish War]]|[[War of Devolution]]|[[Franco-Dutch War]]|[[War of the Reunions]]|[[Nine Years' War|War of the League of Augsburg]]|[[War of the Spanish Succession]]|[[War of the Polish Succession]]|[[War of the Austrian Succession]]|[[Seven Years' War]]|[[War of the First Coalition]]|[[War in the Vendée]]|[[War of the Second Coalition]]|[[War of the Third Coalition]]|[[War of the Fourth Coalition]]|[[Peninsular War]]|[[War of the Fifth Coalition]]|[[War of the Sixth Coalition]]|[[Hundred Days]]|[[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|Spanish Expedition]]|[[Franco-Prussian War]]|[[World War I]]|[[World War II]]|[[Algerian War]]}}
| battles_label = Conflicts
| battle_honours= {{unbulleted list|style= font-size: 90%|[[Battle of Valmy|Valmy 1792]]|[[Second Battle of Zurich|Zurich 1799]]|[[Battle of Hohenlinden|Hohenlinden 1800]]|[[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz 1805]]|[[Battle of Jena|Iena 1806]]|[[Battle of the Frontiers|La Mortagne 1914]]|[[First battle of Ypres|Ypres 1914]]|[[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Flandres 1918]]|[[Second battle of the Marne|Champagne 1918]]|[[Autun]] 1944|[[Black Forest|Forêt-Noire]] 1945|[[Algerian War|AFN 1952–1962]]}}
| website = [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/presentation/organisation-des-forces/arme-blindee-cavalerie/2e-regiment-de-dragons www.defense.gouv.fr/terre]
| current_commander=Lieutenant-Colonel Olivier Lion
| notable_commanders={{unbulleted list|[[Noël Bouton de Chamilly]]
|[[Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon]]
|[[Emmanuel de Grouchy]]
|[[François Macquart]]
|[[Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt|Arnail François de Jaucourt]]
|[[André Demetz]]}}
| identification_symbol=
| identification_symbol_label=
}}
The '''2nd Dragoon Regiment''' ({{lang-fr|2e régiment de dragons, 2e RD}}) is the only NBC Defense Unit of the [[French Army]], stationed at [[Fontevraud-l'Abbaye]], by [[Saumur]] in [[Maine-et-Loire]]. The current regiment is an amalgamation of the old 2nd Dragoon Regiment and the ''groupe de défense NBC'', which took effect in July 2005. It incorporates the capabilities of the previous 2nd Dragoons, which was specialised as a [[reconnaissance]] unit, in a new mission as the sole French Army unit dedicated to combatting [[CBRN defence|chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons]].

Despite the recent formation of the regiment in its current configuration, it is the oldest French cavalry regiment, dating back to 1556. The regiment found fame as the personal regiment of [[Louis, Grand Condé|Louis, Duke of Enghien]] and later Prince of Condé, from 1635 to 1686; in honour of the "Grand Condé," it is still called the "''Condé-Dragons''". The [[French Revolution]] gave it the designation of the second regiment of [[dragoon]]s in the French Army, and with brief interruptions it has served under this name in successive French armies ever since.

== History ==
[[File:2e dragon - détail.PNG|thumb|right|250px|A detail of painting of a Napoleonic-era dragoon of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment by [[Édouard Detaille]].]]
=== Ancien Régime ===

==== Origins and the Grand Condé ====
[[File:Le Grand Condé en 1662.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|Louis, Grand Condé (1662)]]
[[File:Condé-Cavalerie 1690.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|A cavalier of the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' in 1690]]
The 2nd Dragoons trace their lineage to the formation of a ''[[compagnie d'ordonnance]]'' by [[Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)|Louis de Bourbon]], head of the [[Prince of Condé|House of Condé]], in 1556. At the time it numbered 50 ''[[lances fournies]]''—50 knights, plus about 5 supporting men-at-arms each, for a total of about 300 men.{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=7–8}} In 1635, this company became the ''Régiment d'Anguien-Cavalerie'', after its proprietor [[Louis, Grand Condé|Louis, Duke of Enghien]] (the future Grand Condé), one of twelve regiments formed by a royal order of 16 May to fight in the [[Thirty Years' War|war against the Holy Roman Empire]]. Enghien appointed the Chevalier de Tavannes as the commander (''[[mestre de camp]]'') of the regiment.<ref name=Susane/> It immediately was sent to serve in the Italian peninsula, where it probably operated as a collection of independent light cavalry companies. In 1636, it was sent to join the French campaign against [[Franche-Comté]], and it participated in the unsuccessful siege of [[Dole, Jura|Dôle]] that spring. It was reduced to independent companies in July 1636, and restored to a full regiment in January 1638.<ref name=Susane/>

Sent to fight in the Pyrenees in the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)|war against Spain]], the ''Anguien-Cavalerie'' participated in the unsuccessful [[siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)|Siege of Fuenterrabía]], during which their commander de Tavannes was killed. Under its new commander the Marquis de Livry, the regiment fought in the successful [[Siege of Turin (1640)|Siege of Turin]] in 1640. Following the siege, the regiment helped take several towns in [[Piedmont]] for the French, and in 1641 it fought in the siege of [[Cuneo|Coni]].<ref name=Susane/>

During 1642 to 1643, the regiment fought in the [[Reapers' War]] under Marshal [[Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt]], helping gain large sections of the [[Principality of Catalonia]] for the French–Catalan alliance. It joined the Duke of Enghien in Germany in 1644, fighting at [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]], [[Philippsbourg|Phillippburg]], [[Mainz]], and [[Landau]]. At the [[Second Battle of Nördlingen]] on 3 August 1645, the Marquis de Livry was killed. The Marquis de Lanques replaced him, and under his command, the regiment was among those that took [[Heilbronn]] and [[Trier]] for the French. The regiment was sent to the siege of [[Dunkirk]], where on 26 December 1646 it was renamed the ''Régiment de Condé-Cavalerie'', after Enghien became Prince of Condé on the death of his father. The ''Condé-Cavalerie'' was sent to Catalonia for two years, while Prince Louis was assigned to command the French and Catalan forces, where it took part in the unsuccessful second siege of [[Lleida]].<ref name=Susane>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacav02susagoog|year=1874|title= Histoire de la cavalerie française|last=Susane|first=Louis|volume=II|location=Paris|publisher=Librairie de J. Hetzel et Cie|pages=365–374|language=French}}</ref>

==== Fronde and exile ====
In early 1649, the regiment was called to join the blockade of Paris as part of the [[Fronde|First Fronde]], a rebellion of the French parliament and a section of the nobles, including the Prince of Condé. Little blood was shed in the resolution of the First Fronde, but the outbreak of the Second Fronde meant that the regiment was sent into battle against royalist forces again in early 1650, having moved to [[Berry (province)|Berry]]. After the Prince of Condé reconciled with [[Cardinal Mazarin]] and the royal faction in February 1651, the regiment returned to the royal army. This only lasted until September, when the Prince of Condé was forced to flee France. He became a high commander in the Spanish army, and his regiment of cavalry fought for him as part of Spanish and Lombard forces. During this time, the Prince of Condé commissioned [[Noël Bouton de Chamilly]], later [[Marshal of France]], into his regiment; he served as its ''mestre de camp lieutenant'' in 1667–1682.<ref name=Susane/>

==== Return to royal service ====
[[File:Bataille de Seneffe de B.Gagneraux.JPG|thumb|A painting by [[Bénigne Gagneraux]] depicting [[Henri Jules, Prince of Condé|Henri Jules, Duke of Enghien]] saving his father, the Grand Condé, at the [[Battle of Seneffe]] (1674)—a victory in which the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' were crucial, and which brought Condé back into royal favour]]
The regiment returned to royal service on 7 November 1659, following the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]], reduced to a single "colonel's company", belonging to the Prince of Condé. The full regiment was reinstated in December 1665, and in 1667 the regiment took part in the French invasion of the Low Countries as part of the [[War of Devolution]]. In 1668 the regiment, now nine companies strong, was part of the Prince of Condé's incursion into Franche-Comté. In May 1668, the regiment was once again reduced to the colonel's company, until the 1671 reorganisation of the cavalry.<ref name=Susane/>

The regiment was sent to fight in the [[Franco-Dutch War|Dutch War]] in 1672, taking up winter quarters near [[Utrecht]]. It fought in the [[siege of Maastricht (1673)|Siege of Maastricht]] of June 1673. On 11 August 1674, the regiment had a leading role in the [[Battle of Seneffe]], a victory won by the Grand Condé which restored him to royal favour. In 1675 the regiment took [[Dinant]], [[Huy]], and [[Limbourg]], and spent 1676 campaigning in the [[Saar (river)|Saar]] valley and concluded the war fighting in the [[:fr:bataille de Kokersberg|Battle of Kokersberg]] in 1677.<ref name=Susane/>

After being stationed in northern France in [[Artois]] and on the [[Saône]], the regiment was sent to fight in Catalonia in the [[War of the Reunions]], fighting along the river [[Ter (river)|Ter]] and in [[Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds]]' siege of [[Gerona, Spain|Gerona]]. The Grand Condé died on 11 December 1688, leaving his princely title and regiments to his son [[Henri Jules, Prince of Condé|Henri Jules]]. The regiment had been sent east already, where it fought in all the campaigns of the [[War of the League of Augsburg]], in [[Flanders]], on the [[Moselle]], and on the [[Rhine]]. It fought with distinction at the [[Battle of Fleurus (1690)|Battle of Fleurus]] on 1 July 1690 and the [[Battle of Landen|Battle of Neerwinden]] on 29 July 1693, and fought in the 1697 siege of [[Ath]], the final battle of the war.<ref name=Susane/>

==== After the Grand Condé ====
[[File:Condé-Cavalerie 1724.jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|A cavalier of the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' in 1724]]
During the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' fought in the Flemish and Rhine campaigns of 1701, and was present during the [[Battle of Friedlingen]] in October 1702. In 1703, it fought at the [[Siege of Kehl (1703)|Siege of Kehl]] and at the [[First Battle of Höchstädt|Battle of Hochstedt]]. In 1704, the regiment fought at the [[Battle of Blenheim]], a disgraceful defeat for the French. It continued to fight in Flanders and the Rhine valley for the rest of the war. In 1709, title to the regiment passed to [[Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon|Louis Henri, Prince of Condé and Duke of Bourbon]].<ref name=Susane/>

On the outbreak of the [[War of the Polish Succession]] in 1733, the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' was sent to the Rhine valley, where it fought at the sieges of [[siege of Kehl (1733)|Kehl]] and [[siege of Philippsburg (1734)|Philippsburg]], and the battles of Ettlingen and [[Battle of Clausen|Clausen]]. After the war, the regiment was based in [[Brittany]], with its main center of operations at [[Lamballe]]. During this time, the regiment passed to [[Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé]] on the death of Louis Henri in 1740.<ref name=Susane/>

In the early years of the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], the regiment served in [[Westphalia]], [[Bavaria]], and [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] until its return to France in July 1743. It was then sent to [[Alsace]] to serve as part of Marshal [[François de Franquetot de Coigny]]'s army, overwintering at [[Dijon]] before being sent to the garrison of [[Belfort]]. It then participated in the taking of [[Wissembourg]], and in the defense of the [[Lines of Wissembourg|lines of the Lauter]], and then the takings of [[Auenheim|Augenheim]] and Philippsburg. After overwintering in [[Pontarlier]], the regiment was part of the taking of Kronembourg near [[Strasbourg]] in 1745. Called to Flanders in 1746, it figured in the siege of Mons and the [[battle of Rocoux]]. It fought in the [[battle of Lauffeld]] in 1747, and the [[siege of Maastricht (1748)|siege of Maastricht]] in 1748, at the end of the war.<ref name=Susane/>

[[File:Condé-Dragons 1786.jpg|thumb|upright|A dragoon of the ''Condé-Dragons'' in 1786]]
Following the War of the Austrian Succession, the regiment was stationed in various towns in northern and eastern France and Westphalia. During the [[Seven Years' War]], the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' served in Germany under Marshals [[Louis Charles César Le Tellier|Louis d'Estrées]] and [[Charles de Rohan-Soubise]]. In 1757, they fought at the [[Battle of Hastenbeck]] on 26 July, and the [[Battle of Rossbach]] on 5 November, where the French were resoundingly defeated by an inferior force but the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' were praised for their steadfastness. At the [[Battle of Krefeld]] on 23 June 1758, the men of the regiment fought fiercely, and helped put up a strong fighting retreat after the French defeat.{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=83–84}}

After 1762, the regiment continued to be moved between garrisons mostly in the north and east of France, until the Revolution. At Lille in March 1763, the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' was reorganised, partly through the incorporation of the former ''Régiment de Tolouse-Lautrec'' into it. The brilliant [[colonel]] of that regiment, the Count of Toulouse-Lautrec, had previously been chosen to serve as the ''mestre de camp lieutenant'' of the ''Condé-Cavalerie''.<ref name=Susane/> While based at Hesdin in 1776, the regiment was designated as a unit of [[dragoon]]s, the ''Régiment de Condé-Dragons'',<ref name=Susane/> a name which still is the nickname of the regiment today.<ref name=Giudicelli/> At the same time the 3rd Squadron of the ''Chasseurs de la Legion de Lorraine'' was incorporated into its ranks.<ref name=Susane/>

=== Revolutionary Wars ===
When the [[French Revolution]] began, the colonel of the ''Condé-Dragons'' was [[Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt|François Jaucourt]], who favoured the revolution and ended up joining the moderate [[Feuillant (political group)|Feuillant faction]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jaucourt, Arnail François, Marquis de|volume=15}}</ref> On 31 August 1791, the regiment was one of the regular units called upon to suppress the [[Nancy affair|Nancy Mutiny]].{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|p=89}} On 1 January 1792, all the regiments of the French Army were given numbers in place of the names of their aristocratic patrons. The ''Condé-Dragons'' were designated the second-most senior dragoon regiment, and became the ''2e régiment de dragons'', even though they had been the eleventh-most senior dragoon regiment prior.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=87}} Around this time, Jaucourt went into exile and command of the regiment briefly passed to Colonel [[Emmanuel de Grouchy]], a future Marshal of France.

With the outbreak of the [[War of the First Coalition]] in 1792, the 2nd Dragoons were assigned to the [[Army of the Centre]]. After participating in the defeat of the [[Prussian Army]] in a number of small actions and then at the [[Battle of Valmy]] on 20 September, they were assigned to the [[Army of the Ardennes]].{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=90–93}} The 2nd Dragoons were reported to have fought brilliantly at the [[battle of Neerwinden (1793)|Battle of Neerwinden]] on 13 March 1793, but owing to the lack of training of most of the French infantry, the battle was a defeat and resulted in the loss of the Low Countries by France. That year the regiment also fought at [[battle of Wattignies|Wattignies]] and [[battle of Cholet|Cholet]].<ref name=Susane/>

Following the Flanders campaign, the 2nd Dragoons were sent to put down the [[revolt in the Vendée]] in late 1793. After seeing service in the Vendée, the regiment was given garrison duties, and was probably split into two detachments, one in [[Douai]] and the other in west-central France.<ref name=Susane/> In late 1795, the 2nd Dragoons were assigned to the [[Army of Sambre-et-Meuse]], which was being prepared for a crossing of the Rhine the following year. At the time, the regiment was recorded having the strength of 485 horses.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|pp=94–95}} The regiment distinguished themselves in the campaign of 1796, particularly at the [[:fr:bataille de Siegburg|Battle of Siegburg]] in June and the [[:fr:combat de Bamberg|taking of Bamberg]] in August. In 1797, the regiment was made part of the [[Army of the West (1793)|Army of the West]] and then the [[Army of Mainz]].<ref name=Susane/>

At the start of the [[War of the Second Coalition]] in 1798, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment fought in southwestern Germany as part of the [[Army of the Danube]].<ref name=Susane/> In 1799, it fought in the [[Second Battle of Zurich]], earning itself a battle honour.<ref name=Giudicelli/> In 1800, the regiment was part of the [[Army of the Rhine (France)|Army of the Rhine]], in Marshal [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]]'s Centre Corps, fighting at the battles of [[Battle of Biberach (1800)|Biberach]] and [[Battle of Hohenlinden|Hohenlinden]].{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=99}} From 1801 to 1805, the regiment was stationed at towns in the [[County of Flanders|Flanders region]] and [[Picardy]].<ref name=Susane/>

=== Napoleonic Wars ===

==== Early victories ====
[[File:Les Marechal-de-logis Humbert et le Dragon Fauveau sur Iena.jpg|thumb|left|Maréchal-de-logis Humbert and Dragoon Fauveau taking a Prussian officer prisoner at the [[Battle of Jena]]. Both were awarded the [[Legion d'honneur]] after the battle.{{sfn|Ambert|1851|p=25}}]]

In 1805 the 2nd Dragoon Regiment was made part of the 1st Dragoon Division (commanded by General of Division [[Louis Klein]]) of Marshal [[Joachim Murat]]'s [[Reserve Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)|Reserve Cavalry Corps]] in the [[Grande Armée]] of [[Napoleon I]].{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=114}} The First Empire gave them scarlet as their distinguishing colour on their facings and coat lapels, which they shared with the 1st through 6th Dragoons.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=118}} In the autumn of 1805, the regiment and the rest of Klein's division was part of the remarkably successful [[Ulm Campaign]], fighting at the battles of [[Battle of Wertingen|Wertingen]] and [[Battle of Albeck|Albeck]] on 8 and 11 October, at the [[Battle of Ulm]] a week later, and at the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] on 20 November.

During the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]], the regiment fought at the [[Battle of Jena]] on 14 October 1806, the [[Battle of Golymin]] on 26 December that year, the [[Battle of Eylau]] on 7–8 February 1807 (including Marshal Murat's colossal cavalry charge), the [[Battle of Heilsberg]] on 10 June, and the eventual victory at the [[Battle of Friedland]] on 14 June.

==== Peninsular War ====
From 1808 to 1813, the regiment and the rest of the 1st Dragoon Division (now under General of Division [[Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg|Victor Latour-Mabourg]]) along with much of the Reserve Cavalry Corps (under [[Jean-Baptiste Bessières]]) served in the [[Peninsular War|Peninsular Campaign]]. There, they fought many small skirmishes with the Spanish, and saw action in several major battles. They began their campaign at the [[First Siege of Zaragoza]] in the summer of 1808, followed by the [[Battle of Tudela]] on 23 November. In 1809, they fought in the [[Battle of Uclés (1809)|Battle of Uclés]] on 13 January, the [[Battle of Medellín]] on 28 March, the [[Battle of Talavera]] on 27–28 July, and the [[Battle of Almonacid]] on 11 August. On 27 September 1810, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment fought at the [[Battle of Bussaco]], in 1811 it fought at the [[Battle of Barrosa|Battle of Chiclana]] on 5 March and the siege of [[Elvas]] later that year, and on 21 June 1813 it fought in the [[Battle of Vitoria]]. A small detachment served in the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812 as part of Marshal [[Pierre Augereau]]'s reserve [[XI Corps (Grande Armée)|XI Corps]].{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=114}}

==== Fall of Napoleon ====
[[File:Dragoons and trumpeter.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Historical reenactor]]s wearing the Napoleonic-era uniform of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment, including a trumpeter with reversed colour.]]
The regiment joined in the [[German Campaign of 1813]]. It fought in the siege of [[Königsberg]], the [[Battle of Leipzig]] of 16–19 October, and the [[Battle of Hanau]] of 30–31 October. In late 1813 it was assigned to the French corps d'observation in Bavaria, and then the [[V Corps (Grande Armée)|V Corps]] when the corps was sent to reinforce the garrison of [[Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)|Danzig]], then under a [[Siege of Danzig (1813)|siege by a Russo-Prussian army]].<ref name=Susane/> During the [[1814 campaign in France|Campaign of France]] in early 1814, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment fought in an action at [[Rambervillers]], at the [[Battle of Brienne]] on 29 January, and at the [[Battle of Saint-Dizier]] on 26 March. That year, the regiment incorporated 25 survivors from the ''Compagnie des Guides-interprètes'' (the predecessors of the later French corps of ''[[Military interpreter (France)|Interprètes Militaires]]'' or military interpreters), which was first formed at Boulogne in 1803 in preparation for [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cottreau |first=G.|title=Les Guides-Interprètes de l'Armée d'Angleterre |date=31 January 1902 |pages=553–555 |journal= Carnet de la Sabretache: Revue Militaire Rétrospective|issue=109|volume= 10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMdWAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA553 |language=French}}</ref>

==== Hundred Days and Restorations ====
On the return of the regiment from Germany in 1814 following the [[Bourbon Restoration#First Restoration (1814)|First Bourbon Restoration]], it went to Paris and received the title of ''dragons du Roi'', as the most senior regiment of dragoons (the previous 1st Dragoon Regiment now was a regiment of ''[[lancers|chevau-légers lanciers]]''). Following Napoleon's return to France, it returned to its previous name and number on 23 April 1815.<ref name=Susane/> During the [[Hundred Days]], the regiment was initially part of the 4th Reserve Cavalry Division. In the [[Army of the North (France)|Army of the North]]'s Belgian campaign, it was part of the 11th Cavalry Division, in Marshal [[François Étienne de Kellermann]]'s III Reserve Cavalry Corps. During the retreat following the [[battle of Waterloo]], the 2nd Dragoons attacked and defeated a Prussian force in a [[skirmish at Sentis]]. After Napoleon's surrender, it joined the many units camped out in the [[Loire]] valley while a new settlement between the coalition and the Bourbons was made. The regiment was dissolved on 4 December 1815, after the [[Bourbon Restoration#Second Restoration (1815)|Second Bourbon Restoration]].<ref name=Giudicelli/>

=== Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy ===
[[File:2e Régiment de Dragons 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|A dragoon of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment in 1838]]
On 29 December 1815, the regiment was re-formed with the same men and officers, and named the ''régiment de dragons du Doubs'', again the second-most senior dragoon regiment.<ref name=Giudicelli/> The ''dragons de Doubs'' were given a new uniform and headgear, with scarlet facings and green cuffs as their distinguishing colours.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=127}} The men of the regiment remained openly sympathetic to Bonapartism, including its first commander after the Restoration, Colonel François-Joseph Planzeaux, who gave a speech at his first review of the regiment praising the deeds of the "2nd Dragoons of the Empire, a regiment beyond reproach…the immortal dragoons of Spain."{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=127–128}} In 1816, Planzeaux was accused of participating in a Bonapartist conspiracy and discharged from the army.<ref>{{cite book|title= Affaire de la conspiration de l'est, jugée à Riom|last= Pagès|first=Gaspard-Antoine|year=1816|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb325038295 |language=French}}</ref>

In 1823, the regiment was part of the [[Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis|Spanish Expedition]] (known as the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis"), the French force sent to defeat the liberals of the [[Trienio Liberal]] and restore the absolute power of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]. It was part of General of Division Bertrand Castex's 1st Dragoon Division, in Marshal [[Nicolas Oudinot]]'s I Corps.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=130}}

During the [[July Monarchy]], the 2nd Dragoon Regiment dropped the name ''Doubs'', and was among several that were favoured by [[Louis Philippe I]], and called to the maneuvers and festivities at his camp at [[Compiègne]] every two years.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=138}} In 1832, it participated in the suppression of the [[June Rebellion]].{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|p=166}} [[Charles-Marie-Augustin de Goyon]], who would be a senior general of the Second Empire, served as its colonel from 1846 to 1850. Under de Goyon, the regiment earned the nickname of "''[[wikt:demoiselle|demoiselles]] de Goyon''", owing to his high standards for drill and dress.{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|p=143}} During the [[French Revolution of 1848|1848 Revolution]], the officers of the regiment kept their men calm and disciplined, much to the relief of the citizens of its garrison town of [[Beauvais]].{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=141–142}}

=== Second Republic and Second Empire ===
[[File:2e Régiment de Dragons 1853.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The 2nd Dragoon Regiment in 1853]]
Following the establishment of the [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]], the regiment was ordered to Paris in May. There it helped protect the new government from working-class revolutionaries during the seizure of the [[Palais Bourbon]] in May and the [[June Days Uprising]].{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=141–142}} During the [[Second French Empire]], the 2nd Dragoon Regiment was given orange as a distinguishing colour, until all of the dragoon regiments lost their distinguishing colours in 1862.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=168}} In January 1854, while the [[Crimean War]] was ongoing, a detachment of half a squadron of the 2nd Dragoons was sent to the [[Kingdom of Greece]], where it attempted to control the local "bandits" for about a year.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=148}} In 1865, Baron [[Joachim Ambert]] was appointed the colonel of the regiment, a role in which he served until 1873.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=156}}

During the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, the regiment was part of the 2nd Brigade of General of Division [[Georges Eugène Blanchard]]'s [[III Corps (France)|III Corps]].{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=156}} After its arrival at the front on 8 August, it protected baggage trains in the retreat to [[Metz]] following the [[Battle of Forbach-Spicheren]], before serving in a reconnaissance role, and facing the Prussians at the battles of [[Battle of Borny–Colombey|Borney–Colombey]], [[Battle of Mars-la-Tour|Mars-la-Tour]], and [[Battle of Noisseville|Noiseville]]. Most of the regiment was briefly was taken prisoner by the Prussians on 29 October.{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=153–156}}

Following the defeat of the Second Empire, the remaining troops of the regular army were called upon by the [[Government of National Defense]] to the defense of Paris from the [[Siege of Paris (1870–71)|Prussian siege]], but they were scattered and disorganised, and had to be organised into provisional regiments (''regiments de marche''). The troops who had not been captured, including the depot and a squadron of new recruits, were in the 4th and 6th dragoon and 11th mixed cavalry ''regiments de marche''.{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|pp=158–159}} By the time a peace with Prussia was reached in May 1871, most of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment's complement was gathered together, as the 2nd dragoon ''regiment de marche'', and was called upon to aid in the government's suppression of the [[Paris Commune]].{{sfn|Detaille|Richard|1992|p=166}}

=== Belle Époque ===
[[File:2e Régiment de Dragons 1873.jpg|thumbnail|upright|right|A trumpeter and NCO of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment in 1873]]
During the [[Belle Époque]] era of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], between 1871 and the start of war in 1914, the regiment was based in [[Chartres]], and then [[Lyon]].<ref name=Giudicelli/>{{sfn|Bruyère|1885|pp=161–162}}

=== World War I ===
At the start of [[World War I]], the regiment was based in [[Lyon]]. In early September 1914, it fought in the counteroffensive of the Charmes Gap in the [[Battles of the Frontiers]]. From mid-October to 2 November, it fought in the [[First Battle of Ypres]]. In September 1915, it fought in the [[Second Battle of Champagne]]. In 1917, it fought at the [[Second Battle of the Aisne]]. In March 1918, it participated in the [[battle of the Lys (1918)|Battle of the Lys]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chtimiste.com/batailles1418/divers/historique2RD1.htm|title= Historique complet du 2e Régiment de Dragons durant 14/18|origyear=1920|editor=Librairie Berger-Levrault|publisher=Marie France|year=2003}}</ref>

=== Interbellum ===
In 1930, the regiment was designated a [[mechanised infantry]] regiment (with companies of motorcyclists, [[sidecar]]s, and [[half-track]]s), and renamed the 2nd Motorised Dragoon Battalion (''2e bataillon de dragons portés'').<ref name=Giudicelli/>

=== World War II ===

==== Phony War and Battle of France ====
On 1 December 1939, the unit was redesignated as the 2nd Motorised Dragoon Regiment, with two battalions. During the early stages of the war, they made up the 13th Light Mechanised Brigade, along with the ''3e régiment d'automitrailleuses''. In February 1940, this brigade was attached to the 3rd Light Cavalry Division, in the [[Third Army (France)|Third Army]]. The first battalion was stationed at [[Russange]] and the second at [[Rédange]]. After the German [[invasion of Luxembourg]] began on 9 May, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment and the rest of the 3rd Light Cavalry Division briefly entered into Luxembourg on 10 May in an attempt to slow the Germans by destroying key infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book |language=French |first=Jean-Yves |last=Mary |title=La bataille des trois frontières: mai-juin 1940 |publisher=Heimdal |location=Bayeux |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-84048-331-1 |page=144}}</ref>

During the [[Battle of France]], the regiment fought in the attempts to slow the German advance from 24–31 May and from 5–7 June, including at the [[Battle of Abbeville]]. It was in a fighting retreat until 17 June.<ref name=CharsFrancais/>

==== Vichy France and escape ====
After France surrendered on 22 June, the regiment's survivors were brought together at [[Auch]] in [[Gers]] department in August 1940, by the army of the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] then ruling southern France. The men were formed into two horse-mounted squadrons, three squadrons of cyclists, an [[armoured car (military)|armoured car]] squadron, a signals platoon, and a [[fanfare band|fanfare]]. Much of their heavier weaponry was well-camouflaged, and hidden whenever Vichy officials or German officers were in the area, as it was officially forbidden for the Vichy military. Their commander, Colonel [[Guy Schlesser]], was determined they would still have some role to play in defending France. By his speeches and pamphlets, and his encouragement of skiing (at a dedicated chalet near [[Campan]]) and a wide range of sports and other recreation, he kept morale high. Generals sent to inspect the regiment expressed their admiration at its high level of organisation.<ref name=CharsFrancais/>

In late November 1942, Germany began to occupy southern France, under [[Case Anton|Operation Anton]]. On 27 November, Germany ordered the dissolution of the Vichy army.<ref name=Montagnon/> The 2nd Dragoon Regiment was officially disbanded on 29 November 1942 by its superior officer General [[Louis Gustave Bérard]], commander of the 17th Military Region. At the ceremony of farewell to the regimental standard, Colonel Schlesser gave a dramatic speech in which he proclaimed that "despite [his] determination to resist" he was forced "with tears in [his] eyes and heart full of bitterness, to obey".<ref name=CharsFrancais/> After the ceremony he gathered together some officers and non-commissioned officers and made plans to escape the Germans and continue to fight. At Schlesser's instigation, nearly all of the officers and soldiers of the 2nd Dragoons decided to escape and rejoin the fight against Germany, whether by heading for North Africa to join the [[Free French Army]] or joining the [[French Resistance|Resistance]].<ref name=Montagnon/><ref name=MuseeArmee/> Although many of the men who headed for North Africa were delayed by imprisonment in neutral Spain, most of them eventually were released and transported to [[Casablanca]] by Free French merchant vessels.<ref name=CharsFrancais/>

Some men who remained in the Resistance ended up creating the center of resistance in Gers department, while others formed independent cells in the mountains and hid some of the weaponry of the regiment in mines.<ref name=CharsFrancais/> The standard of the regiment was hidden in the village of [[La Romieu]], and when Schlesser made plans to re-form the regiment in 1943, he had Captain Robert de Neuchèze, who had remained in the Resistance, bring it to Algiers. He embarked the submarine ''[[French submarine Aréthuse (S635)|Aréthuse]]'' on 29 September at [[Ramatuelle]], and managed to reach [[Algiers]] still carrying the standard of the regiment.<ref name=MuseeArmee/> In 1945, the same standard was decorated with the ''[[Médaille des évadés]]'', a decoration created in 1926 for individual soldiers who made a successful escape from enemies or at least two unsuccessful attempts. The 2nd Dragoons remain the only French military unit ever to receive this decoration.<ref name=Giudicelli>{{cite book| title=Du poison au nucléaire, 2000 d'histoire| publisher=2e régiment de Dragons | last = Giudicelli|first=Bernard|date=June 2012 | location = Angers |language=French}}</ref><ref name=Montagnon>{{cite book|language=French|title=Histoire de l'armée française|first=Pierre|last=Montagnon|publisher=Pygmalion|year=1997}}</ref> This standard is now in the [[Musée de l'Armée]] in Paris.<ref name=MuseeArmee>{{cite web|publisher= Musée de l'Armée|title= Étendard du 2e régiment de Dragons|url=http://www.musee-armee.fr/collections/base-de-donnees-des-collections/objet/etendard-du-2e-regiment-de-dragons.html|accessdate=18 August 2014|language=French}}</ref>

==== Revival in the Free French Army ====
On 7 November 1943, plans to revive the 2nd Dragoons in the Free French Army were finalised and the regiment was designated as a [[tank destroyer]] unit; it was re-formed on 21 December 1943, at [[Sfax]], Tunisia.<ref name=Giudicelli/> At a ceremony attended by a number of senior French and Allied officers, General [[Henri Giraud]] formally returned the regiment's standard, to its new commander, Lieutenant Colonel de Sauzey. The regiment incorporated men from the 2nd and 6th Algerian [[Spahi]]s, nearly three full squadrons from the former. This was the first time large numbers of French colonial natives had joined a cavalry regiment from metropolitan France. Once the regiment arrived in France, many of its men who had fought in the Resistance rejoined.<ref name=CharsFrancais>{{cite web|url=http://www.chars-francais.net/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1601&Itemid=74|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140818233249/http://www.chars-francais.net/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1601&Itemid=74|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2014|title=2e Regiment de Dragons: Historique 1940–1945|work=Chars français|language=French|accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref>

The regiment was equipped with [[M20 Scout Car]]s. In May 1944, Lieutenant Colonel André Demetz was appointed to command the regiment. He was a specialist in armoured warfare, whose philosophy was that the way his men treated their equipment (similarly to the way mounted cavalrymen treated their horse) showed their ability. He began the practice of naming all the vehicles of the regiment, after places in Paris; for example, the colonel's vehicle is named after ''Paris'' itself, the most prominent armoured vehicles are named after monuments such as the ''Louvre'' and ''Arc-de-Triomphe'', and the regiment's trucks are named after working class banlieues like ''Pantin'' and ''Billancourt''. The regiment embarked in [[Mers-el-Kebir]] and [[Oran]] on 25 August, and spent five days in the crossing to Provence, during which Colonel Schlesser radioed in an encouraging message.<ref name=CharsFrancais/>

==== Liberation of France ====
On 30 August, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment debarked in Provence, and headed to [[Eyguières]]. The regiment was immediately assigned to a battle group that captured [[Montpellier]], and formed General [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]]'s escort when he entered the city on 2 September. On 4 September, the regiment began advancing north towards [[Lyon]], attached to the [[2nd Army Corps (France)|2nd Army Corps]]. Covering the left flank of the Corps, it reached [[Paray-le-Monial]], where it met the [[8th Dragoon Regiment (France)|8th Dragoon Regiment]] of the [[French Forces of the Interior]], which from then served as its infantry support. From 8 to 10 September, the regiment fought in the capture of [[Autun]], meeting fierce resistance from German troops. There they took several casualties, including Chef d'escadrons de Neuchèze.<ref name=CharsFrancais/> On 10–11 September, the regiment linked up at [[Saulieu]] with U.S. troops who had [[Normandy landings|landed in Normandy]], the 86th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized) (part of the [[6th Armored Division (United States)|6th Armored Division]]).<ref>{{Atlas-Libération-France|page= 35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.super6th.org/cmbthist/cmbtbrtny.htm|chapter=Chapter 1: Brittany Campaign, 18 July to 17 September 1944|title=Combat History of the Sixth Armored Division|last=Rutledge|first=William E., Jr.|origyear=1947|publisher= Bruce Frederick|year=1998}}</ref>

During October, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment fought in the campaigns of the [[Vosges]] and [[Doubs]], reaching [[Saint-Loup-sur-Semouse]] on 30 October, where it was allowed to rest. In mid-November, it was called upon to join the advance toward [[Belfort]] and [[Mulhouse]] as part of the [[2nd Moroccan Infantry Division]]. By 24 November, it had reached the area of [[Réchésy]], where it acted rapidly to destroy German tanks and to cut off the communications of the [[1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler]] to allow the French Army to capture [[Mulhouse]]. During December and until 20 January, the regiment was positioned defensively around Mulhouse. On 20 January, it was part of the initial French advance against the southern flank of the [[Colmar Pocket]]. They were engaged in this offensive, suffering heavy casualties, until its success with the capture of [[Cernay, Haut-Rhin|Cernay]], in which some elements of the regiment participated. After this, the regiment rested at [[Masevaux]], where Demetz was replaced by Colonel Clerck at the head of the regiment.<ref name=CharsFrancais/>

==== Invasion of Germany ====
On 1 April 1945, the regiment destroyed German bunkers to cross the [[Rhine]] at Germersheim, and in that days that followed, it fought pockets of German troops around [[Weingarten, Rhineland-Palatinate|Weingarten]] entrenched in towns and armed with tanks and anti-tank weapons. On April 16, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment returned across the Rhine to attack the remaining German forces in the [[Black Forest]]. The 2nd Squadron joined the ''Groupement Lebel'', which chased a German force through the Black Forest and as far as [[Konstanz]], while the rest of the regiment cut off the northeast of the Black Forest around [[Freudenstadt]] and [[Villingen-Schwenningen|Schwenningen]]. When news came of German surrender on 7 May, the squadrons of the regiment had reunited and were staying at [[Schloss Heiligenberg (Heiligenberg)|Schloss Heiligenberg]].<ref name=CharsFrancais/> In the months after the war, the regiment garrisoned the French zone in the [[Allied-occupied Austria|occupation of Austria]], at [[Innsbruck]] and [[Schwaz]].<ref name=Giudicelli/>

=== Post-war ===
In 1957 to 1961, the regiment fought in the [[Algerian War]], losing 84 men. From 1961 to 1984, the regiment was garrisoned at [[Haguenau]] in Alsace. From 1984 to 1997, it was based at [[Crépy-Couvron]] in [[Aisne]] department, Picardy. In 1997, the regiment moved to [[Fontevraud-l'Abbaye]], a village by [[Saumur]] in [[Maine-et-Loire]] department. It served as a [[armoured reconnaissance]] regiment, using the [[AMX-30]] and later the [[AMX Leclerc]] [[main battle tank]]s, the [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé]], and the [[Véhicule Blindé Léger]]. It was part of the [[8th Infantry Division (France)|8th Infantry Division]] until its dissolution in 1993, and then the [[2nd Armored Division (France)|2nd Armored Division]] until 2005.<ref name=Giudicelli/><ref name="free.fr"/>

On 1 July 2005, the regiment amalgamated with the ''[[groupe de défense NBC]]''. After the merger, the regiment briefly went by the name "2nd Dragoon Regiment – Nuclear, Biological and Chemical" (''2e régiment de dragons – nucléaire, biologique et chimique, 2e RD-NBC''), before reverting to the simple ''2e régiment de dragons''. Since the merger in 2005, the regiment has been under the direct command of the ''[[Commandement des Forces Terrestres]]'', the high command of the French Army.<ref name=ObjDoc>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cdef.terre.defense.gouv.fr/publications/Objdoc/objdoc35/objdoc_35.pdf |title=The Nuclear, Radiological, Bacteriological and Chemical Defense|journal=Objectif Doctrine|issue=35|pages=1–68|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122235213/http://www.cdef.terre.defense.gouv.fr/publications/Objdoc/objdoc35/objdoc_35.pdf|archivedate=22 November 2010}}</ref>

In January 2015, soldiers of the regiment were deployed to [[Guinea]] to provide decontamination for medical personnel fighting the [[West African Ebola epidemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rpdefense.over-blog.com/2015/03/ebola-le-brigadier-fabrice-du-2e-regiment-de-dragons-l-un-des-anges-gardiens-du-cts.html|work=RP Defense|language=French|title= 2e RD in Conakry; Ebola: le brigadier Fabrice du 2e régiment de Dragons, l'un des " anges gardiens " du CTS|date=18 March 2015|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref>

== Organisation ==

=== Personnel ===
As of 2013, the regiment was manned by 893 personnel divided into:<ref name=officialsite>{{cite web
|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/presentation/organisation-des-forces/arme-blindee-cavalerie/2e-regiment-de-dragons
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813215044/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/presentation/organisation-des-forces/arme-blindee-cavalerie/2e-regiment-de-dragons
|archivedate=13 August 2013
|accessdate=13 August 2013
|title=2e régiment de dragons
|publisher=Ministère de la Defense
|date=25 June 2013
|language=French
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
*5 mixed reconnaissance and decontamination squadrons
*1 command and logistics squadron
*1 reserve squadron

There were 53 officers, 270 non-commissioned officers, 562 other ranks, and 8 civilians in the regiment.<ref name=officialsite/>

=== Current equipment ===
;Vehicles
* [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé]] NBC
* [[VLRA]] NBC
* [[Renault TRM 10000|TRM 10000]] SDA ({{lang-fr|système de décontamination approfondi}}, thorough decontamination system)

== Role ==
The 2nd Dragoon Regiment is currently the sole unit of the French Army specialised in defending against [[chemical weapon|chemical]], [[biological weapon|biological]], [[radiological weapon|radiological]], and [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]] (CBRN) weapons, although there also are [[French Air Force]] teams with CBRN defense capabilities. The regiment's personnel undergo their training at the Army's CBRN school, now located in Saumur. All members of the regiment are trained in decontamination, and upon completing this training, they may undergo training for CBRN reconnaissance and operating in a "light role team" (LRT).<ref name=Dragonsong>{{cite interview|journal=CBRNe World |title=Dragonsong: Lieutenant Colonel Marc Caudrillier, Commanding Officer of the French 2nd Dragon [sic] Regiment, talks to Gwyn Winfield about reaching new heights |url=http://www.cbrneworld.com/_uploads/download_magazines/Dragonsong.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217220417/http://www.cbrneworld.com/_uploads/download_magazines/Dragonsong.pdf |archivedate=17 December 2014 |last=Caudrillier |first=Marc |others=Gwyn Winfield |publisher=Falcon Communications |location=Winchester |date=August 2013 |pages=19–24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The regiment's most immediate role is seen as being ready to deal with terrorism on French soil, but its role extends to handling accidents at industrial facilities such as nuclear power plants, handling attacks on France during a war, assisting [[civil defence]], and protecting French forces on operations. As well as being tasked with defending France, it has the capability to be deployed overseas if needed.<ref name=ObjDoc/><ref name=Dragonsong/> From its base, the 2nd Dragoon Regiment runs Detecbio, a network of environmental monitoring sensors that can detect a variety of potential biological threats.<ref name=Dragonsong/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioprepwatch.com/news/french-lt-colonel-discusses-europes-comprehensive-biological-capability-program/213180/|title=French Lt. Colonel discusses Europe's comprehensive biological capability program|first=Ashton|last=Daigle|publisher=BioPrepWatch|date=25 May 2010|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115131005/http://www.bioprepwatch.com/news/french-lt-colonel-discusses-europes-comprehensive-biological-capability-program/213180/|archive-date=15 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.asdnews.com/news-19710/EADS_DS_Wins_Contract_for_DETECBIO_V1_System.htm|title=EADS DS Wins Contract for DETECBIO V1 System |publisher=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.|location=Paris |date=12 March 2009 |via=ASD News|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>

== Symbols ==

=== Standard ===
[[File:2e régiment de dragons – nucléaire, biologique et chimique -drapeau.svg|350px|right|thumb|The standard of the modern 2nd Dragoon Regiment]]
[[File:Standard of the Condé-Cavalerie, 1740–1776.jpg|350px|right|thumb|The two sides of the standard of the ''Condé-Cavalerie'', 1740–1776]]
The regimental [[military standard|standard]] of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment is a French tricolor, with the following battle honours sewn on it in gold:<ref name=EtendardDecision>{{cite journal|title=Décision n°12350/SGA/DPMA/SHD/DAT du 14 septembre 2007 relative aux inscriptions de noms de batailles sur les drapeaux et étendards des corps de troupe de l'armée de terre, du service de santé des armées et du service des essences des armées|journal=Bulletin Officiel des Armées|issue=27|date=9 November 2007|language=French}}</ref>

* [[Battle of Valmy|Valmy 1792]]
* [[Second Battle of Zurich|Zurich 1799]]
* [[Battle of Hohenlinden|Hohenlinden 1800]]
* [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz 1805]]
* [[Battle of Jena|Iena 1806]]
* [[Battle of the Frontiers|La Mortagne 1914]]
* [[First battle of Ypres|Ypres 1914]]
* [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Flandres 1918]]
* [[Second Battle of the Marne|Champagne 1918]]
* [[Autun]] 1944
* [[Black Forest|Forêt-Noire]] 1945
* [[Algerian War|AFN 1952–1962]]

The French Army does not retain any battle honours from before the Revolution; the battle honour ''AFN 1952–1962'' for the [[Algerian War]] was only retained after some controversy.<ref name=EtendardDecision/>

Under the Ancien Régime, the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' had standards ([[Colours, standards and guidons|guidons]] from 1776) that were blue, with the golden sun emblem of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] and the motto ''[[Nec pluribus impar]]'', on one side; and [[fawn (colour)|fawn]], with a silver sun lighting a pyre and the regimental motto ''Da materiam splendescam'', on the other. The guidons were embroidered and fringed in silver.<ref name=Susane/>

=== Motto ===
The motto of the regiment under the [[Louis, Grand Condé|Grand Condé]], maintained by the current regiment, is "''Da materiam splendescam''", after the motto of the Grand Condé, "''Splendescam da materiam.''" This translates to "Give me a chance to shine" or "Give me means, and I will shine".<ref name= Giudicelli/><ref>{{cite book|title=Le Spectateur militaire: Recueil de science, d'art et d'histoire militaires| first=Jean Maximilien |last=Lamarque|first2=Franciois Nicolas |last2= Fririon|year=1892|location=Paris|language=French|page=116}}</ref>

=== Badge ===
The badge of the regiment consists of a black, winged dragon holding a guidon of the ''Condé-Cavalerie'' (showing the fawn side with the sun and pyre), on a blue background. At the bottom is inscribed "Condé Dragons".<ref name="free.fr">{{cite web|url=http://asor44.free.fr/esr/2rd/2rd.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020124040213/http://asor44.free.fr/esr/2rd/2rd.htm|archivedate=24 January 2002|title= 2è Régiment de Dragons|language=French}}</ref>

== Decorations ==
The regiment has been awarded the following decorations:
* [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre 1914–1918]] with two palms and two vermeil stars
* [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945]] with two palms
* [[Médaille des évadés]] (Escapees' Medal)
Because of the regiment's decoration with the World War I Croix de guerre, all serving members of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment wear [[fourragère]]s in green with red stripes on their uniforms.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Ambert|first=J.|year=1851|title=2e Régiment de Dragons ex-Dragons de Condé, Créé en 1635: État des Services du Régiment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qNPAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Imprimerie de Louis Perrin|location=Lyon|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Bruyère|first=Paul|year=1885|title=Historique de 2e Régiment de Dragons, 1635–1885|language=French|location=Chartres |publisher=Imprimerie Garnier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGkaAAAAYAAJ |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book|last=Detaille|first=Edouard|authorlink= Édouard Detaille|last2=Richard|first2=Jules|year=1992|origyear=1885–89|title=L'Armee Française: An Illustrated History of the French Army, 1790–1885|translator=Maureen Carlson Reinertsen|location=New York|publisher=Waxtel & Hasenauer|isbn= 978-0963255808 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|2e régiment de dragons}}
*{{official website|http://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/presentation/organisation-des-forces/arme-blindee-cavalerie/2e-regiment-de-dragons}} {{fr icon}}
*[http://www.2dragons.be Historical reenactment of the Napoleonic regiment] {{fr icon}}

[[Category:Dragoon regiments of France]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Armoured regiments of France]]
[[Category:Regiments of the French First Republic]]
[[Category:Regiments of the First French Empire]]
[[Category:French regiments of the Ancien Régime]]
[[Category:Regiments of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Regiments of France in the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Regiments of the Bourbon Restoration]]
[[Category:1556 establishments in France]]

List of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation

2019-09-25T07:17:06Z

Centenier:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2019}}
This is a '''list of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation'''. In continuous operation here means not units that no longer exist, or recent creations sharing only the name with an older unit.

Please note: Whereas modern [[standing army|standing armies]] first developed in the 15th century, the defining terminology for contemporary military units and formations, such as [[Company (military unit)|company]], [[battalion]], [[regiment]] etc. mostly arose in the [[Early modern warfare|early modern period]], during the 16th and 17th centuries.

== Oldest active military units still in operation ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
! Year
! Heraldry
! Name
! Founder
! Founding location
! Current location
! Notes
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1248
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ.svg|94px]]
|[[1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment|King's Own Immemorial 1st Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Ferdinand III of Castile]]
|{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Crown of Castile (Early Style)-Variant.svg}} [[Crown of Castile]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|Madrid, Spain]]
|It was one of the first standing units in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, remaining in the order of battle of the Castilian and Spanish armies since its creation. At present the Regiment is the Unit responsible for providing the central seat of Spanish Army Headquarters security, services, and support needed for its functioning.
|-
|1337
|
|[[Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey]]
|King [[Edward III]] of England
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1987, it was re-formed as a Territorial Army regiment, the Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey), 111th Regiment, Royal Engineers, later 73rd Regiment, Royal Engineers. In 2007, it came under the operational command of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia).
|-
|1479
|[[File:Insigne 1er Régiment d'Infanterie.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Infantry Regiment (France)|1st Infantry Regiment]]
|King [[Louis XI of France]]
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Sarrebourg]], [[France]]
|Founded in 1479-1480 by [[Louis XI of France|King Louis XI]] as Bandes de Picardie. It became the Légion de Picardie in 1558 during the [[Italian War of 1551–59|Italian War of 1551-1559]] and then Régiment de Picardie on May 29, 1569. It was ultimately renamed <abbr>1er</abbr> régiment d'infanterie de ligne in 1791 after the military reforms of [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|Louis Le Bègue Duportail]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf|title = Régiments de Picardie et du Colonel Général|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> It is now part of the [[Franco-German Brigade]] (French units of the brigade are part of [[1st Armored Division (France)|1st Division]]) and was recently deployed in [[French forces in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Operation Serval|Mali]] and the [[Operation Sangaris|Central African Republic]].
|-
| 1506
| [[File:BANDERA_GUARDIA_VATICA_PANCHO.svg|94px|Banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard]]
| [[Papal Swiss Guard]]
| [[Pope Julius II]]
| {{flag|Papal States}}
| {{flag|Vatican City}}
| The [[Pontifical Swiss Guard]] is one of the oldest active military units presently in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/spotlight-on-the-swiss-guard|title=Spotlight on the Swiss Guard|work=news.va|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>They are famous for their [[Stand of the Swiss Guard|last stand]] which allowed [[Pope Clement VII]] to flee from Rome during [[War of the League of Cognac]].
|-
|1509
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 9th Infantry Regiment Soria.svg|94px]]
|[[9th Infantry Regiment “Soria”]]
|[[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|{{Flagicon image|Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Crown of Aragon]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Fuerteventura|Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain]]
|Founded in 1509 as "Tercio of Napoli" or "Tercio de Zamudio". It is the second oldest regiment still used for overseas military operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = El regimiento más antiguo de Europa empezó siendo un tercio español y combatió contra Napoleón|url = http://www.abc.es/historia-militar/20140609/abci-regimiento-soria-antiguo-europa-201406061727.html|website = ABC.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = MANUEL P.|last = VILLATORO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = .:Ejército de tierra:.|url = http://www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Las_Palmas/ril9/|website = www.ejercito.mde.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = JEME - Ejercito de|last = Tierra}}</ref>
|-
| 1521
| [[File:Livgardet vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Guards (Sweden)|Life Guards]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Dalarna]], [[Sweden]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| Life Guards, formerly [[Svea Life Guards]], dates back to the year 1521, when the men of [[Dalarna]] chose 16 "young able men" as [[body guard]]s for [[Gustav Vasa]], subsequent King of Sweden.
|-
|1534
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 67th Infantry Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Tercio of Sicily]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Sicily, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[San Sebastián|San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain]]
|It was created to protect the Spanish possessions in South Italy, where it was stationed for 2 centuries. It has participated in almost all conflits that involved Spain, and in recent years, its units have participated in international missions in [[Bosnia Herzegovina]], [[Lebanon]], [[Kosovo]], [[Iraq]], and [[Afghanistan]].
|-
| 1536
| [[File:Livregementets husarer vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Regiment Hussars]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Uppland]] and [[Södermanland]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Karlsborg]], [[Sweden]]
| The Life Regiment traces back to two drafted units set up by [[Gustav Vasa]] in 1536 to lessen the dependency on foreign mercenaries. The regiment has fought in many battles and is one of Europe's most victorious regiments. Today the regiment participates in more international military missions for Sweden than any other regiment.
|-
| 1537
|[[File:HAC Officers Beret Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Honourable Artillery Company]]
|[[King Henry VIII]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[City of London]]
|Officially incorporated by Royal Charter in 1537 by [[King Henry VIII]]. The Company fought with distinction in both World Wars and its current Regiment is the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior in the Army Reserve. Today its purpose is to attend to the "better defence of the realm" by the support of the HAC Regiment and a detachment of Special Constabulary to the City of London Police.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Emblem of the Spanish Navy Marines.svg|94px]]
|[[Spanish Navy Marines]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
|The ''Infantería de Armada'' (Navy Infantry) was created by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1537, when he permanently assigned the ''Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles'' ([[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] Sea Old Companies) to the ''Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo'' (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons).
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Regiment_Saboya.svg|94px]]
|[[6th Infantry Regiment “Saboya”]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Savoy|Duchy of Savoy, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Badajoz|Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain]]
|It was created as the "Tercio of Savoy" in 1537. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_3rd_Light_Infantry_Regiment_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|3rd Infantry Regiment "Príncipe"]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Asturias|Siero, Principality of Asturias, Spain]]
|It was created as "Tercio of Lombardy (old)" in 1537. Nowadays is an Airborne Light Infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1539
|
|[[Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers]]
|King [[Henry VIII of England]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Monmouth]]
|The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia) is the most senior regiment in the British Army Reserve, having given continuous loyal service to the crown since 1539. It is part of the reserve forces, and is the only remaining Militia unit in the British Army.
|-
|1556
|[[File:2-Régiment-Dragons.png|94px]]
|[[2nd Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|[[Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Despite the recent formation of the regiment in its current configuration, it is the oldest French cavalry regiment, dating back to 1556. The French Revolution gave it the designation of the second regiment of dragoons in the French Army, and with brief interruptions it has served under this name in successive French armies ever since. Is the french Army NBC Defense Unit. Still in Service.
|-
|1566
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_64th_Regiment_of_Mountain_Hunters_Galicia.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|4th Mountain Hunters Regiment "Galicia"]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Jaca|Jaca, Aragón, Spain]]
| It was created as "Tercio de Lombardía" to protect the Spanish possessions in North Italy, and from there, it was deployed with the [[Army of Flanders]]. It has participated in a great number of military actions in Europe, America and Africa, and now it is stationed in the Pyrenees mountains.
|-
|1573
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 50th Infantry Regiment Canarias.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Canary Islands Command|50th Infantry Regiment “Canarias”]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spain]]
|It was raised as "Tercio de Las Palmas" (Militia) on Abril 28, 1573, to protect the island of Gran Canaria from pirates and other European powers, its mission for centuries. It has also participated in actions in the Iberian peninsula and Africa, and in recent times, in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Afghanistan.
|-
|1613
|[[File:Skaraborgsgruppen vapen.svg|94px]]
|[[Skaraborg Regiment (infantry)]]
|King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Kingdom of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
| In 1942 converted to [[Skaraborg Regiment (armoured)]]; in 2000 changed back to Skaraborg regiment
|-
|1614
|[[File:Emblem for the Danish Guard Hussar Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)]]
|King [[Christian IV of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Unit amalgamated with and perpetuates [[Zealand Life Regiment]], which was disbanded on 1 January 2001
|-
|1618
|[[File:Brasao CCF.jpg|94px]]
|[[Portuguese Marine Corps]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Consists of 2 battalions
|-
|1636
|[[File:181InfRegtCOA.png|94px]]
|[[181st Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History">{{cite web |title=Organizational History |url=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/ohpam.html |website=U.S. Army Center of Military History |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |accessdate=24 October 2018 |page=29 |date=1999}}</ref>
|-
|1636
|[[File:182nd Infantry (former 182nd Cavalry) Regiment Coat of arms.jpg|94px]]
|[[182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History"/>
|-
|1636
|[[File:101stFAR.png|94px]]
|[[101st Field Artillery Regiment]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Artillery Regiment is the oldest Artillery unit of the US Army; was founded the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1636
|[[File:101EnBnCOA.png|94px]]
|[[101st Engineer Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Engineer Battalion was founded at the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1638
|[[File:211th MP BN Coat of arms.png|94px]]
|[[211th Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 211th Military Police Battalion goes back to 1741; the 772nd Military Police Company of this Battalion was founded in 1638. Part of the Massachusetts National Guard.
|-
|1641
|
|[[15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1640}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|
|-
|1642
|[[File:Scots Guards Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Scots Guards]] (third regiment of foot guards)
|[[Charles I of England|King Charles the First]]
|{{flag|Scotland}}
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|Raised in 1642 to form a personal body guard to King Charles I when he campaigned in Ireland; became part of English Army in 1661
|-
|1648
|[[File:Emblem for 1st Danish Artillery Battalion.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Danish Artillery Battalion]]
|
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|Current formation from 2014; traces origins back to 1648
|-
|1649
|[[File:Emblem_of_the_Regiment_Farnesio.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|12th Cavalry Regiment "Farnesio"]]
|[[Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Santovenia de Pisuerga|Santovenia de Pisuerga, Castile and León, Spain]]
| It was created on March 7, 1649, in the Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege. Nowadays is a reconnaissance cavalry regiment stationed in Castile and León, Spain.
|-
|1650
|[[File:Coldstream Guards Badge.png|94px]]
|[[Coldstream Guards]]
|[[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle]]
|{{flagicon|Commonwealth of England}} [[Commonwealth of England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Raised in 1650; became part of the English Army in 1661
|-
|1652
|[[File:276EngineerBnCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[276th Engineer Battalion (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} Virginia [[United States]]
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|The 1953 US Army Lineage Book Infantry traces the 176th Infantry Regiment origins to 1652; 176th Infantry was a predecessor unit of the 276th Engineer Battalion
|-
|1656
|[[File:Insig 5e rég drag.png|94px]]
|[[5th Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Created under the Ancien Régime in 1656, last disbanded in 2003 and reactivated in 2015.
|-
|1656
|
|[[Grenadier Guards]]
|
|{{flag|England}}
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the Guards Division
|-
|1656
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_10th_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment_Alc%C3%A1ntara.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Melilla General Command|10th Cavalry Regiment “Alcántara”]]
|[[Philip IV of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Melilla|Melilla, Spain]]
| It was created in Brussels on February 19, 1656, as "Tercio de Nestién". Nowadays is an armored cavalry regiment stationed in the Spanish north African city of Melilla.
|-
|1657
|[[File:Coat of arms of Jutland Dragoon Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Jutland Dragoon Regiment]]
|Field marshal [[Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|
|-
|1658
|[[File:Coat of arms for Danish Royal Life Guards.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Life Guards (Denmark)]]
|King [[Frederick III of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Both a Guard/Ceremonial unit of the Danish Monarch and Infantry Regiment of the Danish Army
|-
|1659
|[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt granatieri 1.png|94px]]
|[[Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade|1° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" (Italy)]]
|Duke [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Carlo Emanuele II di Savoia]]
|{{Flagicon|Savoy}} [[Savoy]]
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
|Formed April 18, 1659 as the "Reggimento delle Guardie"
|-
|1660
|
|[[Life Guards (United Kingdom)]]
|[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]
|{{Flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the British Army
|-
|1663
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_31st_Mechanized_Infantry_Regiment_Asturias.svg|94px]]
|[[31st Infantry Regiment "Asturias"]]
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Asturias|Principality of Asturias, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|El Goloso, Madrid, Spain]]
|It was first raised as "Tercio de Asturias" in the autonomous region of Asturias on February 3, 1663, again in 1690, and again and definitely in 1706. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1664
|[[File:RoyalMarineBadge.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Marines]]
|King [[James II]]
|{{flag|England}}
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Embleem Korps Mariniers.svg|94px]]
|[[Korps Mariniers]]
|Premier [[Johan de Witt]]
|{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch Republic]]
|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|Founded as Regiment de Marine. Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Coat of Arms of 2nd Infantry Regiment La Reina.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#X Brigade "Guzmán el Bueno" in Cerro Muriano|2nd Infantry Regiment "La Reina"]]
|[[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain]]
|It was created as "Queen Body Guards", by the Governor Queen [[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]], by Royal Decree of August 22, 1665, during the minority of [[Charles II of Spain]], for the guard of the Real person of the King.
|-
|1668
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 12e Régiment de Cuirassiers.jpg|94px]]
|[[12th Cuirassier Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Raised as a regiment under the name of the Régiment Dauphin - Cavalerie or, in English, Dauphin's Regiment (Cavalry). Still in Service.
|-
|1672
|[[File:102nd Infantry Regiment COA.png|94px]]
| [[102nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1672
|[[File:65e Régiment d’Infanterie.jpg|94px]]
|65e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Raised in 1672 as a Swiss Regiment (Régiment de Salis) in French Service. Disbanded 1940.
|-
|1672
|[[File:192MPBNCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[192nd Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1673
|[[File:113th Infantry coa.png|94px]]
|[[113th Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|Taken in Service in 1775; traces orgians back to 1673 Militia; part of the New Jersey National Guard
|-
|1676
|[[File:Insigne du 13e RDP.jpg|94px]]
|[[13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment]]
|Marquis de Barbezières
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Martignas-sur-Jalle]], [[France]]
|Constituted under the form of a regiment of Dragoon (the mounted cavalry) during the [[Ancien Regime]] by the Marquis de Barbezières at [[Languedoc]] in 1676, this cavalry regiment, one of the oldest, adopted the nomination of 13th Dragoon Regiment (French: 13e Régiment de dragons) during the reorganization of the French cavalry in 1791. The regiment was transformed into an armored corps in 1936, then an [[Airborne forces|airborne]]-capable reconnaissance unit in 1952.
|-
|1685
|[[File:Royal Norfolk Regiment Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|Henry Cornewall's Regiment of Foot
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1751 numbered 9th Regiment of Foot; in 1881 Norfolk Regiment; in 1935 the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment]]; now A Company/1st Battalion "Royal Norfolks" of the [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|1685
||[[File:3rd The King's Own Hussars Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[3rd The King's Own Hussars]]
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|Now part of the [[Queen's Royal Hussars]]
|-
|1690
||[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt fanteria 005.png|94px]]
|[[5° Reggimento Fanteria "Aosta"]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Duchy of Savoy}} Duchy of Savoy
|{{Flagicon|Italy}} Italy
|Raised on 20 February 1690 the ''"Reggimento Fucilieri di Sua Altezza Reale"'' (His Royal Highness Fusiliers Regiment)
|-
|1696
||[[File:Deutschmeister Wappen.svg|94px]]
|[[Hoch- und Deutschmeister Regiment]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} Holy Roman Empire
|{{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria
|First raised as the ''Pfalz-Neuburg-Teutschmeister'' Regiment, later ''Teutschmeister zu Fuß'' then''k.u.k. Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4'', all in service of the Holy Roman Empire until 1804. Served with the same name as part of the forces of the Austrian Empire until 1867 and the Autro-Hungarian Monarchy until 1919, then as part of the first Austrian Republic until 1936 (as ''Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4''), then as the German ''44. Reichsgrenadier-Division "Hoch- und Deutschmeister"'' until 1945, and then as the ''Landwehr Regiment 21'', later ''Jägerbataillon 2'' and currently ''Jägerbataillon Wien 1 "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" '' of the current Austrian Republic.
|-
|1707
|
|[[3rd Cavalry Regiment, Dragões de Olivença (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Cavalaria Ligeira de Olivença"
|-
|1709
|
|[[6th Cavalry Regiment, Dragões D'Entre Douro e Minho (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Dragões de Trás-os-Montes"
|-
|1709
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_8th_Light_Armoured_Cavalry_Regiment_Lusitania.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|8th Cavalry Regiment "Lusitania"]]
|[[Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola, Marquis of la Mina, Duke of Palata and Prince of Masa|Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Marines, Valencia|Marines, Valencian Community, Spain]]
|It was created as "10th Regiment of Dragons" on December 18, 1709. Nowadays is a light armoured cavalry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1720
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 1er régiment de hussards parachutistes.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Parachute Hussar Regiment]]
|[[Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|It is an airborne cavalry unit in the French Army, founded in 1720 by Hungarian noble Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny.
|-
|1736
|[[File:108th Cavalry Regiment DUI.svg|94px]]
|[[Georgia Hussars]]
|[[James Oglethorpe]]
|Georgia Colony
|[[State of Georgia]]
|Part of the [[1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment]], Georgia National Guard
|-
|1741
|
|[[Artillery Company of Newport]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An independent chartered command of the Rhode Island Militia.
|-
|1747
|[[File: 111InfantryRegCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[111th Infantry Regiment (United States)|111th Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Benjamin Franklin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=111th Infantry Regiment (The Associators) |website=Department of the Army Lineage and Honors |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |ref=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0111in.htm}}</ref>
|[[File: Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg|22px]] [[Colony of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]]
|The 111th is the oldest unit in the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]]. Today, 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry is part of the [[56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team]], [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th Infantry Division]]
|-
|1751
|
|[[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Chennai|Madras]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|Oldest regiment in subcontinent region.
|-
|1756
|
|[[169th Military Police Company]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An active unit of the Rhode Island National Guard with deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan.
|-
|1756
|[[File:Qyrang crest.jpg|94px]]
|[[The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)]]
|[[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]]
|{{Flagicon|UK|1707}} [[British America]]
|{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]
|Founded as [[Rogers Rangers]]
|-
|1764
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_66th_Infantry_Regiment_America.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|66th Infantry Regiment "América"]]
|[[Charles III of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Viceroyalty of New Spain| Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Berrioplano|Berrioplano, Navarre, Spain]]
| It was first deployed in the [[Presidio]]s of the north frontiers of New Spain, in territory of the present United States of America. Nowadays is stationed in Navarre, Spain.
|-
|1774
|[[File:First-troop-logo-footer.gif|94px]]
|[[First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry]]
|[[Abraham Markoe]]
|[[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}}[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]
|Founded before the United States declared independence from Great Britain, the Troop served as [[George Washington]]'s bodyguards and fought at the [[American Revolutionary War]] battles of [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]], [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]], and [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]]. Was active through the US Civil War, World Wars I and 2, and Iraq. Currently designated as Troop A, 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment, 28th Infantry Division (United States),the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]].
|-
|1775
|[[File:69th INF REG COA.gif|94px]]
|Company A, 1st Battalion [[69th Infantry Regiment (New York)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York City, [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} New York City, [[United States]]
|Descended from the 8th Company 1st New York Regiment 1775-1777; Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1776
|[[File:5FARegtCOA.jpg|94px]]
|1st Battalion [[5th Field Artillery Regiment]]
|[[Alexander Hamilton]]
|{{Flagicon image|Grand Union Flag.svg}} [[Continental Congress]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|Oldest unit in the regular US Army
|-
|1789
|[[File:258FARegtDUI.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Battalion, 258th Field Artillery (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1794
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 152e régiment d'infanterie..jpg|94px]]
|152e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[Baloch Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Masulipatam]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[United States Marine Band]]
|[[John Adams]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{flag|United States}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of armies]]
* [[List of army units called Guards]]
* [[List of oldest institutions in continuous operation]]
* [[Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots]] (US Army only)

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=Notehttp://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldest Military Units In Continuous Operation}}
[[Category:Lists of military units and formations| ]]
[[Category:Military units and formations by date of establishment| ]]

List of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation

2019-09-25T07:10:43Z

Centenier:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2019}}
This is a '''list of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation'''. In continuous operation here means not units that no longer exist, or recent creations sharing only the name with an older unit.

Please note: Whereas modern [[standing army|standing armies]] first developed in the 15th century, the defining terminology for contemporary military units and formations, such as [[Company (military unit)|company]], [[battalion]], [[regiment]] etc. mostly arose in the [[Early modern warfare|early modern period]], during the 16th and 17th centuries.

== Oldest active military units still in operation ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
! Year
! Heraldry
! Name
! Founder
! Founding location
! Current location
! Notes
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1248
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ.svg|94px]]
|[[1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment|King's Own Immemorial 1st Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Ferdinand III of Castile]]
|{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Crown of Castile (Early Style)-Variant.svg}} [[Crown of Castile]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|Madrid, Spain]]
|It was one of the first standing units in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, remaining in the order of battle of the Castilian and Spanish armies since its creation. At present the Regiment is the Unit responsible for providing the central seat of Spanish Army Headquarters security, services, and support needed for its functioning.
|-
|1337
|
|[[Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey]]
|King [[Edward III]] of England
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1987, it was re-formed as a Territorial Army regiment, the Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey), 111th Regiment, Royal Engineers, later 73rd Regiment, Royal Engineers. In 2007, it came under the operational command of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia).
|-
|1479
|[[File:Insigne 1er Régiment d'Infanterie.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Infantry Regiment (France)|1st Infantry Regiment]]
|King [[Louis XI of France]]
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Sarrebourg]], [[France]]
|Founded in 1479-1480 by [[Louis XI of France|King Louis XI]] as Bandes de Picardie. It became the Légion de Picardie in 1558 during the [[Italian War of 1551–59|Italian War of 1551-1559]] and then Régiment de Picardie on May 29, 1569. It was ultimately renamed <abbr>1er</abbr> régiment d'infanterie de ligne in 1791 after the military reforms of [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|Louis Le Bègue Duportail]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf|title = Régiments de Picardie et du Colonel Général|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> It is now part of the [[Franco-German Brigade]] (French units of the brigade are part of [[1st Armored Division (France)|1st Division]]) and was recently deployed in [[French forces in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Operation Serval|Mali]] and the [[Operation Sangaris|Central African Republic]].
|-
| 1506
| [[File:BANDERA_GUARDIA_VATICA_PANCHO.svg|94px|Banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard]]
| [[Papal Swiss Guard]]
| [[Pope Julius II]]
| {{flag|Papal States}}
| {{flag|Vatican City}}
| The [[Pontifical Swiss Guard]] is one of the oldest active military units presently in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/spotlight-on-the-swiss-guard|title=Spotlight on the Swiss Guard|work=news.va|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>They are famous for their [[Stand of the Swiss Guard|last stand]] which allowed [[Pope Clement VII]] to flee from Rome during [[War of the League of Cognac]].
|-
|1509
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 9th Infantry Regiment Soria.svg|94px]]
|[[9th Infantry Regiment “Soria”]]
|[[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|{{Flagicon image|Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Crown of Aragon]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Fuerteventura|Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain]]
|Founded in 1509 as "Tercio of Napoli" or "Tercio de Zamudio". It is the second oldest regiment still used for overseas military operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = El regimiento más antiguo de Europa empezó siendo un tercio español y combatió contra Napoleón|url = http://www.abc.es/historia-militar/20140609/abci-regimiento-soria-antiguo-europa-201406061727.html|website = ABC.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = MANUEL P.|last = VILLATORO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = .:Ejército de tierra:.|url = http://www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Las_Palmas/ril9/|website = www.ejercito.mde.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = JEME - Ejercito de|last = Tierra}}</ref>
|-
| 1521
| [[File:Livgardet vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Guards (Sweden)|Life Guards]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Dalarna]], [[Sweden]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| Life Guards, formerly [[Svea Life Guards]], dates back to the year 1521, when the men of [[Dalarna]] chose 16 "young able men" as [[body guard]]s for [[Gustav Vasa]], subsequent King of Sweden.
|-
|1534
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 67th Infantry Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Tercio of Sicily]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Sicily, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[San Sebastián|San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain]]
|It was created to protect the Spanish possessions in South Italy, where it was stationed for 2 centuries. It has participated in almost all conflits that involved Spain, and in recent years, its units have participated in international missions in [[Bosnia Herzegovina]], [[Lebanon]], [[Kosovo]], [[Iraq]], and [[Afghanistan]].
|-
| 1536
| [[File:Livregementets husarer vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Regiment Hussars]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Uppland]] and [[Södermanland]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Karlsborg]], [[Sweden]]
| The Life Regiment traces back to two drafted units set up by [[Gustav Vasa]] in 1536 to lessen the dependency on foreign mercenaries. The regiment has fought in many battles and is one of Europe's most victorious regiments. Today the regiment participates in more international military missions for Sweden than any other regiment.
|-
| 1537
|[[File:HAC Officers Beret Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Honourable Artillery Company]]
|[[King Henry VIII]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[City of London]]
|Officially incorporated by Royal Charter in 1537 by [[King Henry VIII]]. The Company fought with distinction in both World Wars and its current Regiment is the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior in the Army Reserve. Today its purpose is to attend to the "better defence of the realm" by the support of the HAC Regiment and a detachment of Special Constabulary to the City of London Police.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Emblem of the Spanish Navy Marines.svg|94px]]
|[[Spanish Navy Marines]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
|The ''Infantería de Armada'' (Navy Infantry) was created by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1537, when he permanently assigned the ''Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles'' ([[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] Sea Old Companies) to the ''Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo'' (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons).
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Regiment_Saboya.svg|94px]]
|[[6th Infantry Regiment “Saboya”]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Savoy|Duchy of Savoy, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Badajoz|Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain]]
|It was created as the "Tercio of Savoy" in 1537. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_3rd_Light_Infantry_Regiment_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|3rd Infantry Regiment "Príncipe"]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Asturias|Siero, Principality of Asturias, Spain]]
|It was created as "Tercio of Lombardy (old)" in 1537. Nowadays is an Airborne Light Infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1539
|
|[[Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers]]
|King [[Henry VIII of England]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Monmouth]]
|The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia) is the most senior regiment in the British Army Reserve, having given continuous loyal service to the crown since 1539. It is part of the reserve forces, and is the only remaining Militia unit in the British Army.
|-
|1556
|[[File:2-Régiment-Dragons.png|94px]]
|[[2nd Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|[[Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Despite the recent formation of the regiment in its current configuration, it is the oldest French cavalry regiment, dating back to 1556. The French Revolution gave it the designation of the second regiment of dragoons in the French Army, and with brief interruptions it has served under this name in successive French armies ever since.
|-
|1566
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_64th_Regiment_of_Mountain_Hunters_Galicia.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|4th Mountain Hunters Regiment "Galicia"]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Jaca|Jaca, Aragón, Spain]]
| It was created as "Tercio de Lombardía" to protect the Spanish possessions in North Italy, and from there, it was deployed with the [[Army of Flanders]]. It has participated in a great number of military actions in Europe, America and Africa, and now it is stationed in the Pyrenees mountains.
|-
|1573
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 50th Infantry Regiment Canarias.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Canary Islands Command|50th Infantry Regiment “Canarias”]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spain]]
|It was raised as "Tercio de Las Palmas" (Militia) on Abril 28, 1573, to protect the island of Gran Canaria from pirates and other European powers, its mission for centuries. It has also participated in actions in the Iberian peninsula and Africa, and in recent times, in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Afghanistan.
|-
|1613
|[[File:Skaraborgsgruppen vapen.svg|94px]]
|[[Skaraborg Regiment (infantry)]]
|King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Kingdom of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
| In 1942 converted to [[Skaraborg Regiment (armoured)]]; in 2000 changed back to Skaraborg regiment
|-
|1614
|[[File:Emblem for the Danish Guard Hussar Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)]]
|King [[Christian IV of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Unit amalgamated with and perpetuates [[Zealand Life Regiment]], which was disbanded on 1 January 2001
|-
|1618
|[[File:Brasao CCF.jpg|94px]]
|[[Portuguese Marine Corps]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Consists of 2 battalions
|-
|1636
|[[File:181InfRegtCOA.png|94px]]
|[[181st Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History">{{cite web |title=Organizational History |url=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/ohpam.html |website=U.S. Army Center of Military History |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |accessdate=24 October 2018 |page=29 |date=1999}}</ref>
|-
|1636
|[[File:182nd Infantry (former 182nd Cavalry) Regiment Coat of arms.jpg|94px]]
|[[182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History"/>
|-
|1636
|[[File:101stFAR.png|94px]]
|[[101st Field Artillery Regiment]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Artillery Regiment is the oldest Artillery unit of the US Army; was founded the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1636
|[[File:101EnBnCOA.png|94px]]
|[[101st Engineer Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Engineer Battalion was founded at the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1638
|[[File:211th MP BN Coat of arms.png|94px]]
|[[211th Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 211th Military Police Battalion goes back to 1741; the 772nd Military Police Company of this Battalion was founded in 1638. Part of the Massachusetts National Guard.
|-
|1641
|
|[[15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1640}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|
|-
|1642
|[[File:Scots Guards Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Scots Guards]] (third regiment of foot guards)
|[[Charles I of England|King Charles the First]]
|{{flag|Scotland}}
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|Raised in 1642 to form a personal body guard to King Charles I when he campaigned in Ireland; became part of English Army in 1661
|-
|1648
|[[File:Emblem for 1st Danish Artillery Battalion.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Danish Artillery Battalion]]
|
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|Current formation from 2014; traces origins back to 1648
|-
|1649
|[[File:Emblem_of_the_Regiment_Farnesio.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|12th Cavalry Regiment "Farnesio"]]
|[[Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Santovenia de Pisuerga|Santovenia de Pisuerga, Castile and León, Spain]]
| It was created on March 7, 1649, in the Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege. Nowadays is a reconnaissance cavalry regiment stationed in Castile and León, Spain.
|-
|1650
|[[File:Coldstream Guards Badge.png|94px]]
|[[Coldstream Guards]]
|[[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle]]
|{{flagicon|Commonwealth of England}} [[Commonwealth of England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Raised in 1650; became part of the English Army in 1661
|-
|1652
|[[File:276EngineerBnCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[276th Engineer Battalion (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} Virginia [[United States]]
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|The 1953 US Army Lineage Book Infantry traces the 176th Infantry Regiment origins to 1652; 176th Infantry was a predecessor unit of the 276th Engineer Battalion
|-
|1656
|[[File:Insig 5e rég drag.png|94px]]
|[[5th Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Created under the Ancien Régime in 1656, last disbanded in 2003 and reactivated in 2015.
|-
|1656
|
|[[Grenadier Guards]]
|
|{{flag|England}}
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the Guards Division
|-
|1656
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_10th_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment_Alc%C3%A1ntara.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Melilla General Command|10th Cavalry Regiment “Alcántara”]]
|[[Philip IV of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Melilla|Melilla, Spain]]
| It was created in Brussels on February 19, 1656, as "Tercio de Nestién". Nowadays is an armored cavalry regiment stationed in the Spanish north African city of Melilla.
|-
|1657
|[[File:Coat of arms of Jutland Dragoon Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Jutland Dragoon Regiment]]
|Field marshal [[Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|
|-
|1658
|[[File:Coat of arms for Danish Royal Life Guards.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Life Guards (Denmark)]]
|King [[Frederick III of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Both a Guard/Ceremonial unit of the Danish Monarch and Infantry Regiment of the Danish Army
|-
|1659
|[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt granatieri 1.png|94px]]
|[[Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade|1° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" (Italy)]]
|Duke [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Carlo Emanuele II di Savoia]]
|{{Flagicon|Savoy}} [[Savoy]]
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
|Formed April 18, 1659 as the "Reggimento delle Guardie"
|-
|1660
|
|[[Life Guards (United Kingdom)]]
|[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]
|{{Flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the British Army
|-
|1663
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_31st_Mechanized_Infantry_Regiment_Asturias.svg|94px]]
|[[31st Infantry Regiment "Asturias"]]
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Asturias|Principality of Asturias, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|El Goloso, Madrid, Spain]]
|It was first raised as "Tercio de Asturias" in the autonomous region of Asturias on February 3, 1663, again in 1690, and again and definitely in 1706. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1664
|[[File:RoyalMarineBadge.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Marines]]
|King [[James II]]
|{{flag|England}}
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Embleem Korps Mariniers.svg|94px]]
|[[Korps Mariniers]]
|Premier [[Johan de Witt]]
|{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch Republic]]
|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|Founded as Regiment de Marine. Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Coat of Arms of 2nd Infantry Regiment La Reina.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#X Brigade "Guzmán el Bueno" in Cerro Muriano|2nd Infantry Regiment "La Reina"]]
|[[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain]]
|It was created as "Queen Body Guards", by the Governor Queen [[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]], by Royal Decree of August 22, 1665, during the minority of [[Charles II of Spain]], for the guard of the Real person of the King.
|-
|1668
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 12e Régiment de Cuirassiers.jpg|94px]]
|[[12th Cuirassier Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Raised as a regiment under the name of the Régiment Dauphin - Cavalerie or, in English, Dauphin's Regiment (Cavalry).
|-
|1672
|[[File:102nd Infantry Regiment COA.png|94px]]
| [[102nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1672
|[[File:65e Régiment d’Infanterie.jpg|94px]]
|65e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Raised in 1672 as a Swiss Regiment (Régiment de Salis) in French Service. Disbanded 1940.
|-
|1672
|[[File:192MPBNCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[192nd Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1673
|[[File:113th Infantry coa.png|94px]]
|[[113th Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|Taken in Service in 1775; traces orgians back to 1673 Militia; part of the New Jersey National Guard
|-
|1676
|[[File:Insigne du 13e RDP.jpg|94px]]
|[[13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment]]
|Marquis de Barbezières
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Martignas-sur-Jalle]], [[France]]
|Constituted under the form of a regiment of Dragoon (the mounted cavalry) during the [[Ancien Regime]] by the Marquis de Barbezières at [[Languedoc]] in 1676, this cavalry regiment, one of the oldest, adopted the nomination of 13th Dragoon Regiment (French: 13e Régiment de dragons) during the reorganization of the French cavalry in 1791. The regiment was transformed into an armored corps in 1936, then an [[Airborne forces|airborne]]-capable reconnaissance unit in 1952.
|-
|1685
|[[File:Royal Norfolk Regiment Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|Henry Cornewall's Regiment of Foot
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1751 numbered 9th Regiment of Foot; in 1881 Norfolk Regiment; in 1935 the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment]]; now A Company/1st Battalion "Royal Norfolks" of the [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|1685
||[[File:3rd The King's Own Hussars Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[3rd The King's Own Hussars]]
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|Now part of the [[Queen's Royal Hussars]]
|-
|1690
||[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt fanteria 005.png|94px]]
|[[5° Reggimento Fanteria "Aosta"]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Duchy of Savoy}} Duchy of Savoy
|{{Flagicon|Italy}} Italy
|Raised on 20 February 1690 the ''"Reggimento Fucilieri di Sua Altezza Reale"'' (His Royal Highness Fusiliers Regiment)
|-
|1696
||[[File:Deutschmeister Wappen.svg|94px]]
|[[Hoch- und Deutschmeister Regiment]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} Holy Roman Empire
|{{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria
|First raised as the ''Pfalz-Neuburg-Teutschmeister'' Regiment, later ''Teutschmeister zu Fuß'' then''k.u.k. Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4'', all in service of the Holy Roman Empire until 1804. Served with the same name as part of the forces of the Austrian Empire until 1867 and the Autro-Hungarian Monarchy until 1919, then as part of the first Austrian Republic until 1936 (as ''Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4''), then as the German ''44. Reichsgrenadier-Division "Hoch- und Deutschmeister"'' until 1945, and then as the ''Landwehr Regiment 21'', later ''Jägerbataillon 2'' and currently ''Jägerbataillon Wien 1 "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" '' of the current Austrian Republic.
|-
|1707
|
|[[3rd Cavalry Regiment, Dragões de Olivença (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Cavalaria Ligeira de Olivença"
|-
|1709
|
|[[6th Cavalry Regiment, Dragões D'Entre Douro e Minho (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Dragões de Trás-os-Montes"
|-
|1709
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_8th_Light_Armoured_Cavalry_Regiment_Lusitania.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|8th Cavalry Regiment "Lusitania"]]
|[[Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola, Marquis of la Mina, Duke of Palata and Prince of Masa|Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Marines, Valencia|Marines, Valencian Community, Spain]]
|It was created as "10th Regiment of Dragons" on December 18, 1709. Nowadays is a light armoured cavalry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1720
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 1er régiment de hussards parachutistes.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Parachute Hussar Regiment]]
|[[Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|It is an airborne cavalry unit in the French Army, founded in 1720 by Hungarian noble Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny.
|-
|1736
|[[File:108th Cavalry Regiment DUI.svg|94px]]
|[[Georgia Hussars]]
|[[James Oglethorpe]]
|Georgia Colony
|[[State of Georgia]]
|Part of the [[1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment]], Georgia National Guard
|-
|1741
|
|[[Artillery Company of Newport]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An independent chartered command of the Rhode Island Militia.
|-
|1747
|[[File: 111InfantryRegCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[111th Infantry Regiment (United States)|111th Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Benjamin Franklin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=111th Infantry Regiment (The Associators) |website=Department of the Army Lineage and Honors |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |ref=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0111in.htm}}</ref>
|[[File: Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg|22px]] [[Colony of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]]
|The 111th is the oldest unit in the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]]. Today, 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry is part of the [[56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team]], [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th Infantry Division]]
|-
|1751
|
|[[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Chennai|Madras]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|Oldest regiment in subcontinent region.
|-
|1756
|
|[[169th Military Police Company]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An active unit of the Rhode Island National Guard with deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan.
|-
|1756
|[[File:Qyrang crest.jpg|94px]]
|[[The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)]]
|[[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]]
|{{Flagicon|UK|1707}} [[British America]]
|{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]
|Founded as [[Rogers Rangers]]
|-
|1764
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_66th_Infantry_Regiment_America.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|66th Infantry Regiment "América"]]
|[[Charles III of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Viceroyalty of New Spain| Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Berrioplano|Berrioplano, Navarre, Spain]]
| It was first deployed in the [[Presidio]]s of the north frontiers of New Spain, in territory of the present United States of America. Nowadays is stationed in Navarre, Spain.
|-
|1774
|[[File:First-troop-logo-footer.gif|94px]]
|[[First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry]]
|[[Abraham Markoe]]
|[[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}}[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]
|Founded before the United States declared independence from Great Britain, the Troop served as [[George Washington]]'s bodyguards and fought at the [[American Revolutionary War]] battles of [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]], [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]], and [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]]. Was active through the US Civil War, World Wars I and 2, and Iraq. Currently designated as Troop A, 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment, 28th Infantry Division (United States),the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]].
|-
|1775
|[[File:69th INF REG COA.gif|94px]]
|Company A, 1st Battalion [[69th Infantry Regiment (New York)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York City, [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} New York City, [[United States]]
|Descended from the 8th Company 1st New York Regiment 1775-1777; Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1776
|[[File:5FARegtCOA.jpg|94px]]
|1st Battalion [[5th Field Artillery Regiment]]
|[[Alexander Hamilton]]
|{{Flagicon image|Grand Union Flag.svg}} [[Continental Congress]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|Oldest unit in the regular US Army
|-
|1789
|[[File:258FARegtDUI.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Battalion, 258th Field Artillery (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1794
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 152e régiment d'infanterie..jpg|94px]]
|152e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[Baloch Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Masulipatam]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[United States Marine Band]]
|[[John Adams]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{flag|United States}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of armies]]
* [[List of army units called Guards]]
* [[List of oldest institutions in continuous operation]]
* [[Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots]] (US Army only)

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=Notehttp://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldest Military Units In Continuous Operation}}
[[Category:Lists of military units and formations| ]]
[[Category:Military units and formations by date of establishment| ]]

List of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation

2019-09-25T07:09:05Z

Centenier:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2019}}
This is a '''list of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation'''. In continuous operation here means not units that no longer exist, or recent creations sharing only the name with an older unit.

Please note: Whereas modern [[standing army|standing armies]] first developed in the 15th century, the defining terminology for contemporary military units and formations, such as [[Company (military unit)|company]], [[battalion]], [[regiment]] etc. mostly arose in the [[Early modern warfare|early modern period]], during the 16th and 17th centuries.

== Oldest active military units still in operation ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
! Year
! Heraldry
! Name
! Founder
! Founding location
! Current location
! Notes
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1248
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ.svg|94px]]
|[[1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment|King's Own Immemorial 1st Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Ferdinand III of Castile]]
|{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Crown of Castile (Early Style)-Variant.svg}} [[Crown of Castile]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|Madrid, Spain]]
|It was one of the first standing units in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, remaining in the order of battle of the Castilian and Spanish armies since its creation. At present the Regiment is the Unit responsible for providing the central seat of Spanish Army Headquarters security, services, and support needed for its functioning.
|-
|1337
|
|[[Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey]]
|King [[Edward III]] of England
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1987, it was re-formed as a Territorial Army regiment, the Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey), 111th Regiment, Royal Engineers, later 73rd Regiment, Royal Engineers. In 2007, it came under the operational command of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia).
|-
|1479
|[[File:Insigne 1er Régiment d'Infanterie.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Infantry Regiment (France)|1st Infantry Regiment]]
|King [[Louis XI of France]]
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Sarrebourg]], [[France]]
|Founded in 1479-1480 by [[Louis XI of France|King Louis XI]] as Bandes de Picardie. It became the Légion de Picardie in 1558 during the [[Italian War of 1551–59|Italian War of 1551-1559]] and then Régiment de Picardie on May 29, 1569. It was ultimately renamed <abbr>1er</abbr> régiment d'infanterie de ligne in 1791 after the military reforms of [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|Louis Le Bègue Duportail]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf|title = Régiments de Picardie et du Colonel Général|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> It is now part of the [[Franco-German Brigade]] (French units of the brigade are part of [[1st Armored Division (France)|1st Division]]) and was recently deployed in [[French forces in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Operation Serval|Mali]] and the [[Operation Sangaris|Central African Republic]].
|-
| 1506
| [[File:BANDERA_GUARDIA_VATICA_PANCHO.svg|94px|Banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard]]
| [[Papal Swiss Guard]]
| [[Pope Julius II]]
| {{flag|Papal States}}
| {{flag|Vatican City}}
| The [[Pontifical Swiss Guard]] is one of the oldest active military units presently in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/spotlight-on-the-swiss-guard|title=Spotlight on the Swiss Guard|work=news.va|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>They are famous for their [[Stand of the Swiss Guard|last stand]] which allowed [[Pope Clement VII]] to flee from Rome during [[War of the League of Cognac]].
|-
|1509
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 9th Infantry Regiment Soria.svg|94px]]
|[[9th Infantry Regiment “Soria”]]
|[[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|{{Flagicon image|Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Crown of Aragon]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Fuerteventura|Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain]]
|Founded in 1509 as "Tercio of Napoli" or "Tercio de Zamudio". It is the second oldest regiment still used for overseas military operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = El regimiento más antiguo de Europa empezó siendo un tercio español y combatió contra Napoleón|url = http://www.abc.es/historia-militar/20140609/abci-regimiento-soria-antiguo-europa-201406061727.html|website = ABC.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = MANUEL P.|last = VILLATORO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = .:Ejército de tierra:.|url = http://www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Las_Palmas/ril9/|website = www.ejercito.mde.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = JEME - Ejercito de|last = Tierra}}</ref>
|-
| 1521
| [[File:Livgardet vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Guards (Sweden)|Life Guards]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Dalarna]], [[Sweden]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| Life Guards, formerly [[Svea Life Guards]], dates back to the year 1521, when the men of [[Dalarna]] chose 16 "young able men" as [[body guard]]s for [[Gustav Vasa]], subsequent King of Sweden.
|-
|1534
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 67th Infantry Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Tercio of Sicily]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Sicily, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[San Sebastián|San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain]]
|It was created to protect the Spanish possessions in South Italy, where it was stationed for 2 centuries. It has participated in almost all conflits that involved Spain, and in recent years, its units have participated in international missions in [[Bosnia Herzegovina]], [[Lebanon]], [[Kosovo]], [[Iraq]], and [[Afghanistan]].
|-
| 1536
| [[File:Livregementets husarer vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Regiment Hussars]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Uppland]] and [[Södermanland]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Karlsborg]], [[Sweden]]
| The Life Regiment traces back to two drafted units set up by [[Gustav Vasa]] in 1536 to lessen the dependency on foreign mercenaries. The regiment has fought in many battles and is one of Europe's most victorious regiments. Today the regiment participates in more international military missions for Sweden than any other regiment.
|-
| 1537
|[[File:HAC Officers Beret Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Honourable Artillery Company]]
|[[King Henry VIII]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[City of London]]
|Officially incorporated by Royal Charter in 1537 by [[King Henry VIII]]. The Company fought with distinction in both World Wars and its current Regiment is the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior in the Army Reserve. Today its purpose is to attend to the "better defence of the realm" by the support of the HAC Regiment and a detachment of Special Constabulary to the City of London Police.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Emblem of the Spanish Navy Marines.svg|94px]]
|[[Spanish Navy Marines]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
|The ''Infantería de Armada'' (Navy Infantry) was created by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1537, when he permanently assigned the ''Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles'' ([[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] Sea Old Companies) to the ''Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo'' (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons).
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Regiment_Saboya.svg|94px]]
|[[6th Infantry Regiment “Saboya”]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Savoy|Duchy of Savoy, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Badajoz|Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain]]
|It was created as the "Tercio of Savoy" in 1537. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_3rd_Light_Infantry_Regiment_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|3rd Infantry Regiment "Príncipe"]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Asturias|Siero, Principality of Asturias, Spain]]
|It was created as "Tercio of Lombardy (old)" in 1537. Nowadays is an Airborne Light Infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1539
|
|[[Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers]]
|King [[Henry VIII of England]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Monmouth]]
|The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia) is the most senior regiment in the British Army Reserve, having given continuous loyal service to the crown since 1539. It is part of the reserve forces, and is the only remaining Militia unit in the British Army.
|-
|1556
|[[File:2-Régiment-Dragons.png|94px]]
|[[2nd Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|[[Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Despite the recent formation of the regiment in its current configuration, it is the oldest French cavalry regiment, dating back to 1556. The French Revolution gave it the designation of the second regiment of dragoons in the French Army, and with brief interruptions it has served under this name in successive French armies ever since.
|-
|1566
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_64th_Regiment_of_Mountain_Hunters_Galicia.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|4th Mountain Hunters Regiment "Galicia"]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Jaca|Jaca, Aragón, Spain]]
| It was created as "Tercio de Lombardía" to protect the Spanish possessions in North Italy, and from there, it was deployed with the [[Army of Flanders]]. It has participated in a great number of military actions in Europe, America and Africa, and now it is stationed in the Pyrenees mountains.
|-
|1573
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 50th Infantry Regiment Canarias.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Canary Islands Command|50th Infantry Regiment “Canarias”]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spain]]
|It was raised as "Tercio de Las Palmas" (Militia) on Abril 28, 1573, to protect the island of Gran Canaria from pirates and other European powers, its mission for centuries. It has also participated in actions in the Iberian peninsula and Africa, and in recent times, in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Afghanistan.
|-
|1613
|[[File:Skaraborgsgruppen vapen.svg|94px]]
|[[Skaraborg Regiment (infantry)]]
|King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Kingdom of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
| In 1942 converted to [[Skaraborg Regiment (armoured)]]; in 2000 changed back to Skaraborg regiment
|-
|1614
|[[File:Emblem for the Danish Guard Hussar Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)]]
|King [[Christian IV of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Unit amalgamated with and perpetuates [[Zealand Life Regiment]], which was disbanded on 1 January 2001
|-
|1618
|[[File:Brasao CCF.jpg|94px]]
|[[Portuguese Marine Corps]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Consists of 2 battalions
|-
|1636
|[[File:181InfRegtCOA.png|94px]]
|[[181st Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History">{{cite web |title=Organizational History |url=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/ohpam.html |website=U.S. Army Center of Military History |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |accessdate=24 October 2018 |page=29 |date=1999}}</ref>
|-
|1636
|[[File:182nd Infantry (former 182nd Cavalry) Regiment Coat of arms.jpg|94px]]
|[[182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History"/>
|-
|1636
|[[File:101stFAR.png|94px]]
|[[101st Field Artillery Regiment]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Artillery Regiment is the oldest Artillery unit of the US Army; was founded the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1636
|[[File:101EnBnCOA.png|94px]]
|[[101st Engineer Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Engineer Battalion was founded at the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1638
|[[File:211th MP BN Coat of arms.png|94px]]
|[[211th Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 211th Military Police Battalion goes back to 1741; the 772nd Military Police Company of this Battalion was founded in 1638. Part of the Massachusetts National Guard.
|-
|1641
|
|[[15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1640}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|
|-
|1642
|[[File:Scots Guards Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Scots Guards]] (third regiment of foot guards)
|[[Charles I of England|King Charles the First]]
|{{flag|Scotland}}
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|Raised in 1642 to form a personal body guard to King Charles I when he campaigned in Ireland; became part of English Army in 1661
|-
|1648
|[[File:Emblem for 1st Danish Artillery Battalion.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Danish Artillery Battalion]]
|
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|Current formation from 2014; traces origins back to 1648
|-
|1649
|[[File:Emblem_of_the_Regiment_Farnesio.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|12th Cavalry Regiment "Farnesio"]]
|[[Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Santovenia de Pisuerga|Santovenia de Pisuerga, Castile and León, Spain]]
| It was created on March 7, 1649, in the Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege. Nowadays is a reconnaissance cavalry regiment stationed in Castile and León, Spain.
|-
|1650
|[[File:Coldstream Guards Badge.png|94px]]
|[[Coldstream Guards]]
|[[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle]]
|{{flagicon|Commonwealth of England}} [[Commonwealth of England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Raised in 1650; became part of the English Army in 1661
|-
|1652
|[[File:276EngineerBnCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[276th Engineer Battalion (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} Virginia [[United States]]
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|The 1953 US Army Lineage Book Infantry traces the 176th Infantry Regiment origins to 1652; 176th Infantry was a predecessor unit of the 276th Engineer Battalion
|-
|1656
|[[File:Insig 5e rég drag.png|94px]]
|[[5th Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Created under the Ancien Régime in 1656, last disbanded in 2003 and reactivated in 2015.
|-
|1656
|
|[[Grenadier Guards]]
|
|{{flag|England}}
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the Guards Division
|-
|1656
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_10th_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment_Alc%C3%A1ntara.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Melilla General Command|10th Cavalry Regiment “Alcántara”]]
|[[Philip IV of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Melilla|Melilla, Spain]]
| It was created in Brussels on February 19, 1656, as "Tercio de Nestién". Nowadays is an armored cavalry regiment stationed in the Spanish north African city of Melilla.
|-
|1657
|[[File:Coat of arms of Jutland Dragoon Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Jutland Dragoon Regiment]]
|Field marshal [[Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|
|-
|1658
|[[File:Coat of arms for Danish Royal Life Guards.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Life Guards (Denmark)]]
|King [[Frederick III of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Both a Guard/Ceremonial unit of the Danish Monarch and Infantry Regiment of the Danish Army
|-
|1659
|[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt granatieri 1.png|94px]]
|[[Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade|1° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" (Italy)]]
|Duke [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Carlo Emanuele II di Savoia]]
|{{Flagicon|Savoy}} [[Savoy]]
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
|Formed April 18, 1659 as the "Reggimento delle Guardie"
|-
|1660
|
|[[Life Guards (United Kingdom)]]
|[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]
|{{Flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the British Army
|-
|1663
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_31st_Mechanized_Infantry_Regiment_Asturias.svg|94px]]
|[[31st Infantry Regiment "Asturias"]]
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Asturias|Principality of Asturias, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|El Goloso, Madrid, Spain]]
|It was first raised as "Tercio de Asturias" in the autonomous region of Asturias on February 3, 1663, again in 1690, and again and definitely in 1706. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1664
|[[File:RoyalMarineBadge.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Marines]]
|King [[James II]]
|{{flag|England}}
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Embleem Korps Mariniers.svg|94px]]
|[[Korps Mariniers]]
|Premier [[Johan de Witt]]
|{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch Republic]]
|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|Founded as Regiment de Marine. Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Coat of Arms of 2nd Infantry Regiment La Reina.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#X Brigade "Guzmán el Bueno" in Cerro Muriano|2nd Infantry Regiment "La Reina"]]
|[[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain]]
|It was created as "Queen Body Guards", by the Governor Queen [[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]], by Royal Decree of August 22, 1665, during the minority of [[Charles II of Spain]], for the guard of the Real person of the King.
|-
|1668
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 12e Régiment de Cuirassiers.jpg|94px]]
|[[12th Cuirassier Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Raised as a regiment under the name of the Régiment Dauphin - Cavalerie or, in English, Dauphin's Regiment (Cavalry).
|-
|1672
|[[File:102nd Infantry Regiment COA.png|94px]]
| [[102nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1672
|[[File:65e Régiment d’Infanterie.jpg|94px]]
|65e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Raised in 1672 as a Swiss Regiment in French Service. Disbanded 1940.
|-
|1672
|[[File:192MPBNCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[192nd Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1673
|[[File:113th Infantry coa.png|94px]]
|[[113th Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|Taken in Service in 1775; traces orgians back to 1673 Militia; part of the New Jersey National Guard
|-
|1676
|[[File:Insigne du 13e RDP.jpg|94px]]
|[[13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment]]
|Marquis de Barbezières
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Martignas-sur-Jalle]], [[France]]
|Constituted under the form of a regiment of Dragoon (the mounted cavalry) during the [[Ancien Regime]] by the Marquis de Barbezières at [[Languedoc]] in 1676, this cavalry regiment, one of the oldest, adopted the nomination of 13th Dragoon Regiment (French: 13e Régiment de dragons) during the reorganization of the French cavalry in 1791. The regiment was transformed into an armored corps in 1936, then an [[Airborne forces|airborne]]-capable reconnaissance unit in 1952.
|-
|1685
|[[File:Royal Norfolk Regiment Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|Henry Cornewall's Regiment of Foot
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1751 numbered 9th Regiment of Foot; in 1881 Norfolk Regiment; in 1935 the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment]]; now A Company/1st Battalion "Royal Norfolks" of the [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|1685
||[[File:3rd The King's Own Hussars Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[3rd The King's Own Hussars]]
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|Now part of the [[Queen's Royal Hussars]]
|-
|1690
||[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt fanteria 005.png|94px]]
|[[5° Reggimento Fanteria "Aosta"]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Duchy of Savoy}} Duchy of Savoy
|{{Flagicon|Italy}} Italy
|Raised on 20 February 1690 the ''"Reggimento Fucilieri di Sua Altezza Reale"'' (His Royal Highness Fusiliers Regiment)
|-
|1696
||[[File:Deutschmeister Wappen.svg|94px]]
|[[Hoch- und Deutschmeister Regiment]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} Holy Roman Empire
|{{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria
|First raised as the ''Pfalz-Neuburg-Teutschmeister'' Regiment, later ''Teutschmeister zu Fuß'' then''k.u.k. Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4'', all in service of the Holy Roman Empire until 1804. Served with the same name as part of the forces of the Austrian Empire until 1867 and the Autro-Hungarian Monarchy until 1919, then as part of the first Austrian Republic until 1936 (as ''Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4''), then as the German ''44. Reichsgrenadier-Division "Hoch- und Deutschmeister"'' until 1945, and then as the ''Landwehr Regiment 21'', later ''Jägerbataillon 2'' and currently ''Jägerbataillon Wien 1 "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" '' of the current Austrian Republic.
|-
|1707
|
|[[3rd Cavalry Regiment, Dragões de Olivença (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Cavalaria Ligeira de Olivença"
|-
|1709
|
|[[6th Cavalry Regiment, Dragões D'Entre Douro e Minho (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Dragões de Trás-os-Montes"
|-
|1709
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_8th_Light_Armoured_Cavalry_Regiment_Lusitania.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|8th Cavalry Regiment "Lusitania"]]
|[[Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola, Marquis of la Mina, Duke of Palata and Prince of Masa|Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Marines, Valencia|Marines, Valencian Community, Spain]]
|It was created as "10th Regiment of Dragons" on December 18, 1709. Nowadays is a light armoured cavalry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1720
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 1er régiment de hussards parachutistes.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Parachute Hussar Regiment]]
|[[Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|It is an airborne cavalry unit in the French Army, founded in 1720 by Hungarian noble Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny.
|-
|1736
|[[File:108th Cavalry Regiment DUI.svg|94px]]
|[[Georgia Hussars]]
|[[James Oglethorpe]]
|Georgia Colony
|[[State of Georgia]]
|Part of the [[1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment]], Georgia National Guard
|-
|1741
|
|[[Artillery Company of Newport]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An independent chartered command of the Rhode Island Militia.
|-
|1747
|[[File: 111InfantryRegCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[111th Infantry Regiment (United States)|111th Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Benjamin Franklin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=111th Infantry Regiment (The Associators) |website=Department of the Army Lineage and Honors |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |ref=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0111in.htm}}</ref>
|[[File: Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg|22px]] [[Colony of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]]
|The 111th is the oldest unit in the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]]. Today, 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry is part of the [[56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team]], [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th Infantry Division]]
|-
|1751
|
|[[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Chennai|Madras]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|Oldest regiment in subcontinent region.
|-
|1756
|
|[[169th Military Police Company]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An active unit of the Rhode Island National Guard with deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan.
|-
|1756
|[[File:Qyrang crest.jpg|94px]]
|[[The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)]]
|[[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]]
|{{Flagicon|UK|1707}} [[British America]]
|{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]
|Founded as [[Rogers Rangers]]
|-
|1764
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_66th_Infantry_Regiment_America.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|66th Infantry Regiment "América"]]
|[[Charles III of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Viceroyalty of New Spain| Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Berrioplano|Berrioplano, Navarre, Spain]]
| It was first deployed in the [[Presidio]]s of the north frontiers of New Spain, in territory of the present United States of America. Nowadays is stationed in Navarre, Spain.
|-
|1774
|[[File:First-troop-logo-footer.gif|94px]]
|[[First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry]]
|[[Abraham Markoe]]
|[[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}}[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]
|Founded before the United States declared independence from Great Britain, the Troop served as [[George Washington]]'s bodyguards and fought at the [[American Revolutionary War]] battles of [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]], [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]], and [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]]. Was active through the US Civil War, World Wars I and 2, and Iraq. Currently designated as Troop A, 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment, 28th Infantry Division (United States),the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]].
|-
|1775
|[[File:69th INF REG COA.gif|94px]]
|Company A, 1st Battalion [[69th Infantry Regiment (New York)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York City, [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} New York City, [[United States]]
|Descended from the 8th Company 1st New York Regiment 1775-1777; Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1776
|[[File:5FARegtCOA.jpg|94px]]
|1st Battalion [[5th Field Artillery Regiment]]
|[[Alexander Hamilton]]
|{{Flagicon image|Grand Union Flag.svg}} [[Continental Congress]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|Oldest unit in the regular US Army
|-
|1789
|[[File:258FARegtDUI.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Battalion, 258th Field Artillery (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1794
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 152e régiment d'infanterie..jpg|94px]]
|152e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[Baloch Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Masulipatam]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[United States Marine Band]]
|[[John Adams]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{flag|United States}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of armies]]
* [[List of army units called Guards]]
* [[List of oldest institutions in continuous operation]]
* [[Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots]] (US Army only)

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=Notehttp://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldest Military Units In Continuous Operation}}
[[Category:Lists of military units and formations| ]]
[[Category:Military units and formations by date of establishment| ]]

List of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation

2019-09-25T07:02:20Z

Centenier: /* Oldest active military units still in operation */

{{Refimprove|date=July 2019}}
This is a '''list of oldest military units and formations in continuous operation'''. In continuous operation here means not units that no longer exist, or recent creations sharing only the name with an older unit.

Please note: Whereas modern [[standing army|standing armies]] first developed in the 15th century, the defining terminology for contemporary military units and formations, such as [[Company (military unit)|company]], [[battalion]], [[regiment]] etc. mostly arose in the [[Early modern warfare|early modern period]], during the 16th and 17th centuries.

== Oldest active military units still in operation ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign="top"
! Year
! Heraldry
! Name
! Founder
! Founding location
! Current location
! Notes
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1248
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ.svg|94px]]
|[[1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment|King's Own Immemorial 1st Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Ferdinand III of Castile]]
|{{flagicon image|Royal Banner of the Crown of Castile (Early Style)-Variant.svg}} [[Crown of Castile]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|Madrid, Spain]]
|It was one of the first standing units in Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, remaining in the order of battle of the Castilian and Spanish armies since its creation. At present the Regiment is the Unit responsible for providing the central seat of Spanish Army Headquarters security, services, and support needed for its functioning.
|-
|1337
|
|[[Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey]]
|King [[Edward III]] of England
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1987, it was re-formed as a Territorial Army regiment, the Jersey Field Squadron (The Royal Militia Island of Jersey), 111th Regiment, Royal Engineers, later 73rd Regiment, Royal Engineers. In 2007, it came under the operational command of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia).
|-
|1479
|[[File:Insigne 1er Régiment d'Infanterie.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Infantry Regiment (France)|1st Infantry Regiment]]
|King [[Louis XI of France]]
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Sarrebourg]], [[France]]
|Founded in 1479-1480 by [[Louis XI of France|King Louis XI]] as Bandes de Picardie. It became the Légion de Picardie in 1558 during the [[Italian War of 1551–59|Italian War of 1551-1559]] and then Régiment de Picardie on May 29, 1569. It was ultimately renamed <abbr>1er</abbr> régiment d'infanterie de ligne in 1791 after the military reforms of [[Louis Lebègue Duportail|Louis Le Bègue Duportail]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf|title = Régiments de Picardie et du Colonel Général|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> It is now part of the [[Franco-German Brigade]] (French units of the brigade are part of [[1st Armored Division (France)|1st Division]]) and was recently deployed in [[French forces in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Operation Serval|Mali]] and the [[Operation Sangaris|Central African Republic]].
|-
| 1506
| [[File:BANDERA_GUARDIA_VATICA_PANCHO.svg|94px|Banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard]]
| [[Papal Swiss Guard]]
| [[Pope Julius II]]
| {{flag|Papal States}}
| {{flag|Vatican City}}
| The [[Pontifical Swiss Guard]] is one of the oldest active military units presently in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/spotlight-on-the-swiss-guard|title=Spotlight on the Swiss Guard|work=news.va|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>They are famous for their [[Stand of the Swiss Guard|last stand]] which allowed [[Pope Clement VII]] to flee from Rome during [[War of the League of Cognac]].
|-
|1509
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 9th Infantry Regiment Soria.svg|94px]]
|[[9th Infantry Regiment “Soria”]]
|[[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|{{Flagicon image|Si%C3%B1al_d%27Arag%C3%B3n.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Crown of Aragon]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Fuerteventura|Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain]]
|Founded in 1509 as "Tercio of Napoli" or "Tercio de Zamudio". It is the second oldest regiment still used for overseas military operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = El regimiento más antiguo de Europa empezó siendo un tercio español y combatió contra Napoleón|url = http://www.abc.es/historia-militar/20140609/abci-regimiento-soria-antiguo-europa-201406061727.html|website = ABC.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = MANUEL P.|last = VILLATORO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = .:Ejército de tierra:.|url = http://www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Las_Palmas/ril9/|website = www.ejercito.mde.es|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = JEME - Ejercito de|last = Tierra}}</ref>
|-
| 1521
| [[File:Livgardet vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Guards (Sweden)|Life Guards]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Dalarna]], [[Sweden]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| Life Guards, formerly [[Svea Life Guards]], dates back to the year 1521, when the men of [[Dalarna]] chose 16 "young able men" as [[body guard]]s for [[Gustav Vasa]], subsequent King of Sweden.
|-
|1534
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 67th Infantry Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Tercio of Sicily]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Sicily, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[San Sebastián|San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain]]
|It was created to protect the Spanish possessions in South Italy, where it was stationed for 2 centuries. It has participated in almost all conflits that involved Spain, and in recent years, its units have participated in international missions in [[Bosnia Herzegovina]], [[Lebanon]], [[Kosovo]], [[Iraq]], and [[Afghanistan]].
|-
| 1536
| [[File:Livregementets husarer vapen.svg|94px]]
| [[Life Regiment Hussars]]
|
| {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Uppland]] and [[Södermanland]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Karlsborg]], [[Sweden]]
| The Life Regiment traces back to two drafted units set up by [[Gustav Vasa]] in 1536 to lessen the dependency on foreign mercenaries. The regiment has fought in many battles and is one of Europe's most victorious regiments. Today the regiment participates in more international military missions for Sweden than any other regiment.
|-
| 1537
|[[File:HAC Officers Beret Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Honourable Artillery Company]]
|[[King Henry VIII]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[City of London]]
|Officially incorporated by Royal Charter in 1537 by [[King Henry VIII]]. The Company fought with distinction in both World Wars and its current Regiment is the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior in the Army Reserve. Today its purpose is to attend to the "better defence of the realm" by the support of the HAC Regiment and a detachment of Special Constabulary to the City of London Police.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Emblem of the Spanish Navy Marines.svg|94px]]
|[[Spanish Navy Marines]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Kingdom of Naples|Kingdom of Naples, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
|The ''Infantería de Armada'' (Navy Infantry) was created by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in 1537, when he permanently assigned the ''Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles'' ([[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] Sea Old Companies) to the ''Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo'' (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons).
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Regiment_Saboya.svg|94px]]
|[[6th Infantry Regiment “Saboya”]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Savoy|Duchy of Savoy, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Badajoz|Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain]]
|It was created as the "Tercio of Savoy" in 1537. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1537
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_3rd_Light_Infantry_Regiment_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|3rd Infantry Regiment "Príncipe"]]
|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Asturias|Siero, Principality of Asturias, Spain]]
|It was created as "Tercio of Lombardy (old)" in 1537. Nowadays is an Airborne Light Infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1539
|
|[[Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers]]
|King [[Henry VIII of England]]
|{{flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Monmouth]]
|The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia) is the most senior regiment in the British Army Reserve, having given continuous loyal service to the crown since 1539. It is part of the reserve forces, and is the only remaining Militia unit in the British Army.
|-
|1556
|[[File:2-Régiment-Dragons.png|94px]]
|[[2nd Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|[[Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Despite the recent formation of the regiment in its current configuration, it is the oldest French cavalry regiment, dating back to 1556. The French Revolution gave it the designation of the second regiment of dragoons in the French Army, and with brief interruptions it has served under this name in successive French armies ever since.
|-
|1566
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_64th_Regiment_of_Mountain_Hunters_Galicia.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|4th Mountain Hunters Regiment "Galicia"]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Duchy of Milan|Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Jaca|Jaca, Aragón, Spain]]
| It was created as "Tercio de Lombardía" to protect the Spanish possessions in North Italy, and from there, it was deployed with the [[Army of Flanders]]. It has participated in a great number of military actions in Europe, America and Africa, and now it is stationed in the Pyrenees mountains.
|-
|1573
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the 50th Infantry Regiment Canarias.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Canary Islands Command|50th Infantry Regiment “Canarias”]]
|[[Philip II of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Canary Islands|Canary Islands, Spain]]
|It was raised as "Tercio de Las Palmas" (Militia) on Abril 28, 1573, to protect the island of Gran Canaria from pirates and other European powers, its mission for centuries. It has also participated in actions in the Iberian peninsula and Africa, and in recent times, in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Afghanistan.
|-
|1613
|[[File:Skaraborgsgruppen vapen.svg|94px]]
|[[Skaraborg Regiment (infantry)]]
|King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Kingdom of Sweden]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
| In 1942 converted to [[Skaraborg Regiment (armoured)]]; in 2000 changed back to Skaraborg regiment
|-
|1614
|[[File:Emblem for the Danish Guard Hussar Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)]]
|King [[Christian IV of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Unit amalgamated with and perpetuates [[Zealand Life Regiment]], which was disbanded on 1 January 2001
|-
|1618
|[[File:Brasao CCF.jpg|94px]]
|[[Portuguese Marine Corps]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Consists of 2 battalions
|-
|1636
|[[File:181InfRegtCOA.png|94px]]
|[[181st Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History">{{cite web |title=Organizational History |url=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/ohpam.html |website=U.S. Army Center of Military History |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |accessdate=24 October 2018 |page=29 |date=1999}}</ref>
|-
|1636
|[[File:182nd Infantry (former 182nd Cavalry) Regiment Coat of arms.jpg|94px]]
|[[182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|Part of the [[Massachusetts National Guard]]<ref name="US-Military-History"/>
|-
|1636
|[[File:101stFAR.png|94px]]
|[[101st Field Artillery Regiment]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Artillery Regiment is the oldest Artillery unit of the US Army; was founded the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1636
|[[File:101EnBnCOA.png|94px]]
|[[101st Engineer Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 101st Engineer Battalion was founded at the same time as the 181st Infantry Regiment
|-
|1638
|[[File:211th MP BN Coat of arms.png|94px]]
|[[211th Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{Flag|ENG|name=Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} Massachusetts [[United States]]
|The 211th Military Police Battalion goes back to 1741; the 772nd Military Police Company of this Battalion was founded in 1638. Part of the Massachusetts National Guard.
|-
|1641
|
|[[15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1640}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|
|-
|1642
|[[File:Scots Guards Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[Scots Guards]] (third regiment of foot guards)
|[[Charles I of England|King Charles the First]]
|{{flag|Scotland}}
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|Raised in 1642 to form a personal body guard to King Charles I when he campaigned in Ireland; became part of English Army in 1661
|-
|1648
|[[File:Emblem for 1st Danish Artillery Battalion.svg|94px]]
|[[1st Danish Artillery Battalion]]
|
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|{{Flagcountry|Denmark}}
|Current formation from 2014; traces origins back to 1648
|-
|1649
|[[File:Emblem_of_the_Regiment_Farnesio.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|12th Cavalry Regiment "Farnesio"]]
|[[Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Santovenia de Pisuerga|Santovenia de Pisuerga, Castile and León, Spain]]
| It was created on March 7, 1649, in the Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege. Nowadays is a reconnaissance cavalry regiment stationed in Castile and León, Spain.
|-
|1650
|[[File:Coldstream Guards Badge.png|94px]]
|[[Coldstream Guards]]
|[[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle]]
|{{flagicon|Commonwealth of England}} [[Commonwealth of England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Raised in 1650; became part of the English Army in 1661
|-
|1652
|[[File:276EngineerBnCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[276th Engineer Battalion (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} Virginia [[United States]]
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|The 1953 US Army Lineage Book Infantry traces the 176th Infantry Regiment origins to 1652; 176th Infantry was a predecessor unit of the 276th Engineer Battalion
|-
|1656
|[[File:Insig 5e rég drag.png|94px]]
|[[5th Dragoon Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Created under the Ancien Régime in 1656, last disbanded in 2003 and reactivated in 2015.
|-
|1656
|
|[[Grenadier Guards]]
|
|{{flag|England}}
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the Guards Division
|-
|1656
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_10th_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment_Alc%C3%A1ntara.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Melilla General Command|10th Cavalry Regiment “Alcántara”]]
|[[Philip IV of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Spanish Netherlands| Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Melilla|Melilla, Spain]]
| It was created in Brussels on February 19, 1656, as "Tercio de Nestién". Nowadays is an armored cavalry regiment stationed in the Spanish north African city of Melilla.
|-
|1657
|[[File:Coat of arms of Jutland Dragoon Regiment.svg|94px]]
|[[Jutland Dragoon Regiment]]
|Field marshal [[Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|
|-
|1658
|[[File:Coat of arms for Danish Royal Life Guards.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Life Guards (Denmark)]]
|King [[Frederick III of Denmark]]
|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
|Both a Guard/Ceremonial unit of the Danish Monarch and Infantry Regiment of the Danish Army
|-
|1659
|[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt granatieri 1.png|94px]]
|[[Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade|1° Reggimento "Granatieri di Sardegna" (Italy)]]
|Duke [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy|Carlo Emanuele II di Savoia]]
|{{Flagicon|Savoy}} [[Savoy]]
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
|Formed April 18, 1659 as the "Reggimento delle Guardie"
|-
|1660
|
|[[Life Guards (United Kingdom)]]
|[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]
|{{Flagicon|England}} [[England]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Senior Regiment of the British Army
|-
|1663
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_31st_Mechanized_Infantry_Regiment_Asturias.svg|94px]]
|[[31st Infantry Regiment "Asturias"]]
|[[General Junta of the Principality of Asturias]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Asturias|Principality of Asturias, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Madrid|El Goloso, Madrid, Spain]]
|It was first raised as "Tercio de Asturias" in the autonomous region of Asturias on February 3, 1663, again in 1690, and again and definitely in 1706. Nowadays is a mechanized infantry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1664
|[[File:RoyalMarineBadge.svg|94px]]
|[[Royal Marines]]
|King [[James II]]
|{{flag|England}}
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Embleem Korps Mariniers.svg|94px]]
|[[Korps Mariniers]]
|Premier [[Johan de Witt]]
|{{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch Republic]]
|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|Founded as Regiment de Marine. Now roughly small brigade size.
|-
|1665
|[[File:Coat of Arms of 2nd Infantry Regiment La Reina.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#X Brigade "Guzmán el Bueno" in Cerro Muriano|2nd Infantry Regiment "La Reina"]]
|[[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain]]
|It was created as "Queen Body Guards", by the Governor Queen [[Maria Anna of Spain|Dona Maria Anna of Austria]], by Royal Decree of August 22, 1665, during the minority of [[Charles II of Spain]], for the guard of the Real person of the King.
|-
|1668
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 12e Régiment de Cuirassiers.jpg|94px]]
|[[12th Cuirassier Regiment (France)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Kingdom of France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Raised as a regiment under the name of the Régiment Dauphin - Cavalerie or, in English, Dauphin's Regiment (Cavalry).
|-
|1672
|[[File:102nd Infantry Regiment COA.png|94px]]
| [[102nd Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1672
|[[File:192MPBNCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[192nd Military Police Battalion]]
|
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} Connecticut [[United States]]
|Part of the Connecticut National Guard
|-
|1673
|[[File:113th Infantry coa.png|94px]]
|[[113th Infantry Regiment (United States)]]
|
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|{{Flagicon|New Jersey}} New Jersey United States
|Taken in Service in 1775; traces orgians back to 1673 Militia; part of the New Jersey National Guard
|-
|1676
|[[File:Insigne du 13e RDP.jpg|94px]]
|[[13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment]]
|Marquis de Barbezières
|{{flag|Kingdom of France}}
|{{flagicon|France}} [[Martignas-sur-Jalle]], [[France]]
|Constituted under the form of a regiment of Dragoon (the mounted cavalry) during the [[Ancien Regime]] by the Marquis de Barbezières at [[Languedoc]] in 1676, this cavalry regiment, one of the oldest, adopted the nomination of 13th Dragoon Regiment (French: 13e Régiment de dragons) during the reorganization of the French cavalry in 1791. The regiment was transformed into an armored corps in 1936, then an [[Airborne forces|airborne]]-capable reconnaissance unit in 1952.
|-
|1685
|[[File:Royal Norfolk Regiment Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|Henry Cornewall's Regiment of Foot
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|In 1751 numbered 9th Regiment of Foot; in 1881 Norfolk Regiment; in 1935 the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment]]; now A Company/1st Battalion "Royal Norfolks" of the [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|1685
||[[File:3rd The King's Own Hussars Cap Badge.jpg|94px]]
|[[3rd The King's Own Hussars]]
|
|{{Flagicon|England}} England
|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|Now part of the [[Queen's Royal Hussars]]
|-
|1690
||[[File:CoA mil ITA rgt fanteria 005.png|94px]]
|[[5° Reggimento Fanteria "Aosta"]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Duchy of Savoy}} Duchy of Savoy
|{{Flagicon|Italy}} Italy
|Raised on 20 February 1690 the ''"Reggimento Fucilieri di Sua Altezza Reale"'' (His Royal Highness Fusiliers Regiment)
|-
|1696
||[[File:Deutschmeister Wappen.svg|94px]]
|[[Hoch- und Deutschmeister Regiment]]
|
|{{Flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} Holy Roman Empire
|{{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria
|First raised as the ''Pfalz-Neuburg-Teutschmeister'' Regiment, later ''Teutschmeister zu Fuß'' then''k.u.k. Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4'', all in service of the Holy Roman Empire until 1804. Served with the same name as part of the forces of the Austrian Empire until 1867 and the Autro-Hungarian Monarchy until 1919, then as part of the first Austrian Republic until 1936 (as ''Infanterieregiment „Hoch- und Deutschmeister“ Nr. 4''), then as the German ''44. Reichsgrenadier-Division "Hoch- und Deutschmeister"'' until 1945, and then as the ''Landwehr Regiment 21'', later ''Jägerbataillon 2'' and currently ''Jägerbataillon Wien 1 "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" '' of the current Austrian Republic.
|-
|1707
|
|[[3rd Cavalry Regiment, Dragões de Olivença (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Cavalaria Ligeira de Olivença"
|-
|1709
|
|[[6th Cavalry Regiment, Dragões D'Entre Douro e Minho (Portugal)]]
|
|{{flagicon|Portugal|1707}} [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
|Created under the designation of "Regimento de Dragões de Trás-os-Montes"
|-
|1709
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_8th_Light_Armoured_Cavalry_Regiment_Lusitania.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division Castillejos|8th Cavalry Regiment "Lusitania"]]
|[[Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola, Marquis of la Mina, Duke of Palata and Prince of Masa|Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Crown of Castile|Crown of Castile, Spanish Empire]]
|{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Marines, Valencia|Marines, Valencian Community, Spain]]
|It was created as "10th Regiment of Dragons" on December 18, 1709. Nowadays is a light armoured cavalry unit in the Spanish Army.
|-
|1720
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 1er régiment de hussards parachutistes.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Parachute Hussar Regiment]]
|[[Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny]]
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|It is an airborne cavalry unit in the French Army, founded in 1720 by Hungarian noble Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny.
|-
|1736
|[[File:108th Cavalry Regiment DUI.svg|94px]]
|[[Georgia Hussars]]
|[[James Oglethorpe]]
|Georgia Colony
|[[State of Georgia]]
|Part of the [[1st Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment]], Georgia National Guard
|-
|1741
|
|[[Artillery Company of Newport]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An independent chartered command of the Rhode Island Militia.
|-
|1747
|[[File: 111InfantryRegCOA.jpg|94px]]
|[[111th Infantry Regiment (United States)|111th Infantry Regiment]]
|[[Benjamin Franklin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=111th Infantry Regiment (The Associators) |website=Department of the Army Lineage and Honors |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |ref=https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0111in.htm}}</ref>
|[[File: Colonial-Red-Ensign.svg|22px]] [[Colony of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]]
|The 111th is the oldest unit in the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]]. Today, 1st Battalion, 111th Infantry is part of the [[56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team]], [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th Infantry Division]]
|-
|1751
|
|[[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Chennai|Madras]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|Oldest regiment in subcontinent region.
|-
|1756
|
|[[169th Military Police Company]]
|[[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]
|{{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} [[Colony of Rhode Island]]
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[State of Rhode Island]]
|An active unit of the Rhode Island National Guard with deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan.
|-
|1756
|[[File:Qyrang crest.jpg|94px]]
|[[The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)]]
|[[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]]
|{{Flagicon|UK|1707}} [[British America]]
|{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]
|Founded as [[Rogers Rangers]]
|-
|1764
|[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_66th_Infantry_Regiment_America.svg|94px]]
|[[Structure of the Spanish Army#Division San Marcial|66th Infantry Regiment "América"]]
|[[Charles III of Spain]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg}} [[Viceroyalty of New Spain| Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spanish Empire]]
|{{flagicon|Spain}}[[Berrioplano|Berrioplano, Navarre, Spain]]
| It was first deployed in the [[Presidio]]s of the north frontiers of New Spain, in territory of the present United States of America. Nowadays is stationed in Navarre, Spain.
|-
|1774
|[[File:First-troop-logo-footer.gif|94px]]
|[[First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry]]
|[[Abraham Markoe]]
|[[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]]
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}}[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]
|Founded before the United States declared independence from Great Britain, the Troop served as [[George Washington]]'s bodyguards and fought at the [[American Revolutionary War]] battles of [[Battle of Trenton|Trenton]], [[Battle of Princeton|Princeton]], [[Battle of Brandywine|Brandywine]], and [[Battle of Germantown|Germantown]]. Was active through the US Civil War, World Wars I and 2, and Iraq. Currently designated as Troop A, 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment, 28th Infantry Division (United States),the [[Pennsylvania National Guard]].
|-
|1775
|[[File:69th INF REG COA.gif|94px]]
|Company A, 1st Battalion [[69th Infantry Regiment (New York)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York City, [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} New York City, [[United States]]
|Descended from the 8th Company 1st New York Regiment 1775-1777; Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1776
|[[File:5FARegtCOA.jpg|94px]]
|1st Battalion [[5th Field Artillery Regiment]]
|[[Alexander Hamilton]]
|{{Flagicon image|Grand Union Flag.svg}} [[Continental Congress]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|Oldest unit in the regular US Army
|-
|1782
|[[File:65e Régiment d’Infanterie.jpg|94px]]
|65e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|
|-
|1789
|[[File:258FARegtDUI.jpg|94px]]
|[[1st Battalion, 258th Field Artillery (United States)]]
|
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|New York}} New York [[United States]]
|Part of the New York National Guard
|-
|1794
|[[File:Insigne régimentaire du 152e régiment d'infanterie..jpg|94px]]
|152e régiment d'infanterie
|
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[Baloch Regiment]]
|[[East India Company]]
|[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Masulipatam]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|
|-
|1798
|
|[[United States Marine Band]]
|[[John Adams]]
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{flag|United States}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of armies]]
* [[List of army units called Guards]]
* [[List of oldest institutions in continuous operation]]
* [[Army National Guard and Active Regular Army Units with Colonial Roots]] (US Army only)

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=Notehttp://www.ancestramil.fr/uploads/01_doc/terre/infanterie/1620-1789/susane-historiques/picardie_infanterie_historiques_susane.pdf}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldest Military Units In Continuous Operation}}
[[Category:Lists of military units and formations| ]]
[[Category:Military units and formations by date of establishment| ]]

Patrouilleführer

2019-08-29T12:02:34Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Patrouilleführer k.u.k.Jäger & k.k. Landwehr.png → File:Patrouilleführer k.u.k.Jäger.png corr.

[[File:Patrouilleführer der k.u.k. Jägertruppe.png|thumb|180px|'''Patrol leader''' of the k.u.k. 7th Feldjäger bataillon (Waffenrock to the parade [[Adjustierung]] ]]

'''''Patrouilleführer''''' (en: '''patrol leader''') was a [[military rank]] of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army|k.u.k. Austro-Hungarian Army]] (1867–1918). It might be comparable to enlisted men OR2<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>/ ''Private 1st class'' ranks in Anglophone armed forces.

However, in German speaking armed forces it was equivalent to the ''[[Gefreiter]]'' ranks (OR-2).

In the k.u.k. Austro-Hungarian Army it was used by the [[Kaiserjäger|k.u.k. Kaiserjäger]] as well as the k.u.k. Feldjäger; later also in the [[Standschützen]] troops, and the k.u.k. Cavalry. It was also corresponding to ''Gefreiter'' ({{lang-hu|Őrvezetö}} of the k.u.k. Infantry, ''Sanitätsgefreiter'' (en: medical gefreiter) of the k.u.k. Medical corps, as well as to ''Vormeister'' of the k.u.k. Artillery corps and to the k.u.k. Machine gun troops.

Then rank insignia was a single white celluloid-star on grass-green stand-up collar of the so-called ''Waffenrock'' (en: uniform jacket) on gorget patch with a grass-green background (de: Paroli).

{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0.5em auto; clear: both;"
|-
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#cfcfcf;"|Junior rank '''''Infanterist (Honvéd)'''''
|width="40%" align="center" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|[[Image:War flag of Austria-Hungary (1918).svg|30px]] [[Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces|(k.u.k. Army rank)]] '''''Patrouilleführer'''''
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;"|Senior rank '''''[[Korporal]]'''''
|}

== Rank insignia ==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!Desigahntion !! colspan=10 | Austrian k.u.k. Army enlisted men OR2 ranks
|- align="center"
!
! rowspan=3 | [[File:Patrouilleführer der k.k. Gebirgstruppe 1907-18.png|100px]]
! rowspan=3 | [[File:Patrouilleführer k.u.k.Jäger.png|100px]]
! rowspan=3 | [[File:Patrouilleführer der k.u.k. Husaren mit lichtblauer Attila.png|100px]]
! rowspan=3 | [[File:Gefreiter der k.u.k. Maschinengewehrtruppe.png|100px]]
! rowspan=3 | [[File:Gefreiter der k.u.k. Infanterie.png|100px]]
! rowspan=3 | [[File:Vormeister der k.u.k. Artillerie.png|100px]]
! rowspan=3 | [[File:Gefreiter der k.u.k.Truppenpioniere.png|100px]]
! rowspan=3 | [[File:None.svg|60px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1 | insignia
|- align="center"
!
|- align="center"
! style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"| description
| colspan=3 | '''<big>Patrouilleführer</big>
| colspan=2 | '''<big>Gefreiter</big>
| Vormeister
| Gefreiter
| Sanitätsgefreiter
|- align="center"
|
|k.u.k. Mountain troops
|k.u.k. Rifles
|
| Machine-gun units
| Infantry generic
|
|- align="center"
! branch
| colspan=2 |[[Rifles]]
|colspan=1 | [[Cavalry]]
| colspan=2 |[[Infantry]]
| [[Artillery]]
| [[Military engineering|Military engineering]]
| [[Medical corps|Medical corps]]
|-
|
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" colspan=8|
|- align="center"
! (equivalent)
| colspan=2 |(Rifle 1st class)
| colspan=3 |(Private 1st class)
| (Gunner 1st class)
| colspan=2 |(Private 1st class)
|- align="center"
|}

==See also==
* {{main|Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces|Waffenfarbe (Austria)|Adjustierung}}

== References ==
<references />
* Rest-Ortner-Ilmig: ''Des Kaisers Rock im 1. Weltkrieg – Uniformierung und Ausrüstung der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee von 1914 bis 1918''. Verlag Militaria, Wien 2002. {{ISBN|3-9501642-0-0}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patrouillefuehrer}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Austria]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian Army]]

Joint Support Service (Germany)

2019-07-15T12:19:10Z

Centenier: /* Territorial Tasks Command */

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Joint Support Service
| native_name = ''Streitkräftebasis''
| image = Bundeswehr Logo Streitkraeftebasis with lettering.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption =Logo of the Streitkräftebasis
| dates =1 October 2000
| country = [[Germany]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type =
| role =
| size = 27,640 (31 December 2018)<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march ="Marsch der Streikräftebasis"<ref>{{cite news |work=Heidenheimer Zeitung |date=1 October 2010 |language=German |title=Der große Erfolg von Gerhard Fetzer |first=Claus-Dieter |last=Kirschner}}</ref>
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/

| commander1 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Martin Schelleis|Martin Schelleis]] ([[German Air Force]])
| commander1_label =Inspector
| commander2 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Peter Bohrer|Peter Bohrer]] (German Air Force)
| commander2_label =Deputy Inspector
| commander3 =[[Generalmajor]] [[Jürgen Setzer]] ([[German Army]])
| commander3_label =Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders =[[Manfred Nielson]], [[Wolfram Kühn]]

| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| alt =Logo of the Joint Support Service
| countries =
| current_commander =
}}

[[Image:German military police car (aka).jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Feldjäger]]'' MP patrol vehicle]]

The '''Joint Support Service''' ({{lang-de|Streitkräftebasis, SKB}}, literally Armed Forces Foundation) is a [[military branch|branch]] of the [[Germany|German]] [[Bundeswehr]] established in October 2000 as a result of major reforms of the Bundeswehr. It handles various [[military logistics|logistic]] and organisational tasks of the Bundeswehr. The SKB is the fifth component of the Bundeswehr, the other five being the [[German Army|Army]], [[German Navy|Navy]], [[German Air Force|Air Force]] , the [[Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service|Joint Medical Service]] and [[Cyber and Information Domain Service (Germany)]]. As of 31 December 2018, the force is composed of 27,640 personnel.<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>

== Organization ==
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}

Unlike the similar [[UK|British]] [[Defence Logistics Organisation]] and the [[Australian Department of Defence]]'s [[Defence Materiel Organisation#Organisation|Support Command Australia]], Germany's current military environment has led to a number of combat-associated commands being allotted to it, principally the small German territorial defence structure embodied in the four ''Wehrbereichskommandos'' ([[Military District]] Commands), and the national supervision of active German military operations beyond the NATO area,{{clarify|reason=What is meant by current military environment, the residual German territorial defence structure embodied in the four Wehrbereichskommandos, and national supervision of German military operations ?|date=June 2014}} performed by the ''[[:de:Einsatzführungskommando_der_Bundeswehr|Einsatzführungskommando]]'' (Bundeswehr Operations Command), which is headquartered in [[Potsdam]].

The WBK headquarters are in:
* [[Kiel]] WBK I
* [[Mainz]] WBK II
* [[Erfurt]] WBK III
* [[Munich]] WBK IV

Each Military District Command controls several ''[[Landeskommando]]s'' ([[States of Germany|State]] Commands) due to the [[Politics of Germany|federal structure of Germany]]. Previously this function was carried out by the Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos (VBKs) or Military Region Commands (Defence District Commands). These command authorities are in charge of all [[military building|military facilities]] in their area of responsibility and of several supporting [[regiment]]s. The SKB was formed on the basis of the former IV (GE){{clarify|date=November 2014}} Korps. Most of its remaining elements have been reassigned from the Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr, encompassing a wide range of logistics agencies, schools, and other support units.

The top command authorities are the ''Kommando Streitkräftebasis'' ([[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support Service Command]]) which is in charge of numerous of command and control roles. The ''Streitkräfteamt'' ([[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]) directs all schools, training and research centres, the Military Counterintelligence Service ([[Militärischer Abschirmdienst]]), and the Bundeswehr's higher academies and universities.

== Structure ==
{{Bundeswehr}}
* '''[[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support and Enabling Service Headquarters]]''', in [[Bonn]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation Streitkräftebasis |url=http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/start/uberun/organi/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zinSx8QnyMLI2MTEM8LAw8zQL9ff0tnD09HI30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6wSmp-pFAM8wRZri4uoPN8Hb2NDQ1sjA31w_Wj9KPykosS6zQK8gvKslJLdFLTAa5UD8yIzEvJSc1ID_ZESJQkBtRblDuqAgAo9UnEw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922DEG80I6QKCI152877 |publisher=Bundeswehr |accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>
** Multinationale Kommando Operative Führung/Multinational Joint Headquarters Ulm, in [[Ulm]]
** Military Studies Office, in [[Munich]]
** [[Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik|Federal Security Policy Academy]], in Berlin
** German Military Representative at NATO & EU, in [[Brussels]]

=== Logistic Command ===
* [[File:Wappen LogKdoBw.jpg|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Logistic Command''', in [[Erfurt]]
** [[File:LogSBw.svg|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic School, in [[Garlstedt]]
** [[File:LogZBw.png|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic Center, in [[Wilhelmshaven]]
** [[File:SpezPiBtl 164.jpg|20px]] 164th Special Engineer Regiment, in [[Husum]]
** [[File:LogBtl 161..png|20px]] 161st Logistic Battalion, in [[Delmenhorst]]
** [[File:LogBtl 171..png|20px]] 171st Logistic Battalion, in [[Burg bei Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LogBtl 172 (1).png|20px]] 172nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Beelitz]]
** [[File:LogBtl 461.png|20px]] 461st Logistic Battalion, in [[Walldürn]]
** [[File:LogBtl 467.jpg|20px]] 467th Logistic Battalion, in [[Volkach]]
** [[File:Wappen 3.Logistikbataillon 472 Kümmersbruck.svg|20px]] 472nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Kümmersbruck]]

=== Military Police Command ===
* [[File:COA KdoFJgBw.svg|25px]] '''[[Feldjäger|Bundeswehr Military Police]] Command''', in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:COA SFJg-StDstBw.svg|20px]] Military Police and Staff Service School, in Hanover
** 1st Military Police Regiment, in [[Berlin]]
** 2nd Military Police Regiment, in [[Hilden]]
** 3rd Military Police Regiment, in [[Munich]]

=== CBRN-defense Command ===
* [[File:ABCAbwKdoBw.gif|25px]] '''Bundeswehr [[CBRN defense|CBRN-defense]] Command''', in [[Bruchsal]]
** [[File:SABCAbwGSchAufg.png|20px]] CBRN-defense and Legal Protection Tasks School, in [[Sonthofen]]
** [[File:ABCAbwBtl 7.jpg|20px]] 7th CBRN-defense Battalion, in [[Höxter]]
** [[File:ABCAbwRgt 750.jpg|20px]] 750th CBRN-defense Battalion, in Bruchsal

=== Territorial Tasks Command ===
* [[File:KdoTA.png|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Territorial Tasks Command''', in Berlin
** [[File:LKdo Baden-Württemberg (B).png|20px]] [[Baden-Württemberg]] State Command ([[Landeskommando]]), in [[Stuttgart]]
** [[File:LKdo Bayern (B).png|20px]] [[Bayern]] State Command, in Munich
** [[File:LKdo Brandenburg (B).png|20px]] [[Brandenburg]] State Command, in [[Potsdam]]
** [[File:LKdo Bremen (B).png|20px]] [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] State Command, in Bremen
** [[File:Lkdo Hamburg (B).png|20px]] [[Hamburg]] State Command, in [[Hamburg]]
** [[File:Lkdo Hessen (B).png|20px]] [[Hessen]] State Command, in [[Wiesbaden]]
** [[File:LKdo Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (B).png|20px]] [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] State Command, in [[Schwerin]]
** [[File:LKdo Niedersachsen (B ).png|20px]] [[Niedersachsen]] State Command, in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:Lkdo Nordrhein-Westfalen (B).png|20px]] [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] State Command, in [[Düsseldorf]]
** [[File:LKdo Rheinland-Pfalz (B).png|20px]] [[Rheinland-Pfalz]] State Command, in [[Mainz]]
** [[File:LKdo Saarland (B).png|20px]] [[Saarland]] State Command, in [[Saarbrücken]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen]] State Command, in [[Dresden]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen-Anhalt (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen-Anhalt]] State Command, in [[Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LKdo Schleswig-Holstein (B).png|20px]] [[Schleswig-Holstein]] State Command, in [[Kiel]]
** [[File:LKdo Thüringen (B).png|20px]] [[Thüringen]] State Command, in [[Erfurt]]
** [[Zentrum Zivil-Militärische Zusammenarbeit der Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Civil-Military Cooperation Centre]], in [[Nienburg, Lower Saxony|Nienburg]]
** [[Wachbataillon|Guard battalion at the Ministry of Defence]], in Berlin
** All Bundeswehr Training Areas, divided into three regions (North, South, East)

=== Armed Forces Office ===
* '''[[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]''', in [[Bonn]]
** Bundeswehr Verification Tasks Centre, in [[Geilenkirchen]]
** Bundeswehr Service Dog School, in [[Ulmen]]
** Bundeswehr Public Relations Centre, in [[Strausberg]]
** [[Military Music Center of the Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Military Music Centre]], in Bonn
** Bundeswehr Sport School, in [[Warendorf]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK94uyk-ILMKv2CbEdFAIovPjA!/ www.streitkraeftebasis.de (engl.)]

{{Military of Germany}}
{{NATO Land Forces}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Branches of the Bundeswehr]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Joint Support Service (Germany)]]

Joint Support Service (Germany)

2019-07-15T12:16:22Z

Centenier:

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Joint Support Service
| native_name = ''Streitkräftebasis''
| image = Bundeswehr Logo Streitkraeftebasis with lettering.svg
| image_size = 300
| caption =Logo of the Streitkräftebasis
| dates =1 October 2000
| country = [[Germany]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type =
| role =
| size = 27,640 (31 December 2018)<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march ="Marsch der Streikräftebasis"<ref>{{cite news |work=Heidenheimer Zeitung |date=1 October 2010 |language=German |title=Der große Erfolg von Gerhard Fetzer |first=Claus-Dieter |last=Kirschner}}</ref>
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| disbanded =
| flying_hours =
| website =http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/

| commander1 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Martin Schelleis|Martin Schelleis]] ([[German Air Force]])
| commander1_label =Inspector
| commander2 =[[Generalleutnant]] [[:de:Peter Bohrer|Peter Bohrer]] (German Air Force)
| commander2_label =Deputy Inspector
| commander3 =[[Generalmajor]] [[Jürgen Setzer]] ([[German Army]])
| commander3_label =Chief of Staff
| notable_commanders =[[Manfred Nielson]], [[Wolfram Kühn]]

| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| alt =Logo of the Joint Support Service
| countries =
| current_commander =
}}

[[Image:German military police car (aka).jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Feldjäger]]'' MP patrol vehicle]]

The '''Joint Support Service''' ({{lang-de|Streitkräftebasis, SKB}}, literally Armed Forces Foundation) is a [[military branch|branch]] of the [[Germany|German]] [[Bundeswehr]] established in October 2000 as a result of major reforms of the Bundeswehr. It handles various [[military logistics|logistic]] and organisational tasks of the Bundeswehr. The SKB is the fifth component of the Bundeswehr, the other five being the [[German Army|Army]], [[German Navy|Navy]], [[German Air Force|Air Force]] , the [[Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service|Joint Medical Service]] and [[Cyber and Information Domain Service (Germany)]]. As of 31 December 2018, the force is composed of 27,640 personnel.<ref name="bundeswehr">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/DcmxDYAwDATAWVgg7unYAugc8kSWI4OMIesTXXm002D8SeWQy7jRStshc-4p94L0hENCnXEGUvXXSuMKG8FwBd26TD9uIZiT/|title=Die Stärke der Streitkräfte [Personnel strength of German Armed Forces]|date=23 January 2019|accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref>

== Organization ==
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}

Unlike the similar [[UK|British]] [[Defence Logistics Organisation]] and the [[Australian Department of Defence]]'s [[Defence Materiel Organisation#Organisation|Support Command Australia]], Germany's current military environment has led to a number of combat-associated commands being allotted to it, principally the small German territorial defence structure embodied in the four ''Wehrbereichskommandos'' ([[Military District]] Commands), and the national supervision of active German military operations beyond the NATO area,{{clarify|reason=What is meant by current military environment, the residual German territorial defence structure embodied in the four Wehrbereichskommandos, and national supervision of German military operations ?|date=June 2014}} performed by the ''[[:de:Einsatzführungskommando_der_Bundeswehr|Einsatzführungskommando]]'' (Bundeswehr Operations Command), which is headquartered in [[Potsdam]].

The WBK headquarters are in:
* [[Kiel]] WBK I
* [[Mainz]] WBK II
* [[Erfurt]] WBK III
* [[Munich]] WBK IV

Each Military District Command controls several ''[[Landeskommando]]s'' ([[States of Germany|State]] Commands) due to the [[Politics of Germany|federal structure of Germany]]. Previously this function was carried out by the Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos (VBKs) or Military Region Commands (Defence District Commands). These command authorities are in charge of all [[military building|military facilities]] in their area of responsibility and of several supporting [[regiment]]s. The SKB was formed on the basis of the former IV (GE){{clarify|date=November 2014}} Korps. Most of its remaining elements have been reassigned from the Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr, encompassing a wide range of logistics agencies, schools, and other support units.

The top command authorities are the ''Kommando Streitkräftebasis'' ([[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support Service Command]]) which is in charge of numerous of command and control roles. The ''Streitkräfteamt'' ([[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]) directs all schools, training and research centres, the Military Counterintelligence Service ([[Militärischer Abschirmdienst]]), and the Bundeswehr's higher academies and universities.

== Structure ==
{{Bundeswehr}}
* '''[[Joint Support Service Command (Germany)|Joint Support and Enabling Service Headquarters]]''', in [[Bonn]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Organisation Streitkräftebasis |url=http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/start/uberun/organi/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zinSx8QnyMLI2MTEM8LAw8zQL9ff0tnD09HI30wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6wSmp-pFAM8wRZri4uoPN8Hb2NDQ1sjA31w_Wj9KPykosS6zQK8gvKslJLdFLTAa5UD8yIzEvJSc1ID_ZESJQkBtRblDuqAgAo9UnEw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922DEG80I6QKCI152877 |publisher=Bundeswehr |accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>
** Multinationale Kommando Operative Führung/Multinational Joint Headquarters Ulm, in [[Ulm]]
** Military Studies Office, in [[Munich]]
** [[Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik|Federal Security Policy Academy]], in Berlin
** German Military Representative at NATO & EU, in [[Brussels]]

=== Logistic Command ===
* [[File:Wappen LogKdoBw.jpg|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Logistic Command''', in [[Erfurt]]
** [[File:LogSBw.svg|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic School, in [[Garlstedt]]
** [[File:LogZBw.png|20px]] Bundeswehr Logistic Center, in [[Wilhelmshaven]]
** [[File:SpezPiBtl 164.jpg|20px]] 164th Special Engineer Regiment, in [[Husum]]
** [[File:LogBtl 161..png|20px]] 161st Logistic Battalion, in [[Delmenhorst]]
** [[File:LogBtl 171..png|20px]] 171st Logistic Battalion, in [[Burg bei Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LogBtl 172 (1).png|20px]] 172nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Beelitz]]
** [[File:LogBtl 461.png|20px]] 461st Logistic Battalion, in [[Walldürn]]
** [[File:LogBtl 467.jpg|20px]] 467th Logistic Battalion, in [[Volkach]]
** [[File:Wappen 3.Logistikbataillon 472 Kümmersbruck.svg|20px]] 472nd Logistic Battalion, in [[Kümmersbruck]]

=== Military Police Command ===
* [[File:COA KdoFJgBw.svg|25px]] '''[[Feldjäger|Bundeswehr Military Police]] Command''', in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:COA SFJg-StDstBw.svg|20px]] Military Police and Staff Service School, in Hanover
** 1st Military Police Regiment, in [[Berlin]]
** 2nd Military Police Regiment, in [[Hilden]]
** 3rd Military Police Regiment, in [[Munich]]

=== CBRN-defense Command ===
* [[File:ABCAbwKdoBw.gif|25px]] '''Bundeswehr [[CBRN defense|CBRN-defense]] Command''', in [[Bruchsal]]
** [[File:SABCAbwGSchAufg.png|20px]] CBRN-defense and Legal Protection Tasks School, in [[Sonthofen]]
** [[File:ABCAbwBtl 7.jpg|20px]] 7th CBRN-defense Battalion, in [[Höxter]]
** [[File:ABCAbwRgt 750.jpg|20px]] 750th CBRN-defense Battalion, in Bruchsal

=== Territorial Tasks Command ===
* [[File:KdoTA.png|25px]] '''Bundeswehr Territorial Tasks Command''', in Berlin
** [[File:LKdo Baden-Württemberg (B).png|20px]] [[Baden-Württemberg]] State Command ([[Landeskommando]]), in [[Stuttgart]]
** [[File:LKdo Bayern (B).png|20px]] [[Bayern]] State Command, in Munich
** [[File:LKdo Brandenburg (B).png|20px]] [[Brandenburg]] State Command, in [[Potsdam]]
** [[File:LKdo Bremen (B).png|20px]] [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] State Command, in Bremen
** [[File:Lkdo Hamburg (B).png|20px]] [[Hamburg]] State Command, in [[Hamburg]]
** [[File:Lkdo Hessen (B).png|20px]] [[Hessen]] State Command, in [[Wiesbaden]]
** [[File:LKdo Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (B).png|20px]] [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] State Command, in [[Schwerin]]
** [[File:LKdo Niedersachsen (B).png|20px]] [[Niedersachsen]] State Command, in [[Hanover]]
** [[File:Lkdo Nordrhein-Westfalen (B).png|20px]] [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] State Command, in [[Düsseldorf]]
** [[File:LKdo Rheinland-Pfalz (B).png|20px]] [[Rheinland-Pfalz]] State Command, in [[Mainz]]
** [[File:LKdo Saarland (B).png|20px]] [[Saarland]] State Command, in [[Saarbrücken]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen]] State Command, in [[Dresden]]
** [[File:LKdo Sachsen-Anhalt (B).png|20px]] [[Sachsen-Anhalt]] State Command, in [[Magdeburg]]
** [[File:LKdo Schleswig-Holstein (B).png|20px]] [[Schleswig-Holstein]] State Command, in [[Kiel]]
** [[File:LKdo Thüringen (B).png|20px]] [[Thüringen]] State Command, in [[Erfurt]]
** [[Zentrum Zivil-Militärische Zusammenarbeit der Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Civil-Military Cooperation Centre]], in [[Nienburg, Lower Saxony|Nienburg]]
** [[Wachbataillon|Guard battalion at the Ministry of Defence]], in Berlin
** All Bundeswehr Training Areas, divided into three regions (North, South, East)

=== Armed Forces Office ===
* '''[[Armed Forces Office (Germany)|Armed Forces Office]]''', in [[Bonn]]
** Bundeswehr Verification Tasks Centre, in [[Geilenkirchen]]
** Bundeswehr Service Dog School, in [[Ulmen]]
** Bundeswehr Public Relations Centre, in [[Strausberg]]
** [[Military Music Center of the Bundeswehr|Bundeswehr Military Music Centre]], in Bonn
** Bundeswehr Sport School, in [[Warendorf]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.streitkraeftebasis.de/portal/a/streitkraeftebasis/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK94uyk-ILMKv2CbEdFAIovPjA!/ www.streitkraeftebasis.de (engl.)]

{{Military of Germany}}
{{NATO Land Forces}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Branches of the Bundeswehr]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Joint Support Service (Germany)]]

Portuguese Army

2019-03-19T07:51:40Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden 70.jpg → File:BrLgPz M48 im Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden.jpg better

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Portuguese Army ''Exército Português''
|image=Portuguese Army Heraldry.gif
|image_size=200px
|caption=Portuguese Army Coat of Arms
|dates= 25 July 1139 – present ({{Age in years and months|1139|07|25}})
|country={{Flagu|Portugal}}
|allegiance=
|branch=
|type= [[Army]]
|role= [[Land force]]
|size= 35,000 military 1,897 civilians<ref>[http://www.exercito.pt/Divulgacao/Relat%C3%B3rio%20de%20Gest%C3%A3o%20do%20Ex%C3%A9rcito%20de%202014.pdf ''Relatório de Gestão 2014'', Exército]</ref>
|command_structure=[[Portuguese Armed Forces]]
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=[[Afonso I of Portugal]] (civil) [[Saint George]] (religious)
|motto=''Em perigos e guerras esforçados'' ("Forceful in perils and in battle-post", from ''[[Os Lusíadas|The Lusiads]]'', Canto I, 1, v. 5)
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles= [[Reconquista]] [[1383–1385 Crisis]] [[War of the Castilian Succession]] [[Persia–Portugal war]] [[Ethiopian-Adal War]] [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] [[Turkish-Portuguese Wars]] [[War of the Portuguese Succession]] [[Malayan-Portuguese War]] [[Portuguese Restoration War]] [[War of the Spanish Succession]] [[Seven Years' War]] [[French Revolutionary Wars]] [[War of the Oranges]] [[Peninsular War]] [[Luso-Brazilian invasion]] [[Brazilian War of Independence]] [[Liberal Wars]] [[First Carlist War]] [[World War I]] [[Invasion of Goa|Portuguese-Indian War (1961)]] [[Portuguese Colonial War]] [[EUFOR]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]] '''Peacekeeping Missions''' -[[Angola]] -[[IFOR|Bosnia]] -[[Croatia]] -[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] -[[Kosovo Force|Kosovo]] -[[Western Sahara]] -[[International Force for East Timor|East Timor]] -[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] -[[Lebanon]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=

|commander1=General Artur Neves Pina Monteiro [http://www.exercito.pt/portal/exercito/_specific/public/ueo/EP/Foto%20Oficial%20CEME%20160x200.jpg]
|commander1_label=Army Chief of Staff
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders= [[Afonso I of Portugal]] [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]] [[John I of Portugal]] [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] [[Salvador de Sá|Salvador Correia de Sá]] [[Matias de Albuquerque]] [[António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas|Marquis of Minas]] [[Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque|Joaquim Mouzinho de Albuquerque]] [[Francisco da Costa Gomes]] [[António de Spínola]]

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3_label=

}}
The '''Portuguese Army''' ({{lang-pt|Exército Português}}) is the [[Army|land component]] of the [[Portuguese Armed Forces|Armed Forces of Portugal]] and is also its largest branch. It is charged with the defence of [[Portugal]], in co-operation with other branches of the Armed Forces. It is one of the oldest armies in the world, with its origins going back to the [[12th century]].

The Portuguese Army is commanded by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CEME), a subordinate of the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces for the operational matters and a direct subordinate of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Portugal)|Ministry of National Defense]] for all other matters. The CEME is the only officer in the Army with the rank of [[General]] ([[Four-star rank]]).

Presently, the Portuguese Army is an entirely professional force made of career personnel ([[officer (armed forces)|officers]] and [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]]s) and of volunteer personnel (officers, NCOs and [[enlisted rank]]s). Until the early 1990s, [[conscript]]s constituted the bulk of the Army personnel, with a [[Cadre (military)|cadre]] of career officers and NCOs responsible for their training. Conscription was however gradually reduced since the middle 1990s, until being finally formally abolished in 2004.

As 2014, the Portuguese Army employed 5,667 career personnel and 10,444 volunteers, this representing a total of 16,111 military personnel. Of the total military personnel, 2,669 were officers, 3,917 were NCOs and 9,595 were other ranks. Further, the Army also included 1,897 civilian employees.

== Current deployments ==

=== National deployed forces ===
The national deployed forces (''forças nacionais destacadas'' or FND) are units or teams deployed by the Portuguese Armed Forces in foreign missions, mostly in the scope of [[NATO]], the [[United Nations]] or the [[European Union]]. Currently, the Portuguese Army maintains forces or elements deployed in the following international missions:
* [[Resolute Support Mission]] in [[Afghanistan]]
* [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan|UNAMA]] in Afghanistan
* [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]] in [[Kosovo]]
* [[United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali|MINUSMA]] in [[Mali]]
* [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve]] in [[Iraq]]
* [[European Union Training Mission Somalia|EUTM-Somalia]] in [[Uganda]]
* EUMAM RCA in the [[Central African Republic]]

===Technical-military cooperation===
The technical-military cooperation (''cooperação técnico-militar'' or CTM) are the military missions permanently maintained by Portugal in several members of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] to train and support their national armed forces. Currently, the Portuguese Army maintains elements deployed in the following CTM missions:
* CTM [[Angola]]
* CTM [[Cape Verde]]
* CTM [[Guinea-Bissau]]
* CTM [[Mozambique]]
* CTM [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* CTM [[Timor-Leste]]

==History==
{{for|the operational history of the Portuguese Army|Military history of Portugal}}
The Portuguese Army has a long history, directly connected to the [[history of Portugal]] since its early beginnings.

===Middle Ages===
The Portuguese Army has its remote origins in the military forces of the [[County of Portugal]] that allowed its ruler, [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]], to obtain its independence from the [[Kingdom of León]] and to enlarge its territory in the 12th century. The victory of the Portuguese forces in the [[battle of São Mamede]], on the 24 June 1128, is considered the seminal event for the foundation of the independent Portugal, leading to Afonso Henriques to style himself as Prince. In the following year, on the 25 July 1139, the Portuguese troops obtain a spectacular victory over five Moorish kings in the [[Battle of Ourique]], after its end proclaiming Afonso Henriques as [[King of Portugal|King of the Portuguese]]. Finally, under the [[Treaty of Zamora]], signed on the 5 October 1143, Portugal was officially recognized as an independent Kingdom.
[[File:Batalha de Aljubarrota - Chroniques de Froissart (Holanda, c. 1450-1460).png|thumb|350px|right|Portuguese victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota.]]

At the same time, the Portuguese forces were also involved in the ''[[Reconquista]]'', successively advancing south to reconquer territories occupied by the [[Moors]]. The Portuguese part of the ''Reconquista'' came to an end in 1249, with the complete recapture of the [[Algarve]].

In the 14th century, the Portuguese troops [[1383-1385 Crisis|defeated Castilian invaders]], obtaining a definitive victory in the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] in 1385. With the independence guaranteed, Portugal then began its worldwide overseas expansion, starting by the [[conquest of Ceuta]] in North Africa in 1415.

During the [[Middle Ages]], the Portuguese ground troops were formed by the mixed grouping of military contingents provided by the [[Lord of the Manor|lords of the manors]] and lords of the [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Church]] (''mesnadas''), by the [[Military order (monastic society)|military orders]], by the [[Municipalities of Portugal|cities, towns and municipalities]] (municipal militias) and by the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Monarch]]. These contingents were collectively referred as the ''[[hueste|Hoste]]'', which was under the supreme command of the Monarch. Since the earlier beginning, the Monarch often delegated his command in the ''Alferes-Mor'' (High Standard-bearer).

Organization of the Portuguese military developed during the Middle Ages, leading to a more complex structure and the consequent creation of new command offices. Thus, in 1383, the office of [[Constable of Portugal]] was created, replacing the ''Alferes-Mor'' as the head of the military. The Constable was assisted by the Marshal of Portugal.

Other Portuguese important military offices that existed were those of ''fronteiro-mor'' (theatre commander of the forces operating in a province), of ''Coudel-Mor'' (superintendent of the [[cavalry]]) and of ''Anadel-Mor'' (superintendent of the shooters). The ''Anadel-Mor'', by himself, superintended the commanders (''anadéis'') of the king's [[crossbow]]men, of the horse crossbowmen and of the municipal crossbowmen.

===Overseas expansion===
With the start of the [[Portuguese discoveries|maritime expansion of Portugal]] in the 15th century, the country's land forces focused on overseas campaigns intended to conquer new territories in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]], that would form the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Among these many campaigns were the [[Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts|wars for the control of Morocco]], the [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts|wars with the Ottoman Empire]] for the control of [[Portuguese India|India]] and the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Persian–Portuguese war|war with the Persian Empire]] for the control of the [[Persian Gulf]] and participation in the [[Abyssinian–Adal war]] in support of the [[Ethiopian Empire]]. The role of the ground forces was more important in the campaigns of Morocco, that were fought mainly on land. A great part of the other overseas campaigns occurred at sea and so were led by the [[Portuguese Navy]], but the ground forces had also an important role as boarding forces during naval battles and as landing forces in amphibious operations. In Europe, Portuguese ground forces engaged in the [[War of the Castilian Succession]].
[[File:Assault-on-Asilah.JPG|thumb|right|350px|The Portuguese forces, personally commanded by King Afonso V, in the [[conquest of Asilah]], Morocco.]]
Reflecting the importance of the [[artillery]], in 1449, the role of ''Vedor-Mor da Artilharia'' (Superintendent of the Artillery) is established by King [[Afonso V of Portugal|Afonso V]], with the responsibility for the procurement and conservation of the artillery.

After a number of previous failed attempts, King [[Sebastian of Portugal|Sebastian]] established the foundations of a [[standing army]], with the creation of the ''[[Ordenanças]]'' in 1570. The ''Ordenanças'' was a [[militia]]-type territorial organization aimed to provide a military framework for the Portuguese population and to create a nationwide standardized system of military training and mobilization. It was organized into 250-man [[company (military)|companies]], each headed by a [[captain (military)|captain]], assisted by an ''[[alférez (rank)|alferes]]'' ([[ensign (rank)|ensign]]) and a [[sergeant]]. The several ''Ordenanças'' companies of a city, town or municipality were grouped into captaincies, each headed by a [[captain-major]], assisted by a [[sergeant-major]]. The ''Ordenanças'' system would cover virtually all available manpower of Portugal and become part of the basis of the Portuguese military organization until the 19th century. Its efficiency would soon be evidenced by its important contribution to the raising of the expeditionary army that would fight the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir|1578 Moroccan campaign]].

During the reign of Sebastian, Portuguese land forces also adopted the ''terço'' (modeled after the Spanish ''[[tercio]]'') as its main infantry formation. In 1578, for the Moroccan campaign, four provincial ''terços'' were raised through the ''Ordenanças'' system, another one was drawn from young nobles volunteers and a further three were made up of foreign mercenaries. Each of these ''terços'' was made of 12 companies and around 3000 men ([[pike (weapon)|pike]]men, [[arquebus]]iers and [[musketeer]]s), under the command of a [[colonel]]. In respect of the Portuguese cavalry of the time, it included the ''acorbetados'' (heavy armored cavalry) and the ''ginetes'' (light cavalry).

The advanced organization of the Portuguese forces, however, was not sufficient to avoid the disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]] with the death of the young and childless King Sebastian. His death soon led to the takeover of the Portuguese Crown by [[Philip II of Spain]] in 1580, consolidated after the defeat of the Portuguese resistance, led by [[António, Prior of Crato|António of Portugal]], in the [[War of the Portuguese Succession]]. These events originated the 80 year long [[Iberian Union]], period in which the interests of Portugal became subordinated to those of Spain, causing a sharp decline in its economical, political and social might.

===Restoration War===
With Portugal subject to the Spanish kings, the early 17th century was a period of neglect of the Portuguese military. Portuguese forces were mobilized to fight for Spain in its campaigns in several theatres. By contrast, almost no military support was received from Spain for the defense of the Portuguese Empire, which came under successive attacks by Spain's enemies, in particular the English and the Dutch. As a result, Portugal suffered a series of military set backs, [[Dutch–Portuguese War|losing several territories in Africa, in Asia and in America]].

On 1{{nbsp}}December 1640, the Portuguese revolted and restored their full independence, under the leadership of the [[House of Braganza|Duke of Braganza]], who was crowned as King [[John IV of Portugal]]. The [[Portuguese Restoration War]] then started, with the Portuguese Army defeating the Spanish Army in a series of military campaigns, until achieving the final victory in 1668. At the same time, the Portuguese defeated the Dutch in a series of overseas campaigns, recovering most of its territories in Africa and South America.
[[File:Pormenor da Batalha de Montes Claros, 1665.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Partial depiction of the [[Battle of Montes Claros]] in a 17th-century ''[[azulejo]]'' panel at the [[Palace of the Marquises of Fronteira|Palace of Fronteira]].]]
At the moment of the Restoration of Portuguese independence, the country's ground forces were reduced to around 2000 ill-equipped men. The ''Ordenanças'' had been neglected and virtually disappeared. A new military organization had then to be built. By this time, ground forces started to be referred to as the ''Exército'' (Army). The high command structure of the new military organization had a Council of War (''Conselho de Guerra'') as the supreme military body of the country. The Monarch delegated most of his military roles in this council, including the responsibility for military organization, commission of officers, military operations planning, building of fortifications and military justice. The role of Captain-General of the Arms of the Kingdom was created to serve as the commander-in-chief of the Army, at the same time presiding over the Council of War. Under the Captain-General, there was a military territorial organization that included a general officer governor of arms for each of the six provinces (Entre-Douro e Minho, Trás-os-Montes, Beira, Estremadura, Alentejo and Algarve) and under them, a military governor for each of the 25 ''comarcas''.

This system of forces - approved by the [[Portuguese Cortes]] (Parliament) in 1642 - had one of the most advanced organizations of the time, including three lines or classes of troops. The organization of the forces established at this time would remain almost unchanged until the disbandment of the Army in 1837, after the end of the Civil War.

The first line was made up of the paid troops (professional troops), that included ''terços'' of infantry and independent companies of horse ([[cuirassier]]s and [[carabineer]]s). The paid infantry soldiers were recruited among the cadet sons of all classes, except orphans and farmers, while the soldiers of horse were recruited only among the cadet sons of the nobles, and usually volunteered to serve for six years. The officers were all recruited among the nobles. Initially, 10 paid ''terços'' were raised, besides the already existing [[Portuguese Marines|''terço'' of the Navy]]. With the course of the war, additional paid ''terços'' were raised, with the number fixed at 20, after the end of the conflict. The ''terços'' were the equivalent of the [[regiment]]s of most of the non-Iberian European armies. Each ''terço'' was commanded by a ''[[mestre de camp]]o'' (equivalent to colonel), assisted by a sergeant-major and a staff, with 10 companies and around 2000 men ([[Pike (weapon)|pikemen]], [[arquebusier]]s and [[musketeer]]s). Despite the existence of plans for the creation of regiments of horse, grouping several companies of horse, these were never implemented and these companies continued to be independent units through the duration of the war. However, for merely tactical purposes, the companies of horse were occasionally grouped in temporary formations (''troços''), each under the command of a commissioner general (senior officer of cavalry).

The second line was made up of the [[Auxiliaries|auxiliary]] troops that formed the [[Military reserve force|reserve]] of the Army, being able to assume the same role as the troops of the first line, if necessary. The soldiers of the auxiliary troops were recruited among the orphans, farmers and married men, these only being paid if engaged in campaign. Its officers were taken from the paid troops. Initially, the auxiliary troops were organized in independent companies, several of which were grouped under the command of each of the 25 military governors of ''[[comarca#Brazil and Portugal|comarca]]''. In 1661, the role of governor of ''comarca'' was disbanded, with the companies of auxiliary troops being grouped into 25 auxiliary ''terços''.

Finally, the third line was made up of the rebuilt ''Ordenanças''. These were intended to include all the eligible men of the country, serving as a recruitment depot to provide men to the first and second lines of the army. Besides the role of recruitment depots, its units could occasionally be actively employed in the [[garrison]] of [[fortress]]es or in local defense roles. The ''Ordenanças'' continued to follow the organization established by King Sebastian, with their basic units being the companies of 250 men, grouped in captaincies. In the city of Lisbon, whose inhabitants were exempt from being draft for the auxiliary troops, the ''Ordenanças'' had a special organization, constituting five ''terços'' commanded by colonels.<ref>Ribeiro, António Silva. ''Organização Superior de Defesa Nacional''. Lisbon: Prefácio, 2004.</ref>

The Restoration War also obliged the incorporation of foreign troops into the Army. In 1641, these included eight French regiments (five of [[light cavalry]], one of [[Carabinier|carabineers]], one of [[dragoon]]s and the other of infantry), two Dutch cavalry regiments, one Irish infantry regiment, one Scottish infantry regiment and one Italian infantry regiment.

Military forces were also organized in the overseas territories of Portugal, especially in [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], where the European Portuguese military organization with three classes of troops was replicated, although with local adaptations. In Brazil, ''terços'' of [[White Brazilians|whites]], [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indians]] and [[Afro-Brazilians|blacks]] were raised. The Brazilian colonial forces successfully defeated and expelled the Dutch invaders not only from Brazil, but also constituted the bulk of the expedition to Africa that expelled the Dutch from [[São Tomé Island]] and from [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], restoring Portuguese sovereignty in those territories.

===Ancien Régime===
In the early 18th century, the Portuguese Army participated in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] on the side of the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]] forces. In the middle of the century, it took part in the [[Seven Years' War]], fighting the Spanish in the European theater ([[Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)|Iberian Peninsula]]) and in the [[Fantastic War#South America (secondary theater)|South American theater]].
[[File:Granadeiro Português 1740.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Portuguese grenadier of the time of the Seven Years' War]]
In 1707, with the Portuguese Army engaged in the War of the Spanish Succession, King [[John V of Portugal|John V]] decreed a reform of the military organization. Within the scope of this reform, the paid ''terços'' were transformed in infantry regiments, with the designation of their commanding officers changed from ''mestres de campo'' to colonels. The change of designations was mainly done to match the names of the Portuguese units and military ranks with those of the foreign allied armies, following the standard designations used in most of Europe. By this time, each infantry regiment was tactically organized as single [[battalion]], with a staff and 12 companies, one of these being of [[grenadiers]]. The new military organization also presaged the creation of regiments of cavalry and dragoons. Artillery regiments would also be formed later. The regiments of infantry, cavalry and dragoons were grouped in [[brigade]]s, each under the command of a [[brigadier]]. The auxiliary ''terços'' however remained with the same designation and organization until 1796, when these followed the model of the infantry of the line, being transformed into militia regiments.

In the scope of the [[Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)|Fantastic War]], the Army increased in size with the inclusion of two battalions of Swiss troops (latter merged into a single foreign regiment) and the raising of a regiment of light troops of infantry and cavalry. [[William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe]] was appointed to the new rank of Field Marshal General (''Marechal-General'') to command the Army in that campaign and, at the same time, to reorganize it. With the end of the War, the Army was again reduced. By 1764, the first line of the Army included 27 infantry regiments (three of them permanently deployed in Brazil), 10 regiments of cavalry, two regiments of dragoons, four regiments of artillery, one regiment of foreign infantry (the Royal Foreigners Regiment) and one regiment of light troops (the Royal Volunteers Regiment). Additionally, there were two regiments of [[Portuguese Marines|infantry of the Navy]]. Each of these regiments (with exception of the foreign regiment) corresponded to a specific district from where their soldiers were recruited.

In 1790, Queen [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] decreed the creation of the ''Academia Real de Fortificação, Artilharia e Desenho'' (Royal Academy of Fortification, Artillery and Drawing), in [[Lisbon]], for the [[higher education]] and training of the Army officers. The main purpose of this Academy was the training of [[Combat engineer|engineer officers]], but it also the trained officers of the other branches of the Army. It replaced a number of previous military academies that had existed since the 17th century, being the direct ancestor of the present [[Portuguese Military Academy]].

Besides the Army in Europe, the armies of the Crown of Portugal also included military forces and garrisons in the Portuguese Overseas territories. These forces formed separate organizations subordinated to the local Portuguese [[Viceroy]]s and governors, who, as military commanders, had also the title of captains-generals. In the late 18th century, the larger contingents of first line troops were in Brazil (12 infantry regiments, three infantry regiments deployed from Portugal, three artillery regiments, one dragoon regiment, one cavalry regiment, the Viceroy Cavalry Guard and a [[Legion of Light Troops]]), in [[Portuguese India|India]] (two infantry regiments, one artillery regiment, one cavalry regiment and two legions of [[sepoy]]s) and in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] (an infantry regiment, an artillery regiment and a cavalry regiment). Since the 17th century, several military academies had been established in several parts of the Overseas for the training of the members of the local military forces. In 1792, the ''[[Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho]]'' (Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing) was established in [[Rio de Janeiro]] - on the exact model of the Royal Academy of Fortification of Lisbon - for the training of the officers of the Army in Brazil, this being considered the oldest engineering school of the Americas.

===Peninsular War===
[[File:Cacadore leichte Infanterie.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Soldier of the 6th ''Caçadores'' Battalion in 1811.]]
At the end of the 18th century, Portugal joined in the [[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary Wars]], when it sent an expeditionary army to aid Spain against the [[French First Republic|Revolutionary French]] in the [[War of the Pyrenees|War of the Pyrenees (Roussillon campaign)]]. However, Spain made a separate peace with France and turned itself against Portugal. In 1801, the Spanish Army invaded Portugal with the aid of France, with the Portuguese Army facing the invaders in the [[War of Oranges]]. The refusal from Portugal to antagonize Britain, its old ally, and to adhere to the [[Continental System]], led to the start of the [[Peninsular War]], with the French Army invading Portugal in 1807. The French invasion obliged the strategic transference of the Portuguese Crown to Brazil and put the Portuguese Army in disarray. Under French occupation, the Army was disbanded and its most important units are integrated in the [[Portuguese Legion (Napoleonic Wars)|Portuguese Legion]] raised by order of [[Napoleon]] and that would fight for him in the campaigns of Germany, Austria and [[French invasion of Russia|Russia]]. Reconstituted and integrated in the [[Anglo-Portuguese Army]], led by the British General [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], the Portuguese Army performed well in the remainder of the Peninsular War. The first major battle of the Anglo-Portuguese Army was the [[Battle of Bussaco]] in 1810, the success of which gave the inexperienced troops confidence in their abilities. The infantry and artillery went on to perform well up until the final [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse]] in 1814 when news arrived of Napoleon's abdication.

The experience from the Roussillon campaign highlighted some gaps in the Portuguese Army, including the lack of light infantry troops. This led to the inclusion of a ''[[caçadores]]'' (light infantry) company in each of the infantry regiments and the raising of the elite Legion of Light Troops in 1796. This Legion was an experimental all-arms unit, that included an infantry battalion (occasionally referred as ''caçadores''), three cavalry squadrons (occasionally referred as ''[[hussars]]'') and a [[horse artillery]] battery.

The Portuguese Army underwent a major reorganization in 1807, this being focused mainly on the territorial military division of the country, for recruitment, mobilization and training purposes, taking advantage of the data obtained in the 1801 census about the number and distribution of the Portuguese population. The country was divided into three grand military divisions (North, Center and South), these being in turn subdivided into 24 recruiting districts called ''Ordenança'' brigades. This geometrical division was established so that each ''Ordenança'' brigade would cover an identical population and would be responsible for the raising of a line infantry and two militia regiments. Each grand division then included eight line infantry regiments (grouped in four brigades), four cavalry regiments, one artillery regiment, eight militia regiments and four ''Ordenanças'' brigades. The South Division included further the Legion of Light Troops and a second artillery regiment. The existing line infantry, cavalry and artillery regiments were kept, but became numbered instead of being designated after their garrison places or the name of their commanding officers as they were previously. Lisbon's inhabitants also became eligible to be drafted for the Militias, with two regiments being created in the city (the regiments of Royal Volunteers of Foot Militias of Eastern and Western Lisbon). The Army was then to be composed of 24 infantry, 12 cavalry, four artillery and 48 militias regiments, the Legion of Light Troops, the 24 ''Ordenanças'' brigades, the Army military corps (Army Staff, Engineers, Fortresses Staff, Fortress fixed garrisons, [[Guide#Military guides and Guides regiments|Guides]] and Artificiers) and the Army civil corps (Treasury, Hospitals, Hospital Guardianship, Transportation and [[Army Police (Portugal)|Army Police]]). Shortly afterwards, a militia cavalry regiment (the Regiment of Royal Volunteers of Horse Militias) was raised in Lisbon and added to the Army .

The transference of the Portuguese Government and Crown to Brazil meant that some of the most important military officers were also transferred. Most of the remaining more experienced officers and best units of the Army were ordered by the French occupant authorities to form the Portuguese Legion and sent to France to fight for Napoleon. These events suspended the full implementation of the 1807 reorganization and left the Portuguese Army practically dismantled. The military resistance to invaders began to be carried away mainly by the initiative of the Militias and local ''Ordenanças'', which launched a [[guerrilla]] war on the rearguard of the French forces, managing to cut their lines of communications and to isolate many of their units. A number of voluntary and irregular units were raised on the initiative of local military, administrative and even ecclesiastical authorities, including the Volunteers Regiment raised by the Governing Board of [[Portalegre Municipality, Portugal|Portalegre]], the Transtagana Legion raised by the ''[[corregedor]]'' of [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]] and the [[Academic Battalion]] raised by the [[University of Coimbra]]. Another important voluntary unit, the [[Loyal Lusitanian Legion]], was raised in [[England]] with Portuguese [[émigré]]s.

In 1809, following the [[Battle of Corunna]], the Portuguese Army was reconstituted under the initiative of the Secretary of War [[Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira|Pereira Forjaz]] and re-trained by the [[British Army|British]] under the direction of Lieutenant General [[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Beresford]]. Most of the 1807 organization was retained, but with the addition of the newly raised independent battalions of ''caçadores'', that would become famous in the Peninsular War. These were formed mainly by the transformation of previous irregular voluntary units and of the Loyal Lusitanian Legion. Six of these battalions were raised in 1808 by order of Secretary Pereira Forjaz, with six additional ones being raised in 1811. The lack of experienced Portuguese officers was mitigated by the inclusion of a number of British officers in the several Army units, in a way that most of them had a Portuguese commanding officer and a British second in command or vice versa. The Militias were augmented with newly raised special units, including the infantry and cavalry regiments of the Royal Commerce Volunteers, the 1st and 2nd battalions of national artillerymen of Lisbon, the 1st and 2nd battalions of national ''caçadores'' of Lisbon and the Battalion of the Royal Volunteers of Oporto. Active units of ''Ordenanças'' were also raised, including the 16 national legions for the defense of Lisbon (each with three battalions) and a number of ''Ordenanças'' artillery companies for the garrison of fortresses, these being mainly employed in the [[Lines of Torres Vedras]].

===South American campaigns===
[[File:Tropas brasileiras 1825.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The Division of Royal Volunteers parading in Rio de Janeiro, before embarking to the Banda Oriental campaign.]]
The Portuguese Royal Court and Government install themselves in Brazil from 1808, with [[Rio de Janeiro]] becoming the ''de facto'' capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil is raised to the status of Kingdom, with the whole Portuguese Monarchy becoming the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]. As a retaliation against the Napoleonic invasion of the Portugal, the Portuguese forces in Brazil [[Portuguese conquest of French Guiana|invaded and conquered the French Guiana in 1808]]. In 1811, the Portuguese Army in Brazil [[Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–12)|invaded the Banda Oriental]] (present day [[Uruguay]]), to retake Portuguese claimed territories that were under Spanish occupation. In 1816, the [[Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental|Portuguese forces invaded again the Banda Oriental]], defeating the forces of [[José Gervasio Artigas|Artigas]] in a series of battles. [[Banda Oriental]] is then annexed to the Portuguese Crown as the Brazilian [[Cisplatine Province]]. After the declaration of the [[Independence of Brazil]] in September 1822, by the Portuguese Prince heir [[Peter II of Brazil|Peter]], the Portuguese Army fought the brief [[War of Independence of Brazil|Brazilian War of Independence]]. This war assumed a character of a kind of a civil war, with the forces loyal to the Portuguese Government fighting the [[Brazilian Army|separatist army]] whose leaders and officers were also mostly Portuguese. By 1823, the resistance of the Portuguese loyal forces was concentrated in some coastal cities, especially those of [[Siege of Salvador|Salvador of Bahia]] and [[Siege of Montevideo (1823)|Montevideo]] (presently the capital of Uruguay), all under siege of the Brazilian separatist forces. Despite repelling successive attacks by the superior Brazilian forces, but with no perspectives of receiving reinforcements, the Portuguese garrison of Salvador, under the command of General [[Inácio Luís Madeira de Melo|Madeira de Melo]], evacuated the city and embarked in a Portuguese naval squadron, sailing to Portugal in July 1823. The Portuguese garrison of Montevideo was the last to resist in Brazil, only surrendering to the Brazilian forces (ironically, commanded by the Portuguese General [[Carlos Frederico Lecor, Viscount of Laguna|Carlos Lecor]]) on the 8 March 1824.

With the presence of the Royal Court and of a high number of Portuguese Army officers that accompanied it, the military organization of Brazil is developed, with its ground forces now being frequently referred as the "[[Brazilian Army#History|Army of Brazil]]" (while the Portuguese Army in Europe was referred as the "Army of Portugal" or the "Army of the Kingdom"). The Army of Brazil would be the origin of the present [[Brazilian Army]]. With the end of the Peninsular War, the Army of Brazil is reinforced with military contingents sent from Portugal, one of the most important of these being the [[Division of Royal Volunteers]], commanded by General Carlos Lecor. This Division was originally raised, by the request of the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], to integrate its army in the [[Waterloo Campaign]], but ended instead to be sent to Brazil.

===Liberal Wars===
From 1828 to 1834, occurred the [[Liberal Wars]], a civil conflict that opposed the [[Miguelites]] (Absolutists) led by King [[Michael I of Portugal|Michael I]] to the Liberals led by his brother Peter (ex-[[Peter I of Brazil]] and ex-[[Peter IV of Portugal]], defending the rights of his daughter, the Queen [[Mary II of Portugal|Mary II]]). The Portuguese Army divided itself by the two sides, although most of its units aligned on the side of Michael. The Miguelite forces were occasionally referred as the "Royalist Army". The Liberals raised the so-called "Liberator Army", made up mainly of newly raised units, but also incorporating some units of the regular Army that passed to their side. Both the Miguelite and the Liberal armies were referred as the "Rebel Army" by their respective opponents. The war ended formally on 26 May 1834, with the capitulation of Michael I in the [[Concession of Evoramonte]]. Miguelites partisans continued, however, a guerrilla warfare in several regions of the country until around 1838. The Article 9 of the Concession of Evoramonte established that all regiments and corps loyal to Michael should peacefully disband themselves. This meant in practice the dismantling of the "old" Portuguese Army, as most of its centuries-old regiments were disbanded. The victorious Liberals regime then raised a "new" Portuguese Army built essentially from the Liberator Army. The Militias and ''Ordenanças'' were also expressly extinguished, thus ending the traditional Portuguese military territorial organization originated in the 16th century. This extinction was mainly related with political reasons, as those organizations were considered traditionalists and far aligned with the Miguelites. To serve as second line troops, partially replacing the previous organizations, the Liberal regime raised the new National Guard. The National Guard was however not part of the Army, being instead subordinated to the civil administrative authorities. Despite the new regime initially given it a high importance, the National Guard turned out to show herself inefficient, undisciplined and highly politicized, being involved in a number of conspiracies and coups, eventually losing the confidence of the authorities and be disbanded in 1847.

As early as 1835, the new organized Army sends an expeditionary division to Spain, to support the Spanish liberals and their Queen Isabel II, in the [[First Carlist War|Carlist War]]. For several years, the Portuguese Army would also be involved in a number of internal civil conflicts that erupted as remnants of the Liberal Wars. These included the [[Revolution of Maria da Fonte]] and the [[Patuleia]].

[[File:Battle of Ferreira Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|400px|thumb|[[Battle of Ponte Ferreira]], between the Miguelite and the Liberal armies.]]
The Royalist Army (''Exército Realista'') that fought on the Miguelite side resulted essentially from the reorganization of the Portuguese Army established by King Michael I in 1829. The main changes implemented in this reorganization were the formal disbandment of the military units that joined the liberal side, the change of the line regiments designation system (the units ceased to be identified by numbers and come to be again designated by the names of their garrison places) and the creation of four regiments of ''caçadores'' from the four battalions of ''caçadores'' that remained loyal to Michael. The first line of the Army thus included eight cavalry, 16 infantry, four ''caçadores'' and three artillery regiments, the Engineers Battalion and the Telegraph Corps. The Militias and ''Ordenanças'' were maintained with the previous organization, but were joined by a newly raised volunteers corps (the Corps of Royalist Volunteers), that included around 40 battalions and a number of independent companies of cavalry and ''caçadores''.

The army raised by the Liberals to fight the Miguelites came to be known as the "Liberator Army" (''Exército Libertador''). It started to be raised from the military units stationed in the [[Azores]] (the first portion of the Portuguese territory under Liberal control), including the elite 5th ''Caçadores'' Battalion, that had been deployed to garnish the [[Fortress of São João Baptista (Angra do Heroísmo)|Fortress of São João Baptista]] in [[Terceira island]]. In August 1829, these forces were able to win the [[Battle of Praia da Vitória]], an attempt of the Miguelite Navy to disembark troops and retake Terceira island. The initial Liberal forces in Azores were soon joined by Liberals evaded from the Miguelite army, by exiled Liberal volunteers and by foreign volunteers and mercenaries (mainly French, English, Belgians, Polish, Irish and Scottish). When the Liberal forces landed at Mindelo (near Oporto) in July 1832 - initiating the campaign in Mainland Portugal - they included more than 7000 men, most of them being foreigners. By July 1833, the Liberator Army included the Imperial Staff, the inspections generals of the Cavalry, Engineers and Artillery branches, the governments of arms of the Douro Province and of the fortresses of Oporto, the staffs of the six Portuguese brigades, the civil departments of the Army (pay-office, health, military administration, general audit, catering, transports and permanent [[court-martial]]), one cavalry regiment, seven line infantry regiments, four battalions of ''caçadores'', the Artillery Staff, one artillery battalion, the [[academic battalion|Academic Artillerymen Volunteers Corps]], the Artillerymen Conductors Company, the [[Portuguese National Republican Guard|Corps of the Royal Police Guard of Oporto]], the Royal Corps of Engineers, the Queens Own Volunteers Regiment, the National Volunteers (one national corps on horse, five national mobile battalions, two national fix battalions, four provisional battalions and one public employees battalion), the Royal Arsenal of the Army, the Ouro Train, the Oporto Veterans (two companies), the Military General Depot, the Staff of the Expeditionary Division to Algarve, the Staff of the Azores Division, the staffs of the two foreign brigades, the Queens Own Lancers Regiment (British), the Navy's Regiment (British), the Queen's Own Grenadiers Regiment (Irish), the Scottish Fusiliers Battalion (British), the British Volunteers Battalion (British), and the 1st and 2nd Queen's own light infantry regiments (mainly French and Belgians).

The transformation of the Liberator Army into the new Portuguese Army occurred by the organization established in July 1834. By this organization, the Army included the General Staff, the Staff Corps, the Engineering Corps (including a staff and the Sappers Battalion), the Artillery Corps (including a grand staff and two regiments), six regiments of cavalry, 12 regiments of infantry, four regiments of light infantry or ''caçadores'' and the military intendancy. The infantry regiments would form six brigades grouped in three divisions, the light infantry regiments would form two brigades grouped in a light division and the cavalry regiments would form three brigades. Each province continued to have a military governor, that commanded the troops stationed there and that were not assigned to a special purpose division. The artillery, cavalry, infantry and light infantry regiments would be numbered. Despite several of these regiments originated from units of the previous Liberator Army, they received numbers identical to those once used by the old disbanded regiments to whom they were not related. Besides the previous referred corps and units, the Army also included the fortresses staffs, the secretariats, the academies, the [[Colégio Militar|Military College]], the arsenals and trains, the Telegraph Corps, training depots, the Veterinary School, veterans, invalids and fortress garrisons.

===Constitutional Monarchy===
After the gradual stabilization of the Constitutional Monarchic regime after the Liberal Wars and with no imminent perceived immediate threats against the Portuguese European territory, the Army will focus in internal security duties and in the organizations of military expeditions to the Overseas.

The first major re-organization of the Army after its transformation from the previous Liberator Army, occurred as soon as 1837. The cavalry started to be organized in eight regiments, of which four would be of lancers and the others of ''caçadores a cavalo'' (mounted rifles). The infantry ceased to have regiments and become organized in 30 independent battalions, of which 10 would be of ''caçadores'' (numbered 6 to 25) and the others would be of line infantry (numbered 1 to 5 and 26 to 30). The artillery started to include four regiments, one of which was of horse and mounted artillery and the others were of garrison artillery.
[[File:Roi Manuel en manœvres (Ch.-Fl. 111-4622).jpg|thumb|right|350px|King [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]], the last Monarch of Portugal, visiting an Army unit, near the end of the Monarchy.]]
In 1837, also occurs a deep reformation of the military higher education. The previous Royal Academy of Fortification, Artillery and Design was transformed into the new [[Military Academy (Portugal)|''Escola do Exército'' (Army School)]], intended to train the Army officers and also to train [[civil engineer]]s. The old Royal Academy of the Navy was replaced by the new ''Escola Politécnica'' (Polytechnic School), intended to serve as an undergraduate preparatory establishment for the access to the Army School and also to the [[Naval School (Portugal)|Naval School]].

The infantry came to be again organized in regiments in 1842. It now included the Queen's Grenadiers Regiment, 16 line infantry regiments and 18 ''caçadores'' battalions. The Queen's Grenadiers was a special regiment responsible to serve as the [[royal guard]] of Queen Mary II. In 1855, it would however cease to have a special status and be transformed into a regular line infantry regiment.

Until the 1840s and to face the internal troubles caused by the politically instability that followed the Liberal Wars, the Army continued be reinforced with units of volunteers, generically referred as the "national battalions". These included units of infantry, ''caçadores'', artillery and cavalry, raised through all the country.

The inexistence of nationwide [[gendarmerie]], meant that the Army would partially be employed in that role, mainly in the rural areas of the country. So, most of the Army units were frequently requested by the local administrative authorities to maintain public order and to perform other police duties, employing in these services an important part of their personnel.

The national defense strategy of the late 19th century focused mainly on the defense of Lisbon, as the major populational, economical and political center of the country and its only part considered defendable against a possible aggression from a major power. Lisbon was so transformed in a [[national redoubt]], with a modern system of fortifications built around the city, equipped with advanced systems of armament and communications. This fortified system protected the city against both land and sea attacks and became known as the Lisbon Entrenched Camp.

The last Army organizations in the Monarchy occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By that time, the Army was administratively organized in three grand military circumscriptions (North, Center and South), each including two military territorial divisions, plus two military commands (Azores and Madeira). Distributed by the several territorial divisions, there were four cavalry brigades and 12 infantry brigades, each including two regiments. Each division, brigade and military command had its own headquarters. The Lisbon Entrenched Camp constituted a separate military command headed by a general, with its own permanent garrison artillery and engineering units. In 1901, the units of Army included one engineering regiment (with sappers-miners, pontoneers, telegraph and railway companies), three engineering independent companies (fortress sappers, torpedoes and fortress telegraph), six mounted artillery regiments, one [[horse artillery]] batteries group, one [[mountain artillery]] batteries group, six garrison artillery groups, four garrison artillery independent batteries, 10 cavalry regiments, six ''caçadores'' battalions (these including also troops of cyclists and machineguns) and 27 infantry regiments. Besides these, the Army also included a number of service support units, schools and other establishments. When mobilized to enter in operations, the Army constituted the Field Army. The Field Army included a commander-in-chief and its headquarters, four active army divisions, active army independent troops (including two cavalry brigades), active army train and garrison and reserve troops. Each active division included a headquarters, two infantry brigades (each with three infantry regiments), a ''caçadores'' regiment, a cavalry regiment, three field artillery groups, a sappers-miners company and a divisional train. If needed army corps could be organized through the grouping of divisions and composite brigades which included all arms and service supports units.

===Colonial pacification campaigns===
From the second half of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century, the Portuguese Army focused in a number of colonial pacification campaigns in Africa and in Asia. In the 1840s, the Portuguese forces in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] face several conflicts, including internal insurrections and Chinese threats, being able to maintain the Portuguese sovereignty in the territory. In India, the Portuguese Army had to face several uprisings of local military units. In Africa, the Portuguese forces organize a number of campaigns intended to suppress tribal uprisings and to expand the hinterland controlled by the Portuguese authorities. These campaigns intensify specially after the beginning of the [[Scramble for Africa]] in 1881, in order to protect the Portuguese territorial claims that were being threatened by other European colonial powers. The success of the Portuguese advance to the interior of Africa led to [[Pink Map|Portugal reclaiming the sovereignty over the whole African hinterland between Angola and Mozambique]]. This claim collided however with the British interests on the same territory, leading to the [[1890 British Ultimatum]], forcing the withdrawal of the Portuguese forces from those areas. The most important pacification campaigns occurred in [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]] and in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] in the 1890s. In Mozambique, the Portuguese Army faces the powerful [[Gungunhana]], tribal [[Gaza Empire|emperor of Gaza]] that rebelled against Portugal. Gungunhana is finally defeated and captured at [[Chaimite, Mozambique|Chaimite]] in 1895.
[[File:Combat de marracuene.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The Portuguese Army in the battle of [[Marracuene]], against the forces of Gungunhana.]]
The military forces of the Portuguese Overseas, continued to constitute separate organizations, distinct from the so-called Army of Portugal or Army of the Kingdom. As so, they were not subordinated to the War Ministry, but instead they were under the supervision of the [[Ministry of the Overseas (Portugal)|Overseas Ministry]]. They usually included local raised units, being reinforced by expeditionary units sent from Portugal. In 1869, the Portuguese troops of the Overseas were globally organized in four administrative divisions: the Army of Western Africa, the Garrison of Mozambique, the Army of India and the Garrison of Macau and Timor. The Army of Western Africa included five ''caçadores'' battalions, an artillery battery, two second line battalions and 28 mobile companies, all based in Angola except a ''caçadores'' battalion in Cape Verde and another one in São Tomé and Príncipe. The Garrison of Mozambique included three ''caçadores'' battalions and one veteran company. The Army of India included a corps of engineers, an artillery regiment, a line infantry battalion, three ''caçadores'' battalions, the Municipal Guard of New Goa and two veteran companies, all based in Goa, except a ''caçadores'' battalion in [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]]. The Army of India further included its own [[military academy]] (the Military and Mathematics School of Goa), which granted university training to its engineers, artillery and infantry officers. Finally, the Garrison of Macau and Timor included an infantry battalion in Macau and two companies in Timor.

Later, the military forces of the Overseas suffer several reorganizations. In 1876, the Overseas Infantry Regiment was created. This regiment had its home garrison in Lisbon, but deployed its forces to the Overseas. Two of its battalions were always deployed in India and Macau, on rotation. This regiment would be disbanded in 1892 and replaced by the Overseas Enlisted Depot.

From the end of the 19th century, the whole of Overseas forces started to be collectively referred as the ''Exército Ultramarino'' (Overseas Army) or ''Exército Colonial'' (Colonial Army), to distinguish it from the Army in the [[Metropole]] (European Portugal) that was now frequently referred as the ''Exército Metropolitano'' (Metropolitan Army). A major reorganization of these forces, occurs between 1895 and 1901, taking advantage of the experience obtained in the colonial campaigns that were on course. The organization of the military forces of the Overseas established in 1901 included the headquarters of the overseas provinces and autonomous district, first line garrisons, military organized corps of police and customs guard, disciplinary corps, military courts, war material depots, fortresses and strongpoints staffs, health service, military administration services, the Overseas Enlisted Depot, retirees and second line troops. The governors-general of province (Angola, Mozambique and India), the governors of province (Cape Verde, Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe and Macau) and the governor of autonomous district (Timor) continued to be the superior commanders of the military forces in their respective provinces and district, with the same role as a general commanding a division, superintending the respective headquarters. The governors of subordinate districts were the commanders of the garrisons in their districts, with the role of a general commanding a brigade. The first line units included three mixed batteries of mountain and garrison artillery (in Angola, Mozambique and India), one European company of garrison artillery (in Macau), one Indigenous company of garrison artillery (in Cape Verde), six mixed companies of mountain artillery and infantry (one in Guinea, two in Angola, one in Mozambique and two in Timor), two mixed companies of garrison artillery and infantry (in São Tomé and Príncipe and Mozambique), three squadrons of dragoons (one in Angola and two in Mozambique), four independent platoons of dragoons (two in Guinea, one in India and one in Timor), six European companies of infantry (one in Cape Verde, one in Angola, two in Mozambique, one in India and one in Macau), 32 Indigenous companies of infantry (16 in Angola, 10 in Mozambique and six in India), six corps of police (in Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, Mozambique, India and Macau), two disciplinary battalions (in Angola and Mozambique), eight depot companies (four in Angola and four in Mozambique), five European music bands (three in Angola and two in Mozambique) and four Indigenous music bands (in Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, India and Macau).

===World War I===
The period before [[World War I]], were years of political instability in Portugal. In the early October 1910, a [[5 October 1910 revolution|republican revolutionary event]] occurred in Lisbon. Despite receiving few popular and military support, the revolutionaries manage to prevail, much thanks to the passive attitude of the Army and its reluctance in suppressing the uprising, with the Constitutional Monarchy being overthrown and the republic being proclaimed on the 5 October 1910. One of the first measures of the new republican regime was to implement a military reform that aimed to transform the Portuguese Army into a militia type army, modeled after the [[Swiss Army]].

Portugal participated in [[World War I]] on the side of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. The Portuguese Army would engaged in combat against the [[German Empire|Germans]] in the European [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], in the [[South-West Africa campaign|South-West Africa]] and in the [[East African Campaign (World War I)|East Africa]] campaigns. The conflict between Portugal and Germany started well before the formal declaration of war between the two countries when several military clashes between Portuguese and German troops occurred in the borders of southern Angola with [[German West Africa]] and of northern Mozambique with [[German East Africa]] in the middle of 1914. The formal entry in the war would only occur when Germany declared war on Portugal on the 9th March 1916 in response to the Portuguese seizure of German shipping.

[[File:The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps on the Western Front, 1917-1918 Q7248.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Portuguese troops marching to the line, in the Western Front.]]
The republican reform of the Army implemented between January and May 1911 did not changed deeply the organization of the last years of the Monarchy, the changes being specially the honors, disciplinary and conscription systems, with the transformation of a mainly professional army into a mainly militia army. Notable changes in the organization included the increase of the number of divisions and regiments, the extinction of the traditional ''caçadores'' units, the creation of independent units of machineguns (being part of the infantry, but organized in batteries as the artillery) and the subdivision of the artillery arm in two almost separate branches (the field artillery and the foot artillery, this last being mainly a weapon engineering and technical branch, but being also responsible for the operation of the heavy guns of the garrison and coastal artillery). By this organization, the Metropolitan Army included the general officers, the Staff Service, the several arms and services (the engineering, artillery, cavalry and infantry arms, the military health, military veterinary and military administration services, the military secretariat and the auxiliary staffs), the Army general services (War Secretariat, Army Staff, headquarters and military territorial commands, military courts and justice, military schools, retirees companies and military invalids asylum) and the services of the Lisbon Entrenched Camp. The Army troops included the active troops, the reserve troops and the territorial troops. The active troops included eight divisions (each with four infantry regiments, one machinegun batteries group, one mounted artillery regiment and a cavalry regiment) and a cavalry brigade (with three cavalry regiments), plus non-divisionary engineering troops (eight companies of sappers-miners, eight divisionary sections of bridges, eight sections of floodlights, ten sections of field telegraphists, one bridge park, one wireless telegraph company, one balloon company, one railway companies group and one fortress telegraphists company, the majority of these units being administratively grouped in two sappers-miners and one pontoneers battalions), artillery troops (two mountain artillery regiments, one horse batteries group, two howitzers batteries groups and three independent mountain batteries), infantry troops (three infantry regiments and three independent machinegun companies), health service troops (eight health companies, administratively grouped in three companies groups) and military administration troops (eight supply companies and eight transportation companies, grouped in three military administration companies groups).

Adjustments on the above organization would latter be done in the Army. These included the creation of the [[Portuguese Air Force#History|Military Aeronautical Service]] in May 1914, following the development of the military aviation that was happening. An aviation unit would integrate the Portuguese Forces campaigning in East Africa and Portuguese pilots would fight in the Western Front integrated in French aviation squadrons. Latter, in 1924, the Army aviation would gain the status of a full arm of service (known as the "Military Aeronautics" or "aeronautics arm") as were the engineering, artillery, cavalry and infantry.

For the African campaigns, the local Portuguese colonial forces were reinforced with military expeditions sent from the European Portugal. These expeditions were made of infantry battalions, cavalry squadrons and artillery batteries detached from their parent regiments in European Portugal. Usually, each regiment deployed its 3rd battalion. Around 15 000 men were deployed to Angola and 17 000 to Mozambique. For the European Western Front, around 60 000 men were deployed in two expeditionary forces: the [[Portuguese Independent Heavy Artillery Corps|Independent Heavy Artillery Corps (CAPI)]] and the larger and better known [[Portuguese Expeditionary Corps|Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP)]]. The CAPI was a heavy artillery regiment, raised with personnel taken from the coastal and garrison artillery units of the Lisbon Entrenched Camp, that operated heavy [[railway gun]]s under the control of the French Army. The CEP was an infantry formation that would assume the responsibility for a whole autonomous sector of the front, under the control of the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|British First Army]]. It was initially raised as an reinforced division, but was then reorganized as an [[army corps]] of two divisions, including six infantry brigades, divisionary troops, corps troops, a rearguard base and army troops (heavy artillery and a railway units under the direct control of the First Army). The CEP was deployed to France in the early 1917 and - although almost being destroyed in April 1918, in the [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Battle of the Lys]] - it continued to fight on the Western Front until the armistice brought an end to World War I.

===Inter-wars and World War II period===
On the 28th May 1926, an Army led [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|coup d'état]] ended the politically instable [[Portuguese First Republic]] and established the transitory [[Ditadura Nacional|National Dictatorship]], an event that led to the establishment of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|New State]] in 1933. From 1936 on, a number of Portuguese volunteers (known as the [[Viriatos]]) offered to fight in the [[Spanish Civil War]] on the Francoist nationalist side. Many of these volunteers were officers and NCOs of the Portuguese Army, and most served mainly in elite units like the [[Spanish Foreign Legion]] and the [[Aviación Nacional|National Aviation]]. Although Portugal did not officially participate in World War II, Portuguese troops [[Battle of Timor|fought in Timor against the Japanese invaders]] and had to deter a planned invasion of the Continental and Atlantic islands territories of Portugal.
[[File:LG&CG - CaboVerde AntiAereas.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Anti-aircraft gun installed in [[Mindelo]], as part of the Portuguese military reinforcement to defend the [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cape Verde isles]] during World War II.]]
One of the first measures of the new regime was the rationalization and re-organization of the Army, taking into account the lessons learned in the participation in the World War I. The basis of the organization established in July 1926 will prevail, although with diverse and successive adjustments, until the 1990s. The Swiss inspired concept of a militia army is abandoned and replaced by a mixed model, capable of allowing the rapid engagement of operational forces, which had proven difficult with the previous model. Two types of units came into existence. The first were the territorial units spread across the territory, including the regiments of the several arms, that continued to serve mainly as training and mobilization centers, with a small permanent staff of professional officers and NCOs responsible for the annual training of conscripts. The second type were units permanently maintained in a higher state of readiness, with their effectives in time of peace being almost identical of those planned for war. These last units consisted mainly in 10 border defense reinforced battalions (with the title ''caçadores'' being recovered to designate these units) and in two brigades of cavalry. No divisions or other field formations, besides the two cavalry brigades, would be permanently maintained active, only being raised if needed. The number of military units was decreased, the territorial divisions were abolished, with the territory of Continental Portugal becoming divided in four military regions and in the Military Government of Lisbon (this one having both the role of military region and the role of the abolished Lisbon Entrenched Camp command).

The Army would suffer another major reorganization in 1937. This reorganization kept the major features of the previous one. Regarding the ground forces, the major changes were the reduction of the number of infantry regiments, from 22 to 16 and the raising of armored units. The militia-type [[Portuguese Legion (Estado Novo)|Portuguese Legion]] is formalized as being part of the military structure. The Military Aeronautics arm - although continued to be administratively part of the Army - gained a high level of operational autonomy, starting to have its own central command, what transformed it in an almost separate branch of service.

During World War II, to deter a possible invasion of the Portuguese islands and overseas territories, the Army had to send several military expeditions to reinforce the local defense forces. As part of the defense measures of the Overseas, the colonial military forces were transitorily placed under the control of the Army, although continuing to be separate from it. The larger contingent of expeditionary forces went to the Azores, with its Army garrison achieving the 35 000 men. The defense of the Azores was crucial as these islands were planned to serve as retreat point and base of the Portuguese Government in case of an enemy occupation of Continental Portugal. Besides this, the Portuguese authorities received intelligence about the existence of both Axis and Allied plans to occupy the islands (including the planned British operations ''Alloy'', ''Shrapnell'', ''Brisk'', ''Thruster'', ''Springboard'' and ''Lifebelt'', the US Operation ''Grey'' and the German operations ''Felix'', ''Ilona'' and ''Isabella''), to use them to control the North Atlantic. The defense of Continental Portugal was also reinforced, especially of the Lisbon area. The measures for the defense of Lisbon included the raising of a complex system of coastal and anti-aircraft defense and the raising of an army corps of three divisions for ground defense.

===Early Cold War===
In 1949, Portugal was one of the founding members of [[NATO]]. In the peak of the [[Cold War]], the Portuguese Army focused on the preparation for a conventional or even nuclear warfare in Europe, during the 1950s. As part of this preparation, the Portuguese Army increasingly aligned with the doctrine, organization, training and equipment model of the [[United States Army]]. In 1950, the [[Portuguese Armed Forces]] were created as an integrated organization, with the operational command responsibilities of the Army and the Navy being increasingly transferred to unified bodies of command. The Colonial Military Forces are finally merged with the Metropolitan Army, with a single common Army existing since then, both in the Metropolis (European Portugal) and in the Overseas territories. In 1952, the Military Aeronautics arm is completely separated from the Army - at the same time absorbing the [[Portuguese Naval Aviation]] - and becomes the autonomous [[Portuguese Air Force]]. However, at the same time, the Army activated a small [[army aviation|light aviation service for artillery observation]] and maintained it until 1955, when it was disbanded and its aircraft transferred to the Air Force.
[[File:Piper PA-18.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[Piper PA-18 Super Cub|Piper L-21 Super Cub]] used by the Portuguese Army artillery observation light aviation in the 1950s.]]
With the creation of the roles of [[Ministry of National Defense (Portugal)|Minister of National Defense]] and [[Armed Forces General Staff (Portugal)|Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces]] on the 1st August 1950, a unified chain of command for the then existing two branches of services (with the third one being added in 1952) is established. The Chief of the General Staff assumes the operational command functions of the then disbanded roles of major-generals (operational commanders) of the Army and of the Navy. Under the command of the Chief of the General Staff, it is foreseen the existence of [[commander-in-chief#Portugal|commanders-in-chiefs]], with the roles of unified operational commanders of all the ground, naval and air forces in a given theatre. A permanent commander-in-chief is created in each of the Overseas provinces. The Army continues to have however a highly administrative and logistical autonomy, including its own ministry (the [[War Ministry (Portugal)|Army Ministry, ex-War Ministry]]) and a network of territorial commands. The new doctrines and military technological requirements of the Cold War led to the creation of new corps in the Army, including the Materiel Service (from the previous weapons and industrial engineers branch of the artillery arm), the [[Army Police (Portugal)|Military Police]], the Communications arm (from the previous communications branch of the engineering arm) and the [[SIGINT|Signal Intelligence]] Service. Two special units are also experimentally raised, these being the [[commando]]-type Assault Sappers and, latter, the [[Portuguese Paratroopers|Paratroopers]]. However, until the 1960s, the Army high command will show an aversion against the existence of special units, causing the Assault Sappers to be disbanded and the Paratroopers to be fully transferred to the Air Force (where they stayed until 1993).

In the early 1950s, the Portuguese Government committed itself with NATO with an ambitious plan to raise 10 divisions, of which five would be stronger field divisions (known as "American type") to constitute an expeditionary army corps to operate under the [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]], while the others would be less equipped territorial divisions intended to assure a static defense of the Iberian Peninsula (three for the defense of the [[Pyrenees]] and two for the home defense of Portugal). The deployment of these divisions tended to follow the Portuguese defense doctrine of the time, that considered most of Western Continental Europe indefensible in case of a massive invasion by the [[Warsaw Pact]] forces, so focusing in transforming the Iberian Peninsula in a [[national redoubt|redoubt]], considered to be defensible at the Pyrenees line. In 1953, the first division of the expeditionary corps (the Nun'Álvares Division) is raised and would be maintained permanently active. This division adopts almost totally a U.S. organization and equipment, including around 20 000 men, with three infantry regiments (each reinforced with a squadron of tanks), a divisionary tank battalion, three field artillery battalions and anti-aircraft, engineering, signal and logistical units. To serve as training base for this division, the large Santa Margarida Military Camp is built. As the Nun'Álvares Division started to be mainly maintained by the 3rd Military Region (headquartered in [[Tomar]]), from 1955, it starts to be officially designated as 3rd Division. The Nun'Álvares Division would be the strongest and best equipped permanent force of the Portuguese Army, serving as its main training organization. In 1961, the Division engage in its last major field maneuvers. From then on, the Army would re-orient its main focus to the Overseas war, with the Division being left in a background, although only being officially disbanded in 1976.

===Overseas wars===
In December 1961, the small garrisons of the Portuguese Army in the Portuguese India had to face an [[Indian annexation of Portuguese India|invasion]] from overwhelmingly stronger Indian ground, air and naval forces. After brief resistances, each of the isolated Portuguese garrisons of [[Goa]], of [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]], of [[Diu, India|Diu]] and of the [[Anjadip Island|Angidiva island]] collapse and surrender. In Africa, the Portuguese Army would be deeply engaged in military [[counterinsurgency]] campaigns against separatists forces, that became collectively known as the "[[Portuguese Colonial War|Colonial War]]" or the "Overseas War". These campaigns are fought in three different theatres of operations, separated by thousands of kilometers from each other and from the European Portugal: [[Angolan War of Independence|Angola]] (1961-1974), [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence|Portuguese Guinea]] (1963-1974) and [[Mozambican War of Independence|Mozambique]] (1964-1974). Despite having almost no external support and facing enemies strongly supported by the Warsaw Pact and even by some Western European countries and despite having to fight in three distant theaters at the same time, the small Portuguese Armed Forces were able to resist in campaign for 13 years. The counterinsurgency campaigns in Africa had various degrees of success, with an almost victory of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola, a stalemate in Mozambique and a disadvantageous almost conventional warfare situation in Portuguese Guinea. This war ended after the [[Carnation Revolution]] military coup of 25 April 1974 in [[Lisbon]] and the subsequently independence of the Portuguese African overseas provinces.
[[File:Sempreatentos...aoperigo!.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Portuguese Army soldiers progressing in an Angolan jungle trail, attentive to possible ambushes, in the early 1960s.]]

The 1950s, saw a deep reorganization of the military forces in Portugal. The Armed Forces were established as an integrated organization in 1950, encompassing the already existing Army and Navy (to which the newly created Air Force was added in 1952), under the overall command of the Minister of National Defense and the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. The ground forces in the Overseas were finally merged with the Metropolitan Army, with a single Portuguese Army existing from then on. The establishment of the integrated Armed Forces led to the creation of the permanent roles of commander-in-chief to serve as the unified operational commanders of all the ground, air and naval forces stationed in each of the Overseas provinces. These commanders-in-chief will soon increase their operational importance over the local service commanders, with the Army territorial commands in each province going to have mere logistical responsibilities. In the scope of the peak of the [[Cold War]], the organization of the Portuguese Army in the Overseas was built with a concern on the imminent threat of war in Europe, compared with a perception of the existence of a low risk of conflicts in the Overseas provinces themselves. So, the Overseas forces were re-organized going from a focus on the internal security to a focus on the conventional warfare, at the same time being oriented to be able to reinforce the Army in Europe and not the opposite. As part of these, the previous military organization based in small company-sized units scattered along the territory was replaced by an organization based in battalion and even regiment-sized units concentrated in the main cities. In Angola and Mozambique, this structure was designed to allow the raising of entire field divisions to be deployed to European Portugal in case of a conventional warfare with the Warsaw Pact.

In the early 1960s, however, there was already a perception that guerrilla type conflicts would erupt in some of the Portuguese African territories, leading the Portuguese Army to re-orient its strategy and reorganize its forces in the Overseas, at the same type preparing its forces in Europe to be able reinforce the Overseas. As part of this, the 9th Infantry Regiment in [[Lamego]] was transformed in the [[Special Operations Troops Centre|Special Operations Training Centre]], intended to provide counter insurgency and guerrilla warfare training. The Army territorial organization that was implemented when the Overseas war erupted, divided the Portuguese national territory (Metropolitan and Overseas) in military regions (that could be subdivided in territorial commands) and in independent territorial commands. Angola and Mozambique constituted military regions commanded by generals, subdivided in territorial commands, while the other Overseas provinces - including Portuguese Guinea - constituted independent territorial commands (The exception was São Tomé and Príncipe which constituted a territorial command of the Angolan military region, until becoming an independent command in 1962). The Overseas military regions and territorial commands included units of the normal garrison (regiments, battalions and others), which constituted the permanent territorial administrative bodies responsible for the mobilization and preparation of active troops.
[[File:LG&CD - Guine Barro Jagudis 11.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Portuguese Army patrol - integrating African and European soldiers - making a pause in the middle of the Guinean jungle, in 1968.]]

The active troops themselves were organized in formations and units raised by the normal garrison units. Besides the local raised active units, many of these were raised by the European Portuguese regiments and deployed to the Overseas, being referred as "reinforcement units". The active units were temporary units - mainly formed with conscripts framed by a small [[cadre (military)|cadre]] of career officers and NCOs - that existed only during the [[tour of duty]] or active [[military service]] period of their elements (usually two years). When their period of existence was near the end, these units were replaced in the field by newly raised similar units, then returning to their parent regiment's barracks, where they were formally disbanded, their conscripts being licensed and their career elements being transferred to other units. The majority of active units employed in the Overseas War were light infantry units, designed for the counterinsurgency role, designated as ''caçadores'' (similar units raised by cavalry and artillery regiments had the designation of their respective branches, although trained, equipped and organized as ''caçadores''). These were organized in companies of ''caçadores'' that could be independent or be grouped in battalions of ''caçadores''. Besides the ''caçadores'' units, the Portuguese Army also raised and fielded regimental-level battlegroups (''agrupamentos'') headquarters and a number of specialized units (including units of field artillery, anti-aircraft artillery, armored reconnaissance, military police, engineering, signals, mortars, recoilless guns and combat support services). The Army also raised special forces and was involved in the organization of a number of [[Portuguese irregular forces in the Overseas War|irregular forces]]. The Army's special forces in the initial stages of the War were the [[Special Operations Troops Centre|Special ''Caçadores'' companies]], raised by the 5th (Lisbon) and 10th (Chaves) ''Caçadores'' battalions, with specially selected personnel that then received their training in the Special Operations Training Centre. The Army lobby against the special forces prevailed however, with these units ceasing to be raised in 1962, with the intention that all normal ''caçadores'' units would receive the same training as the disbanded special ''caçadores''. However, this proved infeasible and the lack of special forces made quickly felt, with some units mitigating this issue by raising informal special forces sub-units with selected personnel, with some of these being referred as "commandos". The [[Portuguese Army Commandos|Commandos]] would soon be formalized in Angola and then in the other theatres. From 1966, a special anti-guerrilla horse unit (the [[Angola Dragoons]]) also existed.

The majority of the ''caçadores'' units were deployed in grid (''quadrícula''), being scattered through the theatres, with each unit being responsible for the counterinsurgency activities in a given [[area of responsibility]]. Usually a ''caçadores'' battalion was responsible for a sector, having its companies disperse through the sector, each one being responsible for its own sub-sector. Sometimes, several battalion sectors were grouped in a larger battlegroup area of responsibility. The grid units were often reinforced with artillery, armored reconnaissance and other types of units. Besides the grid units, there were also the intervention forces that where held in reserve by the commands to intervene in any part of the theaters, usually in offensive operations or in the temporary reinforcement of grid units under heavy attack. Most of the intervention forces were units of special forces, but some selected ''caçadores'' units also served in this role. By 1974, as active units in the field, the Army had six Commando companies, eight battlegroup headquarters, 35 ''caçadores'' battalions headquarters and 180 ''caçadores'' companies in the Angolan theatre, one Commando battalion, four battlegroup headquarters, 18 ''caçadores'' battalion headquarters and 80 ''caçadores'' companies in the Guinean theatre and one Commando battalion, four battlegroups headquarters, 28 ''caçadores'' battalions headquarters and 120 ''caçadores'' companies in the Mozambican theatre, besides a number of active units of artillery, armor, engineering and other branches, units of normal garrison units and of other bodies.

===Late Cold War===
[[File:Prova de Choque 03.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Portuguese Army conscripts engaged in the Commando training course in the mid-1980s.]]
After the independence of most of the Portuguese overseas territories in the 1974–1975 period and after 500 years of being a multi-continental country, Portugal became again mainly confined to its European territory. After the end of the political instability period that followed the Carnation Revolution and the tutelage of the Armed Forces over the new regime, the Portuguese Army returned to the barracks and began the process of changing from an oversized colonial and counter-insurgency army to a conventional European army, including drastic personnel reductions, disbanding of some units, acquisition of new arms and equipment, reorganizing units and roles and fielding new headquarters. In the late 1970s and in the 1980s, the main concern of the Army became again the possible conflict with the Warsaw Pact in Europe, in the scope of the latest period of the Cold War. The Army continued to be mainly staffed with conscripts, framed by a core of professional officers and NCOs.

The Army kept the previous basic administrative and territorial organization. The Army Ministry was formally disbanded in 1974, but its structure continued to exist, with some adjustments, under the management of the Chief of Staff of the Army, who gained the status of minister. The Army and the other branches of the Armed Forces would only be administratively integrated in the new [[Ministry of National Defense (Portugal)|Ministry of National Defense]] after 1982. The territory of Continental Portugal continued to be divided in military regions, with the Azores and Madeira territorial independent commands now being designated "military zones". The regiments and other territorial units ceased to be numbered and became again designated by the place where they had their garrison. The traditional designation ''caçadores'' disappeared, with the battalions of that type being either disbanded or transformed in infantry units. Most of the Army regiments continued to be maintained in [[cadre (military)|cadre strength]], usually including three battalions (service, training and operational), with their main role being the annual training of conscripts. Each military region was now responsible to raise a territorial defense brigade and each military zone a territorial defense battle group. These territorial defense formations had a core of units permanently raised, but would only be fully completed through mobilization in case of war. The main operational formation was now the new [[Portuguese Mechanized Brigade|1st Independent Composite Brigade]], a mixed mechanized and motorized infantry force, based in the Santa Margarida Military Camp, maintained in a high state of readiness with most of its units permanently raised. This formation was intended to be an expeditionary force, replacing the old Nun'Álvares Division as the main contribution of the Portuguese Army for the NATO ground forces. In 1986, the Special Forces Brigade was also raised as a formation kept in a high state of readiness. This was a light infantry formation, having two battalions of Commandos as its core units. The early 1980s see the Special Operations Training Center raising its own special operations unit, which becomes the second type of Army special forces, after the already existing Commandos.

===Post Cold War===
The end of the Cold War and the consequent reduction of the threat of a conventional warfare in Europe brought the refocus of the Portuguese Army. From the beginning of the 1990s, the Army started a process of deep transformation, evolving from a mainly conscript army organized as skeleton structure oriented to support the raising of operational units through mobilization to a much smaller professional army organized with permanent operational units. This change implied a rationalization of the forces that included the deep reduction of personnel, the disbandment of a number of regiments and bodies (including the Commando Regiment) and the transference of the [[Portuguese Paratroopers|Parachute Troops]] from the Air Force to the Army.

The involvement of Portugal in a series of multinational and even national peace operations in foreign countries led the Army to become again a mainly expeditionary oriented force. Since the end of the 20th century, the Portuguese Army participated with national deployed forces in numerous foreign operations, including in [[United Nations Angola Verification Mission II|Angola]], [[United Nations Operation in Mozambique|Mozambique]], [[Implementation Force|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo Force|Kosovo]], [[International Force for East Timor|East Timor]], [[NATO Training Mission – Iraq|Iraq]], [[International Security Assistance Force|Afghanistan]] and [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|Lebanon]].
[[File:020602-F-EF201-020 Portuguese soldiers from the 2nd Armored Division use Chaimite V200 Armored Personnel Carriers to steer their way.jpeg|thumb|right|350px|Portuguese Army [[Chaimite V200]] armoured vehicles in western Bosnia, in the early 2000s.]]
[[File:Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22386126137).jpg|thumb|right|350px|Portuguese infantry during NATO maneuvers in the Santa Margarida Military Camp.]]
As part of the Army transformation, it was re-organized in 1993. The division of the territory in military regions and zones was kept, with the reduction of the number of regions, but with the raising of the Airborne Troops Command (using the structure of the previous Air Force's Paratroopers Command) and the Santa Margarida Military Camp as two special territorial commands. The regiments of the Army became again designed by numbers and not anymore by the place where they were based. The assigned numbers were not consecutive, as in previous organizations, but were the historical numbers previously used by each unit or by its predecessor in the same garrison place. The old 1950's plans to equip the Army with light aviation assets were resumed, with the raising of a [[Army Light Aviation Unit|Light Aviation Unit]] that was intended to operate helicopters. However, the reception of the planned helicopters was delayed successively until being finally canceled and the unit disbanded. The military regions and zones continued to be responsible for keeping territorial defense brigades and battle groups, mostly maintained only in cadre strength in time of peace. The Army now would have an increased permanent operational force with three brigades: the [[Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade|Independent Airborne Brigade (BAI)]], the [[Portuguese Mechanized Brigade|Independent Mechanized Brigade (BMI)]] and the [[Portuguese Intervention Brigade|Light Intervention Brigade (BLI)]]. The BAI resulted from the old Air Force's Light Paratrooper Brigade, also absorbing the parachute qualified members of the disbanded Commando Regiment. The BMI resulted from the fully mechanization of the previous 1st Composite Brigade. The BLI would be a completely newly raised [[motorized infantry]] brigade, although inheriting part of the disbanded Special Forces Brigade. Operationally, each of the three brigades had a similar organization that included three maneuver (infantry / armoured) and one field artillery battalion, engineering, signals and services companies, an armored reconnaissance squadron and an anti-aircraft battery. Administratively however each of the brigades had completely different organizations, with the BAI being entirely maintained by the Airborne Troops Command in several of its regiments and other units spread across the country, with the BMI being entirely maintained by the Santa Margarida Military Camp concentrated in a single place and with the BLI being maintained by the several military regions in their several regiments spread across the country.

In the new organization implemented in 2006, the military regions, the Airborne Troops Command and the Santa Margarida Military Camp command would be finally disbanded. This implied the completely disbandment of the territorial defense brigades. The Azores and Madeira military zones were however maintained, being responsible for the command of the garrison and territorial defense forces stationed in their respective isles. The three operational brigades - respectively renamed [[Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade|Rapid Reaction Brigade (BriRR)]], [[Portuguese Mechanized Brigade|Mechanized Brigade (BriMec)]] and [[Portuguese Intervention Brigade|Intervention Brigade (BrigInt)]] - assumed also the administrative role of their former parent commands, starting to control the regiments responsible for maintaining their operational units (the exception being the BriMec, whose operational units were not maintained by regiments, being administratively directly under the brigade headquarters). As part of this new organization, the re-raised Commando units and the Special Operation Troops were integrated in the BriRR, joining the parachute troops. The BrigInt evolved to a light mechanized brigade, with its units being equipped with wheeled armored vehicles.

In the 2010s, the Armed Forces of Portugal created the Immediate Reaction Force (FRI, ''Força de Reação Imediata''), with the main mission of conducting operations of evacuation of Portuguese citizens from foreign geographies under crisis or tension, to participate in humanitarian operations in defense of the national interests and to assure the responsibilities of the Armed Forces in case of severe catastrophes in the National Territory. The FRI includes the ground, the special operations, the naval and the air components, with the Army assuring the first component and participating in the second one. The initial core of the ground component - with an operational readiness of 48 hours - includes a battalion headquarters, a maneuver company, an [[Explosive Ordnance Disposal|EOD]] team, a signal detachment, a [[CIMIC]] tactical team and a sanitary module. Most of this core is assured by one of the paratrooper battalions of the Rapid Reaction Brigade, which also maintains a second maneuver company ready to serve as reinforcement. The Army also provides a special operations detachment to the initial core of the special operations component. In April 2012, the FRI was activated for the first time in a real situation, when a military coup occurred in Guinea-Bissau allowed the FRI to be deployed and pre-positioned in Cape Verde, ready to intervene in the previous mentioned country if needed.

==General organization==
The general organization presently in force for the Portuguese Army was established in December 2014.<ref>[http://www.emgfa.pt/documents/ty6f1pbkjg3v.pdf Decreto-lei n.º 186/2014 de 29 de dezembro (''Lei Orgânica do Exécito'')]</ref> Accordingly, with this organization, the Army is commanded by the Chief of Staff of the Army and includes:
* the Army Staff (EME);
* the central bodies of administration and management;
* the Land Forces Command (CFT);
* the bodies of advisement;
* the Inspection General of the Army (IGE);
* the base bodies;
* the elements of the operational component of the system of forces.

===Chief of Staff of the Army===
The Chief of Staff of the Army (''Chefe do Estado-Maior do Exército'', CEME) is the Army commander. He/she is the only officer with the rank of general (four stars) in the Army. The CEME is the principal adviser of the minister of National Defense and of the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces in all Army specific matters, having the competence foreseen in the Law and participates, inherently, in the bodies of advisement in it foreseen.

The Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army - headed by a major-general - is the personal and direct support body of the CEME.

The CEME is assisted by the Vice-Chief of Staff of the Army (VCEME), who is the Army [[second-in-command]]. The VCEME is a lieutenant-general superordinate to all the other Army officers of the same rank. Under the direct dependency of the VCEME are the Directorate of Communications and Information Systems, the Directorate of History and Military Culture and the Directorate of Education.

===Army Staff===
The Army Staff (''Estado-Maior do Exército'', EME) is the body of study, conceiving and planning of the Army activities, for the decision support of the CEME. It is headed by the VCEME, assisted by a major-general designated EME Director-Coordinator. It includes the Coordinator Staff and the Support Unit.

===Central bodies of administration and management===
[[File:Quartel Santo Ovidio (Porto).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Army's Personnel Command, installed at the Santo Ovídio barracks, Porto.]]
The central bodies of administration and management have a functional character and are intended to assure the management and the execution of essential specific activities, namely in the management of human, material, financial, intelligence and infrastructure resources. They are headed by general officers, directly subordinated to the CEME. These bodies are:
* Personnel Command (CMDPESS) - assures the Army's activities in the scope of the human resources administration, of the training and of the health. It is commanded by a lieutenant-general designated Adjutant-General of the Army. Besides the office of the commander and the support unit, the CMDPESS includes the Directorate of Training, the Directorate of Human Resources Administration, the Directorate of Personnel Services and the Directorate of Health;
* Logistics Command (CMDLOG) - assures the Army's activities in the scope of the material resources administration, of the movements and transportation and of the infrastructures. It is commanded by a lieutenant-general designated Quarter-Master General of the Army. Besides the office of the commander and the support unit, the CMDLOG includes the Directorate of Material and Transportation, the Directorate of Procurement and the Directorate of Infrastructures;
* Directorate of Finance (DFIN) - assures the administration of the financial resources made at the disposal of the Army. It is headed by a major-general, designated Director of Finance.

===Land Forces Command===
The Land Forces Command (''Comando das Forças Terrestres'', CFT) is the land component command. It is commanded by a lieutenant-general, directly subordinated to the CEME, with a major-general as second-in-command.

The CFT has the mission of supporting the exercise of command from the part of the CEME, in view of the preparation, the readying and the sustentation of the forces and means of the operational component of the system of forces, of the accomplishment of the missions regulated by particular legislation and other missions given to the Army, keeping the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces permanently informed of the employed forces and means and of the development and results of their respective operations and of the administration and management of the units and bodies of the fixed component placed under its direct dependence.

Under the dependence of the CFT are the CFT Headquarters (QGCFT), the military zones commands and their respective headquarters, the formations commands and their respective headquarters and the elements of the operational component of the system of forces.

===Advisory bodies===
The advisory bodies support the decisions of the CEME in special and important matters regarding the preparation, discipline and administration of the Army. These bodies are:
* Higher Council of the Army (CSE) - it is the highest advisory body of the CEME. Under the presidency of the CEME, it includes all the lieutenant-generals of the Army;
* Higher Council of Discipline of the Army (CSDE) - it is the advisory body of the CEME in disciplinary matters;
* Medical Board of Appeal of the Army (JMRE) - it has the mission of analyzing appeals regarding decisions taken by the competent entities and advising based in the opinions issued by other medical boards of the Army.

===Inspection-General of the Army===
The Inspection-General of the Army (''Inspeção-Geral do Exército'', IGE) is the inspection body of the Army. Its mission is to support the CEME in the exercise of the role of control and evaluation, through the activities of inspection and certification of forces. It is headed by the Inspector-General of the Army, who is a general officer in the reserve.

===Base bodies===
The base bodies are responsible for the training, the sustainment and the general support of the Army. They include units, establishments and bodies divided by the areas of obtainment and administration of human resources, of readying of forces, of logistical support, of teaching and training and of divulgation and preservation of the military culture.

Among the many different types of base bodies are the Military Academy, the School of the Arms and the regiments. The Military Academy is a public military [[university]] establishment with the primary mission of training the professional officers of the arms and services of the Army and of the [[Portuguese National Republican Guard|National Republican Guard]]. The School of the Arms is a training unit with the primary mission of conceiving and provide training programs in the scope of the combat and combat support arms. The [[regiment]]s are the base units of the Army and integrate the structure for the readying of forces and logistical support. Despite being designated "regiments" and being usually associated to an arm of service for historical reasons, presently these types of organizations are not deployable units, serving mainly as [[military base]]s intended to lodge and support the operational deployable units ([[battalion]]s/groups, independent [[company (military)|companies]]/[[squadron (military)|squadrons]]/[[battery (military unit)|batteries]] and others) permanently stationed or temporary deployed in their [[barracks]]. Some regimental type units do not include the word "regiment" in their designation as are the cases of the Special Operations Troops Center, of the Santa Margarida Military Camp and of the Army Materiel General Support Unit.

===Elements of the operational component of the system of forces===
The elements of the operational component of the system of forces are the Army's forces and means for the fulfillment of the missions of operational nature. These elements are:
# The Land Forces Command;
# The commands of the [[military formation|formations]] and [[military unit|operational units]] - the formations are force echelons that include operational units, having a balanced organization of elements of command, maneuver and support that allow them to effectuate operational training and to conduct independent operations. The formation commands are commanded by brigadier-generals.
# The commands of military zone - they include all the Army's units, bodies and other establishments located in each of the [[autonomous regions of Portugal]]. They assure the preparation and the training of the forces under its command, being given to them missions and operational means. Each one is commanded by a brigadier-general.
# The general support and emergency military support forces - they are combat support and service support units that provide additional capabilities to the formations, military zones and operational units and the flexibility to respond to specific international commitments. They assure widely set of capacities that can be employed in supplementary support to civil authorities in missions of support to the development and welfare of the population, namely in the scope of a national articulated response to catastrophe and calamity situations.

==System of forces of the Army==
As a whole, the Army is part of the system of forces of the Portuguese Armed Forces. The system of forces of the Army itself includes a fix component and an operational component.

===Fix component===
{{Main|List of units of the Portuguese Army}}
The fix component of the system of forces of the Army is constituted by the base bodies, which guarantee the training, the sustainment and the general support of the Army. These are all non-deployable elements and include regiments, schools, centers and number of other types of bodies. An important part of these bodies is responsible to prepare and maintain the deployable operational units and other elements of the operational component of the system of forces.

Divided by area, the following list of base bodies was defined in July 2015:<ref>[http://www.legislacao.org/primeira-serie/decreto-regulamentar-n-11-2015-307890 Decreto Regulamentar n.º 11/2015 de 31 de julho (''Aprova a orgânica do Exército'')]</ref>

{{Location map many | Portugal
| width = 400
| float = right
| caption = Location of the main Army base units in [[Continental Portugal]]. Off-map to west are RG1 and RG2 ([[Azores]]) and RG3 ([[Madeira]]). Colors represent: [[File:Black pog.svg|10px]] - Units of the Mechanized Brigade (BriMec) [[File:Green pog.svg|10px]] - Units of the Rapid Reaction Brigade (BriRR) [[File:White pog.svg|10px]] - Units of the Intervention Brigade (BrigInt) [[File:Red pog.svg|10px]] - General support units
| label = [[Santa Margarida da Coutada|BriMec HQ CMSM CSMTSM]]
| pos = right
| bg = white
| mark = Black pog.svg
|lat_deg=39|lat_min=26|lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=08|lon_min=18|lon_dir=W
| label2 = [[Coimbra|BrigInt HQ CSMC]]
| pos2 = right
| bg2 = white
| mark2 = White pog.svg
|lat2_deg=40|lat2_min=15|lat2_dir=N
|lon2_deg=08|lon2_min=27|lon2_dir=W
| label3 = [[Tancos|BriRR HQ RPara RE1]]
| pos3 = left
| bg3 = white
| mark3 = Green pog.svg
|lat3_deg=39|lat3_min=27|lat3_dir=N
|lon3_deg=08|lon3_min=23|lon3_dir=W
| label4 = [[Lamego|CTOE]]
| pos4 = right
| bg4 = white
| mark4 = Green pog.svg
|lat4_deg=41|lat4_min=05|lat4_dir=N
|lon4_deg=07|lon4_min=52|lon4_dir=W
| label5 = [[Lisbon|RL2, CSMIE, RTransp CIGeoE AM CM IPE]]
| pos5 = right
| bg5 = white
| mark5 = Red pog.svg
|lat5_deg=38|lat5_min=43|lat5_dir=N
|lon5_deg=09|lon5_min=08|lon5_dir=W
| label6 = [[Viseu|RI14]]
| pos6 = right
| bg6 = white
| mark6 = White pog.svg
|lat6_deg=40|lat6_min=40|lat6_dir=N
|lon6_deg=07|lon6_min=55|lon6_dir=W
| label7 = [[Vila Real, Portugal|RI13]]
| pos7 = right
| bg7 = white
| mark7 = White pog.svg
|lat7_deg=41|lat7_min=17|lat7_dir=N
|lon7_deg=07|lon7_min=44|lon7_dir=W
| label8 = [[Tomar|RI15]]
| pos8 = right
| bg8 = white
| mark8 = Green pog.svg
|lat8_deg=39|lat8_min=36|lat8_dir=N
|lon8_deg=08|lon8_min=25|lon8_dir=W
| label9 = [[Aveiro, Portugal|RI10]]
| pos9 = left
| bg9 = white
| mark9 = Green pog.svg
|lat9_deg=40|lat9_min=42|lat9_dir=N
|lon9_deg=08|lon9_min=42|lon9_dir=W
| label10 = [[Estremoz|RC3]]
| pos10 = right
| bg10 = white
| mark10 = Green pog.svg
|lat10_deg=38|lat10_min=51|lat10_dir=N
|lon10_deg=07|lon10_min=39|lon10_dir=W
| label11 = [[Braga|RC6]]
| pos11 = right
| bg11 = white
| mark11 = White pog.svg
|lat11_deg=41|lat11_min=32|lat11_dir=N
|lon11_deg=08|lon11_min=25|lon11_dir=W
| label12 = [[Leiria|RA4]]
| pos12 = left
| bg12 = white
| mark12 = Green pog.svg
|lat12_deg=39|lat12_min=46|lat12_dir=N
|lon12_deg=08|lon12_min=53|lon12_dir=W
| label13 = [[Vendas Novas|RA5]]
| pos13 = right
| bg13 = white
| mark13 = White pog.svg
|lat13_deg=38|lat13_min=41|lat13_dir=N
|lon13_deg=08|lon13_min=27|lon13_dir=W
| label14 = [[Tavira|RI1 Detach]]
| pos14 = left
| bg14 = white
| mark14 = Red pog.svg
|lat14_deg=37|lat14_min=07|lat14_dir=N
|lon14_deg=07|lon14_min=39|lon14_dir=W
| label15 = [[Beja, Portugal|RI1]]
| pos15 = right
| bg15 = white
| mark15 = Red pog.svg
|lat15_deg=38|lat15_min=01|lat15_dir=N
|lon15_deg=07|lon15_min=52|lon15_dir=W
| label16 = [[Chaves, Portugal|RI19]]
| pos16 = right
| bg16 = white
| mark16 = White pog.svg
|lat16_deg=41|lat16_min=45|lat16_dir=N
|lon16_deg=07|lon16_min=32|lon16_dir=W
| label17 = [[Espinho, Portugal|RE3]]
| pos17 = left
| bg17 = white
| mark17 = White pog.svg
|lat17_deg=41|lat17_min=00|lat17_dir=N
|lon17_deg=08|lon17_min=38|lon17_dir=W
| label18 = [[Porto|RT]]
| pos18 = left
| bg18 = white
| mark18 = Red pog.svg
|lat18_deg=41|lat18_min=09|lat18_dir=N
|lon18_deg=08|lon18_min=36|lon18_dir=W
| label19 = [[Póvoa de Varzim|ES]]
| pos19 = left
| bg19 = white
| mark19 = Red pog.svg
|lat19_deg=41|lat19_min=27|lat19_dir=N
|lon19_deg=08|lon19_min=46|lon19_dir=W
| label20 = [[Entroncamento|RMan]]
| pos20 = left
| bg20 = white
| mark20 = Red pog.svg
|lat20_deg=39|lat20_min=33|lat20_dir=N
|lon20_deg=08|lon20_min=35|lon20_dir=W
| label22 = [[Mafra, Portugal|EA]]
| pos22 = left
| bg22 = white
| mark22 = Red pog.svg
|lat22_deg=38|lat22_min=56|lat22_dir=N
|lon22_deg=09|lon22_min=20|lon22_dir=W
| label23 = [[Caldas da Rainha|ESE]]
| pos23 = left
| bg23 = white
| mark23 = Red pog.svg
|lat23_deg=39|lat23_min=24|lat23_dir=N
|lon23_deg=09|lon23_min=08|lon23_dir=W
| label24 = [[Abrantes|RAME]]
| pos24 = right
| bg24 = white
| mark24 = Red pog.svg
|lat24_deg=39|lat24_min=31|lat24_dir=N
|lon24_deg=08|lon24_min=11|lon24_dir=W
| label25 = [[Sintra Municipality|RCms]]
| pos25 = left
| bg25 = white
| mark25 = Green pog.svg
|lat25_deg=38|lat25_min=48|lat25_dir=N
|lon25_deg=09|lon25_min=18|lon25_dir=W
| label26 = [[Queluz, Portugal|RAA1]]
| pos26 = right
| bg26 = white
| mark26 = White pog.svg
|lat26_deg=38|lat26_min=48|lat26_dir=N
|lon26_deg=09|lon26_min=14|lon26_dir=W
| label27 = [[Alcochete|UAGME]]
| pos27 = right
| bg27 = white
| mark27 = Red pog.svg
|lat27_deg=38|lat27_min=47|lat27_dir=N
|lon27_deg=08|lon27_min=50|lon27_dir=W
}}
# Obtainment and administration of human resources:
#*CPAE - Army Applied Psychology Center, [[Lisbon]]
#*CRL - Lisbon Recruiting Center, Lisbon
#*CRVNG - Vila Nova de Gaia Recruiting Center, [[Vila Nova de Gaia]]
#*GCSA - Amadora Office of Classification and Selection, [[Amadora]]
#*GCSVNG - Vila Nova de Gaia Office of Classification and Selection, Vila Nova de Gaia
# Readying of forces:
#* RI1 - 1st Infantry Regiment, [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]] and [[Tavira Municipality|Tavira]] (detachment)
#* RI10 - 10th Infantry Regiment, [[Aveiro, Portugal|Aveiro]]
#* RI13 - 13th Infantry Regiment, [[Vila Real, Portugal|Vila Real]]
#* RI14 - 14th Infantry Regiment, [[Viseu]]
#* [[15th Infantry Regiment (Portugal)|RI15 - 15th Infantry Regiment]], [[Tomar]]
#* RI19 - 19th Infantry Regiment, [[Chaves, Portugal|Chaves]]
#* RAAA1 - 1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, [[Queluz, Portugal|Queluz]]
#* [[4th Artillery Regiment (Portugal)|RA4 - 4th Artillery Regiment]], [[Leiria]]
#* [[5th Artillery Regiment (Portugal)|RA5 - 5th Artillery Regiment]], [[Vendas Novas]]
#* [[2nd Lancers Regiment (Portugal)|RL2 - 2nd Lancers Regiment]], [[Lisbon]]
#* RC3 - 3rd Cavalry Regiment, [[Estremoz]]
#* RC6 - 6th Cavalry Regiment, [[Braga]]
#* RE1 - 1st Engineers Regiment, Tancos
#* RE3 - 3rd Engineers Regiment, [[Espinho, Portugal|Espinho]]
#* RT - Communications Regiment, [[Porto]]
#* [[Portuguese Army Commandos|RCmds - Commando Regiment]], [[Belas (Sintra)|Belas]]
#* [[Parachute Troops School|RPara - Parachute Regiment]], [[Tancos]]
#* RG1 - 1st Garrison Regiment, [[Angra do Heroismo]]
#* RG2 - 2nd Garrison Regiment, [[Ponta Delgada]]
#* RG3 - 3rd Garrison Regiment, [[Funchal]]
#* RAME - Emergency Military Support Regiment, [[Abrantes]]
#* [[Special Operations Troops Centre|CTOE - Special Operations Troops Centre]], [[Lamego]]
#* CMSM - Santa Maria Military Camp, [[Santa Margarida da Coutada]]
#* CSMIE - Army Intelligence and Military Security Center, Lisbon
# Logistical support
#* [[Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército|CIGeoE - Army Geospatial Intelligence Center]], [[Lisbon]]
#* RMan - Maintenance Regiment, [[Entroncamento Municipality|Entroncamento]]
#* RTransp - Transportation Regiment, Lisbon
#* UAGME - Army Materiel General Support Unit, [[Alcochete]]
#* CSMC - Coimbra Military Health Center, [[Coimbra]]
#* CSMTSM - Tancos/Santa Margarida Military Health Center, Santa Margarida da Coutada
# Teaching and training
#* [[Military Academy (Portugal)|AM - Military Academy]], [[Lisbon]]
#* [[Colégio Militar|CM - Military College]], Lisbon
#* [[Pupilos do Exército|IPE - Army Pupils Institute]], Lisbon
#* EA - School of the Arms, [[Mafra Municipality|Mafra]]
#* ES - School of the Services, [[Póvoa de Varzim]]
#* ESE - Army Sergeants School, [[Caldas da Rainha]]
#Dissemination and preservation of military culture
#* JE - Army Journal, [[Lisbon]]
#* BIBLEX - Army Library, Lisbon
#* ARQGEX - Army General Archives, Lisbon
#* AHM - Military Historical Archives, Lisbon
#* MML - Lisbon Military Museum, Lisbon
#* MMP - Oporto Military Museu, [[Oporto]]
#* MMB - Bragança Military Museum, [[Bragança, Portugal|Bragança]]
#* MME - Elvas Military Museum, [[Elvas]]
#* MMB - Buçaco Military Museum, [[Buçaco]]
#* MMA - Azores Military Museum, [[Angra do Heroismo]]
#* MMM - Madeira Military Museum, [[Funchal]]
#* BE - Army Band, [[Amadora]]
#* FANFEX - Army Fanfare, Amadora
#Bodies of support to more than one branch of the Armed Forces
#* EPM - Military Prison Establishment, [[Tomar]]
#* UMLDBQ - Military Laboratorial Unit of Biological and Chemical Defense
#* UMMV - Military Unit of Veterinary Medicine
# Recently disbanded bodies:
#* CME - Military Center of Electronics, [[Paço de Arcos]]
#* [[Instituto de Odivelas|IO - Instituto de Odivelas]], [[Odivelas]]
#* [[Army Light Aviation Unit|UALE - Army Light Aviation Unit]], [[Tancos]]
#* ESSM - Military Health Service School, Lisbon

===Operational component===
The operational component of the system of forces include the Army's elements dedicated to the fulfillment of the missions of operational nature. These elements include the operational command bodies, the formations commands and the deployable operational units. These elements are prepared, trained, supported and administratively maintained by the regiments and other bodies of the fix component of the system of forces.

The elements of the operational component are:
[[File:Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22278445438).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Leopard 2A6 tanks of the Mechanized Brigade.]]
[[File:Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22677283415).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pandur II armored vehicles of the Intervention Brigade.]]
[[File:Mass Paradrop, Portuguese Army, Trident Juncture 15 (22573514745).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Paratroopers of the Rapid Reaction Brigade, preparing to be airborne.]]
# The Land Forces Command (CFT);
# The commands of the formations and operational units. The existing formation commands are:
#* [[Mechanized Brigade (Portugal)|Mechanized Brigade (BriMec)]] - this is the heavy brigade of the Portuguese Army. Its operational units include the Tank Group ([[Leopard 2A6]] and [[M60 Patton]]), the Tracked Mechanized Infantry Battalion ([[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier|M113 APC]]), a field artillery group ([[M109 howitzer]]), a reconnaissance squadron (Leopard 2A6 and M113 APC), an anti-aircraft artillery battery ([[MIM-72 Chaparral]]), the Heavy Combat Engineers Company, a signal company and a service support battalion. This formation has an exceptional administrative organization, which is characterized by its operational units being separate and not part of regiments as usual and being all concentrated in the same location (the Santa Margarida Military Camp);
#* [[Intervention Brigade (Portugal)|Intervention Brigade (BrigInt)]] - this is the medium brigade of the Army. It was originally a [[motorized infantry]] formation, but evolved to a light mechanized brigade, when it was equipped with the several versions of the [[Portuguese Pandur]] wheeled armored vehicles. Its operational units include the [[Armored car (military)|Armored Car]] Group ([[Cadillac Gage Commando|Commando V-150]] and [[Pandur II]]), the 1st Wheeled Mechanized Infantry Battalion (Pandur II), the 2nd Wheeled Mechanized Infantry Battalion (Pandur II), a field artillery group ([[M114 155 mm howitzer]]), an anti-aircraft artillery battery ([[FIM-92 Stinger]]), an engineers company, a signal company and a service support battalion. Its operational units are barracked in several regiments and other base units across the country (in Chaves, Espinho, Vila Real, Lamego, Viseu, Coimbra and Vendas Novas) with most of these being administratively under the control of the brigade;
#* [[Rapid Reaction Brigade (Portugal)|Rapid Reaction Brigade (BriRR)]] - this is a special forces brigade. It was originally a fully airborne brigade, with most of its personnel being paratrooper-qualified (including the members of combat support and service support units). It has no longer that feature, now including other types of units beyond those of paratroopers, including the two other special forces of the Army (Commandos and Special Operations). It also used to include the [[Army Light Aviation Unit]], until its disbandment due to the cancelation of the planned acquisition of helicopters to the Army. Its operational units presently include the 1st Paratrooper Infantry Battalion, the 2nd Paratrooper Infantry Battalion, the [[Portuguese Army Commandos|Commando Battalion]], the [[Special Operations Troops Centre|Special Operations Force]], a field artillery group ([[L118 Light Gun]]), a reconnaissance squadron ([[Véhicule Blindé Léger|Panhard VBL]]), an anti-aircraft battery (FIM-92 Stinger), the Air-Land Operational Battalion, an engineers company, a signal company and a support unit. Its operational units are barracked in several regiments and other base units across the country (in São Jacinto, Leiria, Tomar, Tancos, Belas, Queluz and Estremoz), with most of these being administratively under the control of the brigade.
# The commands of military zone. The existing commands of this type are:
#* [[Azores Military Zone (Portugal)|Azores Military Zone (ZMA)]] - its operational force is the Azores Military Zone Forces (FZMA), which includes the 1st FZMA Infantry Battalion, the 2nd FZMA Infantry Battalion and an anti-aircraft battery ([[Rheinmetall Rh 202]] and FIM-92 Stinger). Its operational units are barracked in two garrison regiments (in Angra do Heroísmo and Ponta Delgada), administratively under the control of the Military Zone;
#* Madeira Military Zone (ZMM) - its operational force is the Madeira Military Zone Forces (FZMM), which includes an infantry battalion and an anti-aircraft battery (Rheinmetall Rh 202 and FIM-92 Stinger). Its operational units are barracked in a garrison regiment (in Funchal), administratively under the control of the Military Zone;
# The general support and emergency military support forces. The operational units of these forces include an anti-aircraft artillery group, two [[Army Police (Portugal)|Army Police]] squadrons, a [[civil-military cooperation]] company, an engineers battalion headquarters, three engineers companies, a [[psychological operations]] module, an [[ISTAR Battalion (Portugal)|ISTAR battalion]], a bridge company, a [[CBRN defense|CBN defense]] company, an [[Explosive Ordnance Disposal|EOD]] group of teams, a signal battalion headquarters, a general support signal company, an [[electronic warfare]] company, a resupply and services company, a [[target acquisition]] battery, a transport company, a [[field hospital|surgical field hospital]] and a [[Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército|geospatial support unit]]. These operational units are barracked in several regiments and other base units across the country (Queluz, Lisbon, Espinho, Tancos, Porto, Póvoa de Varzim, Vendas Novas and Abrantes).
[[File:Portugal Army 2013.png|thumb|center|700px|Structure of the operational component of the system of forces of the Portuguese Army in 2016 (click image to enlarge)]]

==Uniform and insignia==

===Uniform===
The Portuguese Army types of uniforms are the following:
* [[Dress uniform]] (''grande uniforme'');
* [[Mess dress]] uniform (''uniforme de jaqueta'');
* Ceremonial uniform for the Army Band;
* Nº 1 Uniform - Service dress uniform;
* Nº 2 Uniform - Barrack dress uniform;
* Nº 3 Uniform - Combat dress uniform;
* Physical education uniform;
* Special uniforms.

===Rank insignia===
{{main|Military ranks of Portugal}}
;Officers
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OF/Portugal}}
|}
;Enlisted
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Portugal}}
|}

==Equipment==

===Light weapons===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:20%;"|Weapon
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:20%;"|Caliber
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:15%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:45%;"|Notes
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Pistols and Submachine Guns'''
|-
|[[Walther P38]]
| align=right|[[9mm Luger|9×19mm]]
|{{GER}}
| Service pistol
|-
|[[SIG P228]]
| align=right|[[9mm Luger|9×19mm]]
|{{GER}}
|
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch USP9]]
| align=right|[[9mm Luger|9×19mm]]
|{{GER}}
|
|-
|[[Brügger & Thomet MP9]]
| align=right|[[9mm Luger|9×19mm]]
|{{CHE}}
|
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]K
| align=right|[[9mm Luger|9×19mm]]
|{{GER}}
| Also the A5 and the SD6 (since 2003) version is in use
|-
|[[IMI Uzi]]
| align=right|[[9mm Luger|9×19mm]]
|{{ISR}}
| Being phased out
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Assault Rifles & Battle Rifles'''
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch G3]]
| align=right|[[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm]]
|{{GER}} / {{POR}}
| Standard issue Battle Rifle, made under license by [[Fábrica de Braço de Prata]] as the '''FBP m/961''' (G3) and '''FBP m/963''' (G3A3)
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch HK417]]
| align=right|[[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm]]
|{{GER}}
| Used as marksman rifle
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch G36]]
| align=right|[[5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45mm]]
|{{GER}}
| Used by the [[CTOE]]
|-
|[[IMI Galil]]
| align=right|[[5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45mm]]
|{{ISR}}
| ARM variant, Paratroopers standard rifle
|-
|[[SIG SG 543]]
| align=right|[[5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45mm]]
|{{CHE}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Sniper Rifles & Anti-materiel Rifles'''
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MSG-90]]
| align=right|[[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm]]
|{{GER}}
| Sniper rifle
|-
|[[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare|AI AWSF]]
| align=right|[[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm]]
|{{UK}}
|
|-
|[[Accuracy International AWM|AI AWSM]]
| align=right|[[.338 Lapua Magnum]]
|{{UK}}
|
|-
|[[AW50|AI AW50]]
| align=right|[[.50 BMG]]
|{{UK}}
|
|-
|[[Barrett M95]]
| align=right|[[.50 BMG]]
|{{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Barrett M82A1]]
| align=right|[[.50 BMG]]
|{{USA}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Machine Guns'''
|-
|[[Rheinmetall MG 3]]
| align=right|[[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm]]
|{{GER}}
|
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch HK21]]
| align=right|[[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm]]
|{{GER}} / {{POR}}
| Made under license by [[Fábrica de Braço de Prata]] as the '''m/968'''. General-purpose machine gun
|-
|[[FN Minimi]]
| align=right|[[5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45mm]]
|{{BEL}}
| General-purpose machine gun
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MG4]]
| align=right|[[5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45mm]]
|{{GER}}
| General-purpose machine gun
|-
|[[M2HB|FN M3M]]
| align=right|[[.50 BMG]]
|{{BEL}}
|
|-
|[[M2 Browning machine gun|Browning M2HB]]
| align=right|[[.50 BMG]]
|{{USA}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Shotguns'''
|-
|[[Mossberg 500]]
| align=right| [[Gauge (bore diameter)|12]], [[20 gauge|20]] gauge
|{{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Benelli M3]]
| align=right| [[Gauge (bore diameter)|12]], [[20 gauge|20]] gauge
|{{ITA}}
|
|-
|[[SPAS 15|Franchi SPAS 15]]
| align=right| [[gauge (bore diameter)|12 gauge]]
|{{ITA}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Grenade Launchers'''
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch HK79]]
| align=right| [[40mm grenade|40 mm grenade]]
|{{GER}}
|
|-
|[[M203]]
| align=right| [[40mm grenade|40 mm grenade]]
|{{USA}}
|
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch AG36]]
| align=right| [[40mm grenade|40 mm grenade]]
|{{GER}}
|
|-
|[[ARWEN 37]]
| align=right| [[37 mm grenade]]
|{{UK}}
|
|-
|[[Milkor MGL]]
| align=right| [[40mm grenade|40 mm grenade]]
|{{ZAF}}
| Mk.1 version
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Mortars'''
|-
|[[120 Krh/40|Tampella B]]
| align=right|120 mm
| {{FIN}}
| Army designation ''Morteiro Tampella Tipo B m/74'''
|-
|[[L16 81mm Mortar|mGrW 82]]
| align=right|81 mm
|{{UK}} / {{CAN}}
|
|-
|[[Soltam Systems|Soltam]] 60mm
| align=right|60 mm
|{{ISR}}
|
|-
|[[Cardom]] 120mm
|
|{{ISR}}
|
|-
|[[FBP m/68]]
| align=right|60 mm
|{{PRT}}
| Ultra-light mortar (morteirete)
|-

| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Anti-Tank Weapons'''
|-
|[[Carl Gustav recoilless rifle]]
| align=right|84 mm
|{{SWE}}
|
|-
|[[M72 LAW]]
| align=right|66 mm
|{{USA}}
| Called '''m/78'''
|-
|[[BGM-71 TOW]]
| align=right|152 mm
|{{USA}}
|45 Launchers with 216 Missiles
|-
|[[Spike (missile)|Spike]]
|
|{{ISR}}
| 20 Spike LR & MR Launchers
|-
|[[MILAN]]
| align=right|115 mm
|{{FRA}}
| 755 Missiles 55 Milan+ 700 Milan-2-T
|}

===Armoured vehicles===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:12%;"|Name
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:18%;"|Type
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:7%;"|Number
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;width:8%; "|Photo
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;width:47%;"|Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Armoured vehicles
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Leopard 2A6]]
| {{GER}}
| [[Main battle tank]]
| 38<ref name="ArmedForces">[http://www.armedforces.co.uk/Europeandefence/edcountries/countryportugal.htm#Portuguese Army] - armedforces.co.uk, July 29, 2013</ref>
| [[File:Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22278445438).jpg|120px]]
| 28 are in 2 combat squadrons, 3 in the Command and Services Squadron and 1 for training.
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[M60 Patton|M60 A3 TTS]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Main battle tank]]
| 148
| [[File:CARRO COMBATE M 60 A3.jpg|120px]]
| Army designation: Carro de combate 51 ton 105 mm m/92. 14 are in 1 combat squadron. The others are in reserve
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[M901 ITV|M901A1 ITV]]
| {{USA}}
| [[ATGM|Armoured vehicle ATGMs-launcher]]
| 4
| [[File:M901-TOW-latrun-2.jpg|120px]]
|
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[M113 Armored Personnel Carrier]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Armoured personnel carrier]]
| 277
| [[File:Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22010429314).jpg|120px]]
| 180 M113A1/A2 APC (150 in service), 30 M48A3 Chaparral (25 in service), 47 M577A2 (36 in service as command vehicles and three in service as ambulance vehicles)
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Portuguese Pandur|Pandur II]]
| {{AUT}} / {{POR}}
| [[Armoured personnel carrier]]
| 188
| [[File:Pandur 8x8 Wheeled Armoured Personnel Carrier, Trident Juncture 15 (21891748564).jpg|120px]]
| Several versions made under license in Portugal by Fabrequipa. Called ''' m/07'''.
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Bravia Chaimite|Chaimite]]
| {{PRT}}
| [[Armoured personnel carrier]]
| 0 (80)
| [[File:020602-F-EF201-005 A Portuguese Chaimite V200 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) outfitted with a 50 caliber machine gun engages a large rectangular target some two kilometers down range.jpg|120px]]
| Army designation: Auto blindado TP 10 4x4 m/67-87. Retired from service
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Cadillac Gage Commando|Commando V150]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured car]]
| 15
| [[File:Cadillac Gage V-150 do Exército português.jpg|120px]]
| Called ''' m/89'''.
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Véhicule Blindé Léger|Panhard M11]]
| {{FRA}}
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured car]]
| 38<ref name="ArmyRec">[http://www.armyrecognition.com/portugal_portuguese_army_land_ground_forces_uk/portugal_portuguese_army_land_ground_forces_military_equipment_armoured_vehicle_intelligence_informa.html#armes] - Armyrecognition.com, July 29, 2013</ref>
| [[File:VBL RHP Afghanistan.JPG|120px]]
| Army designation: Auto blindado ligeiro de combate 4x4 m/89-91.
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[URO VAMTAC|URO VAMTAC ST5 ]]
|{{ESP}}
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured car]]
| 139
| [[File:URO VAMTAC, ST5 BN3, URO Vehículos Especiales S.A. Spain, 2015.jpg|120px ]]
| Leased 14 ST3 units prior to 2006, after which they were returned to Spain. Purchased 139 ST5 variant vehicles in October 2018.[13]
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Humvee|HMMWV M1151A1/1152A1]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured car]]
| 37
| [[File:Portuguese Air Force Hummer and Condor.jpg|120px]]
| Army designation: Auto TG 1,25 ton. 3 HMMWV M11151A1/A2 c/B1 D 4x4 m/2009 15 are in service since 2009.Auto Blindado Reconhecimento 1,25 ton. HMMWV M1025A2 4x4 m/2000 22 are in service since 2000
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Engineering and recovery vehicles
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| M88 Recovery Vehicle
| {{USA}}
| [[Armoured recovery vehicle]]
| 6
| [[File:Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden 65.jpg|120px]]
| 6 M88A2 are in service since 1978.
|
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| Carro Blindado Lança Pontes M60A1 m/1981
| {{USA}}
| [[Armoured vehicle-launched bridge]]
| 4
| [[File:BrLgPz M48 im Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden.jpg|120px]]
| 4 are in service since 1981.
|
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| Auto Blindado Combate Lagarta Engenharia M728 m/1999
| {{USA}}
| [[Military engineering vehicle]]
| 3
| [[File:M728_Combat_Engineer_Vehicle_woodland_from_right.jpg|120px]]
| 3 M728 are in service since 1998.
|}

===Soft skinned vehicles===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:12%;"|Name
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:8%;"|Origin
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:18%;"|Type
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc; width:7%;"|Number
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;width:8%; "|Photo
! style="text-align: left; background: #aabccc;width:47%;"|Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Tactical vehicles
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Toyota Land Cruiser HZJ73]]
| {{JAP}}
| 4x4
|
|
| Army designation: Auto TG 1/4 ton 5 4x4 mA/98
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender 90 TDI]]
| {{UK}}
| 4x4
|
|
|
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Mitsubishi L200]]
| {{JAP}}
| 4x4
|
|
|
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[UMM (União Metalo-Mecânica)|UMM Alter II]]
| {{POR}}
| 4x4
|
|
| Army designation: Auto TG 0,25 ton 7 4x4 mA/89
|-
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[DAF Trucks|DAF YA 4440 D]]
| {{NED}}
| 4x4 5 ton truck
|
|
| Army designation: Auto TG 5 ton 19 4x4 mA/84
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Iveco|Iveco 40.10 WM]]
| {{ITA}}
| 4x4 1,5 ton truck
|
|
| Army designation: Auto TG 1,5 ton 11 4x4 mA/89-90
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Iveco|Iveco 90.17 WM]]
| {{ITA}}
| 4x4 4 ton truck
|
|
| Army designation: Auto TG 4 ton 19 4x4 mA/91
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Unimog|Unimog 1300L]]
| {{GER}}
| 4x4 2 ton truck
|
|
| Army designation: Auto TG 2 ton 9 4x4 mF/79-84
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes-Benz 1217 A]]
| {{GER}}
| 4x4 5 ton truck
|
|
| Army designation: Auto TG 5 ton 23 4x4 mF/89
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | Special vehicles
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo FH12-36]]
| {{SWE}}
| 70 ton 6x4 [[tractor]]
|
|
| Army designation: Camião tractor 70 ton 6x4 mF/99
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[DAF Trucks|DAF FTT]]
| {{NED}}
| 38 ton 6x4 truck
|
|
|
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| M578
| {{USA}}
| Light recovery
|
|
| 29 in service since 1995.
|- style="background:#efefef; color:black"
| [[BMW|BMW R80RT]]
| {{GER}}
| [[Motorcycle]]
|
|
| Army designation: Moto simples 800 cc m/94
|-
|}

===Artillery===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:20%;"|Weapon
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:20%;"|Caliber
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:15%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:left; background:#ddb; width:45%;"|Notes
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Field artillery'''
|-
|[[L118 Light Gun]]
| align=right|105mm
|{{UK}}
| [[Howitzer]]. 21 in service
|-
|[[OTO Melara Mod 56]]
| align=right|105mm
|{{ITA}}
| 24 in service since 1979 to 2004. Discontinued and replaced by the Light Gun. Some may be used for no-live fire training.
|-
|[[M101 howitzer|M101]]
| align=right|105mm
|{{USA}}
| 52 M101 A1 105 mm/22 in service since 1978 to 1999. Discontinued and replaced by the M109. Some may be used for no-live fire training.
|-
|[[M109 howitzer|M109A5]]
| align=right|155mm
|{{USA}}
| Self-propelled howitzer. 18 M109A5 and 6 M109A2 Currently retired from active-service and being used only in training duties.
|-
|[[M114 155 mm howitzer|M114]]
| align=right|155mm
|{{USA}}
|40 in service since 1983 in the BrigInt. 12 reactivated to equip the BrigInt Field Artillery Battalion.
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#eec;"|'''Anti-aircraft artillery'''
|-
|[[FIM-92 Stinger]]
| align=right|N/A
|{{USA}}
|30 in service since 1994 in the BrigInt.
|-
|[[MIM-72/M48 Chaparral|M48A2E1 Chaparral]]
| align=right|N/A
|{{USA}}
| Self-propelled surface-to-air missile system. 30 in service in the A2 and 4 in the A3 versions.
|-
|[[Rheinmetall 20 mm Twin Anti-Aircraft Cannon|Rheinmetall Rh-202]]
| align=right|20mm
|{{GER}}
| 30 in service since 1981.
|-
|[[Bofors 40 mm gun]]
| align=right|40mm
|{{SWE}}
| Anti-aircraft gun. Discontinued.
|-
|[[M163 Vulcan]]
| align=right|20mm
|{{USA}}
| Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. 36 ex-USA M163 Vulcan SPAAG in service
|}

===Others===
* [[PASGT]]
* [[Disruptive Pattern Material|DPM]] [[Military camouflage|Camouflage]]
* [[Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver]] (AN/PSN-11 PLGR)
* [[AN/PVS-5]]B [[Night vision device|Night Googles]]
* [[AN/MPQ-49B]] [[Radar]]
* [[AN/PPS-5]]B [[Radar]]
* [[MQM-170 Outlaw|MQM-170A Outlaw]] (target drone, operated by RAAA1)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exercito.pt/sites/RAAA1/Noticias/Paginas/CURSODEOPERADORDERADARESDEAAA2012.aspx|title=Curso de Operador de Radares de AAA|trans-title=AAA Radar Operator Course|date=|publisher=Portuguese Army|accessdate=April 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://griffonaerospace.com/testimonial/company-3/|title=1st Air Defense Regiment, Portuguese Army Testimonial|date=|publisher=Griffin Aerospace|accessdate=April 17, 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Portuguese Army}}
* [[Military history of Portugal]]
* [[Portuguese Military Academy]]
* [[Comandos|Army Commandos]]
* [[Special Operations Troops Centre|Army Special Operations]]
* [[Parachute Troops School]]
* [[Portuguese Rapid Reaction Brigade|Rapid Reaction Brigade]]
* [[Ordenanças]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
*''Jornal do Exército'', official magazine
*''http://www.defencetalk.com/portuguese-army-once-more-wants-the-ec635t1-helicopter-2586/''

==External links==
* [http://www.exercito.pt Exército Português], official website

{{Military of Portugal}}
{{NATO Land Forces}}
{{Armies in Europe}}

{{coord|39.4167|N|8.3000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Portuguese Army| ]]

Non-U.S. operators of the M60 tank

2019-03-11T11:28:47Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Patton-Dozer-latrun-1.jpg → File:M60 with Dozer M9 - latrun-1.jpg corr.

{{refimprove|date=January 2019}}
{{Main|M60 Patton}}

'''M60 Patton non US-operators''' are the non U.S. nations that operate or used the M60 Patton Main Battle Tank. The M60 Patton entered service with the [[U.S. military]] in 1960 and served until 1991 and as a training aid until 2005. During this time it was the primary tank of the [[U.S.Army]] and [[U.S. Marine Corps]].

The M60 Patton was exported to 26 other nations, and continues to serve in a military role in some parts of the world.

==Afghanistan==
The Afghan Army has received 63 M60A3s from [[Greece]] in 2009 as token assistance for the [[NATO]]-led [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) mission.<ref name="weaponsandwarfare.com" /> These will be used to reequip the country's only tank unit, the 3rd Kandak (battalion), 2nd Brigade of the 111th Capital Division replacing its older [[T-55]]s and [[T-62]]s which are to be scrapped. Initial crew and maintenance training are to be provided by the U.S. Army's 5th Battalion, 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade.<ref name="stripes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/afghanistan-s-tank-battalion-is-melting-away-1.543030 |title=Afghanistan's tank battalion is melting away |website=Stars and Stripes |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Argentina==
In the early 1970s, the Argentine Government acquired a single M60A1 for evaluation for possible service with the Argentine military under the terms of the [[Silvio O. Conte|Conte]]-[[Russell B. Long|Long]] Amendment to the [[Foreign Military Sales Act of 1968|Foreign Assistance and Related Appropriations Act of 1968]]. However, in 1973 relations between the two countries began to deteriorate. 1975's [[Operativo Independencia]] and the [[1976 Argentine coup d'état]] ended further military assistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve10/ch2 |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–10, Documents on American Republics, 1969–1972 - Office of the Historian |website=history.state.gov |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> It was never placed into service and stands as a [[Gate guardian|gate guard]] outside the General Lemos Combat Support School at [[Campo de Mayo]], near [[Buenos Aries]].<ref name="blindados23.blogspot.com">{{cite web|url=http://blindados23.blogspot.com/2014/03/m60-en-campo-de-mayo.html |title=Blindados y Fortines: M60 en Campo de Mayo|date=10 March 2014 |website=Blindados23.blogspot.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Austria==
They purchased M60A1s from excess in Europe during the early 1980s from redundant [[United States Army Europe|USAEUR]] inventories replacing the M41s and M47s in its Panzergrenadier (Mechanized) Brigades. Under its Everlasting Neutrality policies Austria avoided becoming a member of either [[NATO]] or the [[Warsaw Pact]] during the Cold War. Its relations with NATO were limited to the Partnership for Peace Program. They have generally limited their military to the protection of Austria and participation in various [[United Nations]] missions. In 1995 they began the restructuring of its forces and phased out the M60A1 from Austrian service replacing them with Leopard 2A4s acquired from surplus Dutch stocks. They sold their remaining M60s to Egypt.

==Bahrain==
The Bahraini government has purchased 126 excess M60A3s from [[United States Forces Korea|US Forces Korea]] and redundant stocks at [[Fort Knox]] in 1990.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |title=U.S. PRICING POLICY ON THE SALE OF M60A3 TANKS -- HON. LEE H. HAMILTON |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/docs/h931124-m60a3.htm |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |accessdate=27 December 2018 |date=November 24, 1993}}</ref> These tanks participated as part of Joint Forces Command East during the [[Gulf War]]. After the [[Gulf War]] Bahrain received additional military support from the [[United States]], including the sale of 54 M60A3 tanks, 12 [[F-16C/D Fighting Falcon|F-16C/D aircraft]], and 14 [[AH-1 Cobra|Cobra helicopters]].<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26414.htm |title=Bahrain |website=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Currently they has some 60 M60A3s in service and the rest in reserve. These tanks have had upgrades to their fire control and situational awareness systems by Raytheon.

==Bosnia and Herzegovina==
[[File:Bosnian M60 A3 tank.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] M60A3 type tank]]
[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] received its first 45 M60A3s in 1996 as part of a United States Train and Equip Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/1997/09/dayton-implementation-train-and-equip-program |title=Dayton Implementation: The Train and Equip Program |website=United States Institute of Peace |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> to help rebuild and restructure the Bosnian Federation's armed forces after the conclusion of the [[Bosnian War]]. An additional 40 more were transferred before the program ended in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/us-military-aid-program-bosnia-hailed-success |title=US Military Aid Program In Bosnia Hailed As Success|date=7 July 2008 |website=CNS News |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> As of 2012 they were still in service.

==Brazil==
[[Brazil]] acquired their first Main Battle Tanks (MBT)s, M60A3 TTS and Leopard 1A1s, respectively from the United States and [[Belgium]], replacing almost at once all the already obsolete [[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41Cs]]. By 1997 Brazil purchased 128 Belgian [[Leopard 1]]s and 91 M60A3TTS, the last of which were delivered in 1999. [[Brazilian Army]] strategic priority projects are aimed to reequip its army brigades with equipment according to their growing needs. The projects would be implemented by 2035 and the total estimated value is R$60 billion (US$34 billion). Brazil's Army's Modernization Program includes the modernization and revitalization of M60 combat vehicles, Leopard 1A1 and M113 armored vehicles. The projects would be implemented by 2035 and the total estimated value is R$60 billion (US$34 billion). With the Leopard 1A5 BR program, the EB had planned to standardize its fleet of tanks (CC) with German Leopard 1 as the new Leopard 1A5 would equip Vehicles Combat Regiments (RCC). The Leopard 1BE (known as the EB Leopard 1A1), would be transferred to the RCB and the M60A3 TTS would be written off. However, due to the rapid obsolescence and ineffectiveness of Leopard 1BE, whose operation has been restricted to a few dozen vehicles, there were not enough to equip four RCBs, the plans had to be changed. The solution was to keep 28 M60A3 TTS in service with the 20th RCB and equip the three Southern RCBs with 36 Leopard 1BE (12 for each).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/army-mods.htm |title=Exorcito Brasileiro - Brazilian Army Modernization |website=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Egypt==
[[File:Egyptian Army M60A1 tank.jpg|thumb|Egyptian version of the M60A1 participates with the [[Egyptian Army]] in [[Operation Bright Star]].]]
During Yom Kippur war Egypt captured about 50 M60A1 tanks, some of them in repairable condition. Egypt steadily purchased 700 M60A1s from US surpluses in Europe from 1979 to 1988. Some additional 1,016 M60A3s were purchased from the United States and Austria between 1990 and 2002. Egypt had contracted with [[General Dynamics Land Systems]] to convert 400 M60A1s to the M60A3 standard during the 1990s. Egypt has employed its M60A1s and A3s in participation of semi-annual [[Operation Bright Star|Bright Star exercises]].<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia4">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/Egypt.php |title=Egyptian Armour |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Egypt's military is currently engaged in the ongoing [[Sinai insurgency]] and has stationed troop and armor assets to the [[Sinai]] and [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] border in early 2018 to quell Islamist terrorist activity and destroying many of the tunnels used by [[Hamas]] to bring supplies into Gaza. According to the Egypt Defense Portal, the vehicles, which included [[YPR-765]] armored infantry fighting vehicles and 30 M60A3 main battle tanks, were stationed near Gaza in preparation for an expanded military campaign in the framework of [[Comprehensive Operation – Sinai 2018]], which began last February.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/171869 |title=Egypt Tanks Cross Gaza Border Fence |website=Israel National News}}</ref> The militant group [[Sinai Province]] claimed responsibility for an attack on an army-owned M60 tank in October 2018 in the northern Sinai. The group posted pictures of the attack on Twitter accounts allegedly operated by Sinai Province members, claiming that they planted an [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) on a side road linking the neighboring cities of Al-Arish and Sheikh Zuweid, which exploded while the tank was passing destroying the vehicle and left an Egyptian officer dead and four infantrymen injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2016/01/31/sinai-province-attacks-armed-forces-tank/ |title='Sinai Province' attacks Armed Forces tank – Daily News Egypt |date=31 January 2016 |website=Dailynewsegypt.com}}</ref> Egypt has been awarded a contract to assemble [[M1 Abrams]] tanks under license in Egypt with the goal of retiring M60s from Egyptian service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/34029 |title=Egypt Moves Armored Vehicles to the Gaza Border – Israel Defense |website=Israeldefense.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/egypt-co-production-m1a1-abrams-tank |title=Egypt – Co-production of M1A1 Abrams Tank |website=Dsca.mil}}</ref>

==Ethiopia==
[[Ethiopia]] acquired its M60 tanks from 1974 through 1977 as part of the longstanding 1953 United States–Ethiopian Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement. Citing the arms imbalance in the region resulting from Soviet aid to Somalia, Washington proposed to update Ethiopia's arms inventory over a three-year period by turning over $200 million worth of surplus materiel including M60A1s originally designated for the [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]]. The United States also informed the [[Derg|Ethiopian Derg]] in February that it intended to reduce the size of the United States military mission and to close the [[Kagnew Station|Kagnew Communications Station]], where activities already were being phased out, by the end of September 1977. The Ethiopian government, believing that all United States military assistance eventually would be eliminated, responded in April 1977 by closing United States military installations and giving [[Military Assistance Advisory Group]] (MAAG) personnel a week's notice to leave the country. A large store of equipment remained behind in the rapid American departure. Ethiopia then ended the 1953 United States–Ethiopian Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement and terminated the lease on Kagnew station. Without a bilateral agreement, the United States had no legal basis for the continued delivery of aircraft, armored vehicles, ships, and a number of air-to-surface and air-to-air missiles that had been approved for delivery and on which the Derg had made partial down payment. This ended the military relationship between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e6/66711.htm |title=106. Telegram 4228 From the Embassy in Ethiopia to the Department of State, April 17, 1974, 1225Z|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |website=2001-2009.state.gov |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_05_03.html |title=Ethiopia: Foreign Military Assistance ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_05_03" |website=lcweb2.loc.gov |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> They participated in the 1977-8 [[Ogaden War]] with Somalia. At least two Ethiopian M60A1 tanks were lost in the fighting near the city of [[Hargeisa]] during the defense of [[Dire Dawa]] in August 1977. Without further US support, the service life of M60s in the Ethiopian Army was brief with very few of them still operational at the conclusion of the war.<ref name="onwar.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr70/fogaden1976.htm |title=Ethiopia Somalia Ogaden War 1976-1978 |website=Onwar.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> They were replaced with T-72s supplied by [[East Germany]].

==Greece==
Greece received shipments of M60A1s from excess American stocks in Europe. United States transferred to Greece in 1992 and 1993 some 358 M60A1 and 312 M60A3 tanks, due to the restraints placed by the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]] and the general upgrading of armor assets by the [[United States]] through the 1990s, replacing the M47s and M48s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greekmilitary.net/greekmbtanks.htm |title=Greek Military Photos -- Greek Army |website=greekmilitary.net |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Greece offered to donate 13 M60A3 tanks to Afghanistan in 2007. At least 312 M60A3 were in active service in 2009. They planned for their M60s tanks to be scrapped, sold or retired, with Leopard tanks replacing them and to conform to the CFE limit restrictions of the total number of tanks in service. Greece did donate at least 13 M60A3 in 2009 tanks to help bolster Afghan tank platoons and may increase this number to almost 50 additional tanks. At least 350 M60 tanks of the Greek Army were offered as a donation to Iraq but not accepted.<ref name="weaponsandwarfare.com">{{cite web|url=https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2015/10/03/greek-tanks/ |title=Greek Tanks|last=MSW|date=3 October 2015 |website=Weaponsandwarfare.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Greece attempted to acquire some 170 [[Leopard 2]] MBTs in 2010 built by the German concern Krauss-Maffei Wegmann. This deal was not completed due to allegations of bribery.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/german-arms-firms-in-bribery-claims-over-sale-of-leopard-tanks-to-greece-9029546.html |title=German arms firms in bribery claims over sale of Leopard tanks to |website=independent.co.uk}}</ref> In 2011, Greece then was interested in buying M1 Abrams tanks from US stocks as replacements for its M60s. However, the deal was cancelled because Greece lacked adequate funding.<ref name="wordpress">{{cite web|url=https://limitofadvance.wordpress.com/2016/01/17/η-νέα-αεροπορία-στρατού-τι-περιλαμβάν/|website=limitofadvance.wordpress.com|title={{dead link|date=November 2018}}|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> In April 2012, Greece accepted a donation offer from the U.S. for some 400 used M1A1 tanks and 700 [[M113]]s from redundant US Army inventory with the goal of modernizing its forces. Transportation costs were to be privately funded so as not to impact the Greek budget.<ref>{{cite web |author=USA Grants Military Aid to Greece: 400 Abrams M1A1 |url=http://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2012/04/04/usa-grants-military-aid-to-greece-400-abrams-m1a1/ |title=USA Grants Military Aid to Greece: 400 Abrams M1A1 |publisher=Keeptalkinggreece.com |date= |accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> M60s are no longer in Greek service as of 2015 and are being scrapped.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia2"/><ref name="weaponsandwarfare.com" /> Greek forces continue to use a small number of [[M48 Patton#Greek|M48A5 MOLFs]] in the [[Aegean islands]].

==Iran==
Extensive numbers of M47, M48 and M60 tanks served within the Iranian military during the [[Iran–Iraq War]], with varying combat success during the eight years of attrition and campaigning.<ref>[[#Karsh 2002|Karsh 2002]], pp. 1–8, 12–16, 19–82</ref> One of the first M60 tanks delivered to [[Iran]] was hijacked to the [[Soviet Union]] in 1961. The information garnered led to the development of the [[T-62]].<ref>[[#Zaloga 2004|Zaloga 2004]], p. 13</ref> The United States provided the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah's]] armies with access to American weaponry that included M60A1 tanks and [[F-14]] fighter jets until 1979. These acquisitions were not backed with pressures for reforms. This was probably the driving force to the path of revolution in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/iranian_overthrow.asp |title=Cold War Museum |website=Coldwar.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> The [[Iran Hostage Crisis]] deprived Iran of all further American support. The reformed Iranian Army, backed by the Revolution's Guards inherited significant quantities of American tanks. These were integrated into the new Ground Forces (NEZAJA). As recently as 2010 Iranian armor divisions estimated fleet included 100 [[Chieftain (tank)|Chieftain Mk3 and Mk5]] MBTs (referred to as the Mihr and Mobarez), 150 M60A1s, and 150 [[M47 Patton|M47s]] and [[M48 Patton|M48s]]. According to various sources, this was what remains of a peak of around 400 M47 tanks, 180 M48A5 (delivered post-1970), and 455 M60A1s (150 left after the Iran–Iraq War).<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/Iranian_Tanks.php |title=Iranian Tanks |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="gilderlehrman.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/user/login?destination=node/78931 |title=User account - Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |website=Gilderlehrman.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> These were all locally modernized, using new local names like the [[Zulfiqar (tank)|Zulfiqar]] or Samsam, but some of these seem to never pass the prototype stage, like the Sabalan.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia"/>

==Iraq==
During the [[Iran–Iraq War]] the [[Iraqi Army]] inflicted significant losses to Iran's armored forces. During the [[Battle of Khorramshahr]] in September 1980 six serviceable Iranian M60A1s were captured from Iran's [[92nd Armored Division of Khuzestan|92nd Armored Division]].<ref name="apps.dtic.mil">McLaurin, R.D. [https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/b067661.pdf Technical Memorandum 13-82, "Military Operations in the Gulf War: The Battle of Khorramshahr"]. U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, July 1982.</ref> They were transferred to [[Jordan]]. There are reports that some Iranian tanks of various types had been used [[ad hoc]] during the course of the war but none were officially in Iraqi service. Any still in their possession were destroyed after the war. [[Greece]] offered to donate 350 M60A3s in 2009 but the offer was not accepted.

In the total, Iran lost over 300 of 460 initial M60s.<ref>The Global Arms Trade: A Handbook/The Islamic revolution and the war with Iraq. Andrew T. H. Tan, Routledge, 2014</ref>

==Israel==
[[File:Israeli M60 tank captured by Egypt.jpg|thumb|Israeli E60A Magach 6 tank captured by Egypt in 1973, with an E48 Magach 5 tank in background]]
{{main|Magach#Service_history|l1=Magach service history}}

They are referred to as the Magach in the Israeli military and as the E60 series by US Foreign Military Sales. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) purchased its first M48s (Magach 3) tanks from [[West Germany]] in the late 1960s and its first (E60As Magach 6) from the [[United States]] in 1971. These E60A tanks served in their original (American) configuration but with the M19 cupola being replaced with the Urdan low profile cupola. At the start of the Yom Kippur War Israeli forces had a fleet of around 390 Magach 5s and 150 Magach 6s. They saw action in both the [[Siani]] and [[Golan Heights]]. The location of flammable hydraulic fluid at the front of the turret was exposed to be a severe design vulnerability. The United States executed [[Operation Nickel Grass]] to replace Israeli war losses with E60As thus triggering the [[1973 Oil Crisis]]. Prior to the [[1982 Lebanon War]] Israel fitted their Magach 6s providing them with Blazer [[explosive reactive armor]] (ERA). Israel [[Magach#Versions|upgraded its fleet of Magach 6s]] during the 1980s and 90s at the [[Israeli Military Industries]] TAAS Slavin Plant. In the 1990s Israel began to replace Magach 6s and 7s with the [[Merkava]] MBT. By 2006 all Magachs in regular units had been replaced by Merkavas although some Magach 7Cs are held in reserve storage.<ref name="harpoondatabases.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.harpoondatabases.com/Encyclopedia/Entry2026.aspx |title=M-60 Patton / Magach-6/7 MBT |last=Henson |first=Jason W. |website=The HarpoonHQ Database & Encyclopedia Web Application |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018163922/http://www.harpoondatabases.com/Encyclopedia/Entry2026.aspx |archivedate=18 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[[#Gawrych 1996|Gawrych 1996]], pp. 43–50</ref>

[[File:M60 with Dozer M9 - latrun-1.jpg|thumb|left E60 Magach 6 with M9 dozer blade in Yad la-Shiryon Museum, Israel]]
During [[1982 Lebanon War|Operation Peace in Galilee]] in 1982, Magach 6Bs encountered Syrian [[T-54/55]] and [[T-72]]s as well as [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] [[T-34]]-85s. Israeli Magach 5s and 6Bs were engaged on 10–11 June 1982 in the [[battle of Sultan Yacoub]], considered one of Israel's worst failures of the war suffering some 30 casualties, three taken prisoner and the loss of 11 tanks. Some were destroyed by Syrian infantry hunter-killer teams with [[9K111 Fagot|ATGMs]] and supplemented by [[RPG-7]]s. Several others were damaged by [[HOT (missile)|HOT missiles]] fired from Syrian [[Gazelle helicopters]] and one Magach 6B destroyed by a T-72. They failed to destroy the disabled E48A3 (Magagh 5) tanks left behind and they were recovered by Syrian forces the next day. One of the Israeli EM48 Patton (Magach 5) tanks captured during the battle is now on display at the [[October War Panorama]] in Damascus, with another on display in the [[Kubinka Tank Museum]] in Russia. During the [[Battle of the Sinai|Battle of the Sinai (1973)]] the Egyptian Second and Third Armies breached the [[Bar-Lev Line]] on October 6. After Egyptian infantry had successfully crossed the canal and captured the Bar-Lev Line on October 6, Israeli forces made several counterattacks in attempts to push the Egyptians back across the [[Suez Canal]]. The Israelis suffered heavy losses in these attacks, and by October 9 Egyptian forces in the Sinai had managed to destroy 500 Israeli tanks. The 3rd Egyptian Armored Division was completely eliminated and 120 Egyptian prisoners were taken in the battle at Wadi Mab'uk.<ref name="Oct8AMconvo">October 9, 1973 conversation (8:20–8:40 AM) between Israeli Ambassador to the United States Simcha Dinitz, military attaché General Mordechai Gur, Henry Kissinger, Brent Scowcroft, and Peter Rodman. [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/octwar-21a.pdf Transcript] George Washington University National Security Archive</ref> Following this both sides dug in. The Egyptians did not attack further for fear of extending their forces beyond the cover of their [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] defenses.

In July 2013, Israel began the ''Teuza'' (boldness) program for turning some military bases into sales lots for obsolete IDF equipment. Older models not suited for Israel's forces are to be sold off, or sold for scrap if there are no buyers. The E60 and early model Magach tanks are among those being offered. Main buyers are expected from Latin American, Asian, and African countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/july_2013_news_defence_security_industry_military/israeli_army_is_planning_to_sell_second-hands_merkava_main_battle_tanks_f-16_fighter_aircraft_160713.html |title=Israeli army is planning to sell second-hands Merkava main battle tanks and F-16 fighter aircraft |author= |date=16 July 2013 |website=Army Recognition |location=Ramillies, Belgium |accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref>

With the disbanding of the last E60-equipped battalions in 2014, the M60/E60 series and Magach 6 series tanks are no longer in service with the Israel Defense Forces. They have been replaced with the Merkava MBT.<ref name="imf_retire_patton">{{cite news |author= |date=25 April 2014 |title=Israeli military retires Patton tanks |url=http://www.i24news.tv/app.php/en/news/israel/diplomacy-defense/140425-israeli-military-retires-patton-tanks |publisher=[[i24news]] |location=Jaffa Port, Tel Aviv, Israel |accessdate=12 September 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707165807/http://www.i24news.tv/app.php/en/news/israel/diplomacy-defense/140425-israeli-military-retires-patton-tanks |archivedate=7 July 2016 |df= }}</ref> However the M60 hull and chassis are still used for the Magach 7 tank and other vehicles. A small number of M60A1 (Tagesh) AVLBs are still in service with the IDF.<ref name="sipri.org">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |website=armstrade.sipri.org}}</ref>

==Italy==
[[Italy]] produced 200 M60A1s under license at the OTO Melara plant, and received 100 more from excess US stocks, for a total of 300 in the late 1970s to mid 1980s with the intent of replacing its M47s and M48s.The [[Italian Army]] used them [[132nd Armoured Division Ariete|Armoured Division ''Ariete'']] with M60A1s until it was disbanded in October 1986. After the division's breakup they were used to equip the [[Mameli Armored Brigade|32nd Armored Brigade (Mameli)]], [[Pinerolo Mechanized Brigade|60th Armored Battalion (Pinerolo)]], [[List of units of the Italian Army|20th Tank Battalion (Pentimalli)]], [[Structure of the Italian Army in 1984|8th Tank Battalion (Secchiaroli)]], and [[Manin Armored Brigade|10th Tank Battalion (Bruno)]]. They formed a part of NATO's Allied Forces Southern Europe northeastern sector to defend against a possible invasion from or through [[Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/Italy/Italian_Cold_War_tanks.php |title=Italian Cold War Tanks |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> The Italian Army has participated mainly as a part of a greater multinational force, either belonging to [[NATO]], [[European Union|EU]], or to a coalition that is formed to address a specific crisis. In 1982, a reinforced battle group (NRDC-IT) including M60 tanks deployed to Lebanon conducting Operations LIBANO 1 and LIBANO 2, which ended in March 1984, as a result of the violence that had ensued after the operations launched by Israel in southern Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a450638.pdf|format=PDF |title=The Italian Army And Effects-Based Operations: A New Concept For An Army Of Use |website=Apps.dtic.mil |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> With the end of the [[Cold War]], the M60 was gradually phased out of service and replaced by the [[C1 Ariete]] main battle tank.<ref name="Italian Cold War Tanks">{{cite web |url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/Italy/Italian_Cold_War_tanks.php |title=Italian Cold War Tanks |website= tanks-encyclopedia.com}}</ref> They were completely out of Italian service by 2008. In 2017 Italian defense company Leonardo offered an upgrade of the M60 for foreign sales initially targeted for Bahrain.

==Jordan==
The United States has provided bilateral economic and military aid to Jordan since 1951 U.S. aid (overseen by State and the Department of Defense) and under this context receivied its first M48s in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33546.pdf|format=PDF |title=Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Jeremy M. Sharp|date=October 17, 2018 |website=Fas.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/30/archives/us-is-supplying-tanks-for-jordan-50-to-100-pattons-provided-in.html |title=U.S. IS SUPPLYING TANKS FOR JORDAN; 50 to 100 Pattons Provided in Military Aid Program|first=Special to The New York|last=Times|date=30 December 1965 |accessdate=12 December 2018|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> 240 M60A3TTS were purchased from the United States after completing their service in the [[Army National Guard]] during the mid 1990s, the last of these were transferred in 1997. These A3 tanks formed the basis for the development of the M60 Phoenix MBT. They also have some 82 M60A1s currently in storage, with around 20 of these have been converted to the Al-Monjed A2 ARV by [[King Abdullah Design and Development Bureau|KADDB]]. Six M60A1s were captured by Iraq from Iran during the [[Iran–Iraq War]] and transferred by [[Saddam Hussein]] to Jordan in 1980.

The Royal Jordanian Army (RJA) has begun the restructuring its armored forces. Currently the RJA fields eight battalions of Main Battle Tanks, four of which are equipped with a total of 182 M60A3s converted to the M60 Phoenix standard. The other four battalions are equipped with [[Challenger 1]] tanks, which were locally named the Al Hussein MBTs. Around 400 of these had been delivered by 2004, although it is unlikely that many are still in service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-eyeontheworld.blogspot.com/2018/02/jordan-restructures-its-armoured.html |title=Jordan: Restructures its armoured formations |website=Eyeontheworld.blogspot.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> In May 2015, Kilo Company, 24th US Marines Expeditionary Unit M1A1 Main Battle Tanks and [[Amphibious Assault Vehicle|AAVs]] worked with Jordanian M60 Phoenix Main Battle Tanks and armored personnel carriers during Exercise Eager Lion in Jordan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/589400/us-marines-wrap-up-exercise-in-jordan/ |title=U.S. Marines wrap up exercise in Jordan |website=The Official United States Marine Corps Public Website |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> In June 2018 Jordan deployed M60s to its northern border near the Syrian province of Darra to deter border aggression from ISIS and other militant groups engaged in the ongoing Syrian Civil War.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2018-06-22/jordan-sends-tanks-border-amidst-syrian-army-advance |title=Jordan Sends Tanks To Border Amidst Syrian Army Advance |website=Zerohedge.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Lebanon==
The [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] (LAF) entered discussions with [[Jordan]] to acquire M60A3 MBTs in 2008 to replace its older M48s and T-55s. These transfers required approval under the US Third Party Transfer (TPT) from the [[United States Central Command|US Central Command]] (USCETCOM). However Lebanon's leadership was apprehensive about a second transfer of 46 M60A3s because of its dissatisfaction with the first 10 tanks received from Jordan in May 2009. These tanks were rejected for service with the Lebanese military. The [[United Arab Emirates]] committed $17 million to pay for the transfers, but by the end of 2009 had not provided the funds and had not yet fully committed the $98 million to finance the remaining tanks, for a total of 56 tanks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/lebanon/army-modernization.htm |title=Lebanese Ground Forces – Modernization |first=John |last=Pike |website= globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

==Morocco==
[[Morocco]] received its M60 tanks through transfers from the United States in 1981. They have been engaged in the protracted and inconclusive war over the [[Western Sahara]] region.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/28/world/reagan-planning-to-sell-108-tanks-to-morocco.html |title=Reagan Planning to Sell 108 Tanks to Morocco |website=Nytimes.com}}</ref> In October 1981 Moroccan M60A1s engaged T-54 tanks operated by [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR]] guerrillas during fighting around Guelta Zemmur and Bir Anzaran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/world/morocco-gives-up-2-bases-in-western-sahara.html |title=Morocco Gives up 2 Bases in Western Sahara|first=Special to the New York|last=Times|date=29 November 1981 |accessdate=12 December 2018|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Morocco's M60A1 tanks were systematically upgraded to M60A3s as these became available in the mid 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghqmodels.com/pdf/24Morocco.pdf|format=PDF |title=MOROCCO |website=Ghqmodels.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Morocco has been replacing M60s still in service with surplus US M1A1 Abrams MBTs through [[Foreign Military Sales|US Foreign Military Sales]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51261 |title=More upgraded Abrams tanks on the way to Morocco – defenceWeb |first=Guy |last=Martin |website=Defenceweb.co.za}}</ref>

==Oman==
The [[Royal Army of Oman]] also bought some 54 M60A3s tanks for its only tank battalion from the United States in the late 1980s and in 1990 acquired 39 more. One regiment was equipped with [[Challenger 2]]s and the other with M60s. The Omani armored battalion served in Saudi Arabia, as part of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] contribution to the ground war to liberate [[Kuwait]]. It formed part of the Saudi Arabian-led Task Force OMAR along with the Saudi 10th Mechanized Brigade. It advanced into Kuwait on the second day of the ground offensive and had no casualties.<ref>Allfrey, Philip, Warlords of Oman</ref> In 2001, Oman M60s and a large contingent of the [[British Army]], held Exercise [[Saif Sareea II]]. The stated aims of the exercise were to practice rapid deployment and test equipment in severe conditions. As of 2015 these 93 were still in service with some of these stored in reserve.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia2">{{cite web |url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/US/M60_Patton.php |title=105mm Gun Tank M60 |date=18 November 2014 |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Portugal==
[[Portugal]] also received some 96 M60A3 tanks from redundant US Army inventory in Europe during 1991–92 as a result of the CFE Treaty. As of 2008, only 14 tanks were in the 1st Combat Squadron and the rest in reserve.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia3">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/Portuguese-armor.php |title=Portuguese Armor |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Portugal{s armed forces function under [[NATO]] obligation to equip the First Composite Brigade to be at the disposal of the [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] (SACEUR) and started taking part in NATO exercises in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11003.html |title=Portugal - PORTUGAL AND NATO |website=Country-data.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> They are grouped under NATO's Allied Forces Southern Europe PIGS ('''P'''ortugal, '''I'''taly, '''G'''reece, '''S'''pain) battle group.

==Saudi Arabia==
The [[Armed forces of Saudi Arabia|Royal Saudi Army]] has purchased around 910 M60A1RISE and RISE/Passive MBTs from the United States from the late 1970s through the mid 1980s. Some 186 of these were given to [[North Yemen]]. Many of the remaining A1s were upgraded to the A3 standard through 1994. In 1990 Saudi Arabia inspected and purchased 390 M60A3s from US redundant inventories at [[Ft. Hood]]. As of 2015 the Saudi fleet included some 660 M60A3s, with about half of this number in reserve.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="Isby p. 73">[[#Isby & Nordeen 2010|Isby & Nordeem 2010]], p. 73.</ref><ref name="ReferenceF">[[#Zaloga 2009|Zaloga 2009]], pp. 46-47.</ref> They saw action as part of the [[Coalition of the Gulf War|Coalition Forces]] during the [[Gulf War]], participating in the [[Battle of Khafji]] as well as in the [[Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen]].<ref>CNN, ''Gulf War Facts''.</ref><ref>Williams, pp. 5–6.</ref> The Saudis deployed M60A3s under the aegis of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]'s (GCC) joint [[Peninsula Shield Force]] crossing the [[King Fahd Causeway]] from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain in order to support the [[House of Khalife|al-Khalifa]] security forces during the [[2011 Bahrain protests|Bahraini protests]] in March 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/world/middleeast/15bahrain.html |title=Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Put Down Unrest |first=Ethan Bronner and Michael |last=Slackman |website=Nytimes.com}}</ref><ref>joint Peninsula Shield task force crossed the causeway from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain to support the [[Special Security Command|al-Khalifa security forces]].</ref> The Bahraini uprising was the first GCC deployment in relation to an internal threat and was followed by persistent claims by media channels about the GCC's forces strafing demonstrators with warplanes and destroying mosques. According to the Saudi commander al-Azima, stated that the role of the force in Bahrain was to "secure Bahrain's vital and strategically important military infrastructure from any foreign interference" and to protect Bahraini borders while Bahrain security forces are "preoccupied with Bahraini internal security". He denied that the force caused any Bahraini citizen to "suffer so much as a scratch", and said that the force entered Bahrain "to bring goodness, peace, and love".<ref name="aawsat">{{cite web|url=http://classic.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3|website=classic.aawsat.com|title={{dead link|date=December 2018}}|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> Saudi armored forces have experienced losses during its 2015 campaign in Yemen. The losses inculuded some 20 M1A1 Abrams and at least 22 M60A3s. Many of these were destroyed by Iranian and Soviet ATGMs. On April 8, 2018 a Saudi M60A3 tank was lost and seven soldiers killed during a skirmish in the Najran province along the Saudi-Yemeni border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseone.com/business/2016/08/us-tank-deal-exposes-saudi-losses-yemen-war/130623/ |title=Saudi Losses in Yemen War Exposed by US Tank Deal |website=Defense One |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Over 50 M60 tanks were destroyed from 2015 to 2018.<ref>[https://www.rg.ru/2018/11/26/kompleks-metis-unichtozhil-tank-m60-amerikanskogo-proizvodstva-v-jemene.html Комплекс "Метис" уничтожил танк М60 американского производства в Йемене. Алексей Брусилов, Алексей Моисеев. Российская Газета. 26 ноября 2011]</ref> They have purchased some 800 surplus German [[Leopard 2]] MBTs in 2012 for $12.5 billion to replace the M60s remaining in Saudi service.<ref name="asianews">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Berlin-and-Washington-to-sell-weapons-to-Mideast-nations-to-boost-Mideast-stability-25424.html|author=AsiaNews.it|title=Germany - US - Mideast Berlin and Washington to sell weapons to Mideast nations to boost Mideast stability |website=asianews.it|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> They have recently placed a US$500 million order for ammunition for their M60s and other equipment to replenish stocks expended during its military [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|incursion into Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/53364/saudi-arabia-requests-usd500-million-ammo-replenishment |title=Saudi Arabia requests USD500 million ammo replenishment - Jane's 360 |website=Janes.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Spain==
[[Spain]] received some 400 M60A3 MBTs in 1991–92, when redundant American equipment became available as a result of the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty. The [[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministry of Defense]] in 1995 under the Armor 2000 program has been replacing M60s in Spanish service with the [[Leopard 2]] A5 MBT. Some have been converted into the M60CZ-10/25E Alacran and AVLBs.<ref name="ciar.org">{{cite web |url=http://ciar.org/ttk/mbt/armor/armor-magazine/armor-mag.1998.ma/2spain2000.pdf |title=Armor magazine |date=1998 |website=ciar.org |format=PDF}}</ref> Many were transferred to Greece during the mid 1990s. Spain employed its M60A3s in participation of [[Operation Bright Star]] in October 2001, demonstrating an amphibious landing at Umayyad Egypt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=WnwvF8SVcAw |title=Spanish Marines landing on Egipt |accessdate=12 December 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2018}}

==Sudan==
The United States and [[Sudan]] entered an agreement in November 1976 to provide Sudan with selected arms. The United States sold Sudan transport aircraft financed by Saudi Arabia, followed several years later by [[Northrop F-5|F-5]] combat airplanes. Believing that Sudan was threatened by neighboring Ethiopian and Libyan forces heavily armed by the Soviet Union, Washington adopted a growing role in Sudan's security. Between fiscal year 1979 and 1982, military sales credits rose from $5 million to $100 million. Subsequent aid was extended on a grant basis. United States aid consisted of [[M113]] APCs, M60A1 tanks, artillery, and [[Cadillac Gage Commando|Commando armored cars]]. United States grant aid reached a peak of $101 million in 1982; at the time, this constituted two-thirds of all United States military assistance to sub-Saharan Africa. Sudan granted the United States naval port facilities at [[Port Sudan]] and agreed to some prepositioning rights for military equipment for contingent use by the United States Central Command. Sudanese and United States forces participated in Operation Bright Star in 1981 and 1983. When [[Second Sudanese Civil War|civil war]] again erupted in the south in 1983, military grants and credits from the United States were abruptly stopped and in 1985 Sudan terminated its participation in [[Operation Bright Star]]. After 1987, no assistance was extended with the exception of less than $1 million annually for advanced training for Sudanese officers and training in the maintenance of previously supplied equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/sudan/sudan149.html |title=AllRefer.com - Sudan - Foreign Military Assistance in Sudan - Sudanese Information Resource |website=reference.allrefer.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> The Sudanese 9th Armored Brigade has participated as a member of the Saudi-led coallition in Yemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170525-sudan-military-rejects-claims-of-heavy-losses-in-yemen/ |title=Sudan military rejects claims of heavy losses in Yemen|date=25 May 2017 |website=Middleeastmnoitor.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> As of 2014 the Sudanese Army had a jumbled fleet of 465 tanks including 20 M60A1s, 60 [[Type 59 tank|Type 59/Type 59D]], 305 [[T-54/55]], 70 [[T-72]]M1, and 10 [[Type 80/88 main battle tank#Type 85|Type 85-IIM]] and a recent purchase of 150 more T-72s.<ref name="rbth.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/news/2016/09/21/sudan-to-get-170-russian-t-72-tanks_631993 |title=Sudan to get 170 Russian T-72 tanks|last=TASS|date=21 September 2016 |website=Rbth.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Taiwan==
[[File:ROCA M60A3 TTS Tanks Display in Chengkungling Oct2011.jpg|thumb|M60A3 TTS of the [[Republic of China Army|Taiwanese army]]]]
Taiwan received its first shipments of M60A3TTS tanks from the United States under the terms of the 1954 Taiwan – United States Mutual Defense Treaty and the 1951 [[Mutual Security Act]] until 1979. Further military assistance has been provided under Export-Import Bank financing and Overseas Private Investment Corporation guarantees. In August 1997 it was announced that the United States would transfer 180 surplus M60A3 tanks to Taiwan over the following 12 months in a deal worth about $1 million per vehicle. Taiwan is acquiring a total of 480 M60A3 tanks; they will join an already large tank force consisting of some 450 M48H and 300 M48A5 medium tanks and over 1,000 much older [[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41]] and [[M24 Chafee|M24]] light tanks (most of which are said to be in storage).<ref name="fas">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/taiwan/army-inventory.htm|website=fas.org|title=irp/world/taiwan/army-inventory|accessdate=26 December 2018}}</ref> In October 2017, Taiwan abandoned attempts to acquire surplus M1 Abrams from the U.S. and announced an upgrade program for 450 of its M60A3s, consisting of replacing the main gun with a new 120 mm cannon, as well as upgrading the ballistics computer, changing turret hydraulics to electric, and other systems. Testing and evaluation are expected to be completed in 2019 and application of new features to start in 2020.<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/10/06/giving-up-on-abrams-tank-acquisition-taiwan-moves-to-upgrade-its-m60a3-tanks/ Giving up on Abrams tank acquisition, Taiwan moves to upgrade its M60A3 tanks] – Defensenews.com, 6 October 2017</ref> In May 2018, Taiwan's Minister of National Defense told a legislative panel they are still interested in purchasing an initial batch of 108 U.S. surplus [[M1 Abrams#Upgrades|M1A2 Abrams tanks]], enough to equip two battalions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/taiwan-wants-american-m1-abrams-tanks-the-reason-china-25692 |title=Taiwan Wants American M1 Abrams Tanks. And the Reason Is China |author=Keck, Zachary |publisher=''[[The National Interest]]'' |date=May 5, 2018 |accessdate=18 August 2018 }}</ref> Other than the M60A3 TTS, Taiwan also has approximately 400 [[CM-11 Brave Tiger]] tanks developed by General Dynamics and the ROC Army's Armored Vehicle Development Center. The CM11 is a hybrid M60 chassis fitted with the turret from the older M48A5 Patton and the fire control system (FCS) of the M1 Abrams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/10/06/giving-up-on-abrams-tank-acquisition-taiwan-moves-to-upgrade-its-m60a3-tanks/ |title=Giving up on Abrams tank acquisition, Taiwan moves to upgrade its M60A3 tanks|first=Mike|last=Yeo|date=6 October 2017 |website=Defense News |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Some analysts have expressed concerns that Taiwan's terrain and some of its bridges and roads are unsuitable for the M1A1's 60 ton weight.

==Thailand==
They purchased some 53 M60A1RISE Passive and 125 M60A3TTSs from the United States after their service with the US Army between 1985 and 1990. Royal Thai Army M60A3s were engaged in combat to recapture Border Post 9631, some two miles west of the city of Thachilek, from Myanmar Army forces in 2001. On 10 February, the Thai 3rd Cavalry Regiment assembled a battalion-sized task force from a part of a mechanized infantry battalion armed with M113A3 APCs, an infantry company and a company of M60A3 MBTs and reportedly exchanged fire with [[Type 69]] tanks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://burmanewsandarticles.blogspot.com/2007/12/burma-air-force-jet-fighters.html |title=The Battle at Border Post 9631 in 2001: A Humiliating defeat and an Expensive Lesson for SPDC |first=Burma Golf |last=Club |date=13 December 2007 |website=Burmanewsandarticles.blogspot.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/13/thailand |title=War of blame after Thai-Burmese border clashes |first=John |last=Aglionby |date=13 February 2001 |newspaper=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php |title=Data |website= acig.info |format=PHP}}</ref> In 2010, Thailand began processes to eventually replace its M60A3s. The exact number of MBTs that Royal Thai Army requires is unknown, although there have been reports that Thailand plans to purchase around 200 new MBTs for its armored formations over the next couple of years. In 2011, Thailand placed a $240 million order for the purchase of 49 Ukrainian-made [[T-84|T.84 Oplot-M]] MBTs plus a number of support vehicles with Ukrspetsexport, a Ukrainian state-owned defense contractor. By the end of 2015, only ten tanks had been delivered to the Royal Thai Army, causing concern over future delays among high-ranking officers in the Royal Thai Army. Five additional tanks are slated for delivery in early 2016, according Ukrspetsexport, although it is possible that Bangkok might opt out of the contract due to the delays. Originally they were supposed to receive 20 T-84 tanks in 2015. Thailand's defense minister, Prawit Wongsuwon, visited Russia in late February and inspected a [[T-90]] (M)S model, whereas RTA chief, General Thirachai Nakwanich, visited China in January to inspect the Chinese [[VT-4]] MBT model. A Thai delegation visited Russian main battle tank manufacturer Uralvagonzavod in late December 2015 and expressed interest in both the T-90S and the [[T-14 Armata]] MBT. Colonel Winthai Suvaree emphasized that the military will make a decision based on cost-effectiveness with no details as to when a selection will be made, or a price estimate.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/confirmed-thailands-military-wants-a-new-main-battle-tank/ |title=Confirmed: Thailand's Military Wants a New Main Battle Tank |publisher=The Diplomat |date= |accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref>

==Tunisia==
[[File:Tunisie Des milliers de personnes manifestent contre le gouvernement provisoire (5384194155).jpg|thumb|Tunisian M60]]
The United States approved a $293 million arms aid package for [[Tunisia]] in 1982 that included [[Northrop F-5|F-5]] fighter jets and M60 tanks after the [[Gafsa]] incident in 1980 and to counteract possible [[Libya]]n aggression, but deliveries were delayed by Tunisian difficulties in finding financing. Tunisia took delivery of its M60A3s during 1984-5.<ref name="globalsecurity">{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tunisia/assistance.htm |title=Tunisia – Foreign Military Assistance |first=John |last=Pike |website= globalsecurity.org}}</ref> As of 2011 they were still in service. In July 2014, Tunisian and [[Algeria]]n armies agreed to launch a series of parallel military operations along the border areas as part of a long-term security plan to eliminate terrorist groups from the region. The operations will target the Kasserine Governorate in Tunisia and the border areas linking the south-west of Libya with southern Tunisia as well as areas of the governorates of Wadi, Tebessa and Biskra in Tunisia and Souk Ahras and Khenchela in Algeria against [[Salafi movement|Salafist groups]]. Some 5,000 Tunisian military personnel, including armor assets, are to conduct military operations against specific targets as well as combing some sites and enhancing security patrols and checkpoints on the roads, lanes and paths across the border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140721-algeria-tunisia-to-carry-out-joint-military-operations-against-terrorism-along-the-border/ |title=Algeria, Tunisia to carry out joint military operations against terrorism along the border|date=21 July 2014 |website=Middleeastmonitor.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Turkey==
[[File:M60 kzlsngr.JPG|thumb|left|M60A3 TTS tank of the [[Turkish Army]] at the IDEF '07 Show, [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] ]]
As a key member of NATO, Turkey received 658 M60A3TTSs and some 104 M60A1RISE Passive tanks through the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty between 1990 and 1992. Some 170 of these have been upgraded to the Sabra M60T variant.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tu-army.htm |title=Turkish Land Forces - Kara Kuvvetleri Komutan |website=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> Approximately 80 M60A3 and M60T Sabra tanks of the Turkish Army, jointly with Syrian rebel factions of the [[Free Syrian Army]] (FSA) conducted Operation Euphrates Shield (ES) beginning in August 2016, aiming to clear an area of 5,000 square kilometers of Syrian territory controlled by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] forces. During the fighting in and around the city of Al-Bab in December the Turkish 16th Mechanized Brigade lost at least one M60A3 due to an ATGM missile with reports that the driver suffered minor injuries (concussion and hearing loss).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2017/02/12/battle-al-bab-verifying-turkish-military-vehicle-losses/ |title=The Battle for Al-Bab: Verifying Euphrates Shield Vehicle Losses |date=12 February 2017 |website=Bellingcat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/large-convoy-turkish-troops-gathers-syria-border-170917121843145.html |title=Turkey deploys 80 military vehicles near Syrian border |website= aljazeera.com}}</ref> They have bought Leopard 2s in 2005 from stocks made redundant by German military cutbacks to begin the process of replacing M60s still in service as well as developing its own [[Altay (tank)|Altay MBT]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://militaryedge.org/articles/turkey-mulling-upgrade-leopard-2s-m60s/ |title=Turkey Mulling Upgrade to Leopard 2s, M60s |date=18 October 2016 |website=Militaryedge.org}}</ref> Turkey has been systematically upgrading its remaining fleet of M60A3s. Under a 2002 contract, [[Israel Military Industries]] had upgraded a batch of 169 M60s now designated in the Turkish inventory as M60Ts or Sabra Mk III. The contract price was $688 million but the actual figure was higher. In January 2017 Turkey announced a competitive bid to upgrade a batch of 200 tanks including 40 M60A3s, 40 Leopard 2A4s and 120 M60Ts. Estimated value of the contract is $500 million. The major goal of the upgrade program are to be armor improvements and installing active protection systems. The program comes with a priority tag from the Turkish government after several Turkish tanks have been hit by [[Islamism|Islamist radicals]] during the Turkish military's [[Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|incursion into Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/01/31/turkey-launches-500-million-tank-upgrade-contest/ |title=Turkey launches $500 million tank-upgrade contest|first=Burak Ege|last=Bekdil|date=8 August 2017 |website=Defense News |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> as of 2018 the Turkish army currently has the following quantities and types of tanks in its arsenal: 339 Leopard 2A4, 391 Leopard 1R, 170 M60 T, 619 M60A3 TTS, 752 M60 A3 and 758 M48A5T2. Turkey's goal is to replace the older M48-series and M60-series tanks with the [[Altay (tank)|Altay]] MBT.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/04/turkey-army-will-use-most-expensive-tank.html |title=Turkey still working to get Altay tanks rolling|first=Metin|last=Gurcan|date=30 April 2018 |website=Al-Monitor |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

==Yemen==
[[North Yemen]] received its first 64 M60A1s in 1980 as part of a $400 million arms transfer from the United States requested by Saudi Arabia to counter border disputes with the [[Communism|communist]] People's Democratic Republic of Yemen government of [[South Yemen]]. During the 1980s [[Saudi Arabia]] provided more M60s to North Yemen reaching a height of approximately 250 by 1990. With the collapse of communism, South Yemen was unified with the Yemen Arab Republic (commonly known as "North Yemen") on 22 May 1990, to form the present-day Yemen. After four years, however, South Yemen declared its secession from the north, which resulted in the north occupying south Yemen and the [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)|1994 civil war]]. On 27 April, a fierce battle took place between Yemeni forces in the wadis east of Zingibar involving M60A1 tanks and infantry from Yemen's Amaliqa brigade. Opposing them were the 119th Brigade, which had defected to the opposition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1994/05/09/internacional/768434405_850215.html |title=Las fuerzas sudistas de Yemen resisten el ataque de las tropas del Norte|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=9 May 1994 |accessdate=12 December 2018|newspaper=El País}}</ref> Hundreds of Somali refugees were killed when their camp on the southern coast of Yemen was caught in crossfire between the two sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://al-bab.com/articles-section/fierce-battle-erupts-south-yemens-troops-swoop-cut-northern-forces |title=Fierce battle erupts as south Yemen's troops swoop to cut off northern forces |website=al-bab.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> The defeat of the DRY forces opened the way for the advance to Aden which fell on 7 July. Other resistance quickly collapsed and thousands of southern leaders and military went into exile. As of 2015, there are an estimated 50 M60A1s in service with the Yemeni Army.<ref name="newrepublic.com">{{cite journal |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/72245/the-yemen-strategy |title=The Yemen Strategy |journal=The New Republic|date=1980-07-05 }}</ref> In February 2018, the Yemeni National Army launched Operation Restore Legitimacy, employing its armor units and artillery to defeat Iranian-backed Houthi militias in several areas east of the city of Hodeidah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yemen-rw.org/category/frontlines/northern-front/ |title=Northern Front Archives |website=Yemen-rw.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{US tanks|style=wide}}
{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cold War tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:Military vehicles 1960–1969]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War main battle tanks]]
[[Category:Tanks of Greece]]

M60 tank

2019-03-11T10:04:13Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:M-60 Patton Tank- 16932582561.jpg → File:105 mm Gun Full Tracked Combat Tank M60- 16932582561.jpg official name

{{Infobox weapon
|name=M60
|image=File:American M60A3 tank Lake Charles, Louisiana April 2005.jpg|border
|image_size= 300
|caption=An M60A3 on display in [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], in April 2005.
|alt=
|type=[[Main battle tank]]
|origin=United States
|is_vehicle=yes
|service= 1960–present
|used_by= See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
|wars=[[Cold War]] [[Yom Kippur War]] [[Iran–Iraq War]] [[Lebanese Civil War]] [[Ogaden War]] [[1982 Lebanon War]] [[Invasion of Grenada]] [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)]] [[Western Sahara War]] [[2011 Bahrain protests]] [[Houthi insurgency in Yemen]] [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Kurdish–Turkish conflict]] [[Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War]] [[Sinai insurgency]] [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]] [[Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen]]
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=[[Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]], [[Chrysler]]
|unit_cost= '''M60''': US$309,000 (1962) '''M60A1RISE''': US$385,000 (1976)<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.gao.gov/products/PSAD-76-153 |title=Increasing Procurement Cost Of M60A1 Tanks |first=U.S. Government Accountability |last=Office |date=6 August 1976 |website=Gao.gov |issue=PSAD-76-153 |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> '''M60A2''': US$372,000 (1974)<ref name="auto3">Sabot Publications, M60A2 Main Battle Tank in Detail, Volume 1</ref> '''M60A3TTS''': US$1.292 million (1990)<ref name="ReferenceC">[https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/docs/h931124-m60a3.htm]</ref>
|production_date= '''M60''': 1960–1962 '''M60A1''': 1962–1980 '''M60A2''': 1973–1975<ref name="auto3"/> '''M60A3''': 1978–1983<ref name="fas.org">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m60.htm |title=M60 Series Tank (Patton Series) |website=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=2018-09-11}}</ref>
|number=Over 15,000 (all variants)
|variants=See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
|weight='''M60''': {{convert|50.7|ST|t LT|lk=on}} '''M60A1''': {{convert|52.6|ST|t LT|abbr=on}} '''M60A2''': {{convert|52.0|ST|t LT|abbr=on}} '''M60A3''': {{convert|54.6|ST|t LT|abbr=on}}<ref name="Jane's Tank Recognition Guide 1996">Jane's Tank Recognition Guide, 1996, {{ISBN|0-00-470995-0}}</ref>
|length='''M60'''/'''M60A1'''/'''M60A3''': {{convert|6.946|m|ftin|sp=us}} (hull), {{convert|9.309|m|ftin|sp=us}} (gun forward) '''M60A2''': {{convert|6.946|m|ftin|sp=us}} (hull), {{convert|7.3|m|ftin|sp=us}} (gun forward)<ref name="janes-specs">[[#Foss 2005|Foss 2005]], p. 166</ref>
|width='''M60'''/'''M60A1'''/'''M60A2'''/'''M60A3''': {{convert|3.631|m|ftin|sp=us}}<ref name="janes-specs" />
|height='''M60''': {{convert|3.213|m|ftin|sp=us}} '''M60A2''': {{convert|3.1|m|ftin|sp=us}} '''M60A1'''/'''M60A3''': {{convert|3.27|m|ftin|sp=us}}<ref name="janes-specs" />
|crew=4<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/docs/bnF002AA.htm |title=Basic Issue Plan |website=Fas.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
|armour='''Upper Glacis'''<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984, pp. 439–443">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], pp. 439–443</ref>{{plainlist|
* '''M60''': {{convert|3.67|in|mm|abbr=on}} at 65° {{convert|8.68|in|mm|abbr=on}} LoS
* '''M60A1''': {{convert|4.29|in|mm|abbr=on}} at 65° {{convert|10.15|in|mm|abbr=on}} LoS
* '''M60A2''': same as M60A1
* '''M60A3''': same as M60A1}}
'''Turret Front'''<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984, pp. 439–443" />{{plainlist|
* '''M60''': equals {{convert|7|in|mm|abbr=on}}
* '''M60A1''': equals {{convert|10|in|mm|abbr=on}}
* '''M60A2''': equals {{convert|11.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}
* '''M60A3''': equals {{convert|10.87|in|mm|abbr=on}}
}}
|primary_armament= {{plainlist|
* '''M60''' / '''M60A1''' / '''M60A3''': [[Royal Ordnance L7|M68]] {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Foss, Christopher F. 2005">Foss, Christopher F., ed. (2005). Jane's Armour and Artillery: 2005–2006 (26th ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey, UK; Alexandria, VA:</ref>
* '''M60A2''': {{convert|152|mm|in|abbr=on}} M162 Gun/Launcher<ref name="Foss, Christopher F. 2005"/>
}}
|secondary_armament= {{plainlist|
* [[.50 BMG]] (12.7×99mm) [[M85 machine gun|M85]] mounted on M19 Commanders Cupola<ref name="Direct Support 1975">TM 9-1000-213-35 Direct Support, General Support, and Depot Maintenance Manual for Cannon, 105-mm Gun, M68, Mount, Combination Gun, M116 and M140, and Cupola, Tank Commander's Caliber .50 Machine Gun, M19 Used on: Tank, Combat, Full Tracked: 105-mm Gun, M60A1 W/E (2350-756-8497) and Tank, Combat, Full-tracked: 105-mm Gun, M60 W/E (2300-00-678-5773). Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 8 July 1975.</ref>
* [[7.62×51mm NATO]] [[M73 machine gun]]
}}
|engine= [[Continental AV1790|Continental AVDS-1790-2]] [[V12 engine|V12]], [[air-cooled]] [[Twin-turbo]] [[diesel engine]]
|engine_power= {{convert|750|BHP|kW|abbr=on}}<ref name="janes-specs" />
|transmission=[[General Motors]], [[Cross-drive steering transmission|cross-drive]], single-stage with 2 forward and 1 reverse ranges<ref name="janes-specs" />
|fuel_capacity= {{convert|1457|L|USgal|sp=us|order=flip}}<ref name="janes-specs" />
|pw_ratio=15.08 bhp/st (12.4 kW/tonne)<ref name="janes-specs" />
|suspension=[[Torsion bar suspension]]
|clearance= {{convert|0.463|m|ftin|sp=us|order=flip}}<ref name="janes-specs" />
|vehicle_range= {{convert|300|mi|km|-2|sp=us}}<ref name="janes-specs" />
|speed= {{convert|30|mph|0|sp=us|lk=on|abbr=on}} (road)<ref name="janes-specs" />
}}

The '''M60 Patton''' is an American second generation [[main battle tank]] (MBT) introduced in December 1960.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 165">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 165</ref> With the [[United States Army]]'s deactivation of their last ([[M103 (heavy tank)|M103]]) heavy tank battalion in 1963, the M60 became the Army's primary tank<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1988|Hunnicutt 1988]], p. 181</ref> during the [[Cold War]]. Although developed from the [[M48 Patton]], the M60 series was never ''officially'' classified as a Patton tank, but as a "product-improved descendant" of the Patton series.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984, pp. 6, 408">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], pp. 6, 408</ref> In March 1959, the tank was officially standardized as the '''105 mm Gun Full Tracked Combat Tank M60'''. Over 15,000 M60s were built by Chrysler. Hull production ended in 1983, but 5,400 older models were converted to the M60A3 variant ending in 1990.<ref name="fas.org" />

The M60 underwent many updates over its service life. The interior layout, based on the design of the M48, provided ample room for updates and improvements, extending the vehicle's service life for over four decades. It was widely used by the U.S. and its Cold War allies, especially those in [[NATO]], and remains in service throughout the world today, despite having been superseded by the [[M1 Abrams]] in the U.S. military. [[Egypt]] is currently the largest operator with 1,716 upgraded M60A3s, [[Turkey]] is second with 866 upgraded units in service, and [[Saudi Arabia]] is third with over 650 units.

==Development==

===Impetus===
During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], a Soviet [[T-54A]] medium tank was driven onto the grounds of the British embassy in Budapest by the Hungarians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/the-beast-of-budapest.htm |title=The Beast of Budapest |website=HistoryNet.com |date=19 July 2018}}</ref> After a brief examination of this tank's armor and [[D-10 tank gun|100 mm gun]], British officials decided that their [[Ordnance QF 20 pounder|20 pounder]] was apparently incapable of defeating it. There were also rumors of an even larger [[U-5TS|115 mm gun]] in the works. Hence there was a need to adopt a more powerful gun, which emerged as the famed 105 mm [[Royal Ordnance L7]].<ref>[[#Zaloga 2004|Zaloga 2004]], pp. 13, 39</ref>

This information made its way to the United States, where the Army had been experimenting with a series of upgrades to their [[M48 Patton]] tanks. These experiments were concerned with improving the armor, rangefinders, and the introduction of a variety of autoloader systems, such as that used in the [[T54 (American tank)|105 mm gun tank T54]].

The [[T95]] program, launched after the Questionmark III conference in June 1954, was the intended replacement to the M48. It featured a host of innovative and experimental components such as its 90 mm [[smoothbore]] T208 cannon rigidly affixed to its turret, and its new [[powertrain]] and suspension. The burden of developing them, however, slowed the overall program to a crawl. General Taylor approved of a new tank development program in August 1957. This incorporated many ARCOVE recommendations and foresaw the eventual replacement of the light, medium, and heavy tanks with two types: the airborne reconnaissance/assault vehicle, and the [[main battle tank]] (MBT).

The MBT was to combine the firepower and protection sufficient for the assault role with the mobility to perform as a medium tank.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 149">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 149</ref> A tank of the T95 series, armed with a smoothbore cannon and powered by a compression ignition engine, was envisaged by the Army Staff as the bearer of the role of future MBT.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 150">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 150</ref> Some T95 hulls were used from 1960 to 1964 to develop the T118E1 prototyping of the [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]].<ref>Tank Data, vol. 3. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Ordnance School, Jul 1968.</ref>

The course of this tank program was the source of widespread debate. The Bureau of Budget (BoB) believed that the Army was not progressing with sufficient speed in its tank modernization program and recommended the immediate replacement of the M48A2. Correctly predicting that the BoB would not approve the procurement of the M48A2 after the fiscal year 1959, the Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics (DCSLOG) proposed a tank based on the M48A2 featuring improved firepower and the [[Continental AV1790|AVDS-1790]] engine.

The alternative was to introduce a tank from the T95 series, but it remained highly experimental with its [[otto cycle|compression ignition engine]] not as developed as the AVDS-1790. An influential group of senior officers, by May 1958, concluded that the T95 had only marginal advantages over the M48A2. They proposed that the most important improvements, better firepower and fuel economy, could be achieved by mounting a compression ignition engine and a more powerful gun on the M48A2.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 150" />

===Choice of components===

====M68 105 mm Main Gun====
The main gun was chosen after a comparative firing test on the Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Participating in the test were six guns: the 90 mm M41 (armament of the M48A2 although tested with the new T300E53 HEAT round), the 90 mm T208E9 (a smoothbore weapon firing T320E62 APFSDS), the 105 mm X15E8 (a British gun developed from the 20 pdr), the 105 mm T254 (an American gun firing the same APDS ammunition as that of the British), the 120 mm T123E6 (a lightened variant of the M58), and the 120 mm M58 (armament of the M103). The 120 mm T123E6 was preferred by the Ordnance Department because its ammunition, the same as that for the M58 gun, was already at an advanced state of development.<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 153</ref> The T123E6 however had a slow rate of fire as, unlike the M58 on the M103, there would be only be one loader servicing it.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 155">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 155</ref> This led to the weapon having a max rate of fire of 4 rpm vs. the T254's 7 rpm.<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], pp. 453–454</ref> The factors evaluated were accuracy, lethality of a hit, rate of fire and penetration performance. Based on these tests, the 105 mm T254E2 was selected and standardized as the [[Royal Ordnance L7|M68]]. It used a vertical sliding breechblock instead of the L7's horizontal breechblock, and the US gun was fitted with an eccentric bore evacuator instead of a concentric model in order to provide more clearance over the rear deck.<ref name="Organizational Maintenance Manual--Tank 2306">TM 9-2350-253-20-2 Organizational Maintenance Manual--Tank, Combat, Full Tracked: 105-mm Gun, M60A3 (2350-00-148-6548) and (2350-01-061-2306) TTS Turret. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 15 April 1980</ref> Until American-made tubes could be obtained with comparable accuracy, British tubes were to be used.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 155" />

====Armor====
Composite armor made with fused silica glass was intended on the turret and the hull. This composite armor provides protection against HEAT, HEP, and HE rounds. However, repaired castings suffered a loss of kinetic energy protection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0524050 |title=Evaluation of Siliceous Cored Armor for the XM60 Tank |last1=Salter |date=8 November 1958 |first1=Charles B. |last2=Spiro |first2=Harry |website=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |location=Fort Belvoir, VA |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |id=Technlical Report No. 11733. Accession Number: AD0524050 |accessdate=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084858/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0524050 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> This led to the front of the hull taking the shape of a flat wedge, instead of the M48's elliptical front, as it simplified the installation of this armor.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 150" /> Limitations in manufacturing capacity and the added cost however led to this special armor being dropped and all M60 series tanks were protected with conventional steel armor.<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 156</ref>

There were two versions of hulls used for the M60 series. The M60 hull had a straight slope and beak compared to the earlier M48's rounded one. The hull bottom had a strong boat-like appearance with a pronounced recess between the upper tracks and external suspension arms. The armor was improved, at 6 inches (155 mm) on the front glacis and mantle of solid rolled homogeneous armor, while it was 4.3 inches (110 mm) on the M48. This hull version was used only on the original M60 variant and early M728s and M60AVLBs. This hull model was in production from 1959 to 1962.

The M60A1 hull has basically the same visual characteristics, the noticeable difference was the addition of a shock absorber on the second roadwheel pair and was also accompanied by a slight relocation of the first return roller. These modifications were needed due to the increased weight of the M60A1 turret as well as the additional hull armor. This hull model was used on the M60A1, M60A2 and M60A3 models of the M60 series as well as the M728A1 and M60A1 AVLB. It was in production from 1962 to 1983.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{cite web |url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/US/M60_Patton.php |title=105mm Gun Tank M60 |date=18 November 2014 |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

The M60 series went through a progressive turret armor scheme during its production life with four different turrets being manufactured for the M60 series. The turret used on the M60 was clamshell shaped and bore a strong resemblance to the M48 Patton. The M60A1 was the first version to employ the newly designed T95E7 turret with a redesigned bustle increasing the number of rounds for the main gun to 63. The M60A2 featured a specially designed turret for the M162 gun/missile launcher that greatly reduced the frontal arc in comparison to the M60A1. The M60A3's turret was similar to the A1s but with increased armor protection for the frontal arc and mantel in an effort to provide additional protection of the turret's hydraulics system.

====M19 Commander's Cupola====
The commander's cupola's official nomenclature is the Cupola, Tank Commander's Caliber .50 Machine Gun, M19.<ref name="Direct Support 1975" /> Initial production of the cupola was problematic. The first 300 M60s produced were armed with a .50cal M2HB machine gun in a pedestal mount welded to the left side of the commander's cupola owing to production problems with the new M85 machine gun. Of these tanks, the first 45 manufactured were made without the cupola itself, also due to production problems.<ref name="ReferenceA">Crismon, Fred W. U.S. Military Tracked Vehicles. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1992</ref> All of these early M60s eventually had the M19 cupola and M85 machine gun installed.

Compared to a conventional pintle mount, the remote-controlled M85 machine gun was relatively ineffective in the anti-aircraft role for which it was designed. Removing the cupola lowered the vehicle's relatively high silhouette. The cupola's hatch also opened toward the rear of the vehicle and was dangerous to close if under small-arms fire owing to a lock-open mechanism that required the user to apply leverage to unlock it prior to closing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onwar.com/weapons/afv/data/usambtm60a3.htm |title=M60A3 Patton |website= onwar.com}}</ref> All M60s in US service retained the M19 cupola until the tank was phased out of service. The few M60A3s in Army service as training vehicles had their commander's cupola removed as it was deemed unnecessary for training and to better mimic the profile of Soviet tanks.

===Production versions===
In 1957, plans were laid in the US for a universal or all purpose tank.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 149" /> The course of this tank program was the source of widespread debate. The Bureau of Budget (BoB) believed that the Army was not progressing with sufficient speed in its tank modernization program and recommended the immediate replacement of the M48A2. Correctly predicting that the BoB would not approve the procurement of the M48A2 after the fiscal year 1959, the Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics (DCSLOG) proposed a tank based on the M48A2 featuring improved firepower and the AVDS-1790 engine. Fulfilling this requirement with an interim tank that resulted in the M60 series,<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 152</ref> which largely resembles the M48 it was based on, but has significant differences. The M60 series was the last U.S. main battle tank to utilize homogeneous steel armor for protection. It was also the last to feature an escape hatch under the hull. The escape hatch was provided for the driver, whose top-side hatch could easily be blocked by the main gun. <ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/US/M60_Patton.php |title=105mm Gun Tank M60 – Tank Encyclopedia |website= tanks-encyclopedia.com |date=2014-11-18}}</ref>

===M60===
[[File:105 mm Gun Full Tracked Combat Tank M60- 16932582561.jpg|thumb|M60 Patton tank on display in Philadelphia, Mississippi]]

;Development
Three XM60 prototypes were built in 1958 to evaluate the 105 mm T254E2 main gun using the clamshell shaped turret style of the M48 and mating them to modified M48A2 hulls. Pilot 1 mounted the gun using the mount from the T95 tank, while Pilots 2 and 3 used the newly developed M119 mount.<ref>Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard #85: M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91</ref> They underwent field trials at Fort Knox and weapons tests at Aberdeen. Based on the results of these tests a new hull with increased armor and the ability to mount the developmental silicas armor was desired by the Army with the upgraded hulls going into production in 1959 and was standardized as the 105 mm Gun Full Tracked Combat Tank M60 on 16 March 1959. Production of the M60 began in May 1960.<ref>R. P. Hunnicutt, Patton: A History of American Medium Tank, Presidio Publishing</ref>

;Features
The original variant of the M60 series ultimately was produced as a quick fix engineering (QFE) upgrade of the M48 due to the Soviet Union's tank advancements of the late 1950s and the delays in implementing the silicas armor and new turret design. The M60 mounted a 105 mm M68 main gun with the [[bore evacuator]] mounted towards the middle of the tube carrying 57 rounds in the clamshell shaped turret style of the M48. The electronics package on the M60 was essentially the same as used on the M48A3 including an improved turret control system, an all-metric measurement Fire Control System (FCS), a new ballistic drive which integrated temperature data and mechanical M16 gun data computer with a coincidence range finder. The M60 hull had a straight slope and beak compared to the earlier M48's rounded one. The hull bottom had a strong boat-like appearance with a pronounced recess between the upper tracks and external suspension arms. The armor was improved, at 6 inches (155 mm) on the front glacis and mantle of solid rolled homogeneous armor, while it was 4.3 inches (110 mm) on the M48. The vehicle also provides full NBC protection for the crew using the M13A1 protection system creating a positive pressure in the crew compartment. The positive pressure keeps contaminated air out and forces the smoke produced from firing the main or coax guns out of the vehicle. Access between the driver's compartment and the turret fighting compartment was also restricted, requiring that the turret be traversed to the rear.

The M60 was deployed to [[West Germany]] to counter the threat presented from the [[T-54]]s of the Soviet Union and [[Warsaw Pact]] as well as to South Korea but was never sent to [[Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnam]] mainly due to unfavorable terain and the general lack of significant numbers of North Vietnamese armor. In May 1961 Army Chief-of-Staff General [[George Decker]] announced that the [[United States European Command|European Command]] would begin receiving the M60 to replace older tank inventory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army to Get New Tank; M60s for Berlin Garrison Announced at Fete |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/21/archives/army-to-get-new-tank-m60s-for-berlin-garrison-announced-at-fete.html |accessdate=19 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 May 1961}}</ref> By October the [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh Army]] was outfitted with many of the tanks. In March 1962 the Army awarded Chrysler a $28.4 million contract for the production of 305 tanks,<ref>{{cite news |title=Contract Awards |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/03/archives/contract-awards.html |accessdate=19 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 March 1992}}</ref> followed in October with a $61.2 million contract for 720 more.<ref>{{cite news |title=Contract Awards |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/10/13/archives/contract-awards.html |accessdate=19 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 October 1962}}</ref> A total of 2,205 M60s were built between May 1960 and October 1962.<ref>Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard #85: M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91</ref>

===M60A1 series===
[[File:US Army M551 Sheridan German village.jpg|thumb|left|M60A1 tank of the U.S. Army maneuvers through a narrow German village street while participating in the multi-national military training exercise, [[Exercise REFORGER|REFORGER]] '82.]]

;Development
The program to develop the M60A1 was approved in early 1960.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 168">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 168</ref> The first prototype pilots attempts to mate a modified M60 hull with the T95E7 turret took place in March 1960. The turret, even without the siliceous cored armor, provided improved ballistic protection. Additional space for the turret crew was also made available by mounting the cannon 5 inches forward.<ref> name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 168</ref> The first two prototypes (Pilot 1 and 2) were ready in May 1961 and the third (Pilot 3) in June 1961, when the vehicle also received its official prototype designation as the M60E1. These vehicles were built by Chrysler. The first prototype was sent to [[Aberdeen Proving Grounds]] for weapons trials, the second went to the [[Detroit Arsenal (Warren, Michigan)|Chrysler Detroit Arsenal]] for maintenance testing, and the third one was assigned to [[Fort Knox]] for shakedown trials.<ref>Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard #85: M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91 pg.56</ref> On October 22 1961, the M60E1 was officially accepted in service under the designation of 105mm Gun Tank M60A1 and production began in October 1962.<ref>Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard #85: M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91</ref>

;Features
In addition to the new turret design, the hull was upgraded. The upper [[Glacis armor|glacis]] armor was increased from 3.67 inches to 4.29 inches at 65 degrees while the sides over the crew compartment went from 1.9 inches to 2.9 inches at their apex.<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 174</ref> This brought the frontal armor up to the same 10" line of sight armor standard of the [[M103 heavy tank]]. A mushroom-shaped fume extractor was placed at the rear left of the turret bustle to vent smoke produced from firing the main or coax guns out of the vehicle. The addition of a shock absorber on the second roadwheel pair and was also accompanied by a slight relocation of the first return roller. These modifications were needed due to the increased weight of the M60A1 turret as well as the additional hull armor.<ref>Decker, Oscar C. "The Patton Tanks: The Cold War Learning Series." Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces. Eds. George F. Hofmann, Donn A. Starry. USA: University Press of Kentucky, 1999 pg.108</ref> The ammunition load for the main gun was increased to 63 rounds. The uncomfortable wire mesh seats were replaced by padded seats. The brake and accelerator pedal and gauges were also rearranged for more efficient and comfortable operation while the steering wheel was replaced by a T bar steering control.<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 169</ref> The engine and power train were upgraded by the addition of the Continental AVDS-1790-2A and the CD-850-6A. The new engine lowered fuel consumption and smoke emissions. Combination day-IR periscopes were introduced, the M32 for the gunner and the M36 for the commander although the commander's periscope could be substituted with the M34 for binocular vision without IR.<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 440</ref> Improvements to the electronics package for this version included the M17A1 stereoscopic rangefinder, electro-mechanical traverse assembly, a xenon white light or an infrared searchlight above the gun shield, and the M19 analog fire control system.

;Upgrades
As development of a new main battle tank stalled with problems and cost escalating quickly, the M60A1 was forced to serve longer than originally intended with production lasting almost 20 years. In that time span numerous product improvement programs were put forward. The first of which was TLAC, for Top Loading Air Cleaner. This reduced dirt and dust ingestion, which increased engine life. Its top loading configuration also made it easier to service.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 199">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 199</ref> Next came the AOS meaning Add-On Stabilization that was introduced in late 1972.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 199" /> As its name implies, this was an add on stabilizer kit made to fit with minimum modifications to the existing hydraulic gun control system. It was made up of several components: the rate sensor package, a control selector box, the electronics package, a shut-off valve, the traverse servo-valve assembly, the elevation servo-valve assembly, the handle shaping assembly, an hydraulic filter, and an antibacklash cylinder. At short to medium ranges, hit probabilities better than 50% from a moving M60A1 were obtained in Aberdeen test results while without a stabilizer it was essentially zero. M60A1(AOS) was the designation received by M60s equipped with the TLAC, AOS and the new T142 steel track, which had replaceable rubber pads and improved service life.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 200">[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 200</ref>

In 1975, the M60A1(RISE) meaning Reliability Improved Selected Equipment was introduced. Its [[Continental AV1790|AVDS-1790-2C diesel engine]] featured several changes in order to improve service life and reliability. A new 650 ampere oil cooled alternator, a solid state regulator and new wiring harness with more accessible disconnect were also incorporated into its electrical system.<ref name="Hunnicutt 1984 p. 200" /> The M60A1(RISE)(PASSIVE), which debuted in 1977, featured passive night vision sights for gunner and commander, kevilar spall liners for the turret, the VEESS smoke generation system, a new night vision device for the driver, a deep water fording kit and the capability to mount Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA).<ref>[[#Hunnicutt 1984|Hunnicutt 1984]], p. 202</ref><ref>Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard #85: M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91 pg. 56</ref>

The M60A1 was in production from 1962 until 1980 and was extensively used by the US Army and Marines Corps. A total of 7,948 M60A1s (all variants) were built.<ref>Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard #85: M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91 pg.327</ref> Many of them were later converted to the A3 standard.

===M60A2 "Starship"{{anchor|M60A2}}===
[[File:M60A1E1 Tank.jpg|thumb|left|M60A1E1 tank]]

;Development
The M60A2 was intended to serve as a stop-gap solution until the projected replacement by the [[MBT-70]] completed its development.<ref name="MBT-70 stopgap">{{cite book |author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services |year=1978 |title=Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Armed Services, Issue 56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxs2AAAAIAAJ |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |page=8961 |accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref>
The M60A1 hull was used starting in 1966 to develop a new turret design utilizing the 152mm M162 rifled barrel main gun. These developmental tanks were designated as the M60A1E series. The M60A1E1 variant was used to evaluate the M162 gun on several different mounts and compatiblity with the XM13 Guided Missile, Armor Defeating together with the XMTM51 training round. During the early testing of the M162 main gun it was noted that misfires and premature detonations of the M409 conventional case ammunition were caused by unburnt propellant in the bore and breech. This flaw was often catastrophic as it set off the projectile in the barrel as it was fired.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/US/medium-tank-m60a2-starship/|title=152mm Gun/Launcher M60A2 'Starship'|date=7 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref> To remedy this the guns were equipped with a traditional fume extractor on the barrel.<ref>R. P. Hunnicutt, Patton: A History of American Medium Tank, Presidio Publishing</ref> The M60A1E2 finalized the turret design with the use of a compact turret which reduced exposed frontal area by 40% compared to the M60A1<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com2"/> and continued development of the M51 Missile Guidance System (M51MGS).<ref>Sabot Publications, M60A2 Main Battle Tank in Detail, Volume 1/</ref> Initial plans called to replace the turret of every M60 with the new A2 turret, but the continual technical and reliability difficulties with the dual purpose gun caused this to be abandoned. The M60A1E3 variant was a prototype mounting the M68 105 mm rifled gun to the turret of the M60A1E2. This was evaluated due to several earlier faults noted in the M60A1E1s main gun. The M60A1E4 variant explored the use of various remote controlled weapons, including a 20mm gun as secondary armament. All variants of this series underwent evaluations and trials at the [[Aberdeen Proving Grounds]].<ref name="auto3"/> The M06A1E2 was finally accepted by the Army in 1970 and given the designation 152mm Gun/Launcher Tank M60A2. It received the unofficial nickname "Starship" due to its "[[Space Age]]" technology.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com2"/> Initial orders were submitted by the Army in 1971 however production did not start until 1973 and continued until 1975. All were built at the Chrysler Tank Plant in Warren, Michigan with a total of 540 M60A2s produced.<ref name="auto3"/>

[[File:M60A2 at AAF Museum.jpg|thumb|right|Early version of the M60A2 at AAF Museum]]
;Features
The M51MGS guidance unit for the Shillelagh missiles was designed by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford's Aerospace Division]]. The Missile Guidance System (M51 MGS) consisted of an infrared (IR) direct beam guidance and control system to track the missile mounted to the turret over the mantel of the gun<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-51.html |title=Ford MGM-51 Shillelagh |website= designation-systems.net}}</ref> with a telescopic sight and a AN/VVG1 coincidence rangefinder to the gun mantle's right with a [[M73 Machine gun|M73]] (later replaced with a [[M240 machine gun|M240C]]) mounted on the left side of the main gun.<ref>Sabot Publications, M60A2 Main Battle Tank in Detail, Volume </ref> The commanders cupola was redesigned to mount a AN/VVG1 coincidence rangefinder causing the [[M85 machine gun|M85]] to be mounted in the inverted position in order to provide access to its feed cover and mounted a single M34 periscope.<ref name="auto5">Sabot Publications, M60A2 Main Battle Tank in Detail, Volume 2</ref> The turret interior also received Kevlar spall liners. Four M226 smoke grenade launchers were mounted on each side of turret bustle. Additionally each crew member in the turret had their own hatch<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com2"/> and a mounting point to the left of the turret for a [[Xenon]] White-Light or Infrared Spotlight for night operational conditions. Late production versions replaced the bore evacuator with the Closed-Bore Scavenger System (CBSS), a compressed air system that pushed the fumes and gasses out of the muzzle when the breech was opened.<ref name="auto5"/> The M60A2s combat load consisted of 33 M409 and/or HE rounds and 13 M51 Shillelagh missiles.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com2"/>

;Flaws
This weapon system had several drawbacks. First the gunner had to keep the target in the crosshairs of the sight during the entire flight time of the missile.<ref>https://history.redstone.army.mil</ref> This meant that only one target could be tracked and engaged at a time. Furthermore the M60A2 could not fire or track a missile while moving.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com2"/> Secondly was the high minimum range of about 730 m (2400 ft). Until the missile reached this range it flew beneath tracking system's infrared beam and could therefore not be guided by the infrared command link. Also minimum range was slightly above the maximum effective range of the M60A2's conventional unguided munition, this created a dangerous gap area that could not be adequately covered by fire known as a "dead zone". It was also discovered that structural cracks in the barrel occurred after several missile firings. This defect was traced to a flaw in the longitudinal key, which fitted into a keyway inside the gun barrel. It was determined that a less deep key would significantly extend the service life of the barrel. The Missile Control System was also very fragile owing to its dependence on vacuum tubes which often broke when firing the gun. Finally a Shillelagh missile was considerably more expensive than the M409 round.

The M60A2 proved a disappointment, though its technical advancements would pave the way for future tanks; the [[MBT-70]], which relied on much of this technology as it was used in the M60A2, never advanced beyond prototype stage. The Shillelagh/M60A2 system was phased out from active units by 1981, and the turrets scrapped. The main replacement for Shillelagh missile in the mobile anti-armor role was the more versatile [[BGM-71 TOW]].<ref name="auto4"/> Most of the M60A2 tanks were rebuilt as M60A3s, or the hulls converted to [[armoured vehicle-launched bridge|armored vehicle-launched bridge]] (AVLB) vehicles, M60 Panthers<ref name="auto5"/> and [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]]s with a few M60A2s retained as museum pieces.<ref name="Patton Mania, M60">{{cite web |url=http://www.patton-mania.com/M60_Patton/m60_patton.html |title=Development and History of the M-60 tank |website=Patton-Mania |publisher=Andreas Hueger |location=Duesseldorf, Germany |accessdate=10 September 2016}}</ref>

===M60A3 series===
[[File:M60A3 of 3rd Battalion, 32nd Armor moving through Langgöns during Central Guardian '85, a phase of REFORGER '85 DF-ST-85-13331.jpg|thumb|left|US M60A3 from C Company 32nd Armor Regiment in Germany 1985]]
;Development

Due to the rapidly developing advancements in anti-armor capabilities and solid state electronics of the 1970s, along with the general dissatisfaction of the M60A2, an upgrade of the M60A1 was needed. In 1978 work began on the M60A3 variant which featured a number of technological enhancements and increasing the turret armor.

[[File:M-60A3 near Giessen in Germany 1985.JPEG|thumb|right|Two M60A3 of the U.S. Army in Germany]]
;Features
The armor protection for the turret was increased to 330 mm on the gun mantle and to 276 mm on the turret face.<ref>https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a123413.pdf</ref> This was an attempt to correct the design flaw of the location of flammable hydraulic fluid at the front of the turret. The electronics and fire control systems were also improved. These included an M21 solid state analog ballistic computer, AN/VVG2 flash-lamp pumped ruby-laser based rangefinder usable by both commander and gunner, AN/VSG2 Tank Thermal Sights (TTS), a Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (HgCdTe) IR detector for passive night and dust vision, a muzzle reference system, a turret stabilization system, and a Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke System (VEESS) that visually obscured the area around the vehicle.<ref name="inetres.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/tank/M60.html|title=M60 Main Battle Tank|website=www.inetres.com}}</ref> The smokescreen system does not provide protection against infrared, thermal or laser detection. It received an upgraded Continental AVDS-1790-2C diesel engine with a General Motors CD-850-6A transmission and a Halon fire extinguisher system.<ref name="fas.org1">https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m60.htm</ref><ref name="inetres.com"/> Steel road wheels and return rollers were used again because they were more cost efficient than the aluminum ones.

4,320 were built as new vehicles from 1978 until 1983<ref name="auto6">Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard #85: M60 Main Battle Tank 1960–91</ref> as well as some 5,400 of the A1 and A2 variants were converted<ref name="fas.org1"/> to the A3 standard ending in 1990. The M60A3 replaced the M60A1 and any remaining M48s in [[US Army|Army]] or [[National Guard]] service on a one-for-one basis however the [[US Marine Corps]] continued to use the M60A1 until they were retired from combat use in 1991.<ref>https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/docs/bnF002AA.htm</ref>

=== E60 Series===
M60s for use in foreign military service were designated as the E60 series by the [[Foreign Military Sales|US Foreign Military Sales]] (FMS). These were essentially M60s with minor modifications requested by approved foreign purchasers. Some of the modifications included removal of the M19 cupola, different models of machine guns, electronics, fire control systems or radios, external armor plates, smoke launchers and power packs.<ref>https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a528585.pdf</ref>

This series included the following designations:
*E60: modified M60 variant for non-US service
*E60A: modified M60A1 variant for non-US service
*E60B: modified M60A3 variant for non-US service

The M60A2 was never approved for foreign sales.

===Foreign upgrades===
Late in the M60's US military service, several prototype upgrades were evaluated. However these were passed over in favor of simply producing more M1 Abrams. The M60A3 was phased out of US service in the 1990s and as a training aid in 2005,<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Ben |date=22 May 2005 |title=Hohenfels trades 'The Butcher' for new 'Tonka tank' |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/hohenfels-trades-the-butcher-for-new-tonka-tank-1.33649 |newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Defense Media Activity]] |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> but it has continued in use in a number of other countries. In 2005, M60 variants were in service with [[Military of Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Brazilian Army|Brazil]], [[Military of Egypt|Egypt]], [[Military of Greece|Greece]], [[Israel Defense Forces|Israel]], [[Royal Jordanian Army|Jordan]], [[Portuguese Armed Forces|Portugal]], [[Spanish Armed Forces|Spain]], [[Tunisian Armed Forces|Tunisia]], [[Turkish Army|Turkey]], [[Royal Thai Army|Thailand]], [[Republic of China Army|ROC (Taiwan)]], [[Military of Iran|Iran]], and some other nations to varying degrees. Most of these are highly upgraded and modified, notable examples are the [[Magach]], [[Sabra (tank)|Sabra]] and Phoenix variants.

[[File:Sabra tank.jpg|thumb|left|Turkish M60A1 tank upgraded by Israel Military Industries to M60T Sabra, in Rishon LeZion, Israel, 2008]]
A [[United States Congress|US Congressional Report]] in November 1993 stated that there were 5,522 serviceable M60A3 tanks in the US Army's inventory available for sale or transfer to US allies or foreign nations. Of these 111 were in [[South Korea|Korea]], 1,435 were in [[Europe]], and 3,976 located in the continental US (CONUS). The average age of these tanks was 16 years and an expected peacetime service life of 20 years. The average price was US$212,898 per tank without radios or machine guns and they were not overhauled. Tanks located in Korea were inspected and sold to [[Bahrain]] and [[Taiwan]]. Of the 1,435 tanks in Europe, 1,311 have been cascaded to other NATO countries under the terms of the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe|Conventional Forces Europe Agreement]] (CFE), 18 reserved for non-combat use and 106 returned to CONUS. In 1990, M60A3s were sold to Oman, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. Egypt inspected 411 tanks at Fort Hood and 91 at Fort Knox and tentatively selected 299 of those. An additional inventory of tanks from the CONUS M60A3 fleet were available at the same unit price for other approved purchasers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/docs/h931124-m60a3.htm |title=Taiwan – Congressional Record |website=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=2018-11-01}}</ref>

====Super M60/AX====
[[File:Super-m60.jpg|thumb|General Dynamics Super M60/AX prototype, 1985]]

The Super M60/AX, also called ''Super 60'', was a comprehensive update package for the M60 Patton series tanks, first offered in 1985 by General Dynamics. The weapons of the Super M60 are similar to those of the M60A3 Patton, but different models were used. The main gun is the rifled 105 mm/L52 M68A1 with a thermal sleeve, the same weapon used on the M1 version of the [[M1 Abrams]] MBT with 63 rounds. The [[prototype]] built did not have an optical range finder but one could have been easily installed. The 7.62 mm M73 coaxial machine gun used on the M60A3 is replaced with a 7.62 mm M240C, with the same number of rounds. The turreted 12.7 mm [[M85 Machine Gun|M85]] machine gun were removed. It was replaced with a manually-fired 12.7 mm [[M2 Browning|M2HB]] machine gun on a pintle mount with 600 rounds. Survivability was enhanced with a layer of Chobham spaced [[Vehicle armour#Appliqué|applique armor]] built around the M60A1 turret, that noticeably changed its appearance. A layer of laminated [[Vehicle armour#Steel|steel armor]] covers the frontal arc, and possibly the sides and/or rear as well. A pair of steel track skirts were added and spall liners for the fighting compartment. The electronics package of the Super M60 was largely the same as that of the M60A3, with an AN/VVG-2 laser rangefinder, an AN/VVS-2 thermal imaging system, and an M21 solid state ballistic computer. Maneuverability was improved by a Teledyne Continental Motors CR-1790-2B, a 1,180 hp V12 diesel engine, mated to an [[Allison Transmission|Allison-Renk]] RK 304 automatic transmission with 4 forward and 4 reverse gears. The suspension of the Super M60 was enhanced over the original [[Torsion bar suspension|torsion bars]] of the M60A3 Patton via [[Hydropneumatic suspension|hydropneumatic struts]]. The new struts not only smoothen the off-road ride, but also allowed the Super M60 to handle well in spite of its considerable weight increase over the original M60A1 Patton. Even though this update package offered M60 users an opportunity to dramatically increase the combat capabilities of their tank fleets, no country ever bought the update, and the program effectively ceased by the end of the [[Cold War]]. Only one [[prototype]] was built. The failure of the Super M60 program was likely due to the lack of immediate necessity for such a vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/tanks/super_m60.htm |title=Super M60 Prototype Main Battle Tank |website= Military-today.com}}</ref>

General Dynamics offered the [[M60-2000 Main Battle Tank]] in 2001. This vehicle also failed to garner any production requests and the offering was dropped from marketing literature in 2009. The prototype was disassembled and the hull and turret returned to the US Army.<ref name="military-today.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/tanks/120s.htm |title=120S Main Battle Tank – Military-Today.com |last=ARG |website= military-today.com}}</ref>

====Super M60/AX-120====
[[File:Super Scorpion M60A3-120 2013 prototype.jpg|thumb|right|The 2013 prototype of the Super M60A3-120 as designed by General Dynamics at the International Arms Expo held in Germany in 2013]]

In 2013, [[General Dynamics Land Systems]] produced a redesigned turret and hull for the M60A3. Early work began in 2010 as the Super M60/AX-120 Program. The lethality upgrade included a Super 60 turret that mounted a licensed version of the M256 L/44 120 mm Smoothbore main gun carrying 60 rounds. The original M85 machine gun in the commander's turret was replaced with a manually controlled FN M3M .50 cal Heavy Machine Gun with 600 rounds and the mounting of an ATK LW25 25 mm chain gun towards the rear of the turret on a Remote Weapon Station, the Loader also has a pintle mounted M249 Mk3 5.56 mm Light Machine Gun used for local defense, and has two six barreled electronically fired M250 smoke dischargers, one on each side of the main gun. An Integrated Fire Control System as developed by Cascadia Optronics and FLIR Systems was fitted to the tank to provide a similar capability to the M1 Abrams Mark 1 Advanced Fire Control System. Mobility enhancements included an upgraded Allison CR-1790-3A 1,800 hp{{cn|date=February 2019}} diesel engine and [[Allison Transmission|Allison-Renk]] RK 304 Final Drive Assembly automatic transmission with 4 forward and 4 reverse gears, new drive sprockets and roadwheels, as well as the T158 lightweight track as used on the Abrams and the installation of [[Hydropneumatic suspension|hydropneumatic struts]]. Also cameras were mounted on the hull front, rear and sides for situational awareness, similar to the Abrams Situational Awareness Package (ASAP). Survivability was enhanced with the addition of Slat/Cage Armor around the turret to defeat [[RPG-7|RPGs]] and other explosives fire along with external protection plates to the frontal arc. The side skirts are made of composite material and lighter than the older steel skirts previously used. An optional offering was the fitting of Blazer Explosive Reactive Armor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/m60 |title=M60A3 – Main Battle Tank (M60) Deployed in Operation Desert Storm |website=Army-technology.com}}</ref>

This was targeted to Oman's and Bahrain's desire to upgrade or replace its current inventory of M60s. A prototype was built and shown at the 2013 International Arms Expo held in Germany. As of 2018, there have been no sales of this M60 upgrade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.standartbio.com/pdf/M60_Tank_Modernization.pdf |title=Modernization info |website=Standartbio.com |format=PDF}}</ref>

====M60A3 SLEP====
[[Raytheon]] introduced its own service life extension program (SLEP) package for the M60A3 in 2016.<ref name="defense-update.com">{{cite web |url=https://defense-update.com/20171026_m60_upgrades.html |title=New Breath of Life for the Old Patton – Defense Update |date=26 October 2017 |website=Defense-update.com}}</ref> Lethality upgrades offered in this package include a fully stabilized M68 120 mm/L44 smoothbore gun fitted with a load assisting system allowing a maximum rate of fire of 6-10 rounds per minute. It is fitted with Raytheon's Integrated Digital Fire Control System (IFCS) consisting of a modular sighting system including a Day TV camera, an Infra Red (IR) camera for night vision and an eye-safe Laser Range Finder and data bus to improve first round hit probability. Raytheon also fitted it with a laser warning receiver and smoke grenade dischargers. The cupola and [[M85 machine gun]] have been replaced with the Hitrole remotely controlled weapon system, that enables 360° panoramic surveillance from a secure position inside the tank armed with a [[M2 Browning|M2HB]] .50cal Heavy Machine Gun as well as replacing the M73 coaxial machine gun with a [[M240 Machine Gun|M240C]]. The hydraulic turret stabilization system has been replaced with the fully electro-mechanical Curtiss-Wright's Electric Gun Turret Drive Upgrade Kit. This allows the tank turret to rotate faster and accurately fire while the tank is on the move and is also lighter and safer, as a result of the removal of flammable hydraulic fluids in the turret. Its mobility has been improved with an upgraded AVDS-1790-2C engine producing 950 hp increasing available power by 20%, thus achieving improved power-to-weight ratio despite the weight increases. The suspension system includes an improved hydropneumatic system. The installation of an Automatic Fire and Explosion Sensing and Suppressing system (AFSS) that improves soldier survivability and protects the engine compartment as standard. Upgraded armor protection with STANAG 4569 Level 6 protection plates to the frontal arc and side skirts and [[slat armor]] added to the bustle, protecting the rear of the turret from [[RPG-7|RPG]] attack. These changes increased the vehicle weight to 62-63 tons.<ref name="defense-update.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/2016/06/05/raytheon-breathes-new-life-into-patton-tanks/ |title=Raytheon Breathes New Life Into Patton Tanks |first=Jen |last=Judson |date=8 August 2017 |website=Defensenews.com}}</ref>

Raytheon has been working with Jordan's King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (KADDB) for the past three years on its Phoenix Level 1 IFCS upgrade and Level 2 Lethality upgrade efforts for the M60 main battle tank. A $46.6M contract with the Jordan Armed Forces was authorized to upgrade one battalion of their Phoenix main battle tanks with Raytheon's Integrated Fire Control System (IFCS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/30073/jordan-to-update-tank-fire-control-(dec.-9).html |title=Raytheon to Upgrade Jordanian M60 Fire Control System |website=Defense-aerospace.com}}</ref>

====M60A3 Phoenix====
The Jordanian M60 Phoenix is a modular upgrade of the M60A3 with significant improvements in firepower and lethality. It has a true shoot-on-the-move capability, day/night targeting capabilities and a high first round hit provided by Raytheon's Integrated Fire Control System (IFCS). The M68 105 mm main gun is replaced with a RUAG Land Systems L50 120 mm smoothbore Compact Tank Gun (CTG)<ref>[https://militaryedge.org/armaments/m60-phoenix/]</ref> with a firing rate of 6-10 rounds per minute. Turret upgrades include an electro-mechanical (EM) turret drive unit, EM traverse assembly, and ammunition containment unit, and 20 round rack ready storage. The electronics included an eye safe laser rangefinder, second generation night sight, digital ballistic computer, cant sensors and a MIL-STD 1553 data bus. The maneuverability of the Phoenix is improved with the use of the General Dynamics AVDS-1790-2C engine producing 950 hp increasing available power by 20%, an upgraded CD-850-6A transmission, new air cleaner and air induction systems, improved suspension and new and improved final drives. Survivability is improved through the addition of the armor protection scheme for both the M60's turret and hull. The protection scheme can be reconfigured to changing threat conditions. It also has a 12 tube High Speed Directed Launcher (HSDL) smoke screen system using a multi-spectral smoke hardxill providing protection against thermal detection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://world-defense.com/threads/defence-industry-in-jordan.1920/ |title=Defence Industry in Jordan |website=World Defense |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>

====Leonardo M60A3====
[[File:Leonardo M60A3.jpg|thumb|Leonardo M60A3 prototype, 2017]]

The Leonardo M60A3 is an upgraded variant of the M60A3 offered by Italian defense company Leonardo. The upgrade is intended to offer nations already operating the M60 an upgrade to their vehicles to offer capabilities more in line with third-generation main battle tanks. It was unveiled 17 October 2017 at the Bahrain International Defense Exhibition and Conference (BIDEC).

Upgrades offered in this package include a new 120/45 gun from the Centauro II that offers a weight saving of 500 kg over the older 120/44 gun due to a redesigned light alloy cradle and muzzle brake. The old commander's cupola is completely removed and replaced instead with an armored circular ballistic plate protected with slat armor. This also offers a weight reduction compared to the original M19 cupola as used on the M60A3 Patton. For close defense, the turret is also fitted with the HITROLE-L 12.7mm remotely operated weapons system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/hitrole-light |title=HITROLE® Light – DETAIL – Leonardo – Aerospace, Defence and Security |website= leonardocompany.com}}</ref> The turret has been refitted with a new set of hydraulic and servo control improving performance. The rest of the vehicle is completely overhauled including the torsion bars, brakes, fuel supply, electric system, wheels, seals, paint, and smoke grenades. The vehicle has also been retrofitted with the Automatic Fire and Explosion Sensing and Suppression System (AFSS). Its is equipped with the LOTHAR gun sight, DNVS-4 Driver's Night Vision Sight and TURMS digital fire control system. a daytime TV camera, and an eye-safe Laser Range Finder. IED jamming systems and a laser warning receiver systems developed by Leonardo are optionally offered.<ref name="tanks-encyclopedia.com1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/modern/Italy/leonardo-m60a3-upgrade-solution/ |title=Leonardo M60A3 Upgrade Solution – Tank Encyclopedia |website= tanks-encyclopedia.com |date=2017-11-29}}</ref>

Armor improvements include a whole new passive protection suite fitted around the M60's existing cast armor turret and hull that is claimed to meet STANAG Level 6 standards. Protection for the turret is optimized for protection against kinetic energy (KE) weapons and artillery across the frontal arc. The hull to is upgraded to the same standard with the protection covering the hull sides extending to the third roadwheel. For the rear of the turret, [[slat armor]] is provided with an emphasis on protecting against the RPGs.<ref name="leonardocompany.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/hitfact-105-120mm |title=HITFACT® 105-120mm – DETAIL – Leonardo – Aerospace, Defence and Security |website= leonardocompany.com}}</ref>

Mobility is improved via either a full refurbishment of the existing power packs or an upgrade. The new powertrain offered is stated to deliver up to 20% more power without high costs and avoiding the need for any modifications to the existing hull. This AVDS-1790-5T and CD-850-B1 908 hp engine replaces the 750 hp engine and is connected to an upgraded CD-850-6A transmission.<ref name="leonardocompany.com" />

==US service history==
{{See also|M60 Patton non U.S. operators}}

Fifteen of the early examples of the M60 produced had insufficiently thick hull armor, and were therefore used by the Armor School at [[Fort Knox]] to train tank crewmembers and maintenance personnel.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

The [[M60 AVLB]] and [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]] were the only variants of the M60 series deployed to [[South Vietnam]] during the Vietnam War. The M728 was used in fire support, base security, counter ambush fire, direct assault of fortified positions, and limited reconnaissance by fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/eng/M728.html |title=M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle |website= inetres.com}}</ref> The AVLB provided gap crossing capabilities when required to support armored forces. M60s were deployed at this time to [[West Germany]] during the Cold War to support US Army operations and participated in annual [[Exercise REFORGER|REFORGER]] exercises as well as Allied Forces Day parades in [[West Berlin]] until 1991. The M60 was also deployed to Korea to support [[United States Forces Korea|US Forces Korea]] and participated in annual [[Team Spirit|Exercise Team Spirit]] maneuvers with [[South Korea]] notably with the US 2nd Infantry Division until 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUVkbdA2rpU |title=U.S. Army М88 ARV, M60 Patton (ExerciseTeam Spirit, 1987) |accessdate=12 December 2018 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/533254412116909152/ |title=M60A1. 2nd Infantry Division during exercise "Team Spirit 77" Republic of Korea - UNITED STATES ARMY - Pinterest - Military armor, United states army and Military |website=Pinterest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://picryl.com/media/m-60-tanks-destined-for-exercise-team-spirit-89-line-the-dock-at-the-us-military-29968a |title=M-60 tanks destined for exercise Team Spirit '89 line the dock at the U.S. Military Traffic Management Command (Western Area) terminal |date=1 January 1989 |website=The U.S. National Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.38north.org/2014/02/rcollins022714/ |title=A Brief History of the US-ROK Combined Military Exercises |date=26 February 2014 |website=38 North}}</ref>

On 21 August 1976, [[Gerald Ford|President Ford]] conferred with [[Henry Kissinger]] and green lighted Operation PAUL BUNYAN with a platoon of M60A1s reinforcing elements of the US 9th Infantry Regiment (Task Force VIERRA) at the south end of the [[Bridge of No Return]] in response to the [[Korean axe murder incident]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rokdrop.net/tag/operation-paul-bunyan/|title=Operation Paul Bunyan – ROK Drop|publisher=}}</ref>

M60 tanks participated in [[United States invasion of Grenada|Operation URGENT FURY]] in 1983. U.S. Marines from G Company of the 22nd Marine Assault Unit equipped with [[Amphibious Assault Vehicle]]s and four M60A1 Patton tanks landed at Grand Mal Bay on October 25 and relieved the Navy SEALs the following morning, allowing [[Paul Scoon|Governor Scoon]], his wife, and nine aides to be safely evacuated. The Marine tank crews faced sporadic resistance, knocking out a [[BRDM-2]] armored car. G Company subsequently overwhelmed the Grenadian defenders at Fort Frederick.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/operation-urgent-fury-revisited |title=Operation Urgent Fury Revisited – Marine Corps Association |website= mca-marines.org}}</ref> The 1st Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment deployed with M60A1s to [[Beirut]] and were present during the subsequent October 23 [[1983 Beirut barracks bombings|Beirut barracks bombing]] near the Beirut International Airport during the ongoing [[Lebanese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marinepatriotblog.com/marine-barracks-bombing-beirut-lebanon-october-23-1983/ |title=THE FORGOTTEN Marine Barracks Bombing Beirut, Lebanon October 23, 1983 – Marine Patriot Blog |date=23 October 2017 |website=Marinepatriotblog.com}}</ref>

M60s have been used in [[close air support]] trials with the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] in the 1980s. M60A1s have been used by the USAF as targets for the testing of radar equipment on new aircraft and also for ground force adversarial work during [[Exercise Red Flag]] at [[Nellis Air Force Base]], Nevada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/red-flag.htm |title=Red Flag |first=John |last=Pike |website= globalsecurity.org}}</ref><ref name="Gibson">{{cite web |url=http://m60-tank-parts.com/M60-Main-Battle-Tank-Technical-Data/ |title=M60 Series Main Battle Tank – ISO-Group.com |first=Michael |last=Gibson |website=M60 Tank Parts}}</ref>

[[File:M60qatar.jpg|thumb|left|A 401st TFW (P) M60 seen at Doha, Qatar during the Gulf War of 1991]]
During Operation Desert Storm in the [[Gulf War]] of 1991, at least one US Air Force unit was equipped with M60s. The 401st TFW (P), deployed to Doha, Qatar had two M60s for use by explosives ordnance disposal personnel. It was planned that using the MBTs would allow the EOD crews to remove unexploded ordnance from tarmac runway and taxiway surfaces with increased safety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lucky-devils.net |title=The Gulf War with the 401TFW/614TFS Lucky Devils |last=Kopack |first=Mike |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217125625/http://lucky-devils.net/ |deadurl=yes |archivedate=17 December 2014 |accessdate=10 September 2016}}</ref>

In early February 1991, 200 US Marine M60A1s of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force (1MEF) drove north from Khafji, Saudi Arabia into Kuwait. In the [[Battle of Kuwait International Airport]] they encountered an Iraqi force of [[T-54/55|T-54]], [[T-54/55|T-55]], [[T-62]], [[Type 69/79|Type 69]], and [[T-72]] tanks. The Marines won the battle, destroying some 100 Iraqi tanks with only one M60A1 lost (to anti-tank mines).{{source?|date=January 2019}} The U.S. Marines M60A1s were fitted with add-on explosive reactive armor (ERA) packages.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141018163922/http://www.harpoondatabases.com/Encyclopedia/Entry2026.aspx]</ref>

[[File:DM-SC-92-03658.jpg|thumb|right|Marines from Company D, [[2nd Tank Battalion]], drive their M60A1 main battle tank during a breach exercise in Operation DESERT STORM in 1991. The tank is fitted with [[reactive armor]] and an M9 bulldozer kit.]]
Following the end of both the Cold War and Operation Desert Storm, the M60 was rapidly withdrawn from combat use and superseded by the [[M1 Abrams|M1A1 Abrams]] by both the [[Army]] and [[Marine Corps]] and was relegated to the [[Army National Guard]] through most of the 1990s. In May 1997, at [[Fort Riley]], 1st Battalion, 635th Armor, [[Kansas Army National Guard]], retired the last M60 series tanks in the US military. The 58 M60A3 tanks of the Kansas Guard's only armor battalion were unceremoniously parked in a holding pen at the Camp Funston Mobilization and Training Equipment Site (MATES), in the Kansas River Valley, down the hill from Fort Riley's main post.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m60.htm |title=M60 Series Tank (Patton Series) |first=John |last=Pike |website= globalsecurity.org}}</ref> They were later transferred to the Jordanian Army. They were replaced in National Guard service by the M1 version of the Abrams MBT.

Due to the end of the Cold War, surplus US Army M1A1s were absorbed by the US Marines replacing their M60A1s on a one for one basis, allowing the Marine Corps to quickly become an all-M1 tank force at reduced cost. Except for a small number in service for training, most M60s were placed in reserve, some 1,400 were transferred to NATO allies from 1991 to 1993 under the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]] and some were sold, mainly to Middle Eastern countries. They were finally declared as excess to US needs in 1994. They were given to a few nations under governmental grants.

After being retired from combat use in 1991, 18 M60A3s, with the M19 cupola removed, continued in active Army service to provide tactical combat training to US and [[NATO]] forces in Europe. They were fitted with the [[Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System]] (MILES), given the mission to provide tactical engagement simulation for direct fire force-on-force training and were maintained at the Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC) near [[Hohenfels, Bavaria|Hohenfels]], Germany. They were used in the OPFOR Surrogate (OPFOR(S)) role by D Company 1st Battalion, [[4th Infantry Regiment (United States)|4th Infantry Regiment]] (Team Dragon) until 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=M60 Patton Tank |url=https://www.military-forces.net/tanks/m60-patton/ |website=Military Forces |accessdate=18 June 2018}}</ref> After their service as training aids, these examples were demilitarized and placed as target hulks on various firing ranges at the [[Grafenwoehr Training Area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/grafenwohrarmybase/ |title=Grafenwohr Army Base – Army Technology |website=Army-technology.com}}</ref> They were replaced in this role by the TONKA tank (unofficial name) – an M113 with a mock turret.

[[File:Excess M60s at Ft Hood, TX 2018.jpg|thumb|left|Excess M60 tanks at Fort Hood Texas, 1994]]
The large number of M60 series tanks still in the Army's CONUS inventory in 1994 were declared as excess to requirements and disposal of them began through grant programs or demilitarization at additional costs to the US government. The US Army and Air Force continue to use M60s on a limited basis as targets for the testing of radar and weapons systems.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> They are also salvaged for parts to maintain other vehicles still in service. One M60A1 hull was leased to General Dynamics for development of the M60-2000/120S during 2000–2001.<ref name="military-today.com" /> The M68 105 mm Gun has been used for the [[M1128 Mobile Gun System|M1128 Stryker MGS]]. Many are on public display in parks and museums or veteran service organizations as well as [[gate guardian|gate guards]] at military bases. Some 100 M60s are to be placed as artificial reefs off New Jersey and the Gulf coasts of Florida and Alabama accessible to scuba divers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-09-25-9409250103-story.html |title=SURPLUS U.S. ARMY TANKS TAKE THE PLUNGE AS ARTIFICIAL REEFS |author=Stephen d'Oliveira |website=Chicagotribune.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aquaexplorers.com/tanks.htm |title=The Army Tanks (artificial Reef) Shipwreck New York and New Jersey's Wreck Valley |website= aquaexplorers.com}}</ref> In February 2017, the United States Army awarded a contract to BAE Systems and Land Armaments to convert several former M60 tanks to [[M88 Recovery Vehicle|M88A2 recovery vehicles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2017/02/20/US-Army-purchases-additional-HERCULES-vehicles/7811487596002/ |title=U.S. Army purchases additional HERCULES vehicles |website=Upi.com}}</ref>

==Variants==
* '''XM60''': Developmental prototype for testing the of the T254E2 main gun using British tubes with the M48A2 hull.
*'''M60''': Featured the M68 105mm main gun and several component improvements as well as the AVDS-1790-2 diesel engine and upgraded hull. Some early production units did not have the commander's cupola.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |author=Hunnicutt, R.P. |title=Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank |volume=1 |location=Navato, California, United States |publisher=Presidio Press |date=May 29, 2015 |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1626548794}}</ref>
*'''M60E1''': Developmental prototype for the M60A1 mating a modified M60 hull to the T95E7 turret.<ref>R. P. Hunnicutt, Patton: A History of American Medium Tank, Presidio Publishing pg.123</ref>
* '''M60A1''': First variant to feature the distinctive "needle-nose" long nosed turret, along with better armor protection, improved hydraulics and AVDS-1790-2A TLAC engine.<ref name="Decker, Oscar C 1999">Decker, Oscar C. "The Patton Tanks: The Cold War Learning Series." Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of U.S. Armored Forces. Eds. George F. Hofmann, Donn A. Starry. USA: University Press of Kentucky, 1999.</ref>
** '''M60A1 AOS''': Add-On Stabilization, introduced in 1972 for the M68 gun.<ref name="Jane's Tank Recognition Guide 1996"/>
** '''M60A1 RISE''': upgraded AVDS-1790-2C TLAC engine allowing easier access, servicing and removal, several component upgrades as well as the T142 track
*** '''M60A1 RISE Passive''': passive night sights, turret spall liners, VEESS smoke system, deep water fording kit and the ability to mount ERA. US Marines outfitted with explosive reactive armor (ERA) in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m60.htm |title=M60 Series Tank (Patton Series) |publisher=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=2018-11-01}}</ref>
* '''M60A1E1''': Developmental test vehicles fitted with the 152 mm M162 gun-missile launchers.<ref name="ReferenceB" />
* '''M60A1E2/M60A2''': Turret design finalized, giving the distinctive "starship" look.
* '''M60A1E3''': prototype, M60A1E2 fitted with 105 mm gun.
* '''M60A1E4''': Experimental type with remote control weapons.<ref>Miller, David. The Illustrated Directory of Tanks of the World. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing Co., 2000</ref>
* '''M60A3''': turret upgrade fitted with a laser rangefinder, M21 solid state ballistic computer, a crosswind sensor and increased turret armor.
** '''M60A3 TTS''': Tank Thermal Sight; M60A3s fitted with the AN/VSG-2 thermal sight.<ref name="Decker, Oscar C 1999" />
** '''M60A3 SLEP''': Raytheon upgrade package for the M60A3<ref name="nationalinterest10may16">{{cite magazine |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=10 May 2016 |title=Raytheon Can Turn Old American-Made M60A3 Tanks Into Killing Machines |url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/raytheon-can-turn-old-american-made-m60a3-tanks-killing-16142 |magazine=[[The National Interest]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Center for the National Interest]] |issn=0884-9382 |accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''M60 Super/AX''': General Dynamics upgrade package for the M60A3. One prototype built.
* '''[[M60-2000 Main Battle Tank|M60-2000/120S]]''': M60/Abrams hybrid vehicle developed by General Dynamics Land Division. One prototype built.

===Specialized===
[[File:M60-panther-mcgovern-base.jpg|thumb|A remotely controlled Panther armored mine clearing vehicle leads a column down a road in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], 16 May 1996.]]

* '''[[M60 AVLB]]''': [[armored vehicle-launched bridge]] with {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=on}} scissors bridge mated to the M60 hull.
* '''M60 Panther''': M60 without a turret fitted with countermine systems used by US forces during operations [[Implementation Force|JOINT ENDEDEAVOR]] and [[Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Joint Task Force EAGLE]]. The Panther is used as a remotely controlled vehicle with mine rollers, and it is used to proof lanes and assembly areas.<ref>FM 20-32 Mine/Countermine Operations</ref> The system consists of a turretless M60 tank, Israeli mine rollers, an antimagnetic actuating device, and an Standardized Teleoperation System (STOPS) that is mounted in a separate vehicle. Additionally, a remote video camera allows the operator to see the road ahead.<ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/FM%2020-32%20W%20CH%201-4.pdf |title=FM 20-32 Mine/Countermine Operations |publisher=US Army |date=2 February 2004 |accessdate=17 December 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="auto6"/>
* '''[[M88 Recovery Vehicle]]''': Armored recovery vehicle based on M60 chassis.
* '''[[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]]''': Combat Engineer Vehicle fitted with a folding A-frame crane and winch attached to the front of the turret, and an [[M135 165mm]] demolition gun mated to the M60 hull.
* [[List of U.S. military vehicles by model number#Tankdozer_kits|M9 Bulldozer Kit]] for the M60 series (SNL G306): The M9 bulldozer installed on the M60-series tank will increase the vehicle weight by 4.45 tons (4.04 metric tons).<ref name="inetres.com"/>

===International===
* '''M60T''' or [[Sabra (tank)|Sabra]]: highly upgraded variant of the [[#M60A1 series|M60A1]] which is designed for the [[Main battle tank|MBT]] modernization program of the [[Turkish Army]]. It features a new [[IMI 120 mm gun|120 mm smoothbore gun]], electric stabilization system, new fire control system, and new armor package.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/katalog2007/data/21902/uruning/uruning3.html |title=M60 T Tank |website=Turkish Defence Industry Products Catalogue 2007–2008 |publisher=[[Defense industry of Turkey|Undersecretariat for Defence Industries]] |location=Ankara, Turkey |accessdate=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901073549/http://www.ssm.gov.tr/katalog2007/data/21902/uruning/uruning3.html |archive-date=2016-09-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Foss |first=Christopher F. |date=6 June 2007 |title=Turkey poised for delivery of M60T main battle tank |url=http://www.imi-israel.com/news.aspx?FolderID=13&docID=678|magazine=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |issn=0265-3818 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222023512/http://www.imi-israel.com/news.aspx?FolderID=13&docID=678 |archivedate=22 December 2008 |accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref> M60T is also known as Sabra Mk. II.
* '''E60''': [[Foreign Military Sales]] designation for the M60 series
** '''E60''': modified M60 variant for non-US service.
** '''E60A''': modified M60A1 variant for non-US service.
** '''E60B''': modified M60A3 variant for non-US service. Late production E60Bs for foreign military sales to Israel omitted the commander's cupola.<ref name="Decker, Oscar C 1999" />
* '''M60VLPD 26/70E''': Spanish Army bridgelayer based on the M60 with "Leguan bridge system". 12 converted from M60A1.
* '''M60CZ-10/25E Alacran''': [[Spanish Army]] combat engineer variant. 38 converted from M60A1.<ref name="ciar.org">{{cite web |url=http://ciar.org/ttk/mbt/armor/armor-magazine/armor-mag.1998.ma/2spain2000.pdf |title=Armor magazine |date=1998 |website=ciar.org |format=PDF}}</ref>
* '''Israeli variants''': Many of the Israeli M60s have been upgraded with additional reactive or passive armor, drastically improving their armor protection. These up-armored versions are called [[Magach]] 6 / Magach 7.
* '''M60 Phoenix''': Jordanian upgrade, being carried out by the [[King Abdullah II Design And Development Bureau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaddb.com/static/project2.shtm |deadurl=yes |title=Projects – Phoenix M60 Upgrade |publisher=[[King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau]] |location=Amman, Jordan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418012635/http://kaddb.com/static/project2.shtm |archivedate=18 April 2009 |accessdate=26 March 2010}}</ref> Upgrade includes shoot-on-move capabilities, increased firepower (with a RUAG 120 mm smoothbore gun) and armor protection scheme upgrade.
* Iranian variants: All Iranian M60A1s were modified and given different names.
** '''[[Zulfiqar (tank)|Zulfiqar]]''': Iranian M60A1 variant
** '''Samsam (Sword)''': Iranian upgraded version of M60A1 tank, fitted with reactive armor (presumably Kontakt-5), EFCS-3 Fire Control system, Laser warning system and IR jammers.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2 January 2012 |script-title=fa:آشنایی-با-صمصام-ناشناخته-ترین-تانک-ایرانی-عکس |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/fa/news/81833/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3 |newspaper=[[Mashregh News]] |language=Persian |location=Tehran, Iran |accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref>

===Specifications===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! M60
! M60A1
! M60A2
! M60A3
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Produced
| 1960–1962
| 1962–1980
| 1973–1975
| 1978–1983
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Length
|colspan=2 | {{convert|9.309|m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|7.3|m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9.309|m|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Width
|colspan=4 | {{convert|3.631 |m|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Height
| {{convert|3.213|m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.27|m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.1 |m|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.27|m|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! align=left | Top speed
|colspan=4 | {{convert|48|kph|abbr=on}} (on-road)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Range
|colspan=4 | {{convert|500|km|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Power
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|{{convert|750|bhp|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Weight
| {{convert|46.0|t}}
| {{convert|47.0|t|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|47.2|t|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|49.5|t|abbr=on}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Main armament
| [[Royal Ordnance L7|105 mm M68 rifled gun]] Ammunition: APDS, HEAT-FS, HESH, Smoke
| 105 mm M68 rifled gun Ammunition: APDS, APFSDS, HEAT-FS, HESH, Smoke
| 152 mm {{convert|152|mm|abbr=on}} M162 Gun/Launcher Ammunition: MGM-51 Shillelagh missile, HEAT
| 105 mm M68 rifled gun Ammunition: APDS, APFSDS, HEAT-FS, HESH, Smoke
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Crew
|colspan=4 | 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Protection
| Hull: {{convert|93|mm|abbr=on}} at 65° Turret: {{convert|180|mm|abbr=on}}
| Hull: {{convert|109|mm|abbr=on}} at 65° Turret: {{convert|250|mm|abbr=on}} ERA packages that cover the turret and front hull
| Hull: {{convert|109|mm|abbr=on}} at 65° Turret: {{convert|290|mm|abbr=on}}
| Hull: {{convert|109|mm|abbr=on}} at 65° Turret: {{convert|276|mm|abbr=on}} ERA packages that cover the turret and front hull
|}

==Operators==
* {{AFG}}: 63 M60A3TTS donated in 2009 from Greece and are in service as of 2018.<ref name="stripes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/afghanistan-s-tank-battalion-is-melting-away-1.543030 |title=Afghanistan's tank battalion is melting away |website=Stars and Stripes |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{BIH}}: 85 M60A3s, last 40 delivered in 2008. As of 2019 they are still in service.<ref name="Gibson"/>
* {{BHR}}: 180 M60A3 TTS excess US Forces Korea stocks. Last 54 were delivered in 1992 and as of 2014 60 were in service and the rest in reserve.<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26414.htm |title=Bahrain |website=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{BRA}}: 91 M60A3s purchased from United States. 28 still in service as of 2012, others have been scrapped.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/army-equip.htm |title=Brazil Army Equipment |website=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{EGY}}: Purchased 1,016 M60A3s and 700 M60A1RISE from 1986 to 2002 from the United States and other countries. About half are in storage.<ref name="ReferenceH">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/Egypt.php |title=Egyptian Armour |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{IRN}}: 200 M60A1s as of 1979 transferred from United States. 150 still in service as of 2010.<ref name="gilderlehrman.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/user/login?destination=node/78931 |title=User account - Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |website=Gilderlehrman.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{ISR}}: 111 Magach 7Cs in reserve storage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/army-equipment.htm |title=Army Equipment – Israel |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |location=Alexandria, VA |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> Some M60A1 (Tagesh) AVLBs still in service. All M60/E60 series and Magach 6 series tanks retired in 2014 and to be scrapped or sold.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.israeli-weapons.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930120959/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/ |archive-date=2018-09-30 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> Superseded by the [[Merkava]] MBT.
* {{JOR}}: 82 M60A1s in storage. Some have been converted into recovery vehcles. 240 M60A3TTS, former [[US Army National Guard]], 182 were upgraded to M60 Phoenix.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/tanks/m60_phoenix.htm |title=M60 Phoenix Main battle tank |website=Military-Today.com |accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref>
* {{LBN}}: 56 M60A3s transferred from Jordan in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lebanese-forces.com/ar/artde.asp?newsid=43196 |script-title=ar:واشنطن تزوّد لبنان أسلحة ثقيلة قبل استحقاق حزيران |author= |date=9 April 2009 |publisher=[[Lebanese Forces]] |location=Maarab, Keserwan District, Lebanon |language=Arabic |accessdate=9 April 2009}}</ref> First 10 tanks received in May 2009 were rejected for service by Lebanese government.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=9 April 2009 |title=Heavy U.S. Military Aid to Lebanon Arrives ahead of Elections |url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/Lebanon/C4E6544B51A01293C2257593001BCF28?OpenDocument |work=[[Naharnet]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130020435/http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/Lebanon/C4E6544B51A01293C2257593001BCF28?OpenDocument |archivedate=30 November 2009 |location=Beirut, Lebanon |accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref>
* {{MAR}}: 260 M60A3TTS and 167 M60A3s transferred from US in 1981.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/28/world/reagan-planning-to-sell-108-tanks-to-morocco.html |title=Reagan Planning to Sell 108 Tanks to Morocco |first=Special to the New York |last=Times |date=28 January 1981 |accessdate=12 December 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> 300 former US Marine Corps M60A1s were purchased from 1991 to 1994, 120 M60A3TTS and 7 M60A1 in 1997. M60A1 tanks purchased in the 1990s were upgraded to A3s and 140 upgraded to M60A3TTS in 2009.<ref>https://farmorocco.wordpress.com/royal-moroccan-army/equipment/tanks/</ref> As of 2015 they were still in service.
* {{OMA}}: 93 M60A3s Last 39 acquired in 1990 from inventories at [[Ft. Knox]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/> As of 2015 they are still in service.
* {{POR}}: 96 M60A3 tanks from redundant U.S. Army inventory in Europe in 1991 and 1992 as a result of the CFE Treaty. As of 2008, only 14 tanks were in the 1st Combat Squadron and the rest in reserve.<ref name="ReferenceG">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/Portuguese-armor.php |title=Portuguese Armor |website=Tanks-encyclopedia.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{SAU}}: 910 M60A1RISE (250 transferred to North Yemen).<ref name="Isby p. 73">[[#Isby & Nordeen 2010|Isby & Nordeem 2010]], p. 73.</ref> Many of these were upgraded to M60A3s during the 1990s.<ref name="ReferenceF">[[#Zaloga 2009|Zaloga 2009]], pp. 46-47.</ref> 390 M60A3s purchased in 1990.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* {{ESP}}: 400 M60A3TTSs received in 1991 and 1992 from Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty. As of 2009 there are 17 in service with the [[Infanteria de Marina]]. Some transferred to Greece, others scrapped. Superseded by the [[Leopard 2]]. 38 M60CZ-10/25E engineer vehicles, 12 M60VLPD-26/70E bridge layers in service with the Spanish Army.<ref name="ciar.org" />
* {{SDN}}: Received 20 M60A1s received 1979 from United States. They are still in service as of 2014.<ref>[[#Lobban 2010|Lobban 2010]], p. 182.</ref><ref name="rbth.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/news/2016/09/21/sudan-to-get-170-russian-t-72-tanks_631993 |title=Sudan to get 170 Russian T-72 tanks|last=TASS|date=21 September 2016 |website=Rbth.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{TWN}}: 450 M60A3TTS and 400 [[CM-11 Brave Tiger]] in service as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/taiwan/army-inventory.htm |title=Army Equipment – Taiwan |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |location=Alexandria, VA |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref>
* {{THA}}: 53 M60A1RISE Passive and 125 M60A3TTS from US Army. Still in service as of 2015.<ref>[http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/Thai-armor.php] {{dead link |date=December 2018}}</ref>
* {{TUN}}: 59 M60A3 TTS and 30 M60A1 RISE Passive received from the US in 1985. As of 2012 they are still in service.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/tunisia/assistance.htm |title=Tunisia – Foreign Military Assistance |first=John |last=Pike |website= globalsecurity.org}}</ref>
* {{TUR}}: Received 104 M60A1 RISE Passive and 658 M60A3TTS. 170 were converted to M60T Sabra. As of 2018 170 M60T, 610 M60A3TTS and 752 M60A3 in service.<ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tu-army.htm |title=Turkish Land Forces - Kara Kuvvetleri Komutan |website=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{USA}}: Currently in limited use as target vehicles for weapons and radar testing. The M60 series was retired from combat use in 1991, the [[Army National Guard]] in 1997, and as a training aid in 2005. The [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle]] was retired from combat use in 2000. 262 M728s in service with the [[US Army Reserve]] and [[Army National Guard]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Lewis, Jeff |author2=Joe D. |title=M60 Spotters Guide, version 2 |date=5 August 2007 |url=http://www.com-central.net/index.php?name=Downloads&get=306 |website=Com-central.net |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> as of 2007 and 37 [[M60 AVLB]] vehicles in service with US Marine Corps as of 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m60a1-avlb.htm |title=M60A1 Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge (M60A1 AVLB) |publisher=Fas.org |date=2000-02-06 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}</ref>
* {{YEM}}: approx. 250 M60A1 RISE Passive in 1990. As of 2015 only 50 were still in service<ref name="newrepublic.com">{{cite journal |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/72245/the-yemen-strategy |title=The Yemen Strategy |journal=The New Republic|date=1980-07-05 }}</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{ARG}}: One M60A1 acquired in early 1970s from United States. Never placed in service. As of March 2014 it is displayed as a gate guard in Buenos Aries.<ref name="blindados23.blogspot.com">{{cite web|url=http://blindados23.blogspot.com/2014/03/m60-en-campo-de-mayo.html |title=Blindados y Fortines: M60 en Campo de Mayo|date=10 March 2014 |website=Blindados23.blogspot.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{AUT}}: 170 M60A1s purchased from USAEUR excesses 1982. Later converted to A3 standard. They were replaced in 1997 by the [[Leopard 2]] and sold to Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/army-equipment.htm |title=Army Equipment - Israel |website=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{Flagdeco |Ethiopia |1975}} [[Derg|Ethiopia]]: 180 M60A1s received from the U.S. from 1974 to 1977. Replaced with the T-72 in 1978 and 1979.<ref name="onwar.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr70/fogaden1976.htm |title=Ethiopia Somalia Ogaden War 1976-1978 |website=Onwar.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
* {{GRE}}: 357 M60A1RISE and 312 M60A3TTS were received under the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty in 1991 and 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/gr-army-equipment.htm |title=Greece – Army Order of Battle |first=John |last=Pike |website= globalsecurity.org}}</ref> 63 donated to Afghanistan in 2009. Retired from service 2015 and remaining M60s to be scrapped.<ref name="ReferenceD" /><ref name="weaponsandwarfare.com">{{cite web|url=https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2015/10/03/greek-tanks/ |title=Greek Tanks|last=MSW|date=3 October 2015 |website=Weaponsandwarfare.com |accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
*{{Flagcountry|Ba'athist Iraq|1968}}: Limited [[ad hoc]] use of Iranian tanks during [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref name="archive.org">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/EquipmentOfTheIraqiArmy1958-2003specialReportVol.1 |title=Former Equipment of Iraqi Army |website=Archive.org |accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> Six Iranian M60A1s were captured in 1980 and transferred to Jordan.<ref name="apps.dtic.mil">McLaurin, R.D. [https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/b067661.pdf Technical Memorandum 13-82, "Military Operations in the Gulf War: The Battle of Khorramshahr"]. U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, July 1982.</ref> Any remaining tanks were destroyed after the war. It was never officially in Iraqi service.
* {{Flag |Italy |1946}}: 200 M60A1s produced in Italy and 100 from excess USAEUR stocks in the late 1970s. Phased out of service by 2008.<ref name="Italian Cold War Tanks">{{cite web |url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/Italy/Italian_Cold_War_tanks.php |title=Italian Cold War Tanks |website= tanks-encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tank}}
* [[List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation|G-numbers]]: (SNL G292)
* [[Gun data computer]]: models M16, M19, M21
* [[Magach]] 6 & 7: series of Israeli upgrades to the M60 platform
* [[Shawn Nelson (plumber)|Shawn Nelson]]: Went on a rampage in [[Clairemont, San Diego]], in a stolen M60A3

===Tanks of comparable role, performance and era===
* [[AMX-30]]: French main battle tank
* [[Chieftain (tank)|Chieftain]]: British main battle tank
* [[Leopard 1]]: German main battle tank
* [[Stridsvagn 103]]: Swedish turret-less main battle tank
* [[T-62]]: Soviet main battle tank
* [[T-72]]: Soviet main battle tank
* [[TR-85]]: Romanian main battle tank
* [[Type 69/79 main battle tank|Type 69/79]]: Chinese main battle tank
* [[Type 74]]: Japanese main battle tank
* [[Vijayanta]]: Indian main battle tank

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=el-Shazly |first=Saad |authorlink=Saad el-Shazly |year=2003 |orig-year=1st pub. 1980 |title=The Crossing of the Suez |edition=Revised English |location=San Francisco, CA |publisher=American Mideast Research |isbn=978-0-9604562-2-2 |lccn=80067107 |oclc=54538606 |ref=el-Shazly 2003}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Foss |editor-first=Christopher F. |year=2002 |title=The Encyclopedia of Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 900 Armored Fighting Vehicles from 1915 to the Present Day |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=[[Thunder Bay Press]] |isbn=978-1-57145-806-3 |lccn=2002032357 |oclc=50518750 |ref=Foss 2002}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Foss |editor-first=Christopher F. |year=2005 |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery: 2005–2006 |edition=26th |location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK; Alexandria, VA |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |isbn=978-0-7106-2686-8 |oclc=452263052 |ref=Foss 2005}}
* {{cite book |last=Gawrych |first=George W. |year=1996 |title=The 1973 Arab-Israeli War: The Albatross of Decisive Victory |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP21_The1973Arab-IsraeliWar.pdf |format=PDF |series=Leavenworth Papers |volume=No. 21 |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |publisher=[[United States Army Combined Arms Center|Combat Studies Institute]], [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] |issn=0195-3451 |lccn=96025054 |oclc=58397093 |ref=Gawrych 1996}}
* {{cite book |last=Ḥammād |first=Jamāl |year=2002 |orig-year=1st pub. 1989: Cairo, Egypt; الزهراء للإعلام العربي |script-title=ar:المعارك الحربية على الجبهة المصرية|trans-title=Military Battles on the Egyptian Front |language=Arabic |location=Cairo, Egypt |publisher=[[:ar:دار الشروق|دار الشروق]] |isbn=978-977-09-0866-2 |oclc=70879901 |ref=Ḥammād 2002}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunnicutt |first=Richard P. |authorlink=R. P. Hunnicutt |year=1984 |title=Patton |series=A History of the American Main Battle Tank |volume=1 |others=Line drawings by D.P. Dyer; color drawing by Uwe Feist; foreword by [[Donn A. Starry]] |edition=1st |location=Novato, CA |publisher=Presidio Press |isbn=978-0-89141-230-4 |lccn=84016586 |oclc=11043006 |ref=Hunnicutt 1984}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunnicutt |first=Richard P. |authorlink=R. P. Hunnicutt |year=1988 |title=Firepower: A History of the American Heavy Tank |others=Line drawings by D.P. Dyer; color drawing by Uwe Feist |location=Novato, CA |publisher=Presidio Press |isbn=978-0-89141-304-2 |lccn=87029147 |oclc=16922865 |ref=Hunnicutt 1988}}
* {{cite book |last1=Isby |first1=David |last2=Nordeen |first2=Lon |year=2010 |title=M60 vs T-62: Cold War Combatants 1956–92 |series=Dual |others=Illustrated by Richard Chasemore |edition=1st |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84603-694-1 |lccn=2010525413 |oclc=495780787 |ref=Isby & Nordeem 2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |authorlink=Efraim Karsh |year=2002 |title=The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988 |series=Essential Histories |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-371-2 |lccn=2003464631 |oclc=48783766 |ref=Karsh 2002}}
* {{cite book |last=Lobban |first=Richard A., Jr. |authorlink=Richard Lobban |year=2010 |title=Global Security Watch: Sudan |series=Global Security Watch |others=Foreword by Mahgoub El-Tigani Mahmoud |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger]] |isbn=978-0-313-35332-1 |lccn=2010019799 |oclc=654786988 |ref=Lobban 2010}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Ballance |first=Edgar |authorlink=Edgar O'Ballance |year=1997 |orig-year=1st pub. 1978 |title=No Victor, No Vanquished: The Arab-Israeli War, 1973 |edition=Reprint |location=Novato, CA |publisher=Presidio Press |isbn=978-0-89141-615-9 |lccn=78007448 |oclc=36626896 |ref=O'Ballance 1997}}
* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |authorlink=Steven Zaloga |date=2004 |title=T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004 |series=New Vanguard |volume=102 |others=Illustrated by Hugh Johnson |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84176-792-5 |oclc=60834392 |ref=Zaloga 2004}}
* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |year=2009 |title=T-62 Main Battle Tank 1965–2005 |series=New Vanguard |volume=158 |others=Illustrated by Tony Bryan |location=Oxford, UK; New York |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-390-2 |lccn=2009502076 |oclc=277201885 |ref=Zaloga 2009}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|M60 tanks}}
* [http://www.army-technology.com/projects/m60/ M60A3 Main Battle Tank on army-technology.com]
* [http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m60.html 105 mm Gun M60 page on AFV database site]
* [http://www.patton-mania.com/ Patton-Mania site]
* {{Internet Archive short film |id=gov.archives.arc.2569860 |name=Big Picture: M60 King of Armor}}
* [https://www.nsncenter.com/Library/M60 M60 Technical Manuals on nsncenter.com]

{{US tanks|style=wide}}
{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cold War tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War main battle tanks]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:Military vehicles 1960–1969]]
[[Category:Tanks of Greece]]

User:C2CFAN

2019-03-11T09:57:59Z

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Fortified Sector of Montmédy

2019-02-24T13:54:15Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Insigne régimentaire du 115e régiment d'infanterie de forteresse (1939).jpg → File:Insigne régimentaire du 155e régiment d'infanterie de forteresse (1939).jpg corr.

[[File:Laferte bloc2.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Block 2, La Ferté]]
The '''Fortified Sector of Montmédy''' (''Secteur Fortifié de Montmédy'') was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the [[Maginot Line]] between [[Sedan, Ardennes|Sedan]] and [[Longuyon]], a distance of about {{convert|60|km|mi}}. The sector was not as strongly defended as other sections of the Maginot Line, facing the southern [[Ardennes]] region of [[Belgium]]. Large portions of the Montmédy sector were defended by fortified houses, blockhouses, or casemates. The sector includes only four ''ouvrages'' of the type found in stronger sections of the Line. The weakly defended area in front of Sedan was the scene of a [[Battle of Sedan (1940)|major breakthrough]] by German forces in the opening of the [[Battle of France]]. This was followed by a German assault on the Maginot [[Ouvrage La Ferté]], which killed the entire garrison, the only such event on the Maginot Line.

==Concept and organization==
The sector was created in 1940 as part of the reorganization of the Meuse Front, which was combined with the Maginot Montmédy Bridgehead (''Tête du Pont de Montmédy'') and the Defensive Sector of Marville, itself separated from the [[Fortified Sector of the Crusnes]]. As a result, the fortifications in the new sector represent a wide variety of types and degrees of fortification. The Sedan sub-sector comprises two distinct lines, with fortified houses close to the border and a line of blockhouses along the line of the [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]]. The houses were built in 1938 by the Military Works organization (''Main d'Oeuvre Militaire (MOM)''), while the blockhouses were built primarily by the Army Engineer Service (''Service Technique du Génie (STG)''), beginning in 1936. The Mouzon sub-sector was organized similarly. A number of blockhouses were built to local designs, such as the FCR or Billotte blocks of the Sedan sub-sector.<ref name="hetou3-1">Mary, Tome 3 pp. 73–78</ref><ref name="kaufmann1">Kaufmann 2006, p. 81</ref>

The fortified houses took the form of a blockhouse on the ground floor with a light residential superstructure providing living quarters for the crew manning the blockhouse. Their armament consisted principally of light arms fired from a number of firing ports and embrasures, augmented by light anti-tank weapons. Fortified houses were sited close to the frontier, typically in a location that commanded the cross-border road.<ref name="hetou2-1">Mary, Tome 2, pp. 150–151</ref> Blockhouses were plain concrete structures, providing little to nothing in the way of living quarters for their crews. Blockhouses typically displayed the rounded edges and shielded firing positions characteristic of artillery casemates and combat blocks of the Maginot ''ouvrages'' built by CORF (''Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées''), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, but were usually built under non-CORF direction. Casemates tended to be built by CORF as part of the integrated Maginot defenses, and frequently mounted heavier weapons, of up to 75mm caliber. Both casemates and blockhouses could have [[GFM cloche|infantry cloches]] or cupolas for observation and protected small-arms fire.<ref>Mary, Tome 2, pp. 142-148</ref>

Yet another organization was the Commission of Study for Fortified Zones (''Commission d'Études des Zones Fortifiées (CEZF)''), which planned and built blockhouses along the valley of the Meuse and the Chiers in the Sedan and Mouzon sub-sectors in 1940, known as the Second Position.<ref name="hetou3-1"/><ref>Kaufmann 2006, p. 77</ref>

<gallery>
File:Insigne régimentaire du 132e régiment dinfanterie de forteresse (1939).jpg|Insignia of the 132nd RIF.
File:Insigne régimentaire du 136e régiment d'infanterie de forteresse (1939).jpg|Insignia of the 136th RIF.
File:Insigne régimentaire du 147e régiment d'infanterie de forteresse (1939).jpg|Insignia of the 147th RIF.
File:Insigne régimentaire du 155e régiment d'infanterie de forteresse (1939).jpg|Insignia of the 155th RIF.
</gallery>

==Command==
The Montmédy sector was under the overall command of the [[Second Army (France)|French 2nd Army]], under the command of General [[Charles Huntziger]], which was in turn part of Army Group 2 under General [[André-Gaston Prételat]]. The SF Montmédy was commanded by General Burtaire, then General Renondeau from 27 May 1940. The command post was at the Château de Tenay at [[Tilleuls]]. The interval troops, the army formations that were to provide the mobile defense for the sector, to support and be supported by the fixed defenses, were under the command of the 10th Corps (''10e Corps d'Armee''), General Grandsart, commander, and the 18th Corps (''18e Corps d'Armee''), General Rochard, commander. The 10th Corps was in turn made up of the [[55th Infantry Division (France)|55th Infantry Division]] and the [[3rd North African Infantry Division|3rd North African Division]] (''3e Division d'Infanterie Nord-Africaine (DINA)''). The 18th Corps was composed of the [[41st Infantry Division (France)|41st Infantry Division]] and the [[3rd Colonial Infantry Division (France)|3rd Colonial Division]] (''3e Division d'Infanterie Coloniale (DIC)''). Artillery support for the sector was provided by the 1st Regiment of the 169th Position Artillery Regiment (''Régiment d'Artillerie de Position (RAP)''), which controlled both fixed and mobile artillery, commanded by Chef d'Escadron Perry. The 41st ID and 3rd DIC were made up of Class A reservists, while the 55th ID was a Class B reserve formation, not considered suitable for significant combat. The 3rd DINA was an active-duty formation.<ref name="hetou3-1"/>

At the midpoint of the Battle of France on 1 June 1940, the fortress troops of the SF Montmédy amounted to four fortress infantry regiments in 13 battalions.<ref name="Mary3-4">Mary, Tome 3, p. 189</ref>

==Description==
The sector included, in order from west to east, the following major fortified positions, together with the most significant casemates and infantry shelters in each sub-sector:{{#tag:ref|English-language sources use the French term ''ouvrage'' as the preferred term for the Maginot positions, in preference to "fort", a term usually reserved for older fortifications with passive defenses in the form of walls and ditches.<ref>Kaufmann 2006, p. 13</ref> The literal translation of ''ouvrage'' in the sense of a fortification in English is "work." A ''gros ouvrage'' is a large fortification with a significant artillery component, while a ''petit ouvrage'' is smaller, with lighter arms.<ref>Kaufmann 2006, p.20</ref>|group="nb"}}

===Sub-sector of Sedan===
147th Fortress Infantry Regiment (''147e Régiment d'Infanterie de Forteresse (RIF)''), Colonel Pinard, with the 55th DI as interval troops
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

The Sedan sub-sector was not considered part of the Maginot fortifications, as they were built by organizations other than CORF and were planned as largely local initiatives, rather than as an integrated chain of advanced, mutually supportive fortifications.<ref name="hetou3-1"/>

Line of fortified houses (MOM), 1938:
* Maison Forte K (la Grève), MF8
* Maison Forte de Montimont, MF9
* Maison Forte du Bois-de-Saint-Menges, MF10
* Maison Forte de la Hatrelle, MF11
* Maison Forte Q (Illy or Olly), MF12
* Maison Forte de la Maison Friquet, MF13
* Maison Forte du Bouchon-de-la-Grenouille, MF14
* Maison Forte du Bouchon-Louisval, MF15

Principal line of resistance (FCR/STG), 1936:
* Blockhaus du Grand-Condé
* Blockhaus de Paquis-des-Cailles
* Blockhaus de la Fosse-Colin-Noizet
* Casemate des Vaux-Dessus, STG casemate for a 75mm gun
* Blockhaus de Bellevue
* Blockhaus de Pépinière-Crepelet
* Blockhaus du Côte-du-Pré-de-Meuse
* Blockhaus des Longuees-Orgières

58 infantry shelters or ''abris'', 1936-1939.<ref name="hetou3-1"/>

Additionally, a series of 11 Bilotte-style blockhouses were built as the "Second Position" stop line behind Sedan<ref name="hetou3-2">Mary, Tome 3, pp. 41, 165-179</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Sub-sector of Mouzon===
136th Fortress Infantry Regiment (''136e Régiment d'Infanterie de Forteresse (RIF)''), Lt. Colonel Vinson, with the 3rd DINA as interval troops

The Mouzon sub-sector was not considered part of the Maginot fortifications.<ref name="hetou3-1"/> However, a ''gros ouvrage'' was originally proposed for the sub-sector, the '''Ouvrage de Vaux-les-Mouzon.'''<ref name="hetou1-5">Mary, Tome 1, p. 38</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Line of fortified houses (MOM), 1938:
* Maison Forte de Beau-Terma (or Termes), MF16
* Maison Forte du Bouchon-des-Sarts, MF17
* Maison Forte du Bois-de-Pure, MF18
* Maison Forte de la Douane, MF19
* Maison Forte du Bouchon-des-Rappes, MF20
* Maison Forte de Mogues, MF21
* Maison Forte de la Croix-du-Routy, MF22

Principal line of resistance (FCR/STG), Chiers line, 1936-1940:
* Blockhaus de Palletto
* Blockhaus de Grand-Pâquis, STG casemate for a 75mm gun
* Blockhaus de Petit-Remilly
* Blockhaus de Brévilly-Ouest
* Blockhaus de Brévilly
* Blockhaus de la Prix-du-Loup
* Blockhaus de Chyberchamp, STG casemate for a 75mm gun
* Blockhaus de Bruncent
* Blockhaus de Tétaigne A
* Blockhaus de Tétaigne
* Blockhaus de Tratilly
* Blockhaus de l'Épinette
* Blockhaus d'Euilly, STG casemate for a 75mm gun
* Blockhaus de la Chaussée
* Blockhaus de Toutay Nord
* Blockhaus de Tourtay Sud
* Blockhaus de la Mahotte
* Blockhaus de la Prairie-de-Blanchampagne
* Blockhaus de Sailly
* Blockhaus de la Fond-Dur

104 infantry shelters or ''abris'', 1936-1939.<ref name="hetou3-1"/>

Second Lines: A "stop line with 11 Bilotte-style blockhouses were built as the "Second Position" or "Meuse barrier" behind Charleville. A similar group of 14 ''abris'' formed the Meuse line/CEZF Line behind Montmédy.<ref name="hetou3-2" />
{{div col end}}

===Sub-sector of the Tête de la Pont de Montmédy (Montmédy Bridgehead)===
155th Fortress Infantry Regiment (''155e Régiment d'Infanterie de Forteresse (RIF)''), Lt. Colonel Culot, with the 3rd DIC as interval troops
*'''[[Ouvrage La Ferté]]''', ''petit ouvrage'' of two combat blocks
*'''[[Ouvrage Chesnois]]''', ''gros ouvrage'' of seven combat blocks
*'''[[Ouvrage Thonnelle]]''', ''petit ouvrage'' of four combat blocks and two entry blocks
*'''[[Ouvrage Velosnes]]''', ''gros ouvrage'' of six combat blocks
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Casemate de Margut
* Casemate de Villey Ouest (adjacent to La Ferté)
* Casemate de Villey Est (adjacent to La Ferté)
* Casemate de Moiry
* Casemate de Sainte-Marie
* '''Ouvrage de Sapogne''', ''petit ouvrage'', only one block built as the Casemate de Sapogne below<ref name="hetou1-5"/>
* Casemate de Sapogne
* Casemate de Christ
* Casemate de Thonne-le-Thil
* Casemate de Guerlette
* Casemate d'Avoith
* Casemate de Fresnois
* Casemate de Saint-Antoine
* Casemate d'Ecouviez Ouest
* Casemate d'Ecouviez Est

Second line: Nine blockhouses (FCR/STG) and two casemates, the Casemate de la Laiterie and the Casemate de Villecloye to the rear of the Maginot Line. The casemates each mounted a single 75mm gun.''ouvrages.<ref name="hetou3-1"/>
{{div col end}}

Peacetime barracks and support:
* Casernement de la Ferté (never built)
* Casernement de Montmédy<ref name="hetou3-1"/>

===Sub-sector of Marville===
132nd Fortress Infantry Regiment (''132e Régiment d'Infanterie de Forteresse (RIF)''), Lt. Colonel Blanchet, with the 41st DI as interval troops, command post at Grand-Failly. The Marville sector was a separate sector, the '''Defensive Sector of Marville''', until March 1940.<ref>Mary, Tome 3, p. 78</ref>

* Chiers Line: 11 blockhouses along the Chiers valley (FCR/STG).
* Principal Line of Resistance: 10 blockhouses and one casemate (FCR/STG)
* Mangiennes-Pierrepont CEZF reinforcing line: four STG blockhouses<ref name="hetou3-1"/>

==History==
[[File:Cloche gfm2.jpg|thumb|right|GFM cloche with combat damage, La Ferté]]
{{main|Battle of Sedan (1940)|Battle of France}}

===Battle of France===
On 13 May 1940, the German Army Group A attacked the French 2nd Army in the vicinity of Sedan and Monthermé. The attack came as a surprise to the French forces of the Sedan sub-sector. The French 55th Infantry Division, a second-line reserve formation, had spent most of its time constructing blockhouses along the line of the Meuse and Chiers rivers, with priority going to the Chiers line. When the German attack came, it found the 55th ID unprepared for combat, and its blockhouses along the Meuse, the focus of German attack, were incomplete and unarmed. The attack by the German [[1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|1st]], [[2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|2nd]] and [[10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|10th]] Panzer Divisions was preceded by a heavy aerial bombardment, which, while ineffective at causing casualties or damage to fortifications, effectively destroyed the division's will to resist. German infantry advances late on the 13th produced a disorganized retreat, and by the 14th the Germans had broken through the French defenses.<ref name="romanych1">Romanych, p. 52</ref><ref>Mary, Tome 3, pp. 157-162</ref>

As the French forces in the Sedan sub-sector fled, the Chiers line in the Mouzon sub-sector was exposed. Ordered by General Huntziger to retreat to new positions farther south, the end of the Montmédy Bridgehead became exposed. This was composed of the village of Villy, occupied by the 3rd Colonial Infantry Division, backed up by [[Ouvrage La Ferté]], the effective western end of the Maginot Line. The Germans immediately moved to attack La Ferté (known to the Germans as Panzerwerke 505) with the [[71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|71st Infantry Division]]. La Ferté, as part of the Maginot Line, was designed to be supported by its neighbors when under attack. Lacking a neighbor to the west, it had to depend on [[Ouvrage Chesnois]] for artillery support. However, the Maginot fortifications in the area were farther apart than in other sectors, and La Ferté was at the limit of Chesnois' artillery range. La Ferté was itself lightly armed, although it had been augmented with two artillery casemates armed with 75mm guns. These casemates, however, were not connected as part of the position's integrated defenses, lacking a secure underground connection to the main position.<ref name="hetou3-2" /><ref name="romanych1"/>

By 15 May the Germans were preparing an attack on Villy and La Ferté. On the 17th the Germans seized Hills 226 and 311, which commanded the ''ouvrage'' and were used as firing positions for artillery. The Villy artillery casemates were evacuated by the French the same day. On the 18th Villy village was occupied by the Germans, despite determined French resistance from a series of fortified houses in the village. La Ferté was encircled. On 18 May the Germans moved closer to the ''ouvrage'', employing direct fire with four [[8.8 cm FlaK 18/36/37/41|88mm guns]]. The exposed cloches and turrets became untenable, severely reducing the ''ouvrage's'' ability to resist the assault. A French counterattack failed. With the upper levels of both blocks on fire, resistance ceased on the 19th. Germans with respirators entered on the 20th and determined that the garrison was dead, killed by [[carbon monoxide poisoning]].<ref name="hetou3-2"/><ref name="romanych1"/>

In June the remaining garrisons of the ''Tête de Pont de Montmédy'' were ordered to withdraw the night of 10–11 June to straighten French lines, and to avoid La Ferté's fate. The fortifications' arms and infrastructure were sabotaged before they were abandoned. Evacuation was complete by 12 June, a day ahead of the scheduled withdrawal, which resulted in the uncovering of the west flank of [[Ouvrage Ferme Chappy]] to the east.<ref name="romanych1"/> The German 169th Infantry Division advanced to take possession of the salient on 13 June 1940.<ref>Mary, Tome 3, pp. 189-190</ref>

The Germans stripped the Montmédy fortifications during the Occupation, removing weapons for re-use and salvaging the massive steel cloches for scrap. While Maginot fortifications in other sectors were restored for further use during the [[Cold War]], the SF Montmédy was not reactivated.<ref name="hetou5-1">Mary, Tome 5 p, 137</ref>

====Units====
The 132nd Fortress Infantry Regiment was shifted from the SF Crusnes to the SF Montmédy on 16 March 1940, holding the Chiers line. As part of a general withdrawal of French fortress inits from the Maginot Line, the 132nd RIF pulled back on 13 June and joined the ''Division de marche Burtaire'', retreating to [[Verdun]]. The regiment was assigned to hold the [[Fort Douaumont]] on 14 May. On the 15th the regiment was ordered to continue retreating in the direction of [[Toul]]. It was eventually captured to the south of Toul in the area of Colombey-les-Belles and Goviller between 20 and 22 June.<ref>Mary, Tome 1, p. 105</ref>

The 136th Fortress Infantry Regiment covered the Mouzon sub-sector. The sector came under air attack from 10 May 1940, with infantry attack from 12 May. On the 14th the regiment moved back to the Inor belt of fortifications. On 21 May the 6th company was captured by German forces in the Hache forest and the Inor line was abandoned, falling back to Stenay. As the unit fell back it organized anti-tank barricades along the route. The 9th company was captured at [[Azannes]] on 14 June. The 136th was at [[Crepey]] on June 25 for the armistice.<ref>Mary, Tome 1, p. 106</ref>

The 147th Fortress Infantry Regiment was stationed on the Sedan sub-sector. The regiment came under attack from 13 May and was pushed back to the [[Fort du Rozelier]] near [[Verdun]] by 21 May, when it was attached to the 71st Infantry Division, which became the 17trh ID two days later. Reorganized as the 59th Light Infantry Regiment on 5 June, the regiment fall back to [[Arc-en-Barrois]].<ref>Mary, Tome 1, p. 111</ref>

The 155th Fortress Infantry Regiment held the Tête du Pont de Montmédy, the most exposed portion of the sector, including La Ferté. The regiment was engaged from 13 May, and retreating to the [[Inor, Meuse|Inor]] area after the loss of the La Ferté and its garrison on 19 May. The units sabotaged their positions and retreated on 12 June. They were attached to the ;''division de marche Burtaire'', falling back to the Verdun and [[Saint-Mihiel]] area. After briefly freeing [[gironville]], the regiment was captured 20–22 June near [[Toul]].<ref>Mary, Tome 1, pp. 118-119</ref>

==Present status==
La Ferté is a French war memorial, with a small cemetery nearby.<ref>Mary, Tome 3, p. 165</ref> The other three ''ouvrages'' are abandoned although the surface of Vélosnes is maintained as a nature trail; its interior is a protected refuge for bats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donnell|first=Clayton|title=Off the Beaten Path|url=http://webspace.webring.com/people/gb/bunkernut/beaten.html|work=The Maginot Line|accessdate=18 May 2010}}</ref> Casemates and blockhouses may still be found throughout the sector, but none are specifically protected or restored.

==Notes==
<references group="nb" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
*Allcorn, William. ''The Maginot Line 1928-45.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84176-646-1}}
*Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. ''Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II'', Stackpole Books, 2006. {{ISBN|0-275-98345-5}}
*Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. ''The Maginot Line: History and Guide'', Pen and Sword, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-84884-068-3}}
*Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. ''Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1.'' Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001. {{ISBN|2-908182-88-2}} {{fr icon}}
*Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. ''Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3.'' Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003. {{ISBN|2-913903-88-6}} {{fr icon}}
*Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. ''Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5.'' Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009. {{ISBN|978-2-35250-127-5}} {{fr icon}}
*Romanych, Marc; Rupp, Martin. ''Maginot Line 1940: Battles on the French Frontier.'' Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010. {{ISBN|1-84176-646-1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.darkplaces.org/Frankreich/WW2/Ligne_Maginot/SF_de_Montmedy/SF_de_Montmedy_fr.html Fortified Sector of Montmédy] at darkplaces.org {{fr icon}}
* [http://www.fortiff.be/maginot/index.php?page=m2 Fortified Sector of Montmédy] at fortiff.be {{fr icon}}
* [http://www.ouvragelaferte.fr/ La Ferté], official site {{fr icon}}

{{commons category|Secteur fortifié de Montmédy}}
{{Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940}}
{{Maginot Line list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Montmedy, Fortified Sector Of}}
[[Category:Fortified Sector of Montmédy]]
[[Category:Maginot Line]]
[[Category:French border defenses before World War II]]

Uniforms of La Grande Armée

2018-11-22T14:41:06Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:Napoleon French Lancer by Bellange.jpg → File:Chevau-léger lancier du 2e régiment by Bellange.jpg better

{{more footnotes|date=February 2013}}
[[File:Napoleon by Bellange.jpg|thumb|[[Napoleon I]]. When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the [[Chasseurs à Cheval de la Garde Impériale|Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard]], the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large [[bicorne]]. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]] Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his [[Marshal of the Empire|marshals]] and those around him.]]
[[File:Napoleon Division General by Bellange.jpg|thumb|A [[Divisional General|General of Division]], followed by an [[Aide-de-camp]].]]
'''The uniforms of [[Grande Armée|La Grande Armée]]''', the army of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]], are described in this article.

==Troops of the Line==

===Infantry of the Line and light infantry===
{{Main article|Fusilier|Grenadier|Voltigeur|Chasseur|Carabinier}}
[[File:Napoleon Grenadier and Voltigeur of 1808 by Bellange.jpg|thumb|[[Grenadier]] (left) and [[voltigeur]] (right) of the [[line infantry]].]]

From 1793, the uniforms of the [[demi-brigades]] of the line infantry wore the blue "National Uniform" that was to be worn by all soldiers. However, for a long time, line infantry were a mix of the new blue coats worn by the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] and the white uniforms of seasoned veterans from the old Royal army. The blue dress was named the "National Uniform" and was worn by all line infantry by 1796. While headgear and details in cut changed, the uniform remained almost completely the same from the beginning of the [[French Revolution]].

The uniform was made of a blue coat, red piped white collar and cuffs, white piped red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps and shoulder straps, white turnbacks piped red, and brass buttons. Only the brass buttons had the units' identification numbers stamped on them. The lapels were fastened at the upper chest but sloped away below. The hat, a black felt [[bicorne]], was the standard infantry headdress at some of Napoleon's greatest battles. In 1807, the hat was replaced by the [[shako]], which was made of black felt, chevron on the side and visor, a brass [[rhombus|diamond shaped]] plate stamped with the Imperial [[eagle]] over the unit's regimental number, white cords, and brass chin scales. Napoleon experimented with a few units by reintroducing white coats with facings of different colours specific to each unit (reminiscent of the old Royal army's coats), but these proved unpopular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greatest-battles.webs.com/GB/Jena/FrenchWhiteUniforms1806-7.htm |title=The White Uniforms of the French Army, 1806–1807 |publisher=greatest-battles.webs.com|accessdate=2 Jul 2013}}</ref>

Some units added pompons to the shako as well as plumes. Many units had pompoms with a [[houpette]] and the center generally colored white with the company number printed in black or red. The diamond shaped plate with the regimental was most common, but some units had the shape of an eagle or the rising sun.

In 1812, the cut of the coat was changed into a [[coatee]] that included short tails, a blue crowned N on the turnbacks, and the lapels fastened down to the waist and cut square. The waistcoat was made higher and was therefore not visible. The black gaiters came up to below the knees. The plate on the shako was now a crowned eagle over a semicircle with the regimental number inscribed on it.

[[File:Napoleon Voltigeur and Carabinier by Bellange.jpg|thumb|left|[[Voltigeur]] and [[carabinier]] of the [[light infantry]].]]

Infantrymen carried the 1777 [[Charleville musket#Model 1777|Charleville musket]] that had a [[bayonet]] with a 406 mm blade. The black leather M. 1801 [[cartridge box]] held 35 rounds of ammunition and was carried by a white buff [[shoulder belt (military)|shoulder belt]]; that for [[fusilier]]s had a [[frog (fastening)|frog]] for the bayonet. The cartridge box flap generally had a white linen cover and the forage cap was rolled under the box with red tassel hanging out. The M. 1801 knapsack was made of cow hide with two straps (later three straps) to hold the rolled greatcoat on the top.

The [[Grenadiers]] uniform was almost exactly the same as that of the fusiliers, except for red [[epaulette]]s and [[grenade]]s worn on the turnbacks. They wore a bearskin cap with a brass plate stamped with a flaming grenade on the front, red cords and plume, and a red back patch with a white cross. The epaulettes broadened their shoulders and the tall bearskins made them look even taller. Moustaches were also mandatory. There were several variations that included a blue and red quartered back, white cords and a peak. This variation's headdress was a bicorne with a red pompom.

[[Voltigeur]]s wore a yellow-buff collar, green epaulettes with a yellow crescent, and yellow-buff [[bugle (instrument)|bugle]] horns on the turnbacks. From 1804, they wore shakos, but some had bicorne hats with green pompoms and a yellow brush. By 1807, all Voltigeurs had a shako which could be plain black, and have a yellow top or bottom band, or have yellow chevrons, green cords, and an all-green plume or a green plume with a yellow tip.

Every regiment had a squad of [[Sapper]]s who were generally dressed as grenadiers with red epaulettes and a cross axes badge on the upper sleeves, a bearskin cap with red cords and feather but no plate. They were equipped with a long leather [[apron]], white gauntlet gloves, and an axe with a brass mounted handle. It was customary for sappers to grow beards.

Officers wore the same uniform as their men but it was of better quality. Their brass buttons were [[Gilding|gilt]], they had epaulettes according to their rank, and, on duty, they had a gilt [[gorget]] with a silver badge, generally a crowned eagle. Their turnback ornaments were identical to those of other ranks but in gold, while the battalion staff had grenades. Instead of gaiters, they wore black boots. Officers' bicornes had gold cockade loops and sometimes gold tassels at the end. Bearskin caps had gold cords, and a plate and cross on the back patch. Shakos had gilt plates and chin scales, gold bands and sometimes chevrons. Plumes and pompons were colored in the company's color or white if on regimental staff. Drummers had basically the same uniform as their company with tricolor, yellow, or orange lace edgings, red wings edged with lace, and a [[bass drum]] with medium blue hoops and white belts.

===Heavy Cavalry===

====Carabiniers====
{{Main article|Carabiniers-à-Cheval}}
[[File:Napoleon Carabinier of 1810 by Bellange.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Horse carabinier's uniform before 1809]]

[[File:Napoleon Carabiner of 1812 by Bellange.jpg|thumb|120px|Horse carabinier as of 1809]]
The corps of [[Carabinier]]s was a group of heavy cavalry originally created by [[Louis XIV]]. From 1791 to 1809, their uniforms consisted of a blue coat with a blue piped red collar, red cuffs, lapels and turnbacks with white grenades, red epaulettes with edged white straps, red cuff flaps for the 1st Regiment, blue piped red for the 2nd; [[pewter]] buttons, a white waistcoast, buff breeches, high boots, a black bearskin cap, white cords, a red patch with a white cross, a red plume, metal white chin scales from 1809, yellow-buff edged white belts, white gauntlet gloves, blue cloaks, and white sheepskin edged red. They wore white long gaiters for service on foot and blue overalls for undress. Carabiniers were armed with a [[dragoon]] musket with a bayonet and sword. The regiments rode black horses while trumpeters rode greys.

Trumpeters wore reversed colors, a red coat with a red collar, silver cuffs edged blue, lapels and turnbacks, silver and blue epaulettes, as well as other items described above.

In 1809, their uniforms were completely modified and saw the introduction of helmets and cuirasses. They wore an all-white uniform with light blue [[facing colour|facings]] and red épaulettes. They wore a brass cuirass and a brass helmet with a red woolen crest named ''chenille'' (caterpillar, in French), a sealskin turban, black leather visor and brass chin scales.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;"
|-
! Regiment !! Coats !! Collars & Turnbacks !! Cuffs !! Cuff flaps
|-
| 1st Carabiniers || style="background:#fff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#fff;"|
|-
| 2nd Carabiniers || style="background:#fff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"|
|}

====Cuirassiers====
{{Main article|Cuirassier}}
[[File:Napoleon Cuirassier in 1809 by Bellange.jpg|right|thumb|French Cuirassier]]

The [[Cuirassier]]'s uniform consisted of a blue coat with long tails until 1804, when all Cuirassier regiments began to wear [[cuirass]]es and helmets. The helmet was made of polished steel with brass comb, a black mane, a black cow-hide [[turban]], black visor edged with brass, a red plume in a small brass socket on the left side, and brass chin scales. Senior officers had white plumes and gilded brass. The cuirass had front and back plates made of polished steel and had leather straps with brass scales, brass studs and fittings and the cuirass lining was edged with white in all regiments. Cuirassiers were armed with a straight-bladed cavalry sword, [[carbine]] and a [[pistol]] from 1806.

The uniform of the trumpeters from 1804 consisted of a helmet with a red or white mane, a blue single-breasted coatee with cuffs and a collar edged with silver or white lace, and white lace at buttonholes on the front. Before 1810, the trumpeters of the 1st and 4th trumpeters had a white helmet mane, a red plume, a red coatee, red collar and cuffs edged silver, white turnbacks with red grenades, seven laces on the chests, and red epaulettes. The 6th regiment in circa 1810–1812 wore a white helmet mane and red plume, a blue coatee with orange edged silver cuffs and collar, red epaulettes with a white crescent, and orange laces on the chest. The 7th regiment wore a yellow coatee and the 8th regiment wore an orange one. The 13th regiment, in 1812, wore a white helmet mane, a [[wine]] red coatee with five white laces in front. They did not wear the cuirass and were mounted on white and gray horses.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;"
|-
! Regiment !! Coats !! Collars & Turnbacks !! Cuffs !! Cuff flaps
|-
| 1st Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 2nd Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"|
|-
| 3rd Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 4th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 5th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"|
|-
| 6th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 7th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 8th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"|
|-
| 9th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 10th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 11th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"|
|-
| 12th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 13th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 14th Cuirassiers || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"|
|}

=== Line cavalry ===

====Dragoons====
{{Main article|Dragoon}}

[[File:Napoleon Dragoon and Sapper by Bellange.jpg|thumb|A [[Dragoon]] and a sapper of the dragoon of the line]]
The uniform of the [[Dragoon]] consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, and the collar, cuffs, cuff flaps, and piping edging the facings either of the facings color or green depending on the regiment, green shoulder straps piped with the facing color, yet many regiments wore white epaulattes instead, turnbacks with green grenades, pewter buttons, a white waistcoat and breeches, black long boots, a brass helmet with a brass crest, a black helmet mane, a sealskin turban, black leather visor, the plume varied (see below), brass chin scales, a bearskin cap with a red plume, red and white cords, a red back panel with a white cross, red epaulettes for elite companies, a green [[surtout]] and green stable jacket, a green forage cap piped the facing color, white lace and grenade, white duck trousers, grey overalls with buttons on the side, white gauntlet gloves, an off-white cloak, and green housing edged white with white number. Sappers wore bearskin caps with red cords, plumes, and a back panel with a white cross, red epaulattes, red crossed axes on the upper sleeves, and a white or buff apron.

From February 1812, the coatee remained the same colour while plumes were no longer issued for helmets. Instead, pompoms coloured red, sky blue, orange, and violet were issued for the first company of each squadron. These same colors were used for the white centre of the second companies. They were armed with a Dragoon musket with a bayonet and a sword.

Officers wore silver buttons and lace, gilded brass on their helmets, a turban of [[leopard]] fur (usually an imitation) that often went over the visor, and white plumes for the senior officers.

Trumpeters wore reversed colors, facing sometimes edged with white lace, a coat often single-breasted with white buttonholes in front, no cuff flaps, white epaulettes, and a white of red mane on the helmet. The same dress was used for the Foot Dragoons but with brass drums with blue hoops instead of trumpets. They rode white and grey horses.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;"
|-
! Regiment !! Coats !! Collars !! Turnbacks !! Cuffs !! Cuff flaps
|-
| 1st Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 2nd Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 3rd Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 4th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 5th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 6th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 7th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 8th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 9th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 10th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 11th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 12th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 13th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 14th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 15th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 16th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 17th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 18th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 19th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 20th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 21st Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 22nd Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 23rd Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 24th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 25th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 26th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 27th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 28th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 29th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:green;"|
|-
| 30th Dragoons || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|}

==== Chevau-legers lanciers ====
{{Main article|Chevau-léger}}

[[File:Chevau-léger lancier du 2e régiment by Bellange.jpg|thumb|right|2nd Chevau-léger of the line]]

The uniform of the light cavalry (or chevau-legers) of the line consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, which could be crimson, red, blue, pink or yellow. The collar and cuffs were of the facings color, the green shoulder straps and the breeches were piped with the facing color. the uniform comprised pewter buttons, black boots, a brass helmet with a brass crest supporting a woolen crest named ''chenille'' ([[caterpillar]], in French), a sealskin turban, black leather visor, brass chin scales and red epaulettes for elite companies.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;"
|-
! Regiment !! Coats !! Facings
|-
| 1st Chevau-leger || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 2nd Chevau-leger|| style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 3rd Chevau-leger || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 4th Chevau-leger || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 5th Chevau-leger || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"|
|-
| 6th Chevau-leger || style="background:green;"| || style="background:darkRed;"|
|}

=== Light cavalry ===

====Hussars====
[[File:Napoleon Hussard by Bellange.jpg|thumb|Hussar of the 4th regiment]]
The uniform of the Napoleonic hussars included the [[pelisse]]: a short fur edged jacket which was often worn slung over one shoulder in the style of a cape, and was fastened with a cord. This garment was extensively adorned with braiding (often gold or silver for officers) and several rows of multiple buttons. Under it was worn the dolman or tunic which was also decorated in braid. On active service the hussar normally wore reinforced breeches which had leather on the inside of the leg to prevent them from wearing due to the extensive riding in the saddle. On the outside of such breeches, running up the outside was a row of buttons, and sometimes a stripe in a different colour. A [[shako]] or fur [[busby]] was worn as headwear. The colours of dolman, pelisse and breeches varied greatly by regiment, even within the same army. The French hussar of the Napoleonic period was armed with a brass hilted [[sabre]] and sometimes with a brace of pistols although these were often unavailable.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;"
|-
! Regiment !! Pelisse !! Dolman !! Breeches !! Facings !! Lace
|-
| 1st Hussars || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#fff;"|
|-
| 2nd Hussars || style="background:#8b4513;"| || style="background:#8b4513;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#fff;"|
|-
| 3rd Hussars || style="background:grey;"| || style="background:grey;"| || style="background:grey;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 4th Hussars || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:gold;"|
|-
| 5th Hussars || style="background:#fff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#fff;"| || style="background:gold;"|
|-
| 6th Hussars || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:gold;"|
|-
| 7th Hussars || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:gold;"|
|-
| 8th Hussars || style="background:#006400;"| || style="background:#006400;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#fff;"|
|-
| 9th Hussars || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:gold;"|
|-
| 10th Hussars || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#fff;"|
|-
| 11th Hussars || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:darkBlue;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:gold;"|
|-
| 12th Hussars || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#fff;"|
|-
|13th Hussars || style="background:#8b4513;"| || style="background:#8b4513;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#fff;"|
|}

====Horse Chasseurs====
[[File:Napoleon Chasseur-a-Cheval by Bellange.jpg|thumb|Chasseur à cheval]]
Horse chasseurs colour scheme:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;"
|-
! Regiment !! Coats !! Collars !! Turnbacks & Cuffs
|-
| 1st Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 2nd Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 3rd Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f00;"| || style="background:#f00;"|
|-
| 4th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 5th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 6th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ff0;"| || style="background:#ff0;"|
|-
| 7th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 8th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 9th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:pink;"| || style="background:pink;"|
|-
| 10th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 11th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 12th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:crimson;"| || style="background:crimson;"|
|-
| 13th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 14th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 15th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:orange;"| || style="background:orange;"|
|-
| 16th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"|
|-
| 17th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"|
|-
| 18th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"| || style="background:#1e90ff;"|
|-
| 19th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f5c71a;"| || style="background:#f5c71a;"|
|-
| 20th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f5c71a;"|
|-
| 21st Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f5c71a;"| || style="background:#f5c71a;"|
|-
| 22nd Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#e48400;"| || style="background:#e48400;"|
|-
| 23rd Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#e48400;"|
|-
| 24th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#e48400;"| || style="background:#e48400;"|
|-
| 25th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f400a1;"| || style="background:#f400a1;"|
|-
| 26th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f400a1;"|
|-
| 27th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f400a1;"|
|-
| 28th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ab274f;"| || style="background:#ab274f;"|
|-
| 29th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ab274f;"|
|-
| 30th Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#ab274f;"| || style="background:#ab274f;"|
|-
| 31st Regiment || style="background:green;"| || style="background:#f0dc82;"| || style="background:#f0dc82;"|
|}

=== Line artillery ===
[[File:Napoleon Artillery train and Foot artillerist by Bellange.jpg|thumb|120px|Soldier of the train and foot artillerist of the line]]

==== Foot artillery ====
The uniform of the Foot artillerists of the line was made of a blue coat, red cuffs, red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps, red épaulettes and brass buttons. Their breeches were blue with black (winter) or white (summer) gaiters. They wore a shako with a red plume.

==== Horse artillery ====
The uniform of the Horse artillerists of the line was made of a hussar-style blue coat with red braids, red cuffs and brass buttons. They wore blue piped red hussar-style breeches, black hussar boots and a black shako with red cords and plume. The Horse artillerists could wear a simplified version that was very similar to that of the Foot artillerists.

=== Line Train ===
The uniform of the soldiers of the [[Train (military)|train]] was made of a light blue-grey coat and buff breeches. The facings were dark blue for the artillery train or brown for the baggage train. Soldiers of the train wore a shako with a light blue-grey or red plume (or [[pompon]]s). Their buttons and other metallic elements were silver.

==Troops of the Imperial Guard==
[[File:Bellange-Grenadiers-Garde.jpg|thumb|120px|Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard (private and officer)]]

=== Infantry of the Imperial Guard ===

==== Grenadiers of the Old Guard ====
The uniform of the Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard was very similar to that of the Grenadier of the line : Both were made of a blue coat, red piped white cuffs, white piped red lapels, blue piped red cuff flaps, red epaulettes and brass buttons. The most notable difference was the headgear : Grenadiers of the Guard wore a tall bearskin cap with a brass plate stamped with the Imperial eagle, with white cords and red plume, and a red patch with a golden grenade on the top of the bearskin. Other differences include the blue collar of the Guard Grenadiers (instead of red pipped white collar for Line grenadiers) and longer red turnbacks with gold grenades (instead of white turnbacks piped red with red grenades).

==== Chasseurs à pied of the Old Guard====
[[File:Napoleon Guard Chasseurs by Bellange.jpg|thumb|120px|A [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]] in walking out dress and a private in full parade dress of the Chasseurs of the Old guard]]
{{Expand section|date=November 2010}}

==== Fusiliers-Grenadiers of the Middle Guard ====
{{Empty section|date=November 2010}}

==== Fusiliers-Chasseurs of the Middle Guard ====
{{Empty section|date=November 2010}}

==== Voltigeurs and Tirailleurs of the Young Guard====
[[File:Napoleon Guard Tirailleur and Voltigeur by Bellange.jpg|thumb|120px|Voltigeur (left) and Tirailleur (right) of the Young Guard]]
{{Expand section|date=November 2010}}

====Marines====
[[File:Napoleon Guard Marine by Bellange.jpg|thumb|120px|Marine of the Guard]]
{{Expand section|date=November 2010}}
Raised from sailors of the French navy who had distinguished themselves, the battalion of ''Marins'' wore a distinctive, elaborate uniform resembling that of the [[hussar]]s. Their officers bore titles of rank derived from their seagoing compatriots, and the overall commander of the marines bore the rank of ''Capitaine de Vaisseau''. Their duties including manning boats and other watercaft used by the Emperor. The Marines of the Imperial Guard wore blue vest and trousers piped ''aurore'' (orange-gold). They had aurore hussar-style braids on their tunic, gold epaulettes and red cuffs. Their shako was black piped ''aurore'' with a red plume.

=== Cavalry of the Imperial Guard ===

==== Horse grenadiers ====
{{Main article|Grenadiers à Cheval de la Garde Impériale}}
[[File:Napoleon Guard Horse Grenadier by Bellange.jpg|thumb|120px|Horse grenadier]]

{{Expand section|date=November 2010}}

==== Empress dragoons ====
{{main article|Dragons de la Garde Impériale}}
[[File:Napoleon Empress dragoon by Bellange.jpg|right|thumb|120px|Empress Dragoon]]
The Dragoon Guards wore green coats with white lapels and red turnbacks. They also wore ''aurore'' (light orange) [[aiguilette]]s and [[epaulette]]s. They wore brass helmets with a long black mane, a simulated [[leopard]] fur [[turban]] and a red plume. They rode chestnut horses.

The trumpeters wore a light blue tunic with white lappels and crimson turnbacks and collar. The mane on their helmets was white and the plume was light blue. They wore grey horses. They also had a white uniform for parade, consisting of a white coat with light blue lappels and collar lined with gold.

==== Chasseurs à Cheval de la Garde Impériale ====
{{further|Chasseurs à Cheval de la Garde Impériale}}
[[File:Napoleon Chasseur from Guard by Bellange.jpg|thumb|120px|Chasseur à cheval of the Guard]]
The uniform of the Horse chasseurs of the Guards was very similar to the hussar uniform, comprising [[pelisse]] and [[Busby]], but the unvariating color of the [[dolman]] and breeches was green with a collar piped of gold. Their pelisses and cuffs were red pipped with gold. The [[Hackle|plume]] of their busby was red-over-green.

It was the Chasseurs that usually provided personal escort to Napoleon, and he often wore the non-Hussar uniform of a colonel of their regiment in recognition of this service.

==== Lancers (or chevaux-légers) ====
{{Expand section|date=November 2010}}

[[File:Napoleon Guard Light horse lancer by Bellange.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Polish lancer of the Imperial Guard]]

==== Mamelukes ====
The Mamelukes wore the following uniform:

Before 1804: The only "uniform" part was the green cahouk (hat), white turban, and red ''[[saroual]]'' (baggy trousers),<ref name=strachan>Strachan, Edward (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ppFqRnZXNWsC&pg=PA150&dq=mameluke+saroual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RM4XUo-INMG47Abhg4CQCQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=mameluke%20saroual&f=false ''Russian Orientalism & Constantinople'', p. 150. Sphinx Fine Art] At Google Books. Retrieved 23 August 2013.</ref> all to be worn with a loose shirt and a vest.<ref name=pawly>Pawly, Ronald (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=T3YWVpusV88C&printsec=frontcover&dq=mameluke+saroual&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RM4XUo-INMG47Abhg4CQCQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=saroual&f=false ''Napoleon's Mamelukes'', p. 46. Osprey Publishing] At Google Books. Retrieved 23 August 2013.</ref> Boots were of yellow, red, or tan soft leather. Weapons consisted of an "Oriental" [[scimitar]], a brace of pistols in a holder decorated with a [[brass]] crescent and star, and a dagger.

After 1804: The cahouk became red with a brass crescent and star, and the shirt was closed and had a collar. The main change was the addition of a "regulation" chasseur-style saddle cloth and roll, imperial green in color, piped red, with a red and white fringe. The saddle and harness remained Arabic in style. The undress uniform was as for the [[Chasseur]]s-à-Cheval of the Guard, but of a dark blue cloth.

====Elite Gendarmes====
{{further|Gendarmes d'élite de la Garde Impériale}}
The Gendarmes d'élite wore a blue coat with red lappels, cuffs and turnbacks. The collar and cuff flaps were red piped blue. They wore [[Buff (colour)|buff]] breeches, waistcoat and gloves. They had white [[aiguillettes]] and clover-shaped [[epaulettes]]. They wore a tall bearskin cap with a visor, topped by a red round cloth patch nicknamed ''cul-de-singe'' ("monkey bottom") with a white [[Grenade (insignia)|grenade]] embroidered on it. They rode black horses.

The trumpeter wore the same uniform bu with reversed colours. They rode grey horses.

In 1815, crested helmets with black manes (red for trumpeters) were introduced but not completed, so the Gendarmes d'élite fought their last campaign with mixed headgears.

=== Artillery of the Imperial Guard ===

==== Foot artillery ====
{{Empty section|date=November 2010}}

==== Horse artillery ====
{{Empty section|date=November 2010}}

==Others==

===Engineers===
{{Empty section|date=November 2010}}

===Medical service===
{{Empty section|date=November 2010}}

==Insignia==
===Ranks===
{{main|Ranks of the Grande Armée}}

:::::::{| class="wikitable"
! Grande Armée rank !! Modern U.S./U.K./NATO equivalent!!Line Insignia Left/Right Shoulder <ref>{{cite web
| url = http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/unitesFR.php
| title = Les uniforms pendant le campaign de Cent Jours – Belgique 1815
| last = Mont Saint Jean
| first = Alexis
| date = February 5, 2015
| website = Les uniforms pendant le campaign de Cent Jours – Belgique 1815
| access-date = February 5, 2015
| quote = sources http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/bibliographie.php and http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/internet.php}}</ref> !![[Hussar]] Insignia* **<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/unitesFR.php
| title = Les uniforms pendant le campaign de Cent Jours – Belgique 1815
| last = Mont Saint Jean
| first = Alexis
| date = February 5, 2015
| website = Les uniforms pendant le campaign de Cent Jours – Belgique 1815
| access-date = February 5, 2015
| quote = sources http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/bibliographie.php and http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/internet.php}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Marshal of the Empire]]'''||[[Field marshal]]|| [[File:0MarechalFR-ImpFrArmy.jpg|60px]] [[File:0MarechalFR-ImpFrArmy.jpg|60px]] ||
|-
|'''[[Army general (France)|Général d'armée]]''', (not a rank, an appointment) || [[Army general|General]]|| ||
|-
|'''[[Général de corps d'armée]]''', (not a rank, an appointment) || [[Lieutenant general]]|| ||
|-
|'''[[Divisional general#France|Général de division]]''', '''[[Lieutenant général]]''' (ancien régime rank reintroduced in 1814) || [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]||[[File:Gen.CA-ImpFrArmy.jpg|65px]] [[File:Gen.CA-ImpFrArmy.jpg|65px]]||
|-
|'''[[General de brigade|Général de brigade]]''', '''[[Maréchal de camp]]''' (equivalent to [[Major général]]. ancien régime rank reintroduced in 1814) || [[Brigadier General#United States|Brigadier General]]||[[File:Gen.Div-ImpFrArmy.jpg|65px]] [[File:Gen.Div-ImpFrArmy.jpg|65px]] ||
|-
|'''Adjudant-commandant''' || [[Staff Colonel#United States|Staff Colonel]]||[[File:Epaulette colonel armee Napoléonienne.svg | 100px]]||
|-
|'''Colonel''' || [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]||[[File:Epaulette colonel armee Napoléonienne.svg | 100px]]|| [[File:Colonel.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Colonel en second'''|| [[Senior lieutenant colonel]]|| ||
|-
|'''Major''' || [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]|| || [[File:Lieutenant-colonel.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Major en second''' || [[Major (United States)|Senior Major]]||[[File:Epaulettes major.svg | 100px]] ||[[File:Lieutenant-colonel.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Chef de bataillon''' or '''Chef d'escadron'''<ref name="Elting">The second rank was used by mounted organizations of the Army: cavalry, horse artillery, ''gendarmerie'' and trains</ref> ||[[Major (United States)|Major]]||[[File:Epaulettes chef de bataillon.svg | 100px]] || [[File:Commandant.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Capitaine adjutant-major''' || [[Senior captain|Staff Captain]] || [[File:Epaulette capitaine adjudant major.svg |100px]] ||
|-
|'''Capitaine''' || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]||[[File:Epaulette capitaine.svg|100px]]||[[File:Capitaine.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Lieutenant''' || [[First Lieutenant]]||[[File:Leut1-ImpFrArmy.jpg | 100px]] Cavalry: [[File:Leut2-ImpFrArmy.jpg |100px]]||[[File:Lieutenant.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Sous-lieutenant''' || [[Second Lieutenant]]||[[File:SousLeut1-ImpFrArmy.jpg |100px]] [[File:Epaulette sous-lieutenant premiere classe armee Napoleonienne.svg |100px]] Cavalry: [[File:Epaulettes lieutenant seconde classe armee Napoleonienne.svg |100px]]||[[File:Sous-lieutenant.png|100px]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Non-commissioned officers'''
|-
|'''Adjudant sous-officier''' || [[Chief Warrant Officer]]||[[File:Epaulette adjudant sous-officier armee Napoleonienne.svg | 100px]] || [[File:Major-French-Army.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Adjudant-Chef''' || [[Warrant Officer]]|| ||[[File:Adjudant-chef.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Adjudant''' || [[Sergeant major|Sergeant-Major]]
|-
|'''Sergent-Major''' or '''Maréchal des logis Chef'''<ref name="Elting"/> || [[First sergeant]] || || [[File:Sergent-chef.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Sergent''' or '''Maréchal des Logis'''<ref name="Elting"/> || [[Sergeant]] || || [[File:Sergent.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Caporal-Fourrier''' or '''Brigadier-Fourrier'''<ref name="Elting"/> || Company clerk/supply Sergeant || || [[File:Caporal-chef.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Caporal''' or '''Brigadier''' (Cavalry, Horse Artillery and Gendarmerie)<ref name="Elting"/> || [[Corporal]] || || [[File:Caporal.png|100px]]
|-
|'''Soldat''' or '''Cavalier'''(Cavalry) or '''Canonnier'''(Artillery)|| [[Private (rank)|Private]] or UK equivalent|| ||[[File:Première classe.png|100px]]
|}
* Hussar insignia was represented with elaborate curved embroidered chevrons in gold lace on the lower sleeve of the wearer's coat and [[pelisse]] extending from the cuff to the elbow of the wearer. Officer's chevrons had the point facing up. Warrant officers and NCOs were the same, but less elaborate.
** The Hussar system later became the [[Ranks in the French Army#Officers|insignia of French officers]] from the rank of Colonel to below.

====Officers====
High-ranking officers wore customized uniforms with various embellishments in embroideries.

The field officers generally wore a [[gorget]] and [[epaulettes]] which could be in silver or gold, depending on the corps but according to the buttons. They also wore a [[Plume (feather)|plume]] or a [[pompon]] of different colours on their headgear.
:Colonel: two epaulettes with thick fringes + white plume
:Major: two epaulettes with thick fringes and silver shoulder straps (or in gold if the buttons were silver) + red and white plume
:Chef de Bataillon (infantry) or Chef de Brigade (cavalry) : the left epaulette with thick fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + red plume
:Capitaine-adjudant-major: the right epaulette with thin fringes and the left epaulette without fringes + white pompon
:Capitaine: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + pompon of the company colour
:Lieutenant: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + one red stripe along each stap + pompon of the company colour
:Sous-lieutenant: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + two red stripes along each strap + pompon of the company colour

====Sous-officiers (non-commissioned officers)====
The NCO wore coloured stripes on both lower sleeves if the cuffs were horizontal, or chevrons if the cuffs were pointy. Except for the adjudant, the NCO did not wear epaulettes, except if they were part of an élite régiment.

:Adjudant: the left epaulette with thin fringes and the right epaulette without fringes + red shoulder straps with two gold (or silver) stripes along each strap
:Sergent-major (infantry) or Maréchal des logis (cavalry): two gold (or silver) stripes (or chevrons)
:Sergent (infantry) or Maréchal des logis (cavalry): one gold (or silver) stripe (or chevron)
:Caporal-fourrier (infantry) or brigadier-fourrier (cavalry): two yellow stripes (or chevrons) + one gold (or siler) stripe on the upper left sleeve
:Caporal (infantry) or brigadier (cavalry): two yellow stripes (or chevrons)
:Soldat (infantry) or brigadier (cavalry): No insignia

===Galons d'ancienneté===
[[File:Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png|thumb|Grenadier of the [[Old Guard (France)|Old Guard]] wearing on his left shoulders two veteran chevrons representing 15 to 20 years of service]]
The ''Galons d'ancienneté'' ("Veteran's Braid") were long service awards in the form of cloth braid [[Chevron (insignia)|chevrons]] (nicknamed ''Brisques''', or "Breaks") worn on the upper left sleeve to indicate seniority. Veteran troops that had earned them were nicknamed ''Briscards'' ("One Who Has Breaks").
:1 Chevron = 10–15 Years service.
:2 Chevrons = 15–20 Years service.
:3 Chevrons = 20–25 Years of service.
Some soldiers in the Guard were awarded a fourth chevron (more than 30 years of service), but they were very few.

===Speciality insignia===

Some soldiers wore speciality insignia such as horseshoes for [[farrier]]s or two crossed axes for [[sapper]]s

===Musicians===

In [[Ancien Régime]] France, drummers and trumpeters wore the royal [[livery]] which consisted of a blue coat with red and white stripes. When France became a republic, musicians wore various type of uniforms to distinguish them from other soldiers depending on the colonel's imagination. The most common way to distinguish them was to reverse the colours of the uniform (if the standard uniform consisted of a green coat and yellow [[facings]], the musician uniform would be a yellow coat and green facings). From 1812 onwards, Napoleon introduced the Imperial livery which consisted of a green coat with yellow stripes bearing alternatively the letter "N" (for Napoleon) and the [[French Imperial Eagle|Imperial eagle]].

<gallery>
File:Dragoons and trumpeter.JPG|Example of a musician with reverse colours
File:Napoleon Guard Horse Drummer and Trumpeter by Bellange.jpg|Musicians of the Imperial Guard
File:Napoleon Drummers by Bellange.jpg|A pre-1812 drummer and [[Drum major]]
File:Grande Armée - Light Infantry - Musicians.jpg|Light infantry in Imperial livery
File:Grande Armée - 1st Regiment of Cuirassiers - Trumpeters.jpg|Cuirassier trumpeters in Imperial livery
</gallery>

== Bibliography ==
*''Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon's Army'' René Chartrand, Copyright 1996, 2000 Brassey's
*French, Prussian and Anglo-allies uniforms during the Battle of Waterloo : [http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/unites.php Mont-Saint-Jean] (FR)
*Rousselot, Lucien. Napoleon's Army 1790–1815. Casemate, 2010.
*Bucquoy, Cdt. E. L. Les Uniformes de Premier Empire. (Complete 10 Volume set). Paris: Grancher, 1977–1985. Vol. 1. La Garde Imperiale, Troupes a Pied. (Tome I); Vol. 2. La Garde Imperiale, Troupes a Cheval. (Tome II); Vol. 3. Les Cuirassiers; Vol. 4. L'Infanterie; Vol. 5. La Cavalerie Legere; Vol. 6. Dragons et Guides; Vol. 7. Etat-major et Service de Sante; Vol. 8. Gardes d'Honneur et Troupes Etrangeres; Vol. 9. La Maison de l'Empereur; Vol. 10. Fanfares et Musiques des troupes a Cheval 1640–1940. (Color Illustrations of uniforms by Benigni, Boisselier, Feirst, Giffard, Hilpert, Huen, Job, Lapeyre, Laroux, Rene Louis, Rousseltot, Toussaint.)
*Haythornthwaite, Philip & Cassin-Scott. Uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars in Colour 1796 – 1814. Blandford, 1973.
*Haythornthwaite, Philip & Chappell, Michael. Uniforms of 1812: Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow. Blandford, 1982.
*Haythornthwaite, Philip. Uniforms of Waterloo in Color, 16–18 June 1815. Blandford, 1974.
*Elting, John. Knotel, Herbert (illus). Napoleonic Uniforms. Volumes I, II, III & IV. Macmillan, 1993 & Emperor's Press, 2000.
*Bourgeot, Vincent & Pigeard, Alain. Encyclopedie des Uniformes Napoleoniens 1800–1815. Quatuor, 2003.
*Charmy. Splendeur Des Uniformes De Napoleon: La Garde Imperiale a Cheval. Charles Herissey, 2003.
*Charmy. Splendeur Des Uniformes De Napoleon: Infanterie Regiments Etrangers. Charles Herissey, 2004.
*Boisselier, Henry & Martin, Yves. La Garde Imperiale et ses Uniformes. Le Livre chez vous, 2008. (623p. Color uniform plates by Boisselier. Based on the Anne S.K. Brown uniform print collection at Brown University. Very Oversize.)

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uniforms Of La Grande Armee}}
[[Category:Military uniforms|Grande Armee]]
[[Category:French Army]]
[[Category:La Grande Armée]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T13:57:16Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg → File:Red Army 1941 collar small starshina.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:Red Army 1940 collar small polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar small mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:Red Army 1941 collar small starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T13:55:52Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1940 collar small OF5 polkovnik.svg → File:Red Army 1940 collar small polkovnik.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:Red Army 1940 collar small polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar small mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Unterleutnant

2018-11-22T13:50:43Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F1-3Lt col 1943v.png → File:Red Army 3Lt col 1943v.png better

{{see also|Ranks of the National People's Army}}
{{Italic title}}

:''This article is about the [[OF-1]]с rank '''Unterleutnant''' in German speaking countries, comparable to '''[[:ru:Младший лейтенант|Mladshy leytenant]]''' OF1-c in Slavophone countries. However, it should not confused to the more junior [[Midshipman]], or to the more senior '''OF1-b'''-ranks [[Ensign (rank)|Ensing]], [[Second lieutenant]], or [[Pilot officer]].

[[File:1870 Leib Garde Husar Potsdam.jpg|thumb|200px|<center>Prussian "Unterleutnant" (1870)]]

'''Unterleutnant''' (NPA-original abbreviation ''Ultn.''; [[English language|en:]] translation "Under-lieutenant" or "sub-lieutenant") was an officer of the [[German Democratic Republic]]'s army (e.g. the [[National People's Army]] from 1956–1990) of the lowest commissioned officer (CO) rank comparable to [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO rank codes]] OF1c. It belonged to the rank group of lieutenants or subaltern officers.<ref>MEYERS UNIVERSALLEXIKON, 3rd{{Clarify|date=August 2014|reason=Should this be '3rd', '13th' or something else?}} edition 1980, order number: 576 970 2, licence number: 433 130/198/80, volume III, page 218-219 «National People´s Army and Border troops of the GDR – rank, figure 14 Unterleutnant.</ref> The equivalent OF1c-rank of the [[Volksmarine]] was [[Unterleutnant zur See]] (en: "sub-lieutenant at sea").

The rank was first introduced in 1662-74 by France and was also adopted by some other countries' armed forces.

== Germany ==
=== Empire, Weimar Republic, Third Reich, Federal Republic ===
In a number of German armed forces of the 19th century before German unification in 1871 there was the following graduation: [[Oberleutnant]] (''Premierlieutenant'' - OF1a) and [[Leutnant]] (''Secondelieutenant'' OF1b); without the rank ''Unterleutnant''.

However, until 1898 there was the rank ''Unterleutnant zur See'' in the [[Imperial German Navy]]. This rank was equivalent to the ''Secondelieutenant'' of the [[German Army (German Empire)|Imperial German Army]] (de: deutsches Heer).

In the [[Reichswehr]], [[Wehrmacht]], and [[Bundeswehr]] there was never a rank ''Unterleutnant''.

=== German Democratic Republic ===
==== National People´s Army ====
{|style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; float:right; width:250px"
|+
|-----
|bgcolor="#efefef" colspan=2 align="center"| [[File:Flag of East Germany.svg|left|30px]] '''Unterleutnant '''
|-----
|align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:2px solid gray;font-size:smaller"|
{|align="center"
| [[File:GDR Army OF1с Unterleutnant.gif|65px]]    [[File:OF-1a Unterleutnant zur See.png|60px]] [[File:OF-1a Unterleutnant zur See VM, Ärmelstreifen.png|60px]] Engineer corps   /       Volksmarine
|
|}
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Rank insignia || bgcolor="#dfefff" | [[Ranks of the National People's Army#Commissioned officers|NPA officer rank]]
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Introduction|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | 1956
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Rank group|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | [[Officer (armed forces)|Commissioned officers]]
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Army / Air Force|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | ''Unterleutnant''
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Navy|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | [[Unterleutnant zur See]]
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]] || bgcolor="#dfefff" | OF-1c
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" align="left"| NATO: Army, Air Force, Navy|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | No Equivalent
|-----
|}

Depending on the former Soviet military doctrine as well as to the other armed forces of the [[Warsaw Pact]] the so-called GDR armed organizations, the ''Unterleutnant'' was the lowest officer rank.

In the NPA and in the GDR border troops the lieutenant officer sub-rank group consisted of ''Unterleutnant'' (OF1c), [[Leutnant]] (OF1b), and [[Oberleutnant]] (OF1a).

This officer rank could be assigned to military appointments as follows: officer of the operations service, [[Political commissar|political officer]], officer of the technical service, supply, procurement, and [[military justice]] service.

The graduation to that particular OF1c officer rank was normally possible depending on the education and training, accomplished. The promotion to the following ''Leutnant'' OF1b-rank was achievable after two years of service, to [[Hauptmann (officer)|Hauptmann]] after three more years.<ref>Dictionary to the German military history, 1st edition (Liz.5, P189/84, LSV:0547, B-Nr. 746 635 0), military publishing house of the GDR (VEB) – Berlin, 1985, Volume 1, page 476, definition: ''Unterleutnant''.</ref>

After successful passing of the officer course (normally three years) on a NPA officers school, officer students (de: Offiziersschüler) normally graduated to the rank ''Unterleutnant''. The best school-leavers of the appropriate course could be promoted to the next higher rank, ''Leutnant''. By establishing of the Officers High schools and diploma course of study the final examination all graduates promoted to the rank Leutnant.

The equivalent OF1c-rank of the ''Volksmarine'' was initially ''Unterleutnant zur See''. Later the designation was changed to ''Unterleutnant''. However, in individual linguistic usage the traditionally wording ''Unterleutnant zur See'' was used continuously.

==== Education ====
Since then the status of NPA persons in uniform with the rank ''Unterleutnant'' changed from professional soldier to longer-service volunteer (de: „Offizier auf Zeit“ – OaZ). The minimum service time was three years, and the so-called [[Abitur]] (en: final examination, qualifying for university entrance) was mandatory. In 1982 the minimum service time was raised to four years. Normally the one year lasting military education and study had to be accomplished on an officer’s high school. By passing the final examination, the aspirant could be promoted to the ''Unterleutnat'' OF1c-rank. This was followed by the first line officer assignment in one of the NPA services or branches of service. An ''Unterleutnant'' could usually be appointed to platoon leader. Pertaining to special abilities, knowledge, or qualification – special assignment could be possible as well.

Under certain circumstances, e.g. successful completion of a reserve officer´s training course during high school study, suitable graduates could be appointed to ''Unterleutnant of the Reserve'' (de: ''Unterleutnant der Reserve'').

In some cases particular able [[Stabsfeldwebel]] (OR8) or [[Fähnrich (NPA)]] could be appointed to ''Unterleutnant''.

{| class=wikitable; border=1px; style="font-size:100%;
|-
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#cfcfcf;"| junior rank [[Stabsoberfähnrich]]
|width="40%" align="center" style="background:#bfbfbf;"| [[File:Coat of arms of NVA (East Germany).svg|30px]] '''National People's Army rank''' '''Unterleutnant''' (Unterleutnant zur See)
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;"|senior rank [[Leutnant]] 
|}

==== Volkspolizei ====
In the GDR [[Volkspolizei]] ''Unterleutnant'' (official "Unterleutnant der VP") was the lowest commissioned officer rank (comparable top OF1c) as well. Normally officer students, graduated from officer´s training course, could be promoted to that rank. However, the best graduate of the particular year could be promoted to the next higher rank, OF1b ''Leutnant of the VP''.

Members of the GDR Ministry of Interior, graduated from the Ministry of Interior Officers high school "Artur Becker", another high school facility or university, were normally promoted to ''Leutnant of the VP''. Depending on the course of study, duration, and academic or university degree, achieved, promotion to higher ranks could be possible.

== Other countries ==

=== Austria ===

{{main article|Ranks of the Austrian Bundesheer}}
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; float:right; width:250px"
|+
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Flag of Austria.svg|left|30px]] '''Fähnrich''' 
(Austrian Bundesheer)'''
|-----
| align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:2px solid gray;font-size:smaller" |
{|align="center"
| [[File:Fhr Anzug 75 03 AT.jpg|55px]] [[File:Fhr Rockkragen AT.jpg|55px]] [[File:Fhr OF1c-Tellerkappe AT.jpg|55px]] suit 75/03, jacket gorget, flat cap
|
|}
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Rank insignia || bgcolor="#dfefff" | [[Ranks of the Austrian Bundesheer#Officers|Bundesheer CO rank]]
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Introduction|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | 1956
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Rank group|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | [[Officer (armed forces)|Commissioned officers]]
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | Army / Air Force|| bgcolor="#dfefff" | ''Fähnrich''
|-----
| bgcolor="#efefef" | [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]] || bgcolor="#dfefff" | OF-1c
|-----
|}

In the Austrian [[Austrian Armed Forces|Bundesheer]] there exists an OF1c-rank [[Fähnrich]] even today, comparable to ''Unterleutnant''. It is the lowest rank of the ''lieutenant rank group''. The sequence of ranks is ''Fähnrich'' (OF1c), ''Leutnant'' (OF1b), and ''Oberleutnant'' (OF1a). The Fähnrich rank is typical for officer students during studies on the [[Theresian Military Academy]]. The promotion to ''Leutnant'' depends on successful graduation.
{{clear}}

=== Former countries of the Warsaw Pact ===

''Unterleutnant'' (OF-1c) was the lowest rank of the officer´s rank group in other former Warsaw Pact armed forces as well. Below are some examples.

{| class=wikitable
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
| colspan="16" | Rank insignias '''Unterleutnant''' (OF-1c)
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|Country
| colspan="3" |{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria
| colspan="8" |{{flagicon|Soviet Union}}Soviet Union / {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia
| colspan="1" |{{flagicon|Romania}} Romania
| colspan="1" |{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} Czechoslovakia
| colspan="1" |{{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary
| colspan="1" |[[File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg|30px]] Yugoslavia
|- align="center"
|Rank insignia
|[[File:Rank insignia of младши лейтенант of the Bulgarian Army.png|50x100px]]
|[[File:Rank insignia of младши лейтенант of the Bulgarian Air forces.png|50x100px]]
|[[File:Rank insignia of младши лейтенант of the Bulgarian Navy.png|50x100px]]

| [[File:Red Army 3Lt col 1943v.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:RA-SA A-artil F1-3Lt 1955.png|40x80px]]
| [[File:RAF AF F1-3SubLt 2010.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:RAF A F1-3SubLt after2010.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:9mllt.png|40x80px]]

| [[File:RAF N F1c-MlLt 2010–.png|45x90px]]
| [[File:RAF N F1c-MlLt sleeve.png|35x80px]]

| [[File:Russian police junior lieutenant.png|50x100px]]

| [[File:None.svg|50px|en: Request for creation and upload of a picture!]]
| [[File:CsArmy1960podporucik Shoulder.png|60x120px]]
| [[File:None.svg|50px|en: Request for creation and upload of a picture!]]
| [[File:None.svg|50px|en: Request for creation and upload of a picture!]]
|- align="center"
|Branch
|Army || Air Force||Navy

| 1935-43 || 1943-55 || Air Force || Army || Field || colspan="2" |Navy || Police
|Army || Army ||Army || Army

|- align="center"
|Original
| colspan="3" | Младши лейтенант (until 2010)
| colspan="8" | ''Младший лейтенант''
| ''Sublocotenent'' (ca. 1960-1992)
| ''Podporučík'' (1960-1992)
| ''Alhadnagy'' (1951-1990)
| ''Podporučník'' (ca. 1960-1992)
|- align="center"
|Trans- cription
| colspan="3" | Mladshi leytenant
| colspan="8" | Mladshy leytenant
|
| Podporuchik
|
| Podporuchnik
|- align="center"
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unterleutnant}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Germany]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Austria]]

Senior lieutenant

2018-11-22T13:49:31Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F1-1Lt col 1943v.png → File:Red Army - Lt col 1943v.png better

'''Senior lieutenant''' ({{lang-fi|yliluutnantti}}, {{lang-de|[[Oberleutnant]]}}, {{lang-ru|старший лейтенант, starshy leytenant}} {{lang-sv|[[premiärlöjtnant]]}}) is a military grade between a [[lieutenant]] and a [[Captain (OF-2)|captain]]. Sometimes a senior lieutenant is called a [[first lieutenant]]. The rank is equivalent to the NATO grade of [[OF-1]]a.

==Finland==
{{Scandinavian military rank sidebar
| image = [[File:Yliluutnantti kauluslaatta.svg|70px]]
| imgText = Army
| image2 = [[File:Yliluutnantti l hihalaatta.svg|40px]]
| imgText2 = Navy
| junior = [[Luutnantti]]
| junior2 = ([[Löjtnant]])
| senior = [[Kapteeni]]
| senior2 = ([[Kapten]])
}}
''Yliluutnantti'' (''premiärlöjtnant'' in Swedish) is a [[Finland|Finnish]] military rank above ''[[luutnantti]]'' (''[[löjtnant]]'') and below ''[[kapteeni]]'' (''[[kapten]]''), equivalent to a senior lieutenant. It is used in the [[Finnish Defence Forces]] (army, navy and air force) and the [[Finnish Border Guard]].

The prescribed duty is a company vice-commander. Officers who have graduated as Bachelors of Military Science from the [[National Defence College (Finland)|National Defence College]] with the rank of ''luutnantti'' usually re-enter the college after four years' tour of duty. After a study of two additional years, they are promoted ''yliluutnantti'' and return to more challenging duties. ''Yliluutnantti'' is also the highest rank available to those educated in the now-decommissioned school [[Maanpuolustusopisto]] (comparable to a [[military junior college]]). The rank of ''yliluutnantti'' may be placed in the [[Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers|NATO rank class]] OF-1, although it is not a part of the NATO system.

=== History and related ranks ===
The Army of the Finnish Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire had a rank of ''alikapteeni'', similar in use as Prussian and Russian ''[[Stabskapitän]]''. The rank of ''yliluutnantti'' came to Finland from Germany with [[Finnish Jäger troops]] in 1918, but [[Marshal Mannerheim|General Mannerheim]] considered it too German and encouraged holders of the rank to use more the general rank of lieutenant instead. In some regiments officers with rank of ''yliluutnantti'' were considered to have been promoted to captain, and the rank fell in disuse until 1952 when it was taken into regular use, and ever since it has been in use in all three branches; [[Finnish Air Force|air force]], [[Finnish Navy|navy]] and the [[Finnish Army|army]].

Prior to the [[Second World War]], graduates of the Defence College served with the rank of ''luutnantti''. The rank of ''yliluutnantti'' was established in 1952, when it was felt that cadets graduating from the Defence College would be denied promotion avenues due to the large number of field-promoted company-grade officers in active service. As most of such officers held the rank of ''[[vänrikki]]'' or ''luutnantti'', and were unlikely to advance to field grade (due to their background as NCOs and lack of academic studies), the rank of ''yliluutnantti'' circumvented the seniority issue. Due to this revision, reservists who held the wartime rank of ''luutnantti'' did not receive a promotion to captain, as would have been expected, but rather to ''yliluutnantti''; promotions were not [[grandfathered]].

==Germany, Austria & Switzerland==
{{main|Oberleutnant}}
A senior lieutenant is known as an ''[[Oberleutnant]]'' in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.
[[Image:Bundeswehr-OF-1-OL.png|100px|thumb|right|''[[Oberleutnant]]'' ]]

==Russia and the USSR==
{{infobox
| above = [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|left|30px]] Senior lieutenant in the Russian Army
| image = [[File:RAF A F1FstLt after2010.png|60px]] [[File:11stlt.png|70px]]
| caption =
| label1 = Rank insignia
| data1 = [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]
| label2 = Introduction
| data2 = 1939 to the [[Soviet Army]]
| data3 = Commanding staff
| label4 = Army / air force
| data4 = Senior lieutenant
| label5 = Navy
| data5 = Senior lieutenant
| label6 = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]]
| data6 = OF-1c
}}

Senior lieutenant ({{lang-ru|старший лейтенант, starshy leytenant}}) is used in the army, air force or navy of Russia and the former USSR.

===Russian Empire===
In the Russian Empire senior lieutenant first appeared in the [[Table of Ranks]] (1909—1911) exclusively as naval rank IX class, and from 1912 as VIII class. Corresponding ranks were captain in the [[infantry]], ''Rotmister'' (derived from the German ''[[Rittmeister]]'') in the [[cavalry]], and ''[[yesaul]]'' in the cossacks corps. In the civil administration it was almost equivalent to the "council assessor" (Russian коллежский асессор; ''kolleshsky assessor'').

As result of the [[October Revolution]] this rank was abolished along with all other Russian ranks and rank insignia. It was reintroduced to the armed forces of the Soviet Union by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars in 1935.<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref> A senior lieutenant was junior to a captain or captain-lieutenant and senior to a lieutenant.

=== Russian Federation ===
The Russian Federation inherited the rank structure of the armed forces of the Soviet Union.

If military personnel serve in a guards formation, or on a guards warship, the word "guards" is placed before the rank (e.g. "guards senior lieutenant"). For civilian or military personnel with a specific level of expertise or knowledge in the medical or judicial professions, the words "medical" or "legal" are placed before the rank (e.g. "legal senior lieutenant"). The word "retired" is added after the rank for retired officers. Police, internal troops and tax office personnel have their branch added after the rank (e.g. "senior lieutenant of police")

{| class="wikipedia sortable" border="1"
|-
|+ '''Russian sequence of ranks'''
|-
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Lower rank: ''[[Lieutenant]]
|width="35%" align="center" style="background:#bfbfbf;"| [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|30px]] '''Senior lieutenant'''
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;" | Higher rank: ''[[Kapitan (rank)|Captain]] (Navy: Captain-lieutenant)
|}

===Rank insignia===
Some examples of rank insignia (shoulder, collar, and sleeve), used by Russia and the USSR, are shown below:
<gallery widths="100px" perrow="6">
Imperial Russian Army Por 1917 v.png|<center>Shoulder board ''Poruchik'' [[Russian Imperial Army]] (1815-1917)</center>
IRN F1SeniorLtNavy 1917.png|<center>[[Imperial Russian Navy]] (1909-1917)</center>
Red Army - Lt col 1943v.png|<center>[[Gorget patch]] [[Red Army]] land forces (1935—1943)</center>
Red Air Force St-leytenant 1943v.png|<center>Gorget patch air force (1935 - 1943)</center>
RA-SA AF F1-1Lt 1955.png|<center>Shoulder board air force (1935—1943)</center>
File:RAF A F1FstLt since 2010par.svg|<center>Parade uniform, land forces (1955-1994), and since 2010</center>
File:RAF AF F1FstLt since 2010par.svg|<center>Parade uniform airborne forces, air force & aviation of the [[Soviet Air Defence Forces]] (1955-1994 & 2010-)</center>
RAF A F1FstLt 2010.png|<center>Everyday uniform, ground forces (until 2010)</center>
RAF AF F1FstLt 2010.png|<center>Everyday uniform, air force (until 2010)</center>
RAF ABTr F1FstLt 2010.png|<center>Everyday uniform, airborne forces (until 2010)</center>
11stlt.png|<center>Field uniform (until 2010)</center>
RAF A F1FstLt 2010.parad.png|<center>Parade uniform, ground forces (until 2010)</center>
RFNAVYSH-SLT.png|<center>Parade uniform, [[Russian Navy]] (until 2010)</center>
RAF N F1a-StLt 2010–.png|<center>Parade uniform, [[Russian Navy]] (2010-2013)</center>
RFNAVYSL-SLT.png|<center>[[Russian Navy]] sleeve insignia (2010-2013)</center>
Russian police senior lieutenant.png|<center>Police and [[Internal Troops of Russia|internal troops]]</center>
</gallery>

== International equivalents ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Country
!align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1" | Rank designation
|-
!align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Army || Air Force || Navy
|-az
|Azerbaijan || [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="3"|''Baş leytenant''
|-au
|Austria || [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="2"| ''[[Oberleutnant]] || ''[[Fregattenleutnant]]'' (Austro-Hungarian Navy)
|-be
|Belarus || [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="3"|Старший лейтенант ([[Russian language|Russian]]); старшы лейтэнант ([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]])

|-bel
|Belgium || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Lieutenant'' || ''Vaandrig-ter-zee

|-bg
|Bulgaria || [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="3"|Cтарши лейтенант (''starshy leytenant'')

|-cs
|Czech Republic || [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="3"|''Nadporučík''

|-hr
|Croatia || [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="2"| ''Natporučnik ||''Poručnik fregate''

|-da
|Denmark || [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="3"| ''Premierløjtnant''

|-de
|Germany || [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="2"| ''[[Oberleutnant]]'' || ''[[Oberleutnant zur See]]''

|-sw
|Switzerland || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|18px]] || align="center" colspan="3"| ''[[Oberleutnant]]''

|-ru
|Russia || [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="3"|Старший лейтенант (''starshy leytenant'')

|-uk
|Ukraine || [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="3"|Старший лейтенант (''starshy leytenant'')

|-UK
|UK || [[File:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="1"|[[Lieutenant]] || [[Flying officer]] || [[Lieutenant]]

|-USA
|USA || [[File:Flag of the U.S..svg|20px]] || align="center" colspan="2"|[[First lieutenant]]|| [[Lieutenant (junior grade)|Lieutenant, j.g.]]
|-
|}

== References ==

<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Finland]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Germany]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia]]

Kapitan (rank)

2018-11-22T13:47:59Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F2Capt col 1943v.png → File:Red Army Capt col 1943v.png better

: ''This article describes '''Kapitan''' as [[military rank]], not to confuse with the '''title Kapitan'''. For the ''equivalent'' OF-2 rank in Anglophone armed forces see [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]], and in Germany see [[Hauptmann]].
[[File:Nederlandsche leger No. 30. Kapitein der Genie..JPG|thumb|200px|Kapitain [[Military engineering|mil. engineering]] Netherlands ca. 1900.]]

'''''Kapitan''''' (derived from {{lang-fr|capitaine}}; before [[Latin]]: ''capitaneus'' – (military) leader, count, or chairman of a parish council; or from Latin: ''caput'' – head, main, chief, primary, principal, general, central, leading, etc.) is used manifold as rank, grade, or rank designation in the Army, Air Force or Navy of numerous countries and armed forces. In member countries of NATO-alliance ''Kapitan'' is a commissioned officer rank, rated [[OF-2]] in line to the NATO officers rank system. The almost ''equivalent'' OF-2 officer, e.g. in the US Army, is the [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] rank.

== Historical roots ==
''Kapitan'' (appointment, later rank) was used first in the middle age in France in order to designate leaders of the military districts or regions. In the second half of the 16th century it came in use to specify commanding officers of [[Company (military unit)|company]] sized units. In 19th century it became gradually a military rank, and was used in combination with other noun, e.g. [[Stabs-kapitan]] (ru: ''штабс-капитан'' Russian Imperial Army) ''Kapitan-leytenant'' (naval forces). The rank designation ''Kapitan'' contains a common syllable and historical roots in a number of European countries at the one hand. Slight national variations of spelling are for the sake of the historical and heraldic tradition, at the other hand.

== Different countries ==

{{Empty section|date=July 2015}}

== Russia ==
{{infobox
| above = [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|left|30px]] ''Kapitan'' in the Russian Army
| image = [[File:RAF A FCap after2010.png|60px]] [[File:12kpt.png|60px]]
| caption =
| label1 = Rank insignia
| data1 = [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]
| label2 = Introduction
| data2 = 1935 to the [[Red Army]]
| label3 = Rank group
| data3 = Commanding staff
| label4 = Army / Air Force
| data4 = ''Kapitan''
| label5 = Navy
| data5 = ''[[Kapitan-leytenant]]
| label6 = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]]
| data6 = OF-2
}}

In Russia, the military rank ''Kapitan'' was introduced in the XVI century to foreign officers, appointed to commander of company sized units. In the XVII – XVII century{{clarify|date=May 2017|reason=17th to 17th must be wrong}} this rank became open to all company commanders, serving in the regular army. In the cavalierly (in [[dragoon]] regiments and [[Special Corps of Gendarmes]]) the equivalent to ''Kapitan'' was '''''Rotmister''''' (derived from the German [[Rittmeister]]), and in the [[Cossacks]] corps it was [[Yesaul]].

In the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]] (1855 –1917) and in the so-called [[White movement|White Army]] braid shoulder boards with one central stripe have been worn (see picture 1, below). As the Major-rank was abolished in May 1884, the Kapitan-rank was upgraded to level VIII in the rank table. However, the ''Guards kapitan'' became equivalent to generic [[Podpolkovnik]] in the Army.

In the civil administration ''Kapitan of the infantry'' was equivalent to the ''Council assessor'' (ru: ''Коллежский асессор; Kolleshsky assessor'') from 1884, and ''Titular adviser'' (ru: ''Титулярный советник, Tituljarny sovetnik'') until 1884.

{| class="wikipedia sortable" border="1"
|-
|+ '''Sequence of ranks [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917|RIA 1917]]'''
|-
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#cfcfcf;"| lower rank: [[Stabskapitän|Shtabs-kapitan]] 
(en: [[Staff captain]])
|width="35%" align="center" style="background:#bfbfbf;"| [[File:Lesser Coat of Arms of Russian Empire.svg|30px]][[File:Герб Российского государства.png|30px]] '''''Kapitan''''' (en: [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]])
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;" | higher rank: [[Major]] (en: Major)
|}
{{clear}}
Some examples of rank insignia (epaulette, shoulder board), used by [[Russian Imperial Army|RIA]] IRA, are shown below:
<gallery>
1904ir018-e09.png|<center>''Kapitan'' epaulette (1904)</center>
1904ir018-p09.png|<center> ... shoulder board </center>
1914ir018-pf09.png|<center> ... fiel uniform </center>
</gallery>

=== Soviet Union and Russian Federation ===
In the armed forces of the Soviet Union (later Russian Federation) the ''Kapitan´s'' rank (to Army, Air Force, and Navy land services) was introduced by was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935.<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref> It was equivalent to the rank '''''Kapitan-leytenant''''' (ru: ''Капитан-лейтенант'') of the Navy.

If military personnel serves in a guards formation, or on a guards war ship, to the rank designation will be placed in front the noun guards (e.g. "Gurds kapitan"). Civil – or military personnel with a specific defined level of expertise or knowledge in medical or judicial professions, to the military rank will be added the noun "legal or the wording "medical service". Further adding to the military rank designation might be "retired" or "on retirement".

Personnel serving in the executive of the Russian Federation might be specified by rank designation as follows.

*''Kapitan of the Police'' (until March 1, 2011 ''Kapitan of the Militsiya'')
*''Kapitan of the Internal Troops''
*''Kapitan investigation of tax offence''

{| class="wikipedia sortable" border="1"
|-
|+ ;Sequence of ranks ascending
|-
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | lower rank: [[Starshy leytenant]] 
(en: 1st lieutenant)
|width="35%" align="center" style="background:#bfbfbf;"| [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|30px]] '''''Kapitan''''' (en: Captain)
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;" | higher rank: [[Major]] 
(en: Major)
|}

===Rank insignia===
Some examples of rank insignia (shoulder, collar, and sleeve), used by Russia and the USSR, are shown below:
<gallery>

Red Army Capt col 1943v.png|<center>[[Gorget patch]] Kapitan [[Red Army|RA USSR]] Land forces (1935—1943)</center>
Red Air Force Capt 1943v.png|<center>... Air Force (1935—1943)</center>
RA-SA A-armour F2Capt 1955.png|<center>Shoulder board Land forces (1943—1955 гг.), [[Waffenfarbe|corps colour]] «red», armoured troops.</center>
RAF A F2Capt since 2010par.svg|<center>parade uniform, Land forces (1955-1994), and since 2010</center>
RAF AF F2Capt since 2010par.svg|<center>... [[Airborne forces|ABF]], [[Air Force|AF]], [[Aviation]] of the [[Soviet Air Defence Forces|ADF]] (1955-1994), and since 2010</center>

RAF A FCap 2010.png|<center>everyday uniform, Ground forces until 2010</center>
RAF AF FCap 1994-2010.png|<center>... uniform, AF until 2010</center>
RAF ABTr F2Cap 2010.png|<center>... uniform, ABF until 2010</center>
RAF A FCap 2010field.png|<center>field uniform until 2010</center>
RAF A FCap 2010parad.png|<center>parade uniform shirt, Ground forces until 2010</center>
Russian police captain.png|<center>Kapitan of the Police (until 2011 — [[Militsiya]]), also [[Internal Troops of Russia|Internal Troops]]</center>
</gallery>

== Variants in different countries ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Country
!align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Language
!align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1" | Rank designation
|-
!align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Army || Air Force || Navy
|-az
|[[Azerbaijan]] || [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px]] ||[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Kapitein || ''Kapitan-leytenant
|-au
|[[Austria]] || [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] ||[[German language|German]] || align="center" colspan="2"| ''[[Hauptmann]] || ''[[Linienschiffsleutnant]]'' (Austro-Hungarian Navy)

|-bel
|[[Belgium]] || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] ||[[Dutch language|Dutch]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Kapitan || ''Luitenant-ter-zee
|-be
|[[Belarus]] || [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|20px]] ||[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || align="center" colspan="3"|''Капітан (Kapitan)
|-bg
|[[Bulgaria]] || [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|20px]] ||[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || align="center" colspan="3"|''Капитан (Kapitan)
|-hr
|[[Croatia]] || [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|20px]] ||[[Croatian language|Croatian]] || align="center" colspan="2"| ''Satnik ||''Poručnik bojnog broda
|-cs
|[[Czech Republic]] || [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px]] ||[[Czech language|Czech]] || align="center" colspan="3"|''Kapitán

|-da
|[[Denmark]] || [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|20px]] ||[[Danish language|Danish]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Kaptajn, Ritmester || Kaptajnløjtnant
|-de
|[[Germany]] || [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] ||[[German language|German]]
| align="center" colspan="2"|
*[[Hauptmann]], [[Stabshauptmann]]
*[[Rittmeister]] (until 1945)
| [[Kapitänleutnant]], [[Stabskapitänleutnant]]
|-fi
|[[Finland]] || [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|20px]] ||[[Finnish language|Finnish]] || align="center" colspan="2"| ''[[Kapteeni]] || ''Kapteeniluutnantti, Kaptenlöjtnant
|-lt
|[[Lithuania]] || [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|20px]] ||[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || align="center" colspan="3"|''Kapitonas
|-mk
|[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] || [[File:Flag of Macedonia.svg|20px]] ||[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || align="center" colspan="3"|''Капeтан (Kapetan)
|-nl
|[[Netherlands]] || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] ||[[Dutch language|Dutch]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Kapitein/ Ritmeester || ''Luitenant ter zee der tweede klasse oudste
|-no
|[[Norway]] || [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] ||[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Kaptein, Rittmester || ''Kapteinløytnant
|-pl
|[[Poland]] || [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] ||[[Polish language|Polish]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Kapitan || ''Kapitan marynarki
|-sr
|[[Serbia]] || [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|20px]] ||[[Serbian language|Serbian]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Капeтан (Kapetan) || ''Поручник бојног брода
|-sk
|[[Slovakia]] || [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|20px]] ||[[Slovak language|Slovak]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Kapitan || ''Poročnik bojne ladje
|-sv
|[[Sweden]] || [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] ||[[Swedish language|Swedish]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''[[Kapten]], Ryttmästare || Kapten
|-sw
|[[Switzerland]] || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px]] ||[[German language|German]] || align="center" colspan="3"| ''[[Hauptmann]]
|-ru
|[[Russia]] || [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] ||[[Russian language|Russian]] || align="center" colspan="2"|Капитан (Kapitan) || ''Капитан-лейтенант (Kapitan-leytenant)
|-uk
|[[Ukraine]] || [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] ||[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || align="center" colspan="2"|''Капітан (Kapitan)|| ''Капітан-лейтенант (Kapitan-leytenant)
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Military ranks by country}}

[[Category:Military ranks]]

Podpolkovnik

2018-11-22T13:45:20Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F5-Polkovnik-1940 F4-Podpolkovnik-1943v.png → File:Red Army Polkovnik-1940 & Podpolkovnik-1943v.png better

{{About|the [[OF-4]] rank '''Podpolkovnik''' in Slavophone countries|the equivalent rank in Anglophone armed forces|Lieutenant colonel|the equivalent in Austria, Germany and Switzerland|Oberstleutnant}}

'''''Podpolkovnik''''' ({{lang-ru|Подполко́вник|lit=sub –, junior – , or lower [[Polkovnik|regimentary]]}}) is a [[military rank]] in [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] countries which corresponds to the [[lieutenant colonel]] in the English-speaking states and military.<ref name="SK">{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/3335870/Conceptualization_of_selected_army_ranks_in_English_German_Polish_and_Czech |publisher=Studies in Modern Languages and Literature, vol. 36 |page=27 |location=UMCS Lublin |year=2012 |author=Sławomir Kułacz, University of Gdańsk, Poland |title=Conceptualization of selected army ranks in English, German, Polish and Czech |accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://forum.alexanderpalace.org/index.php?topic=385.0;wap2 Imperial Russian Army Ranks (World War I).] AlexanderPalace.org</ref>

In different languages the exact name of this rank maintains a variety of spellings.<ref name="SK"/> The transliteration is also in common usage for the sake of tradition dating back to the Old Slavonic word "polk" (literally: regiment sized unit), and include the following names in alphabetical order:

{| align="right"
|-
|+ '''Sequence of ranks ascending'''
|-
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | lower rank: ''[[Major]]''
|width="35%" align="center" style="background:#bfbfbf;"| '''''Podpolkovnik''''' (en: [[Lieutenant colonel]])
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;" | higher rank: ''[[Polkovnik]]'' (en: [[Colonel]])
|}

# [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Serbia]] — {{lang|sh|potpukovnik}} ({{IPA-sh|pôtpukoːʋniːk|lang}})
# [[Bulgaria]] — {{lang|bg|подполковник}}
# [[Czech Republic]] — {{lang|cs|podplukovník}} ({{IPA-cs|ˈpotplukovɲiːk|lang}})
# [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] — {{lang|ka|ვიცე-პოლკოვნიკი}} ({{IPA-ka|vitsɛ pʼɔlkʼɔvnikʼi|lang}})
# [[Lithuania]] — {{lang|lt|papulkininkis}}
# [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] — {{lang|mk|потполковник}}
# [[Poland]] — {{lang|pl|podpułkownik}} ({{IPA-pl|pɔtpuwˈkɔvɲik|lang}})
# [[Russia]] — {{lang|ru|подполко́вник}} (''podpolkovnik'') ({{IPA-ru|pətpɐlˈkovnʲɪk|lang}})
# [[Slovenia]] — {{lang|sl|podpolkovnik}}
# [[Slovakia]] — {{lang|sk|podplukovník}}
# [[Ukraine]] — {{lang|uk|підполковник}} (''pidpolkovnyk'')
{{TOC limit}}

== Russia and USSR ==
{{infobox
| above = [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|left|30px]] ''Podpolkovnik'' in the Russian Army
| image = [[File:RAF A F4LtCol after2010.png|60px]] [[File:14podpol.png|70px]]
| caption =
| label1 = Rank insignia
| data1 = [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]
| label2 = Introduction
| data2 = 1939 to the [[Soviet Army]]
| label3 = Rank group
| data3 = [[Stab-ofizer]]
| label4 = Army / Air Force
| data4 = ''Podpolkovnik''
| label5 = Navy
| data5 = ''[[Kapitan 2nd rank]]''
| label6 = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]]
| data6 = [[OF-4]]
}}
'''''Podpolkovnik''''' ({{lang-ru|Подполко́вник}}) — [[History of Russian military ranks|military rank]] and [[Military ranks, special ranks and class rates in Russia|special rank]] in the historical [[Imperial Russian Army]], in the USSR and in Russia.
First it appeared in Russia as appointment or assignment to the assistant or deputy commander of a [[regiment]] sized military formation at the end of the 15th — early 16th century.

In the [[Streltsy]] formations, as a general role, the ''Podpolkovnik'' was responsible for all administrative tasks and functions. Normally it was of [[Nobility]] or [[Boyar]] origin.

From the 17th - to early 17th century there was a [[Military rank|rank]] and an appointment under the designation '''''Polupolkovnik''''' ({{lang-rus|Полуполко́вник||polʊpɐlˈkovnʲɪk}}). Beyond its normal responsibilities, he was in charge to command the second halve of the regiment, the rear -, reserve -, and other regular units (until the introduction of the [[battalion]] structure).

===Russian Empire===
From the introduction of the [[History of Russian military ranks|Russian table of ranks]] to the abolishment in 1917 ''podpolkovnik'' was quoted to rank positioned VII, and until 1856 it was privileged by hereditary nobility.<ref>{{ВТ-ЭСБЕ|Подполковник}}</ref>

In 1884, as the ''mayor'' rank in the Russian army was suppressed, all ''mayors'', by exemption of retirement, loss of civil rights, or mercilessly, were converted to ''podpolkovnik''. From this moment, the rank ''podpolkovnik'' was equivalent to the rank ''armed forces' starshina'' ({{lang-ru|войскова́я старшина́|translit=voyskovaja starshina|lit=head of the armed forces}}, {{IPA-ru|vəjskɐˈvajə stərʂɨˈna|pron}}). Before 1884, the ''armed forces' starshina'' was adequate to ''mayor''. In line to this reform, the shoulder board rank insignia had been changed from two big stars to three smaller ones.

To the formations of the so-called leyb-guard ({{lang-rus|лейб гва́рдия|leyb-gvardija|lʲejb ˈɡvardʲɪjə}}), the rank ''podpolkovnik'' had not been introduced. Normally, ''kapitan'' officers might have been promoted to ''polkovnik'' immediately, by skipping the ranks ''major'' and ''podpolkovnik''.

In the Russian imperial navy the rank ''Kapitan 2nd rank'' was equivalent to ''podpolkovnik'', in the civil administration it was corresponding to [[privy councillor]] ({{lang-rus|надво́рный сове́тник|nadvornjy sovetnik|nɐˈdvornɨj sɐˈvʲetʲnʲɪk}}). The rank ''Podpolkovnik'' was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army.

In the white voluntary army the rank was in the period from December 1917 to November 1918. Than it was abolished as well, and harmonized to the Kapitan ranks of the guard and other officers of the other formations. However, in the Russian army of general [[Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel]] the ''podpolkovnik'' rank was reestablished in April 1920.

=== USSR ===
{| align="right"
|-
|
[[File:Valentina Grizodubova.jpg|thumb|180px| [[Valentina Grizodubova|V.S. Grizodubova]] (1938) with [[polkovnik]] [[collar patches]] (three bars and [[emblem]]), however from 1940 three bars indicated podpolkovnik, while polkovnik wore four bars]]
|valign=top|[[File:Казаков Михаил Александрович (1898—1982).jpg|thumb|200px|Kosakov, M.A. (1898—1982), professional officer since 1927, membership [[SMERSH]], [[World War I]], [[Russian Civil War]], [[Russo-Finnish wars]], and [[World War II]].]]
|}

By foundation of the Soviet Union the rank designation and rank insignia of the [[Imperial Russian Army]] were suppressed. An equivalent rank to ''podpolkovnik'' was created in 1924, by the introduction of the so-called ''status category 8 rank'' – ({{Lang-en|'assistant commander of the regiment and equivalent personnel'}}; {{lang-rus|помо́щник команди́ра полка́ и ему́ ра́вные||pɐˈmoʂnʲɪk kəmɐnʲˈdʲirə pɐlˈka i jɪˈmu ˈravnɨje}}). However, this was overtaken by the introduction of individual ranks in 1935.<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref>

''Podpolkovnik'' as a military rank was reintroduced September 1, 1939 by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union (from September 2, 1939), and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 2690 (article 41, pertaining the law of universal compulsory military service), published by the order No. 226 of the People's Commissar of Defence (from July 26, 1940).
<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 2, 1939, on introduction of the rank/ rank designation Podpolkovnik in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref>

The [[Red Army]] used this rank together with a number of other former Russian ranks, and it has been used in many ex-[[USSR]] countries, including [[Russia]], to the present day.

By the first promotion to that particular rank the hitherto (old) ''polkovnik'' collar distinction insignia with three parallel bars had to be used. The new ''polkovnik'' rank was from now on characterized by four bars. This insignia had to be worn until the introduction of shoulder boards, and were finally replaced in 1943.

In the Soviet navy the rank ''kapitan 2nd rank'' was equivalent to ''podpolkovnik''. In the civil administration it was corresponding to [[privy councillor]] ({{lang-rus|надво́рный сове́тник}}). The rank ''podpolkovnik'' was abolished 16 December 1917, together with all previous ranks and rank insignia of the former Russian imperial army. In the military political organization it was equivalent to ''starshy battalion commissar'' ({{lang-rus|ста́рший батальо́нный комисса́р|3=ˈstarʂɨj bətɐˈlʲjɵnːɨj kəmʲɪˈsar}}), another corresponding rank designation was ''Specialist 1st rank'' (pertaining to: military engineers, surgeons, commissionaires, veterinary surgeons, and legal personnel).

; 1943—1992
In late 1943 shoulder boards were reintroduced as rank designation. From this moment in the ''podpolkovnik'' rank of the Red Army was specified by two big horizontal stars, on shoulder boards, with parallel piping (two straps). The stars had to be established on a distance of 35 mm from the lower end of the shoulder board (Rules to wear military uniforms in the Soviet Army and the Navy). From 7 November 1944 the stars were pinned direct (symmetrically to the piping) on piping.

=== Russian Federation ===
If military personnel serves in a guards formation, or on a guards war ship, to the rank designation will be placed in front the noun guards (e.g. "Gurds podpolkovnik"). Civil – or military personnel with a specific defined level of expertise or knowledge in medical or judicial professions, to the military rank will be added the noun "legal or the wording "medical service". Further adding to the military rank designation might be "retired" or "on retirement".

Personnel serving in the executive of the Russian Federation might be specified by rank designation as follows.

*''Podpolkovnik of the Police'' (until March 1, 2011 ''Podpolkovnik of the Militsiya'')
*''Podpolkovnik of the Internal Troops''
*''Podpolkovnik investigation of tax offence''

=== Rank insignia ===
<gallery widths="100px" perrow="6" class="center">
Imperial Russian Army LtCol 1917 v.png|<center>Shoulder board ''podpolkovnik'' of Imperial Russian Army</center>
Red Army Polkovnik-1940 & Podpolkovnik-1943v.png|<center>[[Gorget patch]] [[Red Army|RA]], Land forces (1940-1943)</center>
Red Air Force Polkovnik-1940 &Podpolkovnik-1943v.png|<center>... Air Force (1940-1943)</center>
RA-SA A-engin F4LtCol 1955.png|<center>Shoulder board [[Red Army|RA]] engineers (1943-1946)/ [[Soviet Army|CA]] (1946-55)</center>
RAF A F4LtCol since 2010par.svg|<center>parade uniform, Land forces (1955-1994), and since 2010</center>
RAF AF F4LtCol since 2010par.svg|<center>... [[Airborne forces|ABF]], [[Air Force|AF]], [[Aviation]] of the [[Soviet Air Defence Forces|ADF]] (1955-1994), and since 2010</center>
RAF A F4LtCol 2010.png|<center>everyday uniform, Ground forces until 2010</center>
RAF AF F4LtCol 1994-2010.png|<center>... uniform, AF until 2010</center>
RAF ABTr F4LtCol 2010.png|<center>... uniform, ABF until 2010</center>
RAF A F4LtCol 2010field.png|<center>field uniform until 2010</center>
RAF A F4LtCol 2010par.png|<center>parade uniform shirt, Ground forces until 2010</center>
Russian police lieutenant colonel.png|<center>Podpolkovnik of the Police (until 2011 — [[Militsiya]]), also [[Internal Troops of Russia|Internal Troops]]</center>
</gallery>

== Other countries ==
<gallery widths="100px" perrow="5" class="center">
Rank insignia of Подполковник of the Bulgarian Army.png|<center>подполковник Bulgaria</center>
File:Rank insignia of Подполковник of the Bulgarian Air forces.png|<center>... Air Force</center>
CzArmy 2011 OF4-Podplukovnik shoulder.svg|<center>podplukovník Czech Republic</center>
Rank insignia of podpułkownik of the Army of Poland.svg|<center>''podpułkownik'' Poland</center>
Rank insignia of podpułkownik of the Air Force of Poland.svg|<center>... Air Force</center>
Antpetis sausumos 14 pulkininkas leitenantas.png|<center>''pulkininkas leitenantas'', Lithuania</center>
File:6 kov - potpukovnik.gif|<center>potpukovnik Serbia</center>
Slovenska vojska cast podpol.jpg|<center>podpolkovnika Slovenia</center>
UA-Pidpolkovnyk.gif|<center>''pidpolkovnyk'' Ukraine</center>
File:UA OF4-LtCol 2009.jpg|<center>... Air Force</center>
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[History of Russian military ranks]]
*[[Table of Ranks]]
*[[Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Military ranks of Ukraine]]
*[[Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation]]
*[[Polish Armed Forces rank insignia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Polish officer ranks}}
{{Military ranks by country}}

[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Poland]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Kombrig

2018-11-22T13:43:59Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F6ComBrig 1940 col-v.png → File:Red Army Com Brig 1940 col-v.png better

{{infobox
| above = [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|left|30px]] ''Kombrig'' in the Soviet Army
| image = [[File:RA A F6aComBrig 1940.png|150px]]
| caption =
| label1 = Rank insignia
| data1 = [[Red Army|Armed Forces of the Soviet Union]]
| label2 = Introduction
| data2 = 1935 to the [[Soviet Army]]
| label3 = Rank group
| data3 = Commanding officers
| label4 = Army / Air Force
| data4 = ''Kombrig''
| label5 = Navy
| data5 = ''Kapitan 1st rank''
| label6 = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]]
| data6 = [[OF-6]]
}}

[[File:Леонид Минов.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Kombrig'' collar patch]]

'''''Kombrig''''' is the abbreviation to '''''Commanding officer of the brigade''''' ({{lang-ru|Комбриг}} / {{lang|ru|Командир бригады}}; literal: Commander of the brigade / Brigade commander), and was a [[Military ranks of the Soviet Union|military rank]] in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] of the [[USSR]] from 1935 to 1940. It was also the designation to military personnel appointed to command a [[brigade]] sized formation (X).

Until 1940 it was the fourth highest military rank of the Red Army. It was equivalent to '''''Brigade comissar''''' (ru: {{lang|ru|Дивизионный комиссар}}) of the political staff in all military branches, '''''Kapitan 1st rank''''' (ru: {{lang|ru|Капита́н 1-го ранга}}) in the ''Soviet navy'', or to '''''Major of state security''''' (ru: {{lang|ru|Майор государственной безопасности}}). With the reintroduction of regular general ranks, the designation ''Kombrig'' was abolished, and replaced by [[Major general]] (OF-6).

==History==
This particular rank was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935.<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref>
The new rank structure was as follows:
* Command level [[Brigade]] X: '''Kombrig''' Kombrig (Brigadier – OF6)
* Command level [[Division (military)|Division]] XX: [[Komdiv]] (Division commander – OF7)
* Command level [[Corps]] XXX: [[Komkor]] (Korps commander – OF8)
* Command level [[Field army]] XXXX: [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] (Army commander 2nd rank – Commander Army OF9b)
* Command level [[Army group]], [[Front (military formation)|Front]] XXXXX: [[Komandarm 1st rank]] (Army commander 1st rank – Frond commander OF9a)
* OF10-level: [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]

{| class="wikipedia sortable" border="1"
|-align="center"
|width="30%" colspan="3" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0"|sequence of ranks
|-align="center"
|width="30%" colspan="1" rowspan="2" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0" |lower rank: [[Polkovnik]] 
|width="35%" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0" |[[File:Red Army Badge.svg|30px]] '''''Kombrig''''' 
|width="30%" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0" | higher rank: [[Komdiv]] 
|-align="center"
|width="35%" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|[[File:Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg|30px]] '''''[[Major general]]''''' ([[:ru:Генерал-мaйор]])
|width="30%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;" | higher rank: [[Lieutenant general]] 
([[:ru:Генерал-лейтенант]])
|}

==Rank insignia==
<gallery>
RA A F6ComBrig 1940.png|<center>Overcoat collar patch</center>
Red Army Com Brig 1940 col-v.png|<center>Jacket collar patch and [[Gymnastyorka]]</center>
RA AF F6 Kombrig 1940h.png|<center>... Air Force</center>
RA A F6ComBrig 1940 chevr.png|<center>[[Chevron (insignia)|Chevron]]/ sleeve insignia</center>
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940–1943|... 1940–1943]]

== Sources / references ==

<references/>

[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

{{mil-rank-stub}}
{{Soviet-stub}}

Komdiv

2018-11-22T13:42:33Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F7ComDiv 1940 col-v.png → File:Red Army Com Div 1940 col-v.png better

{{infobox
| above = [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|left|30px]] ''Komdiv'' in the Soviet Army
| image = [[File:Red Army Com Div 1940.png|150px]]
| caption =
| label1 = Rank insignia
| data1 = [[Red Army|Armed Forces of the Soviet Union]]
| label2 = Introduction
| data2 = 1935 to the [[Soviet Army]]
| label3 = Rank group
| data3 = Commanding officers
| label4 = Army / Air Force
| data4 = ''Komdiv''
| label5 = Navy
| data5 = ''Flag officer 2nd rank''
| label6 = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]]
| data6 = [[OF-7]]
}}

[[File:Ivan iossifovich proskurov.png|thumb|200px|right|''Komdiv'' collar patch]]

'''''Komdiv''''' is the abbreviation to '''''Commanding officer of the Division''''' ({{lang-ru|Комдив}} / Командир дивизии; literal: Commander of the division / Division commander), and was a [[Military ranks of the Soviet Union|military rank]] in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] of the [[USSR]] in the period from 1935 to 1940. It was also the designation to military personnel appointed to command a [[division (military)|division]] sized formation (XX).

Until 1940 it was the fourth highest military rank of the Red Army, and might have been rated [[Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers|OF-7]]<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> in [[NATO]] ([[Two-star rank]]). It was equivalent to '''''Division comissar''''' (ru: Дивизионный комиссар) of the political staff in all military branches, ''''' Flag Officer 2nd rank''''' (ru: Флагман 2-го ранга) in the ''Soviet navy'', or to '''''Senior major of state security''''' (ru: Старший майор государственной безопасности). With the reintroduction of regular general ranks, the designation ''Komdiv'' was abolished, and replaced by [[Lieutenant general]] (OF-7).

==History==
This particular rank was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935.<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref>
The new rank structure was as follows:
* Command level [[Brigade]] X: [[Kombrig]] (Brigadier – OF6)
* Command level [[Division (military)|Division]] XX: '''Komdiv''' (Division commander – OF7)
* Command level [[Corps]] XXX: [[Komkor]] (Korps commander – OF8)
* Command level [[Field army]] XXXX: [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] (Army commander 2nd rank – Commander Army OF9b)
* Command level [[Army group]], [[Front (military formation)|Front]] XXXXX: [[Komandarm 1st rank]] (Army commander 1st rank – Frond commander OF9a)
* OF10-level: [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]
{| class="wikipedia sortable" border="1"
|-align="center"
|width="30%" colspan="3" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0"|sequence of ranks
|-align="center"
|width="30%" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0"| lower rank: [[Kombrig]] 
|width="35%" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0"| [[File:Red Army Badge.svg|30px]] Komdiv 
|width="30%" bgcolor= "#A0E0A0"| higher rank: [[Komkor]] 
|-align="center"
|width="30%" style="background:#bfbfbf;"| (OF-6) [[Major general]] ([[:ru:Генерал-мaйор]])
|width="35%" align="center" style="background:#afafaf;" | [[File:Red Army Badge.svg|30px]] [[File:Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg|25px]] [[Lieutenant general]] ([[:ru:Генерал-лейтенант]])
|width="30%" style="background:#bfbfbf;"| (OF-8) [[Colonel general]] ([[:ru:Генерал-полковник]])
|}

==Rank insignia==
<gallery>
Red Army ComDiv 1940.png|<center>Overcoat collar patch (big)</center>
Red Army Com Div 1940 col-v.png|<center>Jacket collar patch and [[Gymnastyorka]]</center>
Red Air Force ComDiv 1940.png|<center>... Air Force</center>
RA A F7ComDiv 1940 chevr.png|<center>[[Chevron (insignia)|Chevron]]/ sleeve insignia</center>
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940–1943|... 1940–1943]]

== Sources / references ==

<references/>

[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

{{mil-rank-stub}}
{{Soviet-stub}}

Komkor

2018-11-22T13:40:59Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F8-KomKor 1940 col.png → File:Red Army Kom Kor 1940 col.png better

{{infobox
| above = [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|left|30px]] ''Komkor'' in the Soviet Army
| image = [[File:Red Army ComCorps 1940.png|150px]]
| caption =
| label1 = Rank insignia
| data1 = [[Red Army|Armed Forces of the Soviet Union]]
| label2 = Introduction
| data2 = 1935 to the [[Soviet Army]]
| label3 = Rank group
| data3 = Commanding officers
| label4 = Army / Air Force
| data4 = ''Komkor''
| label5 = Navy
| data5 = ''Flag Officer 1st rank''
| label6 = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO|NATO equivalent]]
| data6 = [[OF-8]]
}}

[[File:Lacis Jan Janovich.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Komkor'' collar patch]]

'''''Komkor''''' is the abbreviation for '''''Corps Commander''''' ({{lang-ru|Комкор}} / Командир корпуса; literal: Commander of the corps / Corps commander), and was a [[Military ranks of the Soviet Union|military rank]] in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] of the [[USSR]] in the period from 1935 to 1940. It was also the designation for officers appointed to command a [[corps]] sized formation.

Until 1940 it was the fourth highest military rank of the Red Army, and might have been rated [[Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers|OF-8]]<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> in [[NATO]] ([[Three-star rank]]). It was equivalent to '''''Corps commissar''''' (ru: Корпусной комиссар) of the political staff in all military branches, ''''' Flag Officer 1st rank''''' (ru: Флагман 1 ранга) in the ''Soviet navy'', or to '''''Commissar of state security 3rd rank''''' (ru: Комиссар государственной безопасности 3-ого ранга). With the reintroduction of regular general ranks in 1940, the designation ''Komkor'' was abolished, and replaced by [[Colonel general]] (OF-8).

==History==
This particular rank was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935.<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref>
The new rank structure was as follows:
* Commander of a [[Brigade]]: [[Kombrig]] (Brigadier – OF6)
* Command level [[Division (military)|Division]]: [[Komdiv]] (Division commander – OF7)
* Command level [[Corps]]: '''Komkor''' (Korps commander – OF8)
* Command level [[Field army]]: [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] (Army commander 2nd rank – Commander Army OF9b)
* Command level [[Army group]], [[Front (military formation)|Front]]: [[Komandarm 1st rank]] (Army commander 1st rank – Frond commander OF9a)
* OF10-level: [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]

A total number of 146 military personnel were promoted to ''Komkor''. However, 59 were purged during the [[Great Purge]]. As a result of the reintroduction of the regular military rank system in 1940, one ''Komkor'' was promoted to [[General of the army (USSR)|General of the Army]] (Georgy Zhukov), 51 to [[Lieutenant general]] (OF-7), and six to [[Major general]] (OF-6). Finally, ''Komkor'' [[Leonid Petrovsky|Leonid Grigorevich Petrovsky]] was promoted to Lieutenant general in 1941.

==Rank insignia==
<gallery>
File:RA A F8ComCorps 1940.png|<center>Overcoat collar patch (big)</center>
File:Red Army Kom Kor 1940 col.png|<center>Jacket collar patch and [[Gymnastyorka]]</center>
File:RA AF F8- KomKor 1940.png|<center>Collar patch (Air Force)</center>
File:RA A F8ComCorps 1940 chevr.png|<center>[[Chevron (insignia)|Chevron]]/ sleeve insignia</center>
</gallery>

== Assignments and Promotions ==

=== 1935 ===
The following officers were assigned the rank of Komkor by Order No. 2395 of the [[People's Commissar of Defence]] dated November 11, 1935, pertaining to the “personnel of the Army”:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rkka.ru/handbook/personal/2395.htm|title=Приказ НАРОДНОГО КОМИССАРА ОБОРОНЫ СОЮЗА ССР № 2395|last=|first=|date=|website=www.rkka.ru|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-19}}</ref>
* [[Mikhail Alafusov|Mikhail Ivanovich Alafusov]], executed 1937;
* [[Maksim Antoniuk|Maksim Andreevich Antonyuk]], promoted to Lieutenant general 1940;
* [[Iosif Apanasenko|Iosif Rodionovich Apanasenko]], promoted to [[Komandarm 2nd rank]], converted to Colonel general, promoted to [[General of the army (USSR)|General of the army]];
* [[Ernest Appoga|Ernest Fritzevich Appoga]], executed 1937;
* [[Mikhail Batorsky|Mikhail Alexandrovich Batorsky]], executed 1938;
* [[Georgy Bazilevich|Georgy Dmitrievich Bazilevich]], executed 1939;
* [[Stepan Bogomyagkov|Stepan Nikolaevich Bogomyagkov]], arrested 1938, sent to prison 1941;
* [[Matvei Vasilenko|Matvei Ivanovich Vasilenko]], executed 1937;
* [[Mikhail Velikanov|Mikhail Dmitrievich Velikanov]], promoted to [[Komandarm 2nd rank]], executed 1938;
* [[Yan Gaylit|Yan Petrovich Gaylit]], executed 1938;
* [[Ilya Garkavyi|Ilya Ivanovich Garkavyi]], executed 1938;
* [[Marcian Germanovich|Marcian Yakovlevich Germanovich]], executed 1937;
* [[Vladimir Gittis|Vladimir Mikhailovich Gittis]], executed 1938;
* [[Boris Gorbachyov|Boris Sergeevich Gorbachyov]], executed 1937
* [[Oka Gorodovikov|Gorodovikov, Oka Ivanovich]];
* [[Ivan Gryaznov]], executed in 1938;
* [[Sergei Efimovich Gribov]], executed in 1938;
* [[Yepifan Kovtyukh]], executed in 1938;

* [[Ivan Kosogov|Ivan Dmitryevich Kosogov]], executed in 1938;
* [[Nikolai Krivoruchko|Nikolai Nikolayevich Krivoruchko]], executed in 1938;
* [[Grigory Kulik|Kulik, Grigory Ivanovich]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, than to [[Komandarm 1st rank]], became [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]], 1942 demoted to [[Major general]], sent to prison 1947, executed 1950;
* [[Jan Latsis]], died in 1937 before the mass repressions of 1937—1938;

* [[Aleksandr Loktionov|Loktionov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich]], promoted to Komanarm 2nd rank, converted to Colonel general, arrested and executed 1941;

* [[Sergei Mezheninov|Sergei A Mezheninov]], executed 1937;
* [[Primakov, Vitaliy Markovich|Vitaly Primakov]], executed 1937;
* [[Semyon Pugachov|Semyon Andreevich Pugachov]], Arrested in 1938, sentenced in 1939 to 15 years of ITL and five years in his rights, died in detention on 23 March 1943;
* [[Putna, Vitovt Kazimirovich]], executed 1937;
* [[Ivan Smolin|Ivan Ivanovich Smolin]], executed 1937;
* [[Mikhail Sangursky]], executed 1938;

* [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko, Semyon Konstantinivich]];
* [[Alexander Todorsky]], arrested 1938, 1939 sentenced to 15 years in Gulag, he was rehabilitated and restored in the army with the rank of Lieutenant General, died in 1965;
* [[Semyon Uritsky|Semyon Petrovich Uritsky]], executed 1938;
* [[Semyon Turovsky|Semyon Abramovich Turovsky]], executed in 1937;
* [[Boris Feldman|Feldman, Boris Mironovich]], executed 1937;
* [[Robert Eideman|Eideman, Robert Petrovich]], executed 1937;
* [[Kasyan Chaykovsky|Kasyan Alexandrovich Chaykovsky]], arrested 1937, died in prison in 1938;
* [[Vasiliy Khripin|Vasiliy Vladimirovich Khripin]], executed 1938;
* [[Dmitry Fesenko]], executed 1937;
By Order № 2398" of the Minister of Defence (Soviet Union) from November 21, 1935, to the “personnel of the Army”:
* [[Leonid Veyner|Veyner, Leonid Jakovlevich]], executed 1937;
* [[Gekker, Anatoliy Ilyich]], executed during the [[Great Purge]] 1937, and rehabilitated 1956.
By Order № 2412" of the Minister of Defence (Soviet Union) from November 23, 1935, to the “personnel of the Army”:
* [[Stepan Zotov|Zotov, Stepan Andeeevich]];
* [[Kirill Stuzke|Stuzke, Kirill Andeeevich]], executed 1937.
By Order № 2484" of the Minister of Defence (Soviet Union) from November 26, 1935, to the “personnel of the Army”:
* [[Eduard Lepin|Lepin, Eduard Davydovich]], executed 1938;
* [[Mikhail Frinovsky|Frinovsky, Mikhail Petrovich]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, executed 1940.

=== 1936 ===
* [[Nikolay Kuibyshev|Kuybyshev, Nikolay Vladimirovich]], executed 1938;
* [[Grigory Hahanyan|Hahanyan, Grigory Davidovich]], executed 1939;
* [[Leonty Ugryumov]], executed 1937
* [[Ivan Tkachev]], executed 1938
* [[Gaspar Voskanyan]], executed 1937
* [[Konstantin Neumann]], executed 1937

=== 1937 ===
* [[Yefremov, Mikhail Grigoryevich]];
* [[Nikolay Voronov|Voronov, Nikolay Nikolayevich]];
* [[Pavlov, Dmitry Grigoryevich]], executed 1941;
* [[Yakov Smushkevich|Smushkevich, Yakov Vladimirovich]], executed 1941;
* [[Pyotr Pumpur]], executed 1942;
* [[Georgy Sofronov]];
* [[Leonid Petrovsky]];
* [[Pyotr Bryanskikh]], executed 1938;
* [[Ilia Smirnov|Ilya Smirnov]].

=== 1938 ===
On 8 January 1938, the following officers were promoted:
* [[Filipp Golikov]], promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union 1961;
* [[Mikhail Kovalyov]];
On 4 February, two officers received the rank:
* [[Maksim Mager|Mager, Maksim Petrovich]], arrested 1938, released 1940, re-arrested and executed 1941;
* [[Yelisey Goryachev|Goryachev, Yelisey Ivanovich]], committed suicide by shooting himself 1938;
On 19 February, the following officer was promoted:
* [[Shtern, Grigory Mikhaylovich]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, than to Colonel general, arrested 1941, executed;
On 20 February, the following officer was promoted:
* [[Fedor Astakhov|Astakhov, Fyodor Alekseevich]], converted to Lieutenant general of the aviation, [[Marshal of the aviation]] 1944;
On 22 February, the following officers were promoted:
* [[Stepan Kalinin]];
* [[Vladimir Kachalov]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to Lieutenant General, held higher command positions during World War II, army commander, killed in World War II;
* [[Ivan Konev]];
* [[Kirill Meretskov]];
* [[Yevgeny Ptukhin]], converted to Lieutenant general, during Operation Barbarossa chief of the Southwestern Front Air Force, arrested 27 June 1941, executed 1942
* [[Andrei Sazontov]], executed 1938
* [[Maxim Stepanov]], arrested 1938, died in prison
* [[Ivan Tyulenev]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to Army general
* [[Rafail Khmlenitsky]], converted to Lieutenant general
* [[Mikhail Khozin]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to Lieutenant general
* [[Pyotr Shelukhin]], converted to Major general
On 4 April, the following officer was promoted:
* [[Vsevolod Yakovlev]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to Lieutenant general
On 13 April, the following officer was promoted:
* [[Georgy Bondar]], executed 1939
On 14 June, the following officer was promoted:
* [[Pyotr Filatov]], converted to Lieutenant general, killed in World War II
On 15 July, the following officer was promoted:
* [[Filipp Yershakov]], converted to Lieutenant general, captured and died in captivity in World War II

=== 1939 ===
The following officer was promoted to the rank on 5 February:
* [[Nikolay Veryovkin-Rakhalsy|Nikolai Veryovkin-Rakhalsy]], converted to Lieutenant general;
On 9 February, fourteen officers were promoted to Komkor:
* [[Ivan Boldin]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to Lieutenant general, during World War II held higher command positions, army commander, promoted to Colonel General in 1944;
* [[Ivan Zakharkin]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to Lieutenant General, during World War II held higher command positions, army commander, promoted to Colonel General in 1943;
* [[Vasily Chuikov]], converted to Lieutenant General during the great patriotic war at the highest command positions, Commander of the armies, [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] (1955);
* [[Matvei Zakharov]], converted to major general, during the great patriotic war at the highest staff positions, the Chief of staff of a number of fronts, [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] (1959);
* [[Timofey Kruglyakov]], converted to major general;
* [[Vasily Kuznetsov (general)|Vasily Kuznetsov]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Vladimir Kurdyumov]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Maksim Purkayev]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Fyodor Remezov]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Valentin Semashko]], converted to major general, arrested in World War II, later released;
* [[Arkady Sivkov]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Ivan Smorodvinov]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Trifon Shevaldin]], converted to lieutenant general;
Two coastal troops officers received the rank on 9 April:
* [[Sergei Vorobyov]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Innokenty Mushnov]], converted to lieutenant general;
On 31 July, the following officer was promoted to Komkor:
* [[Georgy Zhukov]], converted to the general of the army, during World War II in higher command and staff positions, commander of a front, [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] (1943);
On 13 August, two officers were promoted to the rank:
* [[Vladimir Grendal]], promoted to Komandarm 2nd rank, converted to colonel general, died of lung cancer in 1940
* [[Markian Popov]], converted to lieutenant general;
Fourteen officers received the rank on 4 November:
* [[Leonid Bobkin]], converted to major general, killed in World War II;
* [[Nikolai Vatutin]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Vasyl Herasymenko|Vasily Gerasimenko]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Mikhail Dukhanov]], converted to major general;
* [[Andrey Yeryomenko]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Fyodor Ivanov]], converted to major general, arrested in World War II, later released;
* [[Fyodor Kuznetsov]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Mikhail Lukin (general)|Mikhail Lukin]], converted to lieutenant general, captured in World War II, returned to the Soviet Union and retired from the army;
* [[Nikifor Medvedev]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Vasily Morozov (Soviet general)|Vasily Morozov]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Vasily Repin]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Dmitry Ryabyshev]], converted to lieutenant general;
* [[Andrei Smirnov (general)|Andrei Smirnov]], converted to lieutenant general, killed in World War II;
* [[Yakov Cherevichenko]], converted to lieutenant general
On 23 December, the following officer was promoted to Komkor:
* [[Valerian Frolov]], converted to lieutenant general
On 31 December, two more officers received the rank:
* [[Vasily Sokolovsky]], converted to Lieutenant general, served as front chief of staff and commander during World War II, became Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1946
* [[Nikolai Klykov]], converted to Lieutenant general

=== 1940 ===
* [[Filipp Parusinov|Parusinov, Fillip Alekseevich]];
* [[Ivan Maslennikov|Maslennikov, Ivan Ivanovich]];
* [[Pavel Zhigarev|Pavel Fedorovich Zhigarev]], converted to Lieutenant general of the aviation, 1953 appointed to Marshal of the aviation, 1955 to Chief marshal of the aviation;

* [[Kozlov, Dmitry Timofeyevich]].

== See also ==
*[[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940–1943|... 1940–1943]]

== Sources / references ==

<references/>

[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1935–1940)

2018-11-22T13:39:52Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small krasnoarmeyets.svg better

[[File:Капитан ВВС РККА у СБ.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]]/ military pilot of the Red Army´s Air Force, uniform with distinction insignia ca. 1935/40.]]

'''Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940)''' were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935.<ref>Rank insignia and sequence of ranks of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” as to order number 2590 of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935. Other solutions to ground forces and navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” were disposed by order 2591.</ref>

This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the ''Workers' and Peasants' Red Army'', published by order number 176 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, dated from December 03, 1935.<ref>Order number 176 of the „People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR” from December 3, 1935 pertaining individual military ranks of the land forces and the Navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army”.</ref>

== Situation in 1935 ==
According to these new orders, new insignia of command personnel should indicate:
* Branch of service (e.g. Army, Air Force, or Navy), or special troops
*Qualification, professional responsibility, specific knowledge
*Rank insignia, operational/ tactical responsibility, e.g. level of military command, formation, unit, or sub-unit.

The top military rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] was created by order of the USSR Central Executive Committee and the “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935 onward, before the new ranks were issued.

== Military ranks ==
The military ranks created as a result of the joint decision of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and the “Council of People's Commissars” from November 21, 1935 are contained in the table below. These replaced the ranks used from 1924.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! colspan=2 | Land forces Air Force
! colspan=2 | Naval forces
| bgcolor="#EECFA1" rowspan="1" align="center"| '''equivalent''' in [[Main Directorate of State Security|GUGB/NKWD]]
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Enlisted men & junior leading staff
|- align="center"
| Red Army Man || OR1<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>|| Red Fleet Man (from 1943: Matros) || OR1 || rowspan=4 align="center"|no equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 align="center"| Otdeljonnyi komandir || OR6
|- align="center"
| Junior commander || OR7 || colspan=2 | No equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 | [[Starshina]] || OR8
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Commanding staff
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | Lieutenant || rowspan=2 |OF1<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> || Sergeant of the state security
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || OF2 || [[Captain lieutenant]] || OF2 || Lieutenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Major]] || OF3 || Captain 3rd rank || OF3 || Starshy leytenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Polkovnik]] || OF5 || [[Kapitan 2nd rank]] || OF4 || Kapitan of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kombrig]] || OF6 || [[Kapitan 1st rank]] || OF5 || Mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komdiv]] || OF7 || Flag officer 2nd rank || OF6 || Starshy mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komkor]] || OF8 || [[Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF7 || Commissioner of state security 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || rowspan=2 | OF9 || [[Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank]] || rowspan=1 | OF8 || Commissioner of state security 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF9 || Commissioner of state security 1st rank
|- align="center"
| [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || OF10 || colspan=2 | No equivalent || State Security Commissioner general
|}

=== Additional regulations ===
The same orders mentioned above provided for separate ranks for the Political commissars and military specialists, as in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Military-political staff all service branches
! colspan=2 | Military-technician staff
! rowspan=2 | Military-administration and support all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-medical service all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-veterinarian all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-legal service all service branches
|-
! Land forces & Air Force
! Naval forces
|- align="center"
| colspan=2|No rank established || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 2nd rank || Technical-intendant 2nd rank || Army-surgeon || Veterinarian army-surgeon || Junior military jurist
|- align="center"
| Politleader
| [[File:Politruk Sensior RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 1st rank || Technical-intendant 1st rank || Senior army-surgeon || Senior veterinarian army-surgeon || Military jurist
|- align="center"
| Senior political leader
| [[File:Batalion komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 3rd rank || Intendant 3rd rank || Military physician 3rd rank || Military veterinarian 3rd rank || Military jurist 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| Bataillon commissar
| [[File:RA A-kav OF5-PolkKom-1935-40 OF4-SenBatKom-1940-42.jpeg .jpg|50px]]|| colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 2nd rank || Intendant 2nd rank || Mil-physician 2nd rank || Mil-vet-physician 2nd rank || Military jurist 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| Regimental commissar
| [[File:RA A OF5-PolkKom-1940-42.jpg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mililitary engineer 1st rank || Intendant 1st rank || Mil-physician 1st rank || Mil-vet-physician 1st rank || Military jurist 1st rank
|- align="center"
| Brigade commissar
|[[File:Brigad Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Brig-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 3rd rank || Brig-intendant || Brig-physician || Brig-vet-physician || Brig-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Division commissar
|[[File:Div Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Div-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 2nd rank || Div-intendant || Div-physician || Div-vet-pysician || Div-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Corps commissar
| [[File:Korp Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Cor-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 1st rank || Cor-intendant || Cor-physician || Cor-vet-pysician || Cor-military-jurist
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 2nd rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 2r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Army engineer || Fleet Engineer Flag officer || Army intendant || Army physician || Army veterinarian || Army military-jurist
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 1st rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 1r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]]|| colspan=6 | No equivalent ranks created
|}

== 1937 ==
More regulations were established in 1937, following general instructions of the Red Army. According to paragraph 10 of this instruction, the following subdivision of personnel was made:
*'''Leading staff''': Military officers and heads of departments, military administration and commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, military legal service
*'''Commanding staff''': Personnel with the ranks commander in chief and commander
*'''Junior commanding staff'''
*'''Enlisted men/ratings'''

Paragraph 14 of this instruction contained the individual ranks and rank designations according to the order of September 22, 1935, and thus officially sanctioned the additional established OF-1c ranks (Junior lieutenant and Junior military technician), taking effect on August 5, 1937.

== 1939 ==
By decision of the extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (end of August until early September 1939) the law on universal compulsory service took effect, and the new OF4-ranks of [[Podpolkovnik]] and ''Battalion commissar'' were introduced as a result of the amendments to the rank regulations of 1935. An equivalent OF4-rank for the Soviet navy was not established, however.

== Rank designations ==
[[File:Popov N A praded.jpg|thumb|250px|Example ''Polkovnik armoured corps'' with rank insignia '''big''' (coat), '''small''' (battle jacket) 1940.]]

In addition to individual ranks the establishment of defined rank insignia was made in December 1935 as well. From this time military staff, including political commissars, military administration, commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, and military legal service of the Red Army wore rank insignia as follows:
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''chevron''''': on both sleeves (short above the cuff)
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''big''''': on both collar-edges of the uniform coat
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''small''''': on both collar-edges of the battle jacket ([[Gymnastyorka|Gymnastjorka]])

However, naval military staff wore sleeve insignia (stripes and stars) on both sleeves of the uniform.

; Commander in chief, higher commanding officers and top appointments OF10 to OF6

*Rank insignia, big (overcoat): on a rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges, gold coloured Soviet star small/ big
*Rank insignia, small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges
*Sleeve insignia (overcoat): one to four gold colored chevrons, Soviet star small/ big, one red coloured extra chevron OF10

; Commanding officers and unit leaders OF5, OF3 and OF2

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled rectangle badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled rectangle badges

; Subunit leader OF1

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges

; [[Sub-subunit]] leader and enlisted men OR8 to OR1

*Sub-subunit leader
**Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled triangular badges
**Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled triangular badges
*Enlisted men: simple rank insignia big (over coat)/ simple rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka)

== Table of rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1935–1940 ==

=== Higher commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=6|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=4|Rank insignia || Coat-collar || rowspan=3 | [[File:Red Army Marshal 1935 .svg|90px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | [[Gymnastjorka]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Sleeve chevron || [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9a komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF8 komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation || [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || [[Komkor]] || [[Komdiv]] || [[Kombrig]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Командарм 1-го ранга) || (Командарм 2-го ранга) || (Комкор) || (Комдив) || (Комбриг)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF10
| colspan="2" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| colspan="2" |[[General of the Army]] ([[Chief marshal|Chief marshal of the branch]] & [[Marshal of the branch]])
| [[Colonel general]]
| [[Lieutenant general]]
| [[Major General]]
|}

=== Middle and senior commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar big OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve chevron
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Polkovnik]] || [[Major]] || [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] (adopted 1937)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Native designation)
| (Полковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF3
| colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;"|OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Junior commanders and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=1|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymastjorka
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Junior platoon commander
| Section commander
| [[Red Army man|Red army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation)
| (Сташина)
| (Младший комвзвод)
| (Отделённый командир)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;"|OR-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR8
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR7
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR6
| style="background:#afafaf;"|OR1
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Starshiy serzhant]]
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Serzhant]]
| No change
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) 
|
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержа́нт)
|
|}

== Table of rank insignia for the navy 1935–1940 ==
The following ranks and insignia were used by the Soviet Navy from 1935 to 1940.
=== Flag officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Commander in chief, higher commanders and top appointments'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1| Sleeve insignia
| [[File:Red Fleet 04 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 03 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 02 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 01 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Flag officer of the fleet 1st rank
| Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| Flag officer 1st rank
| Flag officer 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Флагман флота 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман флота 2-го ранга)
| (Флагман 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман 2-го ранга)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF9
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| [[Admiral of the fleet (Soviet Union)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| [[Admiral]]
| [[Vice admiral]]
| [[Counter admiral]]
|}

=== Officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=7|'''Commanding officers and unit leaders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Kapitan 1st rank]]
| [[Kapitan 2nd rank]]
| Kapitan 3rd rank
| [[Captain lieutenant|Kapitan leytenant]]
| [[Senior lieutenant|Starshy leytenant]]
| [[Lieutenant|Leytetant]]
| [[Mladshiy leytenant]] (from 1937 onward)
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Капитана 1-го ранга)
| (Капитана 2-го ранга)
| (Капитана 3-го ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенанта)
| (Стазший лейтенанта)
| (Лейтенанта)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF5
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF3
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF2
|colspan=3 style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Sub-subunit leader and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Sub-subunit leaders, specialists & enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:SNMR3601.png|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| Starshina
| Squad commander
| Krasnoflotets
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Старшина)
| (Отделенный командир)
| (Краснофлотеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR6
|colspan=1 style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|- align="center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935]], and [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1940–1943| ... 1940–1943]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991| ... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935-1940}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1935–1940)

2018-11-22T13:38:44Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR7 mladshy komvzvod.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small mladshy komvzvod.svg better

[[File:Капитан ВВС РККА у СБ.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]]/ military pilot of the Red Army´s Air Force, uniform with distinction insignia ca. 1935/40.]]

'''Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940)''' were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935.<ref>Rank insignia and sequence of ranks of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” as to order number 2590 of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935. Other solutions to ground forces and navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” were disposed by order 2591.</ref>

This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the ''Workers' and Peasants' Red Army'', published by order number 176 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, dated from December 03, 1935.<ref>Order number 176 of the „People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR” from December 3, 1935 pertaining individual military ranks of the land forces and the Navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army”.</ref>

== Situation in 1935 ==
According to these new orders, new insignia of command personnel should indicate:
* Branch of service (e.g. Army, Air Force, or Navy), or special troops
*Qualification, professional responsibility, specific knowledge
*Rank insignia, operational/ tactical responsibility, e.g. level of military command, formation, unit, or sub-unit.

The top military rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] was created by order of the USSR Central Executive Committee and the “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935 onward, before the new ranks were issued.

== Military ranks ==
The military ranks created as a result of the joint decision of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and the “Council of People's Commissars” from November 21, 1935 are contained in the table below. These replaced the ranks used from 1924.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! colspan=2 | Land forces Air Force
! colspan=2 | Naval forces
| bgcolor="#EECFA1" rowspan="1" align="center"| '''equivalent''' in [[Main Directorate of State Security|GUGB/NKWD]]
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Enlisted men & junior leading staff
|- align="center"
| Red Army Man || OR1<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>|| Red Fleet Man (from 1943: Matros) || OR1 || rowspan=4 align="center"|no equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 align="center"| Otdeljonnyi komandir || OR6
|- align="center"
| Junior commander || OR7 || colspan=2 | No equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 | [[Starshina]] || OR8
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Commanding staff
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | Lieutenant || rowspan=2 |OF1<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> || Sergeant of the state security
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || OF2 || [[Captain lieutenant]] || OF2 || Lieutenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Major]] || OF3 || Captain 3rd rank || OF3 || Starshy leytenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Polkovnik]] || OF5 || [[Kapitan 2nd rank]] || OF4 || Kapitan of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kombrig]] || OF6 || [[Kapitan 1st rank]] || OF5 || Mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komdiv]] || OF7 || Flag officer 2nd rank || OF6 || Starshy mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komkor]] || OF8 || [[Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF7 || Commissioner of state security 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || rowspan=2 | OF9 || [[Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank]] || rowspan=1 | OF8 || Commissioner of state security 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF9 || Commissioner of state security 1st rank
|- align="center"
| [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || OF10 || colspan=2 | No equivalent || State Security Commissioner general
|}

=== Additional regulations ===
The same orders mentioned above provided for separate ranks for the Political commissars and military specialists, as in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Military-political staff all service branches
! colspan=2 | Military-technician staff
! rowspan=2 | Military-administration and support all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-medical service all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-veterinarian all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-legal service all service branches
|-
! Land forces & Air Force
! Naval forces
|- align="center"
| colspan=2|No rank established || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 2nd rank || Technical-intendant 2nd rank || Army-surgeon || Veterinarian army-surgeon || Junior military jurist
|- align="center"
| Politleader
| [[File:Politruk Sensior RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 1st rank || Technical-intendant 1st rank || Senior army-surgeon || Senior veterinarian army-surgeon || Military jurist
|- align="center"
| Senior political leader
| [[File:Batalion komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 3rd rank || Intendant 3rd rank || Military physician 3rd rank || Military veterinarian 3rd rank || Military jurist 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| Bataillon commissar
| [[File:RA A-kav OF5-PolkKom-1935-40 OF4-SenBatKom-1940-42.jpeg .jpg|50px]]|| colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 2nd rank || Intendant 2nd rank || Mil-physician 2nd rank || Mil-vet-physician 2nd rank || Military jurist 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| Regimental commissar
| [[File:RA A OF5-PolkKom-1940-42.jpg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mililitary engineer 1st rank || Intendant 1st rank || Mil-physician 1st rank || Mil-vet-physician 1st rank || Military jurist 1st rank
|- align="center"
| Brigade commissar
|[[File:Brigad Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Brig-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 3rd rank || Brig-intendant || Brig-physician || Brig-vet-physician || Brig-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Division commissar
|[[File:Div Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Div-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 2nd rank || Div-intendant || Div-physician || Div-vet-pysician || Div-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Corps commissar
| [[File:Korp Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Cor-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 1st rank || Cor-intendant || Cor-physician || Cor-vet-pysician || Cor-military-jurist
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 2nd rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 2r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Army engineer || Fleet Engineer Flag officer || Army intendant || Army physician || Army veterinarian || Army military-jurist
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 1st rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 1r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]]|| colspan=6 | No equivalent ranks created
|}

== 1937 ==
More regulations were established in 1937, following general instructions of the Red Army. According to paragraph 10 of this instruction, the following subdivision of personnel was made:
*'''Leading staff''': Military officers and heads of departments, military administration and commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, military legal service
*'''Commanding staff''': Personnel with the ranks commander in chief and commander
*'''Junior commanding staff'''
*'''Enlisted men/ratings'''

Paragraph 14 of this instruction contained the individual ranks and rank designations according to the order of September 22, 1935, and thus officially sanctioned the additional established OF-1c ranks (Junior lieutenant and Junior military technician), taking effect on August 5, 1937.

== 1939 ==
By decision of the extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (end of August until early September 1939) the law on universal compulsory service took effect, and the new OF4-ranks of [[Podpolkovnik]] and ''Battalion commissar'' were introduced as a result of the amendments to the rank regulations of 1935. An equivalent OF4-rank for the Soviet navy was not established, however.

== Rank designations ==
[[File:Popov N A praded.jpg|thumb|250px|Example ''Polkovnik armoured corps'' with rank insignia '''big''' (coat), '''small''' (battle jacket) 1940.]]

In addition to individual ranks the establishment of defined rank insignia was made in December 1935 as well. From this time military staff, including political commissars, military administration, commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, and military legal service of the Red Army wore rank insignia as follows:
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''chevron''''': on both sleeves (short above the cuff)
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''big''''': on both collar-edges of the uniform coat
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''small''''': on both collar-edges of the battle jacket ([[Gymnastyorka|Gymnastjorka]])

However, naval military staff wore sleeve insignia (stripes and stars) on both sleeves of the uniform.

; Commander in chief, higher commanding officers and top appointments OF10 to OF6

*Rank insignia, big (overcoat): on a rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges, gold coloured Soviet star small/ big
*Rank insignia, small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges
*Sleeve insignia (overcoat): one to four gold colored chevrons, Soviet star small/ big, one red coloured extra chevron OF10

; Commanding officers and unit leaders OF5, OF3 and OF2

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled rectangle badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled rectangle badges

; Subunit leader OF1

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges

; [[Sub-subunit]] leader and enlisted men OR8 to OR1

*Sub-subunit leader
**Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled triangular badges
**Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled triangular badges
*Enlisted men: simple rank insignia big (over coat)/ simple rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka)

== Table of rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1935–1940 ==

=== Higher commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=6|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=4|Rank insignia || Coat-collar || rowspan=3 | [[File:Red Army Marshal 1935 .svg|90px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | [[Gymnastjorka]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Sleeve chevron || [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9a komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF8 komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation || [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || [[Komkor]] || [[Komdiv]] || [[Kombrig]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Командарм 1-го ранга) || (Командарм 2-го ранга) || (Комкор) || (Комдив) || (Комбриг)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF10
| colspan="2" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| colspan="2" |[[General of the Army]] ([[Chief marshal|Chief marshal of the branch]] & [[Marshal of the branch]])
| [[Colonel general]]
| [[Lieutenant general]]
| [[Major General]]
|}

=== Middle and senior commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar big OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve chevron
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Polkovnik]] || [[Major]] || [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] (adopted 1937)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Native designation)
| (Полковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF3
| colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;"|OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Junior commanders and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=1|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymastjorka
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Junior platoon commander
| Section commander
| [[Red Army man|Red army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation)
| (Сташина)
| (Младший комвзвод)
| (Отделённый командир)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;"|OR-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR8
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR7
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR6
| style="background:#afafaf;"|OR1
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Starshiy serzhant]]
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Serzhant]]
| No change
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) 
|
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержа́нт)
|
|}

== Table of rank insignia for the navy 1935–1940 ==
The following ranks and insignia were used by the Soviet Navy from 1935 to 1940.
=== Flag officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Commander in chief, higher commanders and top appointments'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1| Sleeve insignia
| [[File:Red Fleet 04 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 03 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 02 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 01 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Flag officer of the fleet 1st rank
| Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| Flag officer 1st rank
| Flag officer 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Флагман флота 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман флота 2-го ранга)
| (Флагман 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман 2-го ранга)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF9
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| [[Admiral of the fleet (Soviet Union)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| [[Admiral]]
| [[Vice admiral]]
| [[Counter admiral]]
|}

=== Officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=7|'''Commanding officers and unit leaders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Kapitan 1st rank]]
| [[Kapitan 2nd rank]]
| Kapitan 3rd rank
| [[Captain lieutenant|Kapitan leytenant]]
| [[Senior lieutenant|Starshy leytenant]]
| [[Lieutenant|Leytetant]]
| [[Mladshiy leytenant]] (from 1937 onward)
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Капитана 1-го ранга)
| (Капитана 2-го ранга)
| (Капитана 3-го ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенанта)
| (Стазший лейтенанта)
| (Лейтенанта)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF5
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF3
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF2
|colspan=3 style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Sub-subunit leader and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Sub-subunit leaders, specialists & enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:SNMR3601.png|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| Starshina
| Squad commander
| Krasnoflotets
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Старшина)
| (Отделенный командир)
| (Краснофлотеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR6
|colspan=1 style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|- align="center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935]], and [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1940–1943| ... 1940–1943]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991| ... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935-1940}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1935–1940)

2018-11-22T13:37:38Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR8 starshina.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshina.svg better

[[File:Капитан ВВС РККА у СБ.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]]/ military pilot of the Red Army´s Air Force, uniform with distinction insignia ca. 1935/40.]]

'''Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940)''' were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935.<ref>Rank insignia and sequence of ranks of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” as to order number 2590 of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935. Other solutions to ground forces and navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” were disposed by order 2591.</ref>

This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the ''Workers' and Peasants' Red Army'', published by order number 176 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, dated from December 03, 1935.<ref>Order number 176 of the „People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR” from December 3, 1935 pertaining individual military ranks of the land forces and the Navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army”.</ref>

== Situation in 1935 ==
According to these new orders, new insignia of command personnel should indicate:
* Branch of service (e.g. Army, Air Force, or Navy), or special troops
*Qualification, professional responsibility, specific knowledge
*Rank insignia, operational/ tactical responsibility, e.g. level of military command, formation, unit, or sub-unit.

The top military rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] was created by order of the USSR Central Executive Committee and the “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935 onward, before the new ranks were issued.

== Military ranks ==
The military ranks created as a result of the joint decision of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and the “Council of People's Commissars” from November 21, 1935 are contained in the table below. These replaced the ranks used from 1924.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! colspan=2 | Land forces Air Force
! colspan=2 | Naval forces
| bgcolor="#EECFA1" rowspan="1" align="center"| '''equivalent''' in [[Main Directorate of State Security|GUGB/NKWD]]
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Enlisted men & junior leading staff
|- align="center"
| Red Army Man || OR1<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>|| Red Fleet Man (from 1943: Matros) || OR1 || rowspan=4 align="center"|no equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 align="center"| Otdeljonnyi komandir || OR6
|- align="center"
| Junior commander || OR7 || colspan=2 | No equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 | [[Starshina]] || OR8
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Commanding staff
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | Lieutenant || rowspan=2 |OF1<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> || Sergeant of the state security
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || OF2 || [[Captain lieutenant]] || OF2 || Lieutenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Major]] || OF3 || Captain 3rd rank || OF3 || Starshy leytenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Polkovnik]] || OF5 || [[Kapitan 2nd rank]] || OF4 || Kapitan of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kombrig]] || OF6 || [[Kapitan 1st rank]] || OF5 || Mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komdiv]] || OF7 || Flag officer 2nd rank || OF6 || Starshy mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komkor]] || OF8 || [[Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF7 || Commissioner of state security 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || rowspan=2 | OF9 || [[Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank]] || rowspan=1 | OF8 || Commissioner of state security 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF9 || Commissioner of state security 1st rank
|- align="center"
| [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || OF10 || colspan=2 | No equivalent || State Security Commissioner general
|}

=== Additional regulations ===
The same orders mentioned above provided for separate ranks for the Political commissars and military specialists, as in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Military-political staff all service branches
! colspan=2 | Military-technician staff
! rowspan=2 | Military-administration and support all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-medical service all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-veterinarian all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-legal service all service branches
|-
! Land forces & Air Force
! Naval forces
|- align="center"
| colspan=2|No rank established || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 2nd rank || Technical-intendant 2nd rank || Army-surgeon || Veterinarian army-surgeon || Junior military jurist
|- align="center"
| Politleader
| [[File:Politruk Sensior RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 1st rank || Technical-intendant 1st rank || Senior army-surgeon || Senior veterinarian army-surgeon || Military jurist
|- align="center"
| Senior political leader
| [[File:Batalion komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 3rd rank || Intendant 3rd rank || Military physician 3rd rank || Military veterinarian 3rd rank || Military jurist 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| Bataillon commissar
| [[File:RA A-kav OF5-PolkKom-1935-40 OF4-SenBatKom-1940-42.jpeg .jpg|50px]]|| colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 2nd rank || Intendant 2nd rank || Mil-physician 2nd rank || Mil-vet-physician 2nd rank || Military jurist 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| Regimental commissar
| [[File:RA A OF5-PolkKom-1940-42.jpg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mililitary engineer 1st rank || Intendant 1st rank || Mil-physician 1st rank || Mil-vet-physician 1st rank || Military jurist 1st rank
|- align="center"
| Brigade commissar
|[[File:Brigad Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Brig-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 3rd rank || Brig-intendant || Brig-physician || Brig-vet-physician || Brig-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Division commissar
|[[File:Div Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Div-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 2nd rank || Div-intendant || Div-physician || Div-vet-pysician || Div-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Corps commissar
| [[File:Korp Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Cor-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 1st rank || Cor-intendant || Cor-physician || Cor-vet-pysician || Cor-military-jurist
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 2nd rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 2r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Army engineer || Fleet Engineer Flag officer || Army intendant || Army physician || Army veterinarian || Army military-jurist
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 1st rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 1r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]]|| colspan=6 | No equivalent ranks created
|}

== 1937 ==
More regulations were established in 1937, following general instructions of the Red Army. According to paragraph 10 of this instruction, the following subdivision of personnel was made:
*'''Leading staff''': Military officers and heads of departments, military administration and commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, military legal service
*'''Commanding staff''': Personnel with the ranks commander in chief and commander
*'''Junior commanding staff'''
*'''Enlisted men/ratings'''

Paragraph 14 of this instruction contained the individual ranks and rank designations according to the order of September 22, 1935, and thus officially sanctioned the additional established OF-1c ranks (Junior lieutenant and Junior military technician), taking effect on August 5, 1937.

== 1939 ==
By decision of the extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (end of August until early September 1939) the law on universal compulsory service took effect, and the new OF4-ranks of [[Podpolkovnik]] and ''Battalion commissar'' were introduced as a result of the amendments to the rank regulations of 1935. An equivalent OF4-rank for the Soviet navy was not established, however.

== Rank designations ==
[[File:Popov N A praded.jpg|thumb|250px|Example ''Polkovnik armoured corps'' with rank insignia '''big''' (coat), '''small''' (battle jacket) 1940.]]

In addition to individual ranks the establishment of defined rank insignia was made in December 1935 as well. From this time military staff, including political commissars, military administration, commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, and military legal service of the Red Army wore rank insignia as follows:
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''chevron''''': on both sleeves (short above the cuff)
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''big''''': on both collar-edges of the uniform coat
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''small''''': on both collar-edges of the battle jacket ([[Gymnastyorka|Gymnastjorka]])

However, naval military staff wore sleeve insignia (stripes and stars) on both sleeves of the uniform.

; Commander in chief, higher commanding officers and top appointments OF10 to OF6

*Rank insignia, big (overcoat): on a rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges, gold coloured Soviet star small/ big
*Rank insignia, small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges
*Sleeve insignia (overcoat): one to four gold colored chevrons, Soviet star small/ big, one red coloured extra chevron OF10

; Commanding officers and unit leaders OF5, OF3 and OF2

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled rectangle badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled rectangle badges

; Subunit leader OF1

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges

; [[Sub-subunit]] leader and enlisted men OR8 to OR1

*Sub-subunit leader
**Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled triangular badges
**Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled triangular badges
*Enlisted men: simple rank insignia big (over coat)/ simple rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka)

== Table of rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1935–1940 ==

=== Higher commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=6|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=4|Rank insignia || Coat-collar || rowspan=3 | [[File:Red Army Marshal 1935 .svg|90px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | [[Gymnastjorka]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Sleeve chevron || [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9a komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF8 komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation || [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || [[Komkor]] || [[Komdiv]] || [[Kombrig]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Командарм 1-го ранга) || (Командарм 2-го ранга) || (Комкор) || (Комдив) || (Комбриг)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF10
| colspan="2" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| colspan="2" |[[General of the Army]] ([[Chief marshal|Chief marshal of the branch]] & [[Marshal of the branch]])
| [[Colonel general]]
| [[Lieutenant general]]
| [[Major General]]
|}

=== Middle and senior commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar big OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve chevron
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Polkovnik]] || [[Major]] || [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] (adopted 1937)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Native designation)
| (Полковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF3
| colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;"|OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Junior commanders and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=1|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymastjorka
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR7 mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Junior platoon commander
| Section commander
| [[Red Army man|Red army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation)
| (Сташина)
| (Младший комвзвод)
| (Отделённый командир)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;"|OR-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR8
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR7
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR6
| style="background:#afafaf;"|OR1
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Starshiy serzhant]]
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Serzhant]]
| No change
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) 
|
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержа́нт)
|
|}

== Table of rank insignia for the navy 1935–1940 ==
The following ranks and insignia were used by the Soviet Navy from 1935 to 1940.
=== Flag officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Commander in chief, higher commanders and top appointments'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1| Sleeve insignia
| [[File:Red Fleet 04 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 03 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 02 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 01 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Flag officer of the fleet 1st rank
| Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| Flag officer 1st rank
| Flag officer 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Флагман флота 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман флота 2-го ранга)
| (Флагман 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман 2-го ранга)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF9
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| [[Admiral of the fleet (Soviet Union)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| [[Admiral]]
| [[Vice admiral]]
| [[Counter admiral]]
|}

=== Officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=7|'''Commanding officers and unit leaders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Kapitan 1st rank]]
| [[Kapitan 2nd rank]]
| Kapitan 3rd rank
| [[Captain lieutenant|Kapitan leytenant]]
| [[Senior lieutenant|Starshy leytenant]]
| [[Lieutenant|Leytetant]]
| [[Mladshiy leytenant]] (from 1937 onward)
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Капитана 1-го ранга)
| (Капитана 2-го ранга)
| (Капитана 3-го ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенанта)
| (Стазший лейтенанта)
| (Лейтенанта)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF5
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF3
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF2
|colspan=3 style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Sub-subunit leader and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Sub-subunit leaders, specialists & enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:SNMR3601.png|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| Starshina
| Squad commander
| Krasnoflotets
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Старшина)
| (Отделенный командир)
| (Краснофлотеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR6
|colspan=1 style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|- align="center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935]], and [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1940–1943| ... 1940–1943]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991| ... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935-1940}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T13:34:44Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small leytenant.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar small OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar small mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T13:33:07Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg → File:Red Army 1937 collar small mladshy leytenant.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar small OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar small mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T13:28:57Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshy leytenant.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar small OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T11:32:06Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small kapitan.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar small OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T11:29:40Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar small OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1940–1943)

2018-11-22T11:27:29Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg better

[[File:RIAN archive 2410 Marshal Zhukov speaking.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Georgy Zhukov]] in 1941, wearing the insignia of a Soviet [[Army general (Soviet Union)|army general]] ]]

The '''ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army and Red Navy between 1940 and 1943''' were characterised by continuing reforms to the Soviet armed forces in the period immediately before Operation Barbarossa and the war of national survival following it. The Soviet suspicion of rank and rank badges as a bourgeois institution remained, but the increasing experience of Soviet forces, and the massive increase in manpower all played their part, including the creation of a number of new general officer ranks and the reintroduction of permanent enlisted ranks and ratings.


== Change of military rank insignia ==
From May 1940 the introduction of general ranks in the Red Army and flag officer ranks in the Soviet Navy was officially sanctioned, by decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref>Decree of the "Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" of 7 May 1943</ref> The following [[general officer]] ranks were introduced:
* High level force commanding staff — major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and general of the army
* Artillery commanders — major general of the artillery, lieutenant general of the artillery and colonel general of the artillery
* Air force commanders (including naval aviation) — major general of the air force, lieutenant general of the air force, and colonel general of the air force
* Armoured corps commanders — major general of the armoured corps, lieutenant general of the armoured corps, and colonel general of the armoured corps
* Communications troops commanders — major general of the communications troops, lieutenant general of the communications troops and colonel general of the communications troops
* Engineer troops commanders — major general of the engineer troops, lieutenant general of the engineer troops and colonel general of the engineer troops
* Commanding staff of other troops (including: chemical, railway, transport and military cartography) — major general of the technical troops, lieutenant general of the technical troops, and colonel general of the technical troops
* Leading staff of the commissariat service — major general of the commissariat service, lieutenant general of the commissariat service, and colonel general of the commissariat service
* Flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and admiral of the fleet
* Generals of the Soviet Navy on coastal service — major general of the coastal service, lieutenant general of the coastal service, and colonel general of the coastal service
* Engineer flag officers of the Soviet Navy — rear admiral engineer, vice admiral engineer, and admiral engineer

On 4 June 1940, the first promotions to the newly established ranks were made. First to be promoted to the rank of army general were [[Georgy Zhukov|Zukov]], [[Kirill Meretskov|Meretskov]] and [[Ivan Tyulenev|Tyulenev]]. The rank insignia that characterized it were as follows:
* Gorget patch: One large star in gold embroidery, on the lower part two round laurel twigs and the hammer & sickle emblem.
* Sleeve: One large star in gold embroidery, red piping, below a red coloured chevron in gold embroidery, surrounded by two gold laurel-twigs with red piping.

The rank of [[marshal of the Soviet Union]], established in September 1935, remained unchanged.<ref>Disposal by the central executive committee of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], of 22 September 1935</ref> What would become a future rank system started to take shape with the promotion of the first [[Marshal of the branch|Marshal of Artillery]] in early 1943, with the collar patch of a Marshal but in black.

With the new rank regulations came the reintroduction of the [[Gefreiter|Yefreytor]] rank to the Army and Air Force and the introduction of new ratings for the Navy: ''Leading Red Fleet Man'' (naval services) and ''Yefreytor'' (coastal services).

== Ranks and rank insignia ==
The general intention of rejecting traditional rank insignia (as opposed to the epaulettes and shoulder boards of Imperial Russian forces) was maintained. The large gorget patches were modified. The rhombic patches previously used by generals were replaced by one five-pointed golden star. A new emblem, the symbol of a particular branch of service, was added. The general's star remained slightly smaller than the marshal's star.

The small gorget patches, mounted on the tunic (or ''[[gymnastyorka]]''), remained unchanged, but they were made in the corps colour and contained an emblem to indicate the branch of service or special appointment. The previously- used gold coloured rank chevrons for general ranks were retained with small modifications.

=== Corps colours, emblems ===
[[File:Marshal of the USSR 1982 CPA.jpg|thumb|Gorget patches 1943]]
The corps colours of 1935 were maintained, with minor changes.

[[Lampasse|Trouser stripes]], gorget rank insignia and cap piping was given to general officers and marshals of the Soviet Union:
* Marshal of the Soviet Union and generic force commanders and commanding generals: deep red trouser stripes
* Artillery and armour generals: black gorgets with red piping and deep red trouser stripes
* Air force: Blue gorgets
* Generals of communication troops, engineer troops, technical troops and the commissariat service: Crimson gorgets

The rank of general of the artillery, of armoured troops, of the air force, of communication troops, of engineer troops, of technical troops and of the commissariat service wore on the gorget the appropriate emblem of their branch of service, special force, or assignment.
Corps colour, typical to the branch of service were:
* Infantry: Raspberry
* Artillery and transport troops: Black
* Air force and air defence: Blue
* Cavalry: Dark blue
* Rear services (supply, maintenance, transport, medical, etc.): Dark green
* Ministry of the interior and state security:
** Border troops: Light green
** State security: Blue
** All others: Chestnut-brown

=== Rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1940–1943 ===

==== Higher commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 | Designation || colspan=11|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2|Rank insignia || rowspan=1 |Collar
| rowspan=1 | [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF8 general-polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF7 general-leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 collar OF6 general-mayor.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Sleeve'''
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF9 general armii.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF6 OF7 OF8 general.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800; color:black;"|Rank designation
| Marshal of the Soviet Union
| General of the Army
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Генерал армии) || (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF10 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9 || style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF7 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF6
|}

==== Middle and senior commanders ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar big OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1937 collar big mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[FIle:RKKA 1940 collar small OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small polkovnik 1940 & podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF3 mayor OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1940 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel || Lieutenant colonel || Major || Captain || Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant || Junior lieutenant
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Russian)
| (Полковник)
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OF-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OF5 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3 || colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;" |OF2 || colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" |OF1
|- align="center"
|}

==== Junior commanders and enlisted men ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=2|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar big OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR7 starshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR6 serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR5 mladshy serzhant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR2 yefreitor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1941 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| [[Junior sergeant]]
| [[Yefreytor]]
| [[Red Army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Сержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Ефрейтор)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf; color:black;"|OR-equivalent || style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR8 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7 || style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6 || colspan="1" style="background:#cfcfcf;" |OR5 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR4 || colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" |OR1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Rank insignia of the Soviet Navy 1940–1943 ===

==== Flag officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4| Commander in chief, higher commanding flag officers and senior appointments
|-
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1943-1955 OF9 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF8 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF7 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF6 insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Admiral of the fleet
| Admiral
| Vice admiral
| Rear admiral
|-
| (Russian)
| (Адмирал флота)
| (Адмирал)
| (Вице-адмирал)
| (Контр-адмирал)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
| style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|-
|
! colspan=5| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
| style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=5|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| no equivalent
| Colonel general
| Lieutenant general
| Major general
|-
| (Russian)
| 
| (Генерал-полковник)
| (Генерал-лейтенант)
| (Генерал-майор)
|-
|}

==== Naval officers ====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=7 | Commanding officers, commanders and sub-unit commanders
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Captain 1st rank
| Captain 2nd rank
| Captain 3rd rank
| Captain lieutenant
| Senior lieutenant
| Lieutenant
| Junior lieutenant
|-
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Капитан 1 ранга)
| (Капитан 2 ранга)
| (Капитан 3 ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенант)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF4
| style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF3
| style="background:#bfbfbf;" | OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|-
|
! colspan=7| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=7|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Colonel
| Lieutenant colonel
| Major
| Captain
| Senior lieutenant || Lieutenant ||Junior lieutenant
|-
| (Russian)
| Полковник
| (Подполковник)
| (Майор)
| (Капитан)
| (Старший лейтенант)
| (Лейтенант)
| (Млаший лейтенант)
|-
|}

===== Lower commanding staff and enlisted ratings =====
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Designation
! colspan=4 | Lower commanding staff and specialists
! colspan=2 | Enlisted men
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| [[File:(RKKF) Michman1943.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:RAF_N_R1SeniorRedNavyMan_1940-1946.gif|50px]]
| [[File:RAF N R1RedNavyMan 1918-1945.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Rkkf-Rednavyman.jpg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Michman|Midshipman]]
| [[Glavny starshina|Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Starshina 1st stage|Petty Officer 1st class]]
| [[Starshina 2nd stage|Petty Officer 2nd class]]
| Senior red fleet man
| Red fleet man
|-
| (Russian)
| (Мичман)
| (Главный старшина)
| (Старшина 1-й статьи)
| (Старшина 2-й статьи)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
! style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR8
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR7
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR6
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OR5
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|-
|
! colspan=6| coastal services and other branches
|-
|
|style="background:#afafaf;" colspan=6|
|-
! style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Major sergeant
| Senior sergeant
| Sergeant
| Junior sergeant || Senior red fleet man || Red fleet man
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (Russian)
| (Старшина)
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержант)
| (Младший сержант)
| (Старший краснофлотец)
| (Краснофлотец)
|-
|}

The 1940 regulations reinstated ground force-style ranks to the coastal services of the Navy.

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1918–1935]] and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940|... 1935–1940]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]] and [[Ranks and insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991|... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940-1943}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Komandarm 2nd rank

2018-11-22T11:24:59Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small komandarm 2-go ranga.svg better

{{Infobox military rank
| name = Komandarm 2nd rank
| image = Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg
| caption = Coat-collar
| image2 =
| image3 =
| caption2 =
| country = {{flagcountry|Soviet Union}}
| service branch = Army / Air Force
| abbreviation =
| rank =
| NATO rank = OF-9
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation = 1935
| abolished = 1940
| higher rank = [[Komandarm 1st rank]]
| lower rank = [[Komkor]]
| equivalents = Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| history =
}}
[[File:Alksnis Yakov.jpg|thumb|200px|Komandarm 2nd rank, collar insignia]]

'''''Komandarm 2nd rank''''' is the abbreviation to '''''Commanding officer of the Army 2nd rank''''' ({{lang-ru|Командующий армией}}; literal: Commander of the Army / Army commander), and was a [[Military ranks of the Soviet Union|military rank]] in the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] of the [[USSR]] in the period from 1935 to 1940. It was also the designation to military personnel appointed to command a field army sized formation (XXXX).

Until 1940 it was the third highest military rank of the Red Army, and might have been rated [[Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers|OF-9a]]<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> in [[NATO]]. It was equivalent to '''''Komissar army 2nd rank''''' (ru: Армейский комиссар 2-ого ранга) of the political staff in all military branches, '''''Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank''''' (ru: Флагман флота 2-ого ранга) in the ''Soviet navy'', or to '''''Komissar of state security 2nd rank''''' (ru: Комиссар государственной безопасности 2-ого ранга). With the reintroduction of regular general ranks, the designation ''Komandarm 1st rank'' was abolished, and replaced by [[General of the Army (USSR)|General of the Army]] (OF-9b) or [[Colonel general]] (OF-8).

==History==
Following the foundation of the Soviet Union the rank designation and rank insignia of the [[Imperial Russian Army]] was suppressed. However, an alternative rank structure was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935.<ref>Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935, on introduction of individual military rank designation to commanding personnel of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.</ref>

The new rank structure was as follows:
* Command level [[Brigade]] X: [[Kombrig]] (Brigadier – OF6)
* Command level [[Division (military)|Division]]XX: [[Komdiv]] (Division commander – OF7)
* Command level [[Corps]] XXX: [[Komkor]] (Korps commander – OF8)
* Command level [[Field army]] XXXX: '''Komandarm 2nd rank''' (Army commander 2nd rank – Commander Army OF9b)
* Command level [[Army group]], [[Front (military formation)|Front]] XXXXX: [[Komandarm 1st rank]] (Army commander 1st rank – Frond commander OF9a)
* OF10-level: [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]

These ranks were abolished by the introduction of general ranks by disposal of the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]] in May 1940.<ref>Disposal of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union from May 7, 1940, on introduction of military ranks to higher commanding staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, from May 7, 1940.</ref> For example, military staff with the individual rank ''Komandarm 2nd rank'' were converted to the equivalent general's rank.

In 1935, a total number of ten military people graduated to ''Komandarm 2nd rank''. However, by the end of the year all ten had been executed. At the end of the 1930s the number of staff, promoted ''Komandarm 2nd rank'', had grown to 21 people. With the introduction of the general ranks in 1940, 12 ''Komandarm 2nd rank'' were converted to [[Lieutenant general]] (here OF-7), seven to [[Colonel general]] (OF-8), and two to [[General of the Army (USSR)|General of the Army]] (OF-9).

''Komkor''. However, reprisals were made on 59 ''Komkor'' in the period 1937-1938. In line to the reintroduction of the regular military rank system in 1940, one ''Komkor'' was promoted to [[General of the army (USSR)|General of the Army]] (Georgy Zhukov), 51 to [[Lieutenant general]] (OF-7), and six to [[Major general]] (OF-6). Finally, ''Komkor'' Leonid Grigorevich Petrovsky was promoted to Lieutenant general in 1941.

==Rank insignia==
<gallery>
Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|<center>Overcoat collar patch (big)</center>
Red Army 1935 collar small komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|<center>Jacket collar patch and [[Gymnastyorka]]</center>
RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|<center>[[Chevron (insignia)|Chevron]]/ sleeve insignia</center>
</gallery>

== Appointment ==

===1935===
On occasion of the introduction of the particular rank 10 military leader were promoted to ''Komandarm 2nd rank''. In a period of three years all 10 were executed. However, with the increase of the Red Army´s personnel strength the number of ''Komandarm 2nd rank'' grew as well. With the reintroduction of general’s rank in 1940, twelve of them were converted to Lieutenant general (OF-7), seven to ''Colonel general'' (OF-8), and two to ''General of the Army'' (OF-9).

Appointment to ''Komandarm 2nd rank'' as to the disposal of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union]] and the [[Council of People's Commissars]] (CPC) from November 11, 1935:
# [[Yakov Alksnis|Jēkabs Alksnis]] (1897–1938) — executed 1938, rehabilitated 1950
# [[Jukums Vācietis]] (1873–1937) — executed 1937, rehabilitated 1957
# [[August Kork]] (1887—1937) — head of the [[Frunze Military Academy]], executed 1937
# [[Pavel Dybenko]] (1889—1938) — Commander of the [[Volga Military District]], executed 1938
# [[Mikhail Lewandowski]] (1890—1938) — Commander of the [[Transcaucasian Military District]], executed 1938
# [[Ivan Fedko]] (1897—1939) — Commander of the [[Maritime Group of Forces]], promoted to [[Komandarm 1st rank]] in 1938, executed 1939
# [[Nikolai Kashirin]] (1888—1938) — Commander of the [[North Caucasus Military District]], executed 1938
# [[Alexander Sedyakin]] (1893—1938) — Deputy Head of the headquarters of the General staff of the RED ARMY, executed 1938.
# [[Innokenty Khalepsky]] (1893—1938) — the head of the main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, executed 1938.
# [[Ivan Naumovich Dubovoy]] (1896—1938) — Commander of the Kharkov military district, executed 1938

=== 1937 ===
* [[Velikanov, Mikhail Dimitrievich]] (1893—1938) — executed 1938, rehabilitated 1956
* [[Grigory Kulik|Kulik, Grigory Ivanovich]] (1890–1950)) — promoted to Komandarm 1st rank, Marshal of the Soviet Union, executed 24.08.1950
* [[Semyon Timoshenko|Timoshenko, Semyon Konstandinivich]] (1895—1970), promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union

=== 1938 ===
* [[Aleksandr Loktionov|Loktionov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich]] (1893—1941), converted to Colonel general, executed 1941

=== 1939 ===
* [[Iosif Apanasenko|Apanasenko, Iosif Rodonovich]] (1890—1943), converted to General of the Army; killed in action
* [[Gorodovikov, Oka Ivanovichv]] (1879—1960), converted to Colonel general;
* [[Grigori Shtern|Grigori Mihailovich Shtern]] (1900—1941), converted to Colonel general, executed 1941
* [[Ivan Zakharkin|Ivan Grigorevich Zhakharkin]] (1889—1944), converted to lieutenant general, later promoted to colonel general, killed in automobile accident
* [[Vladimir Kurdyumov]] (1895—1970), converted to lieutenant general
* [[Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov]] (1897—1942), converted to lieutenant general, killed in action
* [[Ivan Boldin]] (1892—1965), converted to lieutenant general, later promoted to colonel general
* [[Mikhail Kovalyov]] (1897—1967), converted to lieutenant general, later promoted to colonel general
* [[Ivan Konev]] (1897—1973), converted to lieutenant general, later promoted to [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Kirill Meretskov]] (1897—1968), converted to general of the army, later promoted to [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Mikhail Khozin]] (1896—1979), converted to lieutenant general, later promoted to colonel general
* [[Ivan Tyulenev]] (1892—1978), converted to general of the army
* [[Vladimir Kachalov|Vladimir Jakovlevich Kachalov]] (1890—1941), converted to Lieutenant General, was killed at the front, posthumously convicted of treason, family repressed, rehabilitated in 1953
* [[Stepan Kalinin|Stepan Andrianovich Kalinin]] (1890—1975), converted to Lieutenant General, arrested in 1944, released and rehabilitated in 1953


=== 1940 ===
* [[:ru:Грендаль, Владимир Давыдович|Grendal, Vladimir Davydovich]] (1884—1940), converted to Colonel general; died of natural causes 1940
* [[Voronov|Voronov, Nikolay Nikolaevich]] (1899—1968), converted to Colonel general, Marshal of artillery, Chief Marshal of artillery;
* [[Pavlov, Dmitry Grigoryevich]] (1897—1941), converted to Lieutenant general, General of the Army, executed 1941;
* [[Yakov Smushkevich|Smushkevich, Yakov Vladimirovich]] (1900—1941), converted to Lieutenant general of aviation, executed 1941.

== See also ==
*[[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935–1940]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1940–1943|... 1940–1943]]

== Sources / references ==

<references/>

[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1935–1940)

2018-11-22T11:23:55Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF6 kombrig.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small kombrig.svg better

[[File:Капитан ВВС РККА у СБ.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]]/ military pilot of the Red Army´s Air Force, uniform with distinction insignia ca. 1935/40.]]

'''Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940)''' were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935.<ref>Rank insignia and sequence of ranks of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” as to order number 2590 of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935. Other solutions to ground forces and navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” were disposed by order 2591.</ref>

This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the ''Workers' and Peasants' Red Army'', published by order number 176 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, dated from December 03, 1935.<ref>Order number 176 of the „People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR” from December 3, 1935 pertaining individual military ranks of the land forces and the Navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army”.</ref>

== Situation in 1935 ==
According to these new orders, new insignia of command personnel should indicate:
* Branch of service (e.g. Army, Air Force, or Navy), or special troops
*Qualification, professional responsibility, specific knowledge
*Rank insignia, operational/ tactical responsibility, e.g. level of military command, formation, unit, or sub-unit.

The top military rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] was created by order of the USSR Central Executive Committee and the “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935 onward, before the new ranks were issued.

== Military ranks ==
The military ranks created as a result of the joint decision of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and the “Council of People's Commissars” from November 21, 1935 are contained in the table below. These replaced the ranks used from 1924.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! colspan=2 | Land forces Air Force
! colspan=2 | Naval forces
| bgcolor="#EECFA1" rowspan="1" align="center"| '''equivalent''' in [[Main Directorate of State Security|GUGB/NKWD]]
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Enlisted men & junior leading staff
|- align="center"
| Red Army Man || OR1<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>|| Red Fleet Man (from 1943: Matros) || OR1 || rowspan=4 align="center"|no equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 align="center"| Otdeljonnyi komandir || OR6
|- align="center"
| Junior commander || OR7 || colspan=2 | No equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 | [[Starshina]] || OR8
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Commanding staff
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | Lieutenant || rowspan=2 |OF1<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> || Sergeant of the state security
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || OF2 || [[Captain lieutenant]] || OF2 || Lieutenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Major]] || OF3 || Captain 3rd rank || OF3 || Starshy leytenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Polkovnik]] || OF5 || [[Kapitan 2nd rank]] || OF4 || Kapitan of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kombrig]] || OF6 || [[Kapitan 1st rank]] || OF5 || Mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komdiv]] || OF7 || Flag officer 2nd rank || OF6 || Starshy mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komkor]] || OF8 || [[Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF7 || Commissioner of state security 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || rowspan=2 | OF9 || [[Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank]] || rowspan=1 | OF8 || Commissioner of state security 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF9 || Commissioner of state security 1st rank
|- align="center"
| [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || OF10 || colspan=2 | No equivalent || State Security Commissioner general
|}

=== Additional regulations ===
The same orders mentioned above provided for separate ranks for the Political commissars and military specialists, as in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Military-political staff all service branches
! colspan=2 | Military-technician staff
! rowspan=2 | Military-administration and support all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-medical service all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-veterinarian all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-legal service all service branches
|-
! Land forces & Air Force
! Naval forces
|- align="center"
| colspan=2|No rank established || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 2nd rank || Technical-intendant 2nd rank || Army-surgeon || Veterinarian army-surgeon || Junior military jurist
|- align="center"
| Politleader
| [[File:Politruk Sensior RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 1st rank || Technical-intendant 1st rank || Senior army-surgeon || Senior veterinarian army-surgeon || Military jurist
|- align="center"
| Senior political leader
| [[File:Batalion komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 3rd rank || Intendant 3rd rank || Military physician 3rd rank || Military veterinarian 3rd rank || Military jurist 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| Bataillon commissar
| [[File:RA A-kav OF5-PolkKom-1935-40 OF4-SenBatKom-1940-42.jpeg .jpg|50px]]|| colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 2nd rank || Intendant 2nd rank || Mil-physician 2nd rank || Mil-vet-physician 2nd rank || Military jurist 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| Regimental commissar
| [[File:RA A OF5-PolkKom-1940-42.jpg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mililitary engineer 1st rank || Intendant 1st rank || Mil-physician 1st rank || Mil-vet-physician 1st rank || Military jurist 1st rank
|- align="center"
| Brigade commissar
|[[File:Brigad Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Brig-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 3rd rank || Brig-intendant || Brig-physician || Brig-vet-physician || Brig-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Division commissar
|[[File:Div Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Div-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 2nd rank || Div-intendant || Div-physician || Div-vet-pysician || Div-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Corps commissar
| [[File:Korp Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Cor-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 1st rank || Cor-intendant || Cor-physician || Cor-vet-pysician || Cor-military-jurist
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 2nd rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 2r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Army engineer || Fleet Engineer Flag officer || Army intendant || Army physician || Army veterinarian || Army military-jurist
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 1st rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 1r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]]|| colspan=6 | No equivalent ranks created
|}

== 1937 ==
More regulations were established in 1937, following general instructions of the Red Army. According to paragraph 10 of this instruction, the following subdivision of personnel was made:
*'''Leading staff''': Military officers and heads of departments, military administration and commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, military legal service
*'''Commanding staff''': Personnel with the ranks commander in chief and commander
*'''Junior commanding staff'''
*'''Enlisted men/ratings'''

Paragraph 14 of this instruction contained the individual ranks and rank designations according to the order of September 22, 1935, and thus officially sanctioned the additional established OF-1c ranks (Junior lieutenant and Junior military technician), taking effect on August 5, 1937.

== 1939 ==
By decision of the extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (end of August until early September 1939) the law on universal compulsory service took effect, and the new OF4-ranks of [[Podpolkovnik]] and ''Battalion commissar'' were introduced as a result of the amendments to the rank regulations of 1935. An equivalent OF4-rank for the Soviet navy was not established, however.

== Rank designations ==
[[File:Popov N A praded.jpg|thumb|250px|Example ''Polkovnik armoured corps'' with rank insignia '''big''' (coat), '''small''' (battle jacket) 1940.]]

In addition to individual ranks the establishment of defined rank insignia was made in December 1935 as well. From this time military staff, including political commissars, military administration, commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, and military legal service of the Red Army wore rank insignia as follows:
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''chevron''''': on both sleeves (short above the cuff)
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''big''''': on both collar-edges of the uniform coat
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''small''''': on both collar-edges of the battle jacket ([[Gymnastyorka|Gymnastjorka]])

However, naval military staff wore sleeve insignia (stripes and stars) on both sleeves of the uniform.

; Commander in chief, higher commanding officers and top appointments OF10 to OF6

*Rank insignia, big (overcoat): on a rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges, gold coloured Soviet star small/ big
*Rank insignia, small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges
*Sleeve insignia (overcoat): one to four gold colored chevrons, Soviet star small/ big, one red coloured extra chevron OF10

; Commanding officers and unit leaders OF5, OF3 and OF2

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled rectangle badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled rectangle badges

; Subunit leader OF1

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges

; [[Sub-subunit]] leader and enlisted men OR8 to OR1

*Sub-subunit leader
**Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled triangular badges
**Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled triangular badges
*Enlisted men: simple rank insignia big (over coat)/ simple rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka)

== Table of rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1935–1940 ==

=== Higher commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=6|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=4|Rank insignia || Coat-collar || rowspan=3 | [[File:Red Army Marshal 1935 .svg|90px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | [[Gymnastjorka]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Sleeve chevron || [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9a komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF8 komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation || [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || [[Komkor]] || [[Komdiv]] || [[Kombrig]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Командарм 1-го ранга) || (Командарм 2-го ранга) || (Комкор) || (Комдив) || (Комбриг)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF10
| colspan="2" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| colspan="2" |[[General of the Army]] ([[Chief marshal|Chief marshal of the branch]] & [[Marshal of the branch]])
| [[Colonel general]]
| [[Lieutenant general]]
| [[Major General]]
|}

=== Middle and senior commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar big OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve chevron
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Polkovnik]] || [[Major]] || [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] (adopted 1937)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Native designation)
| (Полковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF3
| colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;"|OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Junior commanders and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=1|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR7 mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Junior platoon commander
| Section commander
| [[Red Army man|Red army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation)
| (Сташина)
| (Младший комвзвод)
| (Отделённый командир)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;"|OR-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR8
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR7
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR6
| style="background:#afafaf;"|OR1
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Starshiy serzhant]]
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Serzhant]]
| No change
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) 
|
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержа́нт)
|
|}

== Table of rank insignia for the navy 1935–1940 ==
The following ranks and insignia were used by the Soviet Navy from 1935 to 1940.
=== Flag officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Commander in chief, higher commanders and top appointments'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1| Sleeve insignia
| [[File:Red Fleet 04 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 03 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 02 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 01 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Flag officer of the fleet 1st rank
| Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| Flag officer 1st rank
| Flag officer 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Флагман флота 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман флота 2-го ранга)
| (Флагман 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман 2-го ранга)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF9
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| [[Admiral of the fleet (Soviet Union)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| [[Admiral]]
| [[Vice admiral]]
| [[Counter admiral]]
|}

=== Officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=7|'''Commanding officers and unit leaders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Kapitan 1st rank]]
| [[Kapitan 2nd rank]]
| Kapitan 3rd rank
| [[Captain lieutenant|Kapitan leytenant]]
| [[Senior lieutenant|Starshy leytenant]]
| [[Lieutenant|Leytetant]]
| [[Mladshiy leytenant]] (from 1937 onward)
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Капитана 1-го ранга)
| (Капитана 2-го ранга)
| (Капитана 3-го ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенанта)
| (Стазший лейтенанта)
| (Лейтенанта)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF5
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF3
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF2
|colspan=3 style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Sub-subunit leader and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Sub-subunit leaders, specialists & enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:SNMR3601.png|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| Starshina
| Squad commander
| Krasnoflotets
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Старшина)
| (Отделенный командир)
| (Краснофлотеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR6
|colspan=1 style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|- align="center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935]], and [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1940–1943| ... 1940–1943]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991| ... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935-1940}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1935–1940)

2018-11-22T11:22:55Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR6 otdelyonnyi komandir.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small otdelyonnyi komandir.svg better

[[File:Капитан ВВС РККА у СБ.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]]/ military pilot of the Red Army´s Air Force, uniform with distinction insignia ca. 1935/40.]]

'''Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940)''' were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935.<ref>Rank insignia and sequence of ranks of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” as to order number 2590 of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935. Other solutions to ground forces and navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” were disposed by order 2591.</ref>

This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the ''Workers' and Peasants' Red Army'', published by order number 176 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, dated from December 03, 1935.<ref>Order number 176 of the „People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR” from December 3, 1935 pertaining individual military ranks of the land forces and the Navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army”.</ref>

== Situation in 1935 ==
According to these new orders, new insignia of command personnel should indicate:
* Branch of service (e.g. Army, Air Force, or Navy), or special troops
*Qualification, professional responsibility, specific knowledge
*Rank insignia, operational/ tactical responsibility, e.g. level of military command, formation, unit, or sub-unit.

The top military rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] was created by order of the USSR Central Executive Committee and the “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935 onward, before the new ranks were issued.

== Military ranks ==
The military ranks created as a result of the joint decision of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and the “Council of People's Commissars” from November 21, 1935 are contained in the table below. These replaced the ranks used from 1924.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! colspan=2 | Land forces Air Force
! colspan=2 | Naval forces
| bgcolor="#EECFA1" rowspan="1" align="center"| '''equivalent''' in [[Main Directorate of State Security|GUGB/NKWD]]
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Enlisted men & junior leading staff
|- align="center"
| Red Army Man || OR1<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>|| Red Fleet Man (from 1943: Matros) || OR1 || rowspan=4 align="center"|no equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 align="center"| Otdeljonnyi komandir || OR6
|- align="center"
| Junior commander || OR7 || colspan=2 | No equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 | [[Starshina]] || OR8
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Commanding staff
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | Lieutenant || rowspan=2 |OF1<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> || Sergeant of the state security
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || OF2 || [[Captain lieutenant]] || OF2 || Lieutenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Major]] || OF3 || Captain 3rd rank || OF3 || Starshy leytenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Polkovnik]] || OF5 || [[Kapitan 2nd rank]] || OF4 || Kapitan of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kombrig]] || OF6 || [[Kapitan 1st rank]] || OF5 || Mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komdiv]] || OF7 || Flag officer 2nd rank || OF6 || Starshy mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komkor]] || OF8 || [[Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF7 || Commissioner of state security 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || rowspan=2 | OF9 || [[Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank]] || rowspan=1 | OF8 || Commissioner of state security 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF9 || Commissioner of state security 1st rank
|- align="center"
| [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || OF10 || colspan=2 | No equivalent || State Security Commissioner general
|}

=== Additional regulations ===
The same orders mentioned above provided for separate ranks for the Political commissars and military specialists, as in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Military-political staff all service branches
! colspan=2 | Military-technician staff
! rowspan=2 | Military-administration and support all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-medical service all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-veterinarian all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-legal service all service branches
|-
! Land forces & Air Force
! Naval forces
|- align="center"
| colspan=2|No rank established || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 2nd rank || Technical-intendant 2nd rank || Army-surgeon || Veterinarian army-surgeon || Junior military jurist
|- align="center"
| Politleader
| [[File:Politruk Sensior RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 1st rank || Technical-intendant 1st rank || Senior army-surgeon || Senior veterinarian army-surgeon || Military jurist
|- align="center"
| Senior political leader
| [[File:Batalion komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 3rd rank || Intendant 3rd rank || Military physician 3rd rank || Military veterinarian 3rd rank || Military jurist 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| Bataillon commissar
| [[File:RA A-kav OF5-PolkKom-1935-40 OF4-SenBatKom-1940-42.jpeg .jpg|50px]]|| colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 2nd rank || Intendant 2nd rank || Mil-physician 2nd rank || Mil-vet-physician 2nd rank || Military jurist 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| Regimental commissar
| [[File:RA A OF5-PolkKom-1940-42.jpg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mililitary engineer 1st rank || Intendant 1st rank || Mil-physician 1st rank || Mil-vet-physician 1st rank || Military jurist 1st rank
|- align="center"
| Brigade commissar
|[[File:Brigad Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Brig-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 3rd rank || Brig-intendant || Brig-physician || Brig-vet-physician || Brig-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Division commissar
|[[File:Div Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Div-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 2nd rank || Div-intendant || Div-physician || Div-vet-pysician || Div-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Corps commissar
| [[File:Korp Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Cor-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 1st rank || Cor-intendant || Cor-physician || Cor-vet-pysician || Cor-military-jurist
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 2nd rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 2r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Army engineer || Fleet Engineer Flag officer || Army intendant || Army physician || Army veterinarian || Army military-jurist
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 1st rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 1r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]]|| colspan=6 | No equivalent ranks created
|}

== 1937 ==
More regulations were established in 1937, following general instructions of the Red Army. According to paragraph 10 of this instruction, the following subdivision of personnel was made:
*'''Leading staff''': Military officers and heads of departments, military administration and commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, military legal service
*'''Commanding staff''': Personnel with the ranks commander in chief and commander
*'''Junior commanding staff'''
*'''Enlisted men/ratings'''

Paragraph 14 of this instruction contained the individual ranks and rank designations according to the order of September 22, 1935, and thus officially sanctioned the additional established OF-1c ranks (Junior lieutenant and Junior military technician), taking effect on August 5, 1937.

== 1939 ==
By decision of the extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (end of August until early September 1939) the law on universal compulsory service took effect, and the new OF4-ranks of [[Podpolkovnik]] and ''Battalion commissar'' were introduced as a result of the amendments to the rank regulations of 1935. An equivalent OF4-rank for the Soviet navy was not established, however.

== Rank designations ==
[[File:Popov N A praded.jpg|thumb|250px|Example ''Polkovnik armoured corps'' with rank insignia '''big''' (coat), '''small''' (battle jacket) 1940.]]

In addition to individual ranks the establishment of defined rank insignia was made in December 1935 as well. From this time military staff, including political commissars, military administration, commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, and military legal service of the Red Army wore rank insignia as follows:
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''chevron''''': on both sleeves (short above the cuff)
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''big''''': on both collar-edges of the uniform coat
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''small''''': on both collar-edges of the battle jacket ([[Gymnastyorka|Gymnastjorka]])

However, naval military staff wore sleeve insignia (stripes and stars) on both sleeves of the uniform.

; Commander in chief, higher commanding officers and top appointments OF10 to OF6

*Rank insignia, big (overcoat): on a rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges, gold coloured Soviet star small/ big
*Rank insignia, small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges
*Sleeve insignia (overcoat): one to four gold colored chevrons, Soviet star small/ big, one red coloured extra chevron OF10

; Commanding officers and unit leaders OF5, OF3 and OF2

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled rectangle badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled rectangle badges

; Subunit leader OF1

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges

; [[Sub-subunit]] leader and enlisted men OR8 to OR1

*Sub-subunit leader
**Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled triangular badges
**Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled triangular badges
*Enlisted men: simple rank insignia big (over coat)/ simple rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka)

== Table of rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1935–1940 ==

=== Higher commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=6|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=4|Rank insignia || Coat-collar || rowspan=3 | [[File:Red Army Marshal 1935 .svg|90px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | [[Gymnastjorka]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Sleeve chevron || [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9a komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF8 komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation || [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || [[Komkor]] || [[Komdiv]] || [[Kombrig]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Командарм 1-го ранга) || (Командарм 2-го ранга) || (Комкор) || (Комдив) || (Комбриг)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF10
| colspan="2" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| colspan="2" |[[General of the Army]] ([[Chief marshal|Chief marshal of the branch]] & [[Marshal of the branch]])
| [[Colonel general]]
| [[Lieutenant general]]
| [[Major General]]
|}

=== Middle and senior commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar big OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve chevron
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Polkovnik]] || [[Major]] || [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] (adopted 1937)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Native designation)
| (Полковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF3
| colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;"|OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Junior commanders and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=1|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR7 mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Junior platoon commander
| Section commander
| [[Red Army man|Red army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation)
| (Сташина)
| (Младший комвзвод)
| (Отделённый командир)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;"|OR-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR8
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR7
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR6
| style="background:#afafaf;"|OR1
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Starshiy serzhant]]
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Serzhant]]
| No change
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) 
|
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержа́нт)
|
|}

== Table of rank insignia for the navy 1935–1940 ==
The following ranks and insignia were used by the Soviet Navy from 1935 to 1940.
=== Flag officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Commander in chief, higher commanders and top appointments'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1| Sleeve insignia
| [[File:Red Fleet 04 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 03 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 02 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 01 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Flag officer of the fleet 1st rank
| Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| Flag officer 1st rank
| Flag officer 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Флагман флота 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман флота 2-го ранга)
| (Флагман 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман 2-го ранга)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF9
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| [[Admiral of the fleet (Soviet Union)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| [[Admiral]]
| [[Vice admiral]]
| [[Counter admiral]]
|}

=== Officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=7|'''Commanding officers and unit leaders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Kapitan 1st rank]]
| [[Kapitan 2nd rank]]
| Kapitan 3rd rank
| [[Captain lieutenant|Kapitan leytenant]]
| [[Senior lieutenant|Starshy leytenant]]
| [[Lieutenant|Leytetant]]
| [[Mladshiy leytenant]] (from 1937 onward)
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Капитана 1-го ранга)
| (Капитана 2-го ранга)
| (Капитана 3-го ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенанта)
| (Стазший лейтенанта)
| (Лейтенанта)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF5
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF3
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF2
|colspan=3 style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Sub-subunit leader and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Sub-subunit leaders, specialists & enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:SNMR3601.png|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| Starshina
| Squad commander
| Krasnoflotets
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Старшина)
| (Отделенный командир)
| (Краснофлотеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR6
|colspan=1 style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|- align="center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935]], and [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1940–1943| ... 1940–1943]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991| ... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935-1940}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Lieutenant

2018-11-22T11:21:52Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RA A F1-2Lt col 1943v.png → File:Red Army Lt col 1943v.png better

{{About|the OF1/OF1a rank in English-speaking armed forces|the more junior OF1/OF1b rank in Austrian, German and Swiss forces|Leutnant}}
{{redirect|Tenente|the bridge with this name|Rooster Bridge}}
{{Military ranks}}

A '''lieutenant''' (abbreviated '''Lt''', '''LT''', '''Lieut''' and similar) is a junior [[commissioned officer]] in the [[armed forces]], [[fire services]], [[police]] and other organizations of many nations.

The meaning of lieutenant differs in different military (see [[comparative military ranks]]), but is often subdivided into senior ([[first lieutenant]]) and junior ([[second lieutenant]] and even [[third lieutenant]]) ranks. In navies it is often equivalent to the army rank of captain; it may also indicate a particular post rather than a rank. The rank is also used in [[fire service]]s, [[emergency medical services]], [[Security agency|security services]] and [[police]] forces.

Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure. It often designates someone who is "[[second-in-command]]", and as such, may precede the name of the rank directly above it. For example, a "lieutenant master" is likely to be second-in-command to the "master" in an organisation using both ranks.

Political uses include [[lieutenant governor]] in various governments, and [[Quebec lieutenant]] in [[Politics of Canada|Canadian politics]]. In the [[United Kingdom]], a [[lord lieutenant]] is the sovereign's representative in a county or [[lieutenancy area]], while a [[deputy lieutenant]] is one of the lord lieutenant's deputies.

==Etymology==
The word ''lieutenant'' derives from [[French language|French]]; the ''lieu'' meaning "place" as in a position ([[cf.]] [[wikt:in lieu of|in lieu of]]); and ''tenant'' meaning "holding" as in "holding a position"; thus a "lieutenant" is a placeholder for a superior, during their absence (compare the Latin ''[[locum tenens]]'').

In the 19th century, British writers who considered this word either an imposition on the English language, or difficult for common soldiers and sailors, argued for it to be replaced by the [[calque]] "steadholder". However, their efforts failed, and the French word is still used, along with its many variations (e.g. [[lieutenant colonel]], [[lieutenant general]], [[lieutenant commander]], [[flight lieutenant]], [[second lieutenant]] and many non-English language examples), in both the [[Old World|Old]] and the [[New World]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

===Pronunciation===
Pronunciation of ''lieutenant'' is generally split between the forms {{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-lieutenant.ogg|l|ɛ|f|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|ə|n|t}} {{respell|lef|TEN|ənt}} and {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-lieutenant.ogg|l|uː|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|ə|n|t}} {{respell|loo|TEN|ənt}}, with the former generally associated with the armies of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries and the Republic of Ireland, and the latter generally associated with anyone from the United States or other western countries.<ref name="ahd">[[American Heritage Dictionary]], s.v. [http://www.bartleby.com/61/73/L0157300.html "Lieutenant"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012150158/http://bartleby.com/61/73/L0157300.html |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> The early history of the pronunciation is unclear; [[Middle English]] spellings suggest that the {{IPA|/luː-/}} and {{IPA|/lɛf-/}} pronunciations may have existed even then.<ref name="oed">[[Oxford English Dictionary]].</ref> The rare [[Old French]] variant spelling ''luef'' for [[Modern French]] ''lieu'' ('place') supports the suggestion that a final {{IPA|[u]}} of the Old French word was in certain environments perceived as an {{IPA|[f]}}.<ref name="oed" /> Furthermore, in Latin, the ''lingua franca'' of the era, the letter v is used for both u and v.

In [[Royal Navy|Royal Naval]] tradition—and other English-speaking navies outside the United States—a reduced pronunciation {{IPAc-en|audio=Lieutenant Pronunciation Reduced.ogg|l|ə|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|ə|n|t}} is used. This is not recognised as current by recent editions of the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] (although the RN pronunciation was included in editions of OED up until the 1970s).

==Army ranks==
Conventionally, armies and other services or branches that use army-style rank titles have two grades of lieutenant, but a few also use a third, more junior, rank. Historically the "lieutenant" was the deputy to a "captain", and as the rank structure of armies began to formalise, this came to mean that a [[Captain (Land)|captain]] commanded a [[company (military unit)|company]] and had several lieutenants, each commanding a [[platoon]]. Where more junior officers were employed as deputies to the lieutenant, they went by many names, including second lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] and [[Cornet (military rank)|cornet]]. Some parts of the [[British Army]], including the [[Royal Artillery]], [[Royal Engineers]] and [[fusilier]] [[regiment]]s, used first lieutenant as well as second lieutenant until the end of the 19th century, and some British Army regiments still preserve cornet as an official alternative to second lieutenant.

===Lieutenant===
{{Main|First lieutenant}}
{{see also|Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)}}
The senior grade of lieutenant is known as first lieutenant in the [[United States]], and as lieutenant in the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[English language|English-speaking]] world. In countries that do not speak English, the rank title usually translates as "lieutenant", but may also translate as "first lieutenant" or "senior lieutenant". The Israel Defense Forces rank ''segen'' (סגן) literally translates as "deputy", which is equivalent to a lieutenant. In the Finnish military there is a [[senior lieutenant]] grade that ranks above lieutenant and second lieutenant but below captain; it doesn't have an English equivalent. In Germany is called [[Oberleutnant]] (high-lieutenant).

There is great variation in the insignia used worldwide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as a number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars (pips) and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one. An example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with one silver bar for first lieutenant and one gold (brass) bar for second lieutenant.
<gallery>
File:Australian Army OF-1b.svg |Australia
File:02.lt Bd.jpg |Bangladesh
File:Primeiro-Tenente-V.gif |<center>[[Brazilian Army|Brazil]] (''Primeiro Tenente'')</center>
File:Cdn-Army-Lt(OF-1A)-2014.svg |Canada
File:Lieutenant des Eaux et Forêts.png |French ONF
File:Army-FRA-OF-01a.svg |France
File:Georgia Army OF-2.png |Georgia
File:221-Oberleutnant.png |Germany
File:Army-GRE-OF-01a.svg |Greece
File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg |India
File:14-TNI Army-1LT.svg |Indonesia
File:Sotvan 1.png |Iran
File:IE-Army-OF1a.png |Ireland
File:IDF segen.svg |Israel
File:Rank insignia of tenete of the Army of Italy (1973).svg |Italy
File:Porucnik-arm-shoulder.png |Macedonia
File:Mexican Military Teniente.gif |Mexico
File:Army-POL-OF-01a.svg |Poland
File:OF-1(B) Pakistan Army.svg |Pakistan
File:SWE-Löjtnant.svg |Sweden
File:RO-Army-OF1a.png |Romania
File:RAF A F1FstLt 2010.png |Russia ([[senior lieutenant]])
File:British Army OF-1b.svg |United Kingdom
File:US-OF1A.svg |United States
</gallery>

====Second lieutenant====
{{Main|Second lieutenant}}
Second lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer. In most cases, newly commissioned officers do not remain at the rank for long before being promoted, and both university graduates and officers commissioned from the ranks may skip the rank altogether.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In non-English-speaking countries, the equivalent rank title may translate as "second lieutenant", "lieutenant", "sub-lieutenant" or "junior lieutenant". Non-English terms include ''alferes'' (Portuguese Army and Air Force), ''alférez'' (Spanish Army and Air Force), ''fänrik'' ([[Swedish Armed Forces]]), ''ensign'', ''Leutnant'' (German Army), ''letnan'' ([[Indonesian National Armed Forces]]), ''poručík'' ([[Army of the Czech Republic|Czech Army]]), ''segen mishne'' ([[Israel Defense Forces]]) or ''løjtnant'' (Danish Army).
<gallery>
File:Australian Army OF-1a.svg |Australia
File:01.2lt Bd.jpg |Bangladesh
File:Segundo-Tenente-V.gif |<center>[[Brazilian Army|Brazil]] (''Segundo Tenente'')</center>
File:Cdn-Army-2Lt(OF-1)-2014.svg |Canada
File:Sous-Lieutenant des Eaux et Forêts.png |France
File:Georgia Army OF-1b.png |Georgia
File:211-Leutnant.png |Germany
File:Army-GRE-OF-01b.svg |Greece
File:13-TNI Army-2LT.svg |Indonesia
File:Sotvan 2.png |Iran
File:IE-Army-OF1b.png |Ireland
File:IDF segen mishne.svg |Israel
File:Rank insignia of sottotenete of the Army of Italy (1973).svg|Italy
File:Potporucnik-arm-shoulder.png |Macedonia
File:Mexican Military Subteniente.gif |Mexico
File:Army-POL-OF-01b.svg |Poland
File:OF-1(A) Pakistan Army.svg |Pakistan
File:SWE-Fänrik.svg |Sweden
File:RO-Army-OF1b.png |Romania
File:British Army OF-1a.svg |United Kingdom
File:US-OF1B.svg |United States
</gallery>

====Third lieutenant====
<gallery>
File:Aspirante-V.gif|<center>[[Brazilian Army|Brazil]] (''Aspirante a Oficial'')</center>
File:Rank insignia of младши лейтенант of the Bulgarian Army.png|<center>[[Bulgaria]]
File:Georgia Army OF-1a.png |<center>[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] [[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]] [[Georgian Land Forces|army]]</center>
File:Sotvan 3.png |<center>[[Iran]]
File:RAF N F1c-MlLt 2010–.png |<center>[[Russia]] [[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]] [[Russian Navy|navy]]</center>
File:RAF A F1-3SubLt after2010.png|<center>[[Russia]] [[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]] [[Russian Ground Forces|army]]/[[Strategic Missile Troops|RVSN]]</center>
</gallery>

===Eastern European ranks===
A few non-English-speaking militaries maintain a lower rank, frequently translated as "third lieutenant" OF1c. The rank title may actually translate as "second lieutenant", "junior lieutenant", "sub-lieutenant" or "[[Ensign (rank)|ensign]]". [[Warsaw Pact]] countries standardised their ranking systems on the Soviet system. Some of the former Soviet and Warsaw Pact nations have now discarded the third rank while many retain it like Bulgaria. Other nations use the term "senior ''poruchik''" or "''nadporuchik''" (OF1a), "''poruchik''" (OF1b), and "junior ''poruchik''" or "''podporuchik''" (OF1c).

===Russia===
The [[Soviet Union]] used the three ranks [[senior lieutenant]] (старший лейтенант; ''starshy leytenant'' - OF1a), lieutenant (лейтенант; ''leytenant'' - OF1b), and junior lieutenant (мла́дший лейтенант; ''mladshy leytenant'' - OF1c). The armed forces of the Russian Federation inherited this rank structure. If military personnel serve in a guards formation, or on a guards warship, the rank designation will be preceded by the word "guards" (e.g. "guards junior lieutenant"). For civil or military personnel in the medical or judicial professions, the military rank will be preceded by the words "legal" or "medical service".

{| class=wikitable
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| '''gorget patch''' (1935 – 1940/43) ||
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="6"| '''Army shoulder straps'''
|- align=center
| [[File:Red Army Lt col 1943v.png|40px]]
| [[File:RA A-arm Lt 1943.png|40px]]
| [[File:Red Air Force Leytenant 1943v.png|40px]]
|
| [[File:RA-SA A-inf F1-2Lt 1955.png|45px]]
| [[File:RAF A F1-2Lt since 2010par.svg|45px]]
| [[File:RAF A F1-2Lt 2010.png|40px]]
| [[File:Lejtinant.png|48px]]
| [[File:RAF A F1-2Lt after2010.png|40px]]
| [[File:10lt.png|45px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Army
| Armoured troops
| Air Force
|
| (1946–1955)
| (1955–1994)
| (until 2010)
| (since 1994)
| (since 1994)
| (since 1994)
|}

===United States ranks===
In March 1813 the US Army created the rank of third lieutenant. The rank was used as the entry level officer rank for the Ordnance Department and the Corps of Artillery until March 1821.<ref>p.970 Tucker, Spencer C. ''The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History'' [3 volumes] ABC-CLIO, 25 Apr 2012</ref> Throughout the 19th century and until as late as World War II<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross |url=http://www.homeofheroes.com/members/02_DSC/citatons/03_wwii-dsc/army_a.html |date= |work= |publisher= |quote=The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross (Posthumously) to Baltazar Adona, Third Lieutenant, U.S. Army, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against a hostile force in the Philippine Islands. Third Lieutenant Adona distinguished himself by intrepid actions from 10 to 16 December 1941 while serving with the Philippine Scouts |accessdate=27 July 2009}}</ref> the [[United States Army]] sometimes referred to [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[second lieutenant]]s as "third lieutenants". These were typically newly commissioned officers for which no authorized second lieutenant position existed. Additionally, the [[Confederate States Army]] also used "third lieutenant", typically as the lowest ranking commissioned officer in an infantry company.

Notably the [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]] used a simple officer rank structure with Captain, First, Second and Third Lieutenants, each of whom had distinct insignia. The title of Third Lieutenant, essentially equal to the rank of [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]], existed until 1915 when the Service became the nucleus of the new [[United States Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uscg.mil/history/docs/usrcsuniforms1908.pdf|title=United States Revenue Marine Uniforms & Devices to 1908|publisher=}}</ref> Because of the time required to fully establish this organization the rank continued for some time afterwards; the first Coast Guard aviator, [[Elmer F. Stone]], was a third lieutenant until 1918.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060909020021/http://uscgaviationhistory.aoptero.org/images/Elmer%20Stone%20Book_1.pdf Commander Elmer F. "Archie" Stone, USCG Coast Guard Aviator #1]</ref>

==Naval rank==
{{Navalranks}}

===Lieutenant commander===
{{Main|Lieutenant commander}}
Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain: such a lieutenant was called a "lieutenant commanding" or "lieutenant commandant" in the United States Navy, and a "lieutenant in command" or "lieutenant and commander" in the Royal Navy. The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862, and made it a distinct rank; the Royal Navy followed suit in March 1914. The insignia of an additional half-stripe between the two full stripes of a lieutenant was introduced in 1877 for a Royal Navy lieutenant of 8 years seniority, and used for lieutenant commanders upon introduction of their rank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Ltcdr |title=Officer Ranks in the Royal Navy – Lieutenant Commander |publisher=Royal Naval Museum |accessdate=2008-10-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015812/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm |archivedate=2014-10-11 |df= }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:GR-Navy-OF3.svg |Greece
File:POR-Navy-OF3.svg |Portugal
File:U.S. Navy O-4 insignia.svg |US
</gallery>

===Lieutenant===
{{main|Lieutenant (navy)}}
During the early days of the naval rank, a lieutenant might be very junior indeed, or might be on the cusp of promotion to captain; by modern standards he might rank with any army rank between second lieutenant and lieutenant colonel. As the rank structure of navies stabilised, and the ranks of commander, lieutenant commander and sub-lieutenant were introduced, the naval lieutenant came to rank with an army captain (NATO OF-2 or US O-3).

The insignia of a lieutenant in many navies, including the Royal Navy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3761 |title=Uniforms and Badges of Rank – Royal Navy website |accessdate=2008-10-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012070139/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3761 |archivedate=2008-10-12 |df= }}</ref> consists of two medium [[gold braid]] stripes (top stripe with loop) on a [[navy blue]] or black background. This pattern was copied by the United States Navy and various Air Forces for their equivalent ranks grades, except that the loop is removed (see [[flight lieutenant]]).

<gallery>
File:French Navy-Rama NG-OF1b.svg |France
File:GR-Navy-OF2.svg |Greece
File:IN Lieutenant.png |India
File:POR-Navy-primeiro-tenente.png |Portugal
File:US Navy O3 insignia.svg |US
</gallery>

==="First lieutenant" in naval use===
The first lieutenant in the [[Royal Navy]] and other Commonwealth navies, is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically the lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the "first lieutenant" and acting as the [[second-in-command]]. Although lieutenants are no longer numbered by seniority, the post of "first lieutenant" remains. In minor war vessels, [[destroyer]]s and [[frigate]]s the first lieutenant (either a lieutenant or lieutenant-commander) is second in command, [[executive officer]] (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships where a commander of the warfare specialisation is appointed as the executive officer, a first lieutenant (normally a lieutenant-commander) is appointed as his deputy. The post of first lieutenant in a [[shore establishment]] carries a similar responsibility to the first lieutenant of a [[capital ship]].

In the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard the billet of first lieutenant describes the officer in charge of the [[deck department]] or division, depending upon the size of the ship. In smaller ships with only a single deck division, the billet is typically filled by an ensign while in larger ships with a deck department, consisting of multiple subordinate divisions, the billet may be filled by a lieutenant commander. On submarines and smaller Coast Guard cutters the billet of first lieutenant may be filled by a [[petty officer]].

===Sub-lieutenant===
{{Main|Sub-lieutenant}}
In the Royal Navy the commissioned rank of mate was created in 1840, and was renamed sub-lieutenant in 1860. In the US Navy the rank was called [[Master (naval)|master]] until 1883, when it was renamed [[lieutenant, junior grade]]. In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval [[commissioned officer|commissioned]] or [[subordinate officer]], ranking below a lieutenant, but in Brazil it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. In Portugal, sub-lieutenant is the rank of a junior naval officer graduated from a civil university or promoted from a NCO rank, while the equivalent rank of an officer graduated in the naval academy is designated midshipman.

<gallery>
File:Generic-Navy-O2.svg |Canada
File:IN Sublieutenant.png |India
File:POR-Navy-guarda-marinha.png |Portugal
File:Generic-Navy-O1.svg |UK
</gallery>

==Marine rank==
{{See also|United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia}}

The [[United States Marine Corps]] and British [[Royal Marines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |title=RM Officers & Other Ranks Badges of Rank – Royal Navy website |accessdate=2008-10-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007021455/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |archivedate=2008-10-07 |df= }}</ref> both use army ranks, while many former Eastern-Bloc marine forces retain the naval form{{clarify|date=February 2010|reason=which ones exactly? Russia/USSR have been used army ranks all along}}. Before 1999 the Royal Marines enjoyed the same rank structure as the army, but at a grade higher; thus a Royal Marine captain ranked with and was paid the same as a British Army major. This historical remnant caused increasing confusion in multi-national operations and was abolished.

==Air force rank==
{{Main|RAF officer ranks|United States Air Force officer rank insignia|Canadian Forces ranks and insignia}}

While some air forces use the army rank system, the British [[Royal Air Force]] and many other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] air forces use another rank system in which [[flight lieutenant]] ranks with an army captain and naval lieutenant, a [[flying officer]] ranks with an army lieutenant and a [[pilot officer]] with an army second lieutenant.

{|
!colspan=2|NATO OF-2 / US O-3
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:RAAF O3 rank.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:Flight Lieutenant of IAF.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:Thai air O2.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:UK-Air-OF2.svg|50x100px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Australian Flight lieutenant
| Indian Flight lieutenant
| Thai Flight lieutenant
| UK Flight lieutenant
|-
| 
|-
!colspan=2|NATO OF-1a / US O-2
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:1tenente fab.gif|100x50px]]
| [[File:CDN-Air Force-Lieutenant (OF1A)-2015.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:Luftwaffe-221-Oberleutnant.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:Teniente de la FAM.gif|50x100px]]
| [[File:Porucznik Lotnicze.svg|50x100px]]

| [[File:RO-Airforce-OF-2bs.PNG|50x100px]]
| [[File:Tte-ea.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:SWE-Airforce-löjtnant.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:US Air Force O2 shoulderboard.svg|50x100px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Brazil Primeiro Tenente 
| Canada Lieutenant 
| Germany Oberleutnant 
| Mexico Teniente 
| Poland Porucznik

| Romania Locotenent 
| Spain Teniente 
| Sweden Löjtnant
| US First Lieutenant
|-
| 
|-
!colspan=2|NATO OF-1b / US O-1
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:2tenente fab.gif|100x50px]]
| [[File:CDN-Air Force-2nd Lieutenant (OF1B)-2015.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:Luftwaffe-211-Leutnant.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:Subteniente FAM.gif|50x100px]]
| [[File:Podporucznik Lotnicze.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:RO-Airforce-OF-1s.PNG|50x100px]]
| [[File:Alf-ea.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:SWE-Airforce-fänrik.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:US Air Force O1 shoulderboard.svg|50x100px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Brazil Segundo Tenente 
| Canada Second lieutenant
| Germany Leutnant 
| Mexico Subteniente 
| Poland Podporucznik 
| Romania Sublocotenent 
| Spain Alférez 
| Sweden Fänrik 
| US Second lieutenant
|}

In the US Air Force, the Third Lieutenant Program refers specifically to a training program at active duty air force bases for cadets of the [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] and [[Air Force ROTC]] the summer before their fourth and final year before graduation and commissioning. A single silver or subdued pip is used to designate this rank.

The Royal Air Force also has an [[acting pilot officer]] designation, the most junior commissioned rank in the British armed forces. It is functionally equivalent to third lieutenant (OF-1c / O-0).

==Police rank==
{{Main|Police rank}}

===France and the French Union===
The first French Lieutenant of Police, [[Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie]], was appointed in Paris by Louis XIV on 15 March 1667 to command a reformed police force. He was later elevated to [[Prefecture of Police|Lieutenant-General of Police]]. In the 17th century, the term "lieutenant" corresponded to "deputy" (i.e. a person appointed to carry out a task). La Reynie was the deputy for policing duties of the Provost of Paris, the ceremonial representative of the King in Paris. In 1995, the rank of ''lieutenant'' was introduced in the [[National Police (France)|National Police]] as the first rank of the police officers scale.

===United Kingdom and Commonwealth police forces===
The rank of Lieutenant was formerly used in areas outside of the Metropolitan Police. The adoption of standardized ranks across the United Kingdom has eliminated its use. A number of city and burgh police forces in [[Scotland]] used the rank of lieutenant (and detective lieutenant) between inspector and superintendent from 1812 to 1948. It was replaced by the rank of [[chief inspector]].<ref>Report of the Committee of Inquiry on the Police, 1978</ref> The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (founded 1871) had the rank of lieutenant between staff sergeant and inspector until 1997. In Australia, Queensland's first police force (founded 1864) had second lieutenants and lieutenants between the ranks of sergeant and inspector-general.

===United States police forces===
The rank of police lieutenant is used in most medium or large police departments in the United States, where it is one rank above sergeant and two ranks above a regular police officer (three in departments with a corporal rank). It is roughly equivalent to an [[inspector]] in British police forces and staff sergeant in Canadian police forces. The usual role of a lieutenant is to carry out administrative duties and assist precinct commanders (normally a Captain, or sometimes the local police chiefs). In smaller police departments they may command a precinct itself. Lieutenants either command a watch (8-hour "shift") of regular officers or a special unit for operations or investigations (like a Robbery-Homicide squad). The typical rank insignia for a lieutenant is a single silver bar (like that of an Army or Marine Corps First Lieutenant) or a single gold bar (like that of an Army or Marine Corps Second Lieutenant). Some police departments split the rank of lieutenant into two separate grades.

===Other Nations===
{|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:Insignia PM O6.PNG|50x100px]]
| [[File:Insignia PM O5.PNG|50x100px]]
| [[File:Assistant SP IPS 2.png|50x100px]]
| [[File:POL policja komisarz.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:Inspector.png|100x100px]]
| [[File:US-O1 insignia.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:US-O2 insignia.svg|50x100px]]
| [[File:Russian police lieutenant.png|50x100px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Brazilian Military Police 2nd Lieutenant
|Brazilian Military Police 1st Lieutenant
|Indian Assistant Superintendent
|Polish Policja Komisarz
|Romanian Inspector
|US Police 2nd Lieutenant
|US Police 1st Lieutenant
|Russian Police Lieutenant
|}

==Fire services rank==
{{Main|Firefighter#Ranks|l1=Firefighter Ranks}}
In the US the junior officer grade of the fire service is the lieutenant. The most common insignia for fire department lieutenants are collar and cover devices commonly called bugles (though they are really representative of 18th century speaking trumpets); a lieutenant usually displays a single silver bugle, though some variations exist. In addition to the bugle, lieutenants often display a single silver sleeve band and wear a helmet of a different color from those worn by their subordinates, most usually limited to a white helmet shield on a black or red helmet (jurisdictionally dependant). Many cities and towns, however, employ a wide variety of other ranks and insignia. Lieutenants are typically responsible for an individual engine, hose tender, rescue squad, fire boat or ladder company and its crew.

==Other uses==
The [[British monarch]]'s representatives in the counties of the [[United Kingdom]] are called [[Lord Lieutenant]]s. The [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] performed the function of [[viceroy]] in [[Ireland]]. In [[History of France|French history]], "lieutenant du roi" was a title borne by the officer sent with military powers to represent the king in certain provinces. It is in the sense of a deputy that it has entered into the titles of more senior officers, [[lieutenant general]] and [[lieutenant colonel]]. In Canada the representative of the Canadian monarch in each of the Canadian provinces is called the Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor exercises all the royal prerogative powers that the monarch holds.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

The [[Salvation Army]] also uses lieutenant to denote first time officers, or clergymen/women.

Leaders, or officers of the Boys' Brigade, particularly in the United Kingdom, are ranked as lieutenants after having completed their formal training, before which they are ranked as warrant officers. Officers serving in staff or command posts are awarded the "brevet" rank of captain, these officers then revert to their lieutenancy after having completed their tour of duty.

==See also==
*[[Captain lieutenant]]
*[[Military rank]]
*[[Comparative military ranks]]


==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|lieutenant}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Naval ranks]]
[[Category:Police ranks]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1935–1940)

2018-11-22T11:19:43Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF7 komdiv.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small komdiv.svg better

[[File:Капитан ВВС РККА у СБ.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]]/ military pilot of the Red Army´s Air Force, uniform with distinction insignia ca. 1935/40.]]

'''Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940)''' were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935.<ref>Rank insignia and sequence of ranks of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” as to order number 2590 of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935. Other solutions to ground forces and navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” were disposed by order 2591.</ref>

This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the ''Workers' and Peasants' Red Army'', published by order number 176 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, dated from December 03, 1935.<ref>Order number 176 of the „People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR” from December 3, 1935 pertaining individual military ranks of the land forces and the Navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army”.</ref>

== Situation in 1935 ==
According to these new orders, new insignia of command personnel should indicate:
* Branch of service (e.g. Army, Air Force, or Navy), or special troops
*Qualification, professional responsibility, specific knowledge
*Rank insignia, operational/ tactical responsibility, e.g. level of military command, formation, unit, or sub-unit.

The top military rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] was created by order of the USSR Central Executive Committee and the “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935 onward, before the new ranks were issued.

== Military ranks ==
The military ranks created as a result of the joint decision of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and the “Council of People's Commissars” from November 21, 1935 are contained in the table below. These replaced the ranks used from 1924.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! colspan=2 | Land forces Air Force
! colspan=2 | Naval forces
| bgcolor="#EECFA1" rowspan="1" align="center"| '''equivalent''' in [[Main Directorate of State Security|GUGB/NKWD]]
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Enlisted men & junior leading staff
|- align="center"
| Red Army Man || OR1<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>|| Red Fleet Man (from 1943: Matros) || OR1 || rowspan=4 align="center"|no equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 align="center"| Otdeljonnyi komandir || OR6
|- align="center"
| Junior commander || OR7 || colspan=2 | No equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 | [[Starshina]] || OR8
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Commanding staff
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | Lieutenant || rowspan=2 |OF1<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> || Sergeant of the state security
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || OF2 || [[Captain lieutenant]] || OF2 || Lieutenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Major]] || OF3 || Captain 3rd rank || OF3 || Starshy leytenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Polkovnik]] || OF5 || [[Kapitan 2nd rank]] || OF4 || Kapitan of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kombrig]] || OF6 || [[Kapitan 1st rank]] || OF5 || Mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komdiv]] || OF7 || Flag officer 2nd rank || OF6 || Starshy mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komkor]] || OF8 || [[Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF7 || Commissioner of state security 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || rowspan=2 | OF9 || [[Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank]] || rowspan=1 | OF8 || Commissioner of state security 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF9 || Commissioner of state security 1st rank
|- align="center"
| [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || OF10 || colspan=2 | No equivalent || State Security Commissioner general
|}

=== Additional regulations ===
The same orders mentioned above provided for separate ranks for the Political commissars and military specialists, as in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Military-political staff all service branches
! colspan=2 | Military-technician staff
! rowspan=2 | Military-administration and support all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-medical service all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-veterinarian all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-legal service all service branches
|-
! Land forces & Air Force
! Naval forces
|- align="center"
| colspan=2|No rank established || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 2nd rank || Technical-intendant 2nd rank || Army-surgeon || Veterinarian army-surgeon || Junior military jurist
|- align="center"
| Politleader
| [[File:Politruk Sensior RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 1st rank || Technical-intendant 1st rank || Senior army-surgeon || Senior veterinarian army-surgeon || Military jurist
|- align="center"
| Senior political leader
| [[File:Batalion komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 3rd rank || Intendant 3rd rank || Military physician 3rd rank || Military veterinarian 3rd rank || Military jurist 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| Bataillon commissar
| [[File:RA A-kav OF5-PolkKom-1935-40 OF4-SenBatKom-1940-42.jpeg .jpg|50px]]|| colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 2nd rank || Intendant 2nd rank || Mil-physician 2nd rank || Mil-vet-physician 2nd rank || Military jurist 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| Regimental commissar
| [[File:RA A OF5-PolkKom-1940-42.jpg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mililitary engineer 1st rank || Intendant 1st rank || Mil-physician 1st rank || Mil-vet-physician 1st rank || Military jurist 1st rank
|- align="center"
| Brigade commissar
|[[File:Brigad Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Brig-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 3rd rank || Brig-intendant || Brig-physician || Brig-vet-physician || Brig-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Division commissar
|[[File:Div Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Div-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 2nd rank || Div-intendant || Div-physician || Div-vet-pysician || Div-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Corps commissar
| [[File:Korp Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Cor-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 1st rank || Cor-intendant || Cor-physician || Cor-vet-pysician || Cor-military-jurist
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 2nd rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 2r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Army engineer || Fleet Engineer Flag officer || Army intendant || Army physician || Army veterinarian || Army military-jurist
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 1st rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 1r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]]|| colspan=6 | No equivalent ranks created
|}

== 1937 ==
More regulations were established in 1937, following general instructions of the Red Army. According to paragraph 10 of this instruction, the following subdivision of personnel was made:
*'''Leading staff''': Military officers and heads of departments, military administration and commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, military legal service
*'''Commanding staff''': Personnel with the ranks commander in chief and commander
*'''Junior commanding staff'''
*'''Enlisted men/ratings'''

Paragraph 14 of this instruction contained the individual ranks and rank designations according to the order of September 22, 1935, and thus officially sanctioned the additional established OF-1c ranks (Junior lieutenant and Junior military technician), taking effect on August 5, 1937.

== 1939 ==
By decision of the extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (end of August until early September 1939) the law on universal compulsory service took effect, and the new OF4-ranks of [[Podpolkovnik]] and ''Battalion commissar'' were introduced as a result of the amendments to the rank regulations of 1935. An equivalent OF4-rank for the Soviet navy was not established, however.

== Rank designations ==
[[File:Popov N A praded.jpg|thumb|250px|Example ''Polkovnik armoured corps'' with rank insignia '''big''' (coat), '''small''' (battle jacket) 1940.]]

In addition to individual ranks the establishment of defined rank insignia was made in December 1935 as well. From this time military staff, including political commissars, military administration, commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, and military legal service of the Red Army wore rank insignia as follows:
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''chevron''''': on both sleeves (short above the cuff)
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''big''''': on both collar-edges of the uniform coat
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''small''''': on both collar-edges of the battle jacket ([[Gymnastyorka|Gymnastjorka]])

However, naval military staff wore sleeve insignia (stripes and stars) on both sleeves of the uniform.

; Commander in chief, higher commanding officers and top appointments OF10 to OF6

*Rank insignia, big (overcoat): on a rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges, gold coloured Soviet star small/ big
*Rank insignia, small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges
*Sleeve insignia (overcoat): one to four gold colored chevrons, Soviet star small/ big, one red coloured extra chevron OF10

; Commanding officers and unit leaders OF5, OF3 and OF2

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled rectangle badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled rectangle badges

; Subunit leader OF1

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges

; [[Sub-subunit]] leader and enlisted men OR8 to OR1

*Sub-subunit leader
**Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled triangular badges
**Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled triangular badges
*Enlisted men: simple rank insignia big (over coat)/ simple rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka)

== Table of rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1935–1940 ==

=== Higher commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=6|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=4|Rank insignia || Coat-collar || rowspan=3 | [[File:Red Army Marshal 1935 .svg|90px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | [[Gymnastjorka]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Sleeve chevron || [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9a komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF8 komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation || [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || [[Komkor]] || [[Komdiv]] || [[Kombrig]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Командарм 1-го ранга) || (Командарм 2-го ранга) || (Комкор) || (Комдив) || (Комбриг)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF10
| colspan="2" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| colspan="2" |[[General of the Army]] ([[Chief marshal|Chief marshal of the branch]] & [[Marshal of the branch]])
| [[Colonel general]]
| [[Lieutenant general]]
| [[Major General]]
|}

=== Middle and senior commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar big OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve chevron
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Polkovnik]] || [[Major]] || [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] (adopted 1937)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Native designation)
| (Полковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF3
| colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;"|OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Junior commanders and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=1|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR7 mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR6 otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Junior platoon commander
| Section commander
| [[Red Army man|Red army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation)
| (Сташина)
| (Младший комвзвод)
| (Отделённый командир)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;"|OR-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR8
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR7
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR6
| style="background:#afafaf;"|OR1
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Starshiy serzhant]]
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Serzhant]]
| No change
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) 
|
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержа́нт)
|
|}

== Table of rank insignia for the navy 1935–1940 ==
The following ranks and insignia were used by the Soviet Navy from 1935 to 1940.
=== Flag officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Commander in chief, higher commanders and top appointments'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1| Sleeve insignia
| [[File:Red Fleet 04 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 03 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 02 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 01 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Flag officer of the fleet 1st rank
| Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| Flag officer 1st rank
| Flag officer 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Флагман флота 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман флота 2-го ранга)
| (Флагман 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман 2-го ранга)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF9
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| [[Admiral of the fleet (Soviet Union)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| [[Admiral]]
| [[Vice admiral]]
| [[Counter admiral]]
|}

=== Officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=7|'''Commanding officers and unit leaders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Kapitan 1st rank]]
| [[Kapitan 2nd rank]]
| Kapitan 3rd rank
| [[Captain lieutenant|Kapitan leytenant]]
| [[Senior lieutenant|Starshy leytenant]]
| [[Lieutenant|Leytetant]]
| [[Mladshiy leytenant]] (from 1937 onward)
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Капитана 1-го ранга)
| (Капитана 2-го ранга)
| (Капитана 3-го ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенанта)
| (Стазший лейтенанта)
| (Лейтенанта)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF5
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF3
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF2
|colspan=3 style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Sub-subunit leader and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Sub-subunit leaders, specialists & enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:SNMR3601.png|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| Starshina
| Squad commander
| Krasnoflotets
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Старшина)
| (Отделенный командир)
| (Краснофлотеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR6
|colspan=1 style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|- align="center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935]], and [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1940–1943| ... 1940–1943]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991| ... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935-1940}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]

Military ranks of the Soviet Union (1935–1940)

2018-11-22T11:18:37Z

Centenier: (GR) File renamed: File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF8 komkor.svg → File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg better

[[File:Капитан ВВС РККА у СБ.jpg|thumb|300px| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]]/ military pilot of the Red Army´s Air Force, uniform with distinction insignia ca. 1935/40.]]

'''Individual rank insignia to the (Army) ground forces and (Navy) naval forces (1935–1940)''' were established by orders 2590 and 2591, effective from September 22, 1935.<ref>Rank insignia and sequence of ranks of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” as to order number 2590 of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935. Other solutions to ground forces and navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army” were disposed by order 2591.</ref>

This was mainly directed to supreme commanders, commanding officers, and personnel in charge to exert command and control in the ''Workers' and Peasants' Red Army'', published by order number 176 of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense, dated from December 03, 1935.<ref>Order number 176 of the „People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR” from December 3, 1935 pertaining individual military ranks of the land forces and the Navy of the “Workers' and Peasants' Red Army”.</ref>

== Situation in 1935 ==
According to these new orders, new insignia of command personnel should indicate:
* Branch of service (e.g. Army, Air Force, or Navy), or special troops
*Qualification, professional responsibility, specific knowledge
*Rank insignia, operational/ tactical responsibility, e.g. level of military command, formation, unit, or sub-unit.

The top military rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] was created by order of the USSR Central Executive Committee and the “Council of People's Commissars” from September 22, 1935 onward, before the new ranks were issued.

== Military ranks ==
The military ranks created as a result of the joint decision of the “USSR Central Executive Committee” and the “Council of People's Commissars” from November 21, 1935 are contained in the table below. These replaced the ranks used from 1924.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! colspan=2 | Land forces Air Force
! colspan=2 | Naval forces
| bgcolor="#EECFA1" rowspan="1" align="center"| '''equivalent''' in [[Main Directorate of State Security|GUGB/NKWD]]
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Enlisted men & junior leading staff
|- align="center"
| Red Army Man || OR1<ref name="NATO2">The abbreviation "OR" stands for ''"Other Ranks / fr: sous-officiers et militaires du rang / ru:другие ранги, кроме офицероф"''</ref>|| Red Fleet Man (from 1943: Matros) || OR1 || rowspan=4 align="center"|no equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 align="center"| Otdeljonnyi komandir || OR6
|- align="center"
| Junior commander || OR7 || colspan=2 | No equivalent
|- align="center"
|colspan=3 | [[Starshina]] || OR8
|- align="center"
! colspan=5 | Commanding staff
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | Lieutenant || rowspan=2 |OF1<ref name="NATO1">The abbreviation "OF" stands for de: ''"Offizier / en: officer / fr: officier / ru: офицер"''</ref> || Sergeant of the state security
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 | [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || OF2 || [[Captain lieutenant]] || OF2 || Lieutenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Major]] || OF3 || Captain 3rd rank || OF3 || Starshy leytenant of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Polkovnik]] || OF5 || [[Kapitan 2nd rank]] || OF4 || Kapitan of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Kombrig]] || OF6 || [[Kapitan 1st rank]] || OF5 || Mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komdiv]] || OF7 || Flag officer 2nd rank || OF6 || Starshy mayor of state security
|- align="center"
| [[Komkor]] || OF8 || [[Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF7 || Commissioner of state security 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || rowspan=2 | OF9 || [[Fleet Flag Officer 2nd rank]] || rowspan=1 | OF8 || Commissioner of state security 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank]] || OF9 || Commissioner of state security 1st rank
|- align="center"
| [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || OF10 || colspan=2 | No equivalent || State Security Commissioner general
|}

=== Additional regulations ===
The same orders mentioned above provided for separate ranks for the Political commissars and military specialists, as in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=8
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Military-political staff all service branches
! colspan=2 | Military-technician staff
! rowspan=2 | Military-administration and support all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-medical service all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-veterinarian all service branches
! rowspan=2 | Military-legal service all service branches
|-
! Land forces & Air Force
! Naval forces
|- align="center"
| colspan=2|No rank established || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 2nd rank || Technical-intendant 2nd rank || Army-surgeon || Veterinarian army-surgeon || Junior military jurist
|- align="center"
| Politleader
| [[File:Politruk Sensior RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-technician 1st rank || Technical-intendant 1st rank || Senior army-surgeon || Senior veterinarian army-surgeon || Military jurist
|- align="center"
| Senior political leader
| [[File:Batalion komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 3rd rank || Intendant 3rd rank || Military physician 3rd rank || Military veterinarian 3rd rank || Military jurist 3rd rank
|- align="center"
| Bataillon commissar
| [[File:RA A-kav OF5-PolkKom-1935-40 OF4-SenBatKom-1940-42.jpeg .jpg|50px]]|| colspan=2 | Mil-engineer 2nd rank || Intendant 2nd rank || Mil-physician 2nd rank || Mil-vet-physician 2nd rank || Military jurist 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| Regimental commissar
| [[File:RA A OF5-PolkKom-1940-42.jpg|50px]] || colspan=2 | Mililitary engineer 1st rank || Intendant 1st rank || Mil-physician 1st rank || Mil-vet-physician 1st rank || Military jurist 1st rank
|- align="center"
| Brigade commissar
|[[File:Brigad Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Brig-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 3rd rank || Brig-intendant || Brig-physician || Brig-vet-physician || Brig-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Division commissar
|[[File:Div Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Div-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 2nd rank || Div-intendant || Div-physician || Div-vet-pysician || Div-mil-jurist
|- align="center"
| Corps commissar
| [[File:Korp Komissar RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Cor-engineer || Engineer Flag officer 1st rank || Cor-intendant || Cor-physician || Cor-vet-pysician || Cor-military-jurist
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 2nd rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 2r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]] || Army engineer || Fleet Engineer Flag officer || Army intendant || Army physician || Army veterinarian || Army military-jurist
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| Army commissar 1st rank
|[[File:Army Komissar 1r RKKA 1935-1942.jpeg|50px]]|| colspan=6 | No equivalent ranks created
|}

== 1937 ==
More regulations were established in 1937, following general instructions of the Red Army. According to paragraph 10 of this instruction, the following subdivision of personnel was made:
*'''Leading staff''': Military officers and heads of departments, military administration and commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, military legal service
*'''Commanding staff''': Personnel with the ranks commander in chief and commander
*'''Junior commanding staff'''
*'''Enlisted men/ratings'''

Paragraph 14 of this instruction contained the individual ranks and rank designations according to the order of September 22, 1935, and thus officially sanctioned the additional established OF-1c ranks (Junior lieutenant and Junior military technician), taking effect on August 5, 1937.

== 1939 ==
By decision of the extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (end of August until early September 1939) the law on universal compulsory service took effect, and the new OF4-ranks of [[Podpolkovnik]] and ''Battalion commissar'' were introduced as a result of the amendments to the rank regulations of 1935. An equivalent OF4-rank for the Soviet navy was not established, however.

== Rank designations ==
[[File:Popov N A praded.jpg|thumb|250px|Example ''Polkovnik armoured corps'' with rank insignia '''big''' (coat), '''small''' (battle jacket) 1940.]]

In addition to individual ranks the establishment of defined rank insignia was made in December 1935 as well. From this time military staff, including political commissars, military administration, commissariat, medical service, veterinarian service, and military legal service of the Red Army wore rank insignia as follows:
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''chevron''''': on both sleeves (short above the cuff)
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''big''''': on both collar-edges of the uniform coat
*'''Rank insignia''' '''''small''''': on both collar-edges of the battle jacket ([[Gymnastyorka|Gymnastjorka]])

However, naval military staff wore sleeve insignia (stripes and stars) on both sleeves of the uniform.

; Commander in chief, higher commanding officers and top appointments OF10 to OF6

*Rank insignia, big (overcoat): on a rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges, gold coloured Soviet star small/ big
*Rank insignia, small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four rhombic red enameled badges
*Sleeve insignia (overcoat): one to four gold colored chevrons, Soviet star small/ big, one red coloured extra chevron OF10

; Commanding officers and unit leaders OF5, OF3 and OF2

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled rectangle badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled rectangle badges

; Subunit leader OF1

*Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges
*Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled square badges

; [[Sub-subunit]] leader and enlisted men OR8 to OR1

*Sub-subunit leader
**Rank insignia big (over coat): on rhombic padding, gold coloured border, one to three red enameled triangular badges
**Rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka): on rectangle padding, gold coloured border, one to four red enameled triangular badges
*Enlisted men: simple rank insignia big (over coat)/ simple rank insignia small (Gymnastjorka)

== Table of rank insignia land forces and Air Force 1935–1940 ==

=== Higher commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=6|'''Higher commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=4|Rank insignia || Coat-collar || rowspan=3 | [[File:Red Army Marshal 1935 .svg|90px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | [[Gymnastjorka]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF9 komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar small komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! Sleeve chevron || [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF10 marshal.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9a komandarm 1-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF9b komandarm 2-go ranga.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF8 komkor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF7 komdiv.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF6 kombrig.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation || [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] || [[Komandarm 1st rank]] || [[Komandarm 2nd rank]] || [[Komkor]] || [[Komdiv]] || [[Kombrig]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) || (Маршал Советского Союза) || (Командарм 1-го ранга) || (Командарм 2-го ранга) || (Комкор) || (Комдив) || (Комбриг)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#cfcfcf;" | OF10
| colspan="2" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF9
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| colspan="2" |[[General of the Army]] ([[Chief marshal|Chief marshal of the branch]] & [[Marshal of the branch]])
| [[Colonel general]]
| [[Lieutenant general]]
| [[Major General]]
|}

=== Middle and senior commanders ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Senior commanders'''||colspan=3|'''Middle-level commanders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=3 |Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar big OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar big OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Gymnastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF5 polkovnik 1940 OF4 podpolkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 collar small OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|
! rowspan=1 | Sleeve chevron
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF5 polkovnik.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF3 mayor.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF2 kapitan.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1a starshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 chevron OF1b leytenant.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1937 chevron OF1c mladshy leytenant.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| [[Polkovnik]] || [[Major]] || [[Kapitan (rank)|Kapitan]] || [[Starshy leytenant]] || [[Lieutenant]] || [[Mladshy leytenant]] (adopted 1937)
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (Native designation)
| (Полковник)
| (Майор) || (Капитан) || (Старший лейтенант) || (Лейтенант) || (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF5
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OF3
| colspan="1" style="background:#bfbfbf;"|OF2
| colspan="3" style="background:#afafaf;"|OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Junior commanders and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=2 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Junior commanders'''|| colspan=1|'''Enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 | Rank insignia || Coat-collar
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:Red Army 1935 collar big krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! Gymastjorka
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR8 starshina.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR7 mladshy komvzvod.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR6 otdelyonnyi komandir.svg|80px]]
| [[File:RKKA 1935 collar small OR1 krasnoarmeyets.svg|80px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Starshina]]
| Junior platoon commander
| Section commander
| [[Red Army man|Red army man]]
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation)
| (Сташина)
| (Младший комвзвод)
| (Отделённый командир)
| (Красноармеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#00a068;"|OR-equivalent
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR8
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR7
| style="background:#cfcfcf;"|OR6
| style="background:#afafaf;"|OR1
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| No change
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Starshiy serzhant]]
| [[Sergeant#Russian_Federation|Serzhant]]
| No change
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | (native designation) 
|
| (Старший сержант)
| (Cержа́нт)
|
|}

== Table of rank insignia for the navy 1935–1940 ==
The following ranks and insignia were used by the Soviet Navy from 1935 to 1940.
=== Flag officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=4|'''Commander in chief, higher commanders and top appointments'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1| Sleeve insignia
| [[File:Red Fleet 04 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 03 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 02 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Red Fleet 01 (1935-1940).jpg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"|Rank designation
| Flag officer of the fleet 1st rank
| Flag officer of the fleet 2nd rank
| Flag officer 1st rank
| Flag officer 2nd rank
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Флагман флота 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман флота 2-го ранга)
| (Флагман 1-го ранга)
| (Флагман 2-го ранга)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF9
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF8
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF6
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background: #0000CC; color:white;"|Rank designation after 1940
| [[Admiral of the fleet (Soviet Union)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| [[Admiral]]
| [[Vice admiral]]
| [[Counter admiral]]
|}

=== Officers ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=7|'''Commanding officers and unit leaders'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF5 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF4 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF3 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF2 insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1a insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1b insignia.svg|50px]]
| [[File:UdSSR Navy 1955-1991 OF1c insignia.svg|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| [[Kapitan 1st rank]]
| [[Kapitan 2nd rank]]
| Kapitan 3rd rank
| [[Captain lieutenant|Kapitan leytenant]]
| [[Senior lieutenant|Starshy leytenant]]
| [[Lieutenant|Leytetant]]
| [[Mladshiy leytenant]] (from 1937 onward)
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Капитана 1-го ранга)
| (Капитана 2-го ранга)
| (Капитана 3-го ранга)
| (Капитан-лейтенанта)
| (Стазший лейтенанта)
| (Лейтенанта)
| (Младший лейтенант)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OF-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;"| OF5
| colspan="1" style="background:#afafaf;" | OF4
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF3
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OF2
|colspan=3 style="background:#afafaf;" | OF1
|- align="center"
|}

=== Sub-subunit leader and enlisted men ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! colspan=1 |Designation || colspan=3|'''Sub-subunit leaders, specialists & enlisted men'''
|- align="center"
! rowspan=1|Sleeve insignia
| [[File:RAF_N_R8Starshina_1924-1940.gif|50px]]
| [[File:(RKKF) Squad Leader.png|50px]]
| [[File:SNMR3601.png|50px]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#ff8800;"| Rank designation
| Starshina
| Squad commander
| Krasnoflotets
|- align="center"
| colspan="1" | (native designation) 
| (Старшина)
| (Отделенный командир)
| (Краснофлотеец)
|- align="center"
! colspan="1" style="background:#00a068;" |OR-equivalent
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR7
|style="background:#afafaf;" | OR6
|colspan=1 style="background:#afafaf;" | OR1
|- align="center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[History of Russian military ranks]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1918–1935]], and [[Ranks and insignia of the Red Army and Navy 1940–1943| ... 1940–1943]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1943–1955]], and [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Soviet Armed Forces 1955–1991| ... 1955–1991]]
* [[Ranks and rank insignia of the Russian Federation´s armed forces 1994–2010]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranks and rank insignia of the Red Army 1935-1940}}
[[Category:Military ranks of Russia| ]]
[[Category:Military insignia|Russian Federation Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Soviet Union]]