Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Mabinogion

2023-10-16T16:40:14Z

Chalupa: The Dream of Rhonabwy

{{short description|Earliest Welsh prose stories}}
{{Redirect|Mabinogi}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Harlech Statue The Two Kings.jpg|right|thumb|''The Two Kings'' (sculptor [[Ivor Roberts-Jones]], 1984) near [[Harlech Castle]], Wales. [[Brân the Blessed|Bendigeidfran]] carries the body of his nephew Gwern.]]
[[File:Ceridwen.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ceridwen]]'' by [[Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)|Christopher Williams]], (1910)]]
[[File:Jesus-College-MS-111 00349 175r (cropped).jpg|thumb|The opening few lines of the Mabinogi, from the ''[[Red Book of Hergest]]'', scanned by the Bodleian Library]]
The '''''Mabinogion''''' ({{IPA-cy|mabɪˈnɔɡjɔn|n|Mabinogion.wav}}) are the earliest Welsh prose stories, and belong to the [[Matter of Britain]]. The stories were compiled in [[Middle Welsh]] in the 12th–13th centuries from earlier oral traditions. There are two main source [[manuscript]]s, created {{Circa|1350}}–1410, as well as a few earlier fragments. The title covers a collection of eleven [[prose]] stories of widely different types, offering drama, philosophy, romance, tragedy, fantasy and humour, and created by various narrators over time. There is a classic hero quest, "[[Culhwch and Olwen]]"; a historic legend in "[[Lludd and Llefelys]]", complete with glimpses of a far off age; and other tales portray a very different [[King Arthur]] from the later popular versions. The highly sophisticated complexity of the [[Four Branches of the Mabinogi]] defies categorisation. The stories are so diverse that it has been argued that they are not even a true collection.<ref>John K. Bollard. "[https://sites.google.com/site/themabinogi/mabinogiandmabinogion Mabinogi and Mabinogion - The Mabinogi]". ''The Legend and Landscape of Wales Series''</ref>

Scholars from the 18th century to the 1970s predominantly viewed the tales as fragmentary pre-Christian [[Celtic mythology]],<ref>Notably Matthew Arnold; William J. Gruffydd.</ref> or in terms of international [[folklore]].<ref>Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson. 1961. The International Popular Tale and the Early Welsh Tradition. The Gregynog Lectures. Cardiff: CUP.</ref> There are certainly components of pre-Christian Celtic mythology and folklore, but since the 1970s<ref>Bollard 1974; Gantz 1978; Ford 1981.</ref> an understanding of the integrity of the tales has developed, with investigation of their plot structures, characterisation, and language styles. They are now seen as a sophisticated narrative tradition, both oral and written, with ancestral construction from oral storytelling,<ref>Sioned Davies. 1998. "Written Text as Performance: The Implications for Middle Welsh Prose Narratives", in: ''Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies'', 133–148</ref><ref>Sioned Davies. 2005. "'He Was the Best Teller of Tales in the World': Performing Medieval Welsh Narrative", in: ''Performing Medieval Narrative'', 15–26. Cambridge: Brewer.</ref> and overlay from Anglo-French influences.<ref>Lady Charlotte Guest. ''The Mabinogion. A Facsimile Reproduction of the Complete 1877 Edition'', Academy Press Limited Edition 1978, Chicago, Ill. p. xiii.</ref>

The first modern publications were English translations by [[William Owen Pughe]] of several tales in journals in 1795, 1821, and 1829.<ref>1. William Owen Pughe. 1795. "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, Being Ancient Welsh Romances". ''Cambrian Register'', 177–187.<br>2. William Owen Pughe. 1821. "The Tale of Pwyll". ''Cambro-Briton Journal'' 2 (18): 271–275.<br> 3. William Owen Pughe. 1829. "The Mabinogi: Or, the Romance of Math Ab Mathonwy". ''The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repository'' 1: 170–179.</ref> However it was [[Lady Charlotte Guest]] in 1838–45 who first published the full collection,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aoda.org/pdf/mbng.pdf |title=The Mabinogion |last=Guest |first=Lady Charlotte |date=2002 |website=aoda.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102124/http://aoda.org/pdf/mbng.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> bilingually in Welsh and English. She is often assumed to be responsible for the name "Mabinogion", but this was already in standard use in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/myths_mabinogion.shtml |publisher=BBC Wales – History –Themes |title=Myths and legends – The Mabinogion |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2017-08-01}}</ref> Indeed, as early as 1632 the lexicographer [[John Davies (Mallwyd)|John Davies]] quotes a sentence from ''[[Math fab Mathonwy]]'' with the notation "Mabin" in his ''Antiquae linguae Britannicae ... dictionarium duplex'', article "Hob". The later Guest translation of 1877 in one volume has been widely influential and remains actively read today.<ref>Available online since 2004. Charlotte Guest. 2004. "The Mabinogion". Gutenberg. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5160.</ref> The most recent translation is a compact version by Sioned Davies.<ref>Sioned Davies. 2007. ''The Mabinogion''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> John Bollard has published a series of volumes with his own translation, with copious photography of the sites in the stories.<ref>1. John Kenneth Bollard. 2006. ''Legend and Landscape of Wales: The Mabinogi''. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.<br>2. John Kenneth Bollard. 2007. ''Companion Tales to The Mabinogi''. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.<br>3. John Kenneth Bollard. 2010. ''Tales of Arthur: Legend and Landscape of Wales''. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press. Photography by Anthony Griffiths.</ref> The tales continue to inspire new fiction,<ref>For example, the 2009–2014 series of books commissioned by Welsh independent publisher [[Seren Books]]; but the earliest reinterpretations were by [[Evangeline Walton]] starting in 1936.</ref> dramatic retellings,<ref>e.g. Robin Williams; Daniel Morden.</ref> visual artwork, and research.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/myths_mabinogion.shtml |title=BBC – Wales History – The Mabinogion |publisher=BBC |access-date=2008-07-11}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The name first appears in 1795 in [[William Owen Pughe]]'s translation of ''[[Pwyll]]'' in the journal ''Cambrian Register'' under the title "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, being Ancient Welsh Romances".<ref>Peter Stevenson, ''Welsh Folk Tales''. The History Press, 2017, np. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uO9ZDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Mabinogion%2C+or+Juvenile+Amusements%2C+being+Ancient+Welsh+Romances.%22&pg=PT19]</ref> The name appears to have been current among Welsh scholars of the London-Welsh Societies and the regional [[eisteddfod]]au in Wales. It was inherited as the title by the first publisher of the complete collection, [[Lady Charlotte Guest]]. The form ''mabynnogyon'' occurs once at the end of the first of the ''[[Four Branches of the Mabinogi]]'' in one manuscript. It is now generally agreed that this one instance was a mediaeval scribal error which assumed 'mabinogion' was the plural of 'mabinogi', which is already a [[Welsh language|Welsh]] plural occurring correctly at the end of the remaining three branches.<ref>S Davies trans. ''The Mabinogion'' (Oxford 2007) pp. ix–x</ref>

The word ''mabinogi'' itself is something of a puzzle, although clearly derived from the Welsh ''mab'', which means "son, boy, young person".<ref>I. Ousby (ed.), ''The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English'' (Cambridge 1995), p. 579</ref> [[Eric P. Hamp]] of the earlier school traditions in mythology, found a suggestive connection with [[Maponos]] "the Divine Son", a [[Gallo-Roman religion|Gaulish deity]]. ''Mabinogi'' properly applies only to the Four Branches,<ref>Sioned Davies (translator). ''The Mabinogion'' (Oxford 2007), p. ix–x.</ref> which is a tightly organised quartet very likely by one author, where the other seven are so very diverse (see below). Each of these four tales ends with the [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] "thus ends this branch of the Mabinogi" (in various spellings), hence the name.<ref>Sioned Davies (translator), ''The Mabinogion'' (Oxford 2007), p. x.</ref>

==Translations==
Lady Charlotte Guest's work was helped by the earlier research and translation work of William Owen Pughe.<ref>{{cite DWB|title=Guest (Schreiber), Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie|id=s-GUES-ELI-1812|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> The first part of Charlotte Guest's translation of the Mabinogion appeared in 1838, and it was completed in seven parts in 1845.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC Wales History – Lady Charlotte Guest|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/figures/lady_charlotte_guest.shtml|website=BBC Wales|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> A three-volume edition followed in 1846,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Charlotte Guest. extracts from her journal 1833–1852|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/GLA/Guest.html|website=Genuki: UK and Ireland Genealogy|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> and a revised edition in 1877. Her version of the ''Mabinogion'' was the most frequently used English version until the 1948 translation by [[Gwyn Jones (author)|Gwyn Jones]] and Thomas Jones, which has been widely praised for its combination of literal accuracy and elegant literary style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lady Charlotte Guest|url=http://www.data-wales.co.uk/guest.htm|website=Data Wales Index and search|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504015452/http://data-wales.co.uk/guest.htm|archive-date=4 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Stephens |editor1-first=Meic |editor1-link=Meic Stephens |title=The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales |year=1986 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-date=1986 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00meic/page/306 306, 326] |isbn=0-19-211586-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00meic/page/306 }}</ref> Several more, listed below, have since appeared.

==Date of stories==
Dates for the tales in the ''Mabinogion'' have been much debated, a range from 1050 to 1225 being proposed,<ref>[[Andrew Breeze]], ''The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion'' (Leominster 2009), p. 72, 137.</ref> with the consensus being that they are to be dated to the late 11th and 12th centuries.<ref>I. Ousby (ed.), ''The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English'' (Cambridge 1995), p. 579</ref> The stories of the ''Mabinogion'' appear in either or both of two medieval Welsh manuscripts, the [[White Book of Rhydderch]] or ''Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch'', written {{Circa|1350}}, and the [[Red Book of Hergest]] or ''Llyfr Coch Hergest'', written about 1382–1410, though texts or fragments of some of the tales have been preserved in earlier 13th century and later manuscripts. Scholars agree that the tales are older than the existing manuscripts, but disagree over just how much older. It is clear that the different texts included in the ''Mabinogion'' originated at different times (though regardless their importance as records of early myth, legend, folklore, culture, and language of Wales remains immense).

Thus the tale of Culhwch ac Olwen, with its primitive warlord Arthur and his court based at [[Celliwig]], is generally accepted to precede the Arthurian romances, which themselves show the influence of [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s {{Lang|la|[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]}} (1134–36) and the romances of [[Chrétien de Troyes]].<ref>Sioned Davies (translator), ''The Mabinogion'' (Oxford 2007), p. xxiii, 279.</ref> Those following [[R. S. Loomis]] would date it before 1100, and see it as providing important evidence for the development of Arthurian legend, with links to [[Nennius]] and early Welsh poetry.<ref>H. Mustard (translator), ''Parzival'' (New York 1961) pp. xxxi, xlii</ref>
By contrast, [[The Dream of Rhonabwy]] is set in the reign of the historical [[Madog ap Maredudd]] (1130–60), and must therefore either be contemporary with or postdate his reign, being perhaps early 13th C.<ref>Sioned Davies (translator), ''The Mabinogion'' (Oxford 2007), p. xxi.</ref>

Much debate has been focused on the dating of the ''Four Branches of the Mabinogi''. [[Ifor Williams]] offered a date prior to 1100, based on linguistic and historical arguments,<ref>[[Andrew Breeze]], ''The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion'' (Leominster 2009), p. 69.</ref> while later [[Saunders Lewis]] set forth a number of arguments for a date between 1170 and 1190; [[Thomas Charles-Edwards]], in a paper published in 1970, discussed the strengths and weaknesses of both viewpoints, and while critical of the arguments of both scholars, noted that the language of the stories best fits the 11th century, (specifically 1050–1120),<ref>[[Andrew Breeze]], ''The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion'' (Leominster 2009), p. 72.</ref> although much more work is needed. In 1991, [[Patrick Sims-Williams]] argued for a plausible range of about 1060 to 1200, which seems to be the current scholarly consensus (fitting all the previously suggested date ranges).<ref>Sims-Williams, Patrick, 'The Submission of Irish Kings in Fact and Fiction: Henry II, Bendigeidfran, and the dating of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi', ''Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies'', 22 (Winter 1991), 31–61.</ref>

==Stories==
{{Celtic mythology}}
The collection represents the vast majority of prose found in medieval Welsh manuscripts which is not translated from other languages. Notable exceptions are the ''Areithiau Pros''. None of the titles are contemporary with the earliest extant versions of the stories, but are on the whole modern ascriptions. The eleven tales are not adjacent in either of the main early manuscript sources, the [[White Book of Rhydderch]] ({{Circa|1375}}) and the [[Red Book of Hergest]] ({{Circa|1400}}), and indeed ''Breuddwyd Rhonabwy'' is absent from the White Book.

===Four Branches of the ''Mabinogi''===
The [[Four Branches of the Mabinogi|Four Branches of the ''Mabinogi'']] (''Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi'') are the most clearly mythological stories contained in the ''Mabinogion'' collection. [[Pryderi]] appears in all four, though not always as the central character.

* ''[[Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed]]'' (''[[Pwyll]], Prince of Dyfed'') tells of Pryderi's parents and his birth, loss and recovery.
* ''[[Branwen ferch Llŷr]]'' (''Branwen, daughter of Llŷr'') is mostly about [[Branwen]]'s marriage to the King of Ireland. Pryderi appears but does not play a major part.
* ''[[Manawydan fab Llŷr]]'' (''Manawydan, son of Llŷr'') has Pryderi return home with [[Manawydan]], brother of Branwen, and describes the misfortunes that follow them there.
* ''[[Math fab Mathonwy (branch)|Math fab Mathonwy]]'' (''Math, son of Mathonwy'') is mostly about the eponymous Math and [[Gwydion]], who come into conflict with Pryderi.

===Native tales===
Also included in Guest's compilation are five stories from Welsh tradition and legend:
* ''[[Welsh mythology#The Dream of Macsen Wledig|Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig]]'' (''The Dream of Macsen Wledig'')
* ''Lludd a Llefelys'' (''[[Lludd and Llefelys]]'')
* ''[[Culhwch and Olwen|Culhwch ac Olwen]]'' (''Culhwch and Olwen'')
* ''Breuddwyd Rhonabwy'' (''[[The Dream of Rhonabwy]]'')
* ''[[Hanes Taliesin]]'' (''The History of [[Taliesin]]'')

The tales ''Culhwch and Olwen'' and ''The Dream of Rhonabwy'' have interested scholars because they preserve older traditions of King Arthur. The subject matter and the characters described events that happened long before medieval times. After the departure of the Roman Legions, the later half of the 5th century was a difficult time in Britain. King Arthur's twelve battles and defeat of invaders and raiders are said to have culminated in the [[Battle of Badon]].

There is no consensus about the ultimate meaning of ''The Dream of Rhonabwy''. On one hand it derides [[Madoc]]'s time, which is critically compared to the illustrious Arthurian age. However, Arthur's time is portrayed as illogical and silly, leading to suggestions that this is a satire on both contemporary times and the myth of a heroic age.<ref>Brynley F. Roberts (1991). "The Dream of Rhonabwy", in: Norris J. Lacy, ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', pp. 120–121. New York: Garland. {{ISBN|0-8240-4377-4}}.</ref>

''Rhonabwy'' is the most literary of the medieval Welsh prose tales. It may have also been the last written. A [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] at the end declares that no one is able to recite the work in full without a book, the level of detail being too much for the memory to handle. The comment suggests it was not popular with storytellers, though this was more likely due to its position as a literary tale rather than a traditional one.<ref> Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan (1991). "'Breuddwyd Rhonabwy' and Later Arthurian Literature", in: Rachel Bromwich et al., "The Arthur of the Welsh", p. 183. Cardiff: University of Wales. {{ISBN|0-7083-1107-5}}.</ref>

The tale ''The Dream of Macsen Wledig'' is a romanticised story about the Roman emperor [[Magnus Maximus]], called ''Macsen Wledig'' in Welsh. Born in [[Hispania]], he became a legionary commander in Britain, assembled a Celtic army and assumed the title of Roman Emperor in 383. He was defeated in battle in 385 and beheaded at the direction of the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Eastern Roman emperor]].

The story of [[Taliesin]] is a later survival, not present in the Red or White Books, and is omitted from many of the more recent translations.

===Romances===
The tales called the ''[[Three Welsh Romances]]'' (''Y Tair Rhamant'') are Welsh-language versions of Arthurian tales that also appear in the work of [[Chrétien de Troyes]].<ref>David Staines (Translator) ''The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes''. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 1990, p. 1, 257, 339.</ref> Critics have debated whether the Welsh Romances are based on Chrétien's poems or if they derive from a shared original.<ref>Jessie L. Weston (1993; originally published 1920). ''From Ritual To Romance''. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 107.</ref> Though it is arguable that the surviving Romances might derive, directly or indirectly, from Chrétien, it is probable that he in turn based his tales on older, [[Celts|Celtic]] sources.<ref>Roger Sherman Loomis (1991). ''The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol'', Princeton, p. 8. {{ISBN|0-691-02075-2}}</ref> The Welsh stories are not direct translations and include material not found in Chrétien's work.

* ''Owain, neu Iarlles y Ffynnon'' (''Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain'')
* ''Peredur fab Efrog'' (''[[Peredur son of Efrawg]]'')
* ''Geraint ac Enid'' (''Geraint and Enid'')

==Influence on later works==

[[File:George Sheringham - The Panel of the Mabinogi - ref 10525.jpg|thumb|''The Panel of the Mabinogi'' (watercolour and gouache on silk) by [[George Sheringham]] (1884–1937) ]]

* [[Kenneth Morris (author)|Kenneth Morris]], himself a Welshman, pioneered the adaptation of the ''Mabinogion'' with ''[[The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed]]'' (1914) and ''Book of the Three Dragons'' (1930).{{cn|date=November 2022}}
*[[Evangeline Walton]] adapted the ''Mabinogion'' in the novels ''[[The Island of the Mighty]]'' (1936), ''[[The Children of Llyr]]'' (1971), ''[[The Song of Rhiannon]]'' (1972) and ''[[Prince of Annwn]]'' (1974), each one of which she based on one of the branches, although she began with the fourth and ended by telling the first. These were published together in chronological sequence as ''The Mabinogion Tetralogy'' in 2002.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
* ''[[Y Mabinogi]]'' is a film version, produced in 2003. It starts with live action among Welsh people in the modern world. They then 'fall into' the legend, which is shown through animated characters. It conflates some elements of the myths and omits others. {{cn|date=November 2022}}
* The tale of "[[Culhwch and Olwen]]" was adapted by Derek Webb in Welsh and English as a dramatic recreation for the reopening of [[Narberth Castle]] in Pembrokeshire in 2005.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
*[[Lloyd Alexander]]'s award-winning ''[[The Chronicles of Prydain]]'' fantasy novels for younger readers are loosely based on Welsh legends found in the ''Mabinogion''. Specific elements incorporated within Alexander's books include the Cauldron of the Undead, as well as adapted versions of important figures in the ''Mabinogion'' such as Prince Gwydion and Arawn, Lord of the Dead.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
*[[Alan Garner]]'s novel ''[[The Owl Service]]'' (Collins, 1967; first US edition Henry Z. Walck, 1968) alludes to the mythical [[Blodeuwedd]] featured in the Fourth Branch of the ''Mabinogi''. In Garner's tale three teenagers find themselves re-enacting the story. They awaken the legend by finding a set of dinner plates (a "dinner service") with an owl pattern, which gives the novel its title.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
*The [[Welsh mythology]] of ''The Mabinogion'', especially the ''[[Four Branches of the Mabinogi]]'', is important in [[John Cowper Powys]]'s novels ''[[Owen Glendower (novel)|Owen Glendower]]'' (1941), and ''[[Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages|Porius]]'' (1951).<ref>John Brebner describes ''The Mabinogion'' as "indispensable for understanding Powys's later novels", by which he means ''Owen Glendower'' and ''Porius'' (fn, p. 191).</ref> [[Jeremy Hooker]] sees ''The Mabinogion'' as having "a significant presence […] through character's knowledge of its stories and identification of themselves or others with figures or incidents in the stories".<ref>"John Cowper Powys: 'Figure of the Marches'", in his ''Imagining Wales'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), p. 106.</ref> Indeed, there are "almost fifty allusions to these four […] tales"' (The ''Four Branches of the Mabinogi'') in the novel, though "some ... are fairly obscure and inconspicuous".<ref>W. J. Keith, p. 44.</ref> Also in ''Porius'' Powys creates the character Sylvannus Bleheris, Henog of [[Dyfed]], author of ''[[Four Branches of the Mabinogi|the Four Pre-Arthurian Branches of the Mabinogi]]'' concerned with [[Pryderi]], as a way linking the mythological background of ''Porius'' with this aspect of the ''Mabinogion''.<ref>John Cowper Powys, "The Characters of the Book", ''Porius'', p. 18.</ref>
*[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s mythic fantasy ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' was influenced by the ''Mabinogion''.<ref>[[Tom Shippey]], ''The Road to Middle Earth'', pp. 193–194: "The hunting of the great wolf recalls the chase of the boar [[Twrch Trwyth]] in the Welsh ''Mabinogion'', while the motif of 'the hand in the wolf's mouth' is one of the most famous parts of the ''Prose Edda'', told of [[Fenrir|Fenris Wolf]] and the god [[Týr|Tyr]]; Huan recalls several faithful hounds of legend, [[Garmr|Garm]], Gelert, Cafall".</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hooker|2002|pp=176–177}}, "The Feigned-manuscript Topos": "The 1849 translation of The Red Book of Hergest by Lady Charlotte Guest (1812–1895), which is more widely known as The Mabinogion, is likewise of undoubted authenticity (...) It is now housed in the library at Jesus College, Oxford. Tolkien's well-known love of Welsh suggests that he would have likewise been well-acquainted with the source of Lady Guest's translation. For the Tolkiennymist, the coincidence of the names of the sources of Lady Charlotte Guest's and Tolkien's translations is striking: ''The Red Book of Hergest'' and ''The Red Book of Westmarch''. Tolkien wanted to write (translate) a mythology for England, and Lady Charlotte Guest's work can easily be said to be a 'mythology for Wales.' The implication of this coincidence is intriguing".</ref> The name ''Silmarillion'' is also meant to reflect the name ''Mabinogion''. Tolkien also worked on a translation of ''Pwyll Prince of Dyfed'', held at the [[Bodleian Library]].<ref>Carl Phelpstead, ''Tolkien and Wales: Language, Literature and Identity'', p. 60</ref>{{incomplete short citation|date=July 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Medieval Welsh literature]]
* Three paintings by Welsh artist [[Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)|Christopher Williams]]: ''Ceridwen'' (1910) and ''Branwen'' (1915) at the [[Glynn Vivian Art Gallery]], and ''Blodeuwedd'' (1930) at the [[Newport Museum]]
* [[Mabinogion sheep problem|''Mabinogion'' sheep problem]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
===Translations and retellings===
*Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). ''Tales of Arthur: Legend and Landscape of Wales''. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-84851-112-5}}. (Contains "The History of Peredur or The Fortress of Wonders", "The Tale of the Countess of the Spring", and "The History of Geraint son of Erbin", with textual notes.)
*Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). ''Companion Tales to The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales''. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2007. {{ISBN|1-84323-825-X}}. (Contains "How Culhwch Got Olwen", "The Dream of Maxen Wledig", "The Story of Lludd and Llefelys", and "The Dream of Rhonabwy", with textual notes.)
*Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). ''The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales''. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84323-348-7}}. (Contains the Four Branches, with textual notes.)
*Caldecott, Moyra (retold by), and Lynette Gussman (illustrator). ''Three Celtic Tales''. Bladud Books, Bath, 2002. {{ISBN|1-84319-548-8}}. (Contains "The Twins of the Tylwyth Teg", "Taliesin and Avagddu" and "Bran, Branwen and Evnissyen")
*Davies, Sioned. ''The Mabinogion''. Oxford World's Classics, 2007. {{ISBN|1-4068-0509-2}}. (Omits "Taliesin". Has extensive notes.)
*Ellis, T. P., and John Lloyd. ''The Mabinogion: a New Translation.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929. (Omits "Taliesin"; only English translation to list manuscript variants.)
*Ford, Patrick K. ''The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-520-03414-7}}. (Includes "Taliesin" but omits "The Dream of Rhonabwy", "The Dream of Macsen Wledig" and the three Arthurian romances.)
*Gantz, Jeffrey. Trans. ''The Mabinogion.'' London and New York: Penguin Books, 1976. {{ISBN|0-14-044322-3}}. (Omits "Taliesin".)
*Guest, Lady Charlotte. ''The Mabinogion.'' Dover Publications, 1997. {{ISBN|0-486-29541-9}}. (Guest omits passages which only a Victorian would find at all risqué. This particular edition omits all Guest's notes.)
*Jones, Gwyn and Jones, Thomas. ''The Mabinogion.'' Golden Cockerel Press, 1948. (Omits "Taliesin".)
**Everyman's Library edition, 1949; revised in 1989, 1991.
**Jones, George (Ed), 1993 edition, Everyman S, {{ISBN|0-460-87297-4}}.
**2001 Edition, (Preface by John Updike), {{ISBN|0-375-41175-5}}.
*Knill, Stanley. ''The Mabinogion Brought To Life''. Capel-y-ffin Publishing, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-4895-1528-5}}. (Omits ''Taliesin''. A retelling with General Explanatory Notes.) Presented as prose but comprising 10,000+ lines of hidden decasyllabic verse.

===Welsh text and editions===
*''Branwen Uerch Lyr''. Ed. Derick S. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. II. Dublin: [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]], 1976. {{ISBN|1-85500-059-8}}
*''Breuddwyd Maxen''. Ed. Ifor Williams. Bangor: Jarvis & Foster, 1920.
*''Breudwyt Maxen Wledig''. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. XI. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2005.
*''Breudwyt Ronabwy''. Ed. Melville Richards. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1948.
*''Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale''. Rachel, Bromwich and D. Simon Evans. Eds. and trans. Aberystwyth: University of Wales, 1988; Second edition, 1992.
*''Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys''. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. VII. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1975.
*''Historia Peredur vab Efrawc''. Ed. Glenys Witchard Goetinck. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 1976.
*''Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch''. Ed. [[J. Gwenogvryn Evans]]. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973.
*''Math Uab Mathonwy''. Ed. Ian Hughes. Aberystwyth: Prifysgol Cymru, 2000.
*''Owein or Chwedyl Iarlles y Ffynnawn''. Ed. R.L. Thomson. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1986.
*''Pedeir Keinc y Mabinogi''. Ed. Ifor Williams. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1951. {{ISBN|0-7083-1407-4}}
*''Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet''. Ed. R. L. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. I. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1986. {{ISBN|1-85500-051-2}}
*''Ystorya Gereint uab Erbin''. Ed. R. L. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. X. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1997.
*''Ystoria Taliesin''. Ed. Patrick K. Ford. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-7083-1092-3}}

===Secondary sources===
*[[Andrew Breeze|Breeze, A. C.]] ''The Origins of the "Four Branches of the Mabinogi"''. Leominster: Gracewing Publishing, Ltd., 2009. {{ISBN|0-8524-4553-9}}
*Charles-Edwards, T.M. "The Date of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi" ''Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion'' (1970): 263–298.
*Ford, Patrick K. "Prolegomena to a Reading of the Mabinogi: 'Pwyll' and 'Manawydan.'" ''Studia Celtica'' 16/17 (1981–82): 110–125.
*Ford, Patrick K. "Branwen: A Study of the Celtic Affinities", ''Studia Celtica'' '''22/23''' (1987/1988): 29–35.
*Hamp, Eric P. "Mabinogi". ''Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion'' (1974–1975): 243–249.
*{{cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Will|title=The Four Branches of the Mabinogi|date=2005|publisher=Bardic Press|location=Oregon House, CA|isbn=978-0974566757|url=http://www.mabinogi.net/}}
*Sims-Williams, Patrick. "The Submission of Irish Kings in Fact and Fiction: Henry II, Bendigeidfran, and the dating of the ''Four Branches of the Mabinogi''", ''Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies'', '''22''' (Winter 1991): 31–61.
*Sullivan, C. W. III (editor). ''The Mabinogi, A Books of Essays''. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1996. {{ISBN|0-8153-1482-5}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|Mabinogion|''Mabinogion''}}
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Mabinogion}}
The Guest translation can be found with all original notes and illustrations at:
*[[:File:The Mabinogion - From the Llyfr Coch o Hergest, and other ancient Welsh manuscripts, with an English translation and notes (IA bub gb LsJgqSFFqkkC).pdf|The Mabinogion - From the Llyfr Coch o Hergest, and other ancient Welsh manuscripts, with an English translation and notes (1st version; 1838 and 1845)]]
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/mab/index.htm Sacred Texts: The ''Mabinogion'']

The original Welsh texts can be found at:
*[https://archive.org/details/TextOfTheMabinogion ''Mabinogion''] (an 1887 edition at the [[Internet Archive]]; contains all the stories except the "Tale of Taliesin")
*[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/celt/mcymr/pkm/pkm.htm?pkm001.htm ''Mabinogion''] (Contains only the four branches reproduced, with textual variants, from Ifor Williams' edition.)
*[[s:cy:Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet|Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet]]
*[[s:cy:Branwen uerch Lyr|Branwen uerch Lyr]]
*[[s:cy:Manawydan uab Llyr|Manawydan uab Llyr]]

Versions without the notes, presumably mostly from the [[Project Gutenberg]] edition, can be found on numerous sites, including:
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5160 Project Gutenberg Edition of ''The Mabinogion''] (From the 1849 edition of Guest's translation)
*[http://www.missgien.net/arthurian/mabinogion The Arthurian Pages: ''The Mabinogion'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050325123149/http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/mindex.html Branwaedd: ''Mabinogion'']
*[http://www.timelessmyths.com/celtic/mabinogion.html Timeless Myths: Mabinogion]
* {{librivox book | title=The Mabinogion}}

A discussion of the words ''Mabinogi'' and ''Mabinogion'' can be found at
*[http://themabinogi.googlepages.com/mabinogiandmabinogion Mabinogi and "Mabinogion"]

*[http://www.nantlle.com/mabinogi-saesneg-places-mentioned-in-the-first-branch.htm A discussion of places mentioned]

A theory on authorship can be found at
*[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/is-this-welsh-princess-the-first-british-woman-author-1282555.html Is this Welsh princess the first British woman author?]

{{Celtic mythology (Welsh)}}{{Welsh language}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mabinogion| ]]
[[Category:Arthurian literature in Welsh]]
[[Category:Medieval Welsh literature]]
[[Category:Welsh mythology]]
[[Category:Welsh-language literature]]
[[Category:Works of unknown authorship]]
[[Category:Pigs in literature]]

Vathek

2020-12-13T20:53:29Z

Chalupa: otehr version of picture

{{short description|1786 novel by William Beckford}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Vathek
| translator = Reverend [[Samuel Henley]]
| image = Vathek 1786 title page.jpg
| caption = Title page of the 1786 edition.
| author = [[William Beckford (novelist)|William Beckford]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = French
| cover_artist =
| genre = [[Gothic novel]]
| publisher = [[J. Johnson]] (English)
| release_date = 1786 (English), 1787 (French)
| media_type = Print (hardback)
| pages =
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Vathek''''' (alternatively titled '''''Vathek, an Arabian Tale''''' or '''''The History of the Caliph Vathek''''') is a [[Gothic novel]] written by [[William Beckford (novelist)|William Beckford]]. It was composed in French beginning in 1782, and then translated into English by Reverend [[Samuel Henley]]<ref>[http://www.history.org/Almanack/people/bios/biohenly.cfm ]</ref> in which form it was first published in 1786 without Beckford's name as ''An Arabian Tale, From an Unpublished Manuscript'', claiming to be translated directly from Arabic. The first French edition, titled simply as ''Vathek'', was published in December 1786 (postdated 1787).<ref>{{cite book | last=Tuck | first=Donald H. | authorlink=Donald H. Tuck | title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy | location=Chicago | publisher=Advent | year=1974 | isbn=0-911682-20-1 | page=35}}</ref> In the twentieth century some editions include ''The Episodes of Vathek'' (''Vathek et ses épisodes''), three related tales intended by Beckford to be so incorporated, but omitted from the original edition and published separately long after his death.<ref>{{cite book | page=[https://archive.org/details/newcambridgebibl03wats/page/1969 1969] | title=The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature. Volume 2; 1660–1800 | editor=George Watson | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=1971 | isbn=0-521-07934-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/newcambridgebibl03wats/page/1969 }}</ref>

==Plot introduction==
''Vathek'' capitalised on the eighteenth- (and early nineteenth-) century obsession with all things [[Orient]]al (see [[Orientalism]]), which was inspired by [[Antoine Galland]]'s translation of ''[[The Book of One Thousand and One Nights|The Arabian Nights]]'' (itself retranslated, into English, in 1708). Beckford was also influenced by similar works from the French writer [[Voltaire]]. His originality lay in combining the popular Oriental elements with the Gothic stylings of [[Horace Walpole]]'s ''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'' (1764). The result stands alongside Walpole's novel and [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818) in the first rank of early Gothic fiction.

==Description==
William Beckford wrote ''Vathek'' in French in 1782, when he was 21. He often stated that ''Vathek'' was written as an emotional response to "the events that happened at [[Fonthill Gifford|Fonthill]] at Christmas 1781", when he had prepared an elaborate Orientally-inspired entertainment at his lavish country estate with the assistance of renowned painter and set designer [[Philip James de Loutherbourg]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Altick |first=Richard Daniel |date=1978 |title=The Shows of London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5d3BJvgwNykC&dq=Fonthill+at+Christmas+1781 |location= |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0674807316 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}p. 121 "William Beckford, son of a former Lord Mayor of London and master of Fonthill Abbey, having celebrated his coming of age the preceding summer with a tremendous three-day fête at Fonthill, had determined to outdo himself with a Christmas revel. To a friend he wrote that "every preparation is going forwards that our much admired and admiring Loutherbourg...in all the wildness of his fervid imagination can suggest or contrive—to give our favourite apartments the strangeness and novelty of a fairy world." (quoted from Guy Chapman, ''Beckford'', London, 1952, p. 99)</ref> Beckford said that it took him only two to three days and the intervening nights to write the entire book.

''Vathek'' was written during a time when part of European culture was influenced by [[Orientalism]]. It is an [[Arabian]] tale because of the oriental setting and characters and the depiction of oriental cultures, societies, and myth. ''Vathek'' is also a [[Gothic novel]] with its emphasis on the supernatural, ghosts, and spirits, as well as the terror it tries to induce in the reader.

The title character is inspired by [[al-Wathiq]] ({{lang-ar|الواثق}}), son of [[al-Mu'tasim]], an [[Abbasid caliph]] who reigned in 842–847 (227–232 AH in the [[Islamic calendar]]) who had a great thirst for knowledge and became a great patron to scholars and artists. During his reign, a number of revolts broke out. He took an active role in quelling them. He died of fever on 10 August 847.

The narrative of ''Vathek'' uses a [[Point of view (literature)|third person, omniscient, semi-intrusive narrator]]. The novel, while it may lend itself to be divided into chapters, is one complete manuscript without pause.

==Plot summary==
{{long plot|date=August 2015}}
[[File:Caliph and Giaour.jpg|thumb|Vathek and Giaour, an illustration to '''William Beckford's Vathek''' in Late 18th - early 19th century painted. The ''Giaour'' withstanding the angry and perilous glances of Vathek without the slightest emotion, while the courtiers fall prostrate with their faces on the Ground.]]
The novel chronicles the fall from power of the [[Caliph]] Vathek, who renounces [[Islam]] and engages with his mother, Carathis, in a series of licentious and deplorable activities designed to gain him [[supernatural]] powers. At the end of the novel, instead of attaining these powers, Vathek descends into a [[hell]] ruled by the [[fallen angel]] [[Iblis|Eblis]] where he is doomed to wander endlessly and speechlessly.

Vathek, the ninth caliph of the Abassides, ascended to the throne at an early age. He is a majestic figure, terrible in anger (one glance of his flashing eye can make "the wretch on whom it was fixed instantly [fall] backwards and sometimes [expire]"), and addicted to the pleasures of the flesh. He is intensely thirsty for knowledge and often invites scholars to converse with him. If he fails to convince the scholar of his points of view, he attempts a bribe; if this does not work, he sends the scholar to prison. To better study astronomy, he builds an observation tower with 11,000 steps.

A hideous stranger arrives in town, claiming to be a merchant from India selling precious goods. Vathek buys glowing swords with letters on them from the merchant, and invites the merchant to dinner. When the merchant does not respond to Vathek's questions, Vathek looks at him with his "evil eye", but this has no effect, so Vathek imprisons him. The next day, he discovers that the merchant has escaped and his prison guards are dead. The people begin to call Vathek crazy. His mother, Carathis, tells him that the merchant was "the one talked about in the prophecy", and Vathek admits that he should have treated the stranger kindly.

Vathek wants to decipher the messages on his new sabres, offers a reward to anyone who can help him, and punishes those who fail. After several scholars fail, one elderly man succeeds: the swords say "We were made where everything is well made; we are the least of the wonders of a place where all is wonderful and deserving, the sight of the first potentate on earth". But the next morning, the message has changed: the sword now says "Woe to the rash mortal who seeks to know that of which he should remain ignorant, and to undertake that which surpasses his power". The old man flees before Vathek can punish him. However, Vathek realises that the writing on the swords really did change.

Vathek then develops an insatiable thirst and often goes to a place near a high mountain to drink from one of four fountains there, kneeling at the edge of the fountain to drink. One day he hears a voice telling him to "not assimilate [him]self to a dog". It was the voice of the merchant who had sold him the swords, a mysterious man whom Vathek calls "[[Giaour]]", an Ottoman term used for non-believers. The Giaour cures his thirst with a potion and the two men return to Samarah. Vathek returns to immersing himself in the pleasures of the flesh, and begins to fear that the Giaour, who is now popular at Court, will seduce one of his wives. Vathek makes a fool of himself trying to out-drink the Giaour, and to out-eat him; when he sits upon the throne to administer justice, he does so haphazardly. His prime vizier rescues him from disgrace by whispering that Carathis had read a message in the stars foretelling a great evil to befall Vathek and his vizir Morakanabad; the vizier informs Vathek that Carathis advises him to ask the Giaour about the drugs he used in the potion, lest that be a poison. When Vathek confronts him, the Giaour only laughs, so Vathek gets angry and kicks him. The Giaour is transformed into a ball and Vathek compels everyone in the palace to kick it, even the resistant Carathis and Morakanabad. Then Vathek has the whole town kick the ball-shaped merchant into a remote valley. Vathek stays in the area and eventually hears Giaour's voice telling him that if he will worship the Giaour and the jinns of the earth, and renounce the teachings of Islam, he will bring Vathek to "the palace of the subterrain fire" (22) where Soliman Ben Daoud controls the talismans that rule over the world.

Vathek agrees, and proceeds with the ritual that the Giaour demands: to sacrifice fifty of the city's children. In return, Vathek will receive a key of great power. Vathek holds a "competition" among the children of the nobles of Samarah, declaring that the winners will receive "endless favors". As the children approach Vathek for the competition, he throws them inside an ebony portal to be sacrificed. Once this is finished, the Giaour makes the portal disappear. The Samaran citizens see Vathek alone and accuse him of having sacrificed their children to the Giaour, and form a mob to kill Vathek. Carathis pleads with Morakanabad to help save Vathek's life; the vizier complies, and calms the crowd down.

Vathek wonders when his reward will come, and Carathis says that he must fulfill his end of the pact and sacrifice to the Jinn of the earth. Carathis helps him prepare the sacrifice: she and her son climb to the top of the tower and mix oils to create an explosion of light. The people, presuming that the tower is on fire, rush up the stairs to save Vathek from being burnt to death. Instead, Carathis sacrifices them to the Jinn. Carathis performs another ritual and learns that for Vathek to claim his reward, he must go to Istakhar.

Vathek goes away with his wives and servants, leaving the city in the care of Morakanabad and Carathis. A week after he leaves, his caravan is attacked by carnivorous animals. The soldiers panic and accidentally set the area on fire; Vathek and his wives must flee. Still, they continue on their way. They reach steep mountains where the Islamic dwarves dwell. They invite Vathek to rest with them, possibly in the hopes of converting him back to Islam. Vathek sees a message his mother left for him: "Beware of old doctors and their puny messengers of but one cubit high: distrust their pious frauds; and, instead of eating their melons, impale on a spit the bearers of them. Should thou be so fool as to visit them, the portal to the subterranean place will shut in thy face" (53). Vathek becomes angry and claims that he has followed the Giaour's instructions long enough. He stays with the dwarves, meets their Emir, named Fakreddin, and Emir's beautiful daughter Nouronihar.

Vathek wants to marry her, but she is already promised to her effeminate cousin Gulchenrouz, whom she loves and who loves her back. Vathek thinks she should be with a "real" man and arranges for Bababalouk to kidnap Gulchenrouz. The Emir, finding of the attempted seduction, asks Vathek to kill him, as he has seen "the prophet's vice-regent violate the laws of hospitality." But Nouronihar prevents Vathek from killing her father and Gulchenrouz escapes. The Emir and his servants then meet and they develop a plan to safeguard Nouronihar and Gulchenrouz, by drugging them and place them in a hidden valley by a lake where Vathek cannot find them. The plan succeeds temporarily—the two are drugged, brought to the valley, and convinced on their awakening that they have died and are in purgatory. Nouronihar, however, grows curious about her surroundings and ascends to find out what lies beyond the valley. There she meets Vathek, who is mourning for her supposed death. Both realise that her "death" has been a sham. Vathek then orders Nouronihar to marry him, she abandons Gulchenrouz, and the Emir abandons hope.

Meanwhile, in Samarah, Carathis can discover no news of her son from reading the stars. Vathek's favorite wife, the sultana Dilara, writes to Carathis, informing her that her son has broken the condition of the Giaour's contract, by accepting Fakreddin's hospitality on the way to Istakhar. She asks him to drown Nouronihar, but Vathek refuses, because he intends to make her his queen. Carathis then decides to sacrifice Gulchenrouz, but before she can catch him, Gulchenrouz jumps into the arms of a Genie who protects him. That night, Carathis hears that Motavakel, Vathek's brother, is planning to lead a revolt against Morakanabad. Carathis tells Vathek that he has distinguished himself by breaking the laws of hospitality by 'seducing' the emir's daughter after sharing his bread, and that if he can commit one more crime along the way he shall enter Soliman's gates triumphant.

Vathek continues on his journey, reaches Rocnabad, and degrades and humiliates its citizens for his own pleasure.

A Genie asks Mohammed for permission to try to save Vathek from his eternal damnation. He takes the form of a saintly shepherd who plays the flute to make men realise their sins. The shepherd asks Vathek if he is done sinning, warns Vathek about Eblis, ruler of Hell, and asks Vathek to return home, destroy his tower, disown Carathis, and preach Islam. He has until a set moment to decide yes or no. Vathek's pride wins out, and he tells the shepherd that he will continue on his quest for power, and values Nouronihar more than life itself or God's mercy. The moment is past, and the shepherd screams and vanishes. Vathek's servants desert him; Nouronihar becomes immensely prideful.

Finally, Vathek reaches Istakhar, where he finds more swords with writing on them, which says "Thou hast violated the conditions of my parchment, and deserve to be sent back, but in favour to thy companion, and as the meed for what thou hast done to obtain it, Eblis permitted that the portal of this place will receive thee" (108). The Giaour opens the gates with a golden key, and Vathek and Nouronihar step through into a place of gold where Genies of both sexes dance lasciviously. The Giaour leads them to Eblis, who tells them that they may enjoy whatever his empire holds. Vathek asks to be taken to the talismans that govern the world. There, Soliman tells Vathek that he had once been a great king, but was seduced by a Jinn and received the power to make everyone in the world do his bidding. But because of this, Soliman is destined to suffer in hell for a finite but vast period—until the waterfall he is sitting beside, stops. This eventual end to his punishment is due to his piety in the earlier part of his reign. The other inmates must suffer the fire in their hearts for all eternity. Vathek asks the Giaour to release him, saying he will relinquish all he was offered, but the Giaour refuses. He tells Vathek to enjoy his omnipotence while it lasts, for in a few days he will be tormented.

Vathek and Nouronihar become increasingly discontented with the palace of flames. Vathek orders an [[ifrit]] to fetch Carathis from the castle. While the ifrit is bringing Carathis, Vathek meets some people who are, like him, awaiting the execution of their own sentences of eternal suffering. Three relate to Vathek how they got to Eblis' domain.<ref>These narratives were, until restored to their intended place in the novel, in the 1971 Ballantine edition, lost until 1909, discovered by [[Lewis Melville]]. They were then published in a separate book in 1912.</ref> When Carathis arrives, he warns her of what happens to those who enter Eblis' domain, but Carathis takes the talismans of earthly power from Soliman regardless. She gathers the Jinns and tries to overthrow one of the Solimans, but Eblis decrees "It is time." Carathis, Vathek, Nouronihar, and the other denizens of hell lose "the most precious gift granted by heaven – HOPE" (119). They begin to feel eternal remorse for their crimes, their hearts burning with literal eternal fire.

== Characters ==

;Carathis: Vathek's mother. She is a Greek woman who is well versed in science, astrology, and occult magic. She teaches all of her skills to Vathek, and convinces him to embark on his quest for power which eventually leads to his damnation. When arriving in hell, Carathis runs amok, exploring the palace, discovering its hidden secrets, and even tries to stage a rebellion. However, once her own punishment is enacted, she too loses all hope and is consumed by her guilt.

;Vathek: Ninth Caliph of the Abassides, who ascended to the throne at an early age. His figure was pleasing and majestic, but when angry, his eyes became so terrible that "the wretch on whom it was fixed instantly fell backwards and sometimes expired" (1). He was addicted to women and pleasures of the flesh, so he ordered five palaces to be built: the five palaces of the senses. Although he was an eccentric man, he was learned in the ways of science, physics, and astrology. His chief sin, gluttony, paved the path of his damnation.

;Giaour: His name means ''blasphemer'' and ''infidel''. He claims to be an Indian merchant, but in actuality he is a Jinn who works for the arch-demon '''Eblis'''. He guides Vathek and gives him instructions on how to reach the palace of fire.

;Emir Fakreddin: Vathek's host during his travels. He offers Vathek a place to stay and rest. He is deeply religious. Vathek betrays his hospitality by seducing his daughter.

;Nouronihar: The Emir's daughter, a beautiful girl who is promised to '''Gulchenrouz''', but is seduced by Vathek and joins him in his road to damnation.

;Gulchenrouz: A beautiful young man with feminine features. He is the Emir's nephew. Due to his innocence, he is rescued from Carathis's hands and is allowed to live in eternal youth in a palace above the clouds.

;Bababalouk: Head of Vathek's eunuchs. He is cunning and acts as a steward on Vathek's journey.

;Morakanabad: Vathek's loyal and unsuspecting vizier.

;Sutlememe: The Emir's head eunuch who serves as a caretaker for Nouronihar and Gulchenrouz.

;Dilara: Vathek's favourite wife.

==Themes==

In Islamic mythology, the [[Genie|djinn]] (jinn) are earthen spirits. The djinn are creatures who lived on earth before man; they were made up of 'smokeless fire'.

The [[Dev (Mythology)|Div]] (demons) are creatures of the underworld, who prevailed in Muslim beliefs until the [[Salafism|Salafi Reform movement]], who assist he devil and are far more evil than the jinn.

A [[eunuch]] is a [[castrate]]d man; the term usually refers to those castrated to perform a specific social function, as was common in many societies of the past.

[[Khalif]] (Caliph in ''Vathek'') (from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] خلافة khilāfa) is the head of state in a [[Caliphate]], and the title for the leader of the Islamic [[Ummah]], or global Islamic nation. It is a transliterated version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah which means "successor" or "representative". The early leaders of the Muslim nation following Muhammad's (570–632) death were called "Khalifat ar-rasul Allah," meaning political successor.

[[Iblis|Iblīs]] (Eblis in ''Vathek'') (Arabic إبليس) or Shayṭān (or, Shaitan) ({{lang-ar|شيطان}}) (plural: شياطين Shayatin), is the name given to the primary [[devil]] in Islam. He appears more often referred in the [[Qur'an]] as the [[Shaitan|Shayṭān]], a general purpose term used to refer to all of the evil spirits in alliance with Iblīs, but which is often used to refer to just Iblīs. In an outburst rooted in envy, Iblīs disobeyed [[God in Islam|Allah]] and was expelled from the grace of Allah. He was later sent to earth along with [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] after having lured them into eating fruit from the forbidden tree, although in this role he is always referred to as ash-shayṭān. Obviously the same as the Hebrew and Christian "Satan".

[[Bilqis]] (Balkis in ''Vathek'') ({{lang-he|מלכת שבא}}, {{transl|sem|''Malkat Shva''}}; {{lang-gez|ንግሥተ ሳባ}}, {{transl|gez|''Nigist Saba''}}; ({{lang|gez|ማክዳ}} {{transl|gez|''mākidā''}}); {{lang-ar|ملكة سبأ}}, ''{{transl|sem|Malikat Sabaʾ}}'') was the woman who ruled the ancient kingdom of [[Sheba]] and is referred to in [[Habesha]]n history, the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[New Testament]], and the [[Qur'an]]. She is mentioned (unnamed) in the Bible in the [[Books of Kings]] and [[Book of Chronicles]] as a great queen who seeks out [[Solomon]] to learn if the tales of his wisdom are true. She is also mentioned in Jewish legends as a queen with a great love for learning, in African tales as "the queen of [[Egypt]] and [[Ethiopia]]", and in Muslim tradition as Balkis, a great queen of a nation that worshiped the sun who later converted to Solomon's god. The Roman historian [[Josephus]] calls her Nicaule. She is thought to have been born on 5 January, sometime in the 10th century BC.

==Literary significance and criticism==

[[George Byron, 6th Baron Byron|George Gordon, Lord Byron]] cited ''Vathek'' as a source for his poem, ''[[The Giaour]]''. In
''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'', Byron also calls Vathek "England's wealthiest son." Other [[Romantic poetry|Romantic poets]] wrote works with a Middle Eastern setting inspired by ''Vathek'', included [[Robert Southey]]'s ''[[Thalaba the Destroyer]]'' (1801) and [[Thomas Moore]]'s
''[[Lalla-Rookh]]'' (1817).<ref>Robert J. Gemmett, ''William Beckford''. Twayne Publishers, 1977, (137).</ref> [[John Keats]]'s vision of the [[Underworld]] in [[Endymion (poem)|''Endymion'']] (1818) is indebted to the novel.<ref>Barnard, John. ''John Keats : The Complete Poems'' p. 595 {{ISBN|978-0-14-042210-8}}</ref>

[[Edgar Allan Poe]] mentions the infernal terrace seen by Vathek in "Landor's Cottage". In his book ''English Prose Style'', [[Herbert Read]] cited ''Vathek'' as "one of the best fantasies in the language."<ref>Herbert Read, ''English Prose Style''. G. Bell and Sons, London, 1928. (p.147) </ref>

[[H. P. Lovecraft]] also cited ''Vathek'' as the inspiration for his never finished novel ''[[Azathoth (short story)|Azathoth]]''.<ref>[[Robert M. Price]], ''The Azathoth Cycle'', pp. vi–ix.</ref> ''Vathek'' is also believed to have been a model for Lovecraft's completed novel ''[[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath]]''.<ref>[[S. T. Joshi]] and David E. Schultz, "Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, The", ''An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia'', (p. 74). Hippocampus Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-9748789-1-X}}.</ref>

American fantasy author [[Clark Ashton Smith]] greatly admired ''Vathek''. Smith later wrote "The Third Episode of Vathek", the completion of a fragment by Beckford that was entitled "The Story of the Princess Zulkaïs and the Prince Kalilah". "The Third Episode of Vathek" was published in [[R. H. Barlow]]'s fanzine ''Leaves'' in 1937, and later in Smith's 1960 collection ''[[The Abominations of Yondo]]''.<ref>Clark Ashton Smith, ''The Maze of the Enchanter'', edited by Scott Connors and Ron Hilger. Night Shade Books, 2009. (pp. 303–306) {{ISBN|978-1-59780-031-0}}</ref>

''Vathek'' has been well received by historians of the [[fantasy]] genre; [[Les Daniels]] stated ''Vathek'' was "a unique and delightful book". Daniels argued ''Vathek'' had little in common with the other "Gothic" novels; "Beckford's luxuriant imagery and sly humour create a mood totally antithetical to that suggested by the grey castles and black deeds of medieval Europe".<ref>Les Daniels (1975). ''Living in Fear: A History of Horror in the Mass Media.'' Da Capo Press, (P. 17). {{ISBN|0306801930}} .</ref> [[Franz Rottensteiner]] calls the novel "a marvellous story, the creation of an erratic but powerful imagination, which brilliantly evokes the mystery and wonder associated with the Orient"<ref>Franz Rottensteiner, ''The Fantasy Book: An Illustrated History from Dracula to Tolkien''. Collier Books, 1978, (p. 21). {{ISBN|0-02-053560-0}}</ref> and [[Brian Stableford]] has praised the work as the "classic novel ''Vathek''—a feverish and gleefully perverse [[Decadent movement|decadent]]/[[Arabian fantasy]]".<ref>Brian Stableford,"Beckford, William", in ''The A to Z of Fantasy Literature''. Scarecrow Press, 2005, (p. 40). {{ISBN|0-8108-6829-6}}</ref>

==Allusions/references in other works==
* Eblis, the architect of Vathek's damnation, was modelled on [[Iblis]] or [[Azazil]]; Beckford's use of the name is derived from [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' (1667 and 1674; see [[Fallen angel]]).
* Argentinian writer [[Eduardo Berti]]'s short story "El traductor apresurado" ("The Hurried Translator", published in 2002 in ''La vida imposible'') strongly alludes to Beckford's novel. {{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
* Chapter 7 of [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s ''[[Distant Star]]'' (1996) mentions it.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
* ''Vathek'', a symphonic poem written in 1913, composed by [[Luis de Freitas Branco|Luís de Freitas Branco]], was inspired by this novel.<ref>[http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/Nov01/Branco.htm Luís de Freitas Branco (1890–1955), Portuguese Composer]</ref>
* Another symphonic poem by the same title came from [[Horatio Parker]] in 1903.
* Vathek's insatiable thirst for knowledge also parallels the attitude seen in the character of Dr. Faustus, in [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s ''[[Doctor Faustus (play)|Dr. Faustus]]'' (1604), a work based on the German legend of [[Faust]].
* [[H. G. Wells]] alludes to it in ''[[Tono-Bungay]]'' (1909).<ref>John Batchelor, ''H. G. Wells: British and Irish Authors'' Cambridge University Press,, 1985 {{ISBN|052127804X}}, (p. 1).</ref>
* The Spanish musician [[Luis Delgado (musician)|Luis Delgado]] has published an album called ''Vathek'' (1982), inspired by the literary work.
* An episode of ''[[Extreme Ghostbusters]]'', "Deadliners", has malevolent spirits known as the Vathek.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Beckford, William, ''Vathek: The English Translation by Samuel Henley (1786) and the French Editions of Lausanne and Paris'' (1787, postdated), 1972, Facsimile ed., 3 vols. in 1, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, {{ISBN|978-0-8201-1102-5}}.
* Salah S. Ali: ''Vathek as a Translation of a Lost Tale from the Arabian Nights''.
* Laurent Châtel, ''Utopies paysagères: vues et visions dans les écrits et dans les jardins de William Beckford (1760–1844)'', Université Paris III–Sorbonne Nouvelle (2000), 769 p. 2 vols.
* Laurent Châtel, "Les sources des contes orientaux de William Beckford" ("Vathek et la 'Suite des contes arabes' "), ''Epistémé'' (2005): article online: http://www.etudes-episteme.org/ee/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=81
* {{cite wikisource |title=Vathek |author=William Thomas Beckford |year=1887}}
* Beckford, William, ''Vathek et ses épisodes'', Préface et édition critique – Didier Girard, Paris, J. Corti, 2003 {{ISBN|978-2714308078}}

==Further reading==
* "On William Beckford's ''Vathek''", [[Jorge Luis Borges]] (in ''Selected Non-fictions'')
* Didier Girard, ''William Beckford : Terroriste au Palais de la Raison'', Paris, José Corti, 1993.
* D. Girard & S. Jung (eds.), ''Inscribing Dreams: William Beckford as a Writer'' Gent – UG Press, 2012.
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Ostergard |editor-first=Derek E. |title=William Beckford 1760–1844: An Eye for the Magnificent |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-09068-0}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42401 Vathek on Project Gutenberg]
* {{librivox book | title=Vathek | author=William BECKFORD}}
* [https://www.isliada.org/libros/vathek/ Spanish version – Epub]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1786 novels]]
[[Category:French-language novels]]
[[Category:English Gothic novels]]
[[Category:English fantasy novels]]
[[Category:1780s fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Fictional emperors and empresses]]
[[Category:British horror novels]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils]]
[[Category:Fictional caliphs]]

File:Kilmarnockvolume.jpg

2020-10-02T20:33:40Z

Chalupa: sorry

== Summary ==
Commonly known as the Kilmarnock Edition, this is Robert Burns' First Edition "Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect" published by John Wilson in Kilmarnock in 1786.

{{Non-free use rationale
|Article = Robert Burns
|Description = title page
|Source = Future Museum Project Partners (http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/)
|Portion = all
|Low_resolution = yes
|Purpose = use in article about author
|Replaceability = no
|other_information = Image copyright 2005
}}

{{Non-free use rationale
|Article = Kilmarnock volume
|Description = title page
|Source = Future Museum Project Partners (http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/)
|Portion = all
|Low_resolution = yes
|Purpose = use in article about poetry collection
|Replaceability = no
|other_information = Image copyright 2005
}}

== Licensing ==
{{Non-free fair use in|Robert Burns|Kilmarnock volume|image has rationale=yes}}

File:Kilmarnockvolume.jpg

2020-10-02T20:29:54Z

Chalupa:

The Club (dining club)

2020-07-04T14:18:27Z

Chalupa: typo

{{short description|London dining club founded in 1764 by Joshua Reynolds, Samuel Johnson, and Edmund Burke}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
[[File:Turk's Head Tavern plaque 1764 London.jpg|thumb|Plaque marking the foundation of the Club]]

'''The Club''' or '''Literary Club'''<ref>James Sambrook, ‘Club (act. 1764–1784)’, [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]], Oxford University Press</ref> is a London [[dining club]] founded in February 1764 by the artist [[Joshua Reynolds]] and essayist [[Samuel Johnson]], with [[Edmund Burke]], the Irish philosopher-politician.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edmundburke.club/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030517/https://edmundburke.club/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/books/review/leo-damrosch-club.html|title=The Friday Night Gab Sessions That Fueled 18th-Century British Culture|last=Gordon|first=Lyndall|date=2019-04-05|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-13|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413133138/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/books/review/leo-damrosch-club.html|archive-date=13 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Description==
Initially, the Club would meet one evening per week at seven, at the Turk's Head Inn in [[Gerrard Street, London|Gerrard Street]], [[Soho]]. Later, meetings were reduced to once per fortnight whilst Parliament was in session, and were held at rooms in [[St James's Street]]. Though the initial formation was proposed by Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]], Dr. [[Samuel Johnson]] became the person most closely associated with the Club.

[[John Timbs]], in his ''Club Life in London'', gives an account of the Club's centennial dinner in 1864, which was celebrated at the Clarendon hotel. [[Henry Hart Milman]], the English historian, was treasurer. The Club's toast, no doubt employing a bit of wishful thinking, was "''[[Esto perpetua]]''", [[Latin]] for "Let it be perpetual". This Latin phrase traces its origin to the last dying declaration of [[Paolo Sarpi]] (1552–1623) the Venetian theologian, philosopher and canon law expert who uttered these words towards the [[Venetian Republic]], whose independence he devoutly espoused. The introduction of the phrase to Britain was probably through Sir Joshua Reynolds who went to Italy for his higher training in Renaissance art and painting with the contemporary Italian masters.

==Members==

<imagemap>
File:JoshuaReynoldsParty.jpg|A literary party at Sir Joshua Reynolds's. The 1851 engraving after [[James William Edmund Doyle | Doyle]] shows the friends of Reynolds—many of whom were members of "The Club"—{{small|''use cursor to identify each person''}} |center|frame

poly 133 343 124 287 159 224 189 228 195 291 222 311 209 343 209 354 243 362 292 466 250 463 [[Samuel Johnson|Samuel Johnson – Dictionary writer]]
poly 76 224 84 255 43 302 62 400 123 423 121 361 137 344 122 290 111 234 96 225 [[James Boswell|Boswell – Biographer]]
poly 190 276 208 240 229 228 247 238 250 258 286 319 282 323 223 323 220 301 200 295 [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds – Host]]
poly 308 317 311 270 328 261 316 246 320 228 343 227 357 240 377 274 366 284 352 311 319 324 [[David Garrick|David Garrick – actor]]
poly 252 406 313 343 341 343 366 280 383 273 372 251 378 222 409 228 414 280 420 292 390 300 374 360 359 437 306 418 313 391 272 415 [[Edmund Burke|Edmund Burke – statesman]]
rect 418 220 452 287 [[Pasquale Paoli|Pasqual Paoli – Corsican patriot]]
poly 455 238 484 253 505 303 495 363 501 377 491 443 429 439 423 375 466 352 [[Charles Burney|Charles Burney – music historian]]
poly 501 279 546 237 567 239 572 308 560 326 537 316 530 300 502 289 [[Thomas Warton|Thomas Warton – poet laureate]]
poly 572 453 591 446 572 373 603 351 562 325 592 288 573 260 573 248 591 243 615 254 637 280 655 334 705 396 656 419 625 382 609 391 613 453 [[Oliver Goldsmith|Oliver Goldsmith – writer]]
rect 450 86 584 188 [[Joshua Reynolds|Joshua Reynolds' painting ''The Infant Academy'' (1782)]]
rect 286 87 376 191 [[Joshua Reynolds|Joshua Reynolds' painting ''Puck'' (1789)]]
circle 100 141 20 [[Joshua Reynolds|An unknown portrait]]
poly 503 192 511 176 532 176 534 200 553 219 554 234 541 236 525 261 506 261 511 220 515 215 [[Francis Barber|servant – poss. Francis Barber]]
rect 12 10 702 500 [[The Club (Literary Club)|Use button to enlarge or use hyperlinks]]

desc bottom-left
</imagemap>

The nine original members were:
{{div col}}
* [[Joshua Reynolds]]: artist
* [[Samuel Johnson]]: essayist, lexicographer
* [[Edmund Burke]]: writer, later M.P.
* [[Christopher Nugent (physician)|Christopher Nugent]]
* [[Topham Beauclerk]]
* [[Bennet Langton]]
* [[Oliver Goldsmith]]: author, playwright, poet
* [[Anthony Chamier]]
* [[John Hawkins (author)|John Hawkins]]: author
{{colend}}
Hereafter membership was by unanimous election only. Existing members would submit a black ball if a nominee was disfavored. Shortly following the establishment of the original nine, [[Samuel Dyer (translator)|Samuel Dyer]] became the first elected member. Hawkins left in 1768, suffering ostracism for his verbal abuse of Burke. Membership was then increased to 12; the new seats were filled by barrister [[Robert Chambers (English judge)|Robert Chambers]], and writers [[Thomas Percy (Bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]] and [[George Colman the Elder|George Colman]]. A membership of 12 was deemed optimal to retain a qualitative exclusivity. Of Johnson's goal, Percy claimed:

<blockquote>
It was intended the Club should consist of Such men, as that if only Two of them chanced to meet, they should be able to entertain each other without wanting the addition of more Company to pass the Evening agreeably.
</blockquote>

Later member [[Charles Burney]] wrote that Johnson wanted a group "composed of the heads of every liberal and literary profession" and "have somebody to refer to in our doubts and discussions, by whose Science we might be enlightened."

The Club grew to 16 members in 1773, then to 21 in late 1775. Newly elected were: [[David Garrick]], [[Adam Smith]] (economist, philosopher), Sir [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] (philologist), [[George Steevens]], (Shakespearean commentator), [[James Boswell]] (diarist, author), [[Charles James Fox]] (M.P.), [[George Fordyce]] (physician/chemist), [[James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont]], [[Agmondisham Vesey (died 1785)|Agmondesham Vesey]], Sir [[Thomas Charles Bunbury]], [[Edward Gibbon]] (author), and [[Thomas Barnard]].<ref>Sambrook, ''ODNB''.</ref>

By 1783 the number had risen again to 35, including several Whig politicians, so that Johnson and other older members began to attend dinners less frequently. Johnson even founded another club, the Essex Head Club.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/group/1201/Johnson's%20Literary%20Club |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113045819/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/group/1201/Johnson's%20Literary%20Club |archive-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A fact often neglected was that when the Club was founded, Edmund Burke had already founded a successful political and debating society, Edmund Burke's Club (in 1747), whilst still a student at Trinity college, Dublin. It has been suggested that the Club was initially no more than a kind of friendship club, initiated by Joshua Reynolds to help the lonely Dr [[Samuel Johnson]]. But it was no doubt Burke who pushed for the idea of a Club rather than just a circle of friends, and it was his personality that had the greater influence; hence the increasingly political nature of the Club in the next century.

By 1791, eight years after the death of Johnson, the membership recorded by [[James Boswell]] included:
{{colbegin|colwidth=25em}}
* [[James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont|Lord Charlemont]]
* Bishop [[Thomas Percy (Bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]]
* [[Charles James Fox|Charles Fox]]
* [[George Fordyce]]
* [[Joseph Banks]]
* [[Edward Gibbon]]
* [[Joseph Warton]]
* [[George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer|Lord Spencer]]
* [[Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]]
{{colend}}

===19th century===
The historian [[Henry Reeve (journalist)|Henry Reeve]] recorded details of Club membership in his diaries.

Members in the 1800s included:
{{colbegin|colwidth=25em}}
* [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen]]
* [[Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne]]
* [[Charles Lock Eastlake|Charles Eastlake]]
* [[Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux]] (9 March 1830)
* [[Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope]] (14 May 1833)
* [[Henry Hart Milman]] (23 February 1836)
* [[Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Holland]] (18 February 1840)
* [[William Whewell]]
* [[Charles Austin (lawyer)|Charles Austin]] (7 March 1843)
* [[Thomas Pemberton Leigh, 1st Baron Kingsdown]] (25 February 1845)
* [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon]] (20 May 1845)
* [[Richard Owen]] (20 May 1845)
* [[Sylvain Van de Weyer]] (9 February 1847)
* [[David Dundas (solicitor)|Sir David Dundas]] (23 February 1847)
* [[Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland]] (5 June 1849)
* [[Samuel Wilberforce]] (5 June 1849)
* [[Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st Baron Overstone]] (25 June 1850)
* [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]] (17 June 1851)
* [[Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth]] (17 June 1851)
* [[William Stirling-Maxwell|Sir William Stirling-Maxwell]] (21 February 1854)
* [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] (10 March 1857)
* [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]] (21 April 1857)
* [[George Grote]], (9 March 1858)
* [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley]] (14 February 1860)
* [[William Wood, 1st Baron Hatherley]] (14 February 1860)
* [[George Richmond (painter)|George Richmond]] (14 February 1860)
* [[Archibald Campbell Tait]] (9 April 1861)
* [[Henry Reeve (journalist)|Henry Reeve]] (9 April 1861)
* [[Roderick Murchison]] (18 June 1861)
* [[Edmund Walker Head]] (25 February 1862)
* [[Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke]] (12 May 1863)
* [[Spencer Walpole]] (8 March 1864)
* [[Arthur Penrhyn Stanley]] (28 February 1865)
* [[James Anthony Froude]] (28 February 1865)
* [[Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale]] (14 March 1865)
* [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson]] (14 March 1865)
* [[Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns]] (27 February 1866)
* [[Edward Twisleton]] (24 April 1866)
* [[Charles Thomas Newton]] (4 March 1879)
* [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] (4 March 1879)
* [[Matthew Arnold]] (28 February 1882)
* [[Joseph Boehm]] (27 November 1888)
* [[Edward Maunde Thompson]] (27 November 1888)
* [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] (26 April 1892)<ref>{{cite book
| last = Mountstuart Elphinstone
| first = Grant Duff
| authorlink = Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff
| title = Notes from a diary, 1892–1895
| publisher=Dutton
| year = 1904
| page = i 41}}</ref>
{{colend}}

By 1881, the members of the club included [[John Tyndall]], [[Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton|Sir Frederic Leighton]], and [[Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton|Lord Houghton]], with Henry Reeve serving as treasurer. Other prominent 19th century members included [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]], [[Thomas Huxley]], [[John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|Lord Acton]], [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], [[William Edward Hartpole Lecky|W. H. E. Lecky]], and Prime Minister [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]].

===20th century===

[[Winston Churchill]] and [[F. E. Smith]] had both desired to join The Club but were considered too controversial. In response, in 1911, they founded [[The Other Club]], which continues to maintain itself as a political dining society. Meanwhile, the Club is known to have survived at least as late as 1969.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Day |first=Leanne |date=2003 |title='Those Ungodly Pressmen': The Early Years of the Brisbane Johnsonian Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iwqAQAAIAAJ&q=%221764,+and+that+was+still+active+in+1969+%22&dq=%221764,+and+that+was+still+active+in+1969+%22 |journal=Australian Literary Studies |volume=21 |issue= |page=92 |doi= |access-date=9 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* ''[[Life of Johnson]]'', James Boswell, 1791
* '' The life and selections from the correspondence of William Whewell'', Janet Mary Douglas, 1881
* [ftp://ftp.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/nntvl10.txt ''Inns and Taverns of Old London''], Henry C. Shelley
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9803 ''Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Henry Reeve''], [[John Knox Laughton]]
* ''"The Clubs of London"'', ''[[National Review (1855)|National Review]]'', Article III, April 1857
* James Sambrook, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/49211 Club (''act''. 1764–1784)]," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', online edition, Oxford Univ. Press, Jan. 2007. cited as 'Sambrook, ''ODNB''{{'}}

==Further reading==
* [[Jenny Uglow|Uglow, Jenny]], "Big Talkers" (review of [[Leo Damrosch]], ''The Club: Johnson, Boswell, and the Friends Who Shaped an Age'', Yale University Press, 473 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 9 (23 May 2019), pp. 26–28.

==External links==
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=45145 ''Old and New London: Volume 3''] at British History Online

{{Edmund Burke}}
{{Samuel Johnson}}
{{Joshua Reynolds}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Club, The}}
[[Category:The Club (dining club)| ]]
[[Category:1764 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:Articles containing image maps]]
[[Category:Edmund Burke]]
[[Category:Samuel Johnson]]

The Club (dining club)

2020-07-04T14:16:33Z

Chalupa: Category:Thomas Warton

Andovce

2019-08-08T19:56:34Z

Chalupa: /* People/

{{Expand Hungarian|Andód|date=January 2011}}
[[File:Okres zamky.png|thumb|right|300px|Nové Zámky District in the Nitra region]]
'''Andovce''' ({{lang-hu|'''Andód'''}}) is a [[municipality]] and village in the [[Nové Zámky District]] of the south-west of [[Slovakia]], in the [[Nitra Region]].

== History ==
In [[history|historical records]] the village was first mentioned in 1424.

== Geography ==
The [[village]] lies at an [[altitude]] of 113 metres and covers an [[area]] of {{convert|10.778|km²|0|abbr=on}}. It has a [[population]] of about 1295 people.

== Ethnicity ==
The population is about 32% [[Slovaks|Slovak]] and 68% [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]].

== People ==
* [[Gergely Czuczor|Gregor Czuczor]] ({{lang-hu|[[Gergely Czuczor|Czuczor Gergely]]}})<ref>[[:de:Gregor Czuczor]]</ref>

==Genealogical resources==

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Nitra, Slovakia"

* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1792-1895
* Census records 1869 of Andovce are available at the state archive.

==See also==
* [[List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
*[http://www.cisarik.com/0_Andovce_Nove_Zamky_NI_Nyitra_Nitra.html '''Surnames''' of living people in Andovce]
*[http://www.novezamkyfotoalbum.sk/andovce-nove-zamky-okolie/ Andovce – Nové Zámky okolie]

{{coord|48|00|N|18|07|E|region:SK_type:city|display=title}}
{{Nove Zamky District}}

[[Category:Villages and municipalities in Nové Zámky District]]

{{Nitra-geo-stub}}

Undine (novella)

2018-12-05T21:15:59Z

Chalupa: /* Art *

{{Infobox book | 
| name = Undine
| image = Undine (novella) - cover - Project Gutenberg eText 18752.jpg
| caption = Cover of ''Undine''
| author = [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]]
| country = Germany
| language = German
| genre = [[Novella]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1811
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn =
}}
'''''Undine''''' is a fairy-tale novella (''Erzählung'') by [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]] in which Undine, a water spirit, marries a knight named Huldebrand in order to gain a soul. It is an early German romance, which has been translated into English and other languages.

== Success and influence ==
During the nineteenth century the book was very popular and was, according to ''[[The Times]]'' in 1843, "a book which, of all others, if you ask for it at a foreign library, you are sure to find engaged".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Au|first=Susan
|jstor=1567379
|journal=Dance Chronicle|volume=2|issue=3|year=1978|pages=160|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd|title=The Shadow of Herself: Some Sources of Jules Perrot's "Ondine"|doi=10.1080/01472527808568730}}</ref> The story is descended from [[Melusine]], the French folk-tale of a water-sprite who marries a knight on condition that he shall never see her on Saturdays, when she resumes her mermaid shape. It was also inspired by works by the occultist [[Paracelsus]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.naxosdirect.com/STRONG-Ondine---From-a-Notebook-of-Sketches-Suites-1-3/title/8559078/|title = Ondine • Suites Nos. 1 - 3|first = George Templeton|last = Strong|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref>

An unabridged English translation of the story by [[William Leonard Courtney]] and illustrated by [[Arthur Rackham]] was published in 1909<ref>''Undine by de la Motte-Fouqué adapted from the German by W.L. Courtney and illustrated by [[Arthur Rackham]]'', London, William Heinemann, New-York, Doubleday, Page & Co, 1911. [https://archive.org/details/undine00lamotte Read on line.]</ref>. [[George Macdonald]] thought ''Undine'' "the most beautiful" of all fairy stories,<ref>George Macdonald, "The Fantastic Imagination" in Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski, ''Fantasists on Fantasy''. New York: Avon Discus, 1984. pp. 11-22.</ref> while [[Lafcadio Hearn]] referred to ''Undine'' as a "fine German story" in his essay "The Value of the Supernatural in Fiction".<ref>Lafcadio Hearn, "The Value of the Supernatural in Fiction" in [[Jason Colavito]], ed. ''A Hideous Bit of Morbidity: An Anthology of Horror Criticism from the Enlightenment to World War I''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008. (p. 275 ).</ref> The references to ''Undine'' in such works as [[Charlotte Yonge]]'s ''The Daisy Chain'' and [[Louisa Alcott]]'s ''[[Little Women]]'' show that it was one of the best loved of all books for many 19th-century children.

The first adaptation of ''Undine'' was [[E.T.A. Hoffman|E.T.A. Hoffmann's]] opera in 1814. It was a collaboration between [[E.T.A. Hoffman]], who composed the score, and [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]] who adapted his own work into a libretto. The opera proved highly successful, and [[Carl Maria von Weber]] admired it in his review as the kind of composition which the German desires: 'an art work complete in itself, in which partial contributions of the related and collaborating arts blend together, disappear, and, in disappearing, somehow form a new world'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Strunk|first=Oliver|title=Source Readings in Music History: The Romantic Era|year=1965|place=New York|pages=63|url=http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|accessdate=2008-05-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502044016/http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|archivedate=2005-05-02|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Castein|first=Hanne|title=The Composer as Librettist: Judith Weir's 'Romantic' Operas Heaven Ablaze in His Breast and Blond Eckbert|url=http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|accessdate=2008-05-10|journal=Aurifex|year=2000|issue=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502044016/http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|archivedate=2005-05-02|df=}}</ref>

In the 1830s, the novella was translated into Russian dactylic hexameter verse by the Romantic poet [[Vasily Zhukovsky]]. This verse translation became a classic in its own right and later provided the basis for the libretto to [[Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Undina (Tchaikovsky)|operatic adaptation]]. The novella has since inspired numerous similar adaptions in various genres and traditions.

==Adaptations==
[[File:Ondine - Illustrated London News.png|thumb|[[Fanny Cerrito]] dances the ''Pas de l'ombre'' in the original production of ''Ondine'', London, 1843]]

===Opera===
* ''Undine'', [[E.T.A. Hoffmann]], 1814
* ''Undine'', [[Christian Friedrich Johann Girschner]], 1830
* ''[[Undine (Lortzing)|Undine]]'', [[Albert Lortzing]], 1845
* ''Undina'', [[Alexei Lvov]], 1846
* ''[[Undina (Tchaikovsky)|Undina]]'', [[Pyotr Tchaikovsky]], 1869
* ''[[Rusalka (opera)|Rusalka]]'', [[Antonín Dvořák]], 1901

===Music===
* ''[[Sonata Undine]]'', a Romantic sonata for flute and piano (in E-minor) by [[Carl Reinecke]], 1882
* ''Ondine'', a movement in ''[[Gaspard de la Nuit]]'' by [[Maurice Ravel]], 1908
* ''Ondine'', a piano prelude by [[Claude Debussy]], 1911–1913
* ''Undine'', track 9 from the album ''[[Once I Was an Eagle|Once I was an Eagle]]'' by [[Laura Marling]], 2013

===Ballet===
* ''[[Ondine, ou La naïade|Ondine]]'', composed by [[Cesare Pugni]] and choreographed by [[Jules Perrot]], 1843
* ''Coralia, or the Inconstant Knight'', choreographed by Paul Taglioni, 1847
* ''[[Undine (ballet)|Undine]]'', composed by [[Hans Werner Henze]] and choreographed by [[Frederick Ashton]], 1958
[[File:John William Waterhouse - Undine.JPG|thumb|upright|''Undine'' by [[John William Waterhouse]], 1872]]

===Film===
* ''[[Undine (film)|''Undine'' (film)]]'', a 1916 silent film
* ''The Loves of Ondine'', a film by [[Andy Warhol]]
* [[Ondine (film)|''Ondine'']], a film by [[Neil Jordan]]

===Literature===
* ''Ondine, ou la Nymphe des Eaux'', a play by René-Charles Guilbert de Pixerécourt, 1830
* "Undina," a verse translation by [[Vasily Zhukovsky]], 1837
* ''Ondine'', a poem by [[Aloysius Bertrand]], 1842
* ''Undine'', an autobiographical book by [[Olive Schreiner]], 1928
* ''[[Ondine (play)|Ondine]]'', a play by [[Jean Giraudoux]], 1939
* ''Undine geht'' by [[Ingeborg Bachmann]]
* ''Haunted Waters'', an adaptation for teen readers, by [[Mary Pope Osborne]], 1994 (reissued 2006)

===Art===
* ''Undine and Huldbrand'', a painting by [[Henry Fuseli]], 1819–1822
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[Moritz Retzsch]], 1830
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[John William Waterhouse]], 1872
* ''Ondine'', a painting by [[Paul Gauguin]], 1889
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[Henri Fantin-Latour]]
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[Daniel Maclise]]
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[J.M.W. Turner]]
* ''Undine'', illustrations by [[Arthur Rackham]]
* ''Ondine de Spa'', a sculpture by Pouhon Pierre-Le-Grand
* ''Undine with harp'', a sculpture by [[Ludwig Michael von Schwanthaler]], 1855
[[File:Spa Pouhon-Pierre-Le-Grand Ondine de Spa.jpg|thumb|upright|''Ondine de Spa'' by Pouhon Pierre-Le-Grand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Gutenberg|no=2825|name=Undine}}
{{Gutenberg|no=18752|name=Undine, edited for children}}
* {{librivox book | title=Undine | author=Friedrich de la Motte FOUQUÉ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Undine (Novella)}}
[[Category:Novels by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]]
[[Category:1811 German novels]]
[[Category:German romance novels]]
[[Category:German-language novels]]
[[Category:1810s fantasy novels]]
[[Category:German novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Books illustrated by Arthur Rackham]]

Undine (novella)

2018-12-05T21:15:47Z

Chalupa: Henri Fantin-Latour (

{{Infobox book | 
| name = Undine
| image = Undine (novella) - cover - Project Gutenberg eText 18752.jpg
| caption = Cover of ''Undine''
| author = [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]]
| country = Germany
| language = German
| genre = [[Novella]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1811
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn =
}}
'''''Undine''''' is a fairy-tale novella (''Erzählung'') by [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]] in which Undine, a water spirit, marries a knight named Huldebrand in order to gain a soul. It is an early German romance, which has been translated into English and other languages.

== Success and influence ==
During the nineteenth century the book was very popular and was, according to ''[[The Times]]'' in 1843, "a book which, of all others, if you ask for it at a foreign library, you are sure to find engaged".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Au|first=Susan
|jstor=1567379
|journal=Dance Chronicle|volume=2|issue=3|year=1978|pages=160|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd|title=The Shadow of Herself: Some Sources of Jules Perrot's "Ondine"|doi=10.1080/01472527808568730}}</ref> The story is descended from [[Melusine]], the French folk-tale of a water-sprite who marries a knight on condition that he shall never see her on Saturdays, when she resumes her mermaid shape. It was also inspired by works by the occultist [[Paracelsus]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.naxosdirect.com/STRONG-Ondine---From-a-Notebook-of-Sketches-Suites-1-3/title/8559078/|title = Ondine • Suites Nos. 1 - 3|first = George Templeton|last = Strong|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref>

An unabridged English translation of the story by [[William Leonard Courtney]] and illustrated by [[Arthur Rackham]] was published in 1909<ref>''Undine by de la Motte-Fouqué adapted from the German by W.L. Courtney and illustrated by [[Arthur Rackham]]'', London, William Heinemann, New-York, Doubleday, Page & Co, 1911. [https://archive.org/details/undine00lamotte Read on line.]</ref>. [[George Macdonald]] thought ''Undine'' "the most beautiful" of all fairy stories,<ref>George Macdonald, "The Fantastic Imagination" in Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski, ''Fantasists on Fantasy''. New York: Avon Discus, 1984. pp. 11-22.</ref> while [[Lafcadio Hearn]] referred to ''Undine'' as a "fine German story" in his essay "The Value of the Supernatural in Fiction".<ref>Lafcadio Hearn, "The Value of the Supernatural in Fiction" in [[Jason Colavito]], ed. ''A Hideous Bit of Morbidity: An Anthology of Horror Criticism from the Enlightenment to World War I''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008. (p. 275 ).</ref> The references to ''Undine'' in such works as [[Charlotte Yonge]]'s ''The Daisy Chain'' and [[Louisa Alcott]]'s ''[[Little Women]]'' show that it was one of the best loved of all books for many 19th-century children.

The first adaptation of ''Undine'' was [[E.T.A. Hoffman|E.T.A. Hoffmann's]] opera in 1814. It was a collaboration between [[E.T.A. Hoffman]], who composed the score, and [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]] who adapted his own work into a libretto. The opera proved highly successful, and [[Carl Maria von Weber]] admired it in his review as the kind of composition which the German desires: 'an art work complete in itself, in which partial contributions of the related and collaborating arts blend together, disappear, and, in disappearing, somehow form a new world'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Strunk|first=Oliver|title=Source Readings in Music History: The Romantic Era|year=1965|place=New York|pages=63|url=http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|accessdate=2008-05-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502044016/http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|archivedate=2005-05-02|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Castein|first=Hanne|title=The Composer as Librettist: Judith Weir's 'Romantic' Operas Heaven Ablaze in His Breast and Blond Eckbert|url=http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|accessdate=2008-05-10|journal=Aurifex|year=2000|issue=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502044016/http://www.goldsmiths.ac.uk/aurifex/issue1/castein.html|archivedate=2005-05-02|df=}}</ref>

In the 1830s, the novella was translated into Russian dactylic hexameter verse by the Romantic poet [[Vasily Zhukovsky]]. This verse translation became a classic in its own right and later provided the basis for the libretto to [[Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Undina (Tchaikovsky)|operatic adaptation]]. The novella has since inspired numerous similar adaptions in various genres and traditions.

==Adaptations==
[[File:Ondine - Illustrated London News.png|thumb|[[Fanny Cerrito]] dances the ''Pas de l'ombre'' in the original production of ''Ondine'', London, 1843]]

===Opera===
* ''Undine'', [[E.T.A. Hoffmann]], 1814
* ''Undine'', [[Christian Friedrich Johann Girschner]], 1830
* ''[[Undine (Lortzing)|Undine]]'', [[Albert Lortzing]], 1845
* ''Undina'', [[Alexei Lvov]], 1846
* ''[[Undina (Tchaikovsky)|Undina]]'', [[Pyotr Tchaikovsky]], 1869
* ''[[Rusalka (opera)|Rusalka]]'', [[Antonín Dvořák]], 1901

===Music===
* ''[[Sonata Undine]]'', a Romantic sonata for flute and piano (in E-minor) by [[Carl Reinecke]], 1882
* ''Ondine'', a movement in ''[[Gaspard de la Nuit]]'' by [[Maurice Ravel]], 1908
* ''Ondine'', a piano prelude by [[Claude Debussy]], 1911–1913
* ''Undine'', track 9 from the album ''[[Once I Was an Eagle|Once I was an Eagle]]'' by [[Laura Marling]], 2013

===Ballet===
* ''[[Ondine, ou La naïade|Ondine]]'', composed by [[Cesare Pugni]] and choreographed by [[Jules Perrot]], 1843
* ''Coralia, or the Inconstant Knight'', choreographed by Paul Taglioni, 1847
* ''[[Undine (ballet)|Undine]]'', composed by [[Hans Werner Henze]] and choreographed by [[Frederick Ashton]], 1958
[[File:John William Waterhouse - Undine.JPG|thumb|upright|''Undine'' by [[John William Waterhouse]], 1872]]

===Film===
* ''[[Undine (film)|''Undine'' (film)]]'', a 1916 silent film
* ''The Loves of Ondine'', a film by [[Andy Warhol]]
* [[Ondine (film)|''Ondine'']], a film by [[Neil Jordan]]

===Literature===
* ''Ondine, ou la Nymphe des Eaux'', a play by René-Charles Guilbert de Pixerécourt, 1830
* "Undina," a verse translation by [[Vasily Zhukovsky]], 1837
* ''Ondine'', a poem by [[Aloysius Bertrand]], 1842
* ''Undine'', an autobiographical book by [[Olive Schreiner]], 1928
* ''[[Ondine (play)|Ondine]]'', a play by [[Jean Giraudoux]], 1939
* ''Undine geht'' by [[Ingeborg Bachmann]]
* ''Haunted Waters'', an adaptation for teen readers, by [[Mary Pope Osborne]], 1994 (reissued 2006)

===Art===
* ''Undine and Huldbrand'', a painting by [[Henry Fuseli]], 1819–1822
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[Moritz Retzsch]], 1830
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[John William Waterhouse]], 1872
* ''Ondine'', a painting by [[Paul Gauguin]], 1889
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[Henri Fantin-Latour (]]
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[Daniel Maclise]]
* ''Undine'', a painting by [[J.M.W. Turner]]
* ''Undine'', illustrations by [[Arthur Rackham]]
* ''Ondine de Spa'', a sculpture by Pouhon Pierre-Le-Grand
* ''Undine with harp'', a sculpture by [[Ludwig Michael von Schwanthaler]], 1855
[[File:Spa Pouhon-Pierre-Le-Grand Ondine de Spa.jpg|thumb|upright|''Ondine de Spa'' by Pouhon Pierre-Le-Grand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Gutenberg|no=2825|name=Undine}}
{{Gutenberg|no=18752|name=Undine, edited for children}}
* {{librivox book | title=Undine | author=Friedrich de la Motte FOUQUÉ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Undine (Novella)}}
[[Category:Novels by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]]
[[Category:1811 German novels]]
[[Category:German romance novels]]
[[Category:German-language novels]]
[[Category:1810s fantasy novels]]
[[Category:German novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Books illustrated by Arthur Rackham]]

Scandal Takes a Holiday

2018-07-31T19:38:06Z

Chalupa: 2004

{{infobox book | 
| name = Scandal Takes a Holiday
| orig title =
| translator =
| image = ScandalTakesAHoliday.jpg
| caption = 1st edition
| author = [[Lindsey Davis]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = [[Marcus Didius Falco]]
| genre = [[Historical mystery]] [[crime novel]]
| publisher = Century
| release_date = 2004
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 283 pp
| isbn = 0-7126-2587-9
| oclc= 57751578
| preceded_by = [[The Accusers]]
| followed_by = [[See Delphi and Die]]
}}
'''''Scandal Takes a Holiday''''' is a 2004 [[historical mystery]] [[crime novel]] by [[Lindsey Davis]] and the 16th book of the Marcus Didius Falco Mysteries series. Set in [[Ostia Antica]] during AD 76, the novel stars [[Marcus Didius Falco]], informer and imperial agent. The title refers to the "holiday" taken by Infamia, gossip columnist of the ''Daily Gazette''.

==Plot summary==
A long and complicated case awaits Falco and Lucius Petronius Longinus (or Petro' for short) on the streets of the port town of [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]], accompanied by Maia, Helena and Falco's daughters — Albia, Julia and Favonia. Petro' is on the lookout for Balbinus Florius, a dangerous mobster [[The Jupiter Myth|last seen in Britain]], while Falco is on the lookout for a missing gossip columnist named Diocles, an Imperial freedman known by the pen name of "Infamia" (Latin: "scandal", "calumny"). A young boy named Zeno approaches Petro', and tells him that "his mother won't wake up". Zeno's mother is found unconscious and drooling, and Maia is sent to nurse her - only to end up with a black eye when the woman, Pullia, wakes up. When asked why he told them, Zeno replies to Petro' that his uncle Lygon told Zeno that "the vigiles would want to know" if Pullia wouldn't wake up.

Infamia's colleagues Mutatus and Holconius say that Diocles is gifted but dissolute, and believe that he is playing truant, but Falco suspects otherwise. Continuing on the Infamia case, Falco calls on Diocles' landlady, who admits that she has no idea where he has gone to. Falco bribes one of her slaves, Titus, to hand over Diocles' possessions, which but for one note tablet marked with the name "Damagoras" and another engraved with a strange grid-shaped pattern, hand no conclusive leads to Falco. Much to Falco's chargrin, the one man in all of Ostia who seems ready to talk about Damagoras and who he is turns out to be none other than Falco's brother-in-law Gaius Baebius, whom Falco loathes greatly.

Gaius leads Falco to a large estate up north near [[Portus]], where they are assaulted and confined (and Gaius belatedly tells Falco that Damagoras is rumoured to have been a pirate), and brought out later to meet its ostensibly prosperous owner. Damagoras surprisingly treats them hospitably in the opulent surroundings of his villa, and reveals that he was born in [[Cilicia]] (a region in Asia Minor notorious for piracy) but when questioned by Falco about being a pirate, Damagoras instantly denies being one or being connected with them, saying he is a "retired sea captain" who contacted Deiocles to "write his memoirs". Falco is not convinced by Damagoras, however, and decides that Damagoras needs to be inspected more closely.

Back in Ostia, the local [[vigiles]] chief, Brunnus, suggests that Falco talk to an expert on piracy — a naval officer named Caninus. Caninus, once drunk, however arouses Falco's suspicion: Caninus is a naval attaché who is supposed to be attached with the [[Roman navy|Imperial flee]]t at [[Ravenna]] on the Adriatic: if so, then what is he doing on the wrong side of the Italian peninsula? Meanwhile, Aulus comes back to Falco with news — the wife to the owner of Aulus' ship to Athens, Aline, has been kidnapped. Falco discovers more clues about the kidnapping racket in Ostia, and discovers that the kidnappers' go-between for contacting hostages' relatives is a cross-dressing man known as "The Illyrian".

Seeking more help, Falco returns to Rome on two errands — the first is Marcus Rubella, Petro's tribune, to inform him of the kidnappings going on in Ostia. The second is to speak to Holconius and Mutatus, but they are out. Nevertheless, a slave in the columnists' office tells Falco the reason Deiocles went back to Ostia - to see his aunt Vestina. En route, Falco meets his father, who tells Falco that he knows Damagoras as a business partner. Falco's father also reveals that Aline wasn't the first victim — previously, a young girl named Rhodope had also been abducted. Speaking to Rhodope, Helena manages to discover that she was seduced by one of her former captors, named Theopompus. Back in Ostia, Falco tries to locate Vestina, but discovers that she died in a fire almost a year ago, and that Deiocles would normally stay with her.

Falco's sleuthwork also reveal a darker side to law enforcement in Ostia — the vigiles are seen as heavy-handed and not trustworthy, and so fire fighting and security work is done mostly by members of the local builders' guild, headed by a rich building contractor named Privatus. When Rubella's Sixth Vigiles Cohort arrives in Ostia to take over from the Fourth Cohort of Brunnus, Privatus has his men attempt to intimidate the vigiles at the handing-over ceremony. Naturally, Falco asks Privatus about the whereabouts of Diocles, and notes Privatus' seeming disquiet, implying that Privatus is somehow involved with Diocles' disappearance. More note tablets by Diocles turn up, proving that he had contact with someone who had engaged in piracy, mentioning the name of Lygon — Zeno's uncle, and possibly one of Damagoras' henchmen. Falco decides that he needs to question Damagoras again, but once more, Damagoras flatly denies anything to do with piracy or the abductions on the quays. At the same time, Falco and Helena manage to meet Falco's uncle Fulvius, whom Falco has not see for twenty years.

More trouble is in store for Falco, however: Theopompus elopes with Rhodope in Ostia, but is soon murdered — ostensibly by jealous colleagues and the wealthy but hapless Posidonius is forced to cough up for Theopompus' wake. Suddenly, Holconius and Mutatus arrive in Ostia, with what seems to be a large chest full of cash in order to ransom back Diocles on Helena's advice. This causes her to have a heated argument with Falco, but he backs down in the end and following Helena's plan, he asks the vigiles to trail the scribes, but the scribes are assaulted by unknown assailants who take the ransom money, and the vigiles lose the trail. Dejected and disgusted, Falco goes for a walk and bumps into Caninus, who tries to convince Falco that his uncle Fulvius is "the Illyrian", but Falco doesn't believe him and tells Caninus to leave Fulvius alone. Much later, however, Falco catches sight of the alleged kidnappers with the ransom chest, and tails them to a military dock, where they are planning to board a ''[[liburna]]'', but is spotted and attacked. Falco, outnumbered, is defeated in the ensuing scuffle and realises that Caninus is connected with the pirates operating in Ostia.

Now taken prisoner, Falco discovers that he is on board a pirate ship and confronts her Illyrian captain Cotys. Cotys and his crew taunt Falco and force him to climb down a ladder into the water, but when they discover that the scribes' chest is actually full if pebbles, Cotys cuts the ladder off in anger, dropping Falco overboard. By a twist of fate, Falco is rescued by his father and his father's porter Gornia. It turns out that Geminus has been smuggling goods into Ostia from offshore, possibly with help from Fulvius. Once back, Falco hastily returns into town to attend Theopomous' wake, presided over by Rhodope. As usual, things get out of hand once Rhodope identifies a suspect for Theopomous' death at his wake, sparking a gang war which results in a three-way melee between the Illyrians, Cilicians and the vigiles. Falco, his family as well as Petro' manage to rescue Rhodope from the fight and take refuge in a mausoleum, where she finally reveals that during her captivity she was drugged (possibly by Pullia) and held in a sacrificial vault in a temple. After being rescued along with Petro and the rest, Falco follows Mutatus into a temple to Cybele to meet with Diocles' supposed captors, where he bumps into Fulvius, who reveals that he works for the Navy as an intelligence gatherer, and that he has been watching Caninus, who is the actual "Illyrian" — this is soon proven when they hear Caninus demanding the ransom money from Mutatus, before killing him. Caninus is shortly afterwards detained by the vigiles, never to be seen again.

But what of Diocles? Damagoras finally breaks his silence and offers Falco information in return for Diocles' note tablets. Damagoras asserts that he and Diocles were indeed working on publishing the old sea dog's memoirs, but Diocles was depressed at having lost his aunt in the fire. Damagoras also warns Falco that Diocles might have blamed Privatus for Vestina's death, and the building guild then had Diocles murdered to silence him. Falco finally figures out what the strange grid pattern in Deiocles' possession was — it's a map, and shows that Diocles may have been working on the old vigiles station prior to disappearing. The vigiles send for a diver to look for Diocles in a cistern under the vigiles house, and confirm Damagoras' story, when they find a human corpse weighed down deep in it.

==Characters in ''Scandal Takes a Holiday''==

===Family and associates===
* ''A. Camillus Aelianus'' - Older brother of Helena
* ''Albia'' - British girl adopted by Helena
* ''Decimus Camillus Verus'' - Father of Helena
* ''Fulvius'' - The "black sheep" of the Falco family
* ''Gaius Baebius'' - Husband of Junia
* ''Geminus'' - Father of Falco, Auctioneer
* ''Helena Justina'' - Wife of Falco, and daughter of the [[Roman Senate|Senator]] Decimus Camillus Verus
* ''Julia Junilla and Sosia Favonia'' - Daughters of Falco and Helena
* ''Julia Justa'' - Mother of Helena
* ''Junia'' - Falco's sister
* ''Junilla Tacita'' - Mother of Falco
* ''Maia Favonia'' - Falco's widowed sister
* ''Marcus Didius Falco'' - Informer and Imperial Agent
* ''Q. Camillus Justinus'' - Younger brother of Helena

===Staff of the ''Daily Gazette''===
* ''Diocles'' - Correspondent
* ''Holconius'' - Political reporter
* ''Mutatus'' - Sports commentator
* ''Vestina''

===Vigiles===
* ''Brunnus'' - Leader of the VI Cohort's Ostia detachment
* ''Fusculus'' - Member of the IV Cohort
* ''Lucius Petronius Longus'' - Friend of Falco and Vigiles Officer
* ''Marcus Rubella'' - Tribune of the IV Cohort
* ''Passus'' - Member of the IV Cohort
* ''Rusticus'' - Recruiting officer
* ''Virtus'' - Slave

===Others in Ostia===
* ''Aline'' - Ship's owner
* ''Antemon'' - Sea captain
* ''Banno'' Ship's owner
* ''Caninus'' - Naval attaché
* ''Cotys'' - Illyrian
* ''Cratidas'' - Cilician
* ''Damagoras'' - Cilician
* ''Lygon'' - Cilician
* ''Posidonius'' - Importer
* ''Privatus'' - President of the Builders Guild
* ''Pullia'' - Cilician
* ''Rhodope'' - Daughter of Posidonius
* ''Theopompus'' - Illyrian
* ''Zeno'' - Cilician

==Major themes==
* Investigation into the disappearance of a gossip columnist.
* Investigation into possible piracy around Ostia.

==Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science==
* Set in [[Ostia Antica]] in AD 76, during the reign of Emperor [[Vespasian]].

==Release details==
* 2004, UK, Century Hardback {{ISBN|0-7126-2587-9}}
* 2004, UK, Arrow, Paperback {{ISBN|0-09-944527-1}}
* UK Audio BBC AudioBooks read by Jamie Glover, Cassette {{ISBN|1-4056-0062-4}}, CD {{ISBN|1-4056-7171-8}}
* 2004, US, Mysterious Press, Hardback {{ISBN|0-89296-812-5}}
* 2006, US, St Martins Press, Paperback {{ISBN|0-312-94040-8}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.lindseydavis.co.uk/ lindseydavis.co.uk] Author's Official Website

{{Falco novels}}

[[Category:2004 British novels]]
[[Category:Marcus Didius Falco novels]]
[[Category:Historical novels]]
[[Category:76]]

Dagger in the Library

2018-06-15T20:24:39Z

Chalupa: Mari hannah

The '''Dagger in the Library''' ('''Golden Handcuffs''' in 1994–1996) is an annual award given by the British [[Crime Writers' Association]] to a particular "living author who has given the most pleasure to readers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/index.html |title=The CWA Dagger Awards |publisher=CWA |accessdate=17 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723043537/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/index.html |archivedate=23 July 2012 |df= }}]</ref> Yearly shortlists are drawn up of the ten authors most nominated, online, by readers, and the final decision is made by a panel of [[librarians]]. It was sponsored by [[Random House]] until 2015.

==Winners==
===2010s===
* 2017 – [[Mari Hannah]]<ref>[https://thecwa.co.uk/the-daggers/winners-archive/?awardsyear=2017&dagger=library&accolade=winner&s= Winners archive — The Crime Writers' Association]</ref>
* 2016 – [[Elly Griffiths]]<ref>http://www.thecwa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CWA-Dagger-Winners-2016-poster.pdf</ref>
* 2015 – [[Christopher Fowler]]
* 2014 – [[Sharon Bolton]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecwa.co.uk/the-daggers/winners-archive/?awardsyear=2014&dagger=library&accolade=winner|title=Winners archive — The Crime Writers' Association|publisher=|accessdate=2 March 2017}}</ref>
* 2013 – [[Belinda Bauer (author)|Belinda Bauer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecwa.co.uk/the-daggers/winners-archive/?awardsyear=2013&dagger=library&accolade=winner|title=Winners archive — The Crime Writers' Association|publisher=|accessdate=2 March 2017}}</ref>
* 2012 – Steve Mosby<ref>{{cite web |title=Steve Mosby wins The CWA Dagger in the Library |url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/2012/library.html |publisher=CWA |accessdate=17 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728121920/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/2012/library.html |archivedate=28 July 2012 |df= }}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Mo Hayder]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mo Hayder wins the CWA Dagger in the Library, 2011 |url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/2011/library.html |publisher=CWA |accessdate=17 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111080734/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/2011/library.html |archivedate=11 January 2012 |df= }}</ref>
* 2010 – [[Ariana Franklin]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ariana Franklin: winner of the 2010 CWA Dagger in the Library|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/2010/library.html|publisher=CWA|accessdate=17 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527234650/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/2010/library.html|archivedate=27 May 2012|df=}}</ref>

===2000s===
*2009 – [[Colin Cotterill]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/2009/index.html|title=The CWA Dagger awards 2009|date=15 July 2009|work=Crime Writers Association|accessdate=2009-07-18}}</ref>
*2008 – [[Craig Russell (British author)|Craig Russell]]
*2007 – [[Stuart MacBride]]
*2006 – [[Jim Kelly (author)|Jim Kelly]]
*2005 – [[Jake Arnott]]
*2004 – [[Alexander McCall Smith]]
*2003 – [[Stephen Booth (writer)|Stephen Booth]]
*2002 – [[Peter Robinson (novelist)|Peter Robinson]]
*2000 – 2001 – in abeyance

===1990s===
*1997 – 1999 – in abeyance
*1996 – [[Marian Babson]]
*1995 – [[Lindsey Davis]]
*1994 – [[Robert Barnard]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120723043537/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/index.html#gold Crime Writers' Association website]

[[Category:Crime Writers' Association awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mystery and detective fiction awards]]

Petr Bezruč

2018-05-05T19:59:01Z

Chalupa: picture

{{Infobox writer
| name = Petr Bezruč
| image = Památník Petra Bezruče - interiér, portrét básníka.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Petr Bezruč
| birth_name = Vladimír Vašek
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|9|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Opava]], [[Austrian Silesia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1958|2|17|1867|9|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Olomouc]], [[Czechoslovakia]]
| occupation = Writer
| ethnicity = [[Czechs|Czech]]
| citizenship = [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]], [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Slezské písně''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
}}

'''Petr Bezruč''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈpɛtr̩ ˈbɛzrutʃ}}) was the [[pseudonym]] of '''Vladimír Vašek''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈvlaɟɪmiːr ˈvaʃɛk|}}; 15 September 1867 – 17 February 1958), a [[Czech people|Czech]] [[poet]] and [[short story]] writer who was associated with the region of [[Austrian Silesia]].

Bezruč was born in [[Opava]] and died in [[Olomouc]].

==His birthplace==
During his lifetime his fame was such that his birthplace became a heritage site. Today this building is managed by the [[Silesian Museum (Opava)|Silesian Museum]] in Opava. The museum actually contains the documents belonging to 85 important people of literature. This makes the building and its contants to be of national importance. Actually the building is not the birthplace as the actual building was destroyed during World War Two. This building was built on the site of his birth after a campaign starting in 1946 and finishing in 1956. In 1958 it was decided that this museum should be managed by Opava's Silesian museum. The museum also owns the copyright to his works in line with his instructions.<ref name=petr>[http://www.szm.cz/en/category/222//exhibition-premises-of-the-silesian-museum/the-petr-bezruc-memorial-opava.html.html The Memorial], Silesian Museum, retrieved 20 August 2014</ref>

== Works ==
'''Poetry'''
*''Slezské písně'' ([[Silesian Songs]]) (1899–1900) - one of the fundamental books of Czech poetry<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |title=Slovník českých spisovatelů |last= |first= |authorlink= |author=ed. Věra Menclová, Václav Vaněk |year=2005 |publisher=Libri |location=[[Prague]] |isbn=80-7277-179-5 |pages=72–73 |url= |language=cs}}</ref>
*''Stužkonoska modrá'' (The Blue Underwing) (1930)
*''Přátelům a nepřátelům'' (To My Friends and Enemies) (1958)
'''Prose'''
*''Povídky ze života'' (Tales of Life) (1957) - short stories

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
{{Commons category|Petr Bezruč}}
* [[List of Czech writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bezruc, Petr}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Opava]]
[[Category:Czech poets]]
[[Category:Male poets]]
[[Category:Czech male writers]]

{{Czech-writer-stub}}

Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award

2016-09-19T15:37:38Z

Chalupa: Judith Merril

{{Infobox award
| name = Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_awards =
| description = a science fiction or fantasy author whose body of work is deserving of renewed interest
| presenter = [http://www.cordwainer-smith.com/foundation.htm Cordwainer Smith Foundation]
| country =
| location =
| year = 2001
| holder = Clark Ashton Smith
| website =
}}

'''Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award''' honors under-read science fiction and fantasy authors with the intention of drawing renewed attention to the winners. The award was initiated in 2001 by the Cordwainer Smith Foundation.<ref name=ESF>{{cite web|title=Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/cordwainer_smith_rediscovery_award|website=Encyclopedia of Science Fiction|publisher=ESF Ltd.|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

==Winners==
*[[Olaf Stapledon]], 2001
*[[R.A. Lafferty]], 2002
*[[Edgar Pangborn]], 2003
*[[Henry Kuttner]] and [[C.L. Moore]], 2004
*[[Leigh Brackett]], 2005
*[[William Hope Hodgson]], 2006
*[[Daniel F. Galouye]], 2007
*[[Stanley G. Weinbaum]], 2008
*[[A. Merritt]], 2009
*[[Mark Clifton]], 2010
*[[Katherine MacLean]], 2011
*[[Fredric Brown]], 2012
*[[Wyman Guin]], 2013
*[[Mildred Clingerman]], 2014
*[[Clark Ashton Smith]], 2015
*[[Judith Merril]], 2016

==External links==
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/cordwainer_smith_rediscovery_awa Cordwainer Smith Foundation]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:American literary awards]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction awards|S]]
[[Category:Science fiction awards]]

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1960

2016-01-03T22:07:34Z

Chalupa: /* 1960 Latin American and Caribbean Fellows

List of [[Guggenheim Fellowships]] awarded in 1960.

==1960 U.S. and Canadian Fellows==

# [[Ursula Helen Knight Abbott]], Professor of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis: 1960.
# [[Henry David Aiken]], Deceased. Philosophy: 1960.
# [[Robert Day Allen]], Deceased. Biology: 1960, 1965.
# [[Harold Altman]], Artist, Lamont, Pennsylvania: 1960, 1961.
# [[James LeRoy Anderson]], Professor of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[David Aronson]], Painter; Emeritus Professor of Art, Boston University: 1960.
# [[John W. Atkinson]], Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University of Michigan: 1960.
# [[Peter L. Auer]], Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Director, Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University: 1960.
# [[Juan Bautista Avalle-Arce]], Jose Miguel Barandiaran Professor of Basque Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1960.
# [[Milton Babbitt]], Composer; Henry Shubael Conant Professor Emeritus of Music, Princeton University, Member of the Faculty, The Juilliard School: 1960.
# [[Richard McLean Badger]], Deceased. Chemistry: 1960.
# [[Louis Coombs Weller Baker]], Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Georgetown University: 1960.
# [[John W. Baldwin]], Charles Homer Haskins Professor of History, The Johns Hopkins University: 1960, 1983.
# [[Ernest Aubrey Ball]], Deceased. Biology-Plant Science: 1960.
# [[Paul Walden Bamford]], Emeritus Professor of History, University of Minnesota: 1960.
# [[William Alvin Baum]], Research Professor Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle: 1960.
# [[George Bernard Benedek]], Alfred H. Caspary Professor of Physics and Biological Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[John Berry (writer)|John Berry]], Writer, Los Angeles: 1960.
# [[George Athan Billias]], Professor of American History, Clark University: 1960.
# [[James H. Billington]], The Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.: 1960.
# [[Robert W. Birge]], Associate Director Emeritus, Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[Z. W. Birnbaum|Z. William Birnbaum]], Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, University of Washington: 1960.
# [[Harold H. Biswell]], Deceased. Biology-Plant Science: 1960.
# [[Donald S. Bloom]], Painter; Retired Art Educator, Piscataway Schools, New Jersey: 1960.
# [[Richard Mitchell Bohart]], Professor Emeritus of Entomology, University of California, Davis: 1960.
# [[Bradford Allen Booth]], Deceased. 19th Century English Literature: 1960.
# [[William Francis Brace]], Professor of Geology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[Howard Bradford]], Graphic Artist and Painter, Monterey, California: 1960.
# [[Theodore W. Bretz]], Deceased. Biology-Plant Science: 1960.
# [[Barry Shelley Brook]], Deceased. Music Research: 1960, 1966.
# [[Franz R. Brotzen]], Stanley C. Moore Professor Emeritus, Rice University: 1960
# [[Frank Edward Brown]], Deceased. Classics: 1960.
# [[Gene Adam Brucker]], Shepard Professor Emeritus of History, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], Counselor, Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS): 1960.
# [[Byron Burford]], Painter; Professor of Art, University of Iowa: 1960.
# [[John W. Cahn]], Senior NIST Fellow, National Institute of Standards & Technology; Adjunct Professor of Materials Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[James E. Canright]], Professor Emeritus of Botany, Arizona State University: 1960.
# [[Hollis B. Chenery]], Deceased. Economics: 1960.
# [[David Keun Cheng]], Centennial Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering, Syracuse University: 1960.
# [[Paul A. Clement]], Deceased. Classics: 1960.
# [[Hennig Cohen]], Deceased. American Literature: 1960.
# [[Marshall H. Cohen]], Professor Emeritus, Law Center, University of Southern California: 1960, 1980.
# [[Germaine Cohen-Bazire]], Retired Director of Research, Pasteur Institute, Paris: 1960. aka Stanier, Germaine.
# [[Henry Steele Commager]], Deceased. U. S. History: 1960.
# [[Jane Cooper|Jane Marvel Cooper]], Poet, New York City; Professor Emeritus, Sarah Lawrence College: 1960.
# [[William David Davies]], George Washington Ivey Professor Emeritus of Advanced Studies and Research in Christian Origins, Duke University; Visiting Distinguished University Professor and Holder of the Bradford Chair in Religion-Studies, Texas Christian University: 1960, 1966.
# [[Herbert Andrew Deane]], Deceased. Political Science: 1960.
# [[Andre Jacques de Bethune]], Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Boston College: 1960.
# [[Phillip H. De Lacy]], Professor Emeritus of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania: 1960.
# [[Raúl Alfredo Del Piero]], Deceased. Spanish: 1960.
# [[Vincent P. De Santis]], Professor Emeritus of History, University of Notre Dame: 1960.
# [[Albert Henry Detweiler]], Deceased. Architecture: 1960.
# [[Ernest Stanley Dodge]], Deceased. Anthropology: 1960.
# [[Leonard W. Doob]], Deceased. Psychology: 1960.
# [[Daniel Charles Drucker]], Graduate Research Professor Emeritus of Engineering Sciences, University of Florida: 1960.
# [[Philip Calvin Durham]], Deceased. American Literature. 1960.
# [[Leonard Edmondson]], Printmaker; Professor of Printmaking, Otis Art Institute of Los Angeles County: 1960.
# [[Robert Martin Eisberg]], Professor of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1960.
# [[Alexander Eliot]], Writer, Venice, California: 1960.
# [[Howard Tasker Evans, Jr.]], Scientist Emeritus, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 1960.
# [[Paul P. Ewald]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[Charles Fairman]], Deceased. Law: 1960.
# [[Samson Lane Faison, Jr.]], Amos Lawrence Professor Emeritus of Art, Williams College: 1960.
# [[Alan Judson Faller]], Research Professor, Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park: 1960.
# [[Eldon Earl Ferguson]], Retired Director, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado: 1960.
# [[George Brooks Field]], Robert Wheeler Willson Professor of Applied Astronomy, Harvard University: 1960.
# [[Wesley Robert Fishel]], Deceased. Political Science: 1960.
# [[Walter D. Fisher]], Deceased. Economics: 1960.
# [[William Bache Fretter]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[Morton Fried]], Deceased. Anthropology: 1960.
# [[Elias Friedensohn]], Deceased. Fine Arts: 1960.
# [[Lee Friedlander]], Photographer, New City, New York: 1960, 1962, 1977.
# [[Jean Garrigue]], Deceased. Poetry: 1960.
# [[Ignace Gelb]], Deceased. Near Eastern Studies: 1960.
# [[Kahlil Gibran (sculptor)|Kahlil Gibran]], Deceased. Sculptor, Boston, Massachusetts: 1959,1960.
# [[Langdon Brown Gilkey]], Professor of Theology, University of Chicago Divinity School: 1960, 1965.
# [[James Gilluly]], Deceased. Geology: 1960.
# [[William Henry Gilman]], Deceased. American Literature: 1960, 1964.
# [[David Ginsburg (chemist)|David Ginsburg]], Deceased. Chemistry: 1960.
# [[Frank Hindman Golay]], Deceased. Economics: 1960.
# [[Edward David Goldberg]], Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, Scripps Institution of Oeanography, University of California, San Diego: 1960.
# [[Frank Gonzalez]], Artist, Ross California: 1960.
# [[Leonard Seymour Goodman]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[John Edward Grafius]], Deceased. Plant Science: 1960.
# [[Charles Richard Grau]], Emeritus Professor of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis: 1960.
# [[Moshe Greenberg]], Emeritus Professor of the Bible, Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 1960.
# [[Joshua Greenfeld]], Writer, Pacific Palisades, California: 1960.
# [[Donald Redfield Griffin]], Associate of Zoology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: 1960.
# [[Dwain Douglas Hagerman]], Deceased. Biochemistry: 1960.
# [[Robert Louis Haig, Jr.]], Deceased. 18th Century English Literature: 1960.
# [[Morris Halle]], Institute Professor Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[Paul Handler]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[Earl D. Hanson]], Deceased. Medicine: 1960.
# [[Morgan Harris]], Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[James P. Hartnett]], Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle: 1960.
# [[Vernon Judson Harward, Jr]], Deceased. Medieval Literature: 1960.
# [[J. Christopher Herold]], Deceased. French: 1960.
# [[Israel Nathan Herstein]], Deceased. Mathematics: 1960, 1968.
# [[Robert Dickson Hill]], Research Physicist, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1960.
# [[Elisabeth F. Hirsch]], Deceased.Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Trenton State College: 1960.
# [[Hans Albert Hochbaum]], Deceased. Writer-in-Residence, Delta Waterfowl Research Station, Manitoba: 1960.
# [[Ann Hitchcock Holmes]], Critic at Large, Houston Chronicle: 1960
# [[Judd D. Hubert]], Professor Emeritus of French, University of California, Irvine: 1960.
# [[Ralph P. Hudson]], Physicist, Chevy Chase, Maryland: 1960.
# [[J.R.T. Hughes]], Deceased. Economics: 1960.
# [[William R. Hutchison]], Charles Warren Professor of the History of Religion in America, Harvard University: 1960.
# [[Georg Gerson Iggers]], Distinguished Professor of History, State University of New York at Buffalo: 1960.
# [[Leon Jacobs]], Chairman of the Board, and President, Gorgas Memorial Institute, Bethesda, Maryland: 1960.
# [[Hans Jaeger (academic)|Hans Jaeger]], Deceased. German: 1960.
# [[Terry Walter Johnson, Jr.]], Retical Professor Emeritus of Botany, Duke University: 1960.
# [[Harold Sledge Johnston]], Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[George Hilton Jones, III (historian)|George Hilton Jones, III]], Professor Emeritus of History, Eastern Illinois University: 1960.
# [[John Paul Jones (artist)|John Paul Jones]], Deceased. Fine Art: 1960.
# [[Richard Victor Jones]], Robert L. Wallace Professor of Applied Physics, Harvard University: 1960.
# [[Jay R. Judson]], [[William R. Kenan, Jr.]], Professor Emeritus of the History of Art, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: 1960.
# [[Robert Karplus]], Deceased. Physics: 1960, 1973.
# [[Pieter Hendrik Keesom]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[György Kepes]], Institute Professor Emeritus and Professor Emeritus of Visual Design, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[Philip Keppler, Jr]], Deceased. Music Research: 1960.
# [[Joseph C. Kiger]], Professor of History, University of Mississippi: 1960.
# [[Albert D. Kirwan]], Deceased. U.S. History: 1960.
# [[Walter David Knight]], Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[Enno Edward Kraehe]], William W. Corcoran Professor Emeritus of History, University of Virginia: 1960.
# [[Alexander Jerry Kresge]], Professor of Chemistry, University of Toronto: 1960.
# [[Henry Kučera]], Deceased. Fred M. Seed Professor Emeritus of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University: 1960.
# [[Paco Lagerstrom]], Deceased. Professor of Applied Mathematics, California Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr.]], Regents' Professor of Physics and Optical Science, University of Arizona: 1960.
# [[Pearl Lang]], Choreographer, New York City: 1960, 1969.
# [[John Raphael Laughnan]], Deceased. Biochemistry-Molecular Biology: 1960.
# [[Dan H. Laurence]], Scholar, San Antonio, Texas: 1960, 1961, 1972.
# [[Antje Bultmann Lemke]], Professor Emerita of Library Science, School of Information Studies, Syracuse University: 1960.
# [[Marvin David Levy]], Composer, New York City: 1960, 1964.
# [[Robert Murdoch Lewert]], Professor Emeritus of Microbiology, University of Chicago: 1960.
# [[Arthur Lindenbaum]], Retired Biochemist, New Braunfels, Texas: 1960.
# [[Seymour Lipton]], Deceased. Fine Arts-Sculpture: 1960.
# [[Ralph Livingston]], Deceased. Chemistry: 1960.
# [[Daniel Archibald Livingstone]], James B. Duke Professor of Zoology and Geology, Duke University: 1960.
# [[Horace Gray Lunt]], Samuel Hazzard Cross Professor Emeritus of Slavic Languages and Literature, Harvard University: 1960.
# [[Clyde L. Manschreck]], Deceased.Harry and Hazel Chavanne Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies, Rice University: 1960.
# [[Dillon Edward Mapother]], Associate Vice Chancellor for Research and Associate Dean of the Graduate College, University of Illinois-Champaign: 1960.
# [[Henry Margenau]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[John L. Margrave]], E. D. Butcher Professor of Chemistry and Vice President for Advanced Studies and Research, Rice University: 1960.
# [[Lester C. Mark]], Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University: 1960.
# [[Julian B. Marsh]], Visiting Scientist, USDA-Human Nutrition Center, Tufts University; Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Medical College of Pennsylvania: 1960.
# [[Salvatore John Martirano]], Deceased. Music Composition: 1960.
# [[Max Smith Matheson]], Retired Chemist, Consultant, Downers Grove, Illinois: 1960.
# [[Thane H. McCulloh]], Consultant, Petroleum Geoscience Consulting, Dallas: 1960.
# [[William Gerald McLoughlin]], Deceased. U.S. History: 1960.
# [[Jerrold Meinwald]], Goldwin Smith Professor of Chemistry, Cornell University: 1960, 1976.
# [[Hsien Chang Meng]], Professor Emeritus of Physiology, Vanderbilt University: 1960.
# [[Henry Cord Meyer]], Professor Emeritus of History, University of California, Irvine: 1960.
# [[Ernest A. Michael]], Professor of Mathematics, University of Washington: 1960.
# [[Agnes K. L. Michels]], Deceased. Classics: 1960.
# [[George C. Miles]], Deceased. Near Eastern Studies: 1960.
# [[John Preston Moore]], Deceased. Latin American Literature: 1960.
# [[Charles Wickliffe Moorman]], Distinguished University Professor Emeritus and Vice President Emeritus of Academic Affairs, University of Southern Mississippi: 1960.
# [[Lincoln E. Moses]], Emeritus Professor of Statistics, Stanford University: 1960.
# [[James Malcolm Moulton]], Deceased. Biology: 1960.
# [[Milton K. Munitz]], Deceased. Philosophy: 1960.
# [[John Charles Nelson]], Professor Emeritus of Italian, Columbia University: 1960.
# [[William Stein Newman]], Deceased. Music Research: 1960.
# [[Theodore Burton Novey]], Transactional Analyst Instructor, Glenview, Illinois: 1960.
# [[Margaret Sinclair Ogden]], Deceased. Medieval Studies: 1960.
# [[Donald E. Osterbrock]], Emeritus Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz: 1960, 1982.
# [[William Pachner]], Painter, Woodstock, New York: 1960.
# [[Abraham Pais]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[Hans Panofsky]], Deceased. Astronomy-Astrophysics: 1960.
# [[Vernon J. Parenton]], Deceased. Sociology: 1960.
# [[Earl Randall Parker]], Deceased. Engineering: 1960.
# [[Constantinos Patrides|Constantinos A. Patrides]], Deceased. 16th & 17th English Literature: 1960, 1963.
# [[Reinhard G. Pauly]], Professor Emeritus of Music, Lewis and Clark College: 1960.
# [[Wilder Penfield]], Deceased. Medicine: 1960.
# [[Willis Bagley Person]], Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of Florida: 1960.
# [[Carl Pfaffmann]], Deceased. Psychology: 1960.
# [[John Leddy Phelan]], Deceased. Spanish & Latin American History: 1960.
# [[Allen W. Phillips]], Professor Emeritus of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1960, 1973.
# [[John Grissim Pierce]], Professor Emeritus of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles: 1960, 1975.
# [[David H. Pinkney]], Deceased. French History: 1960.
# [[James N. Pitts, Jr.]], Research Chemist, University of California, Irvine: 1960.
# [[Ronald F. Probstein]], Ford Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[John Robert Raper]], Deceased. Biology: 1960.
# [[Henry H. Reed, Jr]], Writer; Curator of Central Park, New York City: 1960.
# [[Warren S. Rehm]], Deceased. Biochemistry-Molecular Biology: 1960.
# [[Edgar Reich]], Deceased. Professor of Mathematics, University of Minnesota: 1960.
# [[Stanley Reiter]], Morrison Professor of Economics, Mathematics, and Management, Northwestern University: 1960.
# [[Millicent Barton Rex]], Deceased. British History: 1960.
# [[Laurens H. Rhinelander]], Deceased . Law: 1960.
# [[George Warren Rickey]], Sculptor, East Chatham, New York: 1960, 1961.
# [[Robert Edgar Riegel]], Deceased. U.S. History: 1960.
# [[David Mark Ritson]], Professor of Physics, Stanford University: 1960.
# [[Allan L. Rodgers]], Professor of Geography, Pennsylvania State University: 1960.
# [[Hartley Rogers, Jr.]], Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1960.
# [[Harold Emil Rorschach, Jr.]], Deceased. Physics: 1960.
# [[Reinhardt Mathias Rosenberg]], Deceased. Engineering: 1960.
# [[M. L. Rosenthal]], Deceased. Literary Criticism: 1960, 1964.
# [[Archibald Frank Ross]], Deceased Professor Emeritus of Plant Pathology, Cornell University: 1960.
# [[Arthur M. Ross]], Deceased. Economics: 1960.
# [[Jacques Rousseau (botanist)|Jacques Rousseau]], Deceased. Biology-Plant Science: 1960.
# [[Inez Scott Ryberg]], Deceased. Classics: 1960.
# [[Charles Richard Sanders]], Professor Emeritus of English, Duke University: 1960, 1972.
# [[William H. Saunders, Jr.]], Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of Rochester: 1960.
# [[Wolfgang Manfred Schubert]], Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of Washington: 1960.
# [[H. F. Schurmann]], Professor of History and of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[Albert Seay]], Deceased. Music Research: 1960.
# [[Joachim Hans Seyppel]], Writer, Berlin: 1960.
# [[George Gaylord Simpson]], Deceased. Earth Science: 1960.
# [[James Morton Smith]], Director, Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware: 1960.
# [[William Overton Smith]], Composer; Professor Emeritus of Music, University of Washington: 1960, 1961.
# [[Rolf Hans Soellner]], Deceased. 16th & 17th Century English Literature: 1960.
# [[Waclaw J. Solski]], Deceased. Russian History: 1960.
# [[Leo Harry Sommer]], Deceased. Chemistry: 1960.
# [[Henry S. Sommers, Jr.]], Retired Research Physicist, Newton, Pennsylvania: 1960.
# [[David Derek Stacton]], Deceased. Fiction: 1960, 1966.
# [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]], Deceased. Biochemistry: 1960.
# [[Lloyd William Staples]], Professor Emeritus of Geology, University of Oregon: 1960.
# [[Herbert Max Steiner]], Professor of Physics, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[Peter O. Steiner]], Emeritus Professor of Economics and Law and Emeritus Dean, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan: 1960.
# [[Edward Arthur Steinhaus]], Deceased. Biochemistry: 1960.
# [[Lionel Stevenson]], Deceased. 19th Century English Literature: 1960.
# [[Francis Gordon Albert Stone]], Robert A. Welch Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas: 1960.
# [[Howard Coombs Stutz]], Deceased, Professor of Botany, Brigham Young University: 1960.
# [[Harvey Swados]], Deceased. Fiction: 1960.
# [[W.A. Swanberg|William A. Swanberg]], Deceased. Biography: 1960.
# [[Knud George Swenson]], Deceased. Biochemistry: 1960.
# [[William Harrison Telfer]], Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania: 1960.
# [[Mark J. Temmer]], Professor of French, University of California, Santa Barbara: 1960.
# [[P. Emery Thomas]], Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley: 1960.
# [[Virgil Thomson]], Deceased. Music Composition: 1960.
# [[Marion R. Tinling]], Historian, Sacramento, California: 1960.
# [[Frank Sargent Tomkins]], Deceased.Consultant, Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago: 1960.
# [[Philip Troen]], Physician-in-Chief Emeritus, Montefiore Hospital; Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine: 1960.
# [[Herbert Henry Uhlig]], Deceased. Chemistry: 1960.
# [[Maurice Valency]], Deceased. Literary Criticism: 1960, 1964.
# [[Robert Lawrence Vernier]], Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School: 1960.
# [[William Edgar Vinacke]], Professor Emeritus of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo: 1960.
# [[Richard Wagner (physician)|Richard Wagner]], Deceased. Medicine: 1960.
# [[Franklin Dickerson Walker]], Deceased. American Literature: 1960.
# [[Hsien Chung Wang]], Deceased. Mathematics: 1960.
# [[Jui Hsin Wang]], Einstein Professor of Science, State University of New York at Buffalo: 1960, 1972.
# [[Joseph Anthony Ward, Jr]], Professor of English, Rice University: 1960.
# [[Kurt Weinberg]], Professor Emeritus of French, German, and Comparative Literature, University of Rochester: 1960.
# [[Stanley Newman Werbow]], Emeritus Professor of Germanic Languages, University of Texas at Austin: 1960.
# [[Bartlett Jere Whiting]], Deceased. Medieval Literature: 1960.
# [[William Cooper Wildman]], Deceased. Chemistry: 1960.
# [[Thurman Wilkins]], Retired Professor of English, Queens College, City University of New York, Bandon, Oregon: 1960.
# [[Richard Wilson (physicist)|Richard Wilson]], Mallinckrodt Research Professor of Physics, Harvard University: 1960, 1968.
# [[Donald Windham]], Writer, New York City: 1960.
# [[Finn Wold]], Deceased. Biochemistry: 1960.
# [[Ralph Stoner Wolfe]], Professor Emeritus of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: 1960, 1975.
# [[Elizabeth Wood (architect)|Elizabeth Wood]], Deceased. Architecture: 1960.
# [[Frank Nelson Young, Jr.]], Professor Emeritus of Zoology, Indiana University: 1960.
# [[Harold Zirin]], Emeritus Professor of Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology: 1960.

==1960 Latin American and Caribbean Fellows==

# [[Tomás Batista Encarnación]], Artist, San Juan, Puerto Rico: 1960.
# [[Mario Davidovsky]], Composer, Boston, Massachusetts; MacDowell Professor Emeritus of Music and Director, Electronic Music Center, Columbia University: 1960, 1961.
# [[Raúl Narciso Dessanti]], Professor of Geology, National University of the South, Bahía Blanca: 1960.
# [[Oscar Luis Galmarini]], Head, Honorary Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires: 1960.
# [[Alercio Moreira Gomes]], Professor of Applied Mathematics, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil: 1960.
# [[Armando Theodoro Hunziker|Armando T. Hunziker]], Director, IMBIV, COINCET-Univ. Nac. Córdoba; Director, Botanical Museum, National University of Córdoba: 1960, 1978.
# [[Delfina E. López Sarrelangue]], Research Historian, Institute of Historical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico: 1960.
# [[Sergio Mascarenhas Oliveira]], Professor of Physics and Director of the Instituto de Estudos Avancados, Universidade de São Paulo at Sao Carlos:1960.
# [[Eustorgio Méndez]], Head, Dept of Zoology, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Panama: 1960.
# [[Juan Robe Munizaga Villavicencio]], rto. Professor of Physical Anthropology, University of Chile: 1960.
# [[Guillermo R. J. Pilar]], Professor of Biology, University of Connecticut: 1960, 1962.
# [[Teresa Pinto-Hamuy]], Professor of Physiology, University of Chile: 1960.
# [[Genaro O. Ranit]], Retired Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna; Inte rnational Poultry Expert, Poultry Research Institute, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Karachi: 1960, 1961.
# [[Alexandre Augusto Rodrigues]], Professor of Mathematics, University of São Paulo: 1960.
# [[Andrew Salkey]], Deceased. Folklore & Popular Culture: 1960.
# [[Bienvenido Santos]], Deceased. Fiction: 1960.
# [[Hugh Worrell Springer]], Deceased. Political Science: 1960.
# [[Gonzalo Zubieta Russi]], Mathematician, Mexico, D.F.: 1960.

==External links==
*[http://www.gf.org/60fellow.html Guggenheim Fellows for 1960]

==See also==
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guggenheim Fellowships Awarded In 1960}}
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellowships|1960]]
[[Category:1960 awards]]

Dmitri Bilenkin

2015-08-22T19:01:49Z

Chalupa: Betpak-Dala

[[File:Dmitri Bilenkin.png|right|thumb|Dmítri Bilénkin]]


'''Dmítri Aleksándrovitch Bilénkin''' ({{lang-ru|Биле́нкин, Дми́трий Алекса́ндрович}}; September 22, 1933 – July 28, 1987, was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[science fiction]] author.

==Biography==
He graduated from the [[geology]] faculty of [[Moscow State University]] in 1958, and participated in geological expeditions to [[Kizil Kum]], [[Betpak-Dala]], [[Middle Asia]], [[Transbaikalia]] and [[Siberia]] as a [[geochemist]]. In 1959 Bilénkin became a [[science fiction]] writer, worked on ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'s'' editorial staff and later at ''[[Vokrug sveta]]'' ''({{lang-en|Around the World}})'' magazine. He was a member of the [[USSR Union of Writers|Union of Writers]] of the [[USSR]] from 1975, and member of the [[CPSU]] from 1963.

Bilénkin's stories were translated into [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[French language|French]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In the [[United States]], most of his works were published by [[Macmillan Publishers]]. He was awarded the 1988 [[Ivan Yefremov]] prize ([[Aelita (award)|Aelita]] [[science fiction]] posthumous) for his favorite character named Lance Uppercut, who has been described as the deepest, most human-like character in literature.

Bilénkin together with Agranovsky, [[Yaroslav Golovanov]], Komarov, and an artist [[Pavel Bunin]] used the [[collective pseudonym]] [[Pavel Bagryak]]. Together they wrote a cycle of [[detective stories]] "Five presidents" and a novel ''Blue Man'', closely connected with its heroes.

== Works ==
=== English ===

* ''[http://www.ilab.org/db/book1673_11775.html The Uncertainty Principle]'' (book)
* ''The Uncertainty Principle'' // Collier, 1979.
* Bilenkin, Dmitri (Aleksandrovich) //''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction''. - N.Y.: St.Martin's Press, 1993. P. 121.
* The Air of Mars //''The Air of Mars and Other Stories'' /Ed. by [[Mirra Ginsburg]]. - Macmillan U.S., 1976.
* City and Wolf //''World’s Spring'' /Ed. by Vladimir Gakov. - Macmillan, 1981. [Translated by Roger DeGaris], about the [[Organ transplant|transplantation]] of a human mind to an animal
* The Genius House //''The Omni Book of Science Fiction #2'' /Ed. by Ellen Datlow. - Zebra, 1983. [Translated by Antonia W. Bouis]
* Once at Night //''World’s Spring'' /Ed. by Vladimir Gakov. - Macmillan, 1981. [Translated by Roger DeGaris]
* Personality Probe //''New Soviet Science Fiction'' /Ed. by Anon. - Macmillan, 1979. [Translated by Helen Saltz Jacobson]
* The Surf of Mars //''World’s Spring'' /Ed. by Vladimir Gakov. - Macmillan, 1981. [Translated by Roger DeGaris]
* "Nothing but Ice", short story, translated by Y. Lapitskiy

=== German ===

* ''Science Fiction in der DDR.: Bibliographie''. By Olaf R. Spittel ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3831106916]''
* Bilenkin, Dmitri //''Lexicon der Science Fiction Literatur''. - München: Heyne, 1980. S. 187.
* Bilenkin, Dmitri //''Lexicon der Science Fiction Literatur''. - München: Heyne, 1988. S. 227.

=== Russian ===
==== Quadrology ====
*[[The Adventures of Polynov]]
# ''[[Mercury landing operation]]'', 1966
# ''[[Space God]]'', 1967
# ''[[End of the law]]'' ''(Eclipse at dawn)'', 1980
# ''[[Strength of the strong]]'', 1985

Polynov travels throughout the Earth and the [[Solar system]], unraveling the secrets of nature and the universe, fighting the enemies of humankind. Polynov is an intellectual, scientist and psychologist; his behavior is guided by the discoveries and achievements of psychology and not by supernatural abilities and technical features of the future. This hero can be best described as the precursor to Doctor Vladislav Pavlish, [[Kir Bulychov]]'s beloved hero.

==== Stories and novels ====
* Where is he from? (1958).

In the garden plot a flower from the outer space grows up. Farmer thought all the night how he will examine it, but one young rowdy uproot it.

* Guest from the Past (Guest from [[Devonian]]), [[Visible Darkness]], Memory booster (1959)
* On the Curve of Space, The Last Desert (1962)
* Time of Invisibles (Time and invisible), Ordinary mineral water, Will the Sun kill the Earth?, Hard-working boy and Invisible man (1964)
* Dreadful Star, Unlocked door, New hypothesis, Danger of serenity, An Error (1965)
* What for?, The Surf of Mars, On the dusty path, Appearance of giraffe (1966)
* Above the Sun, error impossible, Advantage of width, Savings-bank of the Time, She's strange, Relativity lesson, An Artist, Moon night flowers (1967)
* In every Galaxies (In every universes), A Ban, As on fire, A cup, An ordinary lesson (1968)
* Own goal, Daemons of Teutonburg Castle Operation on conscience (1969)
* City and Wolf, Pressure of life, A Hole in the Wall (1970)
* Hellish Modern, Voice in a Church, Road of No Return, His Mars, Nightsmuggling, Last test, Escuder is broken, Case on the Ome, Humormix, That what is lacking, At the god-forsaken lake, Cold on Transpluto, Man who was, Alien eyes (1971)
* The Meeting, Memory region, A visit to a reservation, Rationality test, Wizards pupil, Alien Nature (1972)
* To give and to take, Catch up the Eagle, Untold World, The Nonsense, Once at night (Once upon a night), Crossing the line, The Uncertainty Principle (1973)
* Help us, Mih. Mih.!, Long wait, Star aquarium, Earth baits, Whom will you be?, Something differently, Precautions, Cannot be, Touch-me-not, Inexorable ring of destiny, [[Nothing but ice]], Case on the Ganimede, Aim to fly!, Part of the possible, Black giant (1974)
*Neriana's Treasure (1975)
* The Genius House, An exception from the rules, Sky in the diamonds (Forth derivative), Snow of Olympus, 1976
* They see us (1977)
* Eternal light, And all the other, Personality Probe (1978)
* All images of the world, Violets off the point (1979)
* Burden of humanity, Tukin's Time, Millennium Mystery, A Moment of Wonder, Don't be mystic!, Paris deserves a mass, Praising the sky, Imagination practice, Case of choosing a gift, Born to fly, And there you are!, Standpoint (1980)
* Just went to gather mushrooms, Here be Wires, Empty book, Bonds of pain (1981)
* Shadow of Perfection (1982)
* Desert of Life, Switch on the light in my house, Sea of all rivers, Pardon those, who leave, Time of the rotatory faces, Pale blue Amber, Two and the sign, Face in the crowd, Misha Kuvakin and his monsters, Path of Abogin, Existence of a man, Philosophy of a Name (1983)
* An Omen, Murderous assault on History, Earth Ambassador, Earth last secret, Walk of Four, Repair the electrons, Builder of aerial castles, Soft jingle of the bells (1986)
* Spring puddles, There are miracles (1987)
* Week-end (1990)
* Dictator and Time, High-level Contact (1991)
* If to be aware, Glacial drama (1992)

==== Documentary articles ====
* Gifts of the two science schools, We need such technics (1960)
* Starships should furrow cosmos (1962)
* Man walking the Moon (1962)
* Chemistry is making continents (1963)
* Way through the "no way" (1964)
* Dispute about a strange planet (1966)
* Path of the thought (1982)

==== Articles ====
* Dream to outrun the light: Notes to science fiction (1961)
* Do not pull device levers (1964)
* science fiction and support (1965)
* Time radar (1966)
* Michael Vasiliev (1966)
* Thoughts about science fiction (1967)
* Magic of the hero (1969)
* Sci-Fiction and its gifts (Science and Fiction relationship) (1970)
* About [[Ivan Efremov|Efremov's]] [[The Bull's Hour]] (1970)
* So what is science fiction?; Passages of the future (1971)
* Universe of a sci-if writer (1973)
* Continuation of advantages (1974)
* Impulse of science fiction (1975)
* Moral weapon (1975)
* Fancy paradoxes (1977)
* Strength of imagination (1977)
* All, what is possible, will come true! (1978)
* Effective tool of learning and training (1978)
* Dual behind-the-mirror sides of [[Christopher Priest (novelist)|Christopher Priest]] (1979). The article was probably inspired by 1974 "The Inverted World" by Christopher Priest.
* Test by science fiction (1980)
* Universe inside us (Dialog with Sagatovsky) (1981)
* Cybers will be, but lets think of Man (1981)
* Moral search in science fiction (1981)
* Through the love and hate (1982)
* Science fiction and its public response (1982)
* Modern science fiction (1983)
* Extraction from the lesson (1983)
* Daemons insanity (1984). The article is about H.Oliver's Energan-22.
* Rainbow of Time (1985). The article is about [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky]]'s works
* On the doorsteps of the 21st century (1988)
* Realism of science fiction (1988)

==== Collected stories ====
* The Surf of Mars (1967)
* Nightsmuggling (1971)
* Rationality test (1974)
* Snow of Olympus (1980)
* Face in the crowd (1985)
* Strength of the strong (1986)
* The Adventures of Polynov (1987)
* Space God (2002)
* Desert of Life (2002)

== External links ==
*[http://www.magister.msk.ru/library/extelop/authors/b/bilenkin.htm Full russian bibliography of Dmitri Bilenkin]

{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Bilenkin, Dmitri Aleksandrovitch
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[science fiction]] writer
|DATE OF BIRTH=September 22, 1933
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Moscow]]
|DATE OF DEATH=July 28, 1987
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Moscow]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilenkin, Dmitri Aleksandrovitch}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union rank-and-file]]
[[Category:Russian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Soviet science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Soviet geochemists]]