Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Flying fish

2009-11-24T11:13:17Z

Chris huh:

{{otheruses}}

{{Taxobox
| name = Flying fish
| image = sailfin flyingfish.jpg
| image_width = 180px
| image_caption = [[Sailfin flying-fish]] ''[[Parexocoetus brachypterus]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Beloniformes]]
| familia = '''Exocoetidae'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[Cheilopogon]]'' 
''[[Cypselurus]]'' 
''[[Danichthys]]'' 
''[[Exocoetus]]'' 
''[[Fodiator]]'' 
''[[Hirundichthys]]'' 
''[[Oxyporhamphus]]'' 
''[[Parexocoetus]]'' 
''[[Prognichthys]]''
}}

'''Exocoetidae''', aptly known as '''flying fish''', are a marine [[fish]] [[family (biology)|family]] comprising about 64 [[species]] grouped in seven to nine [[genus|genera]].
Flying fish are found in all of the major [[oceans]], particularly in the warm [[tropics|tropical]] and [[subtropical]] waters of the [[Atlantic ocean|Atlantic]], [[Pacific ocean|Pacific]], and [[Indian ocean]]s. Their most striking feature is their [[fish anatomy#Fins|pectoral fin]]s,<ref name=performance>{{cite journal |last=Fish |first=F.E. |authorlink=http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/index.html |year=1990 |title=Wing design and scaling of flying fish with regard to flight performance |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=221 |pages=391-403 |url=http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1990JZWingdesign.pdf |accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> which are unusually large, and enable the fish to hide and escape from predators<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buller |first=D.J. |year=1998 |title=Etiological Theories of Function: A Geographical Survey |journal=Biology and Philosophy |volume=13 |pages=505-527 |url=http://www.niu.edu/phil/~buller/research/etf.pdf |accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> by leaping out of the water, taking short glided flights through air just above the water's surface. Their glides are typically around 50 m (160 ft), but they can use updrafts at the leading edge of waves to cover distances of at least 400 m (1,300 ft).<ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper, Ross]] (2007), ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]].</ref>


==Gliding mechanism==
[[File:Pink-wing flying fish.jpg|thumb|left|Flying fish taking off]]
In order to glide upward out of the water, a flying fish swishes its tail to up to 50-70 times per second,<ref name=history>{{cite journal |last=Kutschera |first=U. |year=2005 |title=Predator-driven macroevolution in flyingfishes inferred from behavioural studies: historial controversies and a hypothesis |journal=Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology |volume=10 |pages=59-77 |url=http://www.evolutionsbiologen.de/flyingfishes.pdf |accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> which "vibrates" to produce enough speed to burst through the surface. It then spreads its [[pectoral fin]]s and tilts them slightly upwards to lift itself to glide through the air.<ref name=performance/> This permits it to sail above the ocean's surface where it can travel at speeds of more than 70 km/h.<ref name=history/> The fish is able to increase its time in the air by travelling against or at an angle to the direction of [[updraft]]s created by a combination of [[air current]]s and [[ocean current]]s<ref name=performance/><ref name=history/> in which the "wings" flutter due to the wind with a maximum glide time recorded to be 30 s.<ref name=fin>{{cite journal |last=Fish |first=F. |authorlink=http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/index.html |year=1991 |title=On a Fin and a Prayer |journal=Scholars |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4-7 |url=http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1991SOnafin.pdf |accessdate=2009-07-16 |quote= }}</ref> At the end of a glide, a flying fish folds up its pectoral fins which have been acting like "wings" to reenter the sea or drops the lower end its tail into the water where it "vibrates" the lower part of its tail to allow its body to reaccelerate and change direction, providing the [[thrust]] to lift itself for another glide.<ref name=performance/><ref name=history/> The aerodynamic shape of a flying fish "wing" is comparable to that of a bird's wing as bones of the fish produce a curved profile that helps generate lift during flight.<ref name=fin/> Flying fish also have been recorded to glide 6 metres<ref name=fin/> above the sea where some accounts have them land on ships' decks.<ref name=history/><ref>Banks, J. "[http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/ozlit/pdf/p00021.pdf The Endeavour Journal of Sir Joseph Banks 1768-1771]." ''University of Sydney Library.'' 1997. Accessed 2009-07-16.</ref> A number of differences exist for the flying fish to glide. This depends on the number of fins it has which act as "wings" when out of the water. Genus [[Exocoetus]] has a pair of fins and a streamlined the body to optimise for speed while [[Cypselurus]] has a flattened body and two pairs of fins which maximises its ability to lift itself out of the water. At best, the longest known glide made by a flying fish genus Cypselurus is reported sailing 200 m or more.<ref name=history/>

{{clear}}

==Diet==
Exocoetidae feed mainly on plankton. Predators include [[dolphin]]s, [[tuna]], [[marlin]], [[bird]]s, [[squid]]s and [[porpoise]]s.<ref name=history/>

==Importance==
===As food source===
Flying fish are commercially fished in [[Japan]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Barbados]] by the method of [[gillnetting]] and in [[Indonesia]] and [[India]] by dipnetting.<ref name=history/> In [[Solomon Islands]] they are caught while flying, using nets in the air, held from outrigger canoes. They are attracted to the light of torches. Fishing is done only when the moon is not up.

===Japan===
The fish is often preserved by drying, are a staple diet of the [[Tao people]] of [[Orchid Island]]. In [[Japanese cuisine]], flying fish [[roe]] ([[Tobiko]]), is often ''Cheilopogon agoo'' (Japanese flying fish), used to make some types of [[sushi]].
[[Image:Tobiko.jpg|right|thumb|Tobiko in varying colors. The bright orange roe is the natural coloration.]]
===Barbados===
Historically the country of [[Barbados]] was nicknamed as "The land of the Flying fish". Today it remains the official national fish for the country.<ref>[http://centralbank.org.bb/WEBCBB.nsf/webpage/96C400BBEED7A84B042572FC0018B1CD?OpenDocument#Flyingfish The Central Bank of Barbados: Outstanding Barbadians & Cultural Symbols - The Flying Fish]</ref> The once abundant flying fish migrated between the warm [[coral]]-filled [[Atlantic Ocean]] surrounding the island of Barbados and the plankton-rich outflows of the [[Orinoco River]] in [[Venezuela]].

Just after the completion of the [[Bridgetown#Harbor|Deep Water Harbor]] in [[Bridgetown]], Barbados saw an increase of international ships, linking the island to the world. As a result the overall health of the coral reefs surrounding Barbados suffered due to ship-based [[pollution]]. Additionally, over-fishing by Barbadians has meant the species of flying fish have slowly retreated closer to the Orinoco river delta, no longer returning around Barbados in large numbers. Today, the flying fish only annually [[Fish migration|migrate]] as far [[north]] as the island of [[Tobago]], around 120 [[nautical mile]]s southwest of Barbados. Despite the move, flying fish have remained a coveted delicacy in Barbados. In recent times the flying fish have also been gaining in culinary popularity in other islands, adding fuel to several [[Caribbean]]-maritime disputes.

[[File:Barbados_2006_circulating_coins.jpg|thumb|left|175px|The [[Barbados dollar|One dollar coin]] of Barbados (at the far right) bearing the image of a flying fish.]]
In 2006 the council of the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] handed down a ruling<ref>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (2006-04-11). [http://www.pca-cpa.org/ENGLISH/RPC/BATRI/BATRI%20Award.pdf Arbitration Ruling] between [[Barbados]] and the Republic of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], p. 75.</ref> fixing the maritime boundaries between [[Barbados]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] over the flying fish dispute which gradually raised inter-island tensions between the neighbours.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Claims-of-Caribbean-piracy-as-national-symbol-takes-flight/2004/12/17/1102787277205.html Claims of Caribbean piracy as national symbol takes flight - World - www.smh.com.au]</ref> The ruling stated that both countries must now preserve flying fish stock for the future. Barbadian fishers have still tried to follow the flying fish southward in search of the Barbadian delicacy. Flying fish remain an important part of Barbados' main national dish<ref>[http://www.gowealthy.com/article/1458/index.asp Flying fish of Barbados :: Gowealthy.com]</ref> which is known as [[Cou-Cou]] and Flying Fish.<ref>Editorial: [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article?id=160973250 Our Fisheries — rights and duties], ''Trinidad & Tobago Express'' (2006-06-25).</ref><ref>[http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article?id=150421244 Tribunal reaches decision in the marine dispute between Trinidad & Tobago and Barbados], ''Trinidad & Tobago Express'' (undated).</ref>

Many aspects of Barbadian culture are centered around the flying fish: it is depicted on coins, as sculptures in fountains, in artwork, or even as part of the official logo of the Barbados Tourism Authority, which features a flying fish in flight.<ref>[http://www.visitbarbados.org/ The Barbados Tourism Authority] - in the Barbados Ministry of Tourism</ref> Additionally, the Barbadian [[Coat of arms of Barbados|coat of arms]] features a [[pelican]] and [[dolphin fish]] on either side of the shield, but the dolphin resembles a flying fish.

==Models for airplanes==
In 1900 to 1930s flying fish were studied as possible models used to develop airplanes.<ref name=history/>
==Etymology==
The origin of the term ''Exocoetidae'' is as follows:
* [[Greek language|Greek]] 'εξωκοιτος = "lying down outside", "sleeping under the stars", from 'εξω = "outside" and κειμαι = "I lie down", applied to some flying-fishes believed to leave the water to sleep on the shore ([[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]'s [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]], vol. IX, 19). This form is more likely, as shown by the Latin name "exocoetus".

Flying fishes have given their name to:
* The [[Exocet]] guided missile<ref>{{cite book |title= L’extraordinaire aventure de l’Exocet |last= Guillot |first= Jean |coauthors= Estival, Bernard |year= 1988 |publisher= Les éditions de la Cité |location= |isbn= |pages= |url= }}
The missile's name was given by M. Guillot, then technical director at [[Nord Aviation]], after the French name for flying fishes.</ref>.
* Three ships of the [[United States Navy]] named [[USS Flying Fish|USS ''Flying Fish'']].
* The [[constellation]] [[Volans]] ("flying fish").

==Flight time record==
In May 2008, a Japanese television crew ([[NHK]]) filmed a flying fish (dubbed "Icarfish") off the coast of [[Yakushima Island]], Japan. The creature spent 45 seconds in flight. This is thought to be one of the longest recorded flights by a specimen of that family. The fish was able to stay aloft by occasionally beating the surface of the water with its caudal (tail) fin.<ref name=aa>{{Cite web|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7410421.stm|title = BBC article and video of flying fish|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The previous record was 42 seconds.<ref name=aa/>.

==Art==

<gallery>
Image:Draper-Flying Fish.jpg|''Flying Fish'' by [[Herbert James Draper]], 1910
Image:Hieronymus Bosch 008.jpg|A detail of a painting by [[Hieronymus Bosch]]

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Flying and gliding animals]]
* [[Neuston]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Exocoetidae}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Flying-fish}}
* [http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=7e0_1211314043 May 2008 video of 45 second flight]
* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=206 Fishbase entry for flyingfish]
* [http://www.amonline.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/cheilo.htm Explanation]
* [http://www.imagequest3d.com/pages/current/pictureoftheweek/flyingfish/flyingfish.htm Pictures]
* [http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/printable/flying-fish.html Flying Fish,National Geographic Society]

{{diversity of fish}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Fish}}
[[Category:Exocoetidae]]
[[Category:Barbadian cuisine]]

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[[dv:ފުޅަނގި އާއިލާ (މަސް)]]
[[es:Exocoetidae]]
[[fa:پرنده‌ماهی]]
[[fr:Exocoetidae]]
[[id:Ikan terbang]]
[[it:Exocoetidae]]
[[he:דאונים]]
[[kn:ಹಾರುವ ಮೀನುಗಳು]]
[[ka:მფრინავი თევზისებრნი]]
[[lt:Žuvys skraiduolės]]
[[hu:Repülőhalfélék]]
[[nl:Vliegende vissen]]
[[ja:トビウオ]]
[[no:Flygefisker]]
[[pl:Ptaszorowate]]
[[pt:Peixe-voador]]
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[[tg:Моҳиҳои паррон]]
[[tr:Uçan balık]]
[[uk:Летючі риби]]
[[zh:飞鱼]]

Shark

2009-10-02T18:54:10Z

Chris huh: /* Shark fishery */ update graph

{{Otheruses}}
{{pp-semi-protected |small=yes}}
{{Taxobox | name = Sharks
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Silurian|Recent}}
| trend = unknown
| status_system = iucn2.3
| image = Tiburón.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Grey reef shark]] ''(Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos)''
| image_alt = Grey reef shark
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
| subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
| superordo = '''Selachimorpha'''
| subdivision_ranks = [[Orders (biology)|Orders]]
| subdivision =[[Carcharhiniformes]] 
[[Heterodontiformes]] 
[[Hexanchiformes]] 
[[Lamniformes]] 
[[Orectolobiformes]] 
[[Pristiophoriformes]] 
[[Squaliformes]] 
[[Squatiniformes]] 
† [[Symmoriida]] 
† [[Cladoselachiformes]] 
† [[Xenacanthida]] (Xenacantiformes) 
† [[Iniopterygia]] 
† [[Eugeneodontida]] 
† [[Hybodontiformes]]
}}
'''Sharks''' ([[superorder]] '''Selachimorpha''') are a type of [[fish]] with a full [[Cartilage|cartilaginous]] [[skeleton]] and a highly [[Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines|streamline]]d body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago, before the time of the [[dinosaur]]s.<ref name="RQGT">{{cite web
|author=Martin, R. Aidan.
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/geologic_time.htm
|title=Geologic Time
|publisher=ReefQuest
|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref>

Since that time, sharks have diversified into [[List of sharks|440 species]], ranging in size from the small [[dwarf lanternshark]], ''Etmopterus perryi'', a deep sea species of only {{convert |17 |cm |in |0}} in length, to the [[whale shark]], ''Rhincodon typus'', the largest fish, which reaches approximately {{convert |12 |m |ft |0}} and which feeds only on [[plankton]], [[squid]], and small [[fish]] through [[filter feeding]]. Sharks are found in all seas and are common down to depths of {{convert|2000|m|ft}}, and some live even deeper but they are almost entirely absent below {{convert|3000|m|ft}}. They generally do not live in freshwater, with a few exceptions such as the [[bull shark]] and the [[river shark]] which can live both in seawater and [[freshwater]].<ref>{{cite book
| last=Allen
| first=Thomas B.
|year=1999
| title=The Shark Almanac
|location=New York
| publisher=The Lyons Press
|isbn= 1-55821-582-4
| oclc=39627633}}</ref> They respire with the use of five to seven [[gill]] slits. Sharks have a covering of [[dermal denticle]]s that protect their skin from damage and [[parasite]]s and improve [[fluid dynamics]] so the shark can move faster. They have several sets of replaceable teeth.<ref name="Budker">{{cite book
| last= Budker|first=Paul
|title=The Life of Sharks
|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson
| location=London
| year=1971
| id= SBN 297003070}}</ref>

Well-known species such as the [[great white shark|great white]] and the [[hammerhead shark|hammerhead]] are [[apex predators]] at the top of the underwater food chain. Their extraordinary skills as predators fascinate and frighten us, even as their survival is under serious threat from fishing and other human activities.

==Etymology==
Until the 16th century,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shark&searchmode=none
| title=Online Etymology Dictionary
| accessdate=2006-08-08}}</ref> sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs".<ref>{{cite book
|title=The History of Underwater Exploration
|last= Marx |first=Robert F.
|year=1990
|publisher=Courier Dover Publications
|pages=3
|isbn= 0-486-26487-4}}</ref> According to the [[OED]] the name "shark" first came into use after Sir [[John Hawkins]]' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and used the word to refer to the large sharks of the [[Caribbean Sea]], and later as a general term for all sharks. It has also been suggested to be derived from the [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] word for shark, ''xok'', pronounced [?o?k].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/RT07/211-Xoc.html
| title=The Xoc, the Sharke, and the Sea Dogs: An Historical Encounter
| last=Jones
| first=Tom
| accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

==Physical characteristics==
[[Image:Parts of a shark.svg|right |440px |The major features of sharks|alt=Drawing of a shark labeling major anatomical features, including mouth, snout, nostril, eye, spiracle, dorsal fin spine, caudal keel, clasper, labial furrows, gill openings, precaudal pit and fins: first and second dorsal, anal, pectoral, caudal and pelvic]] {{Main|Physical characteristics of sharks}}
===Skeleton===
Shark [[skeleton]]s are very different from those of [[Osteichthyes|bony fish]] and [[tetrapod|terrestrial vertebrates]]. Sharks and other [[chondrichthyes|cartilaginous fish]] (skates and rays) have skeletons made from [[cartilage]] and connective tissue. Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet has about half the density of bone. This reduces the skeleton’s weight, saving energy.<ref name="skeletoncorset">{{cite web
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/skeleton.htm
|title=Skeleton in the Corset
|last=Martin|first=R. Aidan
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> Sharks have no rib cage and therefore on land a shark's own weight can literally crush it.<ref name=langoni>{{cite web
|url=http://langonigraphix.com/skeleton.html
|title=A Shark's Skeleton & Organs
|accessdate=August 14 2009
}}</ref>
====Jaw====
Like its relatives, [[Batoidea|rays]] and [[skate]]s, the shark's [[jaw]] is not attached to the [[cranium]]. The jaw's surface, like the shark's [[vertebrae]] and gill arches, needs extra support due to its heavier exposure to physical stress and its need for strength. It has a layer of tiny hexagonal plates called "[[tesserae]]", which are [[crystal]] blocks of [[calcium]] [[salt]]s arranged as a [[mosaic]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Hamlett
| first = W. C.
| title = Sharks, Skates and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes
| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
| year = 1999f
|isbn= 0-8018-6048-2
| oclc = 39217534}}</ref> This gives these areas much of the same strength found in the real bony tissue found in other animals.

Generally there is only one layer of tesserae in sharks, but the jaws of large specimens, such as the [[bull shark]], [[tiger shark]], and [[the great white shark]], have two to three layers or more, depending on body size. The jaws of a large white shark may have up to five layers.<ref name="skeletoncorset"/> In the rostrum (snout), the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts.

====Teeth====
[[Image:Tiger shark teeth.jpg|right |thumb |150px |The teeth of the [[tiger shark]] are oblique and serrated for sawing through flesh.|alt=Photo of serrated teeth]]
{{Main|Shark teeth}}
The teeth of sharks are embedded in the [[Gingiva|gums]] rather than directly fixed to the jaw, and are constantly replaced throughout the shark's life. Multiple rows of replacement teeth are grown in a groove on the inside of the jaw and moved forward in a "conveyor belt"; some sharks can lose some 30,000 teeth in their lifetime. The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8–10 days to several months. In most species teeth are replaced one at a time, while in the [[Isistius|cookiecutter sharks]] the entire row of teeth is replaced simultaneously.<ref name="SkinTeeth"/>

The shape of a shark's tooth depends on its diet: those that feed on mollusks and crustaceans have dense flattened teeth for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as mammals have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with serrated edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as the [[basking shark]] are greatly reduced and non-functional.<ref name="Gilbertson" /> 

====Fins====
The fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named [[ceratotrichia]], filaments of elastic [[protein]] resembling the horny [[keratin]] in [[hair]] and [[feathers]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamlett|first=William C.|title=Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=p 56|date=April 23, 1999|edition=1|pages=528|isbn=978-0801860485|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ON-sPP5rowwC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=shark+fin++ceratotrichia+supported&source=bl&ots=rNCG5aSsO4&sig=wmIrFq0QI9qMc-T-9Cg9T0nKBbc&hl=en&ei=coGYSv-PNdeAkQWPm42sAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=shark%20fin%20%20ceratotrichia%20supported&f=false}}</ref> Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to swim backwards.<ref name=langoni/>

===Dermal denticles===
{{Main|Dermal denticle}}
Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complex dermal [[corset]] made of flexible collagenous [[fiber]]s and arranged as a helical network surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy.<ref name=Cartilagious>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_cartilage.htm|title=The Importance of Being Cartilaginous|last=Martin|first=R. Aidan|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> In the past, [[sharkskin]] has been used as [[sandpaper]]. Their dermal teeth give them [[hydrodynamic]] advantages as they reduce [[turbulence]] when [[Aquatic locomotion|swimming]].<ref name="SkinTeeth">{{cite web
| url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/scales.htm
| title = Skin of the Teeth
| author = R. Aidan Martin
| accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>

===Tails===
[[Image:Shark Tail shapes.svg|right |300px |The range of shark tail shapes|alt=Drawing of several shark tails]]
Sharks have very distinctive tails. The [[tail]]s (caudal fins) of sharks vary considerably between species and are adapted to the lifestyle of the shark. The tail provides thrust and so speed and acceleration are dependent on tail shape. Different tail shapes have evolved in sharks adapted for different environments. Sharks possess a [[heterocercal]] [[caudal]] fin in which the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] portion is usually noticeably larger than the [[ventral]] portion. This is due to the fact that the shark's vertebral column extends into that dorsal portion, allowing for a greater surface area for [[muscle]] attachment which would then be used for more efficient [[Animal locomotion|locomotion]] among the negatively [[buoyancy|buoyant]] cartilaginous fishes. This is in contrast to most bony fishes, which possess a [[homocercal]] caudal fin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fathom.com/course/21701777/session1.html|title=Jaws: The Natural History of Sharks|last=Michael|first=Bright|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref>

The tiger shark's tail has a large upper [[lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] which delivers the maximum amount of power for slow cruising or sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the [[porbeagle]], which hunts schooling fish such as [[mackerel]] and [[herring]] has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey.<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book
| last=Nelson
| first=Joseph S.
| title= [[Fishes of the World]]
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
|location=New York
| year= 1994
|isbn= 0-471-54713-1
| oclc=28965588}}</ref> Some tail adaptations have other purposes. The [[thresher shark|thresher]] feeds on fish and [[squid]], which it herds and stuns with its powerful and elongated upper lobe.

==Physiology==
===Buoyancy===
Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled [[swim bladder]]s for buoyancy. Instead, sharks rely on a large [[liver]], filled with oil that contains [[squalene]] and the fact that cartilage is about half as heavy as bone.<ref name=Cartilagious/> The liver constitutes up to 30% of their body mass.<ref name="Collins">{{cite book
| last=Compagno
| first=Leonard
| coauthors=Dando, Marc & Fowler, Sarah
| title=Sharks of the World
| publisher=Collins Field Guides
| year=2005
| isbn=0-00-713610-2
| oclc=183136093 }}</ref> The liver's effectiveness is limited, so sharks employ [[dynamic lift (fish)|dynamic lift]] to maintain depth and then sink when they stop swimming. [[Sand tiger shark]]s are also known to store air in their stomachs, using the stomach as a swim bladder. Most sharks need to constantly swim in order to breathe and cannot sleep very long, if at all, or they will sink. However certain shark species, like the [[nurse shark]], are capable of pumping water across their gills, allowing them to rest on the ocean bottom.<ref>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/questions/basics.html#sleep Do sharks sleep]</ref>

Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the [[nose]], enter a natural state of [[tonic immobility]]. Researchers can use this condition to handle sharks safely.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Pratt
| first=H. L. Jr
| coauthors=Gruber, S. H.; & Taniuchi, T.
| title=Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries
| publisher=NOAA Tech Rept.
| year=1990 }}</ref>

===Respiration===
Like other fish, sharks extract [[oxygen]] from seawater as it passes over their [[gill]]s. Unlike other fish, shark gill slits are not covered, but lie in a row behind the head. A modified slit called a [[spiracle]] lies just behind the [[eye]]; the spiracle assists water intake during [[Aquatic respiration|respiration]] and plays a major role in bottom dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active [[pelagic]] sharks.<ref name="Gilbertson">{{cite book
| last = Gilbertson| first = Lance
|title = Zoology Laboratory Manual
| publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
| year = 1999
| location = New York
|isbn= 0-07-237716-X}}</ref> While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as "[[ram ventilation]]". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species are ''obligate ram ventilators'' and would presumably [[asphyxiate]] if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.textbookleague.org/73shark.htm
| title = Deep Breathing
| author = William J. Bennetta
| year = 1996
| accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>

The respiration and [[Circulatory system|circulation]] process begins when deoxygenated [[blood]] travels to the shark's two-chambered [[heart]]. Here the shark pumps blood to its gills via the [[ventral aorta]] artery where it branches off into [[afferent]] [[brachial arteries]]. Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the [[Efferent arterioles|efferent]] brachial arteries, which come together to form the [[dorsal aorta]]. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the posterior [[cardinal veins]] and enters the posterior [[cardinal sinuses]]. From there blood enters the heart [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] and the cycle repeats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/sharks-&-rays/anatomy.htm|title=SHARKS & RAYS, SeaWorld/Busch Gardens ANIMALS, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM|publisher=Busch Entertainment Corporation|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>

===Thermoregulation===
Most sharks are "cold-blooded", or more precisely [[poikilotherm]]ic, meaning that their internal body temperature matches that of their ambient environment. Members of the family [[Lamnidae]], such as the [[shortfin mako shark]] and the [[great white shark]], are [[homeothermy|homeothermic]] and maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water. In these sharks, a strip of [[aerobic metabolism|aerobic]] red muscle located near the center of the body generates the heat, which the body retains via a [[countercurrent exchange]] mechanism by a system of [[blood vessel]]s called the [[rete mirabile]] ("miraculous net"). The [[common thresher|common thresher shark]] has a similar mechanism for maintaining an elevated body temperature, which is thought to have evolved independently.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_warm_body_1.htm
|title=Fire in the Belly of the Beast
|last=Martin
|first=R. Aidan|date=April 1992
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref>

===Osmoregulation===
In contrast to bony fish, with the exception of the [[Coelacanth]]<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/35431 Chemistry of the body fluids of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae]</ref>, the blood and other tissue of sharks and [[Chondrichthyes]] in general is [[Tonicity#Isotonicity|isotonic]] to their marine environments because of the high concentration of [[urea]] and [[trimethylamine]] N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in [[osmotic]] balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in fresh water, and they are therefore confined to [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] environments. A few exceptions to this rule exist, such as the [[bull shark]] which has developed a way to change its [[kidney]] function to excrete large amounts of urea.<ref name="Collins" /> When a shark dies the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria — because of this, the dead body will gradually start to smell strongly of ammonia.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0212e/A0212E18.htm
| title=Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries: 14. Shark Utilization
| author=John A. Musick
| publisher=FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
| accessdate=2008-03-16
| year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.ocean.udel.edu/mas/seafood/mako.html
| title=MAKO SHARK
Isurus oxyrinchus
| author=Thomas Batten
| publisher=Delaware Sea Grant, University of Delaware
| accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref>

==Senses==
===Smell===
[[Image:Hammerhead shark.jpg|thumb |240px |The shape of the hammerhead shark's head may enhance olfaction by spacing the nostrils further apart.|alt=Eyelevel photo of hammerhead from the front]]
Sharks have keen [[olfactory]] senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one [[parts per million|part per million]] of blood in seawater.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/smell.htm
|title=Smell and Taste
|last=Martin
|first=R. Aidan
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the guts of many species, and as a result often linger near or in [[sewage]] outfalls. Some species, such as [[nurse shark]]s, have external [[barbels]] that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.

===Sight===
Shark [[eye]]s are similar to the eyes of other [[vertebrates]], including similar [[lens (anatomy)|lenses]], [[cornea]]s and [[retina]]s, though their eyesight is well adapted to the [[ocean|marine]] environment with the help of a tissue called [[tapetum lucidum]]. This means that sharks can contract and dilate their [[pupil]]s, like humans, something no [[teleost fish]] can do. This tissue is behind the [[retina]] and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger [[nocturnal]] adaptations. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. To protect their eyes some species have [[nictitating membrane]]s. This membrane covers the eyes during predation, and when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the [[great white shark]] (''Carcharodon carcharias''), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated. Some believe that [[electroreception|electro-]] and [[chemoreception]] are more significant, while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important. Presumably, the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant. The use of sight probably varies with species and water conditions. In effect the shark's field of vision can swap between [[monocular]] and [[stereoscopic]] at any time.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/vision.htm
|title=Vision and a Carpet of Light
|last=Martin
|first=R. Aidan
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref>

===Hearing ===
Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, there are indications that they have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/hearing.htm
| title = Hearing and Vibration Detection
| author = R. Aidan Martin
| accessdate = 2008-06-01}}</ref> A small opening on each side of their heads (not to be confused with the [[spiracle]]) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. The [[lateral line]] shows a similar arrangement, as it is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line [[Canal pore|pores]]. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the [[acoustico-lateralis]] system. In bony fish and [[tetrapod]]s the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.

===Electroreception===
{{Main|Electroreception}}
[[Image:Electroreceptors in a sharks head.svg|right |300px |thumb |Electromagnetic field receptors (Ampullae of Lorenzini) and motion detecting canals in the head of a shark|alt=Drawing of shark head]]
The [[Ampullae of Lorenzini]] are the [[electroreceptor]] organs of the shark, and they number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the [[Ampullae of Lorenzini]] to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Kalmijn AJ
|title=Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmobranch fishes
|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)
|volume=218
|issue=4575
|pages=916–8
|year=1982
|month=November
|pmid=7134985}}</ref> This helps sharks (mostly the hammerhead) find prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields they produce. Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the [[Earth]] also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Meyer CG, Holland KN, Papastamatiou YP
|title=Sharks can detect changes in the geomagnetic field
|journal=Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society
|volume=2
|issue=2
|pages=129–30
|year=2005
|month=March
|pmid=16849172
|pmc=1578252
|doi=10.1098/rsif.2004.0021
|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rsif.2004.0021}}</ref>

===Lateral line===
{{Main|Lateral line}}
This system is found in most fish, including sharks. It detects motion or vibrations in water. The shark uses its lateral line to detect the movements of other organisms, especially wounded fish. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 [[Hertz|Hz]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Popper
| first = A.N.
| coauthors = C. Platt
| title = Inner ear and lateral line
| journal = The Physiology of Fishes
| issue = 1st ed.
| publisher = CRC Press
| year = 1993}}</ref>

==Life history==
[[Image:Wobbegong claspers.jpg|thumb |right |The claspers of male [[spotted wobbegong]]|alt=Photo showing claspers of bottom-resting shark]]

Shark lifespans vary by species. Most live 20 to 30 years. The [[spiny dogfish]] has the longest lifespan at more than 100 years.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mote.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=Shark+Notes&category=Aquarium
|title=Mote Marine Laboratory, "Shark Notes"}}</ref> [[Whale sharks]] (''Rhincodon typus'') may also live over 100 years.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/nsrc/Basics.htm#live
|title=Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department, "National Shark Research Consortium - Shark Basics"}}</ref>

===Reproduction===
Sharks practice [[internal fertilization]]. The posterior part of a male shark's pelvic fins are modified into a pair of [[intromittent organ]]s called [[clasper]]s, analogous to a mammalian [[penis]], of which one is used to deliver [[sperm]] into the female.<ref name="Mating">{{cite web
|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/topics/lh_2penises.htm
|title=Why Do Sharks Have Two Penises?
|last=Martin
|first=R. Aidan
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref>

[[Mating]] has rarely been observed in sharks. The smaller catsharks often mate with the male curling around the female. In less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female's [[oviduct]]. Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during [[mating]]. The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior: the male may bite the female to show his interest. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand these bites.<ref name="Mating"/>

Unlike most [[bony fish]]es, sharks are [[r/K selection theory|K-selected]] reproducers, meaning that they produce a small number of well-developed young as opposed to a large number of poorly-developed young. [[Fecundity]] in sharks ranges from 2 to over 100 young per reproductive cycle.<ref name="FAO">{{cite book
|author= Leonard J. V. Compagno
| title=Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date
|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|year=1984
|isbn= 92-5-104543-7
|oclc= 156157504}}</ref> Sharks display three ways to bear their young, varying by species, [[Oviparous|oviparity]], [[Viviparous|viviparity]] and [[ovoviviparity]].<ref name="Birth">{{cite web|url=http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/sharks-&-rays/birth-&-care.htm|title=SHARKS & RAYS, SeaWorld/Busch Gardens ANIMALS, BIRTH & CARE OF YOUNG|publisher=Busch Entertainment Corporation|accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>
[[Image:PortJacksonShark'sEgg20050417c.JPG|thumb |right |The spiral egg case of a [[Port Jackson shark]]|alt=Photo of {{convert|12|cm|in}} egg case adjacent to ruler, the egg case is a brown ovalish shape, with a spiral band running around it from top to bottom]]

Most sharks are ovoviviparous, this means that the egg's yolk and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct nourishes the embryos. The eggs hatch within the oviduct, and the young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional. Some species practice ''[[oophagy]]'', where the first embryos to hatch eat the remaining eggs in the oviduct. This practice is believed to be present in all [[lamniforme]] sharks, while the developing pups of the [[grey nurse shark]] take this a stage further and consume other developing embryos ([[Cannibalism (zoology)#Intrauterine cannibalism|intrauterine cannibalism]]). The survival strategy for the species that are ovoviviparous is that the young are able to grow to a comparatively large size before birth. The whale shark is now considered to be ovoviviparous after long having been classified as oviparous. Extrauterine [[whale shark]] eggs are now thought to have been aborted. Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths and shallow reefs. They choose such areas for protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance of food. [[Dogfish]] have the longest known gestation period of any shark, at 18 to 24 months.[[Basking shark]]s and [[frilled shark]]s appear to have even longer gestation periods, but accurate data is lacking.<ref name="Birth"/>

Some sharks lay eggs, this is called oviparity. In most of these species, the developing embryo is protected by an egg case with the consistency of leather. Sometimes these cases are corkscrewed into crevices for protection. The [[mermaid's purse]], which can wash up on shore, is an empty egg case. Oviparous sharks include the [[horn shark]], [[catshark]], [[Port Jackson shark]], and [[swellshark]].<ref name="Birth"/><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk/teaching/MB/Fish02.html
|title=Marine Biology notes
|publisher=School of Life Sciences, Napier University
|accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref>

Finally some sharks maintain a ''[[placenta]]l'' link to the developing young, this method is called viviparity. This is more analogous to [[mammalian]] gestation than that of other fishes. The young are born alive and fully functional. [[hammerhead shark|Hammerheads]], the [[requiem sharks]] (such as the [[bull shark|bull]] and [[blue shark|blue]] sharks), and [[smoothhound]]s are viviparous.<ref name="FAO" /><ref name="Birth"/>

====Asexual reproduction====
There are two documented cases in which a female shark who has not been in contact with a male has conceived a pup on her own through a process known as [[parthenogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Chapman DD, Shivji MS, Louis E, Sommer J, Fletcher H, Prodöhl PA
|title=Virgin birth in a hammerhead shark
|journal=Biology letters
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=425–7
|year=2007
|month=August
|pmid=17519185
|pmc=2390672
|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189
|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189}}</ref><ref>''[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/10/10/in_shark_tank_an_asexual_birth/ In shark tank, an asexual birth]'', Boston Globe, 10 Oct. 2008</ref> The details of this process are not well understood but [[genetic fingerprinting]] showed that the pups had no paternal genetic contribution, ruling out [[sperm]] storage. The extent of this behavior in the wild is unknown, as are whether other species have this capability. Mammals are now the only major vertebrate group in which [[asexual reproduction]] has not been observed.

Scientists assert that asexual reproduction in the wild is rare, and probably a last ditch effort to reproduce when a mate isn't present. Asexual reproduction diminishes [[genetic diversity]], which helps build defenses against natural threats. Species that rely solely on it are probably on the road to extinction. Asexual reproduction may have contributed to the [[blue shark]]'s decline off the [[Ireland|Irish]] coast.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/science/23shark.html
|title=Female sharks reproduce without male DNA, scientists say
|publisher=The New York Times, New York City
|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

==Behavior==
The classic view describes a solitary hunter, ranging the oceans in search of food. However, this applies to only a few species, with most living far more sedentary, [[benthic]] lives. Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or at rich hunting grounds, which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1586834,00.html
| title= Scientists track shark's 12,000 mile round-trip
| publisher= Guardian Unlimited
| accessdate=2006-09-17
| date=}}</ref> Migration patterns in sharks may be even more complex than in birds, with many sharks covering entire [[ocean basin]]s. However, shark behavior has only begun to be formally studied, so there is much more to learn.

Sharks can be highly social, remaining in large schools; sometimes over 100 individuals of [[scalloped hammerhead]]s congregate around [[seamount]]s and islands, e.g., in the [[Gulf of California]].<ref name="Collins" /> Cross-species social hierarchies exist with [[oceanic whitetip shark]]s dominating [[silky shark]]s of comparable size when feeding.<ref name="FAO"/>

When approached too closely some sharks will perform a [[Shark threat display|threat display]] to warn off the prospective predators. This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements, and can vary in intensity according to the level of threat.<ref>{{cite journal
|journal=Copeia
|title=Agonistic Display in the Gray Reef Shark, ''Carcharhinus menisorrah'', and Its Relationship to Attacks on Man
|author=Richard H. Johnson and Donald R. Nelson
|volume=1973
|issue=1
|date=1973-03-05
|pages=76–84
|publisher=American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
|doi=10.2307/1442360}}</ref>

===Feeding===
{{otheruses-section|shark feeding|the sport of shark feeding|Shark baiting}}
[[Image:Surfacing great white shark.jpg|Like many sharks, the great white shark is an [[apex predator]] in its environment. |thumb |200px |right|alt=Photo of great white on surface with open jaws reveling meal]]
Most sharks are [[carnivorous]].<ref name="Feeding"/> Some species, including [[tiger shark]]s, will eat just about anything. The vast majority seek particular prey, and rarely stray from these.

Sharks such as [[whale shark|whale]], [[basking shark|basking]] and [[Megamouth shark|megamouth]] sharks use filter feeding. These three species evolved [[plankton]] feeding independently and use different strategies. Whale sharks feed using suction to take in large concentrations of plankton and small fishes. Basking sharks are ram-feeders, swimming through plankton blooms with their mouth wide open. Megamouth sharks make suction feeding more efficient, using [[luminescent]] tissue inside the mouth to attract prey in the deep ocean. This type of feeding requires [[gill raker]]s, long slender filaments that form a very efficient [[sieve]], analogous to the [[baleen]] plates of the [[great whale]]s. The shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls. Teeth in these species are comparatively small because they are not needed for feeding.<ref name="Feeding">{{cite web
|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/topics/d_filter_feeding.htm
|title=Building a Better Mouth Trap
|last=Martin
|first=R. Aidan
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref>

Other highly specialized feeders include the [[cookiecutter shark]]s, which feed on flesh sliced out of other larger fish and marine mammals. The teeth in these sharks are enormous, compared to their size. The lower jaw’s teeth are particularly sharp. Although they have never been observed feeding they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal, twisting their bodies to rip off flesh.<ref name="Collins" />

Some seabed dwelling species are highly effective ambush predators. [[Angel shark]]s and [[wobbegong]]s use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/orectolobiformes.htm|title=Order Orectolobiformes: Carpet Sharks — 39 species|last=Martin|first=R. Aidan|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> Many [[benthic]] sharks feed solely on crustaceans which they crush with their flat [[molariform]] teeth.

Other sharks feed on squid or fishes, which the swallow whole. The [[viper dogfish]] has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact. The [[great white shark|great white]] and other large predators can either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals. [[Thresher shark]]s use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes, and [[sawshark]]s may either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth-studded [[rostra]].
Many sharks, including the [[whitetip reef shark]] are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey. These social sharks are often highly migratory, travelling huge distances around [[ocean basin]]s in large schools. These migrations may be partly necessary to find new food sources.<ref> {{cite book
| last = Stevens| first = John D.
|title = Sharks
| publisher = Weldon Owen Pty Ltd.
| date = 1989
| location = Sydney}}</ref>

Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a 'J' shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs.<ref name="Digestion">{{cite web
|url=http://elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/digestion.htm
|title=No Guts, No Glory
|last=Martin|first=R. Aidan
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead either vomit or turn their stomachs inside out and evert unwanted items from their mouths.

One of the biggest differences between shark and mammalian digestion is sharks’ extremely short intestine. This short length is achieved by the [[spiral valve]] with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube-like intestine. The valve provides a long surface area, requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested, when remaining waste products pass into the [[cloaca]].<ref name="Digestion"/>

===Speed===
In general, sharks swim ("cruise") at an average speed of {{convert |8|km/h|mph}} but when feeding or attacking, the average shark can reach speeds upwards of {{convert |19|km/h|mph}}. The [[shortfin mako shark|shortfin mako]] may range upwards of {{convert |50|km/h|mph}}.<ref>Reefquest Center for Shark Research. [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/r_haulin'_bass.htm What's the Speediest Marine Creature?]</ref> The [[shortfin mako shark]] is the fastest shark and one of the fastest fish. The [[great white shark]] is also capable of bursts of [[speed]]. These exceptions may be due to the "[[warm-blooded]]", or [[homeothermic]], nature of these sharks' physiology.

===Intelligence===
Contrary to the common wisdom that sharks are instinct-driven "eating machines", recent studies have indicated that many species possess powerful problem-solving skills, social skills and curiosity. The brain- to body-mass ratios of sharks are similar to mammals and birds.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sexual segregation in vertebrates|editor=Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl, Peter Neuhaus|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=January 23, 2006|pages=128|chapter=Sexual Segregation in Sharks|isbn=978-0521835220}}</ref> In 1987, near Smitswinkle Bay, [[South Africa]], a group of up to seven [[great white shark]]s worked together to move a partially beached dead whale to deeper waters to feed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/intelligence.htm
|title=Is the White Shark Intelligent
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate= 2006-08-07}}</ref> Sharks can engage in playful activities. [[Porbeagle]] sharks have been seen repeatedly rolling in kelp and chasing an individual who trailed a piece of kelp behind it.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/l_nasus.htm
|title=Biology of the Porbeagle
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref>

===Sleep===
Some sharks can lie on the bottom while actively pumping water over their gills, but their eyes remain open and actively follow divers.<ref name="Sleep"/> When a shark is resting, it does not use its [[nares]], but rather its [[spiracle]]s. If a shark tried to use its nares while resting on the ocean floor, it would be sucking up sand rather than water. Many scientists believe this is one of the reasons sharks have spiracles. The [[spiny dogfish]]'s [[spinal cord]] rather than its brain, coordinates swimming, so it is possible for [[spiny dogfish]] to continue to swim while sleeping.<ref name="Sleep"/> It is also possible that sharks sleep in a manner similar to [[dolphin]]s,<ref name="Sleep">{{cite web
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/b_sleep.htm
|title=How Do Sharks Swim When Asleep?
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref> one cerebral hemisphere at a time, thus maintaining some consciousness and cerebral activity at all times.
{{-}}

==Distribution and habitat==
Sharks are found in all seas. They generally do not live in freshwater, with a few exceptions such as the [[bull shark]] and the [[river shark]] which can swim both in seawater and freshwater. Sharks are common down to depths of {{convert |2000|m|ft|-3}}, and some live even deeper, but they are almost entirely absent below {{convert |3000|m|ft|-3}}. The deepest confirmed report of a shark is a [[Portuguese dogfish]] at {{convert|3700|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Priede IG, Froese R, Bailey DM, ''et al.''
|title=The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans
|journal=Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society
|volume=273
|issue=1592
|pages=1435–41
|year=2006
|month=June
|pmid=16777734
|pmc=1560292
|doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3461
|url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3461}}</ref>

==Evolution==
[[Image:Sharksteeth-castlehain.jpg|right |thumb |200px |A collection of fossilized [[shark teeth]]|alt=Photo of dozens of grey fossilized teeth, the teeth are of various sizes and are spread out randomly on a flat white surface]]

Evidence for the existence of sharks extends back over 450–420 million years, into the [[Ordovician]] period, before land [[vertebrates]] existed and before many [[plants]] had colonized the continents.<ref name="RQGT"/> Only scales have been recovered from the first sharks and not all paleontologists agree that these are from true sharks.<ref name="RQES">{{cite web
|author=Martin, R. Aidan.
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/earliest.htm
|title=The Earliest Sharks
|publisher=ReefQuest
|accessdate=2009-02-10}}</ref> The oldest generally accepted shark scales are from about 420 million years ago, in the [[Silurian]] period.<ref name = "RQES"/> The first sharks looked very different from modern sharks.<ref name = "RQA"/> The majority of modern sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago.<ref name = "RQMS"/> Most fossils are of [[teeth]], often in large numbers. In some cases pieces of the skeleton and even complete fossilized remains have been discovered. Estimates suggest that a shark may grow tens of thousands of teeth, which explains the abundance of fossils. The teeth consist of easily fossilized [[calcium phosphate]], an [[apatite]]. When a shark dies, the decomposing skeleton breaks up, scattering the apatite prisms. Skeletal preservation requires rapid burial in bottom sediments.

Among the most ancient and primitive sharks is ''[[Cladoselache]]'', from about 370 million years ago,<ref name="RQA">{{cite web
|author=Martin, R. Aidan.
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/ancient.htm
|title=Ancient Sharks
|publisher=ReefQuest
|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> which has been found within [[Paleozoic]] strata in [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]]. At that point in [[Earth]]'s history these rocks made up the soft sediment of the bottom of a large, shallow ocean, which stretched across much of [[North America]]. ''Cladoselache'' was only about {{convert|1|m|ft}} long with stiff triangular fins and slender jaws.<ref name="RQA" /> Its teeth had several pointed cusps, which wore down by use. From the small number of teeth found together , it is most likely that ''Cladoselache'' did not replace its teeth as regularly as modern sharks. Its caudal fins had a similar shape to the [[great white shark]]s and the pelagic [[Shortfin mako shark|shortfin]] and [[Longfin mako shark|longfin mako]]s. The presence of whole fish arranged tail-first in their stomachs suggest that they were fast swimmers with great agility.

From about 300 to 150 million years ago, most fossil sharks can be assigned to one of two groups. The [[Xenacanthida]] was almost exclusive to freshwater environments.<ref>[http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/sharks/P2-3.htm "Xenacanth"]. Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum. Retrieved on 11/26/06.</ref><ref>[http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/earliest.htm "Biology of Sharks and Rays: 'The Earliest Sharks'"]. Retrieved on 11/26/06.</ref> By the time this group became extinct about 220 million years ago, they had spread worldwide. The other group, the [[hybodonts]], appeared about 320 million years ago and lived mostly in the oceans, but also in freshwater.
[[Image:Megalodon scale1.png|thumb |220px |''[[Megalodon]]'' with the great white shark and a human for scale|alt=Drawing comparing sizes of Megalodon, great white shark and a man, Megalodon is 18m long and great white 6m.]]
Modern sharks began to appear about 100 million years ago.<ref name="RQMS">{{cite web
|author=Martin, R. Aidan.
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/origin_modern.htm
|title=The Origin of Modern Sharks
|publisher=ReefQuest
|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> Fossil [[mackerel shark]] teeth lived in the [[Lower Cretaceous]]. One of the most recently evolved families is the [[hammerhead shark]] (family [[Sphyrnidae]]), which emerged in the [[Eocene]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/rise_modern.htm
| title = The Rise of Modern Sharks
| accessdate = 2007-08-28
| author = R. Aidan Martin}}</ref> The oldest white shark teeth date from 60 to 65 million years ago, around the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In early white shark evolution there are at least two lineages: one with coarsely [[shark teeth|serrated]] teeth that probably gave rise to the modern great white shark, and another with finely serrated teeth that grew to gigantic size. This group includes the extinct [[Megalodon]], ''Carcharodon megalodon'', which like most extinct sharks is only known from its teeth and a few vertebrae. This shark could grow to more than {{convert |16 |m |ft |0}} long and is the biggest known carnivorous fish to have ever existed. Fossils reveal that this shark preyed upon [[whales]] and other large marine [[mammal]]s.

== Taxonomy==
[[Image:Extant Shark Orders.svg|right |350px |Identification of the 8 [[Extant taxon|extant]] shark [[order (biology)|orders]]|alt=Branching diagram listing distinguishing characteristics, including mouth, snout, fin spines, etc.]]
Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass [[Elasmobranchii]] in the class [[Chondrichthyes]]. The Elasmobranchii also include [[Batoidea|rays]] and [[Skate (fish)|skate]]s; the Chondrichthyes also include [[Chimaera]]s. It is currently thought that the sharks form a [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] group: some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks.<ref name="Taxonomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5261e/y5261e08.htm|title=Sharks (Chondrichthyes)|publisher=FAO|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>

The superorder Selachimorpha is divided into [[Galea (genus)|Galea]] (or Galeomorphii), and Squalea. The Galeans are the [[Heterodontiformes]], [[Orectolobiformes]], [[Lamniformes]], and [[Carcharhiniformes]]. Lamnoids and Carcharhinoids are usually placed in one [[clade]], but recent studies show the Lamnoids and Orectoloboids are a clade. Some scientists now think that Heterodontoids may be Squalean. The Squalea is divided into Hexanchoidei and Squalomorpha. The Hexanchoidei includes the [[Hexanchiformes]] and [[Chlamydoselachiformes]]. The Squalomorpha contains the [[Squaliformes]] and the Hypnosqualea. The Hypnosqualea is now sometimes considered invalid. It includes the [[Squatiniformes]], and the Pristorajea, which may also be invalid, includes the [[Pristiophoriformes]] and the [[Batoidea]].<ref name="Taxonomy"/><ref name="CompagnoFAO"/>

There are more than 440 species of sharks split across eight [[order (biology)|orders]], listed below in roughly their evolutionary relationship from ancient to modern:<ref name="CompagnoFAO">{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=selachin/fao/shark_gn.html&menu=bin/menu_topics-alt.html|title=Compagno's FAO Species List - 1984|publisher=Elasmo.com|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref>

*[[Hexanchiformes]]: Examples from this group include the [[cow shark]]s, [[frilled shark]] and even a shark that resembles a marine snake.
*[[Squaliformes]]: This group includes the [[bramble shark]]s, [[dogfish]] and [[Squalidae|roughshark]]s, and [[prickly shark]].
*[[Pristiophoriformes]]: These are the [[sawshark]]s, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing their prey.
*[[Squatiniformes]]: Also known as [[angel shark]]s, they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to [[stingrays]] and [[skate]]s.
*[[Heterodontiformes]]: They are generally referred to as the [[bullhead shark|bullhead]] or [[horn shark]]s.
*[[Orectolobiformes]]: They are commonly referred to as the [[carpet shark]]s, including [[zebra shark]]s, [[nurse shark]]s, [[wobbegong]]s and the [[whale shark]].
*[[Carcharhiniformes]]: Commonly known as [[groundshark]]s, the species include the [[blue shark|blue]], [[tiger shark|tiger]], [[bull shark|bull]], [[grey reef shark|grey reef]], [[blacktip reef shark|blacktip reef]], [[Caribbean reef shark|Caribbean reef]], [[Blacktail reef shark|blacktail reef]], [[whitetip reef shark|whitetip reef]] and [[oceanic whitetip shark]]s (collectively called the [[requiem shark]]s) along with the [[houndshark]]s, [[catshark]]s and [[hammerhead shark]]s. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a [[nictitating membrane]] which protects the eyes during an attack.
*[[Lamniformes]]: They are commonly known as the [[mackerel shark]]s. They include the [[goblin shark]], [[basking shark]], [[megamouth shark]], the [[thresher shark]]s, [[shortfin mako shark|shortfin]] and [[longfin mako shark]]s, and [[great white shark]]. They are distinguished by their large jaws and [[ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] reproduction. The Lamniformes include the extinct [[megalodon]], ''Carcharodon megalodon''.

==Interaction with humans==
=== Shark fishery ===
[[File:Global shark catch graph.png|right|250px|thumb|The annual shark catch has increased rapidly over the last 50 years.|alt=Graph of shark catch from 1950 to 2007, linear growth from less than 300,000 per year in 1950 to about 850,000 per year in 2000]]
It is estimated that 100 million sharks are killed by people every year, due to commercial and recreational fishing<ref>http://animals.howstuffworks.com/fish/shark-fishing.htm</ref><ref name="sharkfinsoupcnn">http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/10/pip.shark.finning/index.html</ref>. Sharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including [[Japan]] and [[Australia]]. In the Australian State of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] shark is the most commonly used fish in [[fish and chips]], in which fillets are battered and deep-fried or crumbed and grilled and served alongside chips. In fish and chip shops, shark is called [[Flake (fish)|flake]]. In [[India]] small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in [[Tamil language]], [[Telugu language]]) are sold in local markets. Since the flesh is not developed completely boiling breaks it into powder which is then fried in oil and spices (called [[sora puttu]]). The soft bones can be easily chewed. They are considered a delicacy in coastal [[Tamil Nadu]]. In [[Iceland]], [[Greenland shark]]s are fished to produce [[hákarl]] or fermented shark, which is widely regarded as a [[national dish]].

[[File:Tiger shark, Hawaii Aii.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A {{convert|14|ft|sing=on}}, {{convert|1200|lb|sing=on}} [[tiger shark]] caught in [[Kāne‘ohe Bay]], [[Oahu]] in 1966|alt=Photo of suspended tiger shark next to four men]]
Sharks are often killed for [[shark fin soup]]: the finning process involves the removal of the fin with a hot metal blade<ref name="sharkfinsoupcnn"/>. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and release the finless animal back into the water. The now immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators<ref>http://www.sharktrust.org/content.asp?did=26881</ref>. Shark finning has become a major trade within black markets all over the world with shark fins going at about $300/lb in 2009<ref name="sharkconservation1">http://actionnetwork.org/pewenvironmentgroup/notice-description.tcl?newsletter_id=35263072</ref>. Millions of sharks are illegally poached each year for their fins and too few governments enforce laws that protect them.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The dish is considered a status symbol in Asian countries, and is considered healthy and full of nutrients, with some even claiming they prevent cancer and other ailments.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.prostatecancertreatment.co.uk/treatment-options/alternative-approaches
| title=Alternative approaches to prostate cancer treatment
| accessdate=2008-06-23}}</ref> No scientific proof supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment.<ref>The results of a study sponsored by the [[National Cancer Institute]], and led by Dr. Charles Lu of the [[M.D. Anderson Cancer Center]] in [[Houston, Texas]], were presented at the annual meeting of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] on June 2, 2007 in [[Chicago]]. Cancer patients treated with extracts from shark cartilage had a '''shorter''' median lifespan than patients receiving a placebo. {{cite web
| url=http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/library/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=338&Itemid=27
| title=Shark fin won’t help fight cancer, but ginseng will
| accessdate=2008-06-23}}</ref> The shark fin trade is a major problem and has gained international attention. Conservationists have campaigned to make finning illegal in the U.S.

Sharks are also killed for meat. The meat of dogfishes, smoothhounds, catsharks, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays are in high demand by European consumers.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.sharkalliance.org/do_download.asp?did=1090
| title=Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy
| accessdate = 2007-09-06}} </ref> However, the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] lists sharks as one of four fish (with [[swordfish]], [[king mackerel]], and [[tilefish]]) that children and women who are or may be pregnant should refrain from eating.
For details see [[mercury in fish]].

[[Shark cartilage]] has been advocated as effective against [[cancer]] and for treatment of [[osteoarthritis]] since many people falsely believe that sharks cannot get cancer and that taking it will prevent people from getting these diseases.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/health/03cancer.html|title=Shark Cartilage, Not a Cancer Therapy|last=Pollack|first=Andrew|date=3 June, 2007|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> Sharks generally reach sexual maturity slowly and produce very few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish. Harvesting sharks before they reproduce has severe impacts on future populations. Organizations such as the [[Shark Trust]] campaign to limit shark fishing. According to [[Seafood Watch]], sharks are currently on the list of fish that American consumers, who are sustainability minded, should avoid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_NationalGuide.pdf|title=Seafod WATCH, National Sustainable Seafood Guide July 2009|date=July 2009|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref>

===Shark attacks===
[[Image:Shark warning - Salt Rock South Africa.jpg|thumb |A sign warning about the presence of sharks in [[Salt Rock]], [[South Africa]]|alt=Photo of sign]]
[[Image:Snorkeler with blacktip reef shark.jpg|thumb |right |250px |Snorkeler swims near [[blacktip reef shark]]. In rare circumstances involving poor visibility, blacktips may bite a human, mistaking it for prey. Under normal conditions they are harmless and shy.|alt=Photo of snorkeler with shark in shallow water]]
{{Main|Shark attack}}
In 2006 the [[International Shark Attack File]] (ISAF) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks, confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks. The average number of fatalities worldwide per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4.3.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/2006attacksummary.htm
| title = Worldwide shark attack summary
| publisher = [[International Shark Attack File]]
| accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>

Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 360 species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the [[great white shark|great white]], [[oceanic whitetip shark|oceanic whitetip]], [[tiger shark|tiger]], and [[bull shark]]s.<ref name="isaf">{{cite web
|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/species2.htm
|title=Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark
|publisher=ISAF
|accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref>
<ref name="reefquest">{{cite web
|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/carcharhinidae.htm
|title=Biology of sharks and rays
|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref> These sharks, are large, powerful predators, and may sometimes attack and kill people. Interestingly, they have all been filmed without using a protective cage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sharkmans-world.com/rv.htm|title=The Sharkman meets Ron & Valerie Taylor|last=BUTTIGIEG|first=ALEX|publisher=Sharkman's Graphics|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref>

The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks, such as the [[Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916]], and through popular fictional works about shark attacks, such as the ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' film series. ''Jaws'', author [[Peter Benchley]] in his later years attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man-eating monsters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0606_shark5.html|title=Jaws Author Peter Benchley Talks Sharks|last=Handwerk|first=Brian|date=7 June 2002|publisher=National Geographic Society|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref>

===Sharks in captivity===
[[Image:Male whale shark at Georgia Aquarium.jpg|thumb |left |230px |A [[whale shark]] in [[Georgia Aquarium]]|alt=Photo showing visitors in shadow watching whale shark in front of many other fish]]
{{Main|Sharks in captivity}}
Until recently only a few [[benthic]] species of shark, such as [[Horn shark|hornsharks]], [[Triakis semifasciata|leopard sharks]] and [[catshark]]s had survived in aquarium conditions for a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. More knowledge has led to more species (including the large [[pelagic]] sharks) living far longer in captivity. At the same time, transportation techniques have improved and long distance movement of sharks is becoming easier.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mcss.sc/MCNEWS/mcn_v3_1_art3.htm
| title= Whale Sharks in Captivity
|accessdate=2006-09-13}}</ref> One shark that never had been successfully held in captivity for long was the great white. But in September 2004 the Monterey Bay Aquarium successfully kept a young female great white shark for 198 days before releasing her back into the wild.

Most species of shark are not suitable for domestic aquaria and not every species of shark sold by pet stores make good inhabitants for personal aquaria. Some species can be kept well in home saltwater aquaria.<ref name="sharksathomeafm">{{Citation
| last = Michael
| first = Scott W.
| title = Sharks at Home
| newspaper = Aquarium Fish Magazine
| pages = 20–29
|date=March 2004}}</ref> Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the [[nurse shark]], which upon reaching adulthood will have far outgrown typical home aquaria.<ref name="sharksathomeafm" /> Public aquaria are generally not interested in accepting donated specimens that have overgrown their housing and some shark owners have been tempted to [[Introduced species|release]] them into the wild.<ref name="sharksathomeafm" /> Species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet and can live up to 25 years.<ref name="sharksathomeafm" />

== Conservation ==
[[Image:Sharksfin.jpg|right |150 |thumb |The value of shark fins for [[shark fin soup]] has led to an increase in shark catches. Usually only the fins are taken, while the rest of the shark is discarded, usually into the sea.|alt=Photo of shark fin soup in bowl with Chinese spoon]]
The majority of shark fisheries around the globe have little monitoring or management. With the rise in demand for shark products there is a greater pressure on fisheries.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Pratt
| first=H. L. Jr.
| coauthors= Gruber, S. H. & Taniuchi, T.
|year=1990
| title=Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries
|publisher=NOAA Tech Rept. (90)}}</ref> Stocks decline and collapse because it is difficult for sharks to breed rapidly enough to maintain population levels, given the long interval between birth and sexual maturity. Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded—some species have been depleted by over 90% over the past 20–30 years with a population decline of 70% not unusual.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Walker
| first=T.I.
|year=1998
|title=Shark Fisheries Management and Biology}}</ref> Many governments and the [[UN]] have acknowledged the need for shark fisheries management, but due to the low economic value of shark fisheries, the small volumes of products produced and the poor public image of sharks, little progress has been made.

Other threats to sharks include habitat alteration, damage and loss from coastal development, pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oceana.org/sharks/threats/|title=The Greatest Threats to Sharks|date=2007|publisher=Oceana|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref> The practice of [[shark finning]], attracts much controversy and regulations are being enacted to prevent it from occurring. The acclaimed 2007 documentary, ''[[Sharkwater (film)|Sharkwater]]'' exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction, in part due to the massive Asian demand for [[shark fin soup]]<ref>http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20155947,00.html</ref>.

In [[2009]], representative [[Madeleine Bordallo]] of [[Guam]] introduced the [[Shark Conservation Act|Shark Conservation Act of 2009]], which passed the house<ref>http://www.hsus.org/legislation_laws/federal_legislation/wildlife/shark_conservation_act_of.html</ref>. After passing the house, Senator [[John Kerry]] introduced the bill into the Senate, where it is currently pending<ref name="sharkconservation1"/>. The bill would make already existing shark finning laws stronger.

== Sharks in cultural tradition ==


=== Sharks in Hawaiian mythology ===
Sharks figure prominently in [[Hawaiian mythology]]. Stories tell of men with shark jaws on their back who could change between shark and human form. A common theme in the stories was that a shark-men would warn beach-goers of sharks in the waters. The beach-goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and get eaten by the shark-man who warned them. [[Hawaii]]an mythology also includes many shark [[god]]s. Among a fishing people, the most popular of all [[aumakua]], or deified ancestor guardians, are shark aumakua. [[Kamaku]] describes in detail how to offer a corpse to become a shark. The body transforms gradually until the [[kahuna]] can point the awe-struck family to the markings on the shark's body that correspond to the clothing in which the body of their beloved had been wrapped. Such a shark aumakua becomes the family pet, receiving food, and driving fish into the family net and warding off danger. Like all aumakua it had evil uses such as helping kill enemies. The ruling chiefs typically forbade such sorcery. Many Native Hawaiian families claim such an aumakua, who is known by name to the whole community.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/hm/hm11.htm
|title=Guardian Gods
|last=Beckwith |first=Martha
|year=1940
|accessdate=August 13 2009}}</ref>

[[Kamohoalii|Kamohoali'i]] is the best known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favored brother of [[Pele (deity)|Pele]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mythicalrealm.com/legends/pele.html
| title = Pele, Goddess of Fire
|accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref> and helped and journeyed with her to [[Hawaii]]. He was able to assume all human and fish forms. A summit cliff on the crater of [[K?lauea]] is one of his most sacred spots. At one point he had a ''[[heiau]]'' (temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of [[Moloka'i]]. Kamohoali'i was an ancestral god, not a human who became a shark and banned the eating of humans after eating one herself.<ref name=oahustories>{{cite web
|url=http://apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/~oahu/stories/ewa/kaahupahau.htm
|title=Traditions of O'ahu: Stories of an Ancient Island
|accessdate=August 14 2009
}}</ref><ref name=soh>{{cite book
|title=Sharks of Hawaii: Their Biology and Cultural Significance
|last=Taylor first=Leighton R.
|publisher=University of Hawaii Press
|isbn=978-0824815622
|date=November 1993}}</ref> In Fijian mytholog, '''[[Dakuwanga]]''' was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls.

===Popular misconceptions===
A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and [[cancer]]; however, this remains to be proven. Sharks may get cancer.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Finkelstein JB
|title=Sharks do get cancer: few surprises in cartilage research
|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute
|volume=97
|issue=21
|pages=1562–3
|year=2005
|month=November
|pmid=16264172
|doi=10.1093/jnci/dji392
|url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16264172}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|author=Ostrander GK, Cheng KC, Wolf JC, Wolfe MJ
|title=Shark cartilage, cancer and the growing threat of pseudoscience
|journal=Cancer research
|volume=64
|issue=23
|pages=8485–91
|year=2004
|month=December
|pmid=15574750
|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260
|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15574750}}</ref> Both diseases and [[parasites]] affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly [[anecdotal]] and there have been few, if any, scientific or [[statistical]] studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0820_030820_sharkcancer.html
| title = Do Sharks Hold Secret to Human Cancer Fight?
| publisher = National Geographic
| accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref>


== See also ==
* [[Outline of sharks]]
* [[List of sharks]]
* [[List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish]]
* [[Marine vertebrates]]
* [[Shark finning]]

== References ==
{{reflist |3}}
;General references
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
| last=Castro
| first=Jose
|title=The Sharks of North American Waters
|location=College Station
| publisher=Texas A&M University Press
|year=1983
|isbn= 0-89096-143-3
| oclc=183037060}}
*{{cite book
| last=Stevens
| first=John D.
|title= Sharks
|location= New York
| publisher=NY Facts on File Publications
|year=1987
|isbn= 0-8160-1800-6
| oclc=15163749 }}
*{{cite book
| last=Pough |first=F. H.
| coauthors=Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B.
|year=2005
|title=Vertebrate Life. 7th Ed.
|publisher=Pearson Education Ltd.
|location=New Jersey
|isbn = 0-13-127836-3
| oclc=54822028}}
*Clover, Charles. 2004. ''The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat''. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Sisterlinks|Shark}}
{{Wikispecies|Selachimorpha}}
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Selachimorpha}}
* [http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2999 WikiAnswers: questions and answers about Sharks]
* [http://www.sampla.org South African Marine Predator Lab] a research institute studying marine top predators.
* [http://www.sharks.org Shark Research Institute]
* [http://www.geerg.ca Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group]
* [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/ISAF/ISAF.htm The International Shark Attack File]
* [http://www.sharktrust.org/ Shark Trust Organization]
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research]
* [http://www.whaleshark.org ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library]
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/research/checklist_res.htm Updated list of all known shark species]
* [http://www.sharkattackfile.net Global Shark Attack File]
* [http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/ Shark Research Committee]
* [http://www.elasmodiver.com Shark Pictures and Elasmobranch Field Guide]
* [http://www.morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/?tsn=551500 Shark pictures on Morphbank]
* [http://www.oceanicdreams.com Shark pictures by Wolfgang Leander]
* [http://www.onewhale.com/sharks.htm Shark cartoons]

{{Shark nav}}
{{Chondrichthyes}}
{{Selachimorpha}}

[[Category:Sharks]]
[[Category:Cartilaginous fishes]]
[[Category:Ichthyology]]
[[Category:Predators]]

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[[nrm:Cheurque]]
[[oc:Làmia]]
[[om:Shark]]
[[pnb:شارک]]
[[pl:Rekiny]]
[[pt:Tubarão]]
[[ro:Rechin]]
[[qu:Tiwrun]]
[[ru:Акулы]]
[[sco:Shairk]]
[[sq:Peshkaqeni]]
[[si:මෝරා]]
[[simple:Shark]]
[[sk:Žralokovidné]]
[[sl:Morski psi]]
[[sr:Ајкула]]
[[sh:Morski pas]]
[[fi:Hait]]
[[sv:Hajar]]
[[tl:Pating]]
[[ta:சுறா]]
[[te:సొర చేప]]
[[th:ปลาฉลาม]]
[[tr:Köpekbalığı]]
[[uk:Акули]]
[[vi:Cá mập]]
[[war:Pating]]
[[yi:שארק]]
[[zh-yue:鯊魚]]
[[zh:鲨鱼]]

User talk:Chris huh

2009-10-02T18:53:03Z

Chris huh: /* Shark Chart */

__NOTOC__
<div style="margin: 2em auto; background: #ffffff; border-top: 1px solid #6576a4; border-left: 1px solid #6576a4; position:absolute; z-index: 1;">[[Image:Chirs_huh bg blue.jpg|800px]]<div style="position: relative; top: -532px; margin-bottom: -532px; z-index:2;">
<div style="padding: 1em 1em 1em 2em;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 2em auto; border: 1px solid #6576a4; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 1px;">
<div style="padding: 1em 1em 1em 2em; position:relative; z-index:3;">
<div style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana; opacity: 0.8;">{{Archive box|
*[[User talk:Chris_huh/Archive1|June 2006 - 21 Feb 2007]]}}
__TOC__
</div>
<div style="font-size: 100%; opacity: 0.8;">

== Shark Electroreceptors ==

Hi Chris, I want to use your picture of the electroreceptors of a shark for an article in "physics today". It sounds like I have permission, but wanted to ask anyway. Also, I have a few questions. The red lines are the lateral line system, right? Are the red dots the openings to the canals, or the actual ampullae inside the animal? Are the grey lines the canals? My email is sjohnsen@duke.edu if you want to contact me that way. Thanks so much!

sonke —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Sonkejo|Sonkejo]] ([[User talk:Sonkejo|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sonkejo|contribs]]) 18:38, 30 January 2008 (UTC) 

== Diver size ==

Hi Chris, how big is the diver in the whale and shark diagrams? (e.g. meters across). I'd like to use the image elsewhere (e.g. tuna). —[[User talk:Pengo|Pengo]] 03:00, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
:I got the drawings from a book, which doesn't really say how tall it is, but i have had a look at some of the smaller species of dolphin to compare and it looks like it would be about 1.7m or so. I would imagine it would be about the average height for a human. Sorry i couldn't be any more help. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 12:02, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

== Whaling and wiki ==

Its a bit odd that an article on [[whaling]] is not wikied to [[whales]], even odder that someone would go out of their way to remove it once added without explaination. I have repaired this, if you have a good reason for removing it then please state it. [[User:Russeasby|Russeasby]] 19:40, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
:It is odd that it didn't link to whale, but i didn't remove the link, i just changed it to a better wiki-format. <nowiki>[[Whale|whales]] links to the same as [[whale]]s</nowiki> but with fewer characters so is a more accepted way of formatting. If a wiki-link is followed immediately by another letter (or letters) then it will still go to the page in the link but the link itself will be the full word, see [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28links%29#Form]].[[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 20:05, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
::My apologies, when I diffed your edit initially my eyes fooled me and I didnt notice the brakets still there and it was just formated differently. [[User:Russeasby|Russeasby]] 20:19, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
:::No worries[[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 20:25, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

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== Fishes ==

There is a new proposal on naming conventions for fish being discussed at [[WP:FISH|WikiProject Fishes]]. As a member of said project your feedback would be appreciated at the WikiProject Fishes talk page [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fishes#Draft_proposal_to_change_the_fish_naming_convention_-_Survey_of_support_and_opposition here]. Cheers, David. [[User:MidgleyDJ|MidgleyDJ]] 07:04, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

== Killer whale FPC ==

Hello. A Featured Picture Candidate you commented on, [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Killer whale mother and calf]], is now in the section for "Older nominations requiring additional input from voters." Contributors have tried to improve it after you commented, and your opinion is welcome as to which, if any, of the available versions deserves promotion. I am sending this message to everyone who participated in the FPC. Thanks! [[User:Clayoquot|Kla'quot]] 06:35, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

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== Image:IWCLogo.jpg listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:IWCLogo.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2007 April 24#Image:IWCLogo.jpg|Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. [[User:BigrTex|Bigr]][[User Talk:BigrTex|Tex]] 23:18, 24 April 2007 (UTC) 

== Prononciation ==

I'm afraid my Chinese sucks. You'll have to ask someone else, sorry. - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 18:45, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

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==Image of Ocean basin==
On 20 March 2007 you placed a new image, [[:Image:Oceanic basin.svg]] in Commons. Somehow this resulted in the deletion of the older [[:Image:Ocean basin.png]] image that was in use on a number articles, including [[Oceanic basin]]. Unfortunately your new image does not display. I suspect that the file is too big to properly thumbnail. Do you know what can be done to remedy this? --[[User:Bejnar|Bejnar]] 16:04, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
:I was looking at that the other day, i have no idea why it doesn't show up. I will ask around and see why it might be. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 10:22, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

== Your talk page ==

Hi, I was recently browsing through user and user talk pages and found yours. The image in particular is a beautiful image, and I was wondering if you would let me use the same layout on my talk page. If you do give me permission, please reply on my talk page ASAP. <big>~</big>[[User talk:Spebi|Spe]][[User:Spebi|''bi'']] 06:56, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

:Thanks! <big>~</big>[[User talk:Spebi|Spe]][[User:Spebi|''bi'']] 10:18, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

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== Marine portal ==

The [[goldfish]] is not a marine species. [[User:Samsara|Samsara]] ([[User talk:Samsara|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Samsara|contribs]]) 21:20, 1 June 2007 (UTC)#
:It most certainly isn't, i have changed it to ''[[Carcinus maenas]]'' and am planning on adding more to the selection soon. Thanks for bringing that up, just a lapse in judgement. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 00:51, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

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==Unspecified source for [[:Image:Shark-stub.jpg]]==

Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Shark-stub.jpg]]'''. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the [[copyright]] status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the {{Tl|GFDL-self}} tag can be used to release it under the [[GFDL]]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at [[Wikipedia:Fair use]], use a tag such as {{tlp|non-free fair use in|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Fair use]]. See [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=upload&user=Chris_huh}} this link]. '''Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged''', as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If the image is copyrighted under a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|non-free license]] (per [[Wikipedia:Fair use]]) then '''the image will be deleted [[WP:CSD#I7|48 hours]] after 17:38, 26 June 2007 (UTC)'''. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:BigrTex|Bigr]][[User Talk:BigrTex|Tex]] 17:38, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

==Unspecified source for [[:Image:Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg]]==

Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg]]'''. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the [[copyright]] status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the {{Tl|GFDL-self}} tag can be used to release it under the [[GFDL]]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at [[Wikipedia:Fair use]], use a tag such as {{tlp|non-free fair use in|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Fair use]]. See [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=upload&user=Chris_huh}} this link]. '''Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged''', as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If the image is copyrighted under a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|non-free license]] (per [[Wikipedia:Fair use]]) then '''the image will be deleted [[WP:CSD#I7|48 hours]] after 17:38, 26 June 2007 (UTC)'''. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:BigrTex|Bigr]][[User Talk:BigrTex|Tex]] 17:38, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

==Unspecified source for [[:Image:Greyreefsharksmall.jpg]]==

Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Greyreefsharksmall.jpg]]'''. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the [[copyright]] status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the {{Tl|GFDL-self}} tag can be used to release it under the [[GFDL]]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at [[Wikipedia:Fair use]], use a tag such as {{tlp|non-free fair use in|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Fair use]]. See [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=upload&user=Chris_huh}} this link]. '''Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged''', as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If the image is copyrighted under a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|non-free license]] (per [[Wikipedia:Fair use]]) then '''the image will be deleted [[WP:CSD#I7|48 hours]] after 17:39, 26 June 2007 (UTC)'''. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:BigrTex|Bigr]][[User Talk:BigrTex|Tex]] 17:39, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

:Thanks for fixing these. I should have guessed it was something like that. ~ [[User:BigrTex|Bigr]][[User Talk:BigrTex|Tex]] 22:49, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

== Highway 401 Image ==

I was wondering, if you could email me your "noise-reduced" image of the Higwhay 401 image that was deleted a few weeks back... my email is johncoonfox@hotmail.com :) '''[[User:RingtailedFox|RingtailedFox]] • [[User talk:RingtailedFox|Talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/RingtailedFox|Stalk]]''' 18:01, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

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|}

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== Fauna of Scotland ==

Dear Chris huh, thank-you for your recent edits to this article. I confess I am not sure what the change in reference style achieves, but you are clearly a dedicated and punctillious editor. However there is one error that crops up several times - SNH is Scottish Natural Heritage, not Scottish National Heritage. I will attempt to fix this in due course if you are unable to do so. [[User:Ben MacDui|Ben MacDui]] [[User talk:Ben MacDui|(Talk)]] 08:47, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
:Woops, must have misread that the first time. I have changed them all now (at least i think i got them all). The only reason i moved them to using the citation templates is that a few were already using it so it is usually best to either have them all use it or not, and then at least they are all in the same style and format. Thanks for letting me know. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 12:32, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
::Thanks for fixing this. [[User:Ben MacDui|Ben MacDui]] [[User talk:Ben MacDui|(Talk)]] 17:49, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

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==Unspecified source for [[:Image:Bwejuu,_Zanzibar.JPG]]==

Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Bwejuu,_Zanzibar.JPG]]'''. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the [[copyright]] status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the {{Tl|GFDL-self}} tag can be used to release it under the [[GFDL]]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at [[Wikipedia:Fair use]], use a tag such as {{tlp|non-free fair use in|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Fair use]]. See [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=upload&user=Chris_huh}} this link]. '''Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged''', as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If the image is copyrighted under a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|non-free license]] (per [[Wikipedia:Fair use]]) then '''the image will be deleted [[WP:CSD#I7|48 hours]] after 13:52, 22 July 2007 (UTC)'''. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:Nv8200p|Nv8200p]] [[User_talk:Nv8200p|talk]] 13:52, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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== Re:[[Portal: Cetaceans]] ==

Yes, I suppose choosing the selected article randomly would work better. --[[User:Gray Porpoise|Gray]] [[Special:Contributions/Gray Porpoise|Porpoise]] 20:27, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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== FL Main page proposal ==

You either nominated a [[WP:FLC]] or closed such a nomination recently. As such, you are the type of editor whose opinion I am soliciting. We now have over 400 [[WP:FL|featured lists]] and seem to be promoting in excess of 30 per month of late (41 in August and 42 in September). When [[WP:TFA|Today's featured article]] (TFA) started ([[2004-02-22]]), they only had about 200 [[WP:FA|featured articles]] and were barely promoting 20 new ones per month. I think the quality of featured lists is at least as good as the quality of [[WP:FA|featured articles]] was when they started appearing on the [[main page]]. Thus, I am ready to open debate on a proposal to institute a List of the Day on the main page with nominations starting [[November 1]] [[2007]], voting starting [[December 1]] [[2007]] and main page appearances starting [[January 1]] [[2008]]. For brevity, the proposal page does not discuss the details of eventual main page content, but since the work has already been done, you should consider this proposal assuming the eventual content will resemble the current content at [[WP:FC|the featured content page]]. Such output would probably start at the bottom of the main page. The proposal page does not debate whether starting with weekly list main page entries would be better than daily entries. However, I suspect persons in favor of weekly lists are really voicing opinions against lists on the main page since neither TFA nor [[WP:POTD|Picture of the day]] started as weekly endeavors, to the best of my knowledge. Right now debate seems to be among support for the current selective democratic/consensus based proposal, a selective dictatorial approach like that used at [[WP:TFA]] or a non-selective first in line/calendar approach like that used at [[WP:POTD]]. See the List of the Day proposal and comment at [[WP:LOTDP]] and its talk page.--[[User:TonyTheTiger|TonyTheTiger]] ([[User talk:TonyTheTiger|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/TonyTheTiger|c]]/[[User:TonyTheTiger/Antonio Vernon|bio]]/[[ User:TonyTheTiger/WPChiDirector |tcfkaWCDbwincowtchatlotpsoplrttaDCLaM]]) 19:14, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
:With all the banter, you did not say whether you support or oppose.--[[User:TonyTheTiger|TonyTheTiger]] ([[User talk:TonyTheTiger|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/TonyTheTiger|c]]/[[User:TonyTheTiger/Antonio Vernon|bio]]/[[ User:TonyTheTiger/WPChiDirector |tcfkaWCDbwincowtchatlotpsoplrttaDCLaM]]) 23:58, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
::Just realised i hadn't, added now. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 00:09, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
:::Would you be able to do an alternate mock up using [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_%28proposals%29#Featured_lists_on_the_Main_Page|alternate format]]. I am going to do one more round of directed notices to Jan-April FL nominators and closers tomorrow since I have done May-Oct.--[[User:TonyTheTiger|TonyTheTiger]] ([[User talk:TonyTheTiger|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/TonyTheTiger|c]]/[[User:TonyTheTiger/Antonio Vernon|bio]]/[[ User:TonyTheTiger/WPChiDirector |tcfkaWCDbwincowtchatlotpsoplrttaDCLaM]]) 06:12, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
::::I've done [[Wikipedia:Today's featured list/Sample2|this]] and [[Wikipedia:Today's featured list/Sample3|this]] which both have just the extract but in different places on the page. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 11:12, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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==Agama picture==
Hi Chris, I saw that wonderful picture of the Agama. Can you contact me under philipp.wagner.zfmk@uni-bonn.de If it is possible I want to use it for a scientific book. Philipp

== LOTD proposal ==

You either voted on the [[Wikipedia talk:Today's featured list/First proposal|original list of the day proposal]] or the [[Wikipedia talk:Today's featured list/Second proposal|revised version]]. A more modest experimental proposal is now at issue at [[WP:LOTDP]]. Feel free to voice your opinion.--[[User:TonyTheTiger|TonyTheTiger]] ([[User talk:TonyTheTiger|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/TonyTheTiger|c]]/[[User:TonyTheTiger/Antonio Vernon|bio]]/[[ User:TonyTheTiger/WPChiDirector |tcfkaWCDbwincowtchatlotpsoplrttaDCLaM]]) 17:32, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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== Featured List of the Day Experiment ==

There have been a series of proposals to initiate a Featured List of the Day on the main page. Numerous proposals have been put forth. After the third one failed, I audited all [[WP:FL]]'s in order to begin an experiment in my own user space that will hopefully get it going. Today, it commences at [[WP:LOTD]]. Afterwards I created my experimental page, a new proposal was set forth to do a featured list that is strikingly similar to my own which is to do a user page experimental featured list, but no format has been confirmed and mechanism set in place. I continue to be willing to do the experiment myself and with this posting it commences. Please submit any list that you would like to have considered for list of the day in the month of January 2008 by the end of this month to [[WP:LOTD]] and its subpages. You may submit multiple lists for consideration.--[[User:TonyTheTiger|TonyTheTiger]] ([[User talk:TonyTheTiger|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/TonyTheTiger|c]]/[[User:TonyTheTiger/Antonio Vernon|bio]]/[[WP:LOTD]]) 00:50, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

== Cetacea range map Sperm Whale 4 ==

Did you create Cetacea range map Sperm Whale 4.PNG image. As far as I know there is no sperm whale in the Black sea. Maybe the same with Mediterranean Sea. Where di you get data for this image? [[User:Ddtrock|Ddtrock]] ([[User talk:Ddtrock|talk]]) 23:27, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
:I don't think i made it, i may have made an edit to it but looking at the file history it doesn't show any upload by me. I can't remember, from what i can see from maps from other websites and a book it is present in the med, but not in the black sea. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 16:34, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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'''Sorry, we weren't able to suggest any articles for you. Something is probably wrong on our end.'''

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== Range of [[Pacific]] sleeper shark ==

See [[Talk:Pacific_sleeper_shark#Range of the shark]], is [[:Image:Somniosus_pacificus_distmap.png]] correct or have I missunderstood where the pacific is or??? :-)
Think you must have misslabeled that picture?? But not sure which shark it could be? I remove the link for now, but please correct me if Im wrong. Thanks. --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 13:23, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
:There could be a few errors, looking at fishbase ([http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2544 species]) there does seem to be some. Since i made so many maps i may have not been accurate enough. I got the map from the book ''Compagno, Leonard; Dando, Marc & Fowler, Sarah (2005). Sharks of the World. Collins Field Guides. ISBN 0-00-713610-2'' which i don't have with me at the moment so i can't check if i just missed something. I can edit the map to have fishbases range on it too, or just leave it until i get the book again.

I have also left this message on my commons user talk where graham bould contacted me (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Chris_huh#Pacific_sleeper_shark). [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 14:10, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

== Featured Picture Candidate ==
I just nominated the Cetaceans image you created in FPC. Thought you might want to know. Here's the link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Cetaceans [[User:Nnfolz|Nnfolz]] ([[User talk:Nnfolz|talk]]) 02:09, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
:Hi Chris, I just took a look at the Cetaceans drawing, and have a few ideas. The reason the line weights can't be changed easily in this drawing is that, in svg terms, they are not really lines at all! The way it is drawn now, the "lines" are really a fill shape that looks like a line rather than being a true line (called a ''stroke''), thus you can't easily change line weight. I would suggest redrawing them by hand with real strokes rather than fills that look like strokes. Were these vectored by an auto trace? Auto trace cannot draw a line as a stroke. Redrawing will also make it easier to add body color. At any rate, I would suggest retaining the transparent background, but definitely use color for the bodies. The layout looks pretty good, but there is a big chunk of white space at the bottom, so perhaps re-arranging them will give a more uniform look. Also, the guys in the upper left corner face out when they should probably face inwards.

:Here's a generic one just to get the idea: [[:Image:Flipper.svg]]. One could also use gradients to give a more realistic look to the colors. [[User:Jeff Dahl|Jeff Dahl]] ([[User talk:Jeff Dahl|Talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeff Dahl|contribs]]) 02:46, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

::Thanks. Yes i autotraced them since i made them originally as PNGs, didn't realise they weren't strokes. I might go through and sort that then. Cheers for the ideas. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 12:24, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

==Fair use rationale for Image:Sharktrlogo.jpg==
[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|70px|left]]
Thanks for uploading or contributing to [[:Image:Sharktrlogo.jpg]]. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under [[Wikipedia:Fair use|fair use]] but there is no [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline|explanation or rationale]] as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|boilerplate fair use template]], you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found [[WP:FURG|here]].

Please go to [[:Image:Sharktrlogo.jpg|the image description page]] and edit it to include a [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline |fair use rationale]]. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:Project FMF|Project FMF]] ([[User talk:Project FMF|talk]]) 19:40, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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==My shameless ripoff==
Hi Chris. I have shamelessly copied your great background image and the code that goes with it to my own user page. Do you mind? --[[User:Geronimo20|Geronimo20]] ([[User talk:Geronimo20|talk]]) 22:13, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
:Nah that's fine, don't worry about it. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 01:17, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

== Speedy deletion of [[Template:Cetacea taxonomy]] ==
A tag has been placed on [[Template:Cetacea taxonomy]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#T3|section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<tt><noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude></tt>).

Thanks. --[[User:MZMcBride|MZMcBride]] ([[User talk:MZMcBride|talk]]) 21:35, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

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== Sharks ;) ==

Hi Chris huh

you don't know me, but I'm need help with something i think you'll love. i recently made a Shark wikia, (granted it's very small and I'm not good with some of the templates, and of making thousands of articles) but I'm hoping you will be interested in this, an entire Wikia dedicated to sharks. you can do what you want to the wikia, make new articles i made a updated list of the [[List of sharks]], not much introduction, but big list of sharks. the address is [http://sharks.wikia.com/wiki/Shark_Wiki] feel free to come and conquer, you can even use the wikiproject to add more details to the sharks. anyway i'll be up and if your interested, visit and write me thanks--[[User:LeafGreen Ranger|LeafGreen Ranger]] ([[User talk:LeafGreen Ranger|talk]]) 16:27, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

== copyright infringement ==

Hi Chris. Would you please remove the baleen and toothed whale characteristics images. Those are taken from the American Cetacean Society website: http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/whlparts.html
The illustrations are created by me. Thanks in advance. Uko Gorter, Natural History Illustrations. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.112.109.152|71.112.109.152]] ([[User talk:71.112.109.152|talk]]) 16:33, 2 June 2008 (UTC) 

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== Image:Oceanic basin.svg ==

[[Vertical exaggeration]] should be mentioned on your '''Image:Oceanic basin.svg''' diagram. [[User:Uwmad|Uwmad]] ([[User talk:Uwmad|talk]]) 19:30, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

== Pygmy Ink Whale ==

Chris, I totally just got your Pygmy Sperm Whale vector image tattooed on my ankle in preparation for future oceanic expeditions & ice-cream dates with eskimo girls. I can send pictures if you're interested- thank you! :) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.230.235.177|71.230.235.177]] ([[User talk:71.230.235.177|talk]]) 22:05, 6 July 2008 (UTC) 
:Wow, that's awesome. Some pictures would be cool. I would never have thought about using them as a tattoo. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 00:06, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
::She accidently gave me a [http://img242.imageshack.us/img242/4448/2752324560e13d892fa6fz6.jpg killer] [http://img518.imageshack.us/img518/5501/275148881136e177c29abm6.jpg whale] :D
:::That looks cool. Thanks. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 09:28, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

== Deleted image ==

The image for [[Portal:Cetaceans/Selected Picture/7]] was deleted, so that selected image page is blank. For a picture to take its place, [[:Image:Dolphin anatomy.png]] may be suitable if we want another diagram. --[[User:UberScienceNerd|UberScienceNerd]] [[User talk:UberScienceNerd|Talk]] [[Special:Contributions/UberScienceNerd|Contributions]] 22:27, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
:Oh yes, i completely forgot it was used as a selected picture. I have put the one you suggested in instead as it seems a good replacement. Thanks for bringing this to my attention. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 10:42, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
== Sharks ==
I saw that you were one of the last ones to edit the Caribbean reef shark article. The reason I point this out is that I am a highschool student trying to raise an article of my choice to GA status. And as you can probably guess I am interested in doing my article on the Caribbean reef shark. I was wondering by any chance if you would be interested in assisting me? If you have any questions, refer my school project page [[Wikipedia:WikiProject AP Biology 2008]].--[[User:Duckhunter92|Duckhunter92]] ([[User talk:Duckhunter92|talk]]) 20:45, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
:This seems like a really good idea. Sadly though i haven't really much time to do any major work on wikipedia anymore so i don't think i will be of much help. Try looking at the wikiproject for sharks [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Sharks|here]] and maybe leave a message there too. Good luck. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 10:42, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

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== List of African countries and dependencies ==

Hey, I noticed in June you substantially expanded [[List of African countries and dependencies]]. I don't think it's far from meeting the [[WP:FL?|featured list criteria]] (if it already doesn't). I think it would quickly get promoted if you returned to it, possibly through a peer review first although I don't think it needs one. I think it'd run through quite smoothly as it's fully referenced and comprehensive, you oughta go for it. [[User:Sunderland06|'''Sunderland06''']] ([[User talk:Sunderland06|talk]]) 20:41, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

== My opinion ==

Hi, Chris huh. The message is just to let you know my opinion about removing my image [[Image:Great white shark at his back12.jpg|64px]] from the [[shark]].The dead teeth image shows teeth close up while the shark on his back image shows not only multiply rows of teeth of a live, wild shark, not only upper and low jaws, but also the color of the jaws. The images add value to each other, and IMO they should stay together in the article. Even, if we forget about the teeth all together, the image you removed shows a very interesting behavior of a wild shark, when a shark turned on his back to catch a bait.The shark often behave the same way to attack swimmers, who also swimm on the ocean surface like a bait in my image does. Besides this image that you removed there's only one other image, which shows a behavior of a shark [[Image:Surfacing great white shark.jpg|64px]]. I assume it will be removed soon too. I'm really sorry I uploaded my great white shark images to Wikipedia. May I please wish you good luck with your work for sharks project? Thanks, and may I please ask you to spare a response?--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 15:13, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

== Because you've asked ==

Hi, Chris huh, you've asked what problems my Commons FP nominations had. [[Shark]] talk page is not the right place to respond your questions. Here is also not the right place, but I'll try to do it anyway. No, the images I nominated on Commons FP were taken with digital camera. My problem was that I tried to get promoted the images of phenomenon that nobody of the reviewers ever seen in a real life, never seen pictures of one before they saw my nomination and never even knew such phenomenon existed. To make a long story short here is only one example: '''IMO''', if [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Featured_picture_candidates/Image:Sun_pillar_in_San_Francisco.jpg sunset like this] gets rejected, and [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Featured_picture_candidates/Log/June_2008#Image:Green_Flash_in_Santa_Cruz.jpg.2C_not_featured sunset like this] gets rejected, and [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Featured_picture_candidates/Log/June_2008#Image:Sunset_mirage_1232n.jpg.2C_not_featured sunset like this] gets rejected while [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Featured_picture_candidates/Image:Sunset_2007-1.jpg sunsets like this with negative encyclopedic value] gets promoted there's something wrong with FP process in general, and I do not want to be a part of this nonsense that calls FP. I wrote this message for you, but mostly I did it for myself, just to remind me one more time why I left Commons and why I do not want to go back there.BTW all this applies to FP nominations on English Wikipedia too. That's why I do not go there any more.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 19:40, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
:I understand now. FPs are quite different to just contributing images though, so I hope this won't stop you from putting photos up completely. Were the shark photos digital?[[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 07:54, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
::Yes, it is, but there was one more reason I left Commons. Shark images are digital pictures of my old film prints. I always mention it in the images descriptions, if it the case.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 16:00, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

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== Permission to use image ==

Hi Chris,

How would I go about obtaining permission to reprint an image of a shark that appears in the March 2008 issue of Physics Today?

Thanks.

tgary@aip.org[[Special:Contributions/149.28.227.140|149.28.227.140]] ([[User talk:149.28.227.140|talk]]) 14:45, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

[[Image:Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg|right|thumb|200px|Shark electroreceptors.]]
:Did you mean this picture that i think was used in Physics Today a few months ago, but not sure which issue. I released that image to the public domain so it is free to use and print (as far as i know).

:If you mean another image then i am not sure. You would probably have to seek permission from the author of the article. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 15:18, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

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SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

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== Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot ==

[[User:SuggestBot|SuggestBot]] predicts that you will enjoy editing some of these articles. Have fun!
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|-
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;Stubs:
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|align=top|
;Cleanup
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;Merge
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;Add Sources
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;Wikify
:[[Whaling in Japan]]
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;Expand
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|}

SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

If you have '''feedback''' on how to make SuggestBot better, please tell me on [[User_talk:SuggestBot|SuggestBot's talk page]]. Thanks from [[User:ForteTuba|ForteTuba]], SuggestBot's caretaker.

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== Shark GAR notice ==

[[Shark]] has been nominated for a [[Wikipedia:Good article reassessment|good article reassessment]]. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to [[Wikipedia:What is a good article?|good article quality]]. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status will be removed from the article. Reviewers' concerns are [[Talk:Shark{{#if:1|/GA1}}|here]].--[[User:TonyTheTiger|TonyTheTiger]] ([[User talk:TonyTheTiger|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/TonyTheTiger|c]]/[[User:TonyTheTiger/Antonio Vernon|bio]]/[[WP:CHICAGO]]/[[WP:LOTM]]) 04:51, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

== Shark Chart ==
On your shark catch chart, your axis reads "Quantity x1000" without specifying the units, which I interpreted as # of sharks. When I look at http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/i0250e00.htm it shows similar numbers, however, the units are tonnes. I'm creating a page for Shark Sanctuary, and want to use your revealing image. Can you clarify please? [[User:Lfstevens|Lfstevens]] ([[User talk:Lfstevens|talk]]) 00:37, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
:Hi, yes you're right its tonnes. I went back to the Fishstats site and looked at the data again. I must have missed the (t) before. I will recreate the graph tomorrow to include up to 2007 and fix the units. If the link works you should be able to get the data from [http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/SQServlet?file=/usr/local/tomcat/FI/5.5.23/figis/webapps/figis/temp/hqp_25676.xml&outtype=html here]. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 22:14, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
::Link fails. [[User:Lfstevens|Lfstevens]] ([[User talk:Lfstevens|talk]]) 04:14, 2 October 2009 (UTC)
:::I thought it might. Here is the updated graph - [[:File:Global_shark_catch_graph.png]]. Do you want the source data, i could send it to you if you want. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 18:53, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

User talk:Chris huh

2009-10-01T22:14:19Z

Chris huh: /* Shark Chart */

The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)

2009-08-16T23:09:37Z

Chris huh: /* Changes from the books */

{{infobox television |
| show_name = The Adventures of Tintin
| image = [[Image:The Adventures of Tintin (TV).jpg]]
| caption = The Adventures of Tintin title card .
| format = [[Animated cartoon|Animated Series]] [[Adventure]] [[Mystery]]
| runtime = 25 minutes (approx. per episode)
| creator = [[Hergé]] (characters)
| starring = '''([[English language|English]] version)''' 
[[Colin O'Meara]] [[David Fox]] [[Wayne Robson]] [[John Stocker]] [[Dan Hennessey]] [[Susan Roman]]
| company = [[Ellipse Programmé]] [[Nelvana]]
| country = {{FRA}} {{CAN}}
| network = [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] = [[HBO]] (USA) [[Family (TV channel)|Family]] (Canada) [[Global TV]] (Canada)
| first_aired = 1991
| last_aired = 1992
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 39
|}}
'''''The Adventures of Tintin''''' is an [[animated]] [[television series]] based on ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', a series of books by [[Hergé]]. It debuted in 1991, and 39 half-hour episodes were produced over the course of three seasons. It is the most well known adaptation of the books.

==History==
The [[television series]] was co-directed by [[Stéphane Bernasconi]], unit directed by [[Peter Hudecki]], and produced by [[Lé Studio Ellipse|Ellipse]] (France), and [[Nelvana Limited|Nelvana]] (Canada), on behalf of the [[Hergé Foundation]]. It was the [[Hergé's Adventures of Tintin|first television adaptation of Hergé's books]] for over twenty years (previously, the Belgian animation company [[Belvision]] had been responsible for their loose adaptations). [[Philippe Goddin]], an expert in Hergé and Tintin acted as consultant to the producers. Writers for the series included [[Toby Mullally]], [[Eric Rondeaux]], [[Martin Brossolet]], [[Amelie Aubert]], [[Denise Fordham]] and [[Alex Boon]].

==Production==

Traditional animation techniques were used on the series. The books were closely adhered to during all stages of production, with some frames from the original albums being transposed directly to screen. In the episodes ''[[Destination Moon (Tintin)|Destination Moon]]'' and ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]'', [[3-D computer graphics|3D]] animation was used for the Moon rocket - an unusual step in 1989. The rocket was animated in 3D, each frame of the animation was then printed and recopied onto [[celluloid]] and hand painted in [[gouache]], and laid onto a painted background. The rocket seen in the title sequence is animated using 3D techniques.

Artistically, the series chose a constant look, unlike the books (drawn over a course of 47 years, Hergé's style developed throughout from early works like ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' and later ones such as ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]''). However, later televised episodes such as the Moon story and ''[[Tintin in America]]'' clearly demonstrate the artists' development during the course of the series.

The series was filmed in English, with the animation timed to fit the English soundtrack. French-speaking viewers have found the French voices rushed to fit the English timing.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Purist]]s have also complained that French should have been the first language.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} All visuals (road signs, posters and settings) remain in French.

The series is generally seen by fans as being a faithful adaptation of Hergé's books.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} The changes that occurred have been accepted due to the potential audience. Some feel uncomfortable with the Canadian accent given to Tintin because of the actor who played him.{{Fact|date=November 2008}}

==Changes from the books==
Inevitably, certain areas of the stories posed difficulties for the producers, who had to adapt features of the books to a more modern young audience. But it must be said that this series was far more faithful to the books than ''[[Hergé's Adventures of Tintin]]'', which had been made from 1958 to 1962.

The most obvious change was that the books ''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'', ''[[Tintin in the Congo]]'' and ''[[Tintin and Alph-Art]]'' were not adapted at all. While ''Soviets'' and ''Alph-Art'' were left out for obvious reasons (the first was in an original black and white state and offensive for Russia, and the second was unfinished), ''Congo'' is a part of the French [[canon (fiction)|canon]], but due to its unavailability in English at the time and questionable content, it was dropped from the series. Also, violence and death and the use of weapons were toned down or removed completely.
Haddock's penchant for [[whisky]] posed a problem for audience sensitivities. While the original books did not promote alcohol, they featured it heavily, with much humor based around it and the results of drinking. However, in many countries where the producers hoped to sell the series, alcoholism is a sensitive issue. Therefore, international versions of the series had some alterations. Haddock is seen drinking, but not as heavily as in the books. ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'' is the only adventure where Haddock's drunken state is not reduced. In ''[[Tintin in Tibet]],'' Haddock is seen taking a nip from a flask of whisky in order to set up a scene in which Snowy is tempted to lap up some split whisky and subsequently falls over a cliff. In ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]'', Haddock is the only person taking wine with dinner, foreshadowing the use of Calculus' tablets to "cure" the drunken Picaros. Haddock is also seen drinking in ''[[The Calculus Affair]]'' and in ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]'', setting up the scene where he leaves the rocket in a drunken state. It should be noted that he does not hide the bottle in a book of Astronomy, like he did in the book, but keeps the bottle in the refrigerator, making it less obvious for young viewers that it's alcohol.

Throughout the books, Snowy is frequently seen to be "talking". It is understood that his voice is only heard through the "[[fourth wall]]", but this verbal commentary is completely absent in the television series.

Smaller changes were made due to the necessity for simplification or audience requirements. In ''[[The Calculus Affair]],'' the [[Syldavia]]n group who tries to snatch [[Professor Calculus]] from the [[Borduria]]ns in the original book is removed for simplicity. Also, in the original book, Calculus was kidnapped earlier in the story. It's not clear why they made that change.

In ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]'', the original book dealt with the topic of modern slavery, but in the television episode was centered around smuggling of refugees. Surprisingly, they are Arabs instead of Africans. They weren't meant to be sold, but killed after handing over all their money. Furthermore, while the Africans in the book volunteered to be simply stokers for the ship that Captain Haddock has command of, the television version makes a point of having the characters doing more sophisticated work on the ship. Also, [[Piotr Skut]] has already known Tintin and Captain Haddock when they saved him while they haven't met each other in the original story. Also, the scene in which the Mosquitos bomb the jeeps has been rewritten - in the book, Muller is safely inside the command quarters and talks to the General via telephone, whereas in the TV version, Muller is in one of the jeeps and communicates via walkie-talkie.

In ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]'', Hergé presents a less naive Tintin who refuses to go with Haddock and Calculus to rescue Castafiore and the detectives, knowing it's a setup. He only joins them later, after his conscience gets the better of him. Many fans felt it was out of character for Tintin to refuse to go to South America. In the series however, Tintin is all for rescuing his friends and goes with Haddock and Calculus early in the adventure. In the original comic, Tintin wore jeans throughout the book, which was in contrast with the plus-fours he had always worn previously. In the episode, his plus fours have returned.

''[[Tintin in America]]'' was the most altered episode, amounting to almost a completely new story. The [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] aspect was completely removed, and the [[gangster]] element given the main focus. [[Bobby Smiles]], in the book the head of a rival gang to [[Al Capone]], becomes an 'employee' of Capone's in the televised episode. Artistically, the episode was produced to the same standard as the others, with backgrounds having greater detail and more interestingly filmed shots.

In ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]'', the impostor of the professor smokes while the latter doesn't which is the reverse of the book.

In ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]'', the Bird brothers' Bull mastiff, Brutus is not shown.

In ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'', the changes are made solely for time such as the only consequence of the press exposure is their meeting with Calculus. In addition, Tintin has a smooth voyage in the shark submarine as opposed to the book where Tintin is in peril when the vehicle is snarled with seaweed. Furthermore, the treasure hunters never return to the island to dig around a large wooden cross on a mistaken idea of where the treasure could be.

In ''[[The Black Island]]'', the gorilla Ranko crushes the rock Tintin throws at him, something he didn't do in the book.

In ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]'', the mental hospital cell is a padded cell; in the book it has a bed. Also, Dr. Finney is a member of the gang so he wrote a letter saying that Tintin was mad. In the book, the fakir copied the doctor's handwriting and wrote the letter. An unnamed Japanese person is a member of the gang. In the TV episode when Thompson and Thomson come into Tintin's cabin Tintin already knows them; in the book he does not. Tintin is not recaptured by the asylum; instead the maharajah's son finds him.

In "[[Tintin and the Broken Ear]]", Tortilla is completely missing from the plot, and is replaced by Walker's aide, Lopez (who is not mentioned as a half-caste). Further, Colonel-turned-Corporal Diaz is completely absent from the story, as are the numerous assassination attempts perpetrated by himself and R.W. Trickler. The entire subplot involving the rivalling petroleum companies is removed, and accordingly, Tintin never falls out of favour with General Alcazar, and Alonzo and Ramon never find Tintin in the Amazon. Also in the book, Tintin disguises himself as a [[blackface]]d [[African]] to spy on Ramon and Alonzo, while in the episode, Tintin's disguise is that of a [[steward]] wearing a false moustache, glasses, and a black wig. While in the book, Tintin walks back to Sanfacion, Nuevo Rico, alone, after being caught by Alonzo and Ramon, he is instead escorted (off screen) by Walker and the Arumbayas to San Theodoros. At the end of the episode, Tintin saves Ramon and Alonzo, whereas they drown and disappear into Hell in the book.

==Music==
The music for the series was written by three composers. [[Ray Parker, Jr.]] did the music for the opening/end credits, while [[Jim Morgan (musician)|Jim Morgan]] and [[Tom Szczesniak]] wrote the underscore. Excerpts from the score were released by [[Lé Studio Ellipse|Ellipse]] on CD and cassette in conjunction with [[Universal Music Group|Universal]], on the [[StudioCanal]] label. It is no longer available.

==Broadcasts and releases==
===Broadcasts===

In [[Canada]], the series originally aired on [[Family (TV channel)|The Family Channel]] and [[Global Television Network]], and on [[Radio-Canada]] in [[Quebec]]. with reruns subsequently aired on [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] and [[Teletoon (Canada)|Teletoon]].

In the [[United States]], the series originally aired on [[HBO]] with reruns subsequently aired on [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]].

In the [[United Kingdom]], the series originally aired on [[Channel Four]] on terrestrial television, and [[Challenge|Family Channel]], a channel based on [[ABC Family|CBN's Family Channel]] available through the original [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] system. It was later broadcast on [[Sky One]] until the series was purchased by [[Five (TV)|Five]].

In [[Israel]], the series was dubbed into [[Hebrew]] by [http://www.elrstudio.com/ Elrom Studios], and broadcasted on [http://iba.org.il/ Israel TV Channel 1] during the [http://zap.iba.org.il/ Zaa'p L'arishon] Children and Teenagers devoted shows. Tintin became very popular among kids and adults in Israel. The show was aired for several years, rerunning many times.

In [[Australia]], the series was broadcast by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] as part of their [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]] programming block as well as on the [[ABC2]] digital channel. It has been shown in its complete run at least twice, leading to screenings of the [[Belvision]] [[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]] films.

In [[New Zealand]], the series was originally aired on [[TV2 (New Zealand)]] of [[TVNZ|Television New Zealand]]. It continued to re-run on TV2 for a few years afterwards. It then featured on [[Cartoon Network]].

In [[India]], the series was broadcast by Cartoon Network in the summer of 2000. The original run was followed by many reruns. [[Zee]] Alpha [[Bangla]] also showed the series with [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dubbings.

It has also aired in [[Arabic]] in several networks broadcast from [[Arabic]] speaking regions.

In [[Bulgaria]], it premiered on July 18, 2005 on [[BNT Channel 1]] and aired every Monday to Friday from 16:20. Reruns were aired during 2006.

In [[Indonesia]], it is aired at December 2005 in the now defunct Lativi Channel.

In [[Southeast Asia]], the series was aired in [[Cartoon Network]] up to about 2004.

The series is currently aired globally in over 50 countries.

===Video and DVD releases===

The full series has been available three times on video, with individual episodes released by [[Lumiere]] in 1994 and [[Mollin Video]] in 2000, while [[Anchor Bay Entertainment|Anchor Bay]] released a series of five videos, containing four episodes on each (and five on the last one) in 2002–2003.

The series has also been released twice on [[DVD region code|Region 2 DVD]] by Anchor Bay, but unfortunately with no subtitles or extra features. The first was as an exclusive 5-disc DVD release for [[HMV Group plc|HMV]] with soundtracks in [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The second was a general 10-disc release but with the soundtrack only in [[English language|English]]. The 10-disc set is in the canonical order, although the limited edition 5-disc set places ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' first (presumably from looking at the back of one of the books).

In [[France]], the full series has been available for years on video, produced by [[Citel]]. At the beginning of 2006, Citel also released the series on [[DVD region code|Region 2 DVD]]. The DVDs are packaged in two ways. In one packaging, there are 21 DVDs with one episode per DVD and audio in [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] but no subtitles. A full set was issued in a wooden box. The second packaging has two episodes on each DVD (3 on one). These have audio in [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and subtitles in the same three languages plus French for the hard of hearing. Some of them also have subtitles in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Recently the series was issued as a [[partwork]] by [[Éditions Atlas]] in France, with an accompanying booklet featuring information about the episode and behind-the-scenes artwork.

In [[Canada]], the series has been released on [[DVD region code|Region 1 DVD]], with French and English language tracks with subtitles. Each DVD contains two episodes, arranged in two boxed sets of ten episodes each. For some reason, ''[[Tintin in America]]'' is not planned for release. The episodes have no specific order on the discs. It is more French than English; for on-screen text, English subtitles automatically appear.

In [[Australia]], a 6-disc [[DVD]] [[box set]] of the series was released by [[Madman Entertainment]] in 2004, in the order in which the comics were released. The first three discs had four episodes, the last three had three episodes. Each disc comes with information on the comic books, character profiles, and no subtitles.

In [[India]], the series has been released on both DVD and VCD by Moser Baer Home Entertainment.

In [[Brazil]], the series has been released on DVD in July 2008. Each season has been released separately on 3 box-sets. There's also a special deluxe collector's edition box-set with all 39 episodes on 9 discs. The series has been released by [[Log On Multimedia]] and the region-free DVDs contains audio in English and Portuguese and subtitles in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].

==Cameos by Hergé==

In many episodes, [[Hergé]] (like [[Alfred Hitchcock]] in many of his movies) appears as an extra. Confirmed sightings are:
* ''[[Tintin in America]]
** One of the people watching the gangsters speak.
* ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]''
** An assistant on the film set.
** One of the inmates at the mental institution, wearing a paper hat and impersonating [[Napoleon]]
* ''[[The Blue Lotus]]''
** Checking his watch outside Mitsuhirato's store
** Sitting in a café in Hukow
* ''[[Tintin and the Broken Ear]]''
** News photographer in the Museum of Ethnography
** Standing at the bar on the S.S. Washington
* ''[[The Black Island]]''
** Getting on train before Tintin
** Walking past Tintin's compartment on train
** Seated at table with several other people in dining car on train
* ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''
** In the crowd on the street, after the Thompsons open up Tintins parcel
** At the Palace (when Bianca Castafiore singing), as King Muskar's Guest
* ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]''
** His name appears on the mailbox next to Tintin's
** A passerby who helps Tintin up after he is attacked by goons.
** His picture appears in a newspaper, Tintin is reading
** A reporter who asks Tintin, "What it's like to be a hero?"
* ''[[The Shooting Star]]''
** One of the townspeople in the street, awaken by the meteor shower.
* ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]''
** Showing a sketch he drew to a maid outside a building.
* ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]
** Sketching in a dockside bar
* ''[[The Seven Crystal Balls]]
** As a member of the orchestra at the variate
** Waiting in the hospitalcorridor
* ''[[Prisoners of the Sun]]''
** Dressed in traditional Peruvian garb, waiting for a train.
** Helping Tintin off his [[llama]].
* ''[[Land of Black Gold]]''
** In the crowd on the street, watching fireworks blowing up in [[Dr. J.W. Müller]]'s castle
* ''[[Destination Moon (Tintin)|Destination Moon]]''
** One of the people on the elevator working on the rocket
** One of the workers in Miller's lab when the XFLR-6 takes off.
* ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]''
** One of the ground crew who enters the spaceship after landing
* ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''
** Walking through the lobby of the Hotel Cornavin
** Part of the crowd at the Szohôd Opera House
* ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]''
** Walking through the lobby of the Hotel Excelsior
* ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]''
** With a sketchbook on the street in Kathmandu
* ''[[The Castafiore Emerald]]''
** As part of the TV crew filming [[Bianca Castafiore]] at [[Marlinspike Hall]]
** On [[Professor Calculus]]' "Super-Calcacolor" television
* ''[[Flight 714]]''
** When [[captain Haddock]] spots [[Laszlo Carreidas]] for the first time he is on the other side of the bench.
** In the television news broadcast about [[Minor characters in The Adventures of Tintin#Doctor Krollspell|Dr. Krollspell]] reappearing in India
* ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]''
** With a sketchbook on the streets of Tapiocapolis

==Voice artists==
===English===
* [[Colin O'Meara]] - Tintin
* [[Susan Roman]] - Snowy
* [[David Fox]] - Captain Haddock
* [[Wayne Robson]] - Professor Calculus
* [[Dan Hennessey]] - Detective Thomson
* [[John Stocker]] - Detective Thompson

===French===
* [[Thierry Wermuth]] - Tintin
* [[Susan Roman]] - Milou
* [[Christian Pelissier]] - Capitaine Haddock
* [[Henri Labussiere]] - Professeur Tournesol
* [[Yves Barsacq]] - Détective Dupont
* [[Jean-Pierre Moulin]] - Détective Dupond

===Dutch===
* [[Michael Pas]] - Kuifje
* [[Luk De Koninck]] - Kapitein Haddock
* [[Bert Struys]] - Professor Zonnebloem
* [[David Davidse]] - Jansen
* [[Paul Codde]] - Janssen

===Portuguese===
* Carla Carreiro
* [[Carlos Macedo]]
* Frederico Trancoso
* Luís Barros
* Paulo Simões
* Rui de Sá
* Vitor Emanuel

===Brazilian Portuguese===
* [[Oberdan Júnior]] - Tintin
* [[Isaac Bardavid]] - Capitão Haddock
* [[Orlando Drummond]] - Professor Girassol
* [[Darcy Pedrosa]] - Detetive Dupond
* [[Márcio Simões]] - Detetive Dupont
* [[Paulo Flores]] - Rastapopoulos
* [[Selma Lopes]] - Bianca Castafiore

===Swedish===
* [[Mats Quiström]] - Tintin
* [[Kenneth Milldoff]] - Kapten Haddock, Rastapopoulos
* [[Dan Bratt]] - Professor Kalkyl
* [[Håkan Mohede]] - Dupond & Dupont, Nestor
* [[Anja Schmidt]] - Bianca Castafiore

===Finnish===
* [[Jarkko Tamminen]] - Tintti
* [[Aarne Tenkanen]] - Kapteeni Haddock
* [[Antti Pääkkönen]] - Professori Teophilus Tuhatkauno
* [[Veikko Honkanen]] - Dupond & Dupont
* [[Rauno Ahonen]] - Rastapopoulos

==Episodes==
Running order of the TV Series as [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0179552/episodes#season-1 per original broadcast schedule]

===Season 1===

# [[The Crab with the Golden Claws]] Part 1
# The Crab with the Golden Claws Part 2
# [[The Secret of the Unicorn]] Part 1
# The Secret of the Unicorn Part 2
# [[Red Rackham's Treasure]]
# [[Cigars of the Pharaoh]] Part 1
# Cigars of the Pharaoh Part 2
# [[The Blue Lotus]] Part 1
# The Blue Lotus Part 2
# [[The Black Island]] Part 1
# The Black Island Part 2
# [[The Calculus Affair]] Part 1
# The Calculus Affair Part 2

===Season 2===

# [[The Shooting Star]]
# [[The Broken Ear]] Part 1
# The Broken Ear Part 2
# [[King Ottokar's Sceptre]] Part 1
# King Ottokar's Sceptre Part 2
# [[Tintin in Tibet]] Part 1
# Tintin in Tibet Part 2
# [[Tintin and the Picaros]] Part 1
# Tintin and the Picaros Part 2
# [[Land of Black Gold]] Part 1
# Land of Black Gold Part 2
# [[Flight 714]] Part 1
# Flight 714 Part 2

===Season 3===

# [[The Red Sea Sharks]] Part 1
# The Red Sea Sharks Part 2
# [[The Seven Crystal Balls]] Part 1
# The Seven Crystal Balls Part 2
# [[Prisoners of the Sun]] Part 1
# Prisoners of the Sun Part 2
# [[The Castafiore Emerald]] Part 1
# The Castafiore Emerald Part 2
# [[Destination Moon (Tintin)|Destination Moon]] Part 1
# Destination Moon Part 2
# [[Explorers on the Moon]] Part 1
# Explorers on the Moon Part 2
# [[Tintin in America]]

==Trivia==
* In ''The Calculus Affair'', there are posters saying "Amaïh Plekszy-Gladz". This is the French name of Kurvi-Tasch.

==References==
* ''Les Aventures de Tintin en DVD'' (2003) : issues 1,2,5,6
* ''The Adventures of Tintin'' - 5-disc DVD set (2003)
* [[Jean-Marc Lofficier|Lofficier]], Jean-Marc & Randy (2002) ''The Pocket Essential Tintin'' - ISBN 1-904048-17-X
* [http://www.citelvideo.com/ Citel Video]

==External links==
* {{imdb title|id=0179552|title=The Adventures of Tintin}}
* {{tv.com|19627|The Adventures of Tintin}}
* [http://www.tintinologist.org/guides/screen/ Guide to screen adaptions of "Tintin"] at Tintinologist.org

{{Tintin and Hergé}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adventures Of Tintin, The}}
[[Category:Tintin]]
[[Category:French children's television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's television series]]
[[Category:HBO network shows]]
[[Category:Family Channel shows]]
[[Category:Global network shows]]
[[Category:Television programs based on comic strips]]
[[Category:1991 Canadian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1992 Canadian television series endings]]
[[Category:French animated television series]]
[[Category:Canadian animated television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on Belgian comics]]

[[bg:Приключенията на Тинтин (анимационен сериал)]]
[[fr:Les Aventures de Tintin (série télévisée d'animation)]]
[[id:Petualangan Tintin - Serial TV]]
[[it:Le avventure di Tin Tin]]
[[nl:De avonturen van Kuifje (tekenfilmserie)]]
[[pt:As Aventuras de Tintim (série de TV)]]
[[sv:Tintin (TV-serie)]]
[[tr:Ten ten]]
[[vi:Những cuộc phiêu lưu của Tintin (phim hoạt hình)]]

The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)

2009-08-16T23:07:32Z

Chris huh: /* Changes from the books */

{{infobox television |
| show_name = The Adventures of Tintin
| image = [[Image:The Adventures of Tintin (TV).jpg]]
| caption = The Adventures of Tintin title card .
| format = [[Animated cartoon|Animated Series]] [[Adventure]] [[Mystery]]
| runtime = 25 minutes (approx. per episode)
| creator = [[Hergé]] (characters)
| starring = '''([[English language|English]] version)''' 
[[Colin O'Meara]] [[David Fox]] [[Wayne Robson]] [[John Stocker]] [[Dan Hennessey]] [[Susan Roman]]
| company = [[Ellipse Programmé]] [[Nelvana]]
| country = {{FRA}} {{CAN}}
| network = [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] = [[HBO]] (USA) [[Family (TV channel)|Family]] (Canada) [[Global TV]] (Canada)
| first_aired = 1991
| last_aired = 1992
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 39
|}}
'''''The Adventures of Tintin''''' is an [[animated]] [[television series]] based on ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', a series of books by [[Hergé]]. It debuted in 1991, and 39 half-hour episodes were produced over the course of three seasons. It is the most well known adaptation of the books.

==History==
The [[television series]] was co-directed by [[Stéphane Bernasconi]], unit directed by [[Peter Hudecki]], and produced by [[Lé Studio Ellipse|Ellipse]] (France), and [[Nelvana Limited|Nelvana]] (Canada), on behalf of the [[Hergé Foundation]]. It was the [[Hergé's Adventures of Tintin|first television adaptation of Hergé's books]] for over twenty years (previously, the Belgian animation company [[Belvision]] had been responsible for their loose adaptations). [[Philippe Goddin]], an expert in Hergé and Tintin acted as consultant to the producers. Writers for the series included [[Toby Mullally]], [[Eric Rondeaux]], [[Martin Brossolet]], [[Amelie Aubert]], [[Denise Fordham]] and [[Alex Boon]].

==Production==

Traditional animation techniques were used on the series. The books were closely adhered to during all stages of production, with some frames from the original albums being transposed directly to screen. In the episodes ''[[Destination Moon (Tintin)|Destination Moon]]'' and ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]'', [[3-D computer graphics|3D]] animation was used for the Moon rocket - an unusual step in 1989. The rocket was animated in 3D, each frame of the animation was then printed and recopied onto [[celluloid]] and hand painted in [[gouache]], and laid onto a painted background. The rocket seen in the title sequence is animated using 3D techniques.

Artistically, the series chose a constant look, unlike the books (drawn over a course of 47 years, Hergé's style developed throughout from early works like ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' and later ones such as ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]''). However, later televised episodes such as the Moon story and ''[[Tintin in America]]'' clearly demonstrate the artists' development during the course of the series.

The series was filmed in English, with the animation timed to fit the English soundtrack. French-speaking viewers have found the French voices rushed to fit the English timing.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Purist]]s have also complained that French should have been the first language.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} All visuals (road signs, posters and settings) remain in French.

The series is generally seen by fans as being a faithful adaptation of Hergé's books.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} The changes that occurred have been accepted due to the potential audience. Some feel uncomfortable with the Canadian accent given to Tintin because of the actor who played him.{{Fact|date=November 2008}}

==Changes from the books==
Inevitably, certain areas of the stories posed difficulties for the producers, who had to adapt features of the books to a more modern young audience. But it must be said that this series was far more faithful to the books than ''[[Hergé's Adventures of Tintin]]'', which had been made from 1958 to 1962.

The most obvious change was that the books ''[[Tintin in the Land of the Soviets]]'', ''[[Tintin in the Congo]]'' and ''[[Tintin and Alph-Art]]'' were not adapted at all. While ''Soviets'' and ''Alph-Art'' were left out for obvious reasons (the first was in an original black and white state and offensive for Russia, and the second was unfinished), ''Congo'' is a part of the French [[canon (fiction)|canon]], but due to its unavailability in English at the time and questionable content, it was dropped from the series. Also, violence and death and the use of weapons were toned down or removed completely.
Haddock's penchant for [[whisky]] posed a problem for audience sensitivities. While the original books did not promote alcohol, they featured it heavily, with much humor based around it and the results of drinking. However, in many countries where the producers hoped to sell the series, alcoholism is a sensitive issue. Therefore, international versions of the series had some alterations. Haddock is seen drinking, but not as heavily as in the books. ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]'' is the only adventure where Haddock's drunken state is not reduced. In ''[[Tintin in Tibet]],'' Haddock is seen taking a nip from a flask of whiskey in order to set up a scene in which Snowy is tempted to lap up some split whiskey and subsequently falls over a cliff. In ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]'', Haddock is the only person taking wine with dinner, foreshadowing the use of Calculus' tablets to "cure" the drunken Picaros. Haddock is also seen drinking in ''[[The Calculus Affair]]'' and in ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]'', setting up the scene where he leaves the rocket in a drunken state. It should be noted that he does not hide the bottle in a book of Astronomy, like he did in the book, but keeps the bottle in the refrigerator, making it less obvious for young viewers that it's alcohol.

Throughout the books, Snowy is frequently seen to be "talking". It is understood that his voice is only heard through the "[[fourth wall]]", but this verbal commentary is completely absent in the television series.

Smaller changes were made due to the necessity for simplification or audience requirements. In ''[[The Calculus Affair]],'' the [[Syldavia]]n group who tries to snatch [[Professor Calculus]] from the [[Borduria]]ns in the original book is removed for simplicity. Also, in the original book, Calculus was kidnapped earlier in the story. It's not clear why they made that change.

In ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]'', the original book dealt with the topic of modern slavery, but in the television episode was centered around smuggling of refugees. Surprisingly, they are Arabs instead of Africans. They weren't meant to be sold, but killed after handing over all their money. Furthermore, while the Africans in the book volunteered to be simply stokers for the ship that Captain Haddock has command of, the television version makes a point of having the characters doing more sophisticated work on the ship. Also, [[Piotr Skut]] has already known Tintin and Captain Haddock when they saved him while they haven't met each other in the original story. Also, the scene in which the Mosquitos bomb the jeeps has been rewritten - in the book, Muller is safely inside the command quarters and talks to the General via telephone, whereas in the TV version, Muller is in one of the jeeps and communicates via walkie-talkie.

In ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]'', Hergé presents a less naive Tintin who refuses to go with Haddock and Calculus to rescue Castafiore and the detectives, knowing it's a setup. He only joins them later, after his conscience gets the better of him. Many fans felt it was out of character for Tintin to refuse to go to South America. In the series however, Tintin is all for rescuing his friends and goes with Haddock and Calculus early in the adventure. In the original comic, Tintin wore jeans throughout the book, which was in contrast with the plus-fours he had always worn previously. In the episode, his plus fours have returned.

''[[Tintin in America]]'' was the most altered episode, amounting to almost a completely new story. The [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] aspect was completely removed, and the [[gangster]] element given the main focus. [[Bobby Smiles]], in the book the head of a rival gang to [[Al Capone]], becomes an 'employee' of Capone's in the televised episode. Artistically, the episode was produced to the same standard as the others, with backgrounds having greater detail and more interestingly filmed shots.

In ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]'', the impostor of the professor smokes while the latter doesn't which is the reverse of the book.

In ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]'', the Bird brothers' Bull mastiff, Brutus is not shown.

In ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]'', the changes are made solely for time such as the only consequence of the press exposure is their meeting with Calculus. In addition, Tintin has a smooth voyage in the shark submarine as opposed to the book where Tintin is in peril when the vehicle is snarled with seaweed. Furthermore, the treasure hunters never return to the island to dig around a large wooden cross on a mistaken idea of where the treasure could be.

In ''[[The Black Island]]'', the gorilla Ranko crushes the rock Tintin throws at him, something he didn't do in the book.

In ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]'', the mental hospital cell is a padded cell; in the book it has a bed. Also, Dr. Finney is a member of the gang so he wrote a letter saying that Tintin was mad. In the book, the fakir copied the doctor's handwriting and wrote the letter. An unnamed Japanese person is a member of the gang. In the TV episode when Thompson and Thomson come into Tintin's cabin Tintin already knows them; in the book he does not. Tintin is not recaptured by the asylum; instead the maharajah's son finds him.

In "[[Tintin and the Broken Ear]]", Tortilla is completely missing from the plot, and is replaced by Walker's aide, Lopez (who is not mentioned as a half-caste). Further, Colonel-turned-Corporal Diaz is completely absent from the story, as are the numerous assassination attempts perpetrated by himself and R.W. Trickler. The entire subplot involving the rivalling petroleum companies is removed, and accordingly, Tintin never falls out of favour with General Alcazar, and Alonzo and Ramon never find Tintin in the Amazon. Also in the book, Tintin disguises himself as a [[blackface]]d [[African]] to spy on Ramon and Alonzo, while in the episode, Tintin's disguise is that of a [[steward]] wearing a false moustache, glasses, and a black wig. While in the book, Tintin walks back to Sanfacion, Nuevo Rico, alone, after being caught by Alonzo and Ramon, he is instead escorted (off screen) by Walker and the Arumbayas to San Theodoros. At the end of the episode, Tintin saves Ramon and Alonzo, whereas they drown and disappear into Hell in the book.

==Music==
The music for the series was written by three composers. [[Ray Parker, Jr.]] did the music for the opening/end credits, while [[Jim Morgan (musician)|Jim Morgan]] and [[Tom Szczesniak]] wrote the underscore. Excerpts from the score were released by [[Lé Studio Ellipse|Ellipse]] on CD and cassette in conjunction with [[Universal Music Group|Universal]], on the [[StudioCanal]] label. It is no longer available.

==Broadcasts and releases==
===Broadcasts===

In [[Canada]], the series originally aired on [[Family (TV channel)|The Family Channel]] and [[Global Television Network]], and on [[Radio-Canada]] in [[Quebec]]. with reruns subsequently aired on [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] and [[Teletoon (Canada)|Teletoon]].

In the [[United States]], the series originally aired on [[HBO]] with reruns subsequently aired on [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]].

In the [[United Kingdom]], the series originally aired on [[Channel Four]] on terrestrial television, and [[Challenge|Family Channel]], a channel based on [[ABC Family|CBN's Family Channel]] available through the original [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky]] system. It was later broadcast on [[Sky One]] until the series was purchased by [[Five (TV)|Five]].

In [[Israel]], the series was dubbed into [[Hebrew]] by [http://www.elrstudio.com/ Elrom Studios], and broadcasted on [http://iba.org.il/ Israel TV Channel 1] during the [http://zap.iba.org.il/ Zaa'p L'arishon] Children and Teenagers devoted shows. Tintin became very popular among kids and adults in Israel. The show was aired for several years, rerunning many times.

In [[Australia]], the series was broadcast by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] as part of their [[ABC Kids (Australia)|ABC Kids]] programming block as well as on the [[ABC2]] digital channel. It has been shown in its complete run at least twice, leading to screenings of the [[Belvision]] [[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]] films.

In [[New Zealand]], the series was originally aired on [[TV2 (New Zealand)]] of [[TVNZ|Television New Zealand]]. It continued to re-run on TV2 for a few years afterwards. It then featured on [[Cartoon Network]].

In [[India]], the series was broadcast by Cartoon Network in the summer of 2000. The original run was followed by many reruns. [[Zee]] Alpha [[Bangla]] also showed the series with [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dubbings.

It has also aired in [[Arabic]] in several networks broadcast from [[Arabic]] speaking regions.

In [[Bulgaria]], it premiered on July 18, 2005 on [[BNT Channel 1]] and aired every Monday to Friday from 16:20. Reruns were aired during 2006.

In [[Indonesia]], it is aired at December 2005 in the now defunct Lativi Channel.

In [[Southeast Asia]], the series was aired in [[Cartoon Network]] up to about 2004.

The series is currently aired globally in over 50 countries.

===Video and DVD releases===

The full series has been available three times on video, with individual episodes released by [[Lumiere]] in 1994 and [[Mollin Video]] in 2000, while [[Anchor Bay Entertainment|Anchor Bay]] released a series of five videos, containing four episodes on each (and five on the last one) in 2002–2003.

The series has also been released twice on [[DVD region code|Region 2 DVD]] by Anchor Bay, but unfortunately with no subtitles or extra features. The first was as an exclusive 5-disc DVD release for [[HMV Group plc|HMV]] with soundtracks in [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The second was a general 10-disc release but with the soundtrack only in [[English language|English]]. The 10-disc set is in the canonical order, although the limited edition 5-disc set places ''[[The Blue Lotus]]'' first (presumably from looking at the back of one of the books).

In [[France]], the full series has been available for years on video, produced by [[Citel]]. At the beginning of 2006, Citel also released the series on [[DVD region code|Region 2 DVD]]. The DVDs are packaged in two ways. In one packaging, there are 21 DVDs with one episode per DVD and audio in [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] but no subtitles. A full set was issued in a wooden box. The second packaging has two episodes on each DVD (3 on one). These have audio in [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and subtitles in the same three languages plus French for the hard of hearing. Some of them also have subtitles in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Recently the series was issued as a [[partwork]] by [[Éditions Atlas]] in France, with an accompanying booklet featuring information about the episode and behind-the-scenes artwork.

In [[Canada]], the series has been released on [[DVD region code|Region 1 DVD]], with French and English language tracks with subtitles. Each DVD contains two episodes, arranged in two boxed sets of ten episodes each. For some reason, ''[[Tintin in America]]'' is not planned for release. The episodes have no specific order on the discs. It is more French than English; for on-screen text, English subtitles automatically appear.

In [[Australia]], a 6-disc [[DVD]] [[box set]] of the series was released by [[Madman Entertainment]] in 2004, in the order in which the comics were released. The first three discs had four episodes, the last three had three episodes. Each disc comes with information on the comic books, character profiles, and no subtitles.

In [[India]], the series has been released on both DVD and VCD by Moser Baer Home Entertainment.

In [[Brazil]], the series has been released on DVD in July 2008. Each season has been released separately on 3 box-sets. There's also a special deluxe collector's edition box-set with all 39 episodes on 9 discs. The series has been released by [[Log On Multimedia]] and the region-free DVDs contains audio in English and Portuguese and subtitles in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].

==Cameos by Hergé==

In many episodes, [[Hergé]] (like [[Alfred Hitchcock]] in many of his movies) appears as an extra. Confirmed sightings are:
* ''[[Tintin in America]]
** One of the people watching the gangsters speak.
* ''[[Cigars of the Pharaoh]]''
** An assistant on the film set.
** One of the inmates at the mental institution, wearing a paper hat and impersonating [[Napoleon]]
* ''[[The Blue Lotus]]''
** Checking his watch outside Mitsuhirato's store
** Sitting in a café in Hukow
* ''[[Tintin and the Broken Ear]]''
** News photographer in the Museum of Ethnography
** Standing at the bar on the S.S. Washington
* ''[[The Black Island]]''
** Getting on train before Tintin
** Walking past Tintin's compartment on train
** Seated at table with several other people in dining car on train
* ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''
** In the crowd on the street, after the Thompsons open up Tintins parcel
** At the Palace (when Bianca Castafiore singing), as King Muskar's Guest
* ''[[The Crab with the Golden Claws]]''
** His name appears on the mailbox next to Tintin's
** A passerby who helps Tintin up after he is attacked by goons.
** His picture appears in a newspaper, Tintin is reading
** A reporter who asks Tintin, "What it's like to be a hero?"
* ''[[The Shooting Star]]''
** One of the townspeople in the street, awaken by the meteor shower.
* ''[[The Secret of the Unicorn]]''
** Showing a sketch he drew to a maid outside a building.
* ''[[Red Rackham's Treasure]]
** Sketching in a dockside bar
* ''[[The Seven Crystal Balls]]
** As a member of the orchestra at the variate
** Waiting in the hospitalcorridor
* ''[[Prisoners of the Sun]]''
** Dressed in traditional Peruvian garb, waiting for a train.
** Helping Tintin off his [[llama]].
* ''[[Land of Black Gold]]''
** In the crowd on the street, watching fireworks blowing up in [[Dr. J.W. Müller]]'s castle
* ''[[Destination Moon (Tintin)|Destination Moon]]''
** One of the people on the elevator working on the rocket
** One of the workers in Miller's lab when the XFLR-6 takes off.
* ''[[Explorers on the Moon]]''
** One of the ground crew who enters the spaceship after landing
* ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''
** Walking through the lobby of the Hotel Cornavin
** Part of the crowd at the Szohôd Opera House
* ''[[The Red Sea Sharks]]''
** Walking through the lobby of the Hotel Excelsior
* ''[[Tintin in Tibet]]''
** With a sketchbook on the street in Kathmandu
* ''[[The Castafiore Emerald]]''
** As part of the TV crew filming [[Bianca Castafiore]] at [[Marlinspike Hall]]
** On [[Professor Calculus]]' "Super-Calcacolor" television
* ''[[Flight 714]]''
** When [[captain Haddock]] spots [[Laszlo Carreidas]] for the first time he is on the other side of the bench.
** In the television news broadcast about [[Minor characters in The Adventures of Tintin#Doctor Krollspell|Dr. Krollspell]] reappearing in India
* ''[[Tintin and the Picaros]]''
** With a sketchbook on the streets of Tapiocapolis

==Voice artists==
===English===
* [[Colin O'Meara]] - Tintin
* [[Susan Roman]] - Snowy
* [[David Fox]] - Captain Haddock
* [[Wayne Robson]] - Professor Calculus
* [[Dan Hennessey]] - Detective Thomson
* [[John Stocker]] - Detective Thompson

===French===
* [[Thierry Wermuth]] - Tintin
* [[Susan Roman]] - Milou
* [[Christian Pelissier]] - Capitaine Haddock
* [[Henri Labussiere]] - Professeur Tournesol
* [[Yves Barsacq]] - Détective Dupont
* [[Jean-Pierre Moulin]] - Détective Dupond

===Dutch===
* [[Michael Pas]] - Kuifje
* [[Luk De Koninck]] - Kapitein Haddock
* [[Bert Struys]] - Professor Zonnebloem
* [[David Davidse]] - Jansen
* [[Paul Codde]] - Janssen

===Portuguese===
* Carla Carreiro
* [[Carlos Macedo]]
* Frederico Trancoso
* Luís Barros
* Paulo Simões
* Rui de Sá
* Vitor Emanuel

===Brazilian Portuguese===
* [[Oberdan Júnior]] - Tintin
* [[Isaac Bardavid]] - Capitão Haddock
* [[Orlando Drummond]] - Professor Girassol
* [[Darcy Pedrosa]] - Detetive Dupond
* [[Márcio Simões]] - Detetive Dupont
* [[Paulo Flores]] - Rastapopoulos
* [[Selma Lopes]] - Bianca Castafiore

===Swedish===
* [[Mats Quiström]] - Tintin
* [[Kenneth Milldoff]] - Kapten Haddock, Rastapopoulos
* [[Dan Bratt]] - Professor Kalkyl
* [[Håkan Mohede]] - Dupond & Dupont, Nestor
* [[Anja Schmidt]] - Bianca Castafiore

===Finnish===
* [[Jarkko Tamminen]] - Tintti
* [[Aarne Tenkanen]] - Kapteeni Haddock
* [[Antti Pääkkönen]] - Professori Teophilus Tuhatkauno
* [[Veikko Honkanen]] - Dupond & Dupont
* [[Rauno Ahonen]] - Rastapopoulos

==Episodes==
Running order of the TV Series as [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0179552/episodes#season-1 per original broadcast schedule]

===Season 1===

# [[The Crab with the Golden Claws]] Part 1
# The Crab with the Golden Claws Part 2
# [[The Secret of the Unicorn]] Part 1
# The Secret of the Unicorn Part 2
# [[Red Rackham's Treasure]]
# [[Cigars of the Pharaoh]] Part 1
# Cigars of the Pharaoh Part 2
# [[The Blue Lotus]] Part 1
# The Blue Lotus Part 2
# [[The Black Island]] Part 1
# The Black Island Part 2
# [[The Calculus Affair]] Part 1
# The Calculus Affair Part 2

===Season 2===

# [[The Shooting Star]]
# [[The Broken Ear]] Part 1
# The Broken Ear Part 2
# [[King Ottokar's Sceptre]] Part 1
# King Ottokar's Sceptre Part 2
# [[Tintin in Tibet]] Part 1
# Tintin in Tibet Part 2
# [[Tintin and the Picaros]] Part 1
# Tintin and the Picaros Part 2
# [[Land of Black Gold]] Part 1
# Land of Black Gold Part 2
# [[Flight 714]] Part 1
# Flight 714 Part 2

===Season 3===

# [[The Red Sea Sharks]] Part 1
# The Red Sea Sharks Part 2
# [[The Seven Crystal Balls]] Part 1
# The Seven Crystal Balls Part 2
# [[Prisoners of the Sun]] Part 1
# Prisoners of the Sun Part 2
# [[The Castafiore Emerald]] Part 1
# The Castafiore Emerald Part 2
# [[Destination Moon (Tintin)|Destination Moon]] Part 1
# Destination Moon Part 2
# [[Explorers on the Moon]] Part 1
# Explorers on the Moon Part 2
# [[Tintin in America]]

==Trivia==
* In ''The Calculus Affair'', there are posters saying "Amaïh Plekszy-Gladz". This is the French name of Kurvi-Tasch.

==References==
* ''Les Aventures de Tintin en DVD'' (2003) : issues 1,2,5,6
* ''The Adventures of Tintin'' - 5-disc DVD set (2003)
* [[Jean-Marc Lofficier|Lofficier]], Jean-Marc & Randy (2002) ''The Pocket Essential Tintin'' - ISBN 1-904048-17-X
* [http://www.citelvideo.com/ Citel Video]

==External links==
* {{imdb title|id=0179552|title=The Adventures of Tintin}}
* {{tv.com|19627|The Adventures of Tintin}}
* [http://www.tintinologist.org/guides/screen/ Guide to screen adaptions of "Tintin"] at Tintinologist.org

{{Tintin and Hergé}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adventures Of Tintin, The}}
[[Category:Tintin]]
[[Category:French children's television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's television series]]
[[Category:HBO network shows]]
[[Category:Family Channel shows]]
[[Category:Global network shows]]
[[Category:Television programs based on comic strips]]
[[Category:1991 Canadian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1992 Canadian television series endings]]
[[Category:French animated television series]]
[[Category:Canadian animated television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on Belgian comics]]

[[bg:Приключенията на Тинтин (анимационен сериал)]]
[[fr:Les Aventures de Tintin (série télévisée d'animation)]]
[[id:Petualangan Tintin - Serial TV]]
[[it:Le avventure di Tin Tin]]
[[nl:De avonturen van Kuifje (tekenfilmserie)]]
[[pt:As Aventuras de Tintim (série de TV)]]
[[sv:Tintin (TV-serie)]]
[[tr:Ten ten]]
[[vi:Những cuộc phiêu lưu của Tintin (phim hoạt hình)]]

Talk:BBC iPlayer

2009-08-16T08:38:08Z

Chris huh: /* XP only!?! */

{{talkheader}}
{{BBCproject|class=B|importance=High}}
==Name?==
The recent news stories about this programme ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4828336.stm], [http://media.guardian.co.uk/newmedia/story/0,,1735726,00.html]) refer to it as the "Integrated Media Player". I just created [[Integrated Media Player]] as a redirect, but should the page content be moved there? —[[User:Josiah Rowe|Josiah Rowe]] ([[User talk:Josiah Rowe|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Josiah Rowe|contribs]]) 06:00, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Do we instead need to move the page? As the BBC on the IMP homepage call it the Intergrated Media Player - [[User:Jt_spratt|Jt_spratt]]

:Yeah, that's what I meant: move the page from [[Interactive Media Player]] to [[Integrated Media Player]]. Sorry if I wasn't clear. —[[User:Josiah Rowe|Josiah Rowe]] ([[User talk:Josiah Rowe|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Josiah Rowe|contribs]]) 07:59, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Got time to change the name - This has been renamed iplayer... can someone move it and sort backlinks? Sorry, not got the time myself :) [[User:132.185.240.121|132.185.240.121]] 13:03, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

:Right, I've made the move to iPlayer, as this seems to be the most recent of its many names; confusingly, one reference I found implied that "MyBBCPlayer" and "iMP" were actually concurrent names, and that the live content came under one name and the 7-day catch-up under another. I don't really understand why they would bother seperating these, and am not sure if "iPlayer" has indeed supplanted both names, but I guess we'll find out next spring if they think they're ready by then... - [[User:IMSoP|IMSoP]] 21:54, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

== new trial ==

is there anybody out there who is on this new, exlusive 100 people trial? could they tell us what the new iPlayer looks like? many thanks

Not me, unforunately... There is a small screenshot of the iPlayer on the website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/imp/

- I'm using it, and...it works fine. I'm not a big TV watcher, so only download a handful of programmes. Very user-friendly, black and red interface. You can keep most downloaded programmes unwatched for about 28 days.
- Jez (apologies for the lack of proper Wikipedia tags)

== Irony? ==

Is it of mention that the software is called iPlayer (obviously capitalizing on Apple-styled brand names) and yet uses Windows Media DRM and therefore incompatible with Mac? Rather ironic if you ask me. --[[User:Zeromaru|Zeromaru]][[User_talk:Zeromaru|T]][[Special:Contributions/Zeromaru|C]] 02:53, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
:OK, old message, I know. But calling it iPlayer doesn't necessary link the name to Apple. The BBC already has [[BBCi]], which, according to its article, got named as that in November 2001. The [[iPod]] (which, as far as I'm aware, was the first successful Apple product to have the i in its name - correct me if I'm wrong) was apparently launched in October 2001. That's only a month difference, an absolute maximum of 61 days, making it unlikely the BBC took the idea then from Apple. The iPlayer could just as easily be named in line with BBCi as with iStuff. Any "irony" is purely coincidental, and belief of its being there is most likely a matter of perspective. --[[User:86.130.34.90|86.130.34.90]] 22:01, 1 August 2007 (UTC).

::I will correct you as you are wrong. The release of the iMac was in August 1998. It was a highly successful product by any account. In addition, I don't think the irony is at all coincidental. The BBC is quite aware of Apple "i" products as it uses a large number of them in its TV programmes.
::If you need a source for the iMac here is one of many (just go and google): "The Mac Observer Spin: The Mac Observer went on record repeatedly as predicting that Apple would sell 1.2 million iMacs before the end of 1998. While this was obviously not the case (but we do like to own up to our predictions), 800,000 is still a stunning figure that makes the iMac the number one selling computer for Apple as well as the entire PC industry of all time!" [[http://www.macobserver.com/news/99/january/990106/800000imacs.html]]. If you need a source for the use of Macs by the BBC do the same or better still watch a few programmes! [[User:Candorwien|Candy]] 23:53, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
:::I did say the iPod was first "as far as I was aware" - there was an acknowledgement of potential lack of personal knowledge. Also, I never said the BBC doesn't use Apple products, nor did I suggest they aren't aware of them (use in what sense though: someone listening to an iPod in a fictional piece, demonstration of a product on news, etc?). What I did say was that the BBC already has BBCi, which, albeit using a now-invalid argument, I suggested was not named based on Apple's iStuff - I still believe this, the article on BBCi doesn't make the point anyway - and the iPlayer is as likely (if not more so) to be named in line with that than Apple's products. Basically, in answer to the original question, to say the name is "obviously capitalising on Apple's products", without a reference, would be incorrect here, and so, "is it worth a mention?", no. Unless a source for it '''is''' found, how can it be said the BBC were being deliberately ironic when they named the iPlayer? -[[User:86.151.137.182|86.151.137.182]] 01:01, 30 September 2007 (UTC).

::Hey, I was only responding to the "correct me if I am wrong". I believe all did was invalidate the article part which is ''"The BBC already has BBCi, which, according to its article, got named as that in November 2001. The iPod (which, as far as I'm aware, was the first successful Apple product to have the i in its name - correct me if I'm wrong) was apparently launched in October 2001. That's only a month difference, an absolute maximum of 61 days, making it unlikely the BBC took the idea then from Apple. "
''
::Your response also questions the use of Apple products by the BBC. They use Apple products in non-trivial ways including music production and video editing although obviously not exclusively.
::Finally, I agree with the comment that unless there is a ref there can be no connection drawn from the similarity of the iPlayer and Apple iProducts. [[User:Candorwien|Candy]] 13:15, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

== Microsoft DRM section ==

What is the point of this section? All the information it contains is covered earlier in the article, and in much greater detail. Perhaps it should be removed. [[User:Badeggbill|Badeggbill]] 14:52, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

:I have expanded the section a bit, including the controversial fact that only Microsoft computers will be able to play the iplayer, [[User:SqueakBox|SqueakBox]] 16:44, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

::Furthermore, I have stated how the iPlayer is still only in development, or beta, stage, and therefore does not represent the final product. I do not think this straightforward sentence could add any undue bias, but if anyone could say otherwise, I would be happy to hear it. However, it is probably much, much better for the chapter to be incorporated into Criticisms. [[User:Bistromaths|Bistromaths]] 21:54, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

==Browser==
I have heard that these progs will only play in Internet Explorer, ie not in Mozilla, etc. Anyone confirm this? [[User:SqueakBox|SqueakBox]] 16:44, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

:Confirmed and added with a ref, [[User:SqueakBox|SqueakBox]] 19:58, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

== Introduction Section ==
It seems to me that the introduction section is a bit... anti-the program. It starts off by saying other names and seeming going "well it's useless, it's not on __________" and then goes to actually explain what the thing does. Seems a bit odd to me...? [[User:84.92.14.5|84.92.14.5]] 18:04, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

==Protest==
I think to include the protest we need an independent relaible source and clearer ideas of why the protests are ebing planned. its like with the 10, Downing Street petition, there was then another petition for those who wanted no more delays though I have to say the BBC clearly are not ready and are are not even making it available to all UK based XP computers and for NPOV we must not simply add one side of this debate, [[User:SqueakBox|SqueakBox]] 20:44, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

==100 user trial?==
Was there ever a source that only 100 people took part in the trial from November 2006 to whenever? Looking round for a mention of a trial previous to the current one, I find [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6922024.stm this]. But it says "the BBC ran a small-scale trial of the iPlayer for some time. About 15,000 people are thought to have taken part in this with about one-third being regular users", which is a lot more than 100, and more even than the 1000 stated for the current trial. Furthermore, it says "the BBC has not revealed how many people it plans to sign up for the beta", so I'm not certain how a source can be found for that... Something like replacing 1000 with limited might be more accurate, but that's only a suggestion. --[[User:86.130.34.90|86.130.34.90]] 23:29, 1 August 2007 (UTC).

::I've put very limited as limited is what is going down right now, [[User:SqueakBox|SqueakBox]] 23:43, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

:::The BBC are currently adding thousands of new users a day. Its still in beta, and the BBC are controlling numbers but its not a 1000 limited beta at all so that should be removed.
This quotes 100,000 has having registered and is from Monday...http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article2173667.ece i work for the BBC btw so conflict of interest in changing this article. [[User:Jemstone66|Jem]] 06:25, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

==Channel Infobox==
Here's something that struck me: this article has a channel infobox, but is it ''actually'' a channel? I'm not inclined to think so, so I think it should be removed. After all, it's not really a channel, it's a service by which you can watch content already broadcast on various other channels. I think I can possibly see why some would see it as a channel, though I need convincing... [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 23:57, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

==4oD==

The article says that 4oD works outside the UK. It doesnt work here in Spain! Says you need to be in the UK! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/{{{IP|{{{User|80.32.24.181}}}}}}|{{{IP|{{{User|80.32.24.181}}}}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{IP|{{{User|80.32.24.181}}}}}}|talk]]) {{{Time|16:33, 13 August 2007}}}
:Which is precisely why, if you'd read the entire sentence, you'd have seen that it specifies Ireland. Ireland's not in the UK, hence it works outside the UK. [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 15:37, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
:::It should just say Ireland then, saying outside the UK is confusing. It doesnt work almost anywhere outside the UK though I have heard of (but not tested) that there is a control-your friend's-pc device that now incorporates sound and with a closed proxy zombie it might be possible to enjoy the delights of.....well I'd ratrher get the free iPlayer or ITV service than pay for 4oD, [[User:SqueakBox|SqueakBox]] 22:55, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

==ISP controversy==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBC_iPlayer&curid=2508745&diff=151270792&oldid=151172999 this] edit has a lot of good points but its unref'd, polemic and needs fixing, hence my revert, [[User:SqueakBox|SqueakBox]] 22:58, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

The piece on P2P efficiency was constructed based on these sources:
- Senior network architect ISP @Home: 'we measured an increase of up to 40% in our network when using several P2P technologies compared to unicast streaming'

- Technical director ISP XS4ALL: 'we don't believe in the P2P video claims: internet network architectures were not built for this distribution technology'

- Media delivery expert from JetStream: 'CDN structures where cheap edge delivery servers are placed within the ISP networks have a lower TCO than P2P delivery technologies and are from a macro perspective more efficient, decrease costs for everyone in the value chain instead of moving costs from the broadcasters to the ISP's'

- P2P video technology developer (based on BitTorrent): we think QoS is more important than traffic load. It's the ISP's problem, not ours'

- Also see [[Traffic_shaping]] —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/{{{IP|{{{User|82.73.24.181}}}}}}|{{{IP|{{{User|82.73.24.181}}}}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{IP|{{{User|82.73.24.181}}}}}}|talk]]) {{{Time|06:50, August 23, 2007 (UTC)}}} 
: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BBC_iPlayer&diff=prev&oldid=153098137 This] seems more like a lecture about p2p than something that should be in an article about the Iplayer. Wouldn't the info be there be better as a section of the p2p article with only the briefest mention in the Iplayer article linking to p2p article. [[User:Identz|Identz]] 13:02, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

::Exactly - that's the very reason I removed them. [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 13:11, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

==Article name==
Why does "Integrated_Media_Player" redirect to "Intergrated_Media_Player" misspelled? Surely it should be the other way round? I'm not experienced in Wikipedia so don't know if I can rename it. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/{{{IP|{{{User|62.189.127.13}}}}}}|{{{IP|{{{User|62.189.127.13}}}}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{IP|{{{User|62.189.127.13}}}}}}|talk]]) {{{Time|08:05, August 21, 2007 (UTC)}}} 

Footnote 8 is about the Channel4 4oD service, not the BBC IPlayer. The critisism of the kservice.exe is certainly true of the Channel4 service, but until a reference is shown that it is also appliciable to the BBC IPlayer, it should be removed from this page. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/{{{IP|{{{User|88.106.242.24}}}}}}|{{{IP|{{{User|88.106.242.24}}}}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{IP|{{{User|88.106.242.24}}}}}}|talk]]) {{{Time|01:51, August 22, 2007 (UTC)}}} 

== Critisism in intro ==
It's seems unusual and biased for the into to an article to include critisism about it's limitations, how about some thing like:
"as of [date] the BBC iPlayer is only available to users of Windoes XP"
There is a lot of vocal people out there but a critisism section exists already it's an encyclopedia not a forum! [[User:Liquidjp|JP]] 14:33, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

I have further questioned the neutrality of the article, the critisims is too long, and far too much negitivity about what it beta software. [[User:Liquidjp|JP]] 14:50, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

:Again a symptom of the problems when many Wikipedians agree with the bias in an article (indeed really I do too, except I'd prefer to see an unbiased write-up for once). Of course there shouldn't be criticism in the intro! [[User:Zoney|'''zoney''']] ♣ [[User talk:Zoney|'''talk''']] 10:11, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

== Windows XP x86-64 Edition ==

I believe it should be clarified that the player only works on Windows XP x86 formats, and none of the others such as x86-64 and 64-bit. [[User:ARC Gritt|- ARC Gritt]][[User talk:ARC Gritt|TALK]] 09:19, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

It DOES work. It works fine on Server 2003 x64 for me. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.16.153.191|86.16.153.191]] ([[User talk:86.16.153.191|talk]]) 02:28, 16 August 2009 (UTC) 

== Dirac Codec? ==

Would this be an option for BBC, especially as it's developed by them ???
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_%28codec%29 —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/131.227.111.184|131.227.111.184]] ([[User talk:131.227.111.184|talk]]) 14:17, 7 November 2007 (UTC) 

== Flash Player streaming on iPlayer website ==

As of December 2007 13, the BBC has updated the website to allow users to stream content. This is based on adobe's flash player and works on other browsers (presumably any browser and operating system that supports flash). Thus there is now limited support for Mac etc. Can someone please rewrite this page to reflect this. Consider referencing http://www.c21media.net/news/detail.asp?area=89&article=39104 —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/84.66.33.73|84.66.33.73]] ([[User talk:84.66.33.73|talk]]) 18:26, 14 December 2007 (UTC) 

: I've somewhat re-written sections of the article to reflect the new streaming service. I've had to re-arrange some of the existing content as it was "download" specific. There is now an "online service" stub under key features that needs expanding if someone wouldn't mind writing that up. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 20:35, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

::By streaming, is it meant what's currently available (for 7 days, UK users, blah, as ever) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/iplayer.shtml here] (Doctor Who Christmas episode)? Dunno if it's the first available, but if the service was launched yesterday it might be. --[[Special:Contributions/86.164.171.232|86.164.171.232]] ([[User talk:86.164.171.232|talk]]) 00:14, 26 December 2007 (UTC).

:::Yup, that's streaming. Basically watching the programme over the internet, as opposed to downloading it to your computer, and then watching it from that file. That's not the first streamed programme, though - I watched the Money Programme (from Friday) via streaming on Saturday, so not sure how far back it goes. [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 00:44, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

::::The Flash service launched on the Thurs 13 December. I've been using it since then. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 00:46, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

:::::Yeah, my error became apparent by the end of the episode, when I was offered The Sound of Drums and Last of the Time Lords (I was editing while watching :P). Anyway, is this what's aimed to go in the [[BBC iPlayer#Online service|Online service]] section? I may see what I can find in a few days if it hasn't been written by then. Until then, g'night, and Merry Boxing Day and all that. --[[Special:Contributions/86.164.171.232|86.164.171.232]] ([[User talk:86.164.171.232|talk]]) 01:04, 26 December 2007 (UTC).

(untab) Yep, that's what's missing there. Merry Boxing Day to you too ;) (and consider getting an [[WP:ACCOUNT|account]]!)[[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 01:05, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

== Christmas 2007 launch - and Virgin Media ==

See http://www.c21media.net/news/detail.asp?area=89&article=39104

Consider adding in something about virgin media support and/or completely rewriting this entry to reflect the Christmas 2007 launch. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/84.66.33.73|84.66.33.73]] ([[User talk:84.66.33.73|talk]]) 18:35, 14 December 2007 (UTC) 

== Radio Player integrated into iPlayer ==

As of the recent name change from BBC Radio Player to iPlayer this entry should be updated to reflect these changes

See http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/help/faq/development_news.shtml

== Kservice ==

Should the article mention any problems associated with kserivce.exe such as bandwidth usage and very high CPU usage which tends to crash PCs using Windows XP? [[User:Mahanchian|Mahanchian]] ([[User talk:Mahanchian|talk]]) 23:39, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

:The stuff about the bandwidth is already there, look under 'Critisism'. The stuff about crashing XP computers is plain-wrong. It may crash your computer, but it runs fine on mine (and presumably hundreds of thousands of others: those that use XP surely make up the vast majority of users). [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 00:29, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

:: They only happen to make up the vast majority of users because there wasn't, until recently, support for the ''download'' iPlayer on Vista; it doesn't support anything pre-dating Windows XP, and is not supported on Linux or Mac. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 00:35, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

:::I didn't say ''why'' they make up the vast majority, only that they do, which in all probability they do, perhaps for the reasons you cite. [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 00:57, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

::::My reply was more of an informative rant than anything else :). However, yes, that is probably the reason why - XP being the only supported OS until recently. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 10:53, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

== Bias ==

I read a number of articles about the iPlayer indicating that some of the senior managers responsible for its implementation used to work for Microsoft. The allegations included implications of industrial nepotism rather than the choice of a good model. Has anyone got any concrete references for this?

--[[User:Candorwien|Candy]] ([[User talk:Candorwien|talk]]) 16:25, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

: Well, I came across [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/14/iplayer_billings/ this] when searching Google. I don't know if the Register classes as a concrete reference, but I'm sure Googling the names of the relevant people should reveal more about their past. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 16:50, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

==Still in beta==
the article says "BBC iPlayer left Beta and went live on December 25, 2007". I was streaming today (via Firefox) and it was still clearly labelled as "beta" while playing. [[Special:Contributions/81.86.230.16|81.86.230.16]] ([[User talk:81.86.230.16|talk]]) 03:04, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
:Where did it say "beta" on the page, iPlayer is no longer in beta, and it does not say beta when I use it. --[[User:AxG/Userpage|'''AxG''']] [[Special:Contributions/AxG|@]] [[User talk:AxG|'''►'''talk]] 03:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Top middle right of the browser page. Theres a BBC search toolbox, coloured blue, immediately below is "BBC Programs beta". Actual webpage I was watching is at http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0079cbg
[[Special:Contributions/81.86.230.16|81.86.230.16]] ([[User talk:81.86.230.16|talk]]) 03:22, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
:That makes it clear. It says "BBC Programmes Beta", not BBC iPlayer. The BBC iPlayer main site is http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/ . You are watching and embedded BBC iPlayer Video on the page. --[[User:AxG/Userpage|'''AxG''']] [[Special:Contributions/AxG|@]] [[User talk:AxG|'''►'''talk]] 03:27, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

yep...iplayer went out of beta on christmas day. programmes is a separate product on bbc.co.uk that will soon list information (including embedded video/audio if its available) about every single one of our broadcasts at an episode level.. That product is still in its early days. thus the beta tag for that product. (I work for the BBC) [[User:Jemstone66|Jem]] ([[User talk:Jemstone66|talk]]) 09:51, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

== Picture of Advert ==

Is this picture really needed? I seriously don't think so. For a start, it's not free-use (whatever the uploader has placed on it's page), because it's an image of a copyrighted advertisement. Fair-use images should only be used sparingly, where they really enhance the article, for example the iPlayer logo. I really don't think that this advert enhances the article at all, and so I shall remove it shortly if there are no (valid) objections. [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 18:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

:My opinion is that if the article were to mention the fact that the BBC was widely promoting this (adverts such as this, mentioned on many shows etc) the image would be warranted. As it stands, the image is unnecessary. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.145.216.203|86.145.216.203]] ([[User talk:86.145.216.203|talk]]) 16:08, 4 January 2008 (UTC) 

::Agreed. Fair-use-wise it's dodgey anyway, so have removed it. Please discuss before replacing. [[User:TheIslander|'''The''''''Islander''']] 16:16, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

== FSF criticisms ==
I'd like to use the video to support the text - but without the video appearing in the references as a big image.
[[Image:BBC Demonstration (free version).ogg]]

Also, FSF wants the BBC videos released in a free format, so anyone can (in principle) write their own player to access the BBC material. This is different from adding another closed source player (which has unknown security holes, for example).
[[User:Stephen B Streater|Stephen B Streater]] ([[User talk:Stephen B Streater|talk]]) 19:23, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

==Using Firefox to download==
Has this been possible for long? Apparently I can download most programmes, using Firefox (not sure about other browsers), from today's (Monday's) afternoon and evening, and some from the morning, and also two programmes (that I've noticed so far) from other days, but other morning programmes and most of those from every other day this week are unavailable for download, and have the "Sorry, downloading BBC iPlayer programmes is currently only available in Internet Explorer" message. A few random examples: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b008vshg.shtml downloadable], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b007cj8s.shtml downloadable], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b008xgyt.shtml downloadable], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b007zmk7.shtml not], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b008vsv4.shtml not], [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b007zmn3.shtml not]. Also, the programmes from other days that I've noticed are: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b008s9r8.shtml Pop on Trial - 1990s] on Thursday and [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/item/b008vr6s.shtml Two Pints - Homophobia Is Gay] on Sunday. Could someone check those links in Firefox (or anything not-IE) to see if they get the same options as me. Also, this [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/page/install/1.6/index.shtml page] viewed in Firefox gives information specifically for Firefox. Again, not sure if it's only Firefox, or others as well. And it's not just that the Download Manager can be downloaded using Firefox, I can actually start programme downloads too (tried EastEnders, as I thought it would be most likely to be quickly available, and the Pop on Trial mentioned above, mainly because it had the option to download a signed version, which I hadn't seen when I last used the download). So presumably, they found a way to not need [http://iplayersupport.external.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/bbciplayer.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=135 ActiveX] to start downloads. Anyway, my main question was wondering if this is new or not. If it is, could someone check the links I gave (not using IE) to see if they work (if they don't, there's something strange going on with my computer). Also, I can't find anything about this on Google, and none of the iPlayer's help pages seem to have been updated to take it into account, which is what led me to believe it is new (either that, or I'm way behind). If it's right, it'll probably appear in a few days, and if I'm just going mad, it probably won't. Either way, I'm not sure whether anybody would include this in the article - as there is no mention of Internet Explorer/Firefox/others, only Windows/Mac/Linux - I'll leave it to someone else to decide :P. --[[Special:Contributions/86.165.212.203|86.165.212.203]] ([[User talk:86.165.212.203|talk]]) 23:02, 28 January 2008 (UTC).got a bit long and rambling, sorry

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/02/01/bbc_iplayer_firefox/ [[User:Jemstone66|Jem]] ([[User talk:Jemstone66|talk]]) 22:19, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

==Idents paragraph==
thoughts about this para

"Also, seasonal specials were followed routinely throughout the Yuletide week with plugs for iPlayer - shows such as 'Extras' and 'The Catherine Tate Show' being prime examples.[citation needed] Programmes streamed across iPlayer continued to carry the BBC's seasonal ident animations right up until 12 January 2008.[citation needed]"

The first line is a rather clumsy way of saying the BBC had a on air marketing campaign for the product (it still does.radio, tv and press trails/ads.)There are many sources for this. The second line is a fairly minor, non notable bug, thats not verified by a source anyway. I'd remove it but i work for the BBC so COI so leaving this here in *hope* that someone does the decent thing. [[User:Jemstone66|Jem]] ([[User talk:Jemstone66|talk]]) 08:18, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

: Well, if you want to propose the changes here, I can take a look and see about changing the article for you :). ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 10:58, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Good articles|Good Article]]? ==

What do you think? [[User:Tiddly Tom|'''Tiddly''']]-[[User Talk:Tiddly Tom|'''Tom''']] 16:29, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
: I think there are still points that need fixing. There are a number of uncited statements (with associated <nowiki>{{fact}}</nowiki> tags), and the citation style needs to be made consistent (probably through the use of <nowiki>{{ cite web }}</nowiki>, but that is down to personal preference or consensus here). I think once those are fixed, it could probably be put forward for good article nomination. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 16:44, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
:: From the article: ''Channel 4 is currently in discussion over the provision of its web content and changes are expected later in 2008.'' - I do not know what this is referring to, what are they talking about? Broadcasting their programs through iPlayer? I'm current fixing references. [[User:Tiddly Tom|'''Tiddly''']]-[[User Talk:Tiddly Tom|'''Tom''']] 17:02, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
::: No idea. Seems to be related to 4OD, or perhaps the "overarching programme system" (which is/was mentioned in the article). I doubt C4 are going to broadcast their programmes through the iPlayer. If you can't figure out what it means, remove it :). ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 17:15, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
:::: It refers to [[Kangaroo (video on demand)|Kangaroo]], which is to launch later this year. BBC programmes will be streamed both on iPlayer and Kangaroo. 4OD will shut down, and Channel Four programmes will move to Kangaroo, and I believe ITV will also use Kangaroo as well. [[User talk:Islander|'''Talk''']][[User:Islander|'''Islander''']] 17:40, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
::::: Right. Well, I assume that can be mentioned, but since it isn't directly relevant to iPlayer (and probably doesn't have many references now) I guess it can be removed. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 17:50, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
:::::: I ran out of time earlier for fixing the references, I intend on doing the rest tomorrow. I'll see if I can find a ref about Kangaroo, and maybe mention it in the article. [[User:Tiddly Tom|'''Tiddly''']]-[[User Talk:Tiddly Tom|'''Tom''']] 19:57, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

: That is OK, don't worry about it - I can't spend a lot of time editing Wikipedia anyway due to exams. I don't think there is anything wrong with mention Kangaroo, but I don't think we need to dedicate too much detail to it until there is more official information about it. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 20:00, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
::Kangaroo is a different entity entirely, so although a glancing (referenced) comment is appropriate here, much more information is not. Don't forget, it has it's own article. [[User talk:Islander|'''Talk''']][[User:Islander|'''Islander''']] 20:11, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
::: Still have a little more work with the references, but at least they all use cite web now ;) [[User:Tiddly Tom|'''Tiddly''']]-[[User Talk:Tiddly Tom|'''Tom''']] 07:27, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
:::: Ok, I think I am done with the refs. Any objections to taking it to GAR? [[User:Tiddly Tom|'''Tiddly''']]-[[User Talk:Tiddly Tom|'''Tom''']] 17:53, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

== high definition? ==

Is the player High Definition or Standard? The article doesn't say [[Special:Contributions/129.215.48.206|129.215.48.206]] ([[User talk:129.215.48.206|talk]]) 22:44, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

: Do you mean the Flash player or Download player? I suspect both will be standard definition. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 23:03, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

::The streaming player is standard def, though the filesize of the particular 28-minute show I'm streaming at the moment is 300MB, which would suggest a much higher resolution. I'm not touching it though, due to the DRM. [[User:Dreaded Walrus|Dreaded Walrus]] [[User talk:Dreaded Walrus|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Dreaded Walrus|c]] 16:52, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

:::In my opinion, a high-definition stream (or download) would be much larger than that. When I record 30-minute shows using my DVB card, in uncompressed stream form, they are over 1GB (and that is a normal Freeview stream). ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 17:24, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
:::Also, the BBC seems to give estimates of 100MB per 10 minutes beneath the download button on the site, but in the Download Manager, and the folder the file is downloaded to, the actual file size given is usually about 50-75% of that estimated size (smallest I have currently is 136MB for 30 minutes). --[[Special:Contributions/86.165.213.238|86.165.213.238]] ([[User talk:86.165.213.238|talk]]) 23:29, 9 March 2008 (UTC).

=="Only works if you are located in UK" is untrue==

The article stated that the iPlayer will not work for users located outside the UK. This is factually inaccurate:

* The iPlayer ''will'' work outside the UK as long as you access it through a UK-based IP address. The iPlayer software does not care where you are ''physically'' located, neither does it have any way of determining this. Whether iPlayer is ''meant'' to work only inside the UK is irrelevant, the truth is that many users are able to, and do, watch iPlayer outside the UK (eg through personal VPN providers), and Wikipedia should report the truth, ''not'' what the BBC wants it to report.

* The iPlayer will work even for non-UK IP addresses as long as as you have a UK IP address when you start downloading a program. It will continue downlowding and you will be able to watch it even if you switch to a foreign IP address in the mean time.

This is already the second time I am correcting this factual inaccuracy. Will the person who has removed this information (I suspect it was a BBC employee) please discuss this here before they do it again? [[User:Cambrasa|Cambrasa]] ([[User talk:Cambrasa|talk]]) 18:58, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

: As far as I am aware, it is due to licensing laws (and the TV license fee) that stop the BBC from broadcasting their programmes outside of the UK. Obviously the iPlayer has to work on whether or not the IP being used to access it is a UK registered one or not (which is not always entirely accurate, but all they have to go on). This can clearly be circumvented using VPNs and the such like. However, without a [[WP:CITE|reliable source]] to indicate this is possible, it is [[WP:OR|original research]] and as such will be removed. That is probably why it has gone before. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 20:11, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

:: From the BBC's own legal help page [http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/help/legal/privacycookiespolicy.shtml#2]: "We also use your IP address to determine whether you are accessing the services from the UK or not. If not, you will be re-directed to the international version of the bbc.co.uk site (see paragraph 11 for details.)"

::I think this is all the sources that we need. My Wikipedia entry does NOT mention that VPN can be used to circumvent the iplayer, it merely states that access is based on IP-address, not physical location of the user. [[User:Cambrasa|Cambrasa]] ([[User talk:Cambrasa|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|comment]] was added at 09:16, 23 March 2008 (UTC) 

<blockquote>The iPlayer will work even for non-UK IP addresses as long as as you have a UK IP address when you start downloading a program. It will continue downlowding and you will be able to watch it even if you switch to a foreign IP address in the mean time.</blockquote>
Although the iPlayer can pause & resume downloads, it may be able to check the IP address each time you resume downloading. It uses p2p, so it logs into a centralised list of IP addresses, to check which ones have got the content you are downloading.
Also, when you watch the downloaded programme, it then acquires the licence, presumably it also checks the IP address at this stage.
[http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/download_programmes/no_play]
This page suggests that the licence is indeed checked & downloaded each time you play the content.

<blockquote>it merely states that access is based on IP-address, not physical location of the user</blockquote>
IP addresses are assigned in blocks to ISP's, who are geographically/physically located somewhere.
[http://ip-address.domaintools.com] If you go to this page, it will give you your IP address, your ISP, where they are located, & also info on your system, eg browser type etc.
So yes, the BBC can tell whether you are in the UK or not.
--[[User:Rchw|r-c-h-w]] ([[User talk:Rchw|talk]]) 02:59, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
:The DRM licence is downloaded when you download the programme. This is so you can watch the programmes when you're offline (see any programme on the iPlayer site that has download available). Sometimes it either doesn't download properly, or doesn't download at all. That's what the FAQ you link to is referring to. Also, the licence is only available for the seven days that the download is available, not the 30 days that they can be watched in. If you start watching in those seven days and have a bad licence, as long as you are connected to the internet, a new one downloads. If you start watching after those seven days with a bad licence, it tries to download a new one, finds there isn't one available, and tells you that. That's where the need for that FAQ comes in. This also means you can watch programmes outside of the UK, as long as you downloaded them in the UK. Whether that also means you can continue to download them outside of the UK, having started the download in the UK, I don't know. --[[Special:Contributions/86.171.61.11|86.171.61.11]] ([[User talk:86.171.61.11|talk]]) 16:43, 22 September 2008 (UTC).

There are a number of sources that state the iplayer can be accessed from abroad, such as
http://bbs.scoobynet.com/computer-related-34/658352-how-get-bbc-iplayer-work-outside-uk.html
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080224055409AAcwk4T
http://www.tyresmoke.net/forum/technology-corner/107667-watching-bbc-iplayer-abroad.html
http://www.toytowngermany.com/lofi/index.php/t99470.html
http://spekxvision.wordpress.com/2008/12/10/using-bbc-iplayer-from-abroad/
http://www.laymyhat.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6117&sid=ac36be19185af93a8ab287615c554a51

The fact that the iplayer cannot be accessed from abroad is simply untrue. Furthermore, there is no law forbidding use of the iplayer from outside the UK, and even if there was, that would not justify stating making false statements. Robbery is illegal and a serious crime in all jurisdictions, but this page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery has not been removed for that reason. If some countries make it illegal to use the iplayer (China may make some programmes on Tibet illegal to view), you would still say "the iplayer can be accessed using a web proxy, under such and such a law it is illegal in this or that country". It's not a matter of encouraging anything, to make a blanket statement that the iplayer won't work abroad is simply making a false statement.
([[User talk:93.149.239.105|talk]]) 23:11, 5 January 2009 (UTC).

: However, it is not designed to work from abroad. If it was designed to work from abroad, then you would be able to access it without proxies. Also, if WP starts encouraging the use of proxies (which you are technically doing by including this information), then it opens those users up to privacy issues (who knows what is being logged on those proxies). I think it is irresponsible to include it, aside from the fact that those sources you included aren't [[WP:RS|reliable]]. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[ジャム]]]<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[User talk:JGXenite|t]] - [[Special:Contributions/JGXenite|c]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> 23:20, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

You make some valid points, however again if you removed every reference to anything being used in ways it was not designed to, you would have to remove a significant amount of information. Just look at the iphone article which clearly states that "various hackers have found methods to "unlock" the phone". If you look at the astra2d article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_2d it also clearly talks about the possibility of receiving UK only BBC services abroad, are you suggesting we censor that as well?
It may be controversial, but that alone isn't reason enough to remove information from wikipedia. If you think privacy issues are worth of mention in this article, just add them. Finally, a blanket statement saying 'the ipleyer doesn't work abroad' is simply not true, my understanding is that wikipedia should not contain untrue statements
([[User talk:93.149.239.105|talk]]) 00:48, 6 January 2009 (UTC).

==Redirection==

Hi, how do i help add re-direction links? i.e. searches for this article from search strings that arent spelled correctly? i searched for bbci player and it took me quite a while to find this, the article i wanted. Many thanks '''[[User:Deltasquared|δ²]]([[User talk:Deltasquared|Talk to me!]])''' 18:15, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
: [[Wikipedia:Redirect]] - all you need to know about redirects! [[User:Tiddly Tom|'''Tiddly''']]-[[User Talk:Tiddly Tom|'''Tom''']] 18:47, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
::I dont want it to create a page from which to click a link though? thats what that article seemed to suggest? '''[[User:Deltasquared|δ²]]([[User talk:Deltasquared|Talk to me!]])''' 01:19, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
::: If you were to create the [[Bbci player]] article with the only page contence being <nowiki>#REDIRECT [[BBC iPlayer]]</nowiki> - if someone was to go to that page they would be automatically be sent to this article, without having to click any links. You can't do it without creating articles I'l afraid. [[User:Tiddly Tom|'''Tiddly''']]-[[User Talk:Tiddly Tom|'''Tom''']] 01:29, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
::::Thanks for that! '''[[User:Deltasquared|δ²]]([[User talk:Deltasquared|Talk to me!]])''' 22:31, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

==Download==
Is there anyway one can download the videos using freeware like ''FLV Downloader'' by Moyea? I am not keen on installing the BBCware.[[User:Anwar saadat|Anwar]] ([[User talk:Anwar saadat|talk]]) 13:16, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
: Sorry, but Wikipedia is not a how-to guide or forum. Go Google and you'll probably find something. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 13:19, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

== cost to ISPs to upgrade network ==

I've removed "a cost estimated at close to 900 million pounds" - this is not an accurate or often-quoted figure. Ofcom state a range between £399m and £831m http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/tv/bbcmias/ondemand/bbc_ondemand/bbciplayersurvey/ Actually, Ofcom have confused BT Wholesale prices with actual cost, but that's another discussion.[[User:Rollier|Rollier]] ([[User talk:Rollier|talk]]) 18:59, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

== Virgin Media ==
It's claimed in the article that the Virgin Media version of iPlayer is the same as the online version. Well, I haven't used the online version, but in my experience it's only possible to access shows from the past ''six'' days on Virgin, not seven. In other words, if you're watching on Saturday you only have access to programmes from Sunday through Friday. On one occasion the BBC announced that the previous episode of an upcoming show was available on iPlayer, but it definitely wasn't available on Virgin. It should also be noted that Virgin's own on-demand service includes BBC programmes from the previous 6 days, the only apparent difference being that Virgin's service captures shows from the digital broadcast stream (complete with continuity announcements, credit pushback and post-show trailers) whereas iPlayer uses the BBC studio masters. These include the channel logo ''without'' the continuity announcement, and add a small BBC DOG at top-left.[[User:Lee M|Lee M]] ([[User talk:Lee M|talk]]) 13:17, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
:While we're at it, it should be noted that the iPod iPlayer also uses broadcast captures as opposed to studio masters. [[User talk:Islander|'''Talk''']][[User:Islander|'''Islander''']] 16:42, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

== Download Scripts ==

I'm not sure whether it should be mentioned or not, but there have been a number of download scripts that spoof the User Agent String of the iPhone meaning people can download the content of the iPlayer without DRM. It's been thwarted by the BBC on numerous occasions, but currently still works. I'm pretty new to editing Wikipedia, so do we generally add information about these sorts of things? [[User:DrPoodle|DrPoodle]] ([[User talk:DrPoodle|talk]]) 02:11, 25 May 2008 (UTC)
: Probably not because they are backdoor hacks and not official features. However, if there was some proper third-party coverage about it (not just blogs of the developers or whatever) then I suppose it could be included. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 08:21, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

== New Design iPlayer ==

A section needs to be created about the new-look iPlayer, due to be released soon. Get info [http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/06_june/25/iplayer.shtml here][[User:Lunchscale|Lunchscale]] ([[User talk:Lunchscale|talk]]) 15:03, 25 June 2008 (UTC)
:The new iPlayer is now available, via a link[http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayerbeta] at the bottom of the normal iPlayer homepage. Additionally, there is now an iPhone/iPod touch optimised layout, apparently made possible by the "all-new dynamic-page-rendering architecture," which I've taken a screenshot of and added to the article, under "Future." I haven't added any new text - I've never added new text to Wikipedia before, and unfortunately I'm not nearly [[coffee|awake]] enough yet to "be bold," as it were! [[User:Alien2k|alien2k]] ([[User talk:Alien2k|talk]]) 06:03, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

==Volume Control==
Is it worth mentioning that the Volume control goes up to 11, a la Spinal Tap? ([[Special:Contributions/78.86.214.133|78.86.214.133]] ([[User talk:78.86.214.133|talk]]) 09:23, 27 August 2008 (UTC)).
:No, as has been stated several times already. Unless you can find any official BBC source that it is anything more than a coincindence, it's ''definitely not'' worth mentioning. [[User talk:Islander|'''Talk''']][[User:Islander|'''Islander''']] 09:55, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

==New Version==
On 16th April 2009 BBC appear to have released a new version of iPlayer - iPlayer desktop based in part at least on Adobe AIR.

Can anyone add anything covering the technology and reason for change?

All I can add is that the like the old version iPlayer Desktop does work when situated outside the UK if connected to a UK based VPN. iPlayer desktop does appear to be downloading much more slowly than the older system however this may simply be based on the content I have chosen to download.
[[User:Teddnalex|Teddnalex]] ([[User talk:Teddnalex|talk]]) 12:13, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

== recent updates mean major rewrite is needed ==

the latest version of iplayer seems to make a large section of this article redundant.

the new version with the air based client downloads directly and the kontiki software is now defunct and doesn't work anymore.

also why is there still such a focus on the old microsoft drm stuff? it's barely been an issue since the streaming launched and with the new client is practically irrelevent. yes the fsf will probably keep banging their drum about theora or what not but that's not going to happen due to rights.

I suggest the article be rewritten to take into account how the new version works and move all the stuff about kontiki and the fsf down to a "previous versions" section that could also discuss iMP which was based on an older kontiki system.
[[Special:Contributions/82.41.243.253|82.41.243.253]] ([[User talk:82.41.243.253|talk]]) 17:29, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

: Well, you're welcome to make these changes. The article isn't protected, and it seems to make sense to rejig the article if it is out of date. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[ジャム]]]<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[User talk:JGXenite|t]] - [[Special:Contributions/JGXenite|c]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> 18:41, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

I agree, this article is badly in need of a rewrite. The Development section, for example, reads like a collection of bullet points. I think some of the other sections in the article could probably be cut down and merged with the Development section to make it more readable, specifically the DRM, Latest Version and what's currently in the two Platforms sections. The Computer Platforms section could then be rewritten to only reference the new AIR based client and the newer streaming software that automatically adjusts the bit-rate. Some of the other sections could probably do with being trimmed or merged also (the TV Licence and Overseas Availability sections could probably be put together in a Legal Issues section maybe mentioning DRM as well) . Of course this is a fair amount of work, and I don't have time to do it myself (exams), so I thought I'd just share my ideas. I feel the article is a bit of a mess at the moment. [[Special:Contributions/137.205.108.106|137.205.108.106]] ([[User talk:137.205.108.106|talk]]) 18:46, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

== XP only!?! ==

I'm interested to be told that BBC iPlayer is only avaliable to XP users only though "some users have managed to get it working using compatibility options in Vista" this intruiges me because I have Vista and I didn't have to do anything to get iPlayer working without doing anything at all. I don't know if maybe I am just very lucky but I think that this section should be reviewed. [[Special:Contributions/82.28.40.202|82.28.40.202]] ([[User talk:82.28.40.202|talk]]) 19:10, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Works perfectly on vista.[[Special:Contributions/86.16.153.191|86.16.153.191]] ([[User talk:86.16.153.191|talk]]) 02:31, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

:Maybe you were reading some old content, i think the first iPlayer (maybe even the beta) was only available on XP. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 08:38, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Bender (Futurama)

2009-07-19T12:51:24Z

Chris huh: Mexico isn't part of US is it (in futurama land)?

{{Futurama character
|name= Bender Bending Rodriguez
|image=[[Image:Bender Rodriguez.png|250px|Bender Bending Rodriguez]]
|image cover=[[Bender's Big Score]] Dvd cover
|age=Indeterminate due to excessive time travel. Head is 1055 years older than body.<ref>"[[Roswell That Ends Well]]"</ref>|gender=Man-Bot|height= 5'10"
|weight=525 lbs.
|alias=Coilette ("[[Bend Her]]")
|species=[[Robots in Futurama|Robot]]
|planet=[[Earth]], specifically [[Tijuana]], [[Baja California]], [[Mexico]]
|job=Cook and bending robot for the [[Futurama#Planet Express|Planet Express]] Delivery Company
|relatives='''Builder:''' Mom's Friendly Robot Company '''Mother:''' Robot Arm '''Father:''' Unknown (Deceased) '''Uncle:''' Vladimir (Deceased) '''Son:''' Unknown (In Robot Hell) '''Grandmother:''' Bulldozer '''Aunt:''' Rita '''Same-Model Robot:''' [[List of recurring robot characters from Futurama#Flexo|Flexo]] '''Temporal Duplicates:''' Hundreds due to overuse of time travel (All deceased)<ref name=bbs/>
|appearance=[[Space Pilot 3000]]
|line="Bite my shiny metal ass."
|voiced=[[John DiMaggio]]
}}
'''Bender Bending Rodríguez''', designated '''Bending Unit 22''', is a fictional [[robot]] character in the [[animated television series]] ''[[Futurama]]''. He is voiced by [[John DiMaggio]]. In the series, Bender plays the role of a comic [[anti-hero]], and is described by [[Turanga Leela|Leela]] as an "[[alcoholic]], [[whore]]-mongering, [[chain-smoking]] [[gambling|gambler]]".<ref>"[[Crimes of the Hot]]"</ref> He was built in [[Mexico]] and is said to possess a "swarthy [[Latino|Latin]] charm" despite not having a Mexican accent. He is also prejudiced against non-robots.<ref>"[[Bender Should Not Be Allowed on TV]]"</ref>

==Role==
Bender serves as a member of [[Hubert J. Farnsworth]]'s delivery crew, being the chef for the often long trips through space, to deliver goods for Planet Express. He is one of [[Philip J. Fry|Fry's]] closest friends, though the relationship is often one sided. Bender is a heavy drinker, smoker, and gambler and has been known as "pure evil". He has a mostly voluntary morality and [[Kleptomania|constantly steals]], ranging from the petty theft of wallets to much higher crimes like kidnapping [[Jay Leno]]'s head due to their long feud and stealing Fry's blood.
Bender is a robot built by Mom's Friendly Robot Company at its plant in [[Tijuana]], [[Mexico]], circa 2996. He is a Bending-Unit 22, serial number 2716057, and chassis number [[1729 (number)|1729]]. He weighs about five hundred and twenty five pounds.<ref>"[[Raging Bender]]"</ref> He was created for the task of [[bending]] metal [[girder]]s for the construction of [[suicide booth]]s. Bender attended Bending State University, where he majored in Bending and minored in Robo-American studies. He was also a member of Epsilon Rho Rho ('ΕΡΡ' is shown as 'ERR' in the episode [[Mars University]]) (a.k.a. Robot House), a robot fraternity; here he gained notoriety for one night in which he chugged ten kegs of beer, streaked across campus, and stuffed fifty-eight people into a telephone booth. While different creation processes have been shown, David X. Cohen stated that the viewer has only been shown Bender emerging from the machine that created him, while what happened inside the machine was not revealed.<ref name="Cohen03">{{cite video| people=Cohen, David X |year=2003|title=Futurama season 4 DVD commentary for the episode "Teenage Mutant Leela's Hurdles"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref>

As a state-of-the-art bending unit, he has bent some rather impressive objects. This includes enormous steel girders marked "UN-BENDABLE", the Professor's spine (both ways) and even a level brick wall. And he has shown incredible feats of strength, such as breaking through solid concrete walls, surviving incredible amounts of gunfire, pushing the Planet Express ship's exhaust to one side, managing to survive at the very bottom of the exact center of the Atlantic Ocean, and diving into magma.

Bender is shown throughout the series as having a secret desire to be a [[folk musician]] that only manifests itself when a magnet is placed on/near his head ("Magnets screw up my inhibition unit," he explains). This desire is finally fulfilled in the episode "[[Bendin' in the Wind]]": an accident involving a giant [[can opener]] leaves Bender with a severely ripped-open chest and paralyzed from the neck down, and an encounter with [[Beck]] during his hospitalization leads to him becoming his lead washboard, and the two teaming for a musical tour that turns Bender into a folk hero for other broken robots.

Bender is also fascinated with cooking, being the Planet Express ship's chef, though he is shown to have no sense of actual human taste. In his first attempt, he creates a dinner for the crew that is so disgusting they gag, then tells them that the salt content is 10% below a lethal dose (Dr. Zoidberg remarks that he shouldn't have had seconds). In "The Problem with Popplers", he creates dinner consisting of nothing but [[capers]] and baking soda, and expresses the belief that humans eat rocks. He seems to improve his cooking skills over the series, cooking a lavish cake for [[Nibbler (Futurama)|Nibbler]]'s birthday party and beating [[Elzar]] for the title of Iron Cook (though he uses a potion called "The Essence of Pure Flavor," consisting of water and a generous portion of [[LSD]] to make the judges hallucinate that his food tastes good). In "Into the Wild Green Yonder" he expresses his mistake of baking prison-guards a cake thinking nutmeg was a natural human sleep-drug.

As a robot, Bender possesses an incredible amount of patience. In the series and movies, he is shown to wait over a thousand years in sand, and many thousands of years in subterranean caverns under New York. Despite the long wait, it is suggested that Bender does not power down, apparently enjoying his own company so much that he does not consider it necessary.

Bender's constant drinking stems from the fact that he needs alcohol to power his fuel cells; the process generates waste gases and heat, which he often expels as a flaming belch (although it's not always a belch). If Bender is deprived of alcohol, for instance during periods of depression, he ceases to function properly and shows signs similar to human drunkenness, including developing a rust [[Stubble|5 O' clock shadow]]. In addition to consuming alcohol for energy, he also has a [[nuclear pile]], as seen in "[[Godfellas]]". When he is sufficiently frightened or sickened, bricks fall from his backside (a reference to the slang "shitting bricks"), as seen in "[[Space Pilot 3000]]", ''[[The Beast with a Billion Backs]]'' and "Bendin' in the Wind". When sufficiently fascinated by something, he may pull out a camera and snap a picture, adding the [[catchphrase]] "Neat!" In addition to drinking, Bender also has an affinity for cigars. Unlike drinking alcohol for fuel, Bender tells Fry that he smokes cigars because they "make [him] look cool."

Despite being a robot, Bender has been seen to show emotion on many occasions, going so far as to shed a tear in "[[Crimes of the Hot]]", to the astonishment of Fry. One of the series' [[running joke]]s revolves around Bender having emotions, while technically he should be unfeeling. In his very first appearance, he tries to commit suicide via a suicide booth out of guilt for having unknowingly participated in creating suicide booths.

In the second ''Anthology of Interest'', Bender proclaims, "I mean, being a robot's great but we don't have emotions and sometimes that makes me very sad".<ref>http://www.imsdb.com/transcripts/Futurama-Anthology-Of-Interest-II.html</ref> Bender can perform many functions that are often regarded as exclusive to humans, such as whistling, snoring, having bloodshot eyes, crying, feeling at the least physical attraction, being tickled, and dreaming. Despite these anthropomorphic characteristics, he can function in the vacuum of space, in the deep sea, or while submerged in lava for a short period. Bender is a classic [[narcissist]], as seen in "[[The Farnsworth Parabox]]" when he falls in love with an alternate gold plated version of himself, stating that he has finally found someone "as great as me". In ''[[Bender's Big Score]]'' he converses with time-duplicates of himself under New New York in a limestone cavern for thousands of years because he is so in love with himself. Despite these human characteristics, Bender has no detectable soul, as seen in "[[Obsoletely Fabulous]]" when he passes through a 'soul detector' without an alarm sounding.

Bender's family is rarely seen in the show. However, it is known that his mother was a mechanical robot manufacturing arm, and his grandmother was a bulldozer. On several occasions he meets with another bending unit of the same manufacturer, Flexo, who looks and sounds exactly like him except for an arbitrary metal goatee. He also claims to have an identical cousin named Buster. It is also revealed that Bender has a young son who he willingly sent to Robot Hell in exchange for a robot army provided by the [[Robot Devil]] in ''The Beast with a Billion Backs''. He also has an Aunt Rita, a [[screw]], however this is only mentioned in a dream-sequence of Leela's, and may not be true.

Bender's relationships with the crew of Planet Express vary from person to person, although he treats nearly all biological organisms with disdain. The only one of his friends who he has openly shown affection for is Fry, his best friend and roommate. "Of all the friends I've had, [he is] the first." Although he is verbally and physically abusive towards Fry and considers him to be vastly inferior to himself, he has been shown to care for him a great deal. In ''[[Jurassic Bark]]'' he states that he loves Fry "the way a human loves a dog". He routinely takes advantage of his friends, framing them for crimes, robbing them, stealing Fry's blood on more than one occasion, stealing Fry's power of attorney, using Fry's body to smash open a window, flushing Leela's pet Nibblonian Nibbler down the toilet, stealing jewelry from Amy, and using Zoidberg in various get-rich-quick schemes, although it is probable he doesn't consider Dr Zoidberg a friend since in "Obsoletely Fabulous" Bender begged the 1X Robot to "save [his] friends...and Zoidberg." He even betrays Leela to Zapp when she becomes a wanted criminal out of jealousy of her steadily growing [[rap sheet]] in ''[[Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder|Into the Wild Green Yonder]]'', only to break her out of prison to make sure his own rap sheet is longer than hers. Although he regularly frustrates the group, they have demonstrated a certain affection for him as well; during "[[How Hermes Requisitioned His Groove Back]]" the entire crew travelled to the Central Bueraucracy to recover his brain after Morgan Proctor downloaded it onto a disc and sent it away, [[Hermes Conrad]] subsequently risking his bureacratic license to locate the disc with Bender's brain on it by sorting the entire pile in just under four minutes. In this episode when Amy asked why they had to fix him, Leela responded with "despite those arguments, we're still going."

Bender is known for his catchphrase "Bite my shiny metal ass", which he uses nearly every episode throughout the series and sometimes varying the phrase. Bender also has the catchphrases "Boned" and "Cheese it!"

Bender's metallurgical composition is occasionally mentioned, and he has inconsistently claimed in various instances to be some combination of 30% [[iron]], 40% [[titanium]], 40% [[lead]], 40% [[zinc]], and 40% [[Dolomite]] (impossibly totaling 190% of his composite material). His titanium composition is confirmed in "[[A Head in the Polls]]", in which he sells his body during a titanium shortage. His dolomite composition is supported in "[[Jurassic Bark]]" when he survives a swim through a pool of magma, which the Professor suggested was only possible for objects made of this mineral (In the commentary for this episode, [[David X. Cohen]] points out that since Dolomite is a mineral, it could be comprised of the other pure metals in his body. However, excluding the Dolomite would still only bring the total composite down to 150%). In "[[A Pharaoh to Remember]]", Professor Farnsworth revealed that Bender has a .04% Nickel impurity. In further mathematically incorrect contrast to his metal components he is described as made from an [[osmium]] alloy, which would then be exceeding 40%. In ''[[Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder|Into the Wild Green Yonder]]'', Bender claims to have 40% luck as well. Luck could coexist with his other concrete composite materials since it is immaterial, thus not adding to his previous inconsistency.

Due to complications in the episode "Roswell That Ends Well" Bender's head is 1055 years older than the rest of his body, and since "Bender's Big Score", Bender's age is possibly millions of years.

==Character==
===Creation===
The name Bender was chosen by series creator [[Matt Groening]] as an homage to the character John Bender from ''[[The Breakfast Club]]''.<ref name="names">{{cite book |title= Sci-Fi Baby Names: 500 Out-of-this-world Baby Names from Anakin to Zardoz|pages=119 |chapter=Intellectual Names}}</ref> The design for Bender went through multiple changes before reaching its final state. One of the decisions which Matt Groening found to be particularly difficult was whether Bender's head should be square or round. Initially he worked under the idea that all robots would have square heads in 3000; however, it was later decided that Bender's head should be round, a visual play on the idea that Bender is a "round peg in a square hole".<ref name="NYT">{{citeweb| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDF173EF931A15754C0A96F958260| title=Bringing an Alien And a Robot to Life; The Gestation of the Simpsons' Heirs| author=Sterngold, James| date=1999-07-22| date=2008-06-10| publisher= New York Times}}</ref> Bender's antennae, which would have been positioned in place of his ears, were also changed to give him a more streamlined appearance.<ref name="NYT" /> Groening later states in commentary for the episode "[[Crimes of the Hot]]" that the robot built by [[Hubert J. Farnsworth|Professor Farnsworth]] in that episode is very similar to the original design for Bender.<ref name="Crimes">{{cite video| people=[[Matt Groening|Groening, Matt]]|year=2003|title=[[Futurama]] season 4 DVD commentary for the episode "Crimes of the Hot"| medium=[[DVD]] |publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]}}</ref>

===Casting===
When casting for ''Futurama'', Bender's voice was the most difficult to cast, in part because the show's creators had not yet decided what a robot should sound like.<ref name="Cohen01">{{cite video| people=Cohen, David X |year=2003|title=Futurama season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "Space Pilot 3000"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> Because of this, every voice actor who auditioned, no matter for what character, was asked to also read for Bender. After about 300 auditions, series co-creator [[David X. Cohen]] even attempted to audition after being told he sounded like a robot.<ref name="Cohen02">{{cite video| people=Cohen, David X |year=2003|title=Futurama season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "The Series Has Landed"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> John DiMaggio was eventually chosen for the role after his second audition. He originally auditioned using his Bender voice for the role of [[Hubert J. Farnsworth|Professor Farnsworth]] and used a different voice for Bender.<ref name="DiMaggio">{{cite video| people=Dimaggio, John |year=2003|title=Futurama season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "Space Pilot 3000"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> DiMaggio has noted that he had difficulty singing as Bender in "[[Hell Is Other Robots]]" because he was forced to sing the harmony part in a low key.<ref name="DiMaggioep9">{{cite video| people=Dimaggio, John |year=2003|title=Futurama season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "Hell Is Other Robots"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref>

==Reception and cultural influence==
Bender (being the show's [[breakout character]]) has made several cameos in different episodes of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', another series by Matt Groening. Within ''The Simpsons'', Bender has appeared in episodes "[[Future-Drama]]", "[[Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade]]", and "[[Missionary: Impossible]]". He also appears as one of the enemies, along with [[Doctor Zoidberg]], in ''[[The Simpsons Game]]'', and as one of the customers in the Mos Eisley cantina in the ''[[Family Guy]]'' movie "[[Blue Harvest (Family Guy)|Blue Harvest]]".

In 2008, Bender took second place behind [[Terminator (character)|the Terminator]] in a poll for the "Baddest Movie Robot" on [[Techradar.com]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/world-of-tech/baddest-movie-robot-the-votes-are-in--389842| title=Baddest movie robot: the votes are in!| author= TechRadar staff| publisher= [[Techradar.com]]| date=2008-06-10| accessdate=2008-06-10}}</ref>

A reference to Bender is made as a cameo in the 2008 release of [[Mozilla Firefox 3|Firefox 3.0]]. When about:robots is typed into the address bar, a page displays the Firefox robot and references to pop culture robots, the last stating: "Robots have shiny metal posteriors which should not be bitten."

Bender also appears credited with his full name on the Special Thanks section in the [[Contra 4]] credits.<ref>http://www.vgmuseum.com/end/nds/a/contra4.htm</ref>

Bender is currently nominated for the [[Robot Hall of Fame]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Futurama}}

[[Category:Futurama characters]]
[[Category:Fictional criminals]]
[[Category:Fictional gamblers]]
[[Category:Fictional robots]]
[[Category:Fictional Mexican-Americans]]

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Cetacea

2009-06-04T10:49:06Z

Chris huh: Revert to revision 293859734 dated 2009-06-02 02:29:09 by Nallan using popups

{{otheruses4|the order Cetacea|the song by [[Iceland]]ic singer [[Björk]]|Drawing Restraint 9 (album)}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Cetaceans<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Cetacea|id=14300001}}</ref>
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|55|0|earliest=|latest=|PS=}}Early [[Eocene]] - Present
| image = Humpback stellwagen edit.jpg
| image_caption = [[Humpback Whale]] breaching
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| infraclassis = [[Eutheria]]
| superordo = [[Laurasiatheria]]
{{Taxobox_norank_entry | taxon = [[Cetartiodactyla]]}}
{{Taxobox_norank_entry | taxon = [[Whippomorpha]]}}
| ordo = '''Cetacea'''
| ordo_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762
| subdivision_ranks = [[Suborder]]s
| subdivision =
[[Mysticeti]] 
[[Odontoceti]] 
[[Archaeoceti]] (extinct) 
''([[Cetacea#Taxonomic listing|see text]] for families)''
| diversity = Around 88 species; see [[list of cetaceans]] or [[Cetacea#Taxonomic listing|below]].
| diversity_link = List of cetaceans
}}

The [[order]] '''Cetacea''' ({{pron-en|sɨˈteɪʃ(i)ə}}, L. '''''cetus''''', whale, from Greek) includes [[whale]]s, [[dolphin]]s, and [[porpoise]]s. ''Cetus'' is [[Latin]] and is used in biological names to mean "whale"; its original meaning, "large sea animal", was more general. It comes from [[Ancient Greek]] {{Polytonic|κῆτος}} (''{{lang|grc-Latn|kētos}}''), meaning "whale" or "any huge fish or [[sea monster]]". In [[Greek mythology]] the monster [[Perseus]] defeated was called [[Ceto]], which is depicted by the [[constellation]] of [[Cetus]]. [[Cetology]] is the branch of marine science associated with the study of cetaceans.

'''Cetaceans''' are the [[mammal]]s best [[aquatic adaptation|adapted to aquatic]] life. Their body is fusiform (spindle-shaped). The forelimbs are modified into flippers. The tiny hindlimbs are [[vestigial]]; they do not attach to the backbone and are hidden within the body. The tail has horizontal flukes. Cetaceans are nearly hairless, and are insulated by a thick layer of [[blubber]]. As a group, they are noted for their [[cetacean intelligence|high intelligence]].

The order Cetacea contains about ninety species, all marine except for four species of [[river dolphin|freshwater dolphins]]. The order is divided into two suborders, [[Mysticeti]] (baleen whales) and [[Odontoceti]] (toothed whales, which includes dolphins and porpoises). The species range in size from the [[Commerson's Dolphin]] and [[Tucuxi]], smaller than a human, to the [[Blue Whale]], the largest animal that has ever lived.

==Respiration, vision, hearing and echolocation==

[[Image:DelfinEstrecho.jpg|thumb|left|Cetacean in [[Strait of Gibraltar]]]]

As mammals, cetaceans need to breathe air. Because of this, they need to come to the water's surface to exhale [[carbon dioxide]] and inhale a fresh supply of [[oxygen]]. During diving, a muscular action closes the [[blowhole (biology)|blowholes]] (nostrils), which remain closed until the cetacean next breaks the surface; when it surfaces, the muscles open the blowholes and warm air is exhaled.

Cetaceans' blowholes [[Evolution of cetaceans|have evolved]] to a position on top of the head, allowing more time to expel stale air and inhale fresh air. When the stale air, warmed from the lungs, is exhaled, it condenses as it meets the cold air outside. As with a terrestrial mammal breathing out on a cold day, a small cloud of 'steam' appears. This is called the 'blow' or 'spout' and is different in terms of shape, angle and height, for each cetacean species. Cetaceans can be identified at a distance, using this characteristic, by experienced whalers or whale-watchers.

Cetaceans can go underwater for much longer periods of time than other mammals. Their duration under water varies greatly between species due to large physiological differences between many members of this Order. There are two studied{{Fact|date=April 2008}} advantages of cetacean physiology that let this Order (and other marine mammals) forage underwater for extended periods of time without breathing at the water surface.

Myoglobin concentrations in skeletal muscle of mammals have much variation. A New Zealand white rabbit has 0.08+/-0.06 g (in a 100 g Wet muscle) of [[myoglobin]],<ref>Castellini and Somero, 1981{{Citation broken|date=April 2008}}</ref> whereas a [[Northern Bottlenose Whale]] has 6.34 g (in a 100 g Wet muscle) of myoglobin.<ref>Scholander, 1940{{Citation broken|date=April 2008}}</ref> Myoglobin, by nature, has a higher affinity to oxygen than [[hemoglobin]]. That is, myoglobin retains oxygen molecules better than hemoglobin. Therefore, it is useful to have higher concentrations of myoglobin when needed and there is no oxygen available for re-uptake. The higher the myoglobin concentration in cetacean skeletal muscle, the longer they can stay underwater and forage.

Increased body size is another way of elongating dive duration of large cetaceans. This is true because of two considered aspects. An increase in body size means that there is increase in muscle mass, therefore, increase in muscle oxygen stores. Another aspect is the universal correlation of mass and metabolic rate ([[Kleiber's law]]). In layman’s terms, Kleiber’s law states that the metabolic rate of a large animal is slower than a small animal per unit mass. From this we can conclude that larger animals will use up less oxygen than smaller animals (per mass unit).

The cetacean's eyes are set well back and to either side of its huge head. This means that cetaceans with pointed 'beaks' (such as dolphins) have good binocular vision forward and downward but others, with blunt heads (such as the [[Sperm Whale]]), can see either side but not directly ahead or directly behind. Tear glands secrete greasy tears, which protect the eyes from the salt in the water. Cetaceans also have an almost spherical lens in their eyes, which is most efficient at focusing what little light there is in the deep waters. Cetaceans make up for their generally quite poor vision (with the exception of the dolphin) with excellent hearing.

As with the eyes, the cetacean's ears are also small. Life in the sea accounts for the cetacean's loss of its external ears, whose function is to collect airborne sound waves and focus them in order for them to become strong enough to hear well. However, water is a better conductor of sound than air, so the external ear was no longer needed: it is no more than a tiny hole in the skin, just behind the eye. The inner ear, however, has become so well developed that the cetacean can not only hear sounds dozens of miles away, but it can also discern from which direction the sound comes.

Some cetaceans are capable of [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]]. Many toothed whales emit clicks similar to those in echolocation, but it has not been demonstrated that they echolocate. Mysticeti have little need of echolocation, as they prey upon small fish that would be impractical to locate with echolocation. Some members of Odontoceti, such as dolphins and porpoises, do perform echolocation. These cetaceans use sound in the same way as bats—they emit a sound (called a click), which then bounces off an object and returns to them. From this, cetaceans can discern the size, shape, surface characteristics and movement of the object, as well as how far away it is. With this ability cetaceans can search for, chase and catch fast-swimming prey in total darkness. Echolocation is so advanced in most Odontoceti that they can distinguish between prey and non-prey (such as humans or boats); captive cetaceans can be trained to distinguish between, for example, balls of different sizes or shapes.

Cetaceans also use sound to communicate, whether it be groans, moans, whistles, clicks or the complex 'singing' of the [[Humpback Whale]].

==Feeding==


When it comes to food and feeding, cetaceans can be separated into two distinct groups. The toothed whales, Odontoceti like the Sperm Whale, [[Beluga (whale)|Beluga]], dolphins and porpoises, usually have lots of teeth that they use for catching fish, squid or other marine life. They do not chew their food, but swallow it whole. In the rare cases that they catch large prey, as when the [[Orca]] (''Orcinus orca'') catches a seal, they tear chunks off it that in turn are swallowed whole.

The baleen whales or Mysticeti do not have teeth. Instead they have plates made of [[keratin]] (the same substance as human fingernails) which hang down from the upper jaw. These plates act like a giant filter, straining small animals (such as [[krill]] and fish) from the seawater. Cetaceans included in this group include the Blue Whale, the Humpback Whale, the Bowhead Whale and the two minke whale species.

Not all Mysticeti feed on plankton: the larger whales tend to eat small shoaling fish, such as herrings and sardines, called micronecton. One species of Mysticeti, the [[Gray Whale]] (''Eschrichtius robustus''), is a [[Benthos|benthic]] feeder, primarily eating sea floor [[crustacean]]s.

==Mammalian nature==

Cetaceans are mammals, that is, members of the [[Class (biology)|class]] Mammalia. The closest living relative of cetaceans is the [[hippopotamus]].<ref name=science_news_1>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/09/010920072245.htm | title = New Fossils Suggest Whales And Hippos Are Close Kin | accessdate = 2007-12-21 | author = University Of Michigan (2001, September 20) | publisher = ScienceDaily}}</ref><ref name=science_news_2>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071220220241.htm | title = Whales Descended From Tiny Deer-like Ancestors | accessdate = 2007-12-21 | author = Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy (2007, December 21) | publisher = ScienceDaily}}</ref>

As mammals, cetaceans have characteristics that are common to all mammals: they are [[warm-blooded]], breathe in air through their [[lungs]], bear their young alive and suckle them on their own [[milk]], and have [[hair]], although very little of it.

Another way of discerning a cetacean from a fish is by the shape of the tail. The tail of a fish is vertical and moves from side to side when the fish swims. The tail of a cetacean—called a fluke—is horizontal and moves up and down, as cetaceans' spines bend in the same manner as a human spine.

==Taxonomic listing==
[[Image:Cetaceans.svg|right|thumb|Size comparison of all known extant cetacean species. Note the human diver at lower right for scale.]]

{{Seealso|List of cetaceans|List of extinct cetaceans}}
The classification here closely follows [[Dale W. Rice]], ''Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution'' (1998), which has become the standard taxonomy reference in the field. There is very close agreement between this classification and that of ''Mammal Species of the World: 3rd Edition'' (Wilson and Reeder eds., 2005). Any differences are noted using the abbreviations "Rice"<ref>{{Cite journal: Rice cetacea classification}}</ref> and "MSW3"<ref name=msw3/> respectively. Further differences due to recent discoveries are also noted.

Discussion of synonyms and subspecies are relegated to the relevant genus and species articles.
* '''ORDER CETACEA'''
** '''Suborder [[Mysticeti]]''': Baleen whales
*** Family [[Balaenidae]]: [[Right whale]]s and [[Bowhead Whale]]
**** Genus ''[[Balaena]]''
***** [[Bowhead Whale]], ''Balaena mysticetus''
**** Genus ''[[Eubalaena]]''
***** [[North Atlantic Right Whale]], ''Eubalaena glacialis''
***** [[North Pacific Right Whale]], ''Eubalaena japonica''
***** [[Southern Right Whale]], ''Eubalaena australis''
*** Family [[Balaenopteridae]]: Rorquals
**** Subfamily [[Balaenopterinae]]
***** Genus ''[[Balaenoptera]]''
****** [[Common Minke Whale]], ''Balaenoptera acutorostrata''
****** [[Antarctic Minke Whale]], ''Balaenoptera bonaerensis''
****** [[Sei Whale]], ''Balaenoptera borealis''
****** [[Bryde's Whale]], ''Balaenoptera brydei''
****** [[Eden's Whale]] ''Balaenoptera edeni'' - Rice lists this as a separate species, MSW3 does not
****** ''[[Balaenoptera omurai]]'' - MSW3 lists this is a synonym of Bryde's Whale but suggests this may be temporary.
****** [[Blue Whale]], ''Balaenoptera musculus''
****** [[Fin Whale]], ''Balaenoptera physalus''
**** Subfamily [[Megapterinae]]
***** Genus ''[[Megaptera]]''
******[[Humpback Whale]], ''Megaptera novaeangliae''
*** † Genus ''[[Eobalaenoptera]]''
**** † [[Harrison's Whale]], ''Eobalaenoptera harrisoni''
*** Family [[Eschrichtiidae]]
**** Genus ''[[Eschrichtius]]''
***** [[Gray Whale]], ''Eschrichtius robustus''
*** Family [[Neobalaenidae]]: Pygmy Right Whale
**** Genus ''[[Caperea]]''
***** [[Pygmy Right Whale]], ''Caperea marginata''
** '''Suborder [[Odontoceti]]''': toothed whales
*** Family [[Delphinidae]]: [[Dolphin]]
**** Genus ''[[Cephalorhynchus]]''
***** [[Commerson's Dolphin]], ''Cephalorhyncus commersonii''
***** [[Chilean Dolphin]], ''Cephalorhyncus eutropia''
***** [[Heaviside's Dolphin]], ''Cephalorhyncus heavisidii''
***** [[Hector's Dolphin]], ''Cephalorhyncus hectori''
**** Genus ''[[Delphinus (genus)|Delphinus]]''
***** [[Long-beaked Common Dolphin]], ''Delphinus capensis''
***** [[Short-beaked Common Dolphin]], ''Delphinus delphis''
***** [[Arabian Common Dolphin]], ''Delphinus tropicalis''. Rice recognises this as a separate species. MSW3 does not.
**** Genus ''[[Feresa]]''
***** [[Pygmy Killer Whale]], ''Feresa attenuata''
**** Genus ''[[Globicephala]]''
***** [[Short-finned Pilot Whale]], ''Globicephala macrorhyncus''
***** [[Long-finned Pilot Whale]], ''Globicephala melas''
**** Genus ''[[Grampus (genus)|Grampus]]''
***** [[Risso's Dolphin]], ''Grampus griseus''
**** Genus ''[[Lagenodelphis]]''
***** [[Fraser's Dolphin]], ''Lagenodelphis hosei''
**** Genus ''[[Lagenorhynchus]]''
***** [[Atlantic White-sided Dolphin]], ''Lagenorhynchus acutus''
***** [[White-beaked Dolphin]], ''Lagenorhynchus albirostris''
***** [[Peale's Dolphin]], ''Lagenorhynchus australis''
***** [[Hourglass Dolphin]], ''Lagenorhynchus cruciger''
***** [[Pacific White-sided Dolphin]], ''Lagenorhynchus obliquidens''
***** [[Dusky Dolphin]], ''Lagenorhynchus obscurus''
**** Genus ''[[Lissodelphis]]''
***** [[Northern Right Whale Dolphin]], ''Lissodelphis borealis''
***** [[Southern Right Whale Dolphin]], ''Lissodelphis peronii''
**** Genus ''[[Orcaella]]''
***** [[Irrawaddy Dolphin]], ''Orcaella brevirostris''
***** [[Australian Snubfin Dolphin]], ''Orcaella heinsohni''. 2005 discovery, thus not recognized by Rice or MSW3 and subject to revision.
**** Genus ''[[Orcinus]]''
***** [[Killer Whale]], ''Orcinus orca''
**** Genus ''[[Peponocephala]]''
***** [[Melon-headed Whale]], ''Peponocephala electra''
**** Genus ''[[Pseudorca]]''
***** [[False Killer Whale]], ''Pseudorca crassidens''
**** Genus ''[[Sotalia]]''
***** [[Tucuxi]], ''Sotalia fluviatilis'', see the species article for a discussion
***** [[Costero]], ''Sotalia guianensis'', see the species article for a discussion
**** Genus [[Sousa (genus)|''Sousa'']]
***** [[Pacific Humpback Dolphin]], ''Sousa chinensis''
***** [[Indian Humpback Dolphin]], ''Sousa plumbea''
***** [[Atlantic Humpback Dolphin]], ''Sousa teuszii''
**** Genus ''[[Stenella]]''
***** [[Pantropical Spotted Dolphin]], ''Stenella attenuata''
***** [[Clymene Dolphin]], ''Stenella clymene''
***** [[Striped Dolphin]], ''Stenella coeruleoalba''
***** [[Atlantic Spotted Dolphin]], ''Stenella frontalis''
***** [[Spinner Dolphin]], ''Stenella longirostris''
**** Genus [[Steno (genus)|''Steno'']]
***** [[Rough-toothed Dolphin]], ''Steno bredanensis''
**** Genus ''[[Tursiops]]'' - Rice and MSW3 tentatively agree on this classification but see species article for more detail.
***** [[Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin]], ''Tursiops aduncus''
***** [[Common Bottlenose Dolphin]], ''Tursiops truncatus''
*** Family [[Monodontidae]]
**** Genus ''[[Delphinapterus]]''
***** [[Beluga (whale)|Beluga]], ''Delphinapterus leucas''
**** Genus ''[[Monodon]]''
***** [[Narwhal]], ''Monodon monoceros''
*** Family [[Phocoenidae]]: [[Porpoise]]s
**** Genus ''[[Neophocaena]]''
***** [[Finless Porpoise]], ''Neophocaena phocaenoides''
**** Genus ''[[Phocoena]]''
***** [[Spectacled Porpoise]], ''Phocoena dioptrica''
***** [[Harbour Porpoise]], ''Phocoena phocaena''
***** [[Vaquita]], ''Phocoena sinus''
***** [[Burmeister's Porpoise]], ''Phocoena spinipinnis''
**** Genus ''[[Phocoenoides]]''
***** [[Dall's Porpoise]], ''Phocoenoides dalli''
*** Family [[Physeteridae]]: [[Sperm Whale family]]
**** Genus ''[[Physeter]]''
***** [[Sperm Whale]], ''Physeter catodon'' (syn. ''P. macrocephalus'')
*** Family [[Kogiidae]] - MSW3 treats ''Kogia'' as a member of [[Physeteridae]]
**** Genus ''[[Kogia]]''
***** [[Pygmy Sperm Whale]], ''Kogia breviceps''
***** [[Dwarf Sperm Whale]], ''Kogia sima''
*** '''Superfamily [[Platanistoidea]]''': River dolphins
**** Family [[Iniidae]]
***** Genus ''[[Inia]]''
****** [[Bolivian River Dolphin]], ''Inia boliviensis''
****** [[Amazon River Dolphin]], ''Inia geoffrensis''
**** Family [[Lipotidae]] - MSW3 treats ''Lipotes'' as a member of ''Iniidae''
***** Genus ''[[Lipotes]]''
****** [[Chinese River Dolphin|Baiji]], ''Lipotes vexillifer''
**** Family [[Pontoporiidae]] - MSW3 treats ''Pontoporia'' as a member of ''Iniidae''
***** Genus ''[[Pontoporia]]''
****** [[Franciscana]], ''Pontoporia blainvillei''
**** Family [[Platanistidae]]
***** Genus ''[[Platanista]]''
****** [[Ganges and Indus River Dolphin]], ''Platanista gangetica''. MSW3 treats ''Platanista minor'' as a separate species, with common names [[Ganges River Dolphin]] and [[Indus River Dolphin]], respectively.
*** Family [[Ziphidae]], Beaked whales
**** Genus ''[[Berardius]]''
***** [[Arnoux's Beaked Whale]], ''Berardius arnuxii''
***** [[Baird's Beaked Whale]] (North Pacific Bottlenose Whale), ''Berardius bairdii''
**** Subfamily [[Hyperoodontidae]]
***** Genus ''[[Hyperoodon]]''
****** [[Northern Bottlenose Whale]], ''Hyperoodon ampullatus''
****** [[Southern Bottlenose Whale]], ''Hyperoodon planifrons''
***** Genus ''[[Indopacetus]]''
****** [[Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale]] (Longman's Beaked Whale), ''Indopacetus pacificus''
***** Genus ''[[Mesoplodon]]'', [[Mesoplodont Whale]]
****** [[Sowerby's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon bidens''
****** [[Andrews' Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon bowdoini''
****** [[Hubbs' Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon carlhubbsi''
****** [[Blainville's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon densirostris''
****** [[Gervais' Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon europaeus''
****** [[Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon ginkgodens''
****** [[Gray's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon grayi''
****** [[Hector's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon hectori''
****** [[Layard's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon layardii''
****** [[True's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon mirus''
****** [[Perrin's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon perrini''. This species was recognised in 2002 and as such is listed by MSW3 but not Rice.
****** [[Pygmy Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon peruvianus''
****** [[Stejneger's Beaked Whale]], ''Mesoplodon stejnegeri''
****** [[Spade Toothed Whale]], ''Mesoplodon traversii''
**** Genus ''[[Tasmacetus]]''
***** [[Tasman Beaked Whale]] (Shepherd's Beaked Whale), ''Tasmacetus shepherdi''
**** Genus ''[[Ziphius]]''
***** [[Cuvier's Beaked Whale]], ''Ziphius cavirostris''
†Extinct

==See also==
{{cetaceaportal}}
*[[Beached whale]]
*[[Cetacean Conservation Center]]
*[[Cetacean intelligence]]
*[[Evolution of cetaceans]]
*[[:Category:Famous cetaceans|Famous cetaceans]]
*[[List of cetaceans]]
*[[List of dolphin species]]
*[[List of extinct cetaceans]]
*[[List of porpoise species]]
*[[List of whale species]]
*[[Vocal learning]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Cetacea}}
{{CommonsCat}}
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Cetacea}}
{{wiktionary|Cetacea}}
*[http://www.arkive.org/ ARKive - images and movies of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises]
*[http://tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm Tree of Life illustration showing how Cetacea relates to other lifeforms]
*[http://www.cetace.info/ Images and movies of Whales and Dolphins. Text is in French]
*[http://www.acsonline.org/ ACS] [[American Cetacean Society]]
*[http://www.crru.org.uk/ British Cetacean Site] including a page on [http://www.crru.org.uk/education/factfiles/taxonomy.htm taxonomy]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/dolphins_and_whales/ Dolphins and Whales on Science Daily]
*[http://www.allaboutdolphins.net All About Dolphins: Information and News Concerning Dolphins and other Cetacea]
*[http://www.sonsdemar.eu/ Sounds of the cetaceans, bioindicators, acoustic trauma, acoustic signals]
*[http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/futuyma_cetacea.html Cetacea Evolution] by Douglas J. Futuyma
*[http://www.whaletrackers.com Whale Trackers- A Documentary Series about Whales, Dolphns and Porpoises].
*[http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/endangered_species_list/cetaceans/ World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) - information on whales, dolphins & porpoises]

{{Mammals}}
{{Cetacea}}

[[Category:Marine mammals]]
[[Category:Cetaceans| ]]

{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|it}}
{{Link FA|no}}

[[af:Walvisagtiges]]
[[ar:حيتانيات]]
[[zh-min-nan:Cetacea]]
[[br:Morvil]]
[[bg:Китоподобни]]
[[ca:Cetaci]]
[[cs:Kytovci]]
[[cy:Cetacea]]
[[da:Hvaler]]
[[de:Wale]]
[[et:Vaalalised]]
[[el:Κητώδη]]
[[es:Cetacea]]
[[eo:Cetacoj]]
[[eu:Zetazeo]]
[[fa:آب‌بازان]]
[[fo:Hvalur]]
[[fr:Cetacea]]
[[gl:Cetáceo]]
[[ko:고래]]
[[hi:व्हेल]]
[[hr:Kitovi]]
[[io:Cetaceo]]
[[id:Cetacea]]
[[is:Hvalir]]
[[it:Cetacea]]
[[he:לווייתנאים]]
[[ka:ვეშაპისნაირნი]]
[[sw:Nyangumi]]
[[la:Cetacea]]
[[lt:Banginiai]]
[[lij:Cetacea]]
[[li:Walvèsechtege]]
[[hu:Cetek]]
[[ms:Cetacea]]
[[nl:Walvissen]]
[[ja:クジラ目]]
[[no:Hvaler]]
[[nn:Kvalar]]
[[nov:Cetacea]]
[[oc:Cetacea]]
[[pl:Walenie]]
[[pt:Cetáceos]]
[[ro:Cetaceu]]
[[qu:Wallina]]
[[ru:Китообразные]]
[[scn:Citacea]]
[[simple:Cetacea]]
[[sk:Veľryby (rad)]]
[[sl:Kiti]]
[[sr:Китови]]
[[fi:Valaat]]
[[sv:Valar]]
[[ta:கடற்பாலூட்டி]]
[[th:อันดับวาฬและโลมา]]
[[tr:Balinalar]]
[[uk:Китоподібні]]
[[vi:Bộ Cá voi]]
[[zh-yue:鯨魚]]
[[zh:鯨目]]

L.A. Noire

2009-05-05T19:09:33Z

Chris huh: Revert to revision 284682721 dated 2009-04-18 21:09:57 by X201 using popups

{{future game}}
{{Infobox VG
|title = L.A. Noire
|image = [[File:LA Noire logo.jpg|250px]]
|developer = [[Team Bondi]]
|publisher = [[Rockstar Games]]
|released = [[2009 in video gaming|2009 Fiscal year]]
|genre = [[Detective]] [[Action game|Action]]
|modes = [[Sandbox]]
|ratings =
|platforms = [[PlayStation 3]]
|media = [[Blu-ray Disc]]
}}

'''''L.A. Noire''''' is an upcoming [[video game]] in development by Team Bondi and to be published by [[Rockstar Games]] for the [[PlayStation 3]]. ''L.A. Noire'' is set in "a perfectly re-created [[Los Angeles]]" of the late 1940s, with players being given an open-ended challenge to solve a series of murders. The postwar setting will include the [[noir]] necessity of corruption, as well as [[drugs]] and [[jazz]] themes. The game uses a distinctive noire colouring-style to strengthen the feeling from detective movies of the '40s.

Though little information has been disclosed so far about ''L.A. Noire'', Rockstar has given a little impression of the game in the first trailer. The "Noire" part of the name is a reference to the [[film noir]] genre, a style of [[black-and-white]] movie which was most popular from the 1940s to the 1950s.

''L.A. Noire'' is also notable for using Lightsprint's real-time [[global illumination]] technology. Team Bondi has announced that the game was in its final phase. The game would be finished soon. <ref>{{cite web |title=LightSprint |url=http://lightsprint.com/ }}</ref>

== Platform ==
In February 2004, Brendan McNamara, Team Bondi's president, responded to an interview with Kristen Reed that "the project is wholly funded by [[Sony Computer Entertainment America]]. We have a long-term exclusive arrangement with SCEA."<ref>{{cite web |title=Team Bondi - The First Interview |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=54626 |work=EuroGamer.net |date=2004-02-20 |accessdate=2007-06-15 }}</ref>

On [[June 11]], [[2007]], [[Take-Two Interactive]], the sole publisher of [[Rockstar Games]], re-confirmed the release of the [[PlayStation 3]] version by listing it amongst its "announced to date" titles for "fiscal 2008" in a press release regarding the company's second quarter financial results.<ref>{{cite web |title=Second Quarter Fiscal 2007 Financial Results |url=http://ir.take2games.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=248580 |work=Take-Two Interactive |date=2007-06-11 |accessdate=2007-06-15 }}</ref> However, during the shareholders conference-call, a spokesperson for Take Two implied that both Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 releases are likely and that "LA Noire is being developed for next-generation systems."<ref name="NGS">{{cite web |title=Rockstar confirms: episodic GTA content 360-only L.A. Noire developed for Next-Gen Systems |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/rockstar-confirms-episodic-gta-content-360-only |work=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-04-11 }}</ref> However ''L.A. Noire'' has only been officially announced for the Playstation 3.

On [[September 10]] [[2007]], as part of their Q3 2007 financial disclosure, Take Two announced the game was delayed until their 2009 fiscal year.<ref>{{cite web |title=BioShock A Long Term Franchise, LA Noire, Beaterator Slip To Fiscal 2009 |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=15447 |work=[[GamaSutra]] |date=2007-09-10 |accessdate=2007-09-10 }}</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.rockstargames.com/lanoire Official website]
* [http://www.teambondi.com/ Team Bondi]
* [http://uk.ps3.ign.com/objects/760/760495.html L.A. Noire at IGN]
{{RockstarGames-stub}}
{{action-videogame-stub}}

[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]]
[[Category:Rockstar Games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Australia]]
[[Category:2009 video games]]

[[ca:L.A. Noire]]
[[fr:L.A. Noire]]
[[it:L.A. Noire]]

Terrorform

2009-04-24T08:35:35Z

Chris huh: /* Reception */ remove 'episode' from quotation to make sense

{{Infobox Red Dwarf episode
| name = Terrorform
| image = [[Image:Terrorform (Red Dwarf).jpg|250px]]
| image_caption= To escape from the psi-moon, the crew pretend to like Rimmer
| number = 3
| airdate = [[March 5]], [[1992]]
| writers = [[Rob Grant]] & [[Doug Naylor]]
| director = [[Juliet May]]
| guests = [[Sara Stockbridge]] Francine Walker-Lee
| series = 5
}}

"'''Terrorform'''" is the third episode of [[science fiction]] [[sit-com]] ''[[Red Dwarf]]'' Series V<ref name="British Sitcom Guide - Red Dwarf - Series 5">{{cite web | url =http://www.sitcom.co.uk/red_dwarf/series5.shtml | title =British Sitcom Guide - Red Dwarf - Series 5 | publisher =www.sitcom.co.uk |accessdate =2008-01-29}}</ref> and the twenty seventh in the series run.<ref name="TV.com - Terrorform summary">{{cite web | url =http://www.tv.com/red-dwarf/terrorform/episode/10971/summary.html | title =TV.com - Terrorform summary | publisher =www.tv.com |accessdate =2008-01-25}}</ref> It was first broadcast on the [[United Kingdom|British]] television channel [[BBC2]] on 5 March 1992.<ref name="BBC - Programme Catalogue - RED DWARF V - TERRORFORM">{{cite web |url=http://catalogue.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/programme/NMRE196A | title=BBC - Programme Catalogue - RED DWARF V - TERRORFORM | publisher =BBC |accessdate =2007-12-12}}</ref> Written by [[Rob Grant]] & [[Doug Naylor]], and directed by [[Juliet May]].<ref name="Terrorform cast and crew">{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0684179/fullcredits | title =Terrorform cast and crew | publisher =www.imdb.com |accessdate =2008-01-29}}</ref> The episode's plot has the ''Red Dwarf'' crew rescuing Rimmer from a [[terraform]]ed moon based on his own psyche.

==Plot==
[[Kryten]] and [[Arnold Rimmer|Rimmer]] go moon-hopping in the ''[[Red Dwarf ships#Starbug|Starbug]]'', but run into trouble on one particular moon when Rimmer is abducted and Kryten sustains fearful injuries as the landscape starts to reform itself. [[Dave Lister|Lister]] and [[Cat (Red Dwarf)|Cat]] come and rescue Kryten, although Rimmer is nowhere to be seen. Back on board ''[[Red Dwarf ships#Red Dwarf|Red Dwarf]]'' Kryten is patched up by Lister and tells his story.

Lister, Cat and Kryten return to the moon, and discover it is a psi-moon - an artificial planetoid that can tune into an individual's psyche and adapt its terrain to mimic his mental state. In this instance, it has reconfigured itself using Rimmer's subconscious as a template. Here, all Rimmer's personal demons are given a physical presence - and there are quite a few of them.

A rescue attempt is proven futile as, Rimmer's captor, The Master, is invulnerable to bazookoid fire and his hooded legions - themselves the personifications of Rimmer's negative emotions - are many. However there is one way to defeat the creature and escape, all Lister, Kryten and Cat have to do is boost Rimmer's self confidence by persuading him that they really do like him and think he's one hell of a guy.

==Production==
Another episode that was cut in the edit room although this time it was felt that some of the dialogue didn't work. The final scenes with the crew gathering around Rimmer to make him feel wanted was trimmed down.<ref name="Red Dwarf Series V Production">{{cite web | url =http://www.reddwarf.co.uk/deck05/series_5/production.html | title =Red Dwarf Series V Production| publisher =www.reddwarf.co.uk |accessdate =2008-01-07}}</ref>

Other small cuts included the Master who was fully built, but cut down to show only a hand, foot or shadow. This was considered more effective than seeing the character full on.<ref name="Red Dwarf Series V Effects">{{cite web | url =http://www.reddwarf.co.uk/deck05/series_5/effects.html | title =Red Dwarf Series V Effects| publisher =www.reddwarf.co.uk |accessdate =2008-01-07}}</ref>

Some scenes from this episode were incorporated into the second pilot (actually, a promo reel) for the prospective American Red Dwarf series.<ref name="Red Dwarf Programme Guide">{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors=Chris Howarths & Steve Lyons |title=Red Dwarf Programme Guide |year= |publisher=Virgin Books |location=Section 1: The History |isbn=0-86369-682-1}}</ref>

[[Sara Stockbridge]] and Francine Walker-Lee both appeared as Handmaidens.<ref name="Terrorform cast and crew"/>

==Cultural References==
* We see Rimmer's 'self respect' and 'self confidence' rise from the dead, looking like two members of [[The Three Musketeers]].
* The word 'Terrorform' is a play on words introduced on the terraforming in the ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]'' films. <ref name="Series V Preview">Series V Preview, Red Dwarf Smegazine, issue 1, March 1992,Fleetway Editions Ltd, issn 0965-5603</ref>
* At the start of the episode when [[Kryten]] is knocked offline, his CPU plays him a musak version of [[Copacabana (song)|Copacabana]].

==Kryten's Colours==
During the episode, the viewer can see Kryten's internal display, which among other things shows his system status as various shades of red: [[Mauve]], [[magenta]], [[taupe]], [[Marigold_(color)|marigold]], [[Heliotrope_(color)|heliotrope]] and [[Tangerine_(color)|tangerine]].

==Reception==
The episode was originally broadcast on the British television channel BBC2 on 5 March 1992 in the 9:00pm evening time slot,<ref name="BBC - Programme Catalogue - RED DWARF V - TERRORFORM"/> and despite being considered as one of the weakest episodes from the series,<ref name="Red Dwarf Smegazine: Survey Results">Red Dwarf Smegazine: Survey Results, issue 10, December 1992, Fleetway Editions Ltd, ISSN 0965-5603</ref> in the USA it was regarded highly.<ref name="Grant and Naylor Look Back">Grant and Naylor Look Back, Red Dwarf Smegazine, issue 11, January 1993, Fleetway Editions Ltd, issn 0965-5603</ref> It has been regarded as an episode that "starts really well... but tails off".<ref name="Series V review by Gavrielle">{{cite web | url =http://www.reviewsbygavrielle.com/dwarf3.shtml | title =Series V review by Gavrielle | publisher =www.reviewsbygavrielle.com |accessdate =2008-01-29}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Red_Dwarf#.22Terrorform.22|Terrorform}}
* {{imdb title|id=0684179|title=Terrorform}}
* [http://www.tv.com/red-dwarf/terrorform/episode/10971/summary.html Red Dwarf: Terrorform - TV.com]
* [http://www.reddwarf.co.uk/deck03/season5.html Episode Guide - Series 5]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Red Dwarf episodes]]
[[Category:1992 television episodes]]

User:SuggestBot/Regulars

2009-03-31T22:23:36Z

Chris huh: /* Suggestions every week or two */ remove myself

Some people want to receive requests on a semi-regular basis. If you're one of those people, please leave your name below. I'll run your name along with those who are just trying the bot.

Be forewarned that right now, it's sometimes dumb enough to suggest the same thing to you over and over. I'll try to minimize that but I can't make any promises.

== Suggestions every week or two ==

'''Last run: -- Circa Feb 2009'''

[[User:Gears of War]]

[[User:Vistro]]

[[User:basilwhite]]

[[User:BluWare]]

[[User:Mark Chung]]

[[User:Safflle]]

[[User:LiteralKa]]

[[User:Miagirljmw14]]

[[User:Asenine]]

[[User:mboverload]]

[[User:Miguel.mateo]]

[[User:Lisyk]]

[[User:RyRy5]]

[[user:ochib]]

[[User:Tcrow777]]

[[User:Nousernamesleft]]

[[User:Sharkface217]]

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[[User:Knowzilla]]

[[User:The Rambling Man]]

[[User:xerkid]]

[[User:Aarre]]

[[User:Flamelord137]]

[[User:Tovojolo]]

[[User:Jamie C]]

[[User:Jackl]]

[[User:Munkee madness]]

[[User:Sethdoe92]]

[[User:ChunkyStyle]]

[[User:Flyingcheese]]

[[User:Montanabw]]

[[User:Prof Jolly]]

[[User:Yossi842]]

[[User:Doktor Who]]

[[User:Snowolf]]

[[User:Dp462090]]

[[User:CJHackett]]

[[User:Booksworm]]

[[User:Mion]]

[[User:Lukobe]]

[[User:Curtangel]]

[[User:Cmichael]]

[[User:OAC]]

[[User:moerou toukon]]

[[User:Alexander Iwaschkin]]

[[User:Appleworm]]

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[[User:Natebailey]]

[[User:James Fleming]]

[[User:Hildanknight]]

[[User:ShadowHntr]]

[[User:Anonymous Dissident]]

[[User:Shaul avrom]]

[[User:CzechOut]]

[[User:Ed Fitzgerald]]

[[User:Tpbradbury]]

[[User:The Hippie]]

[[User:Sir Intellegence]]

[[User:Vassyana]]

[[User:Healingkid]]

[[User:Linus M.]]

[[User:Drahcir]]

[[User:Namd3r]]

[[User:SFGiants]]

[[User:JamesR]]

[[User:Yankeesmarc923]]

[[User:AmyRose's]]

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[[User:Drake Maijstral]]

[[User:petepetepetepete]]

[[User:Videmus Omnia]]

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[[User:Vsst]]

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[[User:Pizzaguy875]]

[[User:Dinosaur puppy]]

[[User:TheFearow]]

[[User:B J Bradford]]

[[User:Digby Tantrum]]

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[[User:Endlessdan]]

[[User:IamMcLovin]]

[[User:Daniel]]

[[User:Lychosis]]

[[User:Outboxing]]

[[User:Yngvarr]]

[[User:Wikidudeman]]

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[[User:AxG]]

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[[User:Cocoaguy]]

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[[User:Reason turns rancid]]

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[[User:Thedjatclubrock]]

[[User:Master Bigode]]

[[User:Bigdottawa]]

[[User:Matthewedwards]]

[[User:FFMG]]

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[[User:Kelly]]

[[User:Grsz11]]

[[User:Dawn bard]]

[[User:Police,Mad,Jack]]

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[[User:Apsouthern]]

[[User:Juthani1]]

[[User:PeeJay2K3]]

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[[User:Eoag]]

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[[User:Mrpizzaj]]

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[[User:Nerguy]]

[[User:Gazimoff]]

[[User:Comic_master]]

[[User: Aprilscastle]]

[[User:Grrrlriot]]

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[[User:Editorofthewiki]]

[[User:SolBasic]]

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[[User:Raina_noor]]

[[User:AustinWellbelove]]

[[User:Lelandrb]]

[[User:Cdmajava]]

[[User:Unisouth]]

[[User:XIDoL]]

[[User:SunDragon34]]

[[User:Blooded Edge]]

[[User:hda3ku]]

[[User:Verbal]]

[[User:Dicttrshp]]

[[User:Tartarus]]

[[User:Chamal_N]]

[[User:Coccyx Bloccyx]]

[[User: Star Mississippi]]

[[User:Hereford]]

[[User:Belinrahs]]

[[User:Fahadsadah]]

[[User:Neurolysis]]

[[User:Kitchen roll]]

[[User:Joe Decker]]

[[User:GabrielVelasquez]]

[[User:Efe]]

[[User:IMatthew]]

[[User:Gary King]]

[[User:KP Botany]]

[[User:Livna-Maor]]

[[User:Cyclonenim]]

[[User:Raiku Lucifer Samiyaza]]

[[User:KyleRGiggs]]

[[User:hmwith]]

[[User:X!]]

[[User:JaimeAnnaMoore]]

[[User:Leolisa1997]]

[[User:Haakonsson]]

[[User:Pax85]]

[[User:The New Mikemoral]]

[[User:Jonyungk]]

[[User:JSR]]

[[User:Ost316]]

== Suggestions once a month or so ==

'''Last run: -- Circa Feb. 2009'''

[[User:Cactus Guru]]

[[User:Tomi Undergallows]]

[[User:JunCTionS]]

[[User:SuzanneKn]]

[[User:Yupik]]

[[User:Mafmafmaf]]

[[User:Hpmons]]

[[User:Angelo.romano]]

[[User:Buddpaul]]

[[User:Eddieh]]

[[User:Michaelbeckham]]

[[User:Hemlock Martinis]]

[[User:Lawikitejana]]

[[User:Baccyak4H]]

[[user:aSprigOfFig]]

[[User:Maddiekate]]

[[User:Englishnerd]]

[[User:Echuck215]]

[[User:RobBrisbane]]

[[User:Grantz]]

[[User:xbeza]]

[[User:Jlittlet]]

[[User:Ww2censor]]

[[User:Whispering]]

[[User:Leaderofearth]]

[[User:Admiralsith]]

[[User:thomprod]]

[[User:Hirohisat]]

[[User:xaosflux]]

[[User:aliasd]]

[[User:Perfect Proposal]]

[[User:Maelgwn]]

[[User:Yvh11a]]

[[User:Wikidudeman]]

[[User:Sebjarod]]

[[User: Anthon.Eff]]

[[User:adriatikus]]

[[User:Francium12]]

[[User:Wbfergus]]

[[User:Wragge]]

[[User:Alopex]]

[[User:Jacob Rodecker]]

[[User:Kit Berg]]

[[User:Wikipete]]

[[User:Jdcooper]]

[[User:Michael J Swassing]]

[[User:Feer]]

[[User:Warheit1975]]

[[User:Raven in Orbit]]

[[User:Bsharkey]]

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Talk:Amboseli Reserve

2009-02-27T15:55:46Z

Chris huh: moved Talk:Amboseli Reserve to Talk:Amboseli National Park

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Amboseli National Park]]

Talk:Amboseli National Park

2009-02-27T15:55:46Z

Chris huh: moved Talk:Amboseli Reserve to Talk:Amboseli National Park

{{Messagebox protected areas}}
----

Amboseli Reserve

2009-02-27T15:55:45Z

Chris huh: moved Amboseli Reserve to Amboseli National Park over redirect

#REDIRECT [[Amboseli National Park]]

Amboseli National Park

2009-02-27T15:55:45Z

Chris huh: moved Amboseli Reserve to Amboseli National Park over redirect

{{Infobox_protected_area
| name = Amboseli National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = Tsavo national park map en.png
| caption = Location of Amboseli National Park
| base_width = 300px
| locator_x = 52
| locator_y = 118
| location = [[Rift Valley Province]], [[Kenya]]
| nearest_city = [[Nairobi]]
| lat_degrees = 02
| lat_minutes = 38
| lat_seconds = 29
| lat_direction = S
| long_degrees = 37
| long_minutes = 14
| long_seconds = 53
| long_direction = E
| area = 392 km²
| established = 1974 as a national park (as a reserve in1906)
| visitation_num = 120,000 (estimated)
| visitation_year = 2006
| governing_body = [[Kenya Wildlife Service]], [[Olkejuado]] County Council and the [[Maasai]] community
}}

'''Amboseli National Park''', formerly '''Maasai Amboseli Game Reserve''', is in [[Kajiado District]], [[Rift Valley Province]] in [[Kenya]]. The park is {{convert|39206|ha|km2 sqmi|0|}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=758&level=nat |title=World Database on Protected Areas: Amboseli Nationalpark |publisher=sea.unep-wcmc.org|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref> in size at the core of an {{convert|8000|km2|sqmi}} ecosystem that spreads across the Kenya-[[Tanzania]] border. The local people are mainly [[Maasai]], but people from other parts of the country have settled there attracted by the successful tourist-driven economy and intensive agriculture along the system of [[swamp]]s that makes this low-rainfall area (average {{convert|350|mm|in|abbr=on}}) one of the best widlife-viewing experiences in the world. The park protects two of the five main swamps, and includes a dried-up [[Pleistocene]] lake and semi-arid vegetation.
[[Image:Elephants Kili 2.jpg|thumb|left|Elephants Grazing in Amboseli swamps, north of [[Kilimanjaro]]]]

{{convert|260|km|mi}} from the capital city [[Nairobi]], Amboseli National Park is the third most visited game area in Kenya after [[Maasai Mara|Maasai Mara National Reserve]] and [[Nakuru|Nakuru National Park]] and the visit can easily be done in a weekend.

In 1883, [[Joseph Thomson (explorer)|Joseph Thompson]] was the first European to penetrate the feared Maasai region known as ''Empusel'' (meaning 'salty, dusty place' in Maa). He, too, was astonished by the fantastic array of wildlife and the contrast between the arid areas of the dry-lake bed and the oasis of the swamps, a contrast that persists today.

Amboseli was set aside as the 'Southern Reserve' for Maasai in 1906 but returned to local control as a Game Reserve in 1948. Gazetted a National Park in 1974 in order to protect the core this unique ecosystem, it was declared a [[UNESCO]] Man and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Amboseli_Biosphere_Reserve Biosphere Reserve] in 1991. The park earned $ 3.5 m (€ 2.9 m) in 2005. On [[September 29]], [[2005]], Kenyan President [[Mwai Kibaki]] declared that control of the park should pass from the [[Kenya Wildlife Service]] to the [[Olkejuado]] County Council and the Maasai tribe. Some observers saw this as a political favor in advance of a vote on a new Kenyan constitution: legal challenges are currently in court. The degazetting would divert park admission fees directly to the County Council with questionable spread of benefits to the Maasai immediately surrounding the park. It would set an unfortunate precedent that could jeopardise the status of other parks in Kenya.

The park is famous for being the best place in Africa to get close to free-ranging elephants.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://elephanttrust.org/|title=ATE | Amboseli Trust for Elephants|publisher=elephanttrust.org|accessdate=2008-03-17
}}</ref> Other attractions of the park include opportunities to meet Maasai and spectacular views of [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], the highest free-standing mountain in the world.

There is a small airport in Amboseli, the [[Amboseli Airport]] (HKAM).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Amboseli Reserve}}
* [http://www.kws.org/amboseli.html Kenya Wildlife Service – Amboseli National Park] (official site)
* [http://www.webkenya.com/eng/safari/amboseli.php webkenya.com – Road map, Park map & Things to see in the park]
* [http://www.kenyalogy.com/eng/parques/amboseli.html kenyalogy.com – Kenya Safari Guide]
* [http://elephanttrust.org/ Amboseli Trust for Elephants]

{{National Parks of Kenya}}

[[Category:Amboseli Reserve]]
[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Biosphere reserves of Kenya]]
[[Category:National parks of Kenya]]
[[Category:Kajiado District]]

[[de:Amboseli-Nationalpark]]
[[hu:Amboseli Nemzeti Rezervátum]]
[[ja:アンボセリ国立公園]]
[[pl:Park Narodowy Amboseli]]
[[ro:Parcul Naţional Amboseli]]
[[sv:Amboseli nationalpark]]
[[fr:parc national d'Amboseli]]

BBC Monitoring

2009-02-05T23:19:31Z

Chris huh: /* External links */ add link

[[Image:BBC Monitoring.PNG|250px|right]]

'''BBC Monitoring''' is a division of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] which monitors, and reports on, mass media worldwide. Based at [[Caversham Park]] in [[Caversham, Berkshire|Caversham]], [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] in southern [[England]], it has a number of overseas bureaus including [[Moscow]], [[Nairobi]], [[Kiev]], [[Baku]], [[Tashkent]] and [[Delhi]].

BBC Monitoring selects and translates information from [[radio]], [[television]], [[newspaper|press]], [[news agencies]] and the [[Internet]] from 150 [[countries]] in more than 70 [[languages]]. Reporting produced by the service is used as ''Open Source Information'' by elements of the [[British Government]] and commercial customers.

==History==
The organisation was formed in 1939 to provide the [[British Government]] with access to foreign [[Mass media|media]] and [[propaganda]]. It provided the government with valuable information during [[World War II]], particularly in places where foreign journalists were banned. The organisation played an important role in helping observers keep track of developments during the [[Cold War]], the disintegration of the [[Iron Curtain]] and collapse of the [[Soviet Union]]. Also monitored were the [[Yugoslav wars]] and the [[Middle East]].

==Funding==
Although administratively and editorially part of the BBC, BBC Monitoring does not receive any funding from the [[licence fee]]; instead it is funded directly by its [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholder]]s as well as by subscriptions from official and commercial bodies throughout the world. The principal stakeholder is the [[Cabinet Office]] and subscriptions are also received from the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], [[Defence Intelligence Staff]] and the [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] agencies. Other customers include other government departments, private sector and [[third sector]] bodies.

== External links ==
{{Portal|BBC}}
*[http://www.monitor.bbc.co.uk BBC Monitoring] at [[bbc.co.uk]]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/default.stm Media Reports] at [[BBC News]]
*{{bbc.co.uk|id=news|title=BBC News}}

{{BBC}}

[[Category:BBC|Monitoring]]
[[Category:BBC history|Monitoring]]
[[Category:Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government]]
[[Category:Reading, Berkshire]]

{{BBC-stub}}

[[no:BBC Monitoring]]

Into the Wild (book)

2009-01-14T15:11:50Z

Chris huh: typo

{{Infobox Book
| name =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = [[Image:Into the Wild.png|200px|]]
| image_caption = Cover of paperback, depicting the bus in which McCandless stayed before his death.
| author = [[Jon Krakauer]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Biography
| publisher = Anchor
| release_date = 1996
| media_type =
| pages = 224
| isbn = ISBN 0385486804
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
:''For the 2007 film adaption of the book, see [[Into the Wild (film)]]''
:''For the Warriors book, see [[Into the Wild (Warriors)]]

'''''Into the Wild''''' (1996) by [[Jon Krakauer]] is a bestselling non-fiction book about the adventures of [[Christopher McCandless]]. It is an expansion of Krakauer's 9,000-word article, "Death of an Innocent", which appeared in the January 1993 issue of ''[[Outside (magazine)|Outside]]''.<ref name="Krakauer"> Krakauer, Jon. [http://outside.away.com/magazine/0193/9301fdea.html Death of an Innocent: How Christopher McCandless Lost His Way in the Wilds.] ''Outside'' Magazine, January, 1997. Retrieved Sept. 1, 2007.</ref> Krakauer intersperses McCandless's story with a discussion of the wilderness experiences of people such as [[Everett Ruess]], [[John Muir]], and [[John Menlove Edwards]], as well as some of his own adventures. Krakauer first went to Alaska in 1974 and has returned there twenty times since. He spent three years carrying out the background research work for this biography. The book has been adapted into a 2007 [[Into the Wild (film)|movie of the same name]] directed by [[Sean Penn]] with [[Emile Hirsch]] starring as McCandless.

==Background==
Chris McCandless grew up in [[Annandale, Virginia]], and died at age 24 in a wilderness area in the state of [[Alaska]]. Christopher McCandless died of eating a wild potato root, thus leading to starvation.<ref name="Anchorage Daily News"> Bryson, George. [http://www.adn.com/intothewild/story/219344.html Theories differ on the cause of McCandless' death.] Anchorage Daily News, October 7, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2009.</ref> After graduating in 1990 from [[Emory University]], McCandless ceased communicating with his family, gave away his savings of $24,000 to [[Oxfam]] and began travelling, later abandoning his car and burning all the money in his wallet.

In April 1992, Jim Gallien gave McCandless a ride to the [[Stampede Trail]] in Alaska. There McCandless headed down the snow-covered trail to begin an odyssey with only ten pounds of rice, a [[.22 Long Rifle|.22 caliber rifle]], a camera, several boxes of rifle rounds, and a small selection of reading material — including a field guide to the region's edible plants, ''Tana'ina Plantlore''. He took a road map but no compass. He died sometime in August, and his body was found in early September by a group of moose hunters.

==Summary==
The book begins with the discovery of McCandless' body inside an abandoned bus (location {{coord|63|51|36.13|N|149|24|50.62|W|type:landmark_region:US}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4IC6ghMb60 |title=Arriving @ the Bus | publisher=mtcaving | accessdate=2007-12-02 }}</ref> and retraces his travels during the two years he was missing. Christopher McCandless shed his real name early in his journey, adopting the moniker "Alexander [[Supertramp (ecology)|Supertramp]]". He spent time in [[Carthage, South Dakota]] with a man named Wayne Westerberg. Krakauer interprets McCandless' intensely ascetic personality as possibly influenced by the writings of [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], and McCandless' favorite writer, [[Jack London]]. He explores the similarities between McCandless' experiences and motivations and his own as a young man, recounting in detail his own attempt to climb [[Devils Thumb]] in Alaska. He also relates the stories of some other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as [[Everett Ruess]], an artist and wanderer who went missing in the [[Utah]] [[desert]] during 1934 at age 20. In addition, he describes at some length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless's family and friends.

McCandless survived for approximately 112 days in the Alaskan wilderness, foraging for edible roots and berries, shooting an assortment of [[Game_(food)|game]]—including a [[moose]]—and keeping a journal. Although he planned to hike to the coast, the boggy terrain of summer proved too difficult and he decided instead to camp in a derelict bus. In July, he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by a melted river. Toward the end of July, after apparently remaining healthy for more than three months, McCandless wrote a journal entry reporting extreme weakness and blaming it on "potato seeds". As Krakauer explains, McCandless had been eating the roots of ''[[Hedysarum]] [[Hedysarum alpinum|alpinum]]'', a historically edible plant commonly known as wild potato (also "Eskimo potato"), which are sweet and nourishing in the spring but later become too tough to eat. When this happened, McCandless may have attempted to eat the seeds instead. Krakauer theorizes that the seeds contained a poisonous [[alkaloid]], possibly [[swainsonine]] (the toxic chemical in [[locoweed]]) or something similar. In addition to neurological symptoms such as weakness and loss of coordination, the poison causes [[starvation]] by blocking nutrient metabolism in the body.

According to Krakauer, a well-nourished person might consume the seeds and survive because the body can use its stores of glucose and amino acids to rid itself of the poison. Since McCandless lived on a diet of rice, lean meat, and wild plants and had less than 10% body fat when he died, Krakauer theorized he was likely unable to fend off the toxins. However, when the Eskimo potatoes from the area around the bus were later tested in a laboratory of the [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] by Dr. Thomas Clausen, toxins were not found. Roots of wild potato were used extensively by Aboriginal people. Krakauer later slightly modified his theory regarding the cause of McCandless' death. He believes the seeds of the wild potato had been moldy, and it is the mold that contributed to the seeds' toxicity. The exact cause of the young man's death remains open to question. McCandless may simply have starved to death, a theory backed by the fact that McCandless' body weighed an estimated 72 pounds (33 kg) at the time it was found.

==Film adaptations==
{{main|Into the Wild (film)}}

A film based on the book, and having the same title, received a limited release in September 2007 and a wide release the following month. The film was directed by [[Sean Penn]] and starred [[Emile Hirsch]] as McCandless. [[Eddie Vedder]] (lead singer of [[Pearl Jam]]) contributed several solo efforts to the soundtrack.

Additionally, certain plot points are slightly modified to fit the traditional narrative structure of film, as well as to fit time constraints. The film emphasizes, and in some cases exaggerates, certain aspects of personal relationships that McCandless experienced, including his parents' domestic conflicts and his own interaction with a 16-year-old girl he encountered in his travels. Other interactions portrayed in the film, however, seem very accurate based on Krakauer's research, including the characters of Jan Burres, played by [[Catherine Keener]], and "Ronald Franz" (pseudonym), played by [[Hal Holbrook]].

McCandless's story is also the subject of a recent documentary by [[Ron Lamothe]] named ''[[Call of the Wild (2007 Documentary)|The Call of the Wild]]''. In his study of McCandless' death, Lamothe concludes that McCandless starved to death and was not poisoned by eating the seeds of the wild potato.<ref>[http://www.tifilms.com/wild/call_intro.htm ''The Call of the Wild''] film</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1996 books]]
[[Category:American biographies]]

[[bg:Into the Wild]]
[[fr:Voyage au bout de la solitude]]
[[it:Nelle terre estreme]]
[[la:Into the Wild]]
[[no:Into the Wild]]
[[pt:Into the Wild]]
[[sv:In i vildmarken]]

User talk:Chris huh

2009-01-06T15:18:56Z

Chris huh: /* Permission to use image */ reply

Talk:Stoat

2008-12-18T18:14:27Z

Chris huh: /* Move to ermine? */

{{Mammal|class=B|Mustelids-work-group=yes}}

== Pop culture references removed ==

==References in pop culture==
*In the book [[The Wind in the Willows]], by [[Kenneth Grahame]], stoats were among the occupiers of Toad Hall after [[Mr. Toad]] was imprisoned.
*In the [[Redwall]] series, by [[Brian Jacques]], stoats appear as antagonists in virtually every book.
*In [[The Wild Thornberrys]], a stoat was an antagonist in the episode ''Show Me The Bunny''.
*In the [[His Dark Materials]] series, by [[Philip Pullman]], the main character's daemon frequently takes the form of an ermine.
*In [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]], the character Hagrid offers Harry Potter stoat sandwiches on several occasions.
*In the anime/manga [[Negima]] the character Chamo is a talking Ermine. Also, being transformed into an ermine is a punishment for various crimes.
*In the [[Eddie Dickens]] Trilogy, by [[Philip Ardagh]], Even Madder Aunt Maud has a stuffed stoat she carries with her everywhere and calls Malcolm.
*The popular website [[Cute Overload]] uses a stoat themed song to encourage voting.

These should be properly cited before reinclusion. Kthxbai. [[User:Dfgarcia|dfg]] ([[User talk:Dfgarcia|talk]]) 04:15, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

== Move to ermine? ==

Ermine has about 3 times as many google hits as stoat, and the animal's latin name is Mustela '''ermine'''a. Is there some other valid reason why this article is using the title stoat? - [[User:Themightyquill|TheMightyQuill]] ([[User talk:Themightyquill|talk]]) 22:47, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

:Yes but ermine has more uses than stoat, so you would expect it to have more results. I thought ermine was used as the name of the stoat during winter months when it is all white (apart from the tip of the tail), hence calling the white pelt an ermine. I'm sure stoat must be the more common name used by more people than ermine. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 18:14, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)

2008-12-11T11:00:24Z

Chris huh: /* Subtitles */

<noinclude>{{Villagepumppages|Policy discussion|The '''policy''' section of the village pump is used to discuss existing and proposed policies and guidelines. If you want to propose something new other than a policy or guideline, use the ''[[WP:VPR|proposals]]'' section. 
Please see '''[[WP:PEREN|this FAQ page]]''' for a list of frequent proposals and the responses to them.
|WP:VPP}}__NEWSECTIONLINK__

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== Merge 3RR with EW ==

('''Background:''' an attempt was made to merge [[WP:3RR]] with [[WP:Edit warring]]. This bold change was reverted; discussion continues below.)

It was not discussed at the relevant policy talk pages. My objection is that the changes were not discussed properly. We could merge all policies to [[m:Dick]] and [[WP:IAR]], but that wouldn't be very useful, would it. We have created separate policy pages for clarity. Merging them may make things less clear. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 14:46, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:"May", but do you think it does in this case? All the substantial material was retained, it was put on one page for ease of use, and the resulting page was not too long by any means. This is the sort of thing we should be encouraging. Don't you read the frequent expressions of amazement (like those above) at the vastness and fragmentariness of WP policy? If someone's prepared to put in work to do something about this problem, then at least make constructive criticism instead of "I'm not sure if I like this, so I'm just going to undo it". --[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 14:57, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::Please, no end runs around [[WP:CONSENSUS|consensus]]. While you may think having a single page of policy represents ease of use, the administrators who block people for violations may prefer to have specific pages for each type of violation to be better able to explain to people why they have been blocked, to give just one example why separate pages may be needed. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 15:01, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::I don't see that's a reason for separate pages. Do parliaments pass separate acts for every punishable offence? Directing people to a section of a page is just as good as directing them to a separate page (better even, since it gives them more context), provided the target page is not too long (which it clearly wasn't in this case).--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 15:10, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::: I completely agree that there should be separate pages for different types of violation. However, violation of the three-revert rule and violation of the more general edit warring policy amount to the same thing -- edit warring. Similarly, violation of the wheel warring policy is simply edit warring with things other than edits (and administrators hardly need explaining to them why edit warring is prohibited) -- [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] ([[User talk:Gurch|talk]]) 15:50, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::::Yes, quite apart from the general desirability of merging related policy pages, by including 3RR under edit warring we make the point - which many people fail to get at the moment - that 3RR violations are just a special case of edit warring. This is line with the recent change to the admin noticeboard, whereby we now have a general edit-warring nboard instead of a specific 3RR one.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 16:10, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::::I agree with merging these two policies, but we need more input before taking this action. Please post notices on all the relevant talk page(s) and consider starting a [[WP:RFC|Policy RFC]]. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 16:13, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::::::I am not really a fan of process for process' sake. I fail to see a significant issue with making changes and then waiting to see if anyone objects. Objecting on the grounds that someone else might object for as yet unknown reasons kind of spoils that approach, and I wish it didn't because it makes doing things a lot more difficult. -- [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] ([[User talk:Gurch|talk]]) 16:16, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::::::Exactly what I was just about to say.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 16:20, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

:::::::First, [[WP:Edit warring]] does not cover the ground very well. Despite the sentence "Edit warring is not necessarily any single action; instead, it is any mindset that tolerates confrontational tactics to affect content disputes," the page focusses far to much on reverting, which is by no means the only way to edit war. There's room for debate about how far it should go into what tactics constitute or might be indicators of edit warring. It should probably also say more about which of the parties is regarded as the aggressor.
:::::::However at present [[WP:3RR]] has little to content that's not already in [[WP:Edit warring]], so it was sensible to merge them, provided [[WP:3RR]] redirects to the approprate section of [[WP:Edit warring]]. With articles it's normal to keep related content together until either an article becomes unwieldy or it becomes apparent that part of it has aspects that do not fit easily with the rest of the article. I see no reason to treat guidelines differently from articles - both are attempts to communicate, and the same principles should apply. --[[User:Philcha|Philcha]] ([[User talk:Philcha|talk]]) 16:57, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

:I oppose the merger of the policies. WP:3RR is an electric fence rule voted into policy by the community to keep edit-warring down, and shouldn't be removed just because some admins with more judgmentalism than content-experience want to send out a less nuanced, but more righteous, message about all "revert-warring". Although a violation of 3RR is likely to be edit-warring, the term "edit-warring" '''can suggest''' anything from reverting vandals, to enforcing content policies to performing multiple pov-reversions, and so is good or bad depending on what the editor is doing. The creep of the anti-edit-warring ideology among the admin class at wikipedia has been truly devastating to the ability of good editors to keep POV-warriors and their nonsense out of articles. This creep should not be consolidated. For these reasons and others, the renaming of AN/3 by was wrong too, though the bot thingie probably spells the beginning of the end for that board. [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 17:10, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::So you're saying edit warring is OK if it's being done for certain purposes? Sorry, but both policy and consensus are against you there. Nobody ever suggeste removing the three-revert rule. Violating the three-revert rule is ''defined'' to be edit warring, that's the whole point. How on earth is being anti-edit-warring a bad thing? -- [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] ([[User talk:Gurch|talk]]) 18:08, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::This is the kind of confusion I'm talking about. Deacon is confusing the concept of struggling or having a conflict with "warring," which has a more specific meaning. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 18:17, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::: No guys, I'm not confusing anything. I'm fully aware many of you think edit-warring is a specific kind of reverting; please read my statement more carefully, paying special attention to the part I bolded because I'm psychic and knew this would be said in response. Yes, Gurch, continually reverting is in principle OK in order to enforce wikipedia's content policies [in practice, obviously, you'll get blocked for it]. Why wouldn't it be? Our goal is to provide reliable information to our readership, not act like some super-egalitarian high school debating club. Seriously, the reason I get mad at this kind of dogma is that it makes us forget this and it makes us elevate the editor over the reader. What certainly shouldn't happen is that expert editors are in principle forced either to spend most of their wiki time talking to a nutter and/or else get blocked and/or driven away just because they want to enforce WP:V or WP:RS or WP:NPOV [yes, they can figure out the better ways of enforcing these if they invest enough time and acquire enough friends]. There was a time btw when policies like that had the same status as discipline policies (before 3rr and the like existed), and though there are historical reasons why this in time did go away, I've never seen the reason it should have. Regards, [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 18:32, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::::The concept you have in your head of what "edit warring", if it can (1) include good behavior, or (2) can include things like reverting vandals, is not what is meant at [[WP:EW]]. If your point is that the terminology is poor, okay. But I think that you and I otherwise agree; edit warring (in the sense of what kind of non-cooperative behavior is bad for Wikipedia) is tricky and subtle to define, and jamming the 3RR on the same page will only make it more difficult to say properly. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 18:48, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::::: Oh, we sure agree on that last point. [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 18:51, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

:I strongly oppose the merger. The 3-revert rule is one of very few explicit rules on Wikipedia regarding editor behavior. It is not subservient to the rule on edit warring: the whole point of the 3RR is that there are certain kinds of behavior that you can be blocked for with no subjective decision, such as whether it is disruptive edit warring... so that administrators can act with something really solid to back them up. There are explicit exceptions, and specific things people need to know about the 3-revert rule. There is no section in the text of [[WP:3RR]] that we can do without; all that is there needs to be documented and explained, explicitly on its own page. No one has proposed merging in the opposite direction, because the 3RR relates to edit warring, which can be a problem even when users obey the 3RR. [[WP:EW]], on the other hand, documents a subjective rule and much broader principles. The only way I can see the pages being merged appropriately is if discussion of the 3-revert rule dominates [[WP:EW]], which it really should not, since edit warring deserves its own description, and one shouldn't have to read about all the nuances of the 3RR in order to learn about edit warring. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 17:55, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::So just put the section on 3RR underneath the more general stuff? Wouldn't that solve your concerns? No-one's changing the policy or the rules here. It's perfectly normal to have general waffle and specific norms on the same page, and it's misleading to separate them so that people reading about one are unaware of the other. It's not really a great philosophical problem, it's just easier if we put stuff related to the same subject on the same page, up to a certain point when the page starts to get too big. In this way we avoid duplication (and subsequent drifting apart), make it easier for everyone to find what they're looking for, and (in this case) make it clear that 3RR is about edit-warring (it's a kind of edit-warring benchmark, not a rule dreamt up for no purpose or in isolation). --[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 18:56, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::If we merge the pages together, going by their current size in bytes, more than half the content will relate specifically to the 3-revert rule. I would call that very unwieldy. Even worse, I think a lot of the material currently at [[WP:EW]] could be cut down, whereas [[WP:3RR]] is about as small as it can be. "Avoiding duplication" is a good goal, if these policies duplicated each other, which they don't. Each policy page should contain one key idea, not two. Edit warring is a key idea. The 3RR is a specific rule we have that needs coverage, and it's not the same thing. Two topics, two pages. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 19:17, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::: Much of what the two pages say is redundant. For example, the section in the three-revert rule policy about how to avoid breaking it is pretty similar to the equivalent section in the edit warring policy. If you look at my merged version, you'll see it's actually far smaller than the sum of the two page sizes, even with the wheel war policy too -- [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] ([[User talk:Gurch|talk]]) 19:51, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::::Hmm, that's pretty convincing. On the other hand, an advantage of merging is the people would be less apt to rules lawyer by arguing that they had not broken 3RR. If 3RR is a section on the edit warring page, I think they have less wiggle room. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 19:27, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:::::Mango, I don't see what you mean about it being two topics, or "not the same thing". 3RR is about preventing edit-warring, isn't it? It's part of the same topic. Having it on two separate pages is likely to make people forget that - perhaps it's that separation that's affected even your way of thinking? Anyone who wants to know what WP does about edit-warring needs to know about 3RR; anyone reading about 3RR needs to be aware that it exists in the context of a wider policy on edit-warring. Of course we can link prominently between two pages, but what's the point when the combined page can be so neat and compact as Gurch has shown us?--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 20:24, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
::::::@Jehochman -- if admins are careful to refer to 3RR only in cases where the 3RR really applies or blatantly obvious gaming attempts, there's no need to worry. I agree, people would have less wiggle-room as to whether they were edit warring if we thought of 3RR and EW as the same... but they would have a lot more room to accuse the blocking admin of bias. That's the most important aspect of the 3RR: it really enables ''administrators'' to make blocks in certain circumstances with a real rule to back you up. "No, I am not a left-wing cabalist, you just violated this rule here, so I blocked you." True 3RR violations can even be enforced (in my opinion) by involved administrators, because the rule is clearly impartial. Kotniski: you are almost categorically wrong. Yes, obviously, the 3RR is meant to work against edit warring. But no, it's not necessary to really understand what edit warring is to understand the 3RR: it's a relatively simple rule that even new users can understand and be warned about without having a lot of experience in Wikipedia collaboration. They are related, but they aren't the same. I have a lot of experience reviewing unblocks, and a lot of those requests are 3RR-related blocks, so I really am very aware of the distinction. The distinction that is most important is the objectivity of the definition of improper behavior that the 3RR presents, one that is basically missing in [[WP:EW]], and must be missing. They are closely related topics but that doesn't mean they must have one and only one page; in my view, this case is somewhat exceptional because of the actual "rule" status of the 3RR, which almost nothing else has. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 18:10, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Respectfully, I think some of the discussion above overlooks the difference between how [[WP:3RR]] is written and how it is enforced. For example, [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] called 3RR "an electric fence rule," but in practice it is enforced subjectively; sticking with the fence metaphor, individuals who walk near 3RR (without crossing or even touching it) get shocked, while cabals jump over it with impunity. (On the 3RR discussion page [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Three-revert_rule], I described an edit disagreement in which one side expressly refused my repeated invitations to discuss - for example here [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Cooper&diff=242093453&oldid=241961872]. I followed 3RR carefully but got blocked anyway, and [[WP:The_Wrong_Version|the wrong version]] got protected. Other editors then stepped in and the consensus version was restored. The best advice I received was to [[WP:RFPP|request page protection]], which I had never known how to do before.) If 3RR is to stay on its own page, then its enforcement should be what [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]] imagines it to be, i.e. a bright line rule with no subjective enforcement. (If the definition is considered inadequate, it could be changed to match the definition of edit warring, i.e. reverting "instead of discussion," and possibly to lengthen the period from 1 day to 3 days). If 3RR is going to be enforced as it is currently, then I agree with [[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] and [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] that it should be merged into [[WP:EW]] for context.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 23:28, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:You followed 3RR carefully? You mean you [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Cooper&offset=20081002195049&limit=20&action=history spaced out your reverts] so you didn't have more than 3 in any 24 hour period? This is the kind of rules lawyering that [[WP:EW]] and a merge is intended to avoid. An edit war is alwasy disruptive. It doesn't magically become one after 4 reverts in 24 hours. The 3 revert rule is supposed to just be an obvious line - "This is almost always disruptive and almost always block-worthy" - its not an entitlement to revert war as much as you want as long as you don't cross it. All rules are enforced subjectively. That's the difference between the Wikipedia we have now, and the bureaucracy it could potentially become if we stuck to strict interpretation of every rule. [[User:Mr.Z-man|Mr.]][[User talk:Mr.Z-man|'''''Z-'''man'']] 00:09, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
:: You mean it could be more of a bureaucracy than it is now? *gulp* -- [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] ([[User talk:Gurch|talk]]) 00:32, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
::[[User:Mr.Z-man|Z-man]], you're fighting the example rather than addressing the issue and the interests. I offered the example but the rule is not about me - having been burned I won't go near it. The point is, a rule either provides a bright line or it doesn't. If you want subjective enforcement, instead of the clarity of a bright line, then 3RR should be merged into the page about edit warring. If you want the clarity of a bright line, then wider principles can only be addressed separately. For example, a speed limit provides a bright line and can stand on its own sign. If you drive 20mph in a 25 zone, you will not be stopped for speeding. You might still be driving recklessly (for example if you are careening through the middle of a parade, scattering floats and cheerleaders in all directions), but you are not speeding. A rule can either provide a bright line or it can address wider principles, but it cannot do both. A problem with how 3RR is enforced currently is, it is written as a bright line on its own page but enforced subjectively as different admins' views of a principle from another page. And, instead of personalizing the issue with misdirected and unnecessary criticism, please try to remember that we are all volunteers; collaboration depends on [[WP:AGF|assuming good faith]]. Your view of what "is intended" may differ from others' view. As I understand it, the intent of this discussion is to clarify the rules so they become easier to find and follow. If your intent is to find opportunities to rebuke people, then that might belong on a different page.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 01:41, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
Regarding definitions and merger, please note there is a noticeboard page with definitions of 3RR and edit warring: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/3RR]]. If a definition is updated or merged on one page, the other(s) should be consistent.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 02:13, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

::: Mr. Z-Man, any rules you put on anything are going to be gamed by the most experienced. That's what human beings do and is inevitable, and if you wanna start a fight against it by replacing clear rules with admin lottery and increasingly the meaning of the assertion "enforce content policies at your own risk", then this is a fight that - being futile - not only will be lost, but will do little to improve the quality of the encyclopedia's content. Remember, 3RR being separate doesn't prevent a righteous EW fundie admin blocking experts for reverting POV-trolls and it doesn't stop another admin showing leniency for mistakes, so its presense shouldn't be too troublesome to either side and hasn't been so until now. [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 10:14, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
::::Of course rules are always going to be gamed. 3RR is just especially easy to game. Most of your reasons have nothing to do with 3RR and EW in particular and seem to come from some sort of general mistrust of admins and would apply to any enforceable policy. In case you haven't noticed, 3RR is one of few, if not the only, "bright line" policy we have. All the rest have a significant amount of subjectivity in them, for [[WP:CREEP|good]] [[WP:NOT#BURO|reasons]]. Despite this, the project hasn't imploded from abusive admins chasing away everyone. [[User:Mr.Z-man|Mr.]][[User talk:Mr.Z-man|'''''Z-'''man'']] 13:31, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

We seem to be straying from the point somewhat - we were only talking about compacting policy by putting related points on one page; this won't affect the content or interpretation of those policies (except in that it makes it easier for learning editors to see the whole picture). Are there any remaining objections to doing that?--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 10:54, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

:We aren't straying. 3RR is something the community got together and approved of, EW and its specific interpretations is available to fluctuate. Merging the policies is proof of and facilitates attitude creep. Merging them will make it easier for admins to believe that they are not really distinct offences, something which, although it already happens to some extent, doesn't need extra encouragement or validation. [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 11:02, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
::As far as I'm aware, the community "got together and approved of" the edit warring policy as well; if they didn't, and it's subject to "fluctuation", why is it a policy at all? -- [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] ([[User talk:Gurch|talk]]) 12:13, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

::Huh? How are they distinct offences? 3RR was approved and serves specifically as a weapon against edit warring. 3RR violations are edit warring offences. If merging helps people to understand that, then that's another argument in its favour.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 11:12, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

::: No. A violation of 3RR is a violation of wikipedia policy whether there is an Edit-warring policy or not. [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 12:12, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
::::Still not understanding you. There ''is'' an edit warring policy, and 3RR is part of it, regardless of whether it has its own page. In the unlikely event that the community decides it doesn't need an edit warring policy, or that 3RR is the only edit-warring policy it needs, then we can refactor the page again accordingly.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 12:31, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

::::: But, hey, you're talking like you have proven there is a great reason to merge the two, whereas you haven't, and the burden of prove lies with you {pl.}; and what's more, that's merely one of several reasons not to merge them. [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 12:35, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
::::::Let's hear the others then. There's maybe no ''great'' reason to merge them, but given the gross excess quantity of policy that we have (see the thread above), anything that reduces that quantity (particularly if it reduces both the number of pages ''and'' the total amount of reading material) is manifestly a good thing.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 12:48, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
:::::::Reducing the number of policy pages by 1 is not a worthy goal, and is certainly a very weak reason on its own. The only ''good'' reason to merge the pages is if people feel they are redundant to one another. They aren't. One page could be written to encompass both but we would still need a 3RR page to describe the 3RR itself clearly. If there are too many policies, there are better candidates for deprecating or merging; [[WP:NPOV/FAQ]] comes to mind, as does [[WP:ATP]] and [[WP:HARASS]]. But the absolute number of ''policies'' really isn't that large. Guidelines, that's another matter. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 17:45, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
::The longest journey begins with a single step; if you say the number of policy pages is too large to be reduced by one, then it will only get even larger. The 3RR page became redundant to the EW page as soon as people decided 3RR could be enforced subjectively/approximately (as part of EW), instead of as a bright line rule on its own. In fact, it is worse than redundant: it is misdirection, because EW issues get mislabeled as 3RR violations, adding even further to the confusion. (And the confusion is widespread.) If the idea of 3RR was to provide a mechanical rule that could be applied simply without the extra effort of figuring out who was at fault in an edit war, then subjective/approximate enforcement has led to an opposite result: individuals following the rules get blocked, while edit-warring cabals flout the rules with impunity, and the larger principle of edit warring gets lost. If the people enforcing the rules (i.e. the most experienced users) do not apply them as separate rules, then they should not be on separate pages. In practice, current enforcement of 3RR can only be understood as an approximate guideline within EW. Most here, including [[User:Mr.Z-man|Z-man]], seem to support that practice. So, 3RR should be merged into EW's page.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 19:24, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

::: A 3RR vio is specific and if it is mislabled that is a matter of human competence. But not a serious one as it is very easy to tell the difference, though I don't see it getting easier if they are put on the same page. Edit-warring cabals will have as much, actually more success, if one blurs the line between edit-warring and 3rr vios. Doing this is a crazy step in any war against that kind of thing. [[User:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Deacon of Pndapetzim]] ([[User talk:Deacon of Pndapetzim|Talk]]) 10:24, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
::::But there ''isn't'' a line between edit-warring and 3rr vios! 3RR vios ''are'' (a special case of) edit-warring! The fact that so many experienced editors in this discussion are demonstrating difficulty understanding this is surely one more argument in favour of merging the two pages - if it misleads some of us, then it's certainly going to mislead the new editors that the pages are intended for.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 11:30, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
::::A 3RR vio is always a EW vio. An EW vio may not be a 3RR vio. But its not possible to violate 3RR without also violating EW. Who cares if a block for EW that doesn't technically meet 3RR is accidentally mislabeled as a 3RR block? Its still a valid block. If they're put on the same page, it will give fewer chances for people to try to rules-lawyer out of a "mislabeled" block. [[User:Mr.Z-man|Mr.]][[User talk:Mr.Z-man|'''''Z-'''man'']] 20:38, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
:::::I think [[User:Mr.Z-man|Z-man]] has the right answer, albeit for the wrong reasons. Alas in America the Republican party has made a strategy of turning people against "activist judges" (i.e. judges who protect people's legal rights) and "trial lawyers" (who also protect people's legal rights and usually support Democrats), so somehow the words 'lawyer' and even 'judge' have taken on pejorative connotations in some people's minds and the whole concept of democratic self-government has been devalued. In answer to [[User:Mr.Z-man|Z-man]]'s question, the reason why mislabeling is bad is because it sends people to the wrong page, i.e. a 3RR warning or a 3RR block tells them not to do something they may never have done, so they don't learn anything - except that seemingly clear rules can be enforced arbitrarily and incorrectly. That makes it more difficult to learn and follow the rules, which is what most lawyers and judges spend most of their time doing, no matter what the Republican party may have (mis)led you to believe. Again, WP editors are volunteers trying to help out, so mislabeling and misdirection simply discourage well-intentioned people. At best, that makes it more difficult for them to help; at worst, it risks alienating them entirely.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 01:54, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

=== The 3RR policy is actively harmful ===
3RR encourages tag teaming and Wikilawyering. It should be stricken. [[User:Taemyr|Taemyr]] ([[User talk:Taemyr|talk]]) 22:18, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

: Don't be silly. Then administrators would actually have to exercise judgement when blocking people for edit warring, we can't have that -- [[User:Gurch|Gurch]] ([[User talk:Gurch|talk]]) 22:39, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

::Tag teaming is indeed a problem of sorts and there must be a better way to promote consensus building and more eyes are on the disputed article. I'm guessing some anti-tag rule/notice should be added somehow but I don't have a great suggestion at the moment for addressing it. This brings to mind an odd event a few months back where I complained about an editor who asked a friend to revert for him and was blocked a week for "edit warring" while all three of us made only a single revert. Good times! [[User:Jaakobou|Jaakobou]]''[[User talk:Jaakobou|Chalk Talk]]'' 03:04, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

:::Tag team reverting and wikilawyering are indeed harmful to the project. That said, is there really anyone here who think that ∞RR would cause ''fewer'' problems? The three-revert-rule works as well as it does because while 90% of us are able to restrain our impulse to hit the revert button that fourth time, 10% of people just do not care because they ''know'' they are right and that is the ''only'' thing that matters. Once that 10% is blocked for [[WP:EW]], then the rest of us can get back to work on a consensus solution. --[[User:Kralizec!|Kralizec!]] ([[User talk:Kralizec!|talk]]) 04:26, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

::::Tag team reverting is a good thing, isn't it? It is consensus in action to defeat edit warring, POV-warriors and other disruptive editors without the intervention of administrators. It seems to me that it is the wiki way, and if I recall correctly, it was once encouraged by a policy or guideline. --[[User:Hro%C3%B0ulf|Hroðulf]] (or Hrothulf) ([[User talk:Hro%C3%B0ulf|Talk]]) 05:39, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

:::::If that policy or guideline can be found, it would be interesting to read more about, but I think the preferred solution is now to [[WP:RFPP|request page protection]]. Tag team reverting may defeat some edit warriors, but not others, and it cannot provide stability. For example, where an edit war results from religious differences, the article could bounce constantly between the beliefs of different teams, and every reader could get a different version of the page every time.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 08:30, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
::::::And when you request page protection, the administrator is expressly forbidden from exercising any judgement as to which version of the page to protect. So readers may well end up with stable WRONG information; and no-one seems to care much about that, they just pat themselves on the back for ending the edit war.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 09:12, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
::::::: You forgot your wikilink: [[m:The Wrong Version]]. You also misstate the [[WP:PREFER|case]]: admins do not have to protect a version with vandalism, BLP violations, copyright violations, and the like; and if there is a version clearly prior to the edit war they may revert to that instead of an arbitrary current version. [[User:Anomie|Anomie]][[User talk:Anomie|⚔]] 13:09, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
::::::::They "may", yes. So in fact they can do whatever they like, and don't need to justify it when challenged. So is it really very surprising that editors who care about WP being ''right'' and not just stable are reluctant to ask for page protection? (And is it any wonder people edit war when the policy contains an inbuilt reward for the more aggressive warriors?)--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 15:08, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
::::::@TVC 15. I think that page protection is still a last resort. If there are 2 tag teams on opposing sides, then page protection may be the only option. Using a tag team to enforce a POV is, without doubt, harmful edit warring. --[[User:Hro%C3%B0ulf|Hroðulf]] (or Hrothulf) ([[User talk:Hro%C3%B0ulf|Talk]]) 14:58, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
::Tag team reverting is certainly not a good thing, ever. All it does is lengthen edit wars by bypassing the rules in the hope that the other side of the dispute doesn't have as many people to edit war. Its far more harmful than a normal edit war. In the case of tag team revert warring, the page shouldn't be protected, the users involved should all be blocked for disruption. Calling in backup to revert war is certainly not the "wiki way." [[User:Mr.Z-man|Mr.]][[User talk:Mr.Z-man|'''''Z-'''man'']] 17:56, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
:::Note that 3RR is only one rule of thumb to end an edit war. If support troops are brought in by conflict partners the disruptive editing warrants blocking even if 3RR is not officially violated. [[User:Arnoutf|Arnoutf]] ([[User talk:Arnoutf|talk]]) 18:09, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
::::Hmm, when I complained about the apparent irrationality of 3RR a long time ago, I was advised that the way to proceed in an edit war situation (where the other party won't discuss) was to "get more eyes on the article" by bringing in other editors. Now we're being told that doing this is even more disruptive than lone edit-warring. So what's it to be?--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 09:58, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

:''Any'' restrictive policy provokes go-around scheming, so what? ''Any'' serious conflict encourages parties to consolidate, quite likely off wiki, so what? It's inevitable, unless the community prefers to slip down to complete anarchism. 3RR is actually one of the best-laid policies for its simplicity, just like a highway speed speed limit. Keep it, and keep it separate. [[User:NVO|NVO]] ([[User talk:NVO|talk]]) 10:20, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

::Hi [[User:NVO|NVO]], thanks for making the speed limit analogy, but please see the discussion above about whether to consolidate [[WP:3RR]] into [[WP:EW]]'s page. If 3RR were enforced the way you and some others imagine, i.e. if it were enforced the way it is written, then I would agree with your praise of its simplicity. However, many don't want it enforced that way (they deride reading the rule and following it as 'lawyering', as if that were a bad thing), and in practice it is enforced as a subjective/approximate guideline within EW. That leads to misdirection and becomes harmful. If the most experienced users cannot or will not apply the simplicity of 3RR, then 3RR loses its standalone utility, and can only function as an approximate guideline within EW.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 23:01, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

:::The problem with 3RR is that it is an editor policy. It should be a guideline for admins, saying if you see that many reverts you should pay attention, nothing more. [[User:Guido den Broeder|Guido den Broeder]] ([[User_talk:Guido_den_Broeder|talk]], [[User:Guido_den_Broeder/Visit|visit]]) 22:36, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

::::That might work better, and it could even be automated: if an article has more than three reverts in a defined period (one day or three), all revertors could be warned against edit warring; if reverts continue, the article could pop up on a list of articles that appear to be suffering from edit wars. That list could then function as an automatic [[WP:RFPP|request for page protection]], with the request coming from WP itself instead of from one side. Admins could then be encouraged to look at both versions and protect [[WP:The_Wrong_Version|one]]. ([[Murphy's Law]] being constant, I assume the protected version will always be [[WP:The_Wrong_Version]], regardless of policy.) Having looked at both sides of the edit war, the protecting admin could also block one side or both. (Incidentally, I wonder if there might be a similar article noting that whichever side gets blocked, it is always the wrong side?) Anyway changing [[WP:3RR]] from an editor rule to an admin guideline might address the issue of selective/uneven enforcement.[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 23:33, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
:::::Your proposal neglects to factor in vandalism reversions, which do not fall under 3RR and may come with rapid-fire reversions. The last thing we need is to have vandal patrol (if those still exist; haven't been in that business for a long time) constantly bombarded with automated messages warning of nonexistent violations. And arguing about whether it's "editor policy" or "admin guideline" is a massive waste of our time; it's both, depending on how you interpret the comment. About selective/uneven enforcement, that's the problem of bring violations to light, not of a fundamental error or semantic designation of policy. —'''[[User:Kurykh|kur]][[User talk:Kurykh|ykh]]''' 00:10, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
::::::Your first objection is easy to address: warn once per account. Your second objection, that this discussion is "a massive waste of time," does not appear to be shared by any of the participants. Your last objection, "that's the problem of bring violations to light," seems to have a typo and I am not sure what you mean?[[User:TVC 15|TVC 15]] ([[User talk:TVC 15|talk]]) 01:16, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
:::::::Automation is hard because not all reverts are done per undo-button. I agree that the best immediate reaction to an editwar is to protect the article. Blocking editors only serves to turn a content dispute into a personal conflict, which is never good. Since either version will be the wrong one, the protection should IMHO always come with a tag that informs the reader of the nature of the dispute, and that it is currently being sorted out. That way, neither side will feel offended. Now, as I see it, whoever protects the article is also responsible for initiating resolution of the dispute, either by instructing the active editors or by asking others to take a look. [[User:Guido den Broeder|Guido den Broeder]] ([[User_talk:Guido_den_Broeder|talk]], [[User:Guido_den_Broeder/Visit|visit]]) 13:44, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
:Why not a 1RR instead? Go to talk. Go directly to talk. Do not pass go.[[User:LeadSongDog|LeadSongDog]] ([[User talk:LeadSongDog|talk]]) 16:44, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

== NPOV depends on a balanced cross section of editors showing up ==

I am sure that this has been discussed previously (possibly many times) but editing difficulties I experienced in editing the [[Anti-Zionism]] article has caused me to think that a balanced article on a controversial subject depends on who shows up to do the editing. In turn, who shows up depends on

#Who ''can'' show up. If the totality of Wikipedia users are weighted in a certain direction in their views of a subject, then the article on that subject will be weighted in that direction too.
#When the issue an article deals with is highly polarized, the editors who show up to edit, even if evenly balanced on each side of the issue, will have a great fight, but will have -- from the beginning -- absolutely no hope of creating a qualitively informative article on the issue.
#When the issue an article deals with is highly polarized, and with editors weighted to one side, the larger group will shove their POV down the throat of the other side, and call the resulting crap "consensus."

Conclusion: a different process for editing articles on controversial issues is needed, ''or'' articles on controversial subjects should be excluded from Wikipedia. Why? Because crap articles, and [[bullshit]] articles, tend to discredit all of WP, and at minimum reflect badly on it. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 15:47, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

: I have had similar problems in the polarized article. Nevertheless I don't think your proposal should be carried out.
: First of all, consensus is something else from democracy. In special cases majority vote can create consensus, for example, if the people resisting consensus are supporters of a fringe theory. In other cases the view of a single editor unwilling to accept any form of compromise can be seen as outside consensus. However if there is a reasonable debate consensus will most likely not be by majority (however large). That said I agree the "consensus" claim is overused by editors who are in majority groups (even marginal majorities). The counter argument is that Wikipedia is not a democracy. But that will not solve the problem.
: Excluding controversial articles is not an option as that would exclude many core topics (note that articles of little interest tend not to lead to controversies as nobody cares enough). [[User:Arnoutf|Arnoutf]] ([[User talk:Arnoutf|talk]]) 16:10, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

::What you say makes a lot of sense, but it has not worked. What I suggested is just a suggestion, and I would be just as happy to see some different approach taken. But that is now in place is not working, and is not (it seems to me) in the best interest of Wikipedia. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 16:17, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

*By the way, this thread on the [[Irgun]] talk page [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Irgun#Major_changes_without_discussion] is a perfect example of what I discussed above. It is beyond my comprehension how this sort of editing has go on for years without changing the system for editing controversial articles. Why are things like this on Wikipedia? It defies comprehension. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 23:00, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
::There is a [[WP:DR|dispute resolution]] process with varying degrees of escalation. Have you tried it? Removal of "controversial" articles isn't going to happen. [[User:NurseryRhyme|Little Red Riding Hood]]''[[User talk:NurseryRhyme|talk]]'' 23:43, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

The dispute resolution process has seldom, if ever, solved these issues. In this case, there has been arbitration [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Palestine-Israel articles|here]] and it seems to have solved nothing.

Concerning the [[Irgun]] article (which I mentioned above), my only editing was yesterday, when I noticed this statement in the lead ''Initially, a central part of their efforts included attacks against Palestinian Arabs''. That claim is a view that is disputed, and it was cited to a very main stream Jewish source; so I checked the source [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yzewmitzYgEC&pg=PA294&dq=%22Jewish+Literacy%22+irgun]. As is clear, the source says something rather different than what the lead presents it as saying, so I made this change [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irgun&diff=prev&oldid=254829474]. That has been diverted back by two different users, and it seems unlikely that my correction can be gotten to replace the distortion because I am outvoted. If you refer to my original analysis of this sort of problem (above) you will see that in #2 I said: ''When the issue an article deals with is highly polarized, and with editors weighted to one side, the larger group will shove their POV down the throat of the other side, and call the resulting crap "consensus."'' This case is, it appears to me, a perfect example of that.

I already know that AN/I will not resolve this sort of problem. Also a look at the mediation and arbitration efforts of the past shows that will not resolve the problem either.

'''Challenge''': I hope the users who read this understand that this a years old problem that can not be solved by any presently existing WP mechanism. Additionally, if WP wishes to be taken seriously as a reliable information source it is unacceptable to continue evading resolving the problem. The challenge is: do some [[brainstorming]], and find a solution. Please, this really needs attention, and someone needs to hit the [[panic button]]. I brought this to Village pump (policy) because I hope someone here will start to think about finding a cure, instead of suggesting putting a band-aid on (what amounts to) a tumor. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 13:33, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

: Ok back to the issue.
: 1) Controversial articles often result in edit wars.
: 2) Current conflict resolution does not always work and this is worrying
: 3) Deletion of controversial articles is not an option (these are just too important).
: So in my view the core questions here are:
: A) Do we need specific conflict resolution for controversial articles?
: B) Do we need to adjust/tighten the current conflict resolution rules?
: C) Should the editors in conflict articles use the current conflict resolution procedures more systematically?
: Or any combination of these. [[User:Arnoutf|Arnoutf]] ([[User talk:Arnoutf|talk]]) 15:48, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

::Thanks for doing a good job of laying out the issues and possibilities so clearly. I have never been in a dispute that went to mediation and arbitration. From what I have seen of them, from the outside, large amounts of time get taken up in these (a real obstacle to users who have jobs), and the outcomes never seem to actually settle the problem. These, apparently, takes up ridiculous amounts to administrator time too. Perhaps a more rapid dispute resolution procedure would be good. I suspect the answer is in your item "A" [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 16:35, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
Producing an NPOV article depends on following policy - which includes not overwhelming an article with a discussion of antisemitism (where in fact, it barely belongs) and then announcing that more or less everyone in the world is guilty of it.
Policy would also stop us using a [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre|laughably poor source]] for an extraordinarily "surprising" quote from [[Joschka Fischer]] that "anti-Zionism inevitably leads to antisemitism". I'll need to remind everyone you've been warned not to remove other people's TalkPage contributions. [[User:PalestineRemembered|PR]][[User_talk:PalestineRemembered|talk]] 21:18, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

:PalestineRemembered, I am trying to see if it is possible to generate some ideas for resolving problems that are recognized by many WP editors. I have described how I see those problems at the top of this section. If you have any suggestions that apply to that, I certainly would be happy to hear them. If you have specific complaints about my editing deficiencies, that should not be made on Village Pump (policy), but on the talk page of the disputed article, or (if you think it justified) on AN/I. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 22:06, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

::Sorry to be blunt, but this smacks of "changing the rules of the game because I didn't win". The mechanisms for dispute resolution work well enough, even for so-called controversial articles. Problems arise when editors refuse to concede when consensus or decisions run against whatever their position happened to be. Just as not everyone gets gets to be an astronaut when they grow up, not everyone gets to be right on the Wikipedia, either. In direct response to {{u|Arnoutf}}, A and B get a "no", C gets a "yes". [[User:Tarc|Tarc]] ([[User talk:Tarc|talk]]) 14:06, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

:::Tarc, please review [[WP:assume good faith]].

:::I am far from the first editor to notice that there are problems with many articles that deal with controversial subjects. I am suggesting that something extra needs to be tried now, but I do not have the WP clout to control the direction taken. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 14:42, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

::::I am well familiar with [[WP:AGF]] and how it is alternately used as both a shield and a cudgel, thanks. And yes, I comprehend what you are suggesting. I am replying that nothing extra is necessary, as there isn't really a problem here in my opinion. There are countless hotspots across the project...I-P issues isn't the only one...that go through the systems of dispute resolution every day. I would be highly opposed to classifying particular articles or groups of articles as needing special rules, as I see it as creating a "some animals are more equal than others" type of hierarchy, which would run counter to the philosophy of an open-to-all encyclopedia. [[User:Tarc|Tarc]] ([[User talk:Tarc|talk]]) 18:21, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

:::::Tarc, referring to [[WP:assume good faith]] I see it says: ''Assuming good faith is a fundamental principle on Wikipedia''. I could not find anything about the dangers of it being used as "shield and a cudgel", and I do not think that is correct. Also, based on the comments made so far by uninvolved users, I seems that they do understand what I described concerning hotly contested articles really is a serious problem for WP. If there is a solution, I do not know....but I think that not finding a solution undermines the reputation of WP. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 22:13, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

::::::I see in totality three other users who have commented in this topic besides us; one generally agrees with you, one does not, the other pointed you to existing dispute resolution. So declaring that you have "uninvolved users" behind you does not appear to be the case. Neither is your claim that dispute resolution does not work. It has worked, and worked well, even in very contentious Israel-Palestine articles. There used to be quite a row over [[Israel and the apartheid analogy]] for example, with massive move wars over the name and ad nauseam attempts to get the article deleted. Nowadays, the article is relatively calm and stable; mostly due to compromise, and partly due to tendentious editors being banned.
::::::You say above that DR in the [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Palestine-Israel articles|I-P arbitration]] "seems to have solved nothing". Well I must ask, what is your definition of "solved" ? [[User:Tarc|Tarc]] ([[User talk:Tarc|talk]]) 22:34, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Tarc, I did not say they (three users) are "behind me", I said that they acknowledge there is a problem that needs to be solved. I am not interested in getting anyone behind me. I am interested in solving a problem. If there is no solution forthcoming, then things will just continue in the direction in which they are now going. I have assumed that some users would find the present situation good, and others would not. (Actually the level of agreement with my view on this issue is better than I expected.) As I have explained, I think the situation with disputed articles is bad. Also, my own best guess is that the chances for change is remote, and the situation is hopeless. I decided to raise the question anyhow, but the thin response from users to this thread suggests that you have nothing to worry about. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 23:58, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
:Where did I say that I acknowledge there is a problem? I was only trying to be helpful to you to find a proper forum instead of trying to delete articles which aren't going to get deleted. [[User:NurseryRhyme|Little Red Riding Hood]]''[[User talk:NurseryRhyme|talk]]'' 02:14, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

::Little Red Riding Hood, sorry I misrepresented you. I wrote that in a rush and relied on my memory, which is sometimes a mistake. However you seem to have misunderstood ''my'' thinking, perhaps because I did not explain myself clearly enough. I do think that some articles might be better merged into other articles, such as [[Anti-Zionism]] with [[Zionism]]. But I never really thought that would actually solve the problems I listed when I started this thread. If you read back to that, particularly the "Conclusion", you will see that I wrote: ''a different process for editing articles on controversial issues is needed, ''or'' articles on controversial subjects should be excluded from Wikipedia.'' My assumption was that it would be understood my goal was developing better WP mechanisms for dealing with the problems and not deletion of important article content.

::My suggestion was that a serious effort be made to find a solution to the problems that now exist, and for the reasons I explained. You seem to think, mistakenly, that I am trying to resolve a particular editing dispute. I would not bring an editing dispute here. I gave an example only to make clear how things go wrong. That was in the [[Irgun]] article, when I made an edit to correct some material that distorts the source cited. The Lead says this:'' Initially, a central part of their efforts included attacks against Palestinian Arabs,[2] but it increasingly shifted to attacks against the British.'' The source is to a book by [[Joseph Telushkin]], who actually wrote in the book cited: ''The Irgun, a militant group -- originally founded by followers of Ze'ev Jabotinsky to retaliate against Arab terrorism, and which later to forcing the British out of Palistine...'' That the existing version rather distorts the meaning of the writer, and perhaps Tarc can explain his reasons for not wanting the mistake corrected.

::The Irgun is not a group I personally like, and am not any more inclined to support it than Tarc; but Wikipedia intends articles to be accurate, and to have an article just reflect the personal judgments of its editors is deplorable. I used that example because it seems a pretty clear how things go wrong in articles on controversial subjects. Capisce? [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 12:34, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
[[User:Malcolm Schosha|@Malcolm Schosha]] - it is extremely noticeable that you've again failed to deal with the first source-challenge that I presented you above (over the [[Anti-Zionism]] article). The content you wish to use from that source is "extreme" and the credibility of it is diminished and not enhanced by the better recorded material from the same subject that's been presented. (Your Telushkin edit also has serious problems, but we'll not go into that for a moment).

You've now Forum-shopped this highly contentious content dispute around various "conduct" based noticeboards at WP, starting with one at AN. This will not count in your favor since there is ArbCom Enforcement on this entire subject area, and it specifically refers to "conduct" of editors and adjudging whether such conduct is "disruptive". Administrators rightly have a short fuse in this particular area, and you will be blocked if you persist. If I had my way, you'd also be blocked for repeatedly addressing other editors in an ethnically-specific fashion, and your interference with TalkPages (even after being told repeatedly by an administrator to desist) does not bode well. [[User:PalestineRemembered|PR]][[User_talk:PalestineRemembered|talk]] 12:29, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

:PalestineRemembered, as far as I can see, your edit has nothing to do with the subject of this thread, and consists of a lot of accusations against me personally. I would suggest that you review [[WP:no personal attacks]] and [[WP:civil]]. Certainly, if you think I have violated WP rules, you have every right to take your accusations to AN/I. You will note, I hope, that this page is for discussing WP policy, and is not the place to discuss what you think is wrong with me. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 13:10, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
::Nobody would guess you've been warned (3 times?) for re-factoring TalkPages and then reminded again when you've carried on doing it. The "arbitary break" you took out is a normal and necessary part of the process. Nobody would guess that you've been repeatedly asked not to address people in an ethnically specific fashion. [[User:PalestineRemembered|PR]][[User_talk:PalestineRemembered|talk]] 18:18, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

::Normally issues in a content dispute should be decided by refs to [[WP:RS]], not by head-counting the WP editors involved. However that approach assumes that it is easy to identify [[WP:RS]]. In a highly polarised subject such as the tensions in the Middle East, it is hard to identify any truly NPOV sources, even in publications that one would happily accept as [[WP:RS]] on 99.9% of other issues. A few of the POVs presented in sources will be those of individual writers, but more will be based in some wider context: the author's or publisher's perceptions of his / her / its country's national interest; the author's or publisher's political affiliations and / or beliefs; the author's or publisher's view of the policies and actions of of his / her / its country's current and recent governments; the author's or publisher's position in the spectrum from totally secularist to theocratic; etc., etc., etc., etc., .... Even academics are subject to such biases.
::The only sensible way I see round such a situation is to use the concept of "balance", which some media outlets try to apply in coverage of controversial subjects. In other words, a WP article on such a divisive subject should go out of its way to avoid stating a specific position on the issues, supporting or blaming any of those involved in the real-world dispute, etc. That does not mean it should try to be bland, but that it should fairly and accurately represent the views of the parties in the real-world situation, including the most notable of their attempts to rebut the arguments or claims of other parties. All points of view expressed by normally reliable sources should be outlined, but equal weight should be given to each point of view rather than to each source - for example doing this will avoid issues about whether all the media controlled by a particular person or organisation count as one source or many. Statements should generally be attributed, e.g. "X said that A happened", rather than simply "A happened." For sources that publicly define the perspective from which they view an issue, these perspectives should be described - but descriptions of sources by opponents should be avoided.
::The toughest part of articles on such divisive subjects is the lead, because it is supposed to summarise the content, summarisation normally implies selective use of content, and it is difficult to ensure that such selection is neutral. I suggest formulations such as "This action / policy / etc. of X has proved controversial; supporters of point-of-view A describe it as defensive precautions while supporters of point-of-view B describe it as aggressive provocation." --[[User:Philcha|Philcha]] ([[User talk:Philcha|talk]]) 22:14, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

:My response to the original post is something like this: if all contributors to an article hold the same POV, the article will tend to be POV. However, it's also likely to go unnoticed, since only someone with a different POV is likely to notice - at which point that person can note the issue and fix the article. If they're not inclined to invest that much effort, they can bring it to the attention of other editors via cleanup templates, who can research the subject appropriately. This is largely a problem that we deal with pretty well. [[User:Dcoetzee|Dcoetzee]] 19:28, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

::[[User:Dcoetzee|Dcoetzee]] is right to point out that POV issues surface only when someone with a different POV takes an interest. But that's when the problems start. Cleanup templates on their own are unhelpful, so fairly specific comments at the Talk page are required in order to make any progress. That's when the issues about which if any sources are NPOV make an impact. --[[User:Philcha|Philcha]] ([[User talk:Philcha|talk]]) 11:52, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

:::The main obstacle here seems to be that the concept of consensus is not working on Wikipedia. In my experience, the more active / popular side will simply declare that they have consensus, without actually trying to participate in any sort of fruitful discussion, and they invariably get away with it. The only solution that I can think of is that a knowledgeable editor, known to be impartial, gets to oversee a controversial article. [[User:Guido den Broeder|Guido den Broeder]] ([[User_talk:Guido_den_Broeder|talk]], [[User:Guido_den_Broeder/Visit|visit]]) 21:56, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

== Cleanup templates: Is it time for a fundamental change? ==

I am a great supporter of the current array of templates available at [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup]], as I feel that they invite editors to address issues such as {{tl|notability}} by improving the articles in question. I use them often, and despite the fact their use brings me into conflict with other editors, I feel their benefit far outways their disadvantages.

However, there is an issue about their relevance to general reader. On the one hand, they act as a warning that there may be problems with the article subject, the content or viewpoint of the article itself, or that there are other quality issues that the reader should take account when forming their own views about a particular topic. On the other, cleanup issues such as [[WP:N|notability]] really are not a major issue for most readers, and frankly notability is a rather [[esoteric]] subject in any case.

My proposal is that '''cleanup templates would be better placed on article talk pages, rather than added to the mainspace articles themselves''' on the grounds that they detract from the reader's experience of Wikipedia. In articles such as [[A Terrible Vengeance]], the templates tend to disfigure the articles when looked from a purely presentational view, and the issues they are designed to address are probably better addressed through the talk pages in any case. Does anyone share this view, or should they remain on article page as is current practise? --[[User:Gavin.collins|Gavin Collins]] ([[User talk:Gavin.collins|talk]]) 11:20, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
:I think it depends on the template, as you suggest. There's certainly no need for a notability template to be shown to readers; however some others do have a use on the article page, as a kind of warning (or apology) to readers. (I feel that these tags are overused, and are often used without enough specificity, but that's another issue.)--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 11:25, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

:I support a review. I think there are many templates that can be on talk pages rather than articles. The 'machinery' of Wikipedia should be invisible to the casual reader in most cases. [[User:Lightmouse|Lightmouse]] ([[User talk:Lightmouse|talk]]) 11:33, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

:I completely agree that we need to consider moving these to talk pages. Brief brainstorming: tags that go on the article should include only (1) tags that serve as early warnings for possible deletion (e.g. notability) and (2) tags that serve as a beneficial warning to the reader. So for instance, the main {{tl|cleanup}} tag should probably go on the talk page... but {{tl|unreferenced}} and {{tl|notability}} maybe do belong on the article page. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 13:00, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

: Moving the tags to the talk page misses a fundamental point: The purpose of the tag is not just to tell the reader that problems exist, but to ''invite the reader to help us fix them''. If the tags are on the talk page, the only people who will see them are those who are already working on the article. If the new consensus is that we don't want to invite readers to help us fix problems anymore, fine, but any new consensus that does not address that issue IMO is fatally flawed. That said, I would support changing the instructions for various cleanup templates to state that any editor may remove the template from the article if there is no talk page discussion of the issue, but that anyone may re-add it if the discussion is started. That of course wouldn't apply to templates that are blatantly obvious, like "This article has no references". It may also be that we have tags for things that are really not needed; those could certainly be deleted. [[User:Anomie|Anomie]][[User talk:Anomie|⚔]] 13:49, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
::I agree. Every "reader" is also a potential "editor". Even regarding the Notability tag, there is every chance that a reader would be aware of a source that would convey the notability of the subject, or make helpful additions to an article that needed work. I can't think of ''any'' cleanup tags that would work better if placed on the Talk page. And unneeded tags? Such as? -- [[User:Mwanner|Mwanner]] | [[User talk:Mwanner|Talk]] 14:04, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
:::The purpose of attracting editors is a good one, but I think very unsuccessful. Look at [[WP:TC]] -- all the templates include an invitation of some sort to improve the article, but most of these templates are fundamentally comments about the article that an editor wants to make. {{tl|Essay-like}}, {{tl|Fansite}}, {{tl|Story}}, {{tl|restructure}}, {{tl|generalize}} just to name a few, all give non-specific criticism of an article and don't give good opportunities to improve. Comments on an article belong on the talk page, that's what it's there for. Maybe it's not moving the templates to the talk page that's necessary; maybe what we really need to do is some house cleaning on the templates. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 14:26, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
:I like them the way they are. However, the "mere invitations to help clean up the article"-type templates could be replaced by "1-line" templates that say something like
:{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" ! !
|'''This article needs help in the following area:'''||copy-editing||You can help. <nowiki>[Show me how]</nowiki>
|}
:only prettier and with a drop-down with the full template in the dropdown section linked from "show me how." Other templates, such as content-quality or reference-quality issues, should remain as-is. This will also be much easier to implement and won't require retraining existing editors. [[User:davidwr|davidwr]]/([[User_talk:davidwr|talk]])/([[Special:Contributions/Davidwr|contribs]])/([[Special:Emailuser/davidwr|e-mail]]) 14:46, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

: I'm still opposed to this. Header templates, just like hatnotes and inline cleanup comments, are of service to the project's goals, and help to flag issues which can affect a reader's perception of the article's coverage. There are not as widespread as is occasionally reported anecdotally, primarily being used by articles which are of low quality. Furthermore, our approach to talkheader templates means that they're usually useless and ignored entirely (being primarily composed of WikiProject spam). The only arguments I can see for moving cleanup tags to talkspace are the avoidance of self-references and a general sense of aesthetics; in the former I feel that the selfref is useful if it helps improve a bad article, and I believe that our current tags are stylish and only minimally intrustive for the most part. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (not at work)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 15:57, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

::Agree with Lightmouse. Agree with Anomie that we want to invite the reader to help, but mainspace could make the invitation without explaining to the reader what job needs to be done; that could be on the talk page. - Dan [[User:Dank55|Dank55]] ([[User talk:Dank55|send/receive]]) 16:54, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

:Oppose the move to talk pages. As a reader (as well as as an editor), I find these notes helpful. [[User:Libcub|Libcub]] ([[User talk:Libcub|talk]]) 17:05, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Just a short note to tell that I strongly support moving cleanup tags to talk pages. Every article is in need of improvements. Let us have an encyclopedia with a decent layout and appearance, instead of cluttering tags on almost every article. --[[User:Kildor|Kildor]] ([[User talk:Kildor|talk]]) 21:20, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

:I'm indifferent towards the proposal. I agree that numerous cleanup tags on one out of every few articles looks encyclopedic, but if they're moved to the talk namespace, they'll surely go unseen by the vast majority of readers. I've found some cleanup tags to be somewhat helpful, particularly {{tl|refimprove}} and {{tl|copyedit}}, but {{tl|notability}} is rarely of use, at least to me. –[[User:Juliancolton|Juliancolton]] [[User talk:Juliancolton|'''T'''ropical]] [[Special:contributions/Juliancolton|'''C'''yclone]] 21:38, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

:I oppose this proposal. Ideally, all readers are editors and we should be encouraging people to edit, giving them ideas is a way to do that. Unless there's some sort of evidence that cleanup tags attract no editors, I don't see how we can assume that they don't. Additionally, if a reader comes across a crappy article, they're going to get a very negative impression about Wikipedia's quality. But if the crappy article is tagged as being a crappy article, they'll at least know that crappiness is not supposed to be the norm and that the article probably isn't a representative sample. There's also massive implementation costs with this. As of this comment, 379,559 articles (about 14%) contain [[Template:Ambox]], it would take a bot editing nonstop 20 pages per minute {{#expr:379559*2/20/60/24 round 1}} ''days'' to move them all (since each article requires 2 edits, one to remove from the article, another to add to the talk page). The documentation pages for hundreds of templates would have to be updated to reflect the new rule. It would also create issues with section-specific templates. The implementation costs and possible loss of new editors far outweigh the potential benefits. [[User:Mr.Z-man|Mr.]][[User talk:Mr.Z-man|'''''Z-'''man'']] 22:36, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

I'm surprised that this perennial proposal hasn't made it to [[Wikipedia:Perennial proposals]] by now. [[User:Uncle G|Uncle G]] ([[User talk:Uncle G|talk]]) 19:16, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

:Response to original poster: there are two main reasons to place templates in article space: as content warnings (take this with a grain of salt, as there is reason to suspect it is inaccurate), and in order to recruit assistance from readers, who can all be editors and may be able to help if they just know what needs to be done. That said, templates that cover things like process that require significant familiarity with Wikipedia to understand are better left to talk pages. [[User:Dcoetzee|Dcoetzee]] 19:30, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
:*I am not disagreeing with you but on the point of content warnings, as this a more serious issue. For instance, if the article content is disputed, I can understand why cleanup templates (perhaps these could be renamed "reader advisory notices") which address issues of bias or content dispute should be visible to the general reader and displayed on the article page. However, for cleanup issues that are a matter of internal procedure and process (such as notability, context, overlong plot) are you suggesting that perhaps these are better left to the talk page of the article concened? --[[User:Gavin.collins|Gavin Collins]] ([[User talk:Gavin.collins|talk]]) 15:08, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

It is important for a reader to know that an article is not up to Wikipedia snuff. Tags belong atop articles that need major work. Tags can also serve to invite a reader to participate. [[User:Kingturtle|Kingturtle]] ([[User talk:Kingturtle|talk]]) 16:04, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
:Articles at FA get a bronze star on their top line. Other assessment levels are hidden. Why not be up front with all the assessments?[[User:LeadSongDog|LeadSongDog]] ([[User talk:LeadSongDog|talk]]) 16:18, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

:I too believe that we should not "hide" cleanup notices on talk pages for the sake of making articles more visualy pleasing. The main purpose of this site is to facilitate the colaborative creation of good quality free licensed content, providing a great reading experience of the work in progress, while importnat, is of secondary concern IMHO. Once in a while someone will see a notice on an article they know something about and descide to do something about it. It may not happen very often, but it does and if even a tiny fraction of our readers descide to take action to inprove the content based on a cleanup tag then that's of far greater value to the project than making a flawed version of the article look more visualy pleasing to casual readers. Besides I do believe a good numbers of "read only" people actualy appreciate us beeing up front and obvious about problems and concerns about the article they are reading. --[[User:Sherool|Sherool]] [[User talk:Sherool|(talk)]] 20:09, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

== [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] - Raising the flag of policy creep ==

NOTE: There [[:Image:Marked-ap-letter.jpg|is a letter allowing use]] of this image on Wikipedia. [[User:Soundvisions1|Soundvisions1]] ([[User talk:Soundvisions1|talk]]) 14:28, 6 December 2008 (UTC) 

I am amused by [[User:Megapixie]]'s edit [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Iwo_Jima&diff=249836817&oldid=249624160 here], as he has now removed the exact example used in the policy [[WP:NFC#Unacceptable use]] Images # 4 to illustrate when fair-use '''is''' allowed, with the edit summary ""Raising the flag" is NOT fair use in this context - per Policy. Replacing with another suitable image." This must be something of a record in the annals of policy creep. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 22:57, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
:Not sure you're right here Johnbod. The image is OK for [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]], which is an article about the image and is the example given at [[WP:NFC]]. Using it in [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] would be hard to justify and I think its removal is correct. [[User:CIreland|CIreland]] ([[User talk:CIreland|talk]]) 23:50, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
::The policy linked to above says (as what is unacceptable) "An image whose subject happens to be a war, to illustrate an article on the war, unless the image has achieved iconic status as a representation of the war or is historically important in the context of the war (e.g. [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]])." That seems very clear to me. It is not talking about an article on the image, but "an article on the war", and the case is surely even stronger for an article on the actual battle. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 23:57, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
:::I'm not sure the image should have been removed per [[WP:UCS]]...[[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 23:55, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
:I read that as using [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]] as being the article where the use is justified, but I can see the other interpretation too. Regardless, I don't see the ''need'' (per minimal use) to use it in the battle article when it refers to the image article anyway. (Oh, and by the way, if you decide to replace it, it needs a FUR.) [[User:CIreland|CIreland]] ([[User talk:CIreland|talk]]) 00:05, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
::I'm afraid that is just not what the policy example says. [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]] is an article on a photo, not a war. The "iconic status as a representation of the war or is historically important in the context of the war" is completely irrelevant to the article on the photo, as fair use is justified there by the textual discussion of the image etc. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 03:39, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
:::Then the policy example is wrong, and needs to be clarified. It's [[Fair_use#Fair_use_under_United_States_laws|a question of law]]. Using the image to illustrate war is "superseding the use of the original work" - it is using the image for exactly the purpose for which it was created, and exactly the purpose for which people have to pay royalties to AP. It is not fair use, per U.S. law.
:::To be justifiable as fair use, legally, the photograph has to be being used in a different way; for example, to make possible criticism or commentary ''of'' the photograph.
:::Further discussion is probably best centralised in [[WT:NFC#Battle of Iwo Jima|the corresponding thread at WT:NFC]]. [[User:Jheald|Jheald]] ([[User talk:Jheald|talk]]) 10:49, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

== Archiving subsections of talk pages ==

Is there any rule abuot when a user can legitimately decide to archive a subsection inside a talk page by surrounding it with something like this:

<div class="boilerplate metadata" style="background-color: #edeaff; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;">
:''The following discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.'' 
----
[subsection]
----
:''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''</div>

?--[[User:Pokipsy76|pokipsy76]] ([[User talk:Pokipsy76|talk]]) 11:34, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

No, but let's create [[WP:DA]] – Discussion Archiving Policy. We'll have to come up with a whole bunch of metrics and hard rules to make sure that nobody ever illegitimately archives a discussion. — [[User:Werdna|Werdna]] • [[User talk:Werdna|talk]] 12:26, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

:Why nobody?--[[User:Pokipsy76|pokipsy76]] ([[User talk:Pokipsy76|talk]]) 12:38, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
*I thought archiving subsections was usually done when they became too long to be practical on a particular talk page (but for whatever reason could not be fully archived to a subpage yet) - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 12:58, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
*:No, I'm not talking about when you move a section to an archive, I'm talking about when you leave the subsection on the page but you surround it with the box above.--[[User:Pokipsy76|pokipsy76]] ([[User talk:Pokipsy76|talk]]) 13:04, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

:Werdna was joking. You can do it when, in good faith, you think that the discussion is over, or has become unhelpful, and you want to help get discussion back on track. Just because something has been archived, though, doesn't mean that it has to stay that way if others disagree. But do try to avoid having conflicts over talk page contents, it's particularly [[WP:LAME]]. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 16:42, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

::Yes it's ok when used in the appropriate way, the problem is that it could be abused by people who want to stop a certain discussion when other people don't want to, so I was wandering if this behaviour is against some specific policy or if instead everybody could feel free to try to stop discussions in this way whenever they wish claiming to be in good faith.--[[User:Pokipsy76|pokipsy76]] ([[User talk:Pokipsy76|talk]]) 17:34, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

:::If you think someone used it inappropriately, discuss it with them. [[User:Mangojuice|Mango]][[Special:Contributions/Mangojuice|'''juice''']][[User talk:Mangojuice|talk]] 19:36, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

::::Ok, suppose there are user A and user B: A wants to discuss a change to an article while B disagrees with A and in order to stop the development of the discussion B "archives" the discussion (in the way decsribed above) claiming the topic is "stupid" or "already discussed" or any other dismissive comment. Now: can B be accused of any policy violation? Can any user just revert the archiviation without being possibly accused of a policy violation?--[[User:Pokipsy76|pokipsy76]] ([[User talk:Pokipsy76|talk]]) 20:27, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

:::::[[User:Pokipsy76|pokipsy76]] is most probably referring to this edit: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:September_11_attacks&oldid=255933120 The edit in question was made by an administrator to prevent frivolous arguments about a proposed edit that had already been rejected numerous times. In fact, I had requested new reliable sources multiple times with no responses. The archival was just. Just thought I'd give a point if reference to this debate. --[[User:Tarage|Tarage]] ([[User talk:Tarage|talk]]) 10:40, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

::::::No, I was not rereffing specifically to that edit and I don't want to talk about any specific case here, if I wanted to speak about it I would (obviously) have cited explicitly that edit. Please do not try to explain what you suppose to be my personal thoughts to other people, I think to be percectly able to explain myself.--[[User:Pokipsy76|pokipsy76]] ([[User talk:Pokipsy76|talk]]) 11:41, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

To be sensible, I don't think there's any need to have weird archive templates. [[Special:Contributions/124.168.168.218|124.168.168.218]] ([[User talk:124.168.168.218|talk]]) 07:13, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

== Titles ==

and
===Subtitles===

There is a problem distinguishing titles from subtitles in articles, which adds a element of confusion. Subtitles should be noticeably less dominant on a page, but what is now being used inverts that. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 13:06, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

:I beg to differ - the horizontal line under Titles, clearly indicates that it is a higher level title than Subtitles. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 17:23, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

::The distinction may be clear to editors, but not necessarily to other readers. The subtitles actually have more visual weight than the heading titles, and that is not good. But, if you think I am wrong, that is ok too, and it will be just one more WP mess up. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 17:38, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

:::And who appointed you the final arbiter of web design? [[User:Mr.Z-man|Mr.]][[User talk:Mr.Z-man|'''''Z-'''man'']] 19:14, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
::::Please assume good faith and remember to remain civil. [[User:NurseryRhyme|Little Red Riding Hood]]''[[User talk:NurseryRhyme|talk]]'' 22:34, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

:::::I spend a lot of time thinking about how letters work on a page, and about page design, because it is my profession. I tried to point out what I understand to be a problem. The weight of the subtitles is heaver than the titles. That is inherently confusing. But if everyone wants it the way it now is, then it will stay the way it now is. [[User:Malcolm Schosha|Malcolm Schosha]] ([[User talk:Malcolm Schosha|talk]]) 00:14, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

::::::I suppose the weight of the level 2 heading could be a bit bolder, but i think they are far more prominant on a page than subheadings (level 3) because of the line beneath them splits the page into sections. The weight of the text is secondary to the line and probably isn't really noticed by many people reading. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 11:00, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

== Consent for photos of deceased persons in burial rituals ==

A policy to protect the privacy of families and individuals in private burial rituals, especially in process rituals and not meant for display, to have the consent of deceased persons if photographs are publicly posted.

A case in point:

There is a photograph of a deceased subject,
nude, and in a private burial ceremony in Tibet.

The images in [[Tibetan Sky Burial]] article
violate several photography and privacy policies.

This photo is illegally obtained by a foreign tourist,
and photography of sky burials is not permitted by law in Tibet.

The photographer also verified that he did not have the consent of the government, or the private temple at which the photograph was taken, or of the deceased individual.

It is also unlikely that, if the subject were asked for consent when he was alive,
that he would have consented to either the taking of this photograph, or the public display of it,
as Tibetans and Buddhists traditionally do not permit photography of remains for religious reasons.

The laws against foreigners visiting sky burial sites, as well as
photography there are both Chinese and local Tibetan laws, as well as
religious laws of the property on which these burials are held. The Drigung
Kagyu monasteries, where these sky burials are performed, do not permit
photography of burials. They can be contacted at Drigung
Kagyu [http://www.drikung-kagyu.org/index.php].

Further information on governmental and regional law can be found in this
book Multiculturalism in
Asia [http://books.google.com/books?id=RW4krJ7SYvkC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=tibet+law+sky+burial&source=web&ots=IAXy23kW4l&sig=lOYxYTQt8Q7ppqIhC8LCEcVGIG4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result],
and these articles Tibetan sky
burial[http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=46,2406,0,0,1,0] and
Sky
burials [http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=46,1614,0,0,1,0].

These photos are in violation of privacy, legality, decency, and consent.

These photos are also in violation of governmental laws of China intended to protect the traditional ceremonies, national and provincial laws of Tibet, cultural standards, and religious laws, and monastic laws, of the private property of where these were taken,
and the family and deceased individual.

Please also include clear policy guidelines about photography of deceased persons.

-[[User:AthenaO|AthenaO]] ([[User talk:AthenaO|talk]]) 16:26, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
*We don't need to make things more complicated than they already are. Photographs need to follow the law of the US state of Florida. Unless the person is particularly famous, US law requires the subject of a photo to give consent to its publication (the photographer needs to give them a form to sign). If the photographer did not obtain permission from the subject, the local government or the deceased person's family, it is a violation of US law too. - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 17:30, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

::Not so fast - in the US if you are in a public place there is no presumption of privacy under US law and a photographer does not require your consent to photograph you or to publish such photo (despite the increasingly more frequent and arbitrary attempts of law enforcement agencies to restrict photography in public places). The basic principle applies that [[WP:NOTCENSORED|WP is not censored]] and if the photographer has the right under current policies to upload an image to WP or to Commons, that should be enough. The issue of whether the photographer obtained the images legally or not is a matter for the local law of the place they were taken. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 17:43, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
:::Ukexpat is correct in all counts. Insofar as his last statement ("The issue of whether the photographer obtained the images legally or not is a matter for the local law of the place they were taken") - that was the same question at issue as far as pictures of graffitti were concerned. I even went so far as to email the US copyright office, and was told that graffiti itself is eligible for copyright. [[User:Raul654|Raul654]] ([[User talk:Raul654|talk]]) 17:49, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
::::What's WP's policy about uploading evidence photos of mutilated murder victims? Why is the Tibetan burial site considered a "public place"? The article makes it sound that it isn't, and even with open spaces or public spaces in the US a "reasonable expectation of privacy" standard is applied. [[User:Professor marginalia|Professor marginalia]] ([[User talk:Professor marginalia|talk]]) 18:14, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
:::::This kind of armchair lawyering just confuses everyone. "[[Reasonable expectation of privacy]]" is a [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]] standard relevant to government searches and seizures; it has no application here (even to the extent the dead can "expect" anything). [[User:Postdlf|Postdlf]] ([[User talk:Postdlf|talk]]) 19:19, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

:::::: Basically you'll just have to live with the offence and insult because nobody here will do anything about it. We can dress it up in lots of long words but that's what it comes down to. --[[User:Cameron Scott|Cameron Scott]] ([[User talk:Cameron Scott|talk]]) 19:31, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

:::::::I believe the "reasonable expectation of privacy" language is also used in reference to photos. Here's a lawyer's blog discussing it.[http://www.photoattorney.com/2008/09/reasonable-expectation-of-privacy.html] Some of these laws may have come from paparazzi-related issues. [[Special:Contributions/Will_Beback| ·:· ]][[User:Will Beback|Will Beback]] [[User talk:Will Beback|·:·]] 19:33, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
::::::::Here's an even better discussion: [http://www.photosecrets.com/law.privacy.html] More than paparazzi, it probably stems from peeping toms/voyeurists. [[Special:Contributions/Will_Beback| ·:· ]][[User:Will Beback|Will Beback]] [[User talk:Will Beback|·:·]] 19:35, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::(ec)::::::Armchair lawyering? The "expectation of privacy" standard is used in tort law for invasion of privacy concerns as well. It's not cleanly defined, but there is one. [http://www.rcfp.org/photoguide/intro.html "courts constantly redefine what is private based upon interpretations of the elusive legal standard of a 'reasonable expectation of privacy'"]. [[User:Professor marginalia|Professor marginalia]] ([[User talk:Professor marginalia|talk]]) 19:41, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
::::::::He kinda has a point, since [[personality rights]] do last after death. But, the images that you were talking about specifically...are now gone for a different reason, the description page alongside a free license said to "contact for right to use", which I interpreted as a usage restriction to Wikipedia only. They have been speedily deleted due to this. [[User:ViperSnake151|ViperSnake151]] 03:40, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

*The burial shown in these photographs is a private burial, on private monastery grounds. Both the monastery laws, and religious laws, forbid photography of deceased individuals during the burial ceremony.

Further, the Tibetan national laws also forbid photography of these ceremonies.

Apart from the illegality of the photos,
an issue raised is of consent of deceased persons.

The deceased person in these photos did not give consent to have these photos taken.

What is the policy regarding deceased people, in private places, who do not give consent to have photos taken or published?

-[[User:AthenaO|AthenaO]] ([[User talk:AthenaO|talk]]) 09:11, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

===Recommend drafting an essay or two===
A new policy not needed, but an essay might be appropriate. If people follow the suggestions in the essay, it can become a guideline. Remember, on Wikipedia, guidelines and policies evolve out of consensus behavior. With the exception of policies required by law, which WP:OFFICE will inform us of if necessary, community consensus comes before policies and guidelines.

Please write up an essay describing "polite" image-use behavior for "private" images. Separately, write up an essay giving guidance on using images that were taken in violation of the law for other than trademark/copyright reasons but which are not themselves against US law to host on Wikipedia. Trademarks and copyrights are covered elsewhere in policy, and of course images which are criminal offenses to possess or use on web sites like child pornography are either covered by policy or so obvious they don't need a policy.

Personally, I would endorse an '''essay''' that said something along the lines of "Using photographs which would put Wikipedia in legal jeopardy is discouraged and may be subject to [[WP:OFFICE]] actions, but the burden of proof is on the person claiming the image is in fact legally risky. Such photographs ''may'' be used in a similar manner as fair-use copyright photographs while the legal status remains uncertain, subject to overrule by community consensus or office action for each image used. Discussion of the use of such images on a case-by-case basis is strongly encouraged." and "Using photographs where subject of the photograph or, for objects, events, places, and non-living persons, the owners or responsible parties have made it clear their expressed desire that the object, event, place, or non-living person not be photographed ''under any circumstance whatsoever'' is generally discouraged. Such images may be used when necessary to illustrate an article, subject to overrule by community consensus for each image used. Discussion of each such image is strongly encouraged to determine a community consensus." I would not endorse this as a guideline unless it became a consensus first.

Before putting it up as an essay, put it up as a [[:Category:Wikipedia essays|user essay]] first and put a link to it here and on [[Wikipedia talk:Images]] soliciting opinions. If you get a few endorsements and no oppositions, or a lot of endorsements and a few oppositions, move it to Wikipedia: space as a normal essay. [[User:davidwr|davidwr]]/([[User_talk:davidwr|talk]])/([[Special:Contributions/Davidwr|contribs]])/([[Special:Emailuser/davidwr|e-mail]]) 20:45, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

== Suggesting a policy update: what NOT to put in edit summaries ==

''I was direct here from [[WP:Help desk]].''

Hi everybody,

Recently I've been experiencing that some editors put messages towards other Wikipedians in their edit summaries. I, in my most humble opinion, find that unnecessary, let alone if that is a [[WP:NPA|personal attack]] or an offensive stance ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:1981_Irish_hunger_strike&action=history], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Empires:_The_Age_of_Kings&action=history], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Kiger&action=history]), for one thing, edit summaries can't be changed or deleted, except for admins. I don't know how others feel about this, but maybe the [[Help:Edit summary|guide line]] should be updated, like by stating that is unnecessary to put anything in other than a small summary of one's editing. --[[User:Soetermans|'''Soetermans''']] | [[User talk:Soetermans|'''is listening''']] | [[Special:Contributions/Soetermans|'''what he'd do now?''']] 12:21, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
:We already have a [[WP:NPA|no personal attack]] policy which covers that. I find little notes explaining WHY in edit summaries can often be much more useful than a simple "reverting", but that's just me. [[User:Melodia|♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫]] ([[User talk:Melodia|talk]]) 12:28, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

:I have responded at [[Help talk:Edit summary]]. [[User:Gandalf61|Gandalf61]] ([[User talk:Gandalf61|talk]]) 12:38, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Images of children]] ==

I have initiated a discussion on this proposed new policy. [[User:TerriersFan|TerriersFan]] ([[User talk:TerriersFan|talk]]) 20:28, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

{{n}} Discussion has already been closed as "no." [[User:davidwr|davidwr]]/([[User_talk:davidwr|talk]])/([[Special:Contributions/Davidwr|contribs]])/([[Special:Emailuser/davidwr|e-mail]]) 20:22, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

== Youtube screenshots ==

Would screenshots from Youtube qualify as public domain? [[User:User5802|User5802]] ([[User talk:User5802|talk]]) 21:44, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
:Pretty much no. The only possibility I could see would be that it would be of a PD film, and the screenshot limited to only the film itself (YouTube's web interface elements are copyright); I doubt this is the case for a majority of youtube videos. --[[User:Masem|MASEM]] 21:55, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
:As a rule, if you found it on the web, it's copyrighted and can't be used without permission, unless it explicitly says otherwise. See [[Wikipedia:Copyright#Image_guidelines]] for exceptions and more information. [[User:Dcoetzee|Dcoetzee]] 21:59, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

== Internal Consistency Within Wikipedia ==

Is there an existing policy that Wikipedia should have '''internal consistency'''?

By this I mean that all articles referring to a particular topic should have the same, or similar definition/description of that topic, and that Wikipedia should not contradict itself.

If it does not exist, would such a policy be useful, or even possible? [[User:Riversider2008|Riversider2008]] ([[User talk:Riversider2008|talk]]) 17:09, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
: There are some guidelines (e.g. [[WP:MOS]]) that cover part of this.
: Would it be useful to expand yes, possible probably not. [[User:Arnoutf|Arnoutf]] ([[User talk:Arnoutf|talk]]) 17:35, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

::And there are some more specific MoS like [[WP:MOSBIO]]. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 18:21, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
:::Beyond that, each wikiproject often has its own style guidelines such that articles that fall within a certain type will appear roughly similar. [[User:Resolute|Reso]][[User Talk:Resolute|lute]] 19:12, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

::::Thanks, I think the MOS is talking about internal consistency in terms of '''style''', while my query is about internal consistency in terms of what it says is '''fact'''. Thus if one the wikipedia article on 'sky' we say 'the sky is blue', we do not put the sky into the category 'list of things that are yellow' - while this is a bit of a silly example, I've seen the same topic treated quite differently within different articles, almost, if not actually to the point where WP contradicts itself. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Riversider2008|Riversider2008]] ([[User talk:Riversider2008|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Riversider2008|contribs]]) 20:37, 8 December 2008 (UTC) 
:::::Well, if they contradict each other, then one or the other is (or both are) wrong, right? Figure out which, and fix it (them). Getting it right is more important than getting it consistent.
:::::Subject of course to the usual discussion about verifiability and truth yada yada yada. --[[User:Trovatore|Trovatore]] ([[User talk:Trovatore|talk]]) 22:26, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
::::::The problem is that not all articles are read by the same experts. Take for example, the following 2 statements:
::::::#All surviving members of the Afrotheria originate from South American or (mainly) African lineages – even the [[Indian elephant]], which diverged from an African lineage about {{ma|7.6}}. (From [[Evolution of mammals#Family tree of placental mammals according to molecular phylogenetics]])
::::::#'''''Amebelodon''''' is a member of a diverse group of primitive [[proboscidean]]s called [[gomphotheres]], a group that also gave rise to the modern [[elephants]] and their close relative the [[mammoth]]. ''Amebelodon'' first appeared in the [[Great Plains]] and [[Gulf Coast]] regions of North America during the late [[Miocene]], roughly between 9 and 8 million years ago, ... (from [[Amebelodon]])
::::::The first clearly states that modern [[elephant|elephants]] come from an African lineage, and the second clearly states a North American lineage. [[Special:Contributions/194.90.113.98|194.90.113.98]] ([[User talk:194.90.113.98|talk]]) 06:34, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
:::::::Sorry, but no contradiction here. You have to read it carefully. The second text says that gomphotheres gave rise to elephants and mammooths. Amebelodon, as one member of the gomphotheres, has North-American origins. Presumably there are other members of gomphotheres that lived in South America and Africa were ancestral to the elephants. --[[User:Stephan Schulz|Stephan Schulz]] ([[User talk:Stephan Schulz|talk]]) 13:15, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

:Whether there is a policy or not is pretty much irrelevant; articles didn't ought to contradict each other. I know too little about the topic mentioned above to judge whether this is a contradiction but if it is, you could add {{tlnull|Contradict-other|Name of article it contradicts}} to both articles and outline your concerns at the talk page. This would, at least, draw the attention of editors of one article to the other. [[User:CIreland|CIreland]] ([[User talk:CIreland|talk]]) 06:49, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
::But when one of the articles is one which probably few people look at, and the other statement is about 2 thirds of the way through a 90 K long article, placing such headers on the two articles would probably do little good. [[Special:Contributions/194.90.113.98|194.90.113.98]] ([[User talk:194.90.113.98|talk]]) 07:42, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
:::That's why you must also give a quick summary of the issue on the talk pages. [[User:CIreland|CIreland]] ([[User talk:CIreland|talk]]) 12:43, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
::::Whether or not the specific examples are true examples of what I'm talking about, I think it would be possible to find multiple examples of places where Wikipedia contradicts itself. Philosophically, I'd suggest that it would be impossible for it not to - in an analogy with mathematical systems that must always fail to have total internal consistency.
::::All Wikipedia policies in a sense are 'irrelevant', as they are simply a crystallisation of what good editors tend to do anyway. The fact that most editors see it as desirable that Wikipedia should not contradict itself suggests that this could be codified into a policy, on the lines of what CIreland has sugested here. [[User:Riversider2008|Riversider2008]] ([[User talk:Riversider2008|talk]]) 15:36, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

::::: WP policies reflect what good editors do anyway — but not ''everything'' they do anyway. It's important to guard against instruction creep.
::::: In this case the suggestion would make bad policy because it shifts focus away from the real underlying good thing to be sought after, which is not internal consistency, but ''external'' consistency; that is, making the articles ''accurate'', where "accurate" means what it usually does in a WP context (that is, accurately reflecting the range of views in reliable sources). Get that right, and internal consistency takes care of itself.
::::: That said, if you come across two articles that contradict one another on a factual level, of course this should be brought to the attention of the articles' respective editors (assuming you don't feel competent to fix it yourself). Nice to know about the templates; they could come in handy. But let's keep at the forefront of our minds that the thing we want to fix is the ''inaccuracy'', not the ''inconsistency''. If you make the two articles consistent with one another by "fixing" the one that was originally correct, that's worse than nothing. A '''''lot''''' worse than nothing. --[[User:Trovatore|Trovatore]] ([[User talk:Trovatore|talk]]) 21:51, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

== Image size and download times ==

I have searched and could not find a guideline discussing optimal page download times for Wikipedias target audiences. Does such a guideline exist? [[User:Miami33139|Miami33139]] ([[User talk:Miami33139|talk]]) 22:56, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
:Would you be looking for the [[WP:SIZE]] guideline and/or the [[WP:IMGSIZE]] policy sub-section which states that you should generally use the "thumb" option? --[[User:Kralizec!|Kralizec!]] ([[User talk:Kralizec!|talk]]) 23:24, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

::[[Wikipedia:IMGSIZE#Animated_images|This part about animated images]] helps the circumstance that raised the issue in my editing conflict, but still does not address overall page load time. WP:SIZE does not adequately address total page load times, though there is old mention of it in the attached discussion page. I think I will re-raise this issue there. It is important. [[User:Miami33139|Miami33139]] ([[User talk:Miami33139|talk]]) 23:55, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

== I think I can quote anything from All non-GFDL texts ==

I want to cantact the Wikimedia foundation.

How to contact? I can't find the foundation's web page.

Korean Wikipedia Admins say that All non-GFDL texts can not be quoted, because Korean Wikipedia do not approve the fair use.

I can not quote anything from All non-GFDL texts?

What is the foundation's quotation policy?

Why the foundation makes the wikiquote korean?

I think I can quote anything from All non-GFDL texts.

I am right? or wrong?

Korean Wikipedia Admins are right? or wrong? -- [[User:WonRyong|WonRyong]] ([[User talk:WonRyong|talk]]) 00:59, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

:Does [[WP:REUSE]] help? – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 01:44, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
::I don't think so. This seems to be an editor who wants to use fair use quotations in Korean wiki articles. If Korean wiki does not allow non-GFDL material, then quotations from non-GFDL sources cannot be used, because they would be fair use. They will have to be paraphrased. '''''[[User:Tyrenius|Ty]]''''' 02:41, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
:::Um. I think two meanings of ''fair use'' might be being conflated here. There's fair use as a US legal doctrine, which is presumably what the Korean WP doesn't allow. And then again there's the presumably universal convention that you're allowed to quote briefly from someone else's writing to illustrate a point. In the US that's considered part of fair use; other places there must be different legal circumlocutions involved, but surely it must be allowed everywhere, because it's an indispensible part of scholarship generally. I'm certainly no international lawyer (nor any sort of lawyer) so take this for what it's worth, but I just can't believe that you can't do this sort of quotation in Korea. --[[User:Trovatore|Trovatore]] ([[User talk:Trovatore|talk]]) 22:34, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

== Wikisource ==

Quoting from [[WT:Layout#Sister links]]:
:Are you talking about the autoformatting {{tl|wikisource}}-type templates? Because I think that most editors at this page would prefer that this:
:{{wikisource|Main page}}
:were replaced with this:
:* [http://www.wikisource.org/Main_page Main page] at [[Wikisource]]
: -- [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing|talk]]) 05:19, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

I don't have a position, other than wanting the guideline to be stable, and this and similar questions have been argued for a while now. Any opinions? - Dan [[User:Dank55|Dank55]] ([[User talk:Dank55|send/receive]]) 03:53, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

:I prefer the boxes: we want to draw attention to our sister projects and we can definitely, as a matter of presentation, favour them. Relegating sister projects to mere external links seems like treating them like they're just that. Further, sometimes there are good reasons to include such links in the middle of text, e.g. "Wikinews has news on controversy ''X'' in topic ''Y''" in the "controversy ''X''" section of the article on "''Y''". <nowiki>{</nowiki>{[[User:Nihiltres|Nihiltres]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>[[User talk:Nihiltres|talk]]<nowiki>|</nowiki>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?user=Nihiltres log]}<nowiki>}</nowiki> 04:32, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

== Unresponsive editors ==

I'm currently involved in a slow-burning edit war with {{userlinks|Planth}}, who's repeatedly trying to reintroduce an unsourced section to the article [[Demographics of Japan]], which came to my attention when an IP user removed it (with a rather confusing edit summary - my guess is they're not a native speaker). Since then, the only response I've gotten from Planth has been repeated "undo"s, despite my having attempted to contact him/her on the article talk page and his/her own talk page.

What's the appropriate response to a situation like this? Most of the dispute resolution systems in place assume that both sides are being communicative, which doesn't appear to be the case here. Trying to goad the other user into a 3RR violation is a pretty obviously icky way of getting their attention, and a full RFC seems like overkill at this point, so I'm not sure what the right approach ''is''.

Any thoughts? Advice? [[User:Zetawoof|Zetawoof]]([[User_talk:Zetawoof|ζ]]) 12:36, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

:You could try reporting it at the edit-warring noticeboard ([[WP:AN/EW]]). Hopefully an admin will take appropriate action.--[[User:Kotniski|Kotniski]] ([[User talk:Kotniski|talk]]) 13:29, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

:: I'll try that, thanks. [[User:Zetawoof|Zetawoof]]([[User_talk:Zetawoof|ζ]]) 21:45, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

== Notability guidelines for Firefox extensions? ==

What are the accepted notability guidelines for which Firefox extensions deserve articles? There appear to be [[List of Firefox extensions|quite a few]] that lack any external citation or independent claim of notability. [[Wikipedia:Notability (software)]] is defunct, so do we just go by strict [[WP:N|notability]] guidelines? Thoughts? --[[User:ZimZalaBim|Zim'''Zala'''Bim]] [[User talk:ZimZalaBim|talk]] 02:55, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

:[[WP:N]] is the overriding guideline. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 14:03, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

== Merge edit summaries and GFDL attribution ==

According to [[Help:Merging and moving pages#Performing the merger]], the source article must be recorded in the edit summary to comply with the GFDL. This requirement is frequently ignored in practice. Does it really carry any weight or is it more of a recommendation?

I have started a discussion at [[Help talk:Merging and moving pages#Merge edit summaries]]. [[User:Flatscan|Flatscan]] ([[User talk:Flatscan|talk]]) 04:07, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
*It describes how to follow an important policy. So it shouldn't be ignored. It happens because a lot of people don't know how copyright, GFDL and all that stuff works and some people don't even know it applies to merging material. Educating them is key. - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 21:41, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
:The help page is wrong, GFDL doesn't require that. Nonetheless, it is a good idea to mention the source article in the edit summary, as that is helpful to all editors. [[User:Guido den Broeder|Guido den Broeder]] ([[User_talk:Guido_den_Broeder|talk]], [[User:Guido_den_Broeder/Visit|visit]]) 22:02, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
*GFDL requires every edit to be properly attributed. If someone copies material without mentioning it comes from a merge they pretend to have written something that actually 'belongs' to someone else. That is just bad practice in writing. - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 09:19, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
::While perhaps bad practice, it is not a violation of rights. Wikipedia editors do not own their edits. They are not the authors that the GFDL talks about. [[User:Guido den Broeder|Guido den Broeder]] ([[User_talk:Guido_den_Broeder|talk]], [[User:Guido_den_Broeder/Visit|visit]]) 10:46, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

== Fiction presented as fact ==

The article [[Zefram Cochrane]] says:
* ''was the inventor of warp drive on Earth, and was the first Human to travel faster than light.
* ''Cochrane was born in 2032. During the 2060s, he lived in Bozeman

I have no knowledge of this person but a reference to the the name made me look it up. I was surprised at the claims made and can only assume it is some science fiction stuff that has found its way into the encyclopedia. Perhaps it is meant to be a joke.

I can't see any explanation of why the article uses the past tense to refer to the future. I can only assume that this is a fictional article falsely protraying itself as fact. If the intention is to deceive the reader, it is an abuse of an encyclopedia. If there is no intention to deceive, then naive readers like me need a truthful explanation. Are there other such articles? If so, what is Wikipedia policy on such issues? [[User:Lightmouse|Lightmouse]] ([[User talk:Lightmouse|talk]]) 05:39, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

:The guideline is [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (writing about fiction)]], also the article had been heavily vandalised/updated a bit weirdly so I have reverted it to the last ok-ish version. [[User:Nanonic|Nanonic]] ([[User talk:Nanonic|talk]]) 05:42, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

== ALT text ==

The following sentence was recently added to [[WP:MOS#IMAGES]]: "Images, including math-mode equations, should generally include alt text that describes the image for visually impaired readers." We could really use more discussion over at [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style#ALT text]]. - Dan [[User:Dank55|Dank55]] ([[User talk:Dank55|send/receive]]) 16:22, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

== Content ==

If anyone can edit the content of this "encyclopedia", then the accuracy of its content is in question and cannot be reliable. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/76.109.230.1|76.109.230.1]] ([[User talk:76.109.230.1|talk]]) 05:58, 11 December 2008 (UTC) 
*Have a look at [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Overview#How_do_you_know_if_the_information_is_correct.3F]] and [[Wikipedia:Replies to common objections]]. You shouldn't blindly trust information, not on Wikipedia, but not elsewhere either. Anyone can make a website, so you never know if what it says is correct. In the past for example [[IMDB]] has been plagued by rumors and hoaxes. If you read an article on Wikipedia, look for the references and read those to check if they confirm what the article says. When you know where the information came from, you can assess if you deem the reference source reliable yourself. -- [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 09:23, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Narwhal

2008-11-18T09:37:01Z

Chris huh: /* Cultural references */ fix image

{{otheruses4|the species of whale|the class of submarine|Narwhal class submarine}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Narwhal<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Cetacea|id=14300107}}</ref>
| status = NT
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2008|assessors=Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Reeves, R.R., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang, J.Y. & Zhou, K.|year=2008|id=13704|title=Monodon monoceros|downloaded=7 October 2008}}</ref>
| image = Narwhalsk.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image2 = Narwhal_size.svg
| image2_width = 250px
| image2_caption = Size comparison with an average human
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Cetacea]]
| subordo = [[Odontoceti]]
| familia = [[Monodontidae]]
| genus = '''''Monodon'''''
| species = '''''M. monoceros'''''
| binomial = ''Monodon monoceros''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| range_map = Cetacea range map Narwhal.png
| range_map_width = 250px
| range_map_caption = Narwhal range (in blue)
}}

The '''Narwhal''' (''Monodon monoceros'') is an [[Arctic]] species of [[cetacean]]. It is a creature rarely found south of [[latitude]] 70°N. It is one of two species of [[white whale]] in the ''[[Monodontidae]]'' [[family (biology)|family]] (the other is the [[Beluga whale]]).

== Taxonomy and etymology ==
The narwhal was one of the many species originally described by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linnaeus">{{la icon}} {{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). | date=1758| pages=824}}</ref> This is based on the [[Old Norse]] word ''nár'', meaning "corpse", in reference to the animal's [[pigmentation]]. In some parts of the world, the Narwhal is colloquially referred to as the '''Moon Whale''' or the Polar Whale. In [[Inuit]] language the narwhal is named ''qilalugaq''.<ref name="Inuktitut">{{cite web
| url = http://www.livingdictionary.com/term/viewTerm.jsp?term=49143187700
| title = "narwhal"
| work = Inuktitut Living Dictionary
| accessdate = 2008-04-27
}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[Image:Narwalschaedel.jpg|100px|thumb|left|A narwhal skull with double [[tusk]]s, a rare trait in narwhals. Usually males have a single long tusk protruding from the incisor on the left side of the upper jaw. (Zoologisches Museum in Hamburg)]]

The most conspicuous characteristic of the male narwhal is its single, extraordinarily long [[tusk]]. It is an [[incisor]] tooth that projects from the left side of the upper jaw and forms a left-handed [[helix]]. The tusk can be up to three [[metre]]s (nearly 10 [[feet (unit of length)|ft]]) long (compared with a body length of 4-6 m [13-16 ft]) and weigh up to 10 [[kg]] (22 [[pounds (mass)|lbs]]). About one in 500 males has two tusks, which occurs when the right incisor, normally small, also grows out. A female narwhal may also produce a tusk, and there is a single recorded case of a female with dual tusks.<ref name="Carwardine">{{cite book
| last = Carwardine
| first = Mark
| title = DK Handbooks: Whales Dolphins and Porpoises
| publisher = Dorling Kindersley
| date = April 1995
| isbn = 1564586200
}}</ref>

The purpose of the tusk is unknown, though various explanations have been proposed. One explanation suggested that the tusk was used to pierce the [[ice]] covering the narwhal's [[Arctic Sea]] habitat.<ref>{{"It's Sensitive. Really". William J. Broad, New York Times, 13 December 2005, http://nytimes.com/2005/12/13/science/13narw.html / NYT article RSS link}}</ref> Another suggested the tusk was used in [[animal echolocation|echolocation]]. Other hypothesized uses include courting females, defense, and foraging for food. In yet another theory, the tusk is primarily used for showmanship and for dominance: males with larger tusks are more likely to successfully attract a mate. This hypothesis was suggested by the activity of "tusking," in which two males [[Narwhal#Behavior|rub tusks]].

However, recent work by a research team suggests that the tusk may in fact be a sensory organ.<ref name = "HarvardMed"/> [[Electron micrograph]]s of tusks revealed ten million tiny, deep [[tubule]]s extending from the tusk's surface, apparently connecting to the narwhal's [[nervous system]]. <ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051214081832.htm</ref> While such tubules are present in the teeth of many species, they do not typically extend to the surface of healthy teeth. The exact sensory purpose of the tusk remains unknown, but scientists now hypothesize that it may detect [[temperature]], [[salinity]], [[pressure]], or [[particulate]] makeup of the water environment.<ref name="HarvardMed">{{cite web
| url = http://web.med.harvard.edu/sites/RELEASES/html/12_13nweeia.html
| title = Marine Biology Mystery Solved: Function of "Unicorn" Whale's 8-foot Tooth Discovered
| publisher = Harvard Medical School
| date = [[13 December]] [[2005]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-27
}}</ref>

Male narwhals weigh up to 1,600 kg (3,500 lb), and the females weigh around 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). Most of the body is pale with brown [[speckle]]s in color, though the neck, head and edges of the flippers and [[fluke]] are nearly black. Older animals are usually more brightly colored than younger animals.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web
| title = Monodon monoceros
| work = Fisheries andAquaculture Department: Species Fact Sheets
| publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
| url = http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=species&fid=2742
| accessdate = 2007-11-20
}}</ref>

== Behavior and diet ==
[[Image:Narwhals breach.jpg|thumb|300px|Narwhals "tusking"]]
Narwhals are quick, active [[mammal]]s which feed mainly on [[cod]], [[squid]], [[shrimp]] and [[halibut]].<ref name="NOAA Ocean Explorer">{{cite web
| title = The Biology and Ecology of Narwhals
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| url = http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/biology/biology.html
| accessdate = 2008-09-
}}</ref>

In some areas their diet seems to have adapted to include different [[squid]]s, [[shrimp]]s, and various [[fish]], such as schooling [[pelagic]]s, [[halibut]]s, and [[redfish]]es, which they hunt by spearing with their tusk. Canadian Researcher William Sommers has found that when food is scarce, narwhals will even eat baby [[seals]]. Narwhals normally congregate in groups of about five to ten. Sometimes several of these groups might come together, particularly in [[summer]] when they congregate on the same coast.

Narwhals prefer to stay near the surface. During a typical deep dive the animal will descend as fast as 2 m/s for eight to ten minutes, reaching a depth of at least 1,500 m (5,000 ft), spend perhaps a couple of minutes at depth before returning to the surface.

===Tusking===
At times, male narwhals rub one another's tusks together in an activity called "tusking." Because of the tusk's high sensitivity, the males may engage in tusking for its unique sensation.[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25576785/?pg=7#ODDBALL_species_science]. The tusking may also simply be a way of clearing encrustations from the sensory tubules, analogous to [[brushing teeth]].

==Population and distribution==

[[Image:Narwhal distribution map.png|right|thumb|240px|The frequent (solid) and rare (striped) occurrence of narwhal populations]]

The narwhal is found predominantly in the Atlantic and [[Russia]]n areas of the Arctic. Individuals are commonly recorded in the northern part of [[Hudson Bay]], [[Hudson Strait]], [[Baffin Bay]]; off the east coast of [[Greenland]]; and in a strip running east from the northern end of Greenland round to eastern Russia (170° East). Land in this strip includes [[Svalbard]], [[Franz Joseph Land]], and [[Severnaya Zemlya]]. The northernmost sightings of narwhal have occurred north of Franz Joseph Land, at about 85° North latitude.

The world population is currently estimated to be around 50,000 individuals.<ref name="Milius">{{cite journal
| last = Milius
| first = Susan
| coauthors = Martin Nweeia
| date = [[25 March]] [[2006]]
| title = That's One Weird Tooth
| journal = [[Science News]]
| volume = 169
| issue = 12
| pages =
| id = ISSN 0036-8423
| url =
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
Most estimates of population have concentrated on the [[fjord]]s and inlets of [[Northern Canada]] and western Greenland. Aerial surveys suggest a population of around 20,000 individuals.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} When submerged animals are also taken into account, the true figure may be in excess of 25,000.

Narwhals are a [[migratory]] species. In summer months they move closer to coasts, usually in pods of 10-100. As the winter freeze begins, they move away from shore, and reside in densely-packed ice, surviving in [[lead (sea ice)|lead]]s and small holes in the ice. As [[spring]] comes, these leads open up into channels and the narwhals return to the coastal [[bay]]s.

== Predation and conservation ==
The main carnivores of the area and are polar bears and orcas. [[Inuit]] people are allowed to [[hunting|hunt]] this whale species legally. The northern climate provides little nutrition in the form of [[vitamin]]s which can only be obtained through the consumption of seal, whale, and walrus. The [[liver]]s of these animals are often eaten immediately following the killing by the hunting party in an ancient ceremony of respect for the animal. In Greenland, traditional hunting methods in [[whaling]] are used (such as harpooning), but high-speed [[boat]]s and [[hunting rifle]]s are frequently used in [[Northern Canada]]. [[PETA]] and other [[animal rights]] groups have long protested the killing of narwhals.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

A study published in April, 2008, in the peer-reviewed journal ''Ecological Applications'' found the narwhal to be the most potentially vulnerable to climate change when a risk analysis of other Arctic Marine Mammals was conducted. The study quantified the vulnerabilities of 11 year-round Arctic sea mammals.<ref name="Borenstein">{{cite news
| first = Seth
| last = Borenstein
| url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080425/ap_on_sc/climate_arctic_animals;_ylt=An7Bb5m_28.Qy3hAhn8aCx.s0NUE
| title = Narwhals more at risk to Arctic warming than polar bears
| work = Yahoo! News
| publisher = Associated Press
| date = [[25 April]] [[2008]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-27
}}</ref>

== Cultural references ==
[[Image:Coat of Arms of Nunavut.png|right|150px|thumb|A narwhal and a [[reindeer]] on the [[coat of arms]] of [[Nunavut]].]]
In [[Inuit mythology|Inuit legend]], the narwhal was created when a woman holding onto a [[harpoon]] had been pulled into the ocean and twisted around the harpoon. The submerged woman was wrapped around a [[beluga whale]] on the other end of the harpoon.

Some [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Europeans believed narwhal tusks to be the horns from the legendary [[unicorn]].<ref name="Daston"">Daston, Lorraine and Katharine Park. Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750. New York: Zone Books, 2001.</ref> As these "horns" were considered to have [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] powers, [[Vikings]] and other northern traders were able to sell them for many times their weight in [[gold]]. The tusks were used to make cups that were thought to negate any poison that may have been slipped into the drink. During the 16th century, [[Queen Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]] received a carved and bejeweled narwhal tusk for [[£]]10,000—the cost of a castle (approximately £1.5—2.5 Million in 2007, using the [[retail price index]]<ref>[http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/ Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to 2007]</ref>). The tusks were staples of the [[cabinet of curiosities]].

The truth of the tusk's origin developed gradually during the [[Age of Exploration]], as explorers and naturalists began to visit Arctic regions themselves. In 1555, [[Olaus Magnus]] published a drawing of a fish-like creature with a "horn" on its forehead.

== References ==
{{cetaceaportal}}
{{reflist}}

; General references

* "Narwhal". M. P. Heide-Jorgensen (pp 783–787), in ''Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals'', Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen eds. ISBN 0-12-551340-2
* [http://www.narwhal-whales.com/ Narwhal general information]
* [http://narwhal.org Narwhal Tooth Expedition and Research Investigation]
* [http://www.narwhal.info/ Narwhal info]
* "Narwhal Found to Have a Trick Up Its Tusk", [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=0002569C-5144-139F-914483414B7F0000 Scientific American News]

== External links ==
{{wikispecies|Monodon monoceros}}
* [http://www.narwhalwhales.com/ Narwhal Whales] Information and images

===Galleries===
{{commonscat|Monodon monoceros}}
* [http://www.worldpressphoto.org/index.php?option=com_photogallery&task=view&id=1151&Itemid=187&type=&selectedIndex=11&bandwidth=high Paul Nicklen, Canada] National Geographic Magazine
* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0708/feature3/gallery1.html On National Geographic]

{{Cetacea|O.1}}

[[Category:Arctic cetaceans]]
[[Category:Monodontidae]]
[[Category:Fauna of Greenland]]

{{Link FA|eo}}
[[zh-min-nan:Chi̍t-kak]]
[[bg:Нарвал]]
[[ca:Narval]]
[[cs:Narval]]
[[da:Narhval]]
[[de:Narwal]]
[[es:Monodon monoceros]]
[[eo:Narvalo]]
[[fa:ناروال]]
[[fr:Narval]]
[[gd:Muc-mhara adharcach]]
[[ko:일각고래]]
[[hr:Narval]]
[[io:Narvalo]]
[[ia:Narval]]
[[is:Náhvalur]]
[[it:Monodon monoceros]]
[[he:חדשן חדקרן]]
[[kl:Qilalugaq qernertaq]]
[[ka:მარტოკბილა]]
[[lt:Narvalas]]
[[hu:Narvál]]
[[nl:Narwal]]
[[ja:イッカク]]
[[no:Narhval]]
[[pl:Narwal]]
[[pt:Narval]]
[[ru:Нарвал]]
[[simple:Narwhal]]
[[sl:Samorog (kit)]]
[[fi:Sarvivalas]]
[[sv:Narval]]
[[tr:Narval]]
[[zh-yue:獨角鯨]]
[[zh:一角鲸]]

Narwhal

2008-11-18T09:35:40Z

Chris huh: /* Cultural references */ add Nunavet coat of arms

{{otheruses4|the species of whale|the class of submarine|Narwhal class submarine}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Narwhal<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Cetacea|id=14300107}}</ref>
| status = NT
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2008|assessors=Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Reeves, R.R., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang, J.Y. & Zhou, K.|year=2008|id=13704|title=Monodon monoceros|downloaded=7 October 2008}}</ref>
| image = Narwhalsk.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image2 = Narwhal_size.svg
| image2_width = 250px
| image2_caption = Size comparison with an average human
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Cetacea]]
| subordo = [[Odontoceti]]
| familia = [[Monodontidae]]
| genus = '''''Monodon'''''
| species = '''''M. monoceros'''''
| binomial = ''Monodon monoceros''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| range_map = Cetacea range map Narwhal.png
| range_map_width = 250px
| range_map_caption = Narwhal range (in blue)
}}

The '''Narwhal''' (''Monodon monoceros'') is an [[Arctic]] species of [[cetacean]]. It is a creature rarely found south of [[latitude]] 70°N. It is one of two species of [[white whale]] in the ''[[Monodontidae]]'' [[family (biology)|family]] (the other is the [[Beluga whale]]).

== Taxonomy and etymology ==
The narwhal was one of the many species originally described by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref name="Linnaeus">{{la icon}} {{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). | date=1758| pages=824}}</ref> This is based on the [[Old Norse]] word ''nár'', meaning "corpse", in reference to the animal's [[pigmentation]]. In some parts of the world, the Narwhal is colloquially referred to as the '''Moon Whale''' or the Polar Whale. In [[Inuit]] language the narwhal is named ''qilalugaq''.<ref name="Inuktitut">{{cite web
| url = http://www.livingdictionary.com/term/viewTerm.jsp?term=49143187700
| title = "narwhal"
| work = Inuktitut Living Dictionary
| accessdate = 2008-04-27
}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[Image:Narwalschaedel.jpg|100px|thumb|left|A narwhal skull with double [[tusk]]s, a rare trait in narwhals. Usually males have a single long tusk protruding from the incisor on the left side of the upper jaw. (Zoologisches Museum in Hamburg)]]

The most conspicuous characteristic of the male narwhal is its single, extraordinarily long [[tusk]]. It is an [[incisor]] tooth that projects from the left side of the upper jaw and forms a left-handed [[helix]]. The tusk can be up to three [[metre]]s (nearly 10 [[feet (unit of length)|ft]]) long (compared with a body length of 4-6 m [13-16 ft]) and weigh up to 10 [[kg]] (22 [[pounds (mass)|lbs]]). About one in 500 males has two tusks, which occurs when the right incisor, normally small, also grows out. A female narwhal may also produce a tusk, and there is a single recorded case of a female with dual tusks.<ref name="Carwardine">{{cite book
| last = Carwardine
| first = Mark
| title = DK Handbooks: Whales Dolphins and Porpoises
| publisher = Dorling Kindersley
| date = April 1995
| isbn = 1564586200
}}</ref>

The purpose of the tusk is unknown, though various explanations have been proposed. One explanation suggested that the tusk was used to pierce the [[ice]] covering the narwhal's [[Arctic Sea]] habitat.<ref>{{"It's Sensitive. Really". William J. Broad, New York Times, 13 December 2005, http://nytimes.com/2005/12/13/science/13narw.html / NYT article RSS link}}</ref> Another suggested the tusk was used in [[animal echolocation|echolocation]]. Other hypothesized uses include courting females, defense, and foraging for food. In yet another theory, the tusk is primarily used for showmanship and for dominance: males with larger tusks are more likely to successfully attract a mate. This hypothesis was suggested by the activity of "tusking," in which two males [[Narwhal#Behavior|rub tusks]].

However, recent work by a research team suggests that the tusk may in fact be a sensory organ.<ref name = "HarvardMed"/> [[Electron micrograph]]s of tusks revealed ten million tiny, deep [[tubule]]s extending from the tusk's surface, apparently connecting to the narwhal's [[nervous system]]. <ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051214081832.htm</ref> While such tubules are present in the teeth of many species, they do not typically extend to the surface of healthy teeth. The exact sensory purpose of the tusk remains unknown, but scientists now hypothesize that it may detect [[temperature]], [[salinity]], [[pressure]], or [[particulate]] makeup of the water environment.<ref name="HarvardMed">{{cite web
| url = http://web.med.harvard.edu/sites/RELEASES/html/12_13nweeia.html
| title = Marine Biology Mystery Solved: Function of "Unicorn" Whale's 8-foot Tooth Discovered
| publisher = Harvard Medical School
| date = [[13 December]] [[2005]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-27
}}</ref>

Male narwhals weigh up to 1,600 kg (3,500 lb), and the females weigh around 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). Most of the body is pale with brown [[speckle]]s in color, though the neck, head and edges of the flippers and [[fluke]] are nearly black. Older animals are usually more brightly colored than younger animals.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web
| title = Monodon monoceros
| work = Fisheries andAquaculture Department: Species Fact Sheets
| publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
| url = http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=species&fid=2742
| accessdate = 2007-11-20
}}</ref>

== Behavior and diet ==
[[Image:Narwhals breach.jpg|thumb|300px|Narwhals "tusking"]]
Narwhals are quick, active [[mammal]]s which feed mainly on [[cod]], [[squid]], [[shrimp]] and [[halibut]].<ref name="NOAA Ocean Explorer">{{cite web
| title = The Biology and Ecology of Narwhals
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| url = http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06arctic/background/biology/biology.html
| accessdate = 2008-09-
}}</ref>

In some areas their diet seems to have adapted to include different [[squid]]s, [[shrimp]]s, and various [[fish]], such as schooling [[pelagic]]s, [[halibut]]s, and [[redfish]]es, which they hunt by spearing with their tusk. Canadian Researcher William Sommers has found that when food is scarce, narwhals will even eat baby [[seals]]. Narwhals normally congregate in groups of about five to ten. Sometimes several of these groups might come together, particularly in [[summer]] when they congregate on the same coast.

Narwhals prefer to stay near the surface. During a typical deep dive the animal will descend as fast as 2 m/s for eight to ten minutes, reaching a depth of at least 1,500 m (5,000 ft), spend perhaps a couple of minutes at depth before returning to the surface.

===Tusking===
At times, male narwhals rub one another's tusks together in an activity called "tusking." Because of the tusk's high sensitivity, the males may engage in tusking for its unique sensation.[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25576785/?pg=7#ODDBALL_species_science]. The tusking may also simply be a way of clearing encrustations from the sensory tubules, analogous to [[brushing teeth]].

==Population and distribution==

[[Image:Narwhal distribution map.png|right|thumb|240px|The frequent (solid) and rare (striped) occurrence of narwhal populations]]

The narwhal is found predominantly in the Atlantic and [[Russia]]n areas of the Arctic. Individuals are commonly recorded in the northern part of [[Hudson Bay]], [[Hudson Strait]], [[Baffin Bay]]; off the east coast of [[Greenland]]; and in a strip running east from the northern end of Greenland round to eastern Russia (170° East). Land in this strip includes [[Svalbard]], [[Franz Joseph Land]], and [[Severnaya Zemlya]]. The northernmost sightings of narwhal have occurred north of Franz Joseph Land, at about 85° North latitude.

The world population is currently estimated to be around 50,000 individuals.<ref name="Milius">{{cite journal
| last = Milius
| first = Susan
| coauthors = Martin Nweeia
| date = [[25 March]] [[2006]]
| title = That's One Weird Tooth
| journal = [[Science News]]
| volume = 169
| issue = 12
| pages =
| id = ISSN 0036-8423
| url =
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
Most estimates of population have concentrated on the [[fjord]]s and inlets of [[Northern Canada]] and western Greenland. Aerial surveys suggest a population of around 20,000 individuals.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} When submerged animals are also taken into account, the true figure may be in excess of 25,000.

Narwhals are a [[migratory]] species. In summer months they move closer to coasts, usually in pods of 10-100. As the winter freeze begins, they move away from shore, and reside in densely-packed ice, surviving in [[lead (sea ice)|lead]]s and small holes in the ice. As [[spring]] comes, these leads open up into channels and the narwhals return to the coastal [[bay]]s.

== Predation and conservation ==
The main carnivores of the area and are polar bears and orcas. [[Inuit]] people are allowed to [[hunting|hunt]] this whale species legally. The northern climate provides little nutrition in the form of [[vitamin]]s which can only be obtained through the consumption of seal, whale, and walrus. The [[liver]]s of these animals are often eaten immediately following the killing by the hunting party in an ancient ceremony of respect for the animal. In Greenland, traditional hunting methods in [[whaling]] are used (such as harpooning), but high-speed [[boat]]s and [[hunting rifle]]s are frequently used in [[Northern Canada]]. [[PETA]] and other [[animal rights]] groups have long protested the killing of narwhals.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

A study published in April, 2008, in the peer-reviewed journal ''Ecological Applications'' found the narwhal to be the most potentially vulnerable to climate change when a risk analysis of other Arctic Marine Mammals was conducted. The study quantified the vulnerabilities of 11 year-round Arctic sea mammals.<ref name="Borenstein">{{cite news
| first = Seth
| last = Borenstein
| url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080425/ap_on_sc/climate_arctic_animals;_ylt=An7Bb5m_28.Qy3hAhn8aCx.s0NUE
| title = Narwhals more at risk to Arctic warming than polar bears
| work = Yahoo! News
| publisher = Associated Press
| date = [[25 April]] [[2008]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-27
}}</ref>

== Cultural references ==
[[Image:Coat of Arms of Nunavut.png|right|150px|A narwhal and a [[reindeer]] on the [[coat of arms]] of [[Nunavet]].]]
In [[Inuit mythology|Inuit legend]], the narwhal was created when a woman holding onto a [[harpoon]] had been pulled into the ocean and twisted around the harpoon. The submerged woman was wrapped around a [[beluga whale]] on the other end of the harpoon.

Some [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Europeans believed narwhal tusks to be the horns from the legendary [[unicorn]].<ref name="Daston"">Daston, Lorraine and Katharine Park. Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750. New York: Zone Books, 2001.</ref> As these "horns" were considered to have [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] powers, [[Vikings]] and other northern traders were able to sell them for many times their weight in [[gold]]. The tusks were used to make cups that were thought to negate any poison that may have been slipped into the drink. During the 16th century, [[Queen Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]] received a carved and bejeweled narwhal tusk for [[£]]10,000—the cost of a castle (approximately £1.5—2.5 Million in 2007, using the [[retail price index]]<ref>[http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/ Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to 2007]</ref>). The tusks were staples of the [[cabinet of curiosities]].

The truth of the tusk's origin developed gradually during the [[Age of Exploration]], as explorers and naturalists began to visit Arctic regions themselves. In 1555, [[Olaus Magnus]] published a drawing of a fish-like creature with a "horn" on its forehead.

== References ==
{{cetaceaportal}}
{{reflist}}

; General references

* "Narwhal". M. P. Heide-Jorgensen (pp 783–787), in ''Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals'', Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen eds. ISBN 0-12-551340-2
* [http://www.narwhal-whales.com/ Narwhal general information]
* [http://narwhal.org Narwhal Tooth Expedition and Research Investigation]
* [http://www.narwhal.info/ Narwhal info]
* "Narwhal Found to Have a Trick Up Its Tusk", [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=0002569C-5144-139F-914483414B7F0000 Scientific American News]

== External links ==
{{wikispecies|Monodon monoceros}}
* [http://www.narwhalwhales.com/ Narwhal Whales] Information and images

===Galleries===
{{commonscat|Monodon monoceros}}
* [http://www.worldpressphoto.org/index.php?option=com_photogallery&task=view&id=1151&Itemid=187&type=&selectedIndex=11&bandwidth=high Paul Nicklen, Canada] National Geographic Magazine
* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0708/feature3/gallery1.html On National Geographic]

{{Cetacea|O.1}}

[[Category:Arctic cetaceans]]
[[Category:Monodontidae]]
[[Category:Fauna of Greenland]]

{{Link FA|eo}}
[[zh-min-nan:Chi̍t-kak]]
[[bg:Нарвал]]
[[ca:Narval]]
[[cs:Narval]]
[[da:Narhval]]
[[de:Narwal]]
[[es:Monodon monoceros]]
[[eo:Narvalo]]
[[fa:ناروال]]
[[fr:Narval]]
[[gd:Muc-mhara adharcach]]
[[ko:일각고래]]
[[hr:Narval]]
[[io:Narvalo]]
[[ia:Narval]]
[[is:Náhvalur]]
[[it:Monodon monoceros]]
[[he:חדשן חדקרן]]
[[kl:Qilalugaq qernertaq]]
[[ka:მარტოკბილა]]
[[lt:Narvalas]]
[[hu:Narvál]]
[[nl:Narwal]]
[[ja:イッカク]]
[[no:Narhval]]
[[pl:Narwal]]
[[pt:Narval]]
[[ru:Нарвал]]
[[simple:Narwhal]]
[[sl:Samorog (kit)]]
[[fi:Sarvivalas]]
[[sv:Narval]]
[[tr:Narval]]
[[zh-yue:獨角鯨]]
[[zh:一角鲸]]

Love (Beatles album)

2008-11-17T11:48:37Z

Chris huh: /* Chart performance */ make table sortable

{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Love
| Type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| Longtype = ([[remix]])
| Artist = [[The Beatles]]
| Cover = LOVE.jpg
| Released = [[20 November]] [[2006]]
| Recorded = [[Abbey Road Studios]]; 1963–1969, 2004–2006
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| Length = 78:37 ([[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Gramophone record|vinyl]]) 80:34 ([[DVD-Audio]])
| Label = [[Apple Records|Apple]], [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[EMI]] (0946 3 79810 2 3)
| Producer = [[George Martin|George]] and [[Giles Martin]]
| Reviews =
*[[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:hc6ktr68kl3x link]
*''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' {{rating|5|5}} [http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4315 link]
*''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (A) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/review/music/0,6115,1560886_4_0_,00.html link]
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1949254,00.html link]
*''[[NME]]'' (8/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/beatles/8078 link]
*''[[The Observer]]'' {{Rating|5|5}} [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/10bestcds/story/0,,1943178,00.html link]
*[[Okayplayer]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.okayplayer.com/reviews/index.php/weblog/more/love/ link]
*[[Pitchfork Media]] (8.5/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/39860/The_Beatles_Love link]
*[[PopMatters]] (6/10) [http://www.popmatters.com/pm/music/reviews/8835/the-beatles-love1/ link]
*''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} #245, Dec. 2006, p133
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{Rating|3.5|5}} #1014, {{nowrap|30 Nov. 2006}}, p112
*''[[Slant Magazine|Slant]]'' {{Rating|5|5}} [http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1021 link]
*''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/the_beatles/reviews/9044 link]
| Last album = ''[[The Capitol Albums, Volume 2]]'' (2006)
| This album = '''''Love''''' (2006)
| Next album =
}}

'''''Love''''' is a [[Grammy Award]]-winning [[soundtrack]] [[compilation album]] of music recorded by [[The Beatles]], released in November 2006. It features music compiled and [[remix]]ed for the [[Cirque du Soleil]] show [[Love (Cirque du Soleil)|of the same name]]. The album was [[Record producer|produced]] by [[George Martin]] and his son [[Giles Martin]], who said, "What people will be hearing on the album is a new experience, a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period."<ref name="NME.com_1">{{cite web|title=Beatles to release new album|date=[[2006-10-02]]|publisher=[[NME]]|accessdate=2006-10-03
|url=http://www.nme.com/news/beatles/24534}}</ref>

==Release history==
[[George Martin]] and his son [[Giles Martin|Giles]] began work on ''Love'' after getting permission from [[Paul McCartney]], [[Ringo Starr]], [[Yoko Ono]], and [[Olivia Harrison]] (the latter two representing [[John Lennon]] and [[George Harrison]], respectively).<ref name="NME.com_1" /> In discussing the project, Giles Martin noted that elements were utilized from recordings in The Beatles catalogue, "the original four tracks, eight tracks and two tracks and used this palette of sounds and music to create a soundbed."<ref name="NME.com_1" /> George Martin also promised a prize to those who could crack a "code" found in the album.<ref>[http://www.therockradio.com/2006/07/beatles-producers-says-love-soundtrack.html Beatles producers says "Love" soundtrack includes secret code] theclockradio.com. Retrieved on [[June 15]], [[2007]].</ref>

Giles Martin said in an interview that he was afraid they wouldn't get the green light to do the project, so he started by making digital back-ups of the original multi-track recordings just to get started on the project. He also said that he and his father mixed more music than was eventually released, including "She's Leaving Home" and a version of "Girl" that he was particularly fond of.<ref>[http://www.norwegianwood.org/beatles/disko/uklp/love2006.htm Norwegian Wood - The Beatles Fan Club]</ref>

[[Paul McCartney]] and [[Ringo Starr]], the two surviving members of The Beatles after the release of "Love", responded very positively to the album. McCartney noted that "This album puts The Beatles back together again, because suddenly there's John and George with me and Ringo". Starr commended George and Giles Martin for the album and said that the album is "really powerful for me and I even heard things I'd forgotten we'd recorded."<ref name="Beatles.com_release">{{cite web|title="Love" Released in Stereo and 5.1 - on November 20th 2006|date=[[2006-10-16]]|publisher=[[The Beatles]]|accessdate=2006-10-17|url=http://www.beatles.com/newsletters/Issue_16/index.htm}}</ref><ref name="NME.com_2">{{cite web|title=The Beatles' new album: full details here|date=[[2006-10-17]]|publisher=[[NME]]|accessdate=2006-10-17|url=http://www.nme.com/news/beatles/24757}}</ref>

The album was first played publicly on [[Virgin Radio]]'s ''[[The Geoff Show]]''. Virgin Radio [[Disc jockey|DJ]] [[Geoff Lloyd]], a self-proclaimed fan of The Beatles, chose to play the entire album uninterrupted to allow younger fans to experience an album premiere.<ref name="Virgin_Radio">{{cite web|title=Amazing response to the Beatles album|date=[[2006-11-16]]|publisher=[[Virgin Radio]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|url=http://www.virginradio.co.uk/music/news/story/494/Amazing_response_to_the_Beatles_album.html}}</ref>

''Love'' placed at #3 in the [[UK Albums Chart]] during its first week of release, trailing [[Westlife]]'s ''[[The Love Album (Westlife album)|The Love Album]]'' and [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]' ''[[Stop the Clocks]]'' compilation.<ref name="NME.com_3">{{cite web|title=Westlife beat Oasis, U2 and The Beatles in UK album battle|date=[[2006-11-26]]|publisher=[[NME]]|accessdate=2006-11-26|url=http://www.nme.com/news/oasis/25205}}</ref> It was also successful in the United States, debuting at #4 in the [[Billboard 200]], where it was certified [[Music recording sales certification|Platinum]] in late 2006.<ref name="Billboard Artist Chart History">{{cite web|title=Billboard.com - Artist Chart History - The Beatles|work=[[Billboard 200]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=4057&model.vnuAlbumId=2258
|accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref>

''Love'' debuted at #1 in the United World Chart selling 721,000 copies in its first week and knocked off the top spot six new big releases that occupied other positions of the Top 10. With a leap of 26,000 copies, [[Jay-Z]]'s ''[[Kingdom Come (album)|Kingdom Come]]'' debuted at #2 and with 300,000 copies less than ''Love'', [[U2]]'s ''[[U218 Singles]]'' placed at #3. The following week, the album continued occupying the top spot, this time with a respectable 436,000 copies sold. Despite a sales increase of 467,000 copies in its third week, ''Love'' slipped down to #2 knocked by [[Il Divo]]'s ''[[Siempre]]'', which only sold 5,000 more. However, the following week ''Love'' returned to #1 and the same time reached Platinum certification in the United World Chart for 2 million copies sold.

Sales increased again during the next week due to the Christmas period and spent a total of six weeks at the top. It was finally displaced by U2 in late January 2007. After that, ''Love'' fell quickly in the chart and only achieved 15 weeks inside the Top 40. With only four weeks out in stores during 2006, ''Love'' became the fifteenth best-selling album of the year worldwide with 2,849,000 copies sold. During the following six months the album continued to sell steadily, at an average rate of 25,000 copies sold worldwide per week. It did so particularly in the United States, where it was still in the charts after 60 weeks.

At the 50th annual Grammy awards on February 10th, 2008, the album won Grammys in two categories - Best Compilation Soundtrack Album and Best Surround Sound Album.

==Release details==
The album was released in three versions — a standard [[Compact Disc|CD]] version, a two-disc CD and [[DVD-Audio]] package and a two-disc vinyl package. The DVD-Audio disc contains a 5.1-channel [[surround sound]] mix (96 kHz 24-bit [[Meridian Lossless Packing|MLP]]), downmixable to 2-channel. For backwards compatibility it also contains separate audio-only [[DVD-Video]] content with 2-channel stereo (48 kHz 16-bit PCM) and 5.1-channel surround (448 kbit/s [[Dolby Digital]] and 754 kbit/s [[Digital Theater System|DTS]]).

{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Date
! Label
! Format
! Catalog
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Japan]]
|rowspan="2"| [[2006-11-15]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Toshiba-EMI]]
| CD
| TOCP-70200
|-
| CD / DVD-Audio
| TOCP-70201
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan="3"| [[2006-11-20]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Apple Records]], [[EMI]]
|-
| CD
| 3798082 / 0946 3 79808 2 8
|-
| CD / DVD-Audio
| 3798102 / 0946 3 79810 2 3
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[United States]]
|rowspan="2"| [[2006-11-21]]
|rowspan="2"| Apple, [[Capitol Records]], EMI
| CD
| 0946 3 79808 2 8
|-
| CD / DVD-Audio
| 0946 3 79810 2 3
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan="2"| [[2007-04-30]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Apple Records]], [[EMI]]
|-
| Vinyl
|
|}

==Track listing==
The [[DVD]] has longer versions of "Revolution" and "Back in the USSR", increasing the total running time by nearly two minutes. The track listing for both discs is as follows:


All tracks written by [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul McCartney]], except where noted (see also: [[Lennon/McCartney]]).
# "[[Because (The Beatles song)|Because]]" – 2:44
# "[[Get Back]]" – 2:05
# "[[Glass Onion]]" – 1:20
# "[[Eleanor Rigby]]" "[[Julia (The Beatles song)|Julia]] (transition)" – 3:05
# "[[I Am the Walrus]]" – 4:28
# "[[I Want to Hold Your Hand]]" – 1:26
# "[[Drive My Car]] / [[The Word (song)|The Word]] / [[What You're Doing]]" – 1:54
# "[[Sun King (song)|Gnik Nus]]" – 0:55
# "[[Something]]" ([[George Harrison|Harrison]]) "[[Blue Jay Way]] (Harrison) (transition)" – 3:29
# "[[Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!]] / [[I Want You (She's So Heavy)]] / [[Helter Skelter (song)|Helter Skelter]]" – 3:22
# "[[Help! (song)|Help!]]" – 2:18
# "[[Blackbird (song)|Blackbird]] / [[Yesterday (song)|Yesterday]]" – 2:31
# "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]" – 4:31
# "[[Within You Without You]] / [[Tomorrow Never Knows]]" (Harrison, Lennon/McCartney) – 3:07
# "[[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds]]" – 4:10
# "[[Octopus's Garden]]" ([[Ringo Starr|Starkey]]) – 3:18
# "[[Lady Madonna]]" – 2:56
# "[[Here Comes the Sun]]" (Harrison) "[[The Inner Light (song)|The Inner Light]] (transition)" (Harrison) – 4:18
# "[[Come Together]] / [[Dear Prudence]]" "[[Cry Baby Cry]] (transition)" – 4:45
# "[[Revolution (song)|Revolution]]" – 2:14 (CD version) / 3:23 (DVD version)
# "[[Back in the U.S.S.R.]]" – 1:54 (CD version) / 2:34 (DVD version)
# "[[While My Guitar Gently Weeps]]" (Harrison) – 3:46
# "[[A Day in the Life]]" – 5:08
# "[[Hey Jude]]" – 3:58
# "[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)#Reprise|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)]]" – 1:22
# "[[All You Need Is Love]]" – 3:38

==Track elements==
''Love'' contains elements from 130 individual recordings of [[The Beatles]].<ref name="AboutLove">{{cite web|title=The Beatles - Love|publisher=[[about.com]]|accessdate=2007-01-06
|url=http://classicrock.about.com/od/reviews/fr/beatles_love.htm}}</ref> While a complete list has not been disclosed, highlights of how the elements were mixed have been noted by the press.

*"Because" – An interview in ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' revealed that the opening track includes the bird sounds used in the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund]] version of "[[Across the Universe]]".<ref name="EntertainmentWeekly">{{cite web|title=Labor of ''LOVE'' |author=Chris Willman|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=[[2006-11-29]]|accessdate=2006-11-29|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/report/0,6115,1562172_4_0_,00.html}}</ref> In addition, a new recording of a [[Wood Pigeon]] was implemented "to make it more British," according to [[George Martin]].<ref name="EntertainmentWeekly" />

*"Get Back" – As reported, the track utilizes the opening guitar from "[[A Hard Day's Night (song)|A Hard Day's Night]]", the drum and guitar solos from "[[The End (The Beatles song)|The End]]", percussion from "[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)#Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)]]", and the orchestral swell from "[[A Day in the Life]]".<ref name="MiamiHerald">{{cite web|title=It's hard not to LOVE the new Beatles album|author=Howard Cohen|publisher=[[Miami Herald]]|date=[[2006-11-21]]|accessdate=2006-11-23|url=http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/entertainment/music/16063294.htm}}</ref><ref name="USAToday" />

*"I Want to Hold Your Hand" – An interview with George and [[Giles Martin]] stated that elements from both the studio recording and the [[Hollywood Bowl]] live performance were mixed to create this version.<ref name="EntertainmentWeekly"/>

*"Drive My Car / The Word / What You're Doing" – As reported, the medley features the guitar solo from "[[Taxman]]" and the horns section from "[[Savoy Truffle]]".<ref name="PopMatters">{{cite web|title=The Beatles: Love - PopMatters Music Review|publisher=PopMatters|date=[[2006-12-15]]|accessdate=2006-12-27|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/music/reviews/8835/the-beatles-love1/}}</ref>

*"Gnik Nus" – As suggested in its title, the track contains the vocal arrangement of "[[Sun King (song)|Sun King]]" played in reverse.<ref name="PopMatters" />

*"Something / Blue Jay Way (transition)" – The track contains vocal elements from "[[Nowhere Man (song)|Nowhere Man]]".<ref name="CTVNews">{{cite web|title=Beatles smash hits now a mashup|publisher=CTVNews|date=[[2006-11-21]]|accessdate=2006-11-23|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061121/beatles_mashup_061121/}}</ref>

*"Strawberry Fields Forever" – A review of the album noted that this version builds from an acoustic [[demo (music)|demo]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|title=Love unveils new angle on Beatles|date=[[2006-11-17]]|author= Greig Watson |publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2006-11-17|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6159426.stm}}</ref> It includes the orchestral section from "[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]", the solo piano from "[[In My Life]]", the brass included in "[[Penny Lane]]", the cello and harpsicord arrangement from "[[Piggies]]" and the coda of "[[Hello, Goodbye]]".<ref name="PopMatters" />

*"Within You Without You / Tomorrow Never Knows" – This track combines the vocals from "[[Within You Without You]]" with the bass and drums from "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]."<ref name="USAToday">{{cite web|title= A likely lament: 'You can't do that to The Beatles |publisher=USA Today|date=[[2006-11-13]]|accessdate=2007-01-16|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2006-11-13-beatles-cover_x.htm}}</ref>

*"Octopus's Garden" – According to ''[[USA Today]]'' and ''[[PopMatters]]'', this track contains the string arrangement from "[[Good Night (song)|Good Night]]", sound effects used in "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]" and elements from "[[Lovely Rita]]" and "[[Helter Skelter (song)|Helter Skelter]]".<ref name="PopMatters" /><ref name="USAToday" />

*"Lady Madonna" – The song includes the guitar riff from "[[Hey Bulldog]]", [[Eric Clapton]]'s guitar solo from "[[While My Guitar Gently Weeps]]" and [[Billy Preston]]'s organ solo from "[[I Want You (She's So Heavy)]]".<ref name="Norwegianwood">[http://www.norwegianwood.org/beatles/disko/uklp/love2006.htm] Retrieved on [[August 16]], [[2008]].</ref>

*"Here Comes the Sun / The Inner Light (transition)" – As mentioned by [[Giles Martin]], the track includes backing vocals from "[[Oh! Darling]]" and a bass line from "[[I Want You (She's So Heavy)]]".<ref name="LoveSite">[http://www.beatles.com/hub/love/site/ The Beatles ''Love'' website] (video section). beatles.com. Retrieved on [[May 8]], [[2008]].</ref>

*"While My Guitar Gently Weeps" – A [[BBC]] article reported that George Martin chose to use an early version of the recording for the album and wrote a new orchestral backing for the track. This was also stated in the fifth chapter of ''The Beatles 'LOVE' Podcast''.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="LOVE Podcast">{{cite web|title=The Beatles 'LOVE' Podcast |publisher=The Beatles|date=[[2007-01-11]]|accessdate=2007-01-22|url=http://www.thebeatles.com/hub/love/podcast/love_podcast.xml}}</ref>

==Chart performance==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="center"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Providers
!align="center"|Peak position
!align="center"|Certification
!align="center"|Sales
|-
|align="left"| [[Argentina]]
|align="left"|CAPIF
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|Gold (2x)
|align="center"|40,000<ref>[http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?CodOp=ESOP&CO=5 Discos de Oro y Platino]</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Billboard 200]]
|align="left" rowspan="3"|Billboard
|align="center"|4<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=The+Billboard+200 Billboard 200]</ref>
|align="center" rowspan="3"|Platinum
|align="center" rowspan="3"|1,669,712 <ref>[http://www.ukmix.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=46325 Billboard Top 200]</ref>
|-
|align="left"|[[Billboard Comprehensive Albums]]
|align="center"|4<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=Billboard+Comprehensive+Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums]</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Billboard Top Internet Albums
|align="center"|1<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=Top+Internet+Albums Top Internet Albums]</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Euro Album Chart
|align="left"|[[IFPI]]
|align="center"|1<ref>[http://music.allofmp3.com/ratings/charts.shtml?action=EUROalbums Euro Album Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat_month_20070124.html Ifpi Platnum by Month]</ref>
|align="center"|2,000,000+
|-
|align="left"|Canada Album Chart
|align="left"|Nielsen Soundscan
|align="center"|1<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:6f77gjyrn6im~T3 Allmusic Chart Information]</ref>
|align="center"|2x Platinum<ref>[http://www.cria.ca/gold/1206_g.php CRIA Gold & Platinum certifications for December 2006]. Retrieved [[July 25]], [[2007]].</ref>
|align="center"|200,000+
|-
|align="left"| France Album Chart
|align="left"|SNEP/IFOP
|align="center"|1<ref>[http://lescharts.com/weekchart.asp?cat=a PALMARÈS - ALBUMS TOP 200 - 07/07/2007]</ref>
|align="center"|Platinum
|align="center"|211.200<ref>[http://fanofmusic.free.fr/ParcoursAlbum-T.php Charts Francais]</ref>
|-
|align="left"| Greek International Album Chart
|align="left"|IFPI
|align="center"|1<ref>[http://www.mad.tv/top/?chid=2604&fr=0&lim=10 CHARTS - IFPI En]</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|20,000
|-
|align="left"|Ireland Album Chart
|align="left"|IRMA
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3x Platinum
|align="center"|45,000
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australian Album Chart]]
|align="left"|ARIA
|align="center"|2<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au Aria Charts]</ref>
|align="center"|2x Platinum
|align="center"|140,000+
|-
|align="left"|[[RIANZ|New Zealand Album Chart]]
|align="left"|RIANZ
|align="center"|2<ref>[http://www.RIANZ.org.nz Rianz.org]</ref>
|align="center"|Platinum
|align="center"|15,000+
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control|German Album Chart]]
|align="left"|Media Control
|align="center"|2<ref name="chartsurf"/>
|align="center"|3x Gold
|align="center"|300,000+
|-
|align="left"|Sweden Album Chart
|align="left"|GLF
|align="center"|2<ref>[http://www.hitlistan.se/ Hitlistan.se]</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|20,000+
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Album Chart]]
|align="left"|BPI/The Official UK Charts Company
|align="center"|3<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com The Official Charts]</ref>
|align="center"|2x Platinum
|align="center"|769,000 (to June 8, 2007)
|-
|align="left"|[[Oricon|Japanese Album Chart]]
|align="left"|Oricon
|align="center"|3<ref>[http://jbbs.livedoor.jp/bbs/read.cgi/music/3914/1044805378/375 アルバムウイークリーＴＯＰ５０補完スレ]</ref>
|align="center"|Platinum
|align="center"|242,822
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control|Swiss Album Chart]]
|align="left"|Media Control Europe
|align="center"|3<ref>[http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Love&cat=a Swiss Charts]</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|-
|align="left"|Belgium Album Chart
|align="left"|Ultratop / Nielsen
|align="center"|3<ref>[http://entertainment.skynet.be/index.html?l1=entertainment&l2=ultratop&l3=charts&chartid=5&new_lang=nl Entertainment Skynet]</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|15,000+
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control|Austria Album Chart]]
|align="left"|Media Control Europe
|align="center"|3<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/weekchart.asp?cat=a Austrian Charts]</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|-
|align="left"|[[Megacharts|Netherlands Album Chart]]
|align="left"|Megacharts
|align="center"|4<ref>[http://www.megacharts.nl Megacharts]</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|47,130
|-
|align="left"|Czech Republic Albums Chart
|align="left"|IFPI
|align="center"|4<ref>[http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?hitp=P HitParada]</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Album Chart
|align="left"|Promusicae/Media Control
|align="center"|5<ref>[http://www.artistas-espectaculos.com/topafp.php Artistas & Espectáculos 2008 . Top Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|10,000+
|-
|align="left"|Finland Album Chart
|align="left"|GLF
|align="center"|5<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Beatles&titel=Love&cat=a Finnish Charts]</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|-
|align="left"|Italy Album Chart
|align="left"|FIMI/Nielsen
|align="center"|7<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idclassifica=1879&archivio=true Fimi.it]</ref>
|align="center"|Platinum
|align="center"|150.000
|-
|align="left"|Spain Album Chart
|align="left"|Promusicae/Media Control
|align="center"|9<ref>[http://www.los40.com/actualidad/listas/afyve.html Los 40]</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|-
|align="left"|Estonia Album Chart
|align="left"|Media Control Europe
|align="center"|17<ref>[http://www.pedro.ee/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=294&Itemid=18 Estonia Album Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|
|align="center"|
|}

==Reception==
At the [[50th Grammy Awards]], ''Love'' won for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album and Best Surround Sound Album.

==See also==
*[[All Together Now (DVD)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*{{Discogs release|name=Love|id=842126}}
*[http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/beatles/love Reviews] at [[Metacritic]]
*[http://www.highfidelityreview.com/reviews/review.asp?reviewnumber=11051798 DVD-Audio specific review] at HFR

{{The Beatles compilations}}

[[Category:2006 albums]]
[[Category:The Beatles albums]]
[[Category:Apple Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by George Martin]]
[[Category:Albums released on DVD-Audio]]
[[Category:Capitol Records albums]]
[[Category:EMI Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Giles Martin]]

[[ca:Love]]
[[de:Love (The Beatles)]]
[[es:Love (álbum de The Beatles)]]
[[fr:Love (album des Beatles)]]
[[it:LOVE]]
[[he:LOVE (אלבום)]]
[[ka:Love (ბითლზის ალბომი)]]
[[nl:Love (album)]]
[[ja:ラヴ (ビートルズ)]]
[[no:Love (Beatlesalbum)]]
[[pl:Love (album The Beatles)]]
[[pt:Love (álbum de The Beatles)]]
[[ru:Love (альбом The Beatles)]]
[[fi:Love (The Beatles)]]
[[sv:Love (Beatlesalbum)]]

Talk:PlayStation 3

2008-11-13T16:59:21Z

Chris huh: /* 160 GB PS3 Compatibility */ reply

{{talkheader}}
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|action1=FAC
|action1date=16:58, 10 April 2006
|action1link=Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/PlayStation 3/archive1
|action1result=not promoted
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|action2=PR
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|action2link=Wikipedia:Peer review/PlayStation 3/archive1
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|action4link=Talk:PlayStation 3#Failed GA nom, Jan 2008
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|action7=FTC
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|action7link=Wikipedia:Featured topic candidates/Video game consoles (seventh generation)
|action7result=promoted

|ftname=Video game consoles (seventh generation)
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{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Video games|class=FA|importance=high|nested=yes}}
{{Playstationp|class=FA|importance=Top|nested=yes}}
{{blurayp|class=FA|nested=yes}}
}}
{| class="infobox" width="270px"
|-
!align="center"|[[Image:Vista-file-manager.png|50px|Archive]] [[Wikipedia:How to archive a talk page|Archives]]
|-
| style="font-size:90%" |
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive1|Archive 1 (May 2005)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive2|Archive 2 (May 2005 - July 2005)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive3|Archive 3 (Jul 2005 - Dec 2005)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive4|Archive 4 (Dec 2005 - Feb 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive5|Archive 5 (Feb 2006 - Apr 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive6|Archive 6 (Apr 2006 - May 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive7|Archive 7 (May 2006 - June 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive8|Archive 8 (June 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive9|Archive 9 (July 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive10|Archive 10 (August 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive11|Archive 11 (September 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive12|Archive 12 (October 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 13|Archive 13 (November 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 14|Archive 14 (December 2006)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 15|Archive 15 (January - March 2007)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 16|Archive 16 (March 2007 - May 2007)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 17|Archive 17 (June 2007 - August 2007)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 18|Archive 18 (August 2007 - November 2007)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 19|Archive 19 (November 2007 - February 2008)]]
*[[Talk:PlayStation 3/Archive 20|Archive 20 (February 2008 - May 2008)]]
|}

{| class="infobox" width="20%"
|-
!style="text-align:center;"|Requests for Content
|-
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* Better picture under a free ([[GPL]], [[Public domain]]) or [[Creative Commons]] license
|}

__TOC__

== PS3 launch in Argentina ==
Remember in E3 2008 Sony said they would be launching oficially the PS3 in Latin America by the end of this year? Well, it seems that the PS3 is going to get an official launch in Argentina very soon, as well as the PSP. This is all the info:
<blockquote>
Preorders since October 1st, will be delivered on October 15th.
PS3 40GB + Pro Evolution Soccer 2008 + Pro Evolution Soccer 2008 guide = $ 3000 (984 USD)
Bluray Zone A
100-240V Voltage
1 year warranty in Sony Argentina up to six montly payments without interest
</blockquote>
[http://www.mundialgamer.com Source] --[[User:Magnusmaster|I Am Magnus]][[User talk: Magnusmaster|talk]] 20:06, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
== Hard Drive interchangable by other standard notebook hard drive ==

I am not sure if it is possible to change the PS3's HD on all models with another off-the shelf notebook-hd and if this is difficult to do or not. If so it could be included here, because it's quite a nice feature opposed to the 360's hd that has to be bought from MS exclusively. Also I'd like to know the maximum size the PS3 accepts. Perhaps somebody could include this info. Thanks. [[User:Karoschne|Karoschne]] ([[User talk:Karoschne|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment was added at 15:23, 7 September 2008 (UTC) 

Firstly, you're using a talk page as a forum, which is not allowed. Secondly, yes, as long as it is not too fast, and is [[SATA]].[[User:Goodone121|Bettering the Wiki]] ([[User talk:Goodone121|talk]]) 16:12, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
:PS3's hard drive must be 2.5" SATA.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:02, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

According to Gamespot, you can use a Solid State Drive in it as well. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.15.241.241|86.15.241.241]] ([[User talk:86.15.241.241|talk]]) 10:57, 21 October 2008 (UTC) 
:That might be worth putting in. Can you provide a link? '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 11:36, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

== Rip Itunes DRM files to the HDD ==
I haven't put this in the article yet but, if you hook up an Ipod (via USB) to the PS3 you can rip Itunes DRM protected files. All you do is go to the Music section of the XMB, then select the Ipod from the list of removable media (i.e. memory cards, usb flash drives), hit Triangle and select view all. You will then see a folder named Itunes or Music I cant remember, then dig around and you will see your Ipod's Itunes DRM library. You must have ACC playback enabled in the system settings to play the files. Unfortunately when your viewing the files, the artist and the track name are gone. The music folders and songs themselves look like someone mashed a keyboard (i.e. "hdwqv" would be the name of an music file). Check it out, I have a bunch of songs on my PS3 HDD. The PS3 cant play the Ipod though, but who cares when you can rip DRM files. [[User:DevonTheDude|DevonTheDude]] ([[User talk:DevonTheDude|talk]]) 06:44, 26 February 2008 (UTC)DevonTheDude[[User:DevonTheDude|DevonTheDude]] ([[User talk:DevonTheDude|talk]]) 06:44, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
:I cant see how its relevant. And discussion pages work from the bottom up, not down. [[User:John.n-irl|john.n-irl]] ([[User talk:John.n-irl|talk]]) 19:22, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

I mentioned it b/c software to unlock DRM Itunes files is very scarce, even on PC. Just glad to know the PS3 can do it with out any additional software / hacks. It's a great way to put music on your PS3, epically if you use Itunes /Ipod.

:There's a gazillion programs which can get your itunes off an Ipod. Try [[Comparison_of_iPod_managers]] or floola for a multi platform program which does this. [[User:Furrycushion|Furrycushion]] ([[User talk:Furrycushion|talk]]) 08:59, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Are the programs legal and do they come pre-installed on the computer? The PS3 rips DRM Itunes files right out of the box, no 3rd party software required. A great feature since more games are including custom soundtracks and someday (Summer 08' according to SCE) In-game XMB music. http://n4g.com/ps3/News-118249.aspx
[[User:DevonTheDude|DevonTheDude]] ([[User talk:DevonTheDude|talk]]) 23:52, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

:I am not a lawyer but it all might depend on whether you live in the US or a country with more freedoms, like China. However 30 of them on the link I gave are free. [[User:Furrycushion|Furrycushion]] ([[User talk:Furrycushion|talk]]) 13:36, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

:: If the PS3 does what devonthedude describes, it would seem a pretty clear violation of the [[dmca]]. Perhaps its better to not include it :)
:: [[User:Wageslave|Wageslave]] ([[User talk:Wageslave|talk]]) 06:37, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Thats what I figured but the PS3 has been out for 1.5 years and still no lawsuit, I figured that people would want to know especially with in-game xmb coming soon. [[User:DevonTheDude|DevonTheDude]] ([[User talk:DevonTheDude|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|comment]] was added at 04:37, 22 April 2008 (UTC) 

== 80 GB still available? ==

In the retail configurations table, it says that the 80 GB model is still in production. I don't think it is available anymore, and won't be until June, when the new version comes out. Can anyone confirm this? —[[User:Wikiperson0202|Wikiperson0202]] ([[User talk:Wikiperson0202|talk]]) 19:34, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

:I've asked a sales person at Best Buy, and that's what they said too. No retail stores carry it at the moment[, until June]. Just Gamestop (Refurbished only.) I even went to wal-mart in person to check it out (both regular and superstores.) there's also this source: http://www.engadget.com/2008/01/24/best-buy-quitting-the-80gb-ps3/ as well. [[Special:Contributions/71.90.128.212|71.90.128.212]] ([[User talk:71.90.128.212|talk]]) 20:57, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

:The 80GB PS3s (Refurbished) have been removed from the gamestop website by the way. [[Special:Contributions/68.190.115.253|68.190.115.253]] ([[User talk:68.190.115.253|talk]]) 16:52, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

:While this may or may not be actual "proof", [http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&productId=8198552921665371946 this] will hopefully be enough evidence that the 80GB PS3 is still in production. [[User:MastrCake|MastrCake]] ([[User talk:MastrCake|talk]]) 21:58, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Is this true? I went to my local wal-mart yesterday and they told me that they have no plans to restock, all they had was the 40 Gig. I thought it was just that one store seeing as how it's located in a really small town. But then I went to walmart.com and I couldn't find one there either. Is it just walmart or is everyone only stocking the 40 Gig?[[User:Zabbethx|Zabbethx]] ([[User talk:Zabbethx|talk]]) 12:09, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Gamestop said they removed the 80 GB PS3s from their website (refurbished ones only anyway) because they heard Sony saying they have no plans to resume production of the 80 GBs. [[Special:Contributions/68.190.115.253|68.190.115.253]] ([[User talk:68.190.115.253|talk]]) 15:13, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
The 80G come out on the 12 of June. The 80G will have MGS4 and a controler. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Celman|Celman]] ([[User talk:Celman|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Celman|contribs]]) 03:22, 7 June 2008 (UTC) 
:I meant separately. [[Special:Contributions/68.190.115.253|68.190.115.253]] ([[User talk:68.190.115.253|talk]]) 04:50, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
::The 80GB PS3 (2008 edition) was released August 2008 in Europe, and September 2008 in North America.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:05, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== Japanese Games ==

Does anyone know if Japanese games, mainly from PS2, can be played on the PS3 without having to buy any additional components? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.176.117.190|71.176.117.190]] ([[User talk:71.176.117.190|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2008 (UTC) 
:No, they can't. PS2 games aren't regionless (nor are PSX/One Games), the hardware for the PS2 included isn't regionless either (same goes for the software emulation.) Note, to even play PS2 games, you need an 80, 20, 60 GB version. [[Special:Contributions/71.90.128.212|71.90.128.212]] ([[User talk:71.90.128.212|talk]]) 05:31, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
::Now you need a 2007 80GB PS3 and not a 2008 80GB PS3 to play PS2 games on the 80gb.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 12:12, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

==lacks IPTV subsection in "software" section!==
i've created the [[MegaTV (Korea)]] stub. :)
[[PlayTV]] will be available soon anyway. [[User:Cliché Online|Cliché Online]] ([[User talk:Cliché Online|talk]]) 17:58, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

== PS2 Compatibility ==

I notice that in the "Retail configurations" section, the 40GB model is listed without PS2 compatibility, but the caption below says that "All models include: ... PlayStation backward compatibility through software emulation". Is this a mistake? Does the caption mean PS1 compatibility? I don't own this console so I cannot confirm and update myself, but it would be nice to make this more clear. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.82.242.132|24.82.242.132]] ([[User talk:24.82.242.132|talk]]) 10:02, 29 May 2008 (UTC) 
: Seems pretty clear to me... PlayStation == Playstation != PlayStation 2... I dont know how you can make this clearer... --[[User:Vylen|Vylen]] ([[User talk:Vylen|talk]]) 12:15, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
:All PS3s have [[Playstation]] backwards compatibility, but not all have [[Playstation 2]] backwards compatibility. So yes, the caption is with regards to PS1 backwards compatibility. [[User:Chan Yin Keen|Chan Yin Keen]] | [[User talk:Chan Yin Keen|Talk]] 12:46, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
The 80G PS3 will all most play all PS1 and PS2 games.
:There aren't any availible anymore on gamestop's website. Best place to go is eBay and look for them then. Gamestop pulled them due to Sony telling them that they are no longer in production =/ [[Special:Contributions/68.190.115.253|68.190.115.253]] ([[User talk:68.190.115.253|talk]]) 04:51, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
I think it should say PS1, Playstation 1, or PSOne instead, since Playstation is usually refered to the whole Playstation gaming industry. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.252.35.121|99.252.35.121]] ([[User talk:99.252.35.121|talk]]) 00:42, 26 June 2008 (UTC) 
:If anything, it should be named Playstation Experimental (PSX) even though it could be confused with the PSX DVR. [[Special:Contributions/66.168.19.135|66.168.19.135]] ([[User talk:66.168.19.135|talk]]) 16:27, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
:::No, it should say PSONe, he is right. It isnt a matter of extreme semantics anal retentiveness, its just a question of making sure there is no confusion for the sake of accuracy in the article. Playstation is too generic. At least one person was confused, hence the comment here. PSOne or Playstation 1 is extremely clear. The goal is to make it more clear, not less. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/131.107.0.102|131.107.0.102]] ([[User talk:131.107.0.102|talk]]) 00:08, 27 July 2008 (UTC) 

Please Note that the MGS4 version of PS3 is backwards compatible. a simple google search verifies this. [[User:Sartaj|Sartaj]] ([[User talk:Sartaj|talk]]) 13:29, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

I do not believe it's been disclosed whether the 80GB Fall 2008 PS3 will have backwards compatibility or not. The "No" should probably be changed to "Unknown" in the retail configs table. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/76.24.8.200|76.24.8.200]] ([[User talk:76.24.8.200|talk]]) 01:06, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

The retail configs table is incorrect in respect of the PS2 backwards compatibility, as it doesn't represent well what is written about this below it. Namely, it lists only the Emotion Engine as included in the 20 and 60 GB NTSC models, while it should state "Emotion Engine + Graphics Synthesizer". Also, it states "Software (emulation)" for the 60 GB PAL and (early) 80 GB NTSC models, while is should state "both hardware (Graphics Synthesizer) + software ([emulation of] Emotion Engine)", or "partly software (emulation [of Emotion Engine])", or something like that. I used to come by people who only review the table, but not read the text below it, and confuse things afterwards.
 
:The configuration of the new SKU is mentioned in one of the references (in the column header). It states that it is the same as the 40gig but with a bigger hard drive. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 00:53, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
I have changed "Playstation" to "PlayStation One" becuase it obviously causes confusion (with PlayStation as a series of consoles) for some readers. This change does not affect the factual accuracy so I can't see any reason why it shouldn't be written like this. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 00:53, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

== Firmware Version ==

The Current firmware is up to 2.35 as of May 15th and Supports all previous fixes including the BLU-RAY PROFILE 2.0 (Blu-Ray LIVE!) which made the PLAYSTATION 3 the first Blu-Ray player with full features. This also prevents the use of Pelican's Codebreaker. Oh well. I yet to be able to use the 2.0 features. 2.35 also fixes issues with some games. [[User:AD7BK|AD7BK]] ([[User talk:AD7BK|talk]]) 22:54, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
:This was already mentioned under the Software section but I've noted it in the introduction as well. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 08:00, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
::The edit I mentioned above was reverted. I really do think this should be mentioned in the intoduction as this is a major feature of the console. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 16:55, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
::I have now put this back in. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 08:01, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
:::New Firmware is Software 2.43 with a minor Japanese PS Store change to 2.42.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 12:14, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

== Playing AVI and DIVX problems ==

The article should mention that there are many problems with playing avi/divx files. Some just don't want to play. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/60.48.162.157|60.48.162.157]] ([[User talk:60.48.162.157|talk]]) 04:42, 3 June 2008 (UTC) 
:All .avi and .divx files encoded with the DivX encoder should work. ''Xvid'' (and other codecs) is not the same thing. No problems have been officially reported with DivX files as far as I know. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 07:57, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
:Oh, I assumed you meant di'''v'''x, not di'''u'''x? '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 08:01, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

You can also play Xvid files...

[[User:Untraceable2U|Untraceable2U]] ([[User talk:Untraceable2U|talk]]) 04:23, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

:Oh yeah, tt says that in the article, sorry. :) I must be thinking of another codec. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 12:21, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

==Why==
Why does no one sell the 80gb model? I just saw above that they're not being released until June; anyone know the exact date? Also, what is the expected availability? [[Special:Contributions/68.50.107.144|68.50.107.144]] ([[User talk:68.50.107.144|talk]]) 21:53, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

:June 12, according to this [http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&productId=8198552921665371946 link]. Also, please try to ask general questions about the PS3 on forums, as the talk page is not one. They can be more than helpful for this type of question. [[User:MastrCake|MastrCake]] ([[User talk:MastrCake|talk]]) 22:04, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

:Oops, I forgot that [http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&productId=8198552921665371946 this] doesn't say the actual date. [http://www.circuitcity.com/ccd/productDetail.do?oid=213157 This] does. [[User:MastrCake|MastrCake]] ([[User talk:MastrCake|talk]]) 22:11, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
::It's also ''only'' in a bundle. Sony has NO plans whatsoever to continue making separate packages for ONLY the 80 GB System. This means people can expect not to see PS2 support on a PS3 for quite some time. There's also an EXTREME limit to the PS3 bundles stores are getting. Some stores aren't getting ANY at all. One gamestop is only getting a ''whopping '''two''''' in all! [[Special:Contributions/68.190.115.253|68.190.115.253]] ([[User talk:68.190.115.253|talk]]) 15:15, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
:::This talk page is not a forum, as mentioned above, for discussing the Playstation 3, but for how to improve the article. Please take general questions to the [[WP:RD|Reference Desk]]. [[User:Useight|Useight]] ([[User talk:Useight|talk]]) 16:13, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
::::Yeah, I know. Sorry about that. But I hate registering new users for forums I don't plan to go to, like ever. (IE: Sony's official forums.) [[Special:Contributions/68.190.115.253|68.190.115.253]] ([[User talk:68.190.115.253|talk]]) 04:52, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

==Gun-Metal PS3==
Here is the proof... Remove citations please...

http://www.amazon.com/Playstation-Metal-Gear-Solid-Pack/dp/B0014WJ78E

http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/ciu/5f/3a/8902810ae7a00d438813a110._AA280_.L.jpg

http://www.ps3fanboy.com/2008/05/15/metal-gear-gunmetal-ps3-available-for-pre-order-next-week/

http://www.konami.com/Konami/ctl3810/cp20111/si3327390/cl1/metal_gear_solid_4_limited_edition_playstation3_bundle

[[User:Untraceable2U|Untraceable2U]] ([[User talk:Untraceable2U|talk]]) 04:13, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
:Citations are used so that the reader can verify what they've read. I've added one of the links you posted as a citation. Thanks. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 07:01, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

==More recent reviews==
The intro of the reception section talks about how "after a series of price drops and the release of several quality titles, the system (ps3) has begun to receive better reviews", but only has a few of those recent reviews - and some aren't exactly that recent. [http://arstechnica.com/reviews/hardware/playstation-3-blu-ray.ars Here's] a review of the PS3 from [[Ars Technica]] that was only posted a few days ago. Should we include some quotes from this review, or will the reception section be alright as it is? [[User:Frvernchanezzz|Frvernchanezzz]] ([[User talk:Frvernchanezzz|talk]]) 04:45, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
:I think the new arstechnica review should be mentioned as it clearly says the console has improved significantly since launch.--[[User:Kozuch|Kozuch]] ([[User talk:Kozuch|talk]]) 10:39, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
:I think it is worth mentioning that a couple of new factors contributed to the revival of the system, one of which is the increased popularity of true HDTV (1080p) and blu-ray technology. An example is myself, who is not a gamer. Basically we were looking for a blu-ray player, and after several attempts we surprised found PS3 was perhaps the least expensive quality player in the market. I know many people who have recently purchased PS3 for the same purpose. The bottom line is PS3's graphical processing is better than a computer (yet you can play media files on its' hard drive), and the blu-ray player seems to be very robust compared with other HD players.[[Special:Contributions/76.247.159.145|76.247.159.145]] ([[User talk:76.247.159.145|talk]]) 18:10, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

I think the part on the reception seccion were it say's "after price drops and game releases (MGS4) the PS3 has gotten better reviews" strongly needs a reference [[User:Hisham-77|Hisham-77]] 1:26 June 30 2008 —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|comment]] was added at 07:27, 30 June 2008 (UTC) 

==White Color==
I read in the article that the white PS3 is out in the US but it's not. And the source you have is saying Sony is planning to release it. So it's not released yet. [[User:Hylian pirate|Hylian pirate]] ([[User talk:Hylian pirate|talk]]) 18:27, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

== Stops Reading Discs ==

Alot Alot Alot of playStation3's of what appears to be all models (60 mostly also 40 and some 80's) are at some point in their life (a couple weeks or months) stopping readding all discs this should be on the wiki page and maybe a few statistics on how many? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.36.180.150|24.36.180.150]] ([[User talk:24.36.180.150|talk]]) 01:53, 8 June 2008 (UTC) 
:If there were any official news on it sure. But thus far all I can find are forum postings about PS3s not reading discs. Forums aren't exactly the best source for news, so until something official comes up, we're gonna have to sit on our hands until then. [[User:Chan Yin Keen|Chan Yin Keen]] | [[User talk:Chan Yin Keen|Talk]] 03:11, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
:There is a minute failure rate, mostly in the 40GB models. The failure rate is, however, minute. Less than 10%, more than likely less than 5%. Although I believe there have been no official figures released. Secondary sources mostly point to the disc read failure rate being less than 10%, the failure rate compared to the rate of sustained operation is so great that is irrelevant to the article. [[User:Seanor3|Seanor3]] ([[User talk:Seanor3|talk]]) 23:11, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

:: It's WAY lower than 5% It's less than 1%. Do the maths. There is nothing more than isolated reports of issues, which is hardly suprising with a new format, and 14m units shipped... —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/195.75.83.25|195.75.83.25]] ([[User talk:195.75.83.25|talk]]) 12:22, 10 July 2008 (UTC) 

because all issues are reported, amirite? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/72.241.246.76|72.241.246.76]] ([[User talk:72.241.246.76|talk]]) 09:09, 9 August 2008 (UTC) 

Mine has stopped reading discs! Its one of the early 60 models and its still working just fine other than that...no yellow light or anything! I've gone everywhere and nto heard anywhere else about it, and you say there is? No one has been able to help me! Mine has stopped reading discs! Its one of the early 60 models and its still working just fine other than that...no yellow light or anything! I've gone everywhere and nto heard anywhere else about it, and you say there is? No one has been able to help me! Sony has a voice lady who is not helpful at all, and no one knows what to do! and stop saying I'm unsiged..I put my user name...[[User:Chipmonk328|Chipmonk328]]

This problem has been confirmed by Sony, although they are absolutely quiet as to what the root cause is. There have been reports that the system updates you must download in order to continue operating the console have some files that become corrupt during the download process wreaking havoc on many components of the system. There have also been reports that Sony knowingly installed faulty Blu-Ray drives that require a vast amount of power to operate and eventually burn out. I had this exact problem two days after downloading update 2.5. When I contacted Sony I was told to ship it in for service and there would be $160 USD charge for repair. I refused to pay anything!!!!! Maybe there's a lawyer out there that would like to find out what the real failure percantage is! I'm sure it's more than 1% as Sony claims it to be. Would be interesting class-action suit! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.12.198.42|24.12.198.42]] ([[User talk:24.12.198.42|talk]]) 23:56, 27 October 2008 (UTC) 

== Spacing (RESOLVED) ==

Can anyone see what's wrong with the spacing on the model comparison table. The entries under 60GB in the colors row are not evenly spaced. I have looked at the code and can't see what's causing it. I know it's not a big deal but if anyone can see what's causing it, please fix it. It's bugging me! :) Cheers. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 12:56, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
:Ok, thanks Silver Edge. I can't really see what you did (the code looks the same) but it worked. Cheers. It was anoying me! '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 16:51, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

==Actual sales==
Hey wiki's, just so you all know there is a site that gives you 90% accurate sales data and is updated weekly. the site is www.vgchartz.com Its better than waiting around for official data and is more convenient (eg: the ps3 in america surpassed 5 million just after the release of mgs4) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Soul tech10|Soul tech10]] ([[User talk:Soul tech10|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soul tech10|contribs]]) 17:48, 26 June 2008 (UTC) 
:Currently, [[WP:VG]] does not consider [[VG Chartz]] to be a [[WP:RS|reliable source]], see [[WT:WikiProject Video games/Archive 38#Old Game Boy game sales, and VG Chartz]] and [[WT:WikiProject Video games/Archive 38#VGChartz re-visited]]. --[[User:Silver Edge|Silver Edge]] ([[User talk:Silver Edge|talk]]) 18:16, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

== Life with PlayStation & Video Service ==

Kaz announced this today, it's on any PS/Tech headlines, so check it out for more info.

:Thanks, but this has already been added to the [[PlayStation Network]] article. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 07:11, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

== PS3 Electricity Usage ==

I wondered if it was worth putting the PS3's power usage anywhere in the article? This is useful for people considering the cost of leaving a PS3 running folding@home instead of turning the device off. The device uses 185-200 watts when under heavy load. <ref>http://www.hardcoreware.net/reviews/review-356-2.htm</ref>

[[User:Craig Mayhew|Craig Mayhew]] ([[User talk:Craig Mayhew|talk]]) 22:07, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

:: Slightly untue. 40GB units are 135w max, 20GB/60GB/80GB units are 175w max. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/195.75.83.25|195.75.83.25]] ([[User talk:195.75.83.25|talk]]) 12:24, 10 July 2008 (UTC) 

::: Perhaps my meter is dodgy but my 20GB PS3 uses 200watts under heavy load. [[Special:Contributions/86.8.182.12|86.8.182.12]] ([[User talk:86.8.182.12|talk]]) 23:39, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

== Better pictures ==

Are the images available on the Sony Press Office website suitable for use on the article? I believe they are covered under fair use but the "To do" list suggest a GPL image. http://www.scee.presscentre.com/imagelibrary/default.asp?SubjectID=1530 '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 23:29, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

== Final Fantasy XIII ==

Announced to no longer be PS3 exclusive <ref name="Final Fantasy XIII Comes to the 360">{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/blog/index.html?t=687020#687020|title=Final Fantasy XIII Comes to the 360|coauthors=G4 tv|publisher=X-Play|language=English|accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> [[User:Horrorkld9|Horrorkld9]] ([[User talk:Horrorkld9|talk]]) 11:25, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
:{{done}} - Just added that to the article. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 11:58, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
::announced to be a ps3 exclusive at least in japan: http://www.joystiq.com/2008/07/14/final-fantasy-xiii-not-available-on-360-in-japan-versus-xiii-st/ --[[Special:Contributions/84.223.133.190|84.223.133.190]] ([[User talk:84.223.133.190|talk]]) 18:17, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

==Playstation 4 Article Prototype ==

Knowing well a Playstation 4 addition to Wikipedia would be deleted right away, I propose a thread to build up a release candidate until then. I will never post PS4 information in an article in response to the rules.

''Known information about the console''

Release date: 2010, but may be delayed to 2011 due to fabrication difficulties...yields especially
Cell Broadband Engine 3 (3.2 GHz) is 4 PPEs and 32 SPEs with improved latency technology [http://forum.beyond3d.com/showthread.php?t=48722]
-4PPUs, 32 SPUs
-2010/11 timeframe
- 3.8GHz
-TFlop performance.
-Faster SPE communication
-More on chip memory
-Performance on PPE significantly better
-Performance per SPE equal or better (Significantly better on applications that benefit from new instructions)
''(Cell Broadband Engine 2 was a dual core CBE with 2 PPEs and 16 SPEs)''

Nvidia successor to GT200 (exception: not GT200b) due to the timeline of the G71 and the PS3.
256 MB XDR2 at 3.2 GHz [http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/memory/display/20050707202113.html]
386 MB GDDR5 at 1.2 GHz [http://news.softpedia.com/news/NVIDIA-GDDR5-Cards-to-Arrive-in-2009-87332.shtml]
PS1 and PS2 emulation and backwards compatible with PS2 due to the Nvidia GPU and CBE 3 backwards compatibility
Quad Layer Bluray ROM [http://www.cdrinfo.com/sections/news/Details.aspx?NewsId=16003]

[User:Renegadeviking|Renegadeviking]] —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Renegadeviking|Renegadeviking]] ([[User talk:Renegadeviking|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Renegadeviking|contribs]]) 17:30, 15 July 2008 (UTC) 

No one knows anything about a PLAYSTATION 4, don't be so stupid. The processor you have just described is insane and even if it was in development there's no guarantee that it would be used in the next PLAYSTATION. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/90.199.44.61|90.199.44.61]] ([[User talk:90.199.44.61|talk]]) 23:12, 22 July 2008 (UTC) 

Speculating about years ahead technology is much like picking up current technology specs and doubling, tripling or quadrupling all numbers. Everyone knows that CPUs become faster every new generation, it's obvious! [[Special:Contributions/189.102.161.126|189.102.161.126]] ([[User talk:189.102.161.126|talk]]) 03:24, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

itz true, Sony PlayStation 4 will arrive in 2011-12 and hef multicore CELL (over 30 cores) xD it will not b huge step lyk with Sony PlayStation 2, but great plan ;) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:F3nNec|F3nNec]] ([[User talk:F3nNec|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/F3nNec|contribs]]) 22:48, 2 October 2008 (UTC) 

== PS3 40gb PAL chrome trim and Possibly the new 80gb PAL ==

The 40gb PAL PS3 doesn't have a chrome trim, its a dull silver trim and the logo is a sticker but it says that it does have a chrome trim on here. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/90.199.44.61|90.199.44.61]] ([[User talk:90.199.44.61|talk]]) 15:01, 17 July 2008 (UTC) 

The US version is also a dull silver trim instead of a chrome one. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/90.199.44.61|90.199.44.61]] ([[User talk:90.199.44.61|talk]]) 17:17, 18 July 2008 (UTC) 

Don't be ridiculous, I own a 40GB and the logo is rotatable, it has a chrome trim and the new 80gb is same. [[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:06, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== 80gb release dates ==

Only the PAL version of the 80gb will be released in August, the NTSC one will be released in September, someone needs to change this. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/90.199.44.61|90.199.44.61]] ([[User talk:90.199.44.61|talk]]) 20:42, 17 July 2008 (UTC) 
:{{done}} - Added this info. I believe it is notable here as new SKUs are normally release in North America first.

== Built in ethernet, 100Mbit Ethernet or Gigabit ethernet? ==

In the infobox I mean, it doesn't state what spec ethernet it uses, unlike the Xbox and Xbox 360 articles infoboxes. [[User:JayKeaton|JayKeaton]] ([[User talk:JayKeaton|talk]]) 08:37, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
:{{done}} clarified. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 14:31, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

== The 80Gb SKU (With PS2 BC) is not in production ==

Amazon, Sony's website, Wal-Mart, Gamestop etc. are not getting any more shipments of this specific SKU. It's being phased out. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/209.149.164.254|209.149.164.254]] ([[User talk:209.149.164.254|talk]]) 16:15, 23 July 2008 (UTC) 
:Sony hasn't officially announced it is out of production yet. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 15:03, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
==The 40GB PS3(and possibly the new upcoming 80GB PS3) DOESN'T HAVE A CHROME TRIM AND THE 80GB PS3 WITH PS2 BC IS NO LONGER IN PRODUCTION==
The 40GB PS3 doesn't have a chrome trim on the base at all,the playstation writing on the top of it is just a sticker that won't peal of and the chrome trim around the disc slot is a dull silver/grey that is plastic,so that means that it doesn't have a chrome trim,this could also be possible for the new upcoming 80GB PS3 because i saw in an official video that it is the excact same as the 40GB PS3 except it has twice as more memory, i know this because i own a 40GB PS3,also the 80GB PS3 WITH PS2 BC is no longer In production because i read an article written by a mole that has worked inside the sony company that they say they are going to phase out the 80GB PS3 WITH BC WITH PS2 GAMES,I'd show you the website i got this from but i don't know how to add cititations. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:John-joe123|John-joe123]] ([[User talk:John-joe123|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/John-joe123|contribs]]) 20:16, 29 July 2008 (UTC) 

:It's all well and good putting it in CAPITAL LETTERS, but it needs to be [[WP:CITE|cited]] from a [[WP:RS|reliable souce]] in order to be included in the article. [[WP:OR|original research]] is not allowed. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 20:20, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

::The writing at the top of the 40GB is not a sticker. But you're right about the chrome trim; [http://www.trustedreviews.com/images/article/inline/5763-PS340GBFUKAN.jpg 40GB doesn't have it], unless by "chrome trim" this article is referring to the area around the BD slot. [[User:Frvernchanezzz|Frvernchanezzz]] ([[User talk:Frvernchanezzz|talk]]) 09:11, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

::I looked into this and I have a question - is [http://www.trustedreviews.com/images/article/inline/4398-PS320GB.jpg this] really what the 20 gig models look like? I've only seen that "all black" ps3 image a few times, and I just thought it was a photoshop. If it really is what the 20GB looks like, then does the term "chrome trim" in this article refer to '''both''' the ''bottom strip'' on the PS3, and also the ''area around the BD slot''? The table should probably show that the 40GB has the chrome around the BD slot, but it lack the bottom chrome strip. It confuses people this way. [[User:Frvernchanezzz|Frvernchanezzz]] ([[User talk:Frvernchanezzz|talk]]) 09:20, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

:::I always thought the term 'chrome trim' in the article just referred to the fact that it had a silvery colour there, instead of the black of the 20GB model. Since that whole area isn't chrome this is misleading, but if it just refers to the bit immediately around the bd slot then maybe that is chrome. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 12:50, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
::::I always assumed that the "chrome trim" in the table meant it had ''some'' chrome trim somewhere on the model. As for whether the 40GB has a different amount of trim, I don't know. But, I ''do'' know I've never heard a difference in the trim mentioned in any information from any [[WP:RS|reliables sources]], and thus putting a note in there about any differences in the trim on the 40 GB model (and btw Frvernchanezzz, your link isn't to a pic of a PS3, you may want to check it) would qualify as [[WP:OR|original research]]. (which is why I kept removing the note when john was putting it in) Also, john, Sony only announced that the 40GB model has ceased production. They never officially announced that the 80 GB was not in production like they did with the 60GB and 20 GB models. Until they do so, we cannot report otherwise. Back in April/May, a ''LOT'' of people kept trying to change it to say the 80GB wasn't in production, and we saw how that one went. Just wait for Sony to make an announcement. (Also, typing in ALL CAPS is ''not'' going to make anyone take you seriously; it will do the opposite) [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 17:24, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
:::::[http://www.thegamergene.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/40gb-playstation-3-australia.jpg] hmmm... I see what you mean. (I never noticed that before) Do you want to change it to "silver trim" or something like that? I really don't want to have to add ''another'' note to the table because it's pretty complicated as it is. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 17:44, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
::::::The thing is i have only ever seen a 40GB model, so i don't know if the original 60GB model is different. From what i remember (and that photo Frvernchanezzz linked to) the 20GB model was black. Getting technical, 'silver trim' also wouldn't work is it isn't silver. Maybe 'chrome coloured' or 'silver coloured' trim. [http://flickr.com/photos/williamhook/1983114100/ This photo of the 60Gb] model looks much shinier than [http://blog.wired.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/10/18/ps3_40gb_fukan_2.jpg this one of the 40], but then that would be OR (see also [http://www.gearlive.com/blogimages/PS3-20GBvs60GB.JPG this] photo comparing 20 and original 60). This is only looking at the front dash part of the ps3. People have mentioned a chrome bit immediately around the bd slot, but i don't see this, it always seems to be black. I can't seem to find anything official stating this [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 10:44, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

From images/info on the net, I can't really tell if the trim on the 40GB is a dull silver and not chrome like the 60GB; I've never seen one in real life. But perhaps there should be a footnote from the table saying the 40GB only has the trim around the BD slot, and not the bottom chrome strip - This is what causes the confusion (mostly), and this is why the fellow above tried to change the table. [[User:Frvernchanezzz|Frvernchanezzz]] ([[User talk:Frvernchanezzz|talk]]) 09:49, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

I have owned the 60gb PS3 and have seen a demo model of the 40gb in stores and am 100% sure that it is a dull silver strip instead of a chrome one like on the 60gb. Its just a shame its hard to get citations for this. Not only do I mean the chrome trim on the bottom of the console but also the trim around the BD area where the trim is dull silver unlike on the 60gb where its actually a chrome colour.

== PlayStation 3 80 GB Metal Gear Solid 4 Pack - old or new model? ==

According to the release chart the new 80GB model comes out in August. Does this mean the Metal Gear Solid bundle that came out in June uses the older 80GB model? Or is the release date in the table wrong and it's the new 80GB model? [[Special:Contributions/65.197.19.244|65.197.19.244]] ([[User talk:65.197.19.244|talk]]) 21:55, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
:It is the older one. [[User:The Seventh Taylor|The Seventh Taylor]] ([[User talk:The Seventh Taylor|talk]]) 06:38, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

== best selling game ==

please change it. the best selling game is mgs4 approaching 4 million copies —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/189.168.181.119|189.168.181.119]] ([[User talk:189.168.181.119|talk]]) 21:28, 6 August 2008 (UTC) 

:Do you have a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] that indicates Metal Gear Solid 4 has sold nearly 4 million copies? --[[User:Silver Edge|Silver Edge]] ([[User talk:Silver Edge|talk]]) 21:41, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2008/08/06/metal-gear-solid-4-ships-4-million-copies-worldwide.htm —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/189.168.194.61|189.168.194.61]] ([[User talk:189.168.194.61|talk]]) 18:43, 14 August 2008 (UTC) 
::MGS4 has SHIPPED 4 million but not SOLD 4 million. And Motorstorm (the current recorded bestseller) sold 3.31 million by December 2007. But MGS4 was last recorded to have sold 3 million as of June 2008. The chances are that MGS4 has sold more, but there is no official proof. [[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:12, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

only 3.24M as of August 22nd, http://www.vgchartz.com/games/game.php?id=6970&region=All

the info that should be updated is the PS3's total units solid, which is currently 15.57M

visit: vgchartz.com/hwtable.php?cons[]=PS3&reg[]=Total&start=39026&end=39712

[[User:Magasin|Magasin]] ([[User talk:Magasin|talk]]) 17:59, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

:Due to consensus at [[WP:WikiProject Video games]], [[VG Chartz]] is not considered a reliable source, see [[#VGChartz]] and [[WT:WikiProject Video games/Archive 55#VG Chartz]]. --[[User:Silver Edge|Silver Edge]] ([[User talk:Silver Edge|talk]]) 15:56, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

== The New 80GB PS3 that is coming to europe might have PS2 backward compatiblity ==

Well I watched a the video from which i got to by clicking on the cititation beside of where it said the 40GB PS3 was out of production and when i watched they said that the new 80GB PS3 will be the exact same as the 40GB PS3 only with a larger hard drive but do they mean this by the differences are internal or external? I think I am most likely wrong about this but I would just like it if someone would confirm this for me! <-- autosigned by John-joe123--> —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:John-joe123|John-joe123]] ([[User talk:John-joe123|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/John-joe123|contribs]]) 19:40, 9 August 2008 (UTC) 
:This is really more of a discussion for a forum as you are not asking about the article (see [[WP:NOTFORUM]]), but every source points to it being identical to the 40gig except for hdd size - in both regions. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 21:22, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

I have found a source confirming that the new 80gb PS3 will not have backwards compatibility, http://www.game.co.uk/PS3/Hardware/~r336328/Sony-Playstation-3-Console-80GB/
It says-
"The PlayStation 3 80GB model does NOT feature:

* Backwards Compatibility with PS2 Games
* Memory Stick Card Readers
* SACD Playback
* Ethernet Cable
* 4 USB Ports, (The PS3 80GB model features 2)" —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/90.194.186.245|90.194.186.245]] ([[User talk:90.194.186.245|talk]]) 08:59, 14 August 2008 (UTC) 

I live in a PAL region and can safely say it does not support PS2 games. [[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:13, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== Do people not think we should put in on the PS3 comparison table of when the models stopped being made ==
I just tought that we should put in when the PS3 models went out of production on the PS3 models Comparison Table. <--autosigned by John-joe123-->
:Do you mean the actual dates? I think this information would be pretty hard to obtain. Simply having a yes or no is hard enough to cite. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 21:25, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
::I have to agree. This would be quite difficult to find for almost all models and finding out exactly when the PAL 60 GB version ceased production would be practically impossible because Sony never said when they ceased production. It would be nice to include it, but like chimp said, I don't think we would be able to find a citation for most of them.

Yes I do mean the actual dates if you could find a cititation for them. <--autosigned by John-joe123--> —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:John-joe123|John-joe123]] ([[User talk:John-joe123|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/John-joe123|contribs]]) 14:37, 17 August 2008 (UTC) 
== please add power consumption / silicon process info (ie 90nm vs 65nm) to comparison chart ==

It would be useful to know that the newer 80g models coming out will be less thirsty and cooler than the 80g models that currently have the 90nm process technology and additional graphics hardware. Maybe power info not necessary, but process info is I think. Thanks! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.57.58.217|66.57.58.217]] ([[User talk:66.57.58.217|talk]]) 02:08, 12 August 2008 (UTC) 

== What size PS3 do I have? ==

It would be a good idea for someone to add a little section detailing how to tell what size PS3 a given individual has, as the console itself does not make it clear.

The 20GB has an all-black front. 
The 40GB will have a serial number that ends in G## or H## 
(The last three digits of the PS3 serial number are a letter and two numbers. The antepenultimate digit of the 40GB is either a G or an H.) 
The 60GB will have a serial number that ends in A## 
The 2007 80GB will have a serial number that ends in E## 
:The 2008 80GB will have a serial number that ends in K## [[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:28, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

I think that information would be helpful for the few people who may not know what size PS3 they have, and want to tell just by external appearance.

== The 40GB Playstation 3 is out of production ==
I just saw the PS3 comparisons table in the PS3 article and it said the 40GB PS3 was in production, yet a while ago it said it was out of production, I thought it was too because i saw an article on gamespot saying that sony are going to phase out the 40GB PS3 and it also says that the 40GB PS3 is out of production in the seventh generation consoles page under "Discontinuations and Revisions". —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:John-joe123|John-joe123]] ([[User talk:John-joe123|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/John-joe123|contribs]]) 14:46, 17 August 2008 (UTC) 
:It has been changed. By the way, the main PS3 is temporarily the 2008 80GB version, but it will soon be the 160GB version. That is why the 40GB has stopped.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:30, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== The new 80GB PS3 without PS2 backward compatiblity is going to be released on the 22nd of august in europe ==
I saw a link above in the debate about the new 80GB PS3 might have Backward compatibility to the store called game and it said that the 80GB PS3 for europe will be released on the 22nd of august 2008, somebody needs to put this in on the first available line on the PS3 comparisons chart. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:John-joe123|John-joe123]] ([[User talk:John-joe123|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/John-joe123|contribs]]) 14:52, 17 August 2008 (UTC) 

So when exactly is it coming in the U.S.? [[User:Jigsaw 541|Jigsaw 541]] ([[User talk:Jigsaw 541|talk]]) 14:48, 18 August 2008 (UTC)Jigsaw 541

:It is already out or it is coming out late September (this month). [[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:16, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== second ==

PS3 is selling more units per month than the xbox
:[http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/video-game-sales-surprise-january/story.aspx?guid=%7BD43FDF63-1B5C-4F66-947F-E5F4B58A2954%7D&siteid=yhoof] since February it says [[User:Drunken Pirate|Pirate]][[User talk:Drunken Pirate|Argh!!1!]] 20:38, 18 August 2008 (UTC)
:There are only comparisons like that on the Seventh Gen Video Games page.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:32, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

==Yellow Light of Death==

{{tl|editsemiprotected}}

I would definitely like to see this on the main wikipedia page. The problem has been well established online but is not known by the general gaming public. I believe this is something that should be included in a small section on the main page (especially considering the red ring of death has its own page), and that this is the best way for people to learn about the problem. Just so everyone knows, I am not a troll, I don't own a 360 and I think the PS3 is a far superior system. I just created this account, so I can't edit the main page, and would appreciate if someone else did. Thanks.

This just happened to me tonight. It's verified on IGN and Gamespot forums, and there are plenty of youtube videos demonstrating the problem. It is essentially the same as the Xbox 360s red ring of death. The PS3 dies all of a sudden, and the red light flashes. Pressing the light turns it solid, so the PS3 is in standby. Attempting to turn it on yeilds a green light, and the sound of the fan starting up. The gren light then turns yellow, then the blinking red light returns and the console shuts off.

Sony customer service (according to websites listed below and my own experience) is to offer a refurbished PS3 for $189 Canadian, taxes in, with free shipping. They cannot send back the original playstation, and they cannot transfer your saved games/files/pictures/videos or anything saved to the hard drive. However, your PSN downloads can be re-downloaded to another PS3.

In comparison, Microsoft has extended their product warranty for their similar problem, the red ring of death, to three years, where as Sony has done nothing with its warranties. Microsoft also offers compensation in the form of a free month of Xbox live, on top of a free repaired or refurbished replacement. Microsoft has also made consumers well aware of the problem, where as most PS3 users posting about the Yellow Light of Death seem to have been completely oblivious about it until they saw it on their own consoles. However, the PS3 problem is much more rare than the Xbox problem.

Here are some links to corroberate this information.

IGN Boards - http://boards.ign.com/ps3_lobby/b8269/167858020/p1/?15
Gamespot Forums - http://www.gamespot.com/pages/forums/show_msgs.php?topic_id=26384753
PS3 Forums - http://www.ps3forums.com/showthread.php?t=126088
Overclock.net - http://www.ps3forums.com/showthread.php?t=126088
Youtube - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzSVFIyNbS0
Youtube - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ii4FRp_2hm4

[[User:Bronyuar|Bronyuar]] ([[User talk:Bronyuar|talk]]) 02:32, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

:None of those links you provided are [[WP:RS|reliable sources]], as they fail [[WP:SPS]]. --[[User:Silver Edge|Silver Edge]] ([[User talk:Silver Edge|talk]]) 03:08, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Well, it happened to me and I'm suing sony over it, so within a month or two I'll be able to use court documents to back this up. So please leave this here, and I'll update it as I get the paperwork.

::editsemiprotected declined: no clear edit given, and no consensus to do so. —[[user:EncMstr|EncMstr]] ([[user talk:EncMstr|talk]]) 00:28, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

:This is news to everyone. Sounds like your specific PS3 is getting it only, so just ask for a replacement or somethng like that.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:34, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
:Okay, never mind, it seems to be a problem that is caused by extreme environments while playing. The console should not be put in harsh conditions or played for hours without end.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:41, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

The yellow light of death IS NOT REAL! Xbox 360 users made it up to counter he fact of the red rings of death. This is not real and there are no reliable sources indicating that this a real problem that the Playstation 3 has. [[User:Kylee20051|Kylee20051]] ([[User talk:Kylee20051|talk]]) 20:54, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
:took it out. it is okay to put a section about 360 owner's making it up, but you have to tell that it is fake.[[User:Estemshorn|Estemshorn]] ([[User talk:Estemshorn|talk]]) 02:19, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
:I'm sorry but there is such a thing as Yellow Light of Death, my 60GB PS3 died from it and Sony could not repair it. Go on YouTube and see it for yourself.--[[Special:Contributions/99.248.9.66|99.248.9.66]] ([[User talk:99.248.9.66|talk]]) 03:21, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

The yellow light of death is real we should put an article although sony has reported most are just green light discolourating to yellow'''''--[[User:Krazidude95|krazidude95]] ([[User talk:Krazidude95|talk]]) 18:03, 21 October 2008 (UTC)'''''

== VGChartz ==

i dont see anything wrong with using VGChartz. i visit them often and theyre predictions are always very close to NPD Groups actual figures. even though vgchartz sales r estimates they r pretty good estimates and i think we should use them. as well as for the xbox 360 and nintendo Wii. --[[User:Mark0528|Mark0528]] ([[User talk:Mark0528|talk]]) 01:22, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
:Several reasons. The fact that it's an estimate is reason enough to be dismissive of it. To reliably report data, we want it to be conclusive, not guessimates that might shift up or down wildly. To get a better idea of what else is the problem, have a read about their [http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=18919 methodology]. Chan Yin Keen | [[User:Chan Yin Keen|U]][[User talk:Chan Yin Keen|T]][[Special:Contributions/Chan Yin Keen|C]] 12:13, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
:As this discussion is more on VGChartz in general (rather than PS3), you might want to discuss it on the [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Video_games|Video Games Wikiproject talk page]] to get more opinions on it. It has been discussed a few times in the past so you might want to check the talk archives. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 12:34, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Dude update the ps3 sales figures, the sales figures are going up very fast, vgchartz lists ps3 at 15.62million, 14 million was like 2-3 months ago, people keep jacking the wii and 360 sales figures but no one is doing so for the playstation 3.--[[User:Rafichamp|rafichamp]] ([[User talk:Rafichamp|talk]]) 16:16, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

:People keep jacking up the PS3 stats as well, but like the 360 and Wii articles they keep getting reverted because they lack a reliable source. [[User:Khalfani_khaldun|Khalfani]][[User talk:khalfani_khaldun|Khaldun]] 17:41, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Also it has sold 15.62million as of september 28, 2008.
--[[User:Rafichamp|rafichamp]] ([[User talk:Rafichamp|talk]]) 16:17, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

== Playstation 3 article updates ==

Im not sure if the bots took off my update but i put that MGS4 was the best selling game for ps3 and it took it off. I have the information right here.

[http://kotaku.com/5033383/metal-gear-solid-4-is-a-giant-angry-sales-pac+man-ships-394m-copies]-- [[User:Mark0528|Mark0528]] ([[User talk:Mark0528|talk]]) 01:22, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
:I think that was probably removed because it says ''shipped'' not ''sold''. As far as I know, there isn't a reliable source yet which says how many have actually been sold to the public. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 12:36, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

:MGS4 has SHIPPED 4 million but not SOLD 4 million. And Motorstorm (the current recorded bestseller) sold 3.31 million by December 2007. But MGS4 was last recorded to have sold 3 million as of June 2008. The chances are that MGS4 has sold more, but there is no official proof.[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:18, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== Blue ray problems ==

Why are Blu Ray drive problems not mentioned here? They are worldwide, and Sony not commenting does not mean thousands of systems are not affected. I think it must be mentioned here.
:Do you have a [[WP:CITE|citation]] to a [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable source]] detailing the problems? [[User:J.delanoy|J'''.'''delanoy]][[User Talk:J.delanoy|gabs]][[Special:Contributions/J.delanoy|adds]] 14:30, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Who do you credit as a "reliable source"? Britanica, or may be Sony?
All PS3 sites are full of "Blu Ray of death" reports. Sony denies it, of course, but thousands of consumers are in rage. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/93.80.195.91|93.80.195.91]] ([[User talk:93.80.195.91|talk]]) 16:17, 21 September 2008 (UTC) 

:It is not the role of Wikipedia to be an outlet for disgruntled users. No one is saying that the information shouldn't be included, it just that everything on Wikipedia must be sourced. No original reasearch (ie, you adding the information based on your experience) is allowed. It doesn't have to come from Sony, but to be considered notable it needs to have been mentioned in articles on websites or in publications which themselves are considered "reliable". For a list of reliable sources within the scope of videogames, see [[WP:VG/RS]]. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 16:49, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

: Thousands?? So out of 15million consoles, a couple of thousand have BD reading problems. I think Sony would be pretty happy with that ratio. --[[Special:Contributions/195.75.83.25|195.75.83.25]] ([[User talk:195.75.83.25|talk]]) 10:22, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

: My PS3 is doing pretty good. I guess I'm not one of the thousands but one of the millions.--[[User:WhereAmI|WhereAmI]] ([[User talk:WhereAmI|talk]]) 06:08, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

The main reason they dont have a article on Blu-Ray drive is because the Blu-Ray drives in the Playstation 3 has to huge problem that is recognized, like the Xbox 360. [[User:Kylee20051|Kylee20051]] ([[User talk:Kylee20051|talk]]) 20:52, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

== CECHJ 40GB model 65nm? ==

Hi,
I couldn't find anything about cechj04 model. Is that model 65nm like the other 40gb models? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/88.235.221.173|88.235.221.173]] ([[User talk:88.235.221.173|talk]]) 16:40, 28 August 2008 (UTC) 

== Model Numbers ==

{{tlx|editsemiprotected}}
I would like to see the model numbers given in the table in the Retail Configeration section be removed from the page. Although there is a source for them, they are the us numbers only! I am from europe and our numbers are totally different. So are Asia's. Anyone agree?
'''''Eladkse61 (Icouldn't be bothered to sign in!)'''''[[Special:Contributions/81.107.209.179|81.107.209.179]] ([[User talk:81.107.209.179|talk]]) 19:20, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
:Not necessarily, I don't see a reason to ''remove'' sourced information solely because it's not globally relevant. Perhaps a more appropriate action would be to ''add'' information on the model numbers in Europe, Asia, etc if they are indeed different? ~ [[User:Mazca|'''m'''a'''z'''c'''a''']] [[User_talk:Mazca|'''t''']] | [[Special:Contributions/Mazca|'''c''']] 12:07, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

The new 80GB PAL says its model number CECHK04 (according to the sticker on it) [[User:Bad Byte|Bad Byte]] ([[User talk:Bad Byte|talk]]) 03:55, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
:I agree completely with the original poster. it does not reflect the global view. THough I disagree with its removal, the number that represent american model should be removed and replaced with xx with some details below it. I own Japanese model CECHA00 and UK's CECHC03. If it were to be written, my opinion would be to write Japanese model instead of american model number. Just my two cents. --[[User:W Tanoto|w_tanoto]] ([[User talk:W Tanoto|talk]]) 06:43, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
I've found a page [http://www.edepot.com/playstation3.html here] which appears to provide all of the model numbers. If someone can decipher this guy's table it could be added to the article (as long as this is considered a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] obviously). '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 17:10, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

==Switching retail configs table around==

I suggest switching the retail configurations table around like so:
{{collapse top}}
{|border="1" cellpadding="1" class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!width=8%|Model
!width=10%|Model Number(s) <ref group=note>Model numbers given are for North America. Model numbers differ by region.</ref>
!width=15%|Available colors
!width=8%|[[USB 2.0]] ports
!width=8%|[[IEEE 802.11|802.11 b/g]] [[Wi-Fi]]
!width=8%|[[Memory card|Flash card]] readers
!width=8%|Chrome trim
!width=8%|[[Super Audio CD|SACD]] support<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ps3sacd.com/faq.html |title=PS3 SACD FAQ |publisher=ps3sacd.com |accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>
!width=13%|[[PlayStation 2|PS2]] [[backward compatibility|compatibility]] 
!width=15%|First available 
!width=8%|In production
|-
|'''20 GB''' ([[NTSC]]) <ref name="specs" />
|CECHB01
|Piano Black
|{{yes|4}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Yes Hardware ([[Emotion Engine]])}}
|2006-11-01November 2006
|{{no}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aBQ9AX2sguYs&refer=japan| title=Sony Scraps Sale of Priciest PlayStation 3s in Japan| date=[[2008-01-10]]| accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref>
|-
|'''40 GB''' ([[PAL]], NTSC) <ref name="SCEE 40GB">{{cite web |url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/071006e.html |title=New PLAYSTATION®3 Model to Take Holiday Season by Storm |accessdate=2007-10-05 |date=October 5, 2007 |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]] |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>
|CECHG01, CECHH01
|Piano Black Ceramic white<ref group=note>Ceramic white model available in Asia and Japan only.</ref> Satin silver<ref group=note>Satin silver model available in Asia and Japan only.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.ps3.ign.com/articles/849/849588p1.html |title=New PS3 colour in Japan |accessdate=2008-02-05 |last=Tanaka |first=John |date=[[2008-02-04]] |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Gun-Metal Gray<ref group=note>Gun-Metal Gray model is only available as part of the [[Metal Gear Solid 4|MGS4]] bundle.</ref><ref>[http://www.konami.com/Konami/ctl3810/cp20111/si3327390/cl1/metal_gear_solid_4_limited_edition_playstation3_bundle Konami - Metal Gear Solid 4 Limited Edition PLAYSTATION®3 Bundle]</ref>
|{{partial|2}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{No}}
|2007-10-01{{flagicon|Europe}} October 2007 {{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Japan}} November 2007
|{{no}}<ref name="80GBPAL" />
|-
|'''60 GB''' (NTSC) <ref name="specs" />
|CECHA01
|Piano Black
|{{yes|4}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Yes Hardware ([[Emotion Engine]])}}
|2006-11-01November 2006
|{{no}}
|-
|'''60 GB''' (PAL) <ref name="specs" />
|CECHA01
|Piano Black
|{{yes|4}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Yes Software ([[emulator|emulation]])}}
|2007-03-01March 2007
|{{no}}
|-
|'''80 GB''' (NTSC) <ref name="specs" />
|CECHE01
|Piano Black
|{{yes|4}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Yes Software ([[emulator|emulation]])}}
|2007-08-01August 2007
|{{yes}}
|-
|'''80 GB''' (PAL, NTSC) <ref name="80GBPAL">{{cite web|url=http://us.gamespot.com/news/6194583.html?tag=latestnews;title;0|title=E3 08: 80GB PS3 coming to Europe, Australia on August 27|accessdate=2008-07-17|date=2008-07-16|author=Randolph Ramsay and Luke Anderson|publisher=[[Gamespot]]}}</ref> <ref name="E30880GB">{{cite video| people=Tretton, Jack (speaker)| date2=2008-07-15| url=http://ps3.ign.com/dor/articles/889996/e3-2008-sony-press-conference/videos/sonyconf_03_071508.html| title=E3 2008: Sony Press Conference (Part 3)| publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment America (via IGN)| time=17:38| accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>
|CECHK01
|Piano Black
|{{partial|2}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{No}}
|2008-08-01August 2008
|{{yes}}
|-
|'''160 GB''' (PAL, NTSC) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scee.presscentre.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=4678&NewsAreaID=2|title=company press release|accessdate=2008-08-20|date=2008-08-20|publisher=SCEE}}</ref><ref >{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/08/20/live-from-leipzig-north-american-hardware-announcements/|title=Live from Leipzig: North American Hardware Announcements|accessdate=2008-08-20|date=2008-08-20|publisher=SCEA}}</ref>
|CECHP01
|Piano Black
|{{partial|2}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{No}}
|2008-10-01{{flagicon|Europe}} October 2008 {{flagicon|USA}} November 2008
|{{yes}}
|-
|}

===Notes===
<references group=note/>
{{collapse bottom}}

 A couple of reasons for this suggestion: Firstly, it allows the reader to sort the table in whatever way they'd like, for example giving them a chronological list of the SKUs or grouping all of the ones with PS2 compatibility together. Secondly, it makes the table easier to edit as all of the information for a specific SKU is in 1 row and therefor in one chunk of code. And thirdly, it allows new SKUs to be added more easily in the future whereas as the table stands at the moment, there isn't really room to add any more models. It would probably need a little tidying up but I think this way would be better. Opinions? '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 17:23, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
:While it might be easier to code and sort, I think the biggest problem with this is that it makes the table a lot bigger without adding information. There's more empty space which is aesthetically irritating. I suppose that's not really the best reason not to do it, though. Other than aesthetics, I don't see why this shouldn't be done. On a slightly off-topic note, is there any chance we can include the discontinuation date for those systems that are no longer in production? [[User:Khalfani_khaldun|Khalfani]][[User talk:khalfani_khaldun|Khaldun]] 18:34, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
::If another SKU is released I don't really see any other way that this table could be structured. Maybe it's a case of crossing the bridge when we come to it but I think it would be a good idea to do it now. I appreciate your comment about there being too much empty space but I think this is better than the cramped look it has at the moment. I believe the addition of discontinuation date has been discussed in the past. I agree that it would be good to have but I think it wasn't added because it proved too difficult so [[WP:CITE|source]] [[WP:RS|reliably]] for all of the SKUs. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 21:22, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Any more comments on this? '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 12:56, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

I assume then that people agree or are not bothered either way. I have now implemented this. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 08:06, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

== Beginning Paragraph emphasis- Lack of Cell Processor Mention ==

I think that it's weird that the first paragraph mentions PSN first, associating it with being a major feature, when the Cell processor has always been one of the more notable aspects of the console. Shouldn't this be mentioned in the first paragraph? [[User:Killamator|Killamator]] ([[User talk:Killamator|talk]]) 20:13, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
:Agreed, it is also the second thing that makes PS3 an expensive, but hard-working console (blu-ray is the other).[[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 10:20, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

== Penny Arcade ==

In the [[PlayStation_3#Reception|Reception section]] it says that Penny Arcade found elleven PS3.
"In response, Penny Arcade's Gabe and Tycho demanded a reward of $13,200 after finding eleven PS3s in stores near their home town."

But on the website from the [http://kotaku.com/gaming/jack-tretton/jack-tretton-owes-penny-arcade-13200-235648.php| reference] It says they only found 10 PS3's.

"the boys managed to turn up no less than ten PS3s sitting on store shelves."

Though the title for the article on the website is "Jack Tretton Owes Penny Arcade $13,200"

And 13,200/1,200 is 11 ... but they said they only found 10.

Kinda confusing... --[[Special:Contributions/80.164.119.207|80.164.119.207]] ([[User talk:80.164.119.207|talk]]) 18:59, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

== Browser ID string? ==

<strike>Under "Requests for content" at the top of this talk page it says ''Browser ID string'' with a link to a page that provides information about your browser. What does this have to do with the article?</strike> '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 10:15, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

I've now removed this. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 09:43, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

== This is kind of silly ==

"The system was initially planned to have two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports,[24] though, as shown at E3 2006, this was later reduced to one HDMI port, one ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs.[16][25"

It was a prototype. I don't see the Xbox360 article saying "The 360 was initially planned to be two Mac G5 machines", as by the same token, Microsoft demod the first 360 stuff on Mac G5 machines... —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/195.75.83.25|195.75.83.25]] ([[User talk:195.75.83.25|talk]]) 09:01, 25 September 2008 (UTC) 
:I have reworded that line. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 09:41, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

== New 80GB Playstation 3's have chrome trim. ==

After recently purchasing a newly manufactured Playstation 3 i found (actually fully expected) that it has chrome trim. On the PS3 page it says August 2008 models (the 80GB one with 2 USB ports) do not have chrome trim. Please change this, as these models do have chrome trim. [[User:Superdude7654|Superdude7654]] ([[User talk:Superdude7654|talk]]) 01:07, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
:done. [[User:Estemshorn|Estemshorn]] ([[User talk:Estemshorn|talk]]) 21:26, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
They do Not, they have a dull silver trim on the disc slot, the chrome trim is completely reflective and is on the disc slot and the base, everybody knows that, and I thought original research was not allowed on wikipedia?--[[User:John-joe123|John-joe123]] ([[User talk:John-joe123|talk]]) 17:40, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
== Model number ==

This article became too americanised. Look at the model numbers. Only american models are mentioned. 
e.g. CECHA01. "A" refers to the original model (60GB with complete backward compatibility to PS2), while 01 indicates american model.

I propose this to be changed into CECHAxx, then give explanation of what xx means. I own PS3s from Japan and UK (Europe), and the model numbers are CECHA00 and CECHC03, and it is a bit unfair for the rest of us, non-americans, to include only american model numbers.

This is as far as I know: 
00 - Japan 
01 - USA and Canada 
02 - Australia and New Zealand 
03 - UK 
04 - Europe 
05 - South Korea 
06 - Asia 
07 - Taiwan 
08 - Russia and India 
09 - China 
10 - ? 
11 - Mexico 
12 - Hong Kong 

Also see above: [[Talk:PlayStation 3#Model numbers]]

--[[User:W Tanoto|w_tanoto]] ([[User talk:W Tanoto|talk]]) 06:40, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

:Also note the model number for 60GB PAL. It was CECH'''A'''01. I changed it to CECH'''C'''xx. Also, the model number "01" complicates things a bit, because as a PAL model, it is definitely not American. Therefore, I removed 01, and replaced it with xx, because there are various European model numbers. I await the decision to replace 01 with xx for the rest of it.--[[User:W Tanoto|w_tanoto]] ([[User talk:W Tanoto|talk]]) 06:51, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
::hmm.... I see what you mean. I think a good solution would be to put an "xx" after models that were released on more than one region and write a paragraph about the different region's model numbers in [[PlayStation 3 hardware]]. I'll start gathering the necessary citations and I'll modify the main article when I'm done. If anyone has any objections to this, please let me know. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 21:23, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
:::Thank you. looks better now. I swapped the number between australia and UK though because I own Japan and UK version, and the UK is definitely 03. In PSone era, I think UK, EU, and Australia has the same code: 02. Maybe this thing can be extended to PSP as well. I know that japanese version is 00 (I own PSP with code PSP-10'''00''' and PSP-20'''00'''), but there is some difference: i.e. Hong Kong version is coded 06 in PSP, while Taiwan is 07.--[[User:W Tanoto|w_tanoto]] ([[User talk:W Tanoto|talk]]) 11:53, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
::::heh. my bad with the #2 and #3 mixup. The refs even said the right thing, but I must have put it in the wrong order when I re-did the table from vertical to horizontal. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 22:35, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

== Highest selling game ==

According to [http://kotaku.com/5033383/metal-gear-solid-4-is-a-giant-angry-sales-pac+man-ships-394m-copies this link], [[Metal Gear Solid 4]] has sold 3.94million copies which would make it the highest selling PS3 game.

[[User:Pinothyj|Pinothyj]] ([[User talk:Pinothyj|talk]]) 03:34, 6 October 2008 (UTC)…
:Yes, but that figure is the number of units ''shipped'' by Konami, not how many units have been sold. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 04:15, 6 October 2008 (UTC)
:This has been discussed before, see the [[#best selling game]] section. --[[User:Silver Edge|Silver Edge]] ([[User talk:Silver Edge|talk]]) 06:42, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

== Introduction - "3rd in it's generation" ==

In the introduction to page, the last sentence states that "As of July 17, 2008, the PS3 is in third place in US home console sales for its generation." but makes no mention of its global position, or that in other regions. Does anyone else think this should be changed? The information is available on the page in the "Sales and production costs" section, with citation. Therefore, it should (in my opinion) either be removed from the intro completelly (to remove redundancy and keep the article neutral rather than US-centered) or modified to include global and other regional info (again for neutrality), as the US is clearly not the only relevent market. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Alphathon|Alphathon]] ([[User talk:Alphathon|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alphathon|contribs]]) 13:31, 9 October 2008 (UTC) 

: Well, we couldn't find a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] that says it is in third place in worldwide sales that is more recent than a December 20, 2007 article by IGN, so we kind of figured the US info would be better than nothing. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 13:45, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

::Just because one article says "third place" doesn't mean you're going to be able to find others. You can't just proclaim that the information isn't there because other articles don't choose to use this particular phrase. The statement we are trying to support is about sales numbers. We have lots of citations for sales numbers in both articles, and if they're not reliable we've got other problems. ([[PlayStation_3#Sales_and_production_costs]], [[Xbox_360#Sales]]) Mentioning just the US is weird. The PS3 is third in unit sales worldwide. This is a very fair and well supported observation. Personally, I don't think that this belongs in the lead anyway, but if we're going to keep it, please include the rest of the world. - [[User:Rainwarrior|Rainwarrior]] ([[User talk:Rainwarrior|talk]]) 16:25, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
:::Yeah, you're probably right. I'll just remove the sentence. [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 04:06, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

== Sku's ==

The sku table seems to be wrong
--[[User:Krazidude95|krazidude95]] ([[User talk:Krazidude95|talk]]) 19:40, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
:What is wrong with it? [[User:Thingg|Thingg]][[User talk:Thingg|⊕]][[Special:Contributions/Thingg|⊗]] 04:12, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:I see nothing wrong--[[User:W Tanoto|w_tanoto]] ([[User talk:W Tanoto|talk]]) 04:38, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:There is, it says that the 40, 80 & 160gb consoles do not have crome trim [[Special:Contributions/86.10.12.177|86.10.12.177]] ([[User talk:86.10.12.177|talk]]) 14:47, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

== :The 80GB ps3 definately has chrome trim as i got mine today and its the pal version could someone please change the table and it

FIXED

== out of data article , PlayTV is a current accessory , not a future accessory ==
—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/194.81.199.61|194.81.199.61]] ([[User talk:194.81.199.61|talk]]) 09:01, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
:Fixed. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 09:41, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
Not only that, but I didn't see anything in here for Home or the Trophy sections now.[[User:2-Bar Quack|The Cleveland Browns are awesome!]] ([[User talk:2-Bar Quack|talk]]) 13:36, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
:There's a whole section on Home in the article. Trophies are covered on the [[PlayStation Network]] article. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 13:57, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

== Vandalism of this article... ==

It's a protected article, with vandalism at the top of the page.

Not sure how to remove the lovely comment by an XBox 360 enthusiast, but I suppose I'm asking the right people...

Sorry, this is my first ever attempt at editing an article. Perhaps a seasoned editor can help me or erase the vandalism themselves...

[[Special:Contributions/121.73.87.3|121.73.87.3]] ([[User talk:121.73.87.3|talk]]) 12:52, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

== Vandalism ==

Hi.
I noticed that there's a graffiti on the article too

It says:

PLaystation 3's suck and they break and overheat, xbox's are much better and there's always games out on them and you have a 3year warrenty with the xbox and you dont have good games on playstation only on xbox 360!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! XBOX 360 RULES!!!!!

Should I erase it? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Alocaluser|Alocaluser]] ([[User talk:Alocaluser|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alocaluser|contribs]]) 13:07, 21 October 2008 (UTC) 

The grafitti is annoying because people only want to reaserch or like me decide what consoles I want to buy
------[[User:Krazidude95|krazidude95]] ([[User talk:Krazidude95|talk]]) 17:54, 21 October 2008 (UTC)------

== Reply to Vandalism ==

I don't know how they got around the lock, I believe Wikipedia is growing more and more insecure everyday, even though the content is good, vandalism happens on about 10 or more articles a day, normally cleaned by bots, I think someone hacked into a robot account. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/80.3.13.12|80.3.13.12]] ([[User talk:80.3.13.12|talk]]) 15:31, 21 October 2008 (UTC) 

Mighty Jesus, that is impressive. My hat's off to him, whomever he may be. Surely a mod can just clean this up in a few seconds anyway?[[Special:Contributions/86.46.208.159|86.46.208.159]] ([[User talk:86.46.208.159|talk]]) 17:21, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

wikipedia REALLY NEEDS to get A BETTER SECURITY SYSTEM !!!!!!!!!!!
--[[User:Krazidude95|krazidude95]] ([[User talk:Krazidude95|talk]]) 17:57, 21 October 2008 (UTC)--[[User:Krazidude95|krazidude95]] ([[User talk:Krazidude95|talk]]) 17:57, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

What can I say, I'm impressed, although, I'm pretty sure that users can edit protected articles anyway.[[Special:Contributions/86.46.208.159|86.46.208.159]] ([[User talk:86.46.208.159|talk]]) 21:38, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

== region locking? ==

I can't find any information in the article about region locking or lack thereof on the playstation 3. I presume it enforces region locking for DVD and blue-ray but what is the situation for games? [http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&ssPageName=STRK:MEWNX:IT&item=390001555721 This] ebay seller claims that all playstation 3 games are region free, is that true or not and is there any better source for it than some random ebay seller? [[User:Plugwash|Plugwash]] ([[User talk:Plugwash|talk]]) 23:23, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
:As far as I'm aware, it only region-locks DVDs and '''some''' Blu-Ray movies. Games are not locked however DLC is only compatible with the game from the same region (ie, for an American game, DLC must be bought from the US PlayStation Store). I'm sure this was in the article but I can't see it now. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 07:43, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

==Hardware Failure==
:''"around one percent of users have experienced an issue upon powering-up their system whereby a yellow light is displayed on the front of the console, followed by a blinking red light which persists until the power button is pressed once more, rendering the console unusable"''

Is this a joke? Surely it isn't noteworthy that around one percent of consoles fail. I dare say that this section is here merely for "balance" in response to the RRoD problem.

Even the PS2 "disc read error" was hardly considered noteworthy until the RRoD story picked up speed.

Are you really going to give in to fanboy demands, and allow a horribly biased, inaccurate, and POV section to remain? [[Special:Contributions/58.165.122.189|58.165.122.189]] ([[User talk:58.165.122.189|talk]]) 09:13, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

:To be fair, as it stands the section is fully sourced but I oppose this section as well. The absence of media coverage aside from one short, badly-written article on N4G, illustrates that this is not notable. It only seems to be there is response to the article on the 360's hardware problems. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 09:45, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Well, given the lack of any credible evidence, and the inherent bias the people who insist on inserting it have, shouldn't it be removed in accordance with [[WP:RS]], [[WP:V]], [[WP:NPOV]], and [[WP:OR]]?. - [[Special:Contributions/58.165.122.189|58.165.122.189]] ([[User talk:58.165.122.189|talk]]) 10:11, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
:That's why I made the edit that I did this morning. It ''did'' contain lots of OR and POV but doesn't now. Everything in there is cited from a "reliable source" and is written from a neutral POV. I'm still saying it should be removed under [[WP:N]] but as the people who want it there seem to feel quite strongly about it I think it should be discussed here first. The discussion's a bit one-sided at the moment though. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 10:32, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
But it's not a vote. Even if the vocal supporters of including this section outnumber those who oppose it, it doesn't mean it can be included. If something isn't notable, then it shouldn't be included. [[Special:Contributions/58.165.122.189|58.165.122.189]] ([[User talk:58.165.122.189|talk]]) 11:10, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
:I wanted to give him/her/them a chance to present some links to determine it's notability, as I said before the single N4G article alone doesn't do this. [[WP:CITE]] says to "remove the claim if no source is produced '''within a reasonable time'''". I'm just trying to make sure reasonable time is provided to avoid an edit war. It does no harm leaving it there for a few more hours. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 11:31, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

:: Only one of the sources in the section match and says a [http://www.n4g.com/News-101751.aspx rumor], citing suposely a [http://www.product-reviews.net/2008/01/19/forget-xbox-360-rrod-here-is-sony-ps3-ylod/ video]. Also blog as sources [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources]] are not acceptable. Removing now until someone provide a reliable source. --[[User:Ciao 90|Ciao 90]] ([[User talk:Ciao 90|talk]]) 15:19, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

==Chrome Trim section on Retail Configurations==
Who here thinks that we should change the simple "trim" back to "Chrome Trim" on the retail configurations table on the PS3 article?, Fo example, it says that the 20GB has a black trim but this cannot be included as it has no trim at all, We are trying to say which models have a Chrome Trim not what type of trims they have.--[[User:John-joe123|John-joe123]] ([[User talk:John-joe123|talk]]) 19:21, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

== Trim colours dispute ==

The [[WP:EW|disputes]] over which models have which type of trim are getting really old. I'm removing the column until [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] can be found. This is justified under a few guidelines including [[WP:CITE]], [[WP:OR]] and [[WP:V]] and to stop [[WP:EW|edit warring]]. '''''ChimpanzeeUK''''' - [[User:ChimpanzeeUK|User]] | [[User talk:ChimpanzeeUK|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/ChimpanzeeUK|Contribs]] 19:46, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
:: Bahh who cares about a chrome trim and consider it on a purchase? only one model had black trim and was discontinued, cite or not models with out without chrome trim is pure irrelevant. I think the whole whole chrome trim citation should be removed per [[Wikipedia:Relevance of content]] --[[User:PS3 Addict|PS3 Addict]] ([[User talk:PS3 Addict|talk]]) 17:50, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
i agree —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Krazidude95|Krazidude95]] ([[User talk:Krazidude95|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Krazidude95|contribs]]) 15:01, 2 November 2008 (UTC) 

== 160GB PS3 Games ==

Do you think it would be nessisary for someone to edit the paragraph under the retailconfig table to inform about the vouchers included in the 160GB console box????[[Special:Contributions/86.0.82.174|86.0.82.174]] ([[User talk:86.0.82.174|talk]]) 16:43, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
yeah....
[[User:Estemshorn|Estemshorn]] ([[User talk:Estemshorn|talk]]) 21:31, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
They don't make them anymore...cause they want you guy's to buy their old consoles so they can make more money off of them" —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.44.249.57|68.44.249.57]] ([[User talk:68.44.249.57|talk]]) 17:35, 4 November 2008 (UTC) 

==Confusing==

For some wikipedians it may confuse them with the bit of the article revolveing around priceing, there are no boxed areas, or better yet timelines of the PS3, so for some wikipedians this may be confuseing, I would say a Xbox 360 style sales section in this PS3 article, would be a huge improvement. mcjakeqcool [[User:Mcjakeqcool|Mcjakeqcool]] ([[User talk:Mcjakeqcool|talk]]) 12:19, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

== Konami's website states MGS4 is bestselling ==

Someone reverted BOTH the 7th gen page and this page back to Motorstorm. If someone can revert it, because MGS4 has sold 4.33 million according the Konami's Q2 report.
http://www.psu.com/MGS4-sells-433-million-worldwide--a0005294-p0.php is the link and PSU gives the link of http://www.konami.co.jp/zaimu/0809/english/supplemental.pdf [[User:Ffgamera|Ffgamera]] ([[User talk:Ffgamera|talk]]) 08:05, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
:See [[Talk:List of best-selling video games#MGS4]]. --[[User:Silver Edge|Silver Edge]] ([[User talk:Silver Edge|talk]]) 14:56, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

:Exactly, so can't someone change it? [[Special:Contributions/121.73.88.110|121.73.88.110]] ([[User talk:121.73.88.110|talk]]) 04:20, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

::If you had followed that link and read the content, you would have understood that Konami says that the MGS ''series'' has sold over four million copies, not MGS4 on its own. For now it will remain as Motorstorm, sorry. [[User:Khalfani_khaldun|Khalfani]][[User talk:khalfani_khaldun|Khaldun]] 07:59, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

== 160 GB PS3 Compatibility ==

I couldn't find any information about the latest PS3 lacking PS2 compatibility, the sources depicted for this information which are [http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/08/20/live-from-leipzig-north-american-hardware-announcements/ 50] and [http://www.scee.presscentre.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=4678&NewsAreaID=2 51] do not explicity say this. It's stated that it has the same features as the 80GB Model (meaning PS2 Compatibility aswell) but with a larger HD.

I find that confusing, so if anyone knows the actual answer for that, please reedit the article.

{{User:Neoarchon/Signature}} 16:28, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
:When it means the same features as the 80GB Model it means the newly released 80GB Model (that replaces the 40GB), which doesn't have bc. It's the second one from bottom in the [[PlayStation_3#Retail_configurations|table]] (Model Number CECHKxx).[[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 16:59, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Nhu

2008-11-13T12:15:23Z

Chris huh: ←Redirected page to BBC Natural History Unit

#REDIRECT [[BBC Natural History Unit]]

PlayStation Home

2008-11-11T10:55:30Z

Chris huh: remove blank line

{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{future software}}
{{Infobox VG Online Service
|title = PlayStation Home
|logo = [[Image:Pshomelogo.svg|150px]]
|developer = [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCE]] [[SCE London Studio|London Studio]] [[SCE Studio Cambridge]]<ref>http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=227321&page=2</ref>
|type = [[Virtual community|Online community service]] [[Simulation]]<ref name="GamePro">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamepro.com/sony/ps3/42435/info.shtml|title=''PlayStation Home'' Page|publisher=[[GamePro]]|accessdate=2008-06-10}}</ref>
|update =
|version =
|started =
|console = [[PlayStation 3]]
|website = [http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item73986/PlayStation%C2%AEHome/ PlayStation Home]
}}
'''PlayStation Home''' (also marketed and referred to simply as '''Home''')<ref name="Name_Clarification">{{cite web| title = Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. Announces Ground-Breaking, Next-Generation 3D Online-User Community| publisher = [[Sony Computer Entertainment America]]| date = 2007-03-07| url = http://www.us.playstation.com/News/PressReleases/382| accessdate = 2008-04-15|}}</ref> is a community-based service for the [[PlayStation Network]] which has been in development since early [[2005]]. Home allows users to create an [[Avatar (computing)|avatar]] for their [[PlayStation 3]] console. This avatar will get their own virtual apartment space, which can then be adorned with items users can receive in several different ways. In the future the service will also expand, allowing players to have more sorts of clothing or bigger apartments. Sony wants to give people the tools to create their own things, but they also want a safe place for younger users to feel comfortable.<ref name="GI-Biz">{{cite web| last = Elliott| first = Phil| title = Home, Sweet Home| publisher = [[Gamesindustry.biz]] | date = 2008-03-12| url = http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=34016| accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref>Sony is aiming for the initial download to be under 500MB. Home was announced at the [[Game Developers Conference]] on [[March 7]], [[2007]]<ref name="GDC 07 PS Keynote">{{cite web | url= http://www.gamespot.com/events/gdc07/story.html?sid=6166926&autoplay=6167003&tag=topslot;link;1 | title=GDC '07 PlayStation Keynote| author= Tor Thorsen | publisher= Gamespot | date= [[March 7]] [[2007]]}}</ref> and was originally scheduled for a global public release in September or October 2007.<ref name="release">{{cite news|url=http://www.scedev.net/home/Third%20Party%20Relations%20Q%26A.pdf|title=Home Development Q&A|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]|format=PDF|date= [[March 7]] [[2007]]}}</ref>

During the [[Tokyo Game Show]] 2007, Home's full release was announced to be delayed until "Spring 2008".<ref name="Spring 2008 delay">{{cite web | url= http://kotaku.com/gaming/breaking/home-delayed-until-spring-08-301719.php | title=Home Delayed Until Spring 08 | publisher= Kotaku | date= [[September 9]] [[2007]]}}</ref> On [[21 April]], [[2008]] [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] announced that Home would be delayed further and the closed beta would be extended until "Fall 2008".<ref name="Fall 2008 delay">{{cite web | url= http://www.platformnation.com/2008/04/21/playstation-home-not-open-till-fall-of-08/ | title=Playstation Home not open till fall of 08| publisher= Platform Nation| date= [[22 April 2008]] [[2007]]}}</ref> However it was confirmed that more [[PlayStation Network]] users would be invited to join the closed beta during this time. An announcement on the Official PlayStation Europe user forum confirms that invitations to the closed beta will be offered to winners of a weekly [[Warhawk (PlayStation 3 game)|Warhawk]] online gaming event.<ref name=autogenerated1>Sony[http://community.eu.playstation.com/playstationeu/board/message?board.id=138&thread.id=8649 Play Warhawk Wednesday - win a Beta Trial Invitation!!]</ref> [[Kazuo Hirai]], President and CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment, said that "Spending more time on the development and on the Closed Beta testing reaffirms our commitment to bringing a quality service, maintaining the PlayStation tradition."

==History==
PlayStation Home started as "The Getaway Online" for the [[PlayStation 2]]. However, this project was never completed before release of the PS3, at which point the developers began porting code to the new platform. [[Phil Harrison]], the then president of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios, liked the idea of having a virtual 3D community hub for PlayStation gamers, and transferred the project to be PlayStation Home. <ref name="Project History">{{cite web| title = PlayStation Games and Media: We're nothing without our community| publisher = [[Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]]| date = 2008-08-20| url = http://www.us.playstation.com/News/PressReleases/382| accessdate = 2008-08-24|}}</ref> However, the project was kept under high secrecy.

An online-based service had been the subject of speculation since the launch of the PlayStation Network. Sony had expressed interest in such a system, specifically the achievements, for first-party titles, though they never released any specific information regarding it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2006/10/23/no-gamerscore-no-achievements-on-ps3/|title=No gamerscore, no achievements on PS3|publisher=[[Joystiq]]|date= [[October 23]] [[2006]]}}</ref>

PlayStation Home, as a feature, was first publicly mentioned in an interview with NG-Gamer,<ref name="eups3launchinterview">{{cite web | url= http://www.ng-gamer.nl/content.php?id=3162 | title= PlayStation 3 launch interview | author= Martijn Müller | publisher= NG-Gamer | date= [[March 1]] [[2007]]}}</ref> detailed by Kotaku <ref>{{cite web | url= http://kotaku.com/gaming/sony/rumor-sony-to-unveil-playstation-home-240746.php | title= Rumor: Sony To Unveil PlayStation Home | author= Michael McWhertor | publisher= [[Kotaku]] | date= }}</ref> and finally confirmed by NG-Gamer.<ref>{{cite web |title= PSN krijgt PlayStation Home| url= http://www.ng-gamer.nl/game-nieuws/3181_psn-krijgt-playstation-home | author= Martijn Müller | publisher= NG-Gamer | date= [[March 2]] [[2007]] | language= Dutch}}</ref> It was officially announced by [[Phil Harrison]] on Wednesday [[March 7]] [[2007]], during his keynote speech at the 2007 [[Game Developers Conference]].

==Environment and Layout==
[[Image:Home Icon XMB 2.JPG|thumb|250px|left|An early image of the proposed Home category on the XMB, which will likely be dismissed due to the new [[PlayStation Network|PSN]] category.]]

Photographs and video released by Sony show Home users meeting in a plaza/town square type of area. They also show users in their own apartments with their own choice of decor and furnishings. Users can also invite other users to their apartments.

In the world outside of the player houses, players can meet and chat with other community-members. One can invite their friends, hang out and communicate via voice chat, or normal text chat, listen to music, play a game or exchange content. People who enter each other's "home" (called a "HomeSpace") can stream the host's music and videos from their HDD. Videos are viewed via virtual Sony TVs, such as the [[Sony BRAVIA|BRAVIA]]. Photographs can be viewed via a virtual picture frame.

Every user has a private apartment space that they can modify and change over time. The basic apartment is free and will offer users lots of options for customization and personalization. In the future, Sony will provide tools that will enable users to have an even greater ability to create their own Home spaces and content.

At time of release, the user's "home" will be streamed from their own [[PlayStation 3]], meaning that if the user logs out of Home, then access to this user's apartment no longer exists until the user logs on again. According to [[Sony]], they are looking for new ways to get around this issue.

The world of PlayStation Home will not only consist of players' houses, but there will also be arcade-games that can be played, as well as games like [[Pocket billiards|pool billiards]] and bowling.

The look of the avatar, decorations, where to travel, settings, etc. can be controlled on a virtual [[PlayStation Portable]].
Sony has said it will be strict on spamming of the Home system. They have told gaming website [[GameSpot]] that they will be able to block a user's console and IP address so that they cannot connect to the service.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6176617.html?sid=6176617|title=Sony: Abusers will be locked out of Home|publisher=[[GameSpot]]|date=[[August 14]], [[2007]]}}</ref>

In time, Home will play host to many types of events such as exclusive game previews and developer interviews. It will be organized by Home and its affiliated content providers. Live events such as sports and concerts may also be broadcast within Home. These will all be pre-paid using the Sony Wallet System.

Home will also contain a virtual [[Movie theater|cinema]] which will screen films that have been released on [[DVD]]/[[Blu-ray]],<ref>http://i.afterdawn.com/users/pictures/Home_Theatre_Screenshot_028.jpg</ref><ref>http://i.afterdawn.com/users/pictures/Home_Theatre_Screenshot_031.jpg</ref>, the seating areas containing other Home users will be seen and the screen is viewable <ref>http://i.afterdawn.com/users/pictures/Home_Theatre_Screenshot_033.jpg</ref> there will be an option to select full screen mode so the content playing will appear the same as any other video, DVD, or Blu-ray played from the PS3 System.

In addition to the main public areas offered by Sony and the personal apartment area, many game developers will open their own spaces showcasing their products, developers that have created spaces for home include; [[Electronic Arts|EA]], [[Activision]], [[SEGA]], [[Ubisoft]], [[Rockstar Games]] and [[THQ]]. Individual games will also be allowed their own space.

In the future areas can be developed by major companies outside of gaming. The then Executive Vice President of [[SCEE]], [[Phil Harrison]] stated that locations built around famous coffee companies, famous drinks companies, clothing companies, record companies, major retailers and so on could feature depending on whether these companies felt it worthwhile to create something for Home.

==Hall of Fame==
There will be a 'Hall of Fame' which will include a Trophy Room. The Trophy Room is a Home Space where users are able to display their gaming accomplishments. Players will be able to earn Trophies when they play games that support the Trophy system. The more Trophies a player has dictates which games they own and how skilled a player they are. Publishers and developers will be able to support Trophies by building them into their games' architecture, and existing games may be updated with patches to support it, as evidenced with ''[[Lair (video game)|Lair]]''.

==Communication==
There will be at least four ways to communicate with other users in the environment. Users will be able to type on the virtual keyboard, a USB or Bluetooth keyboard, talk using a USB or Bluetooth headset, and use e-motions, which are movements such as waves or a dance. These e-motions are based on [[emoticons]]. For convenience, there is also a library of textual messages to choose from via the controller or keyboard, such as "Hi" or "How to do.. ".

==Updates==
PlayStation Home will feature updates that expand the social and gameplay aspects of Home. The closed beta has received an update from Sony that have given the users the ability to access their patio and upload photos inside their virtual space.<ref> http://www.gamingbits.com/content/view/3048/2/ Gamingbits.com </ref> Another feature of the update is a purple and blue building outside in Home Square was recently opened to reveal the Home Marketplace. Other features, such as the much speculated monorail transport system as well as Home Trophies, have yet to be released to the beta testers. Sony will, in the future, release more updates to expand PlayStation Home into a larger, more interactive world. [[Phil Harrison]] said that in the future pets and more robust clothing will be available on the service.

==Commerce and content==
Although the service itself will be free of charge, content will be available on the PlayStation Store, such as clothes, furniture and game specific accessories, which can be purchased, but some might be available free of charge. Content can also be unlocked on specific games. Larger apartments can be purchased that come with games such as [[billiards]] or a swimming pool.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSlywpfJmaI|title=Demonstration of Home by Phil Harrison - Part 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62354kGZEX0|title=Demonstration of Home by Phil Harrison - Part 2}}</ref>

Advertising will be a big part of Home, and Sony expects retailers to create their own lobbies and deploy them for commercial purposes. At first, Sony will stream advertising from their own Home servers. Later, other companies will be allowed to insert their own ads into the network, including [[in-game advertising|dynamic advertising]] targeted at particular users.<ref name="release" />

All transactions within PlayStation Home will use the Sony Wallet system within the PlayStation Store, although ultimately transactions will be possible without leaving Home.

Users will be able to make money in Home by using an auction service that will be implemented which will allow users to sell their Home assets and user-created content to other users. In a 2007 keynote speech, [[Phil Harrison]] described ''Home'' as a "Game 3.0" game.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

In addition to content sold, users will be able to earn certain content based on certain milestones in a game.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insidegamer.nl/playstation3/home/videos/2497|title=Overview of Home|publisher=Inside Gamer|date= [[May 16]] [[2007]]}}</ref>

==Timeline of beta trials==

====April 2007====
* Launch of closed beta trial planned to continue until the services full launch in [[October 2007]].
====September 2007====
* Sony announces at the Tokyo Game Show that the release of Home would be delayed until Spring 2008, and that the closed beta would be extended until then.
====April 2008====
* Sony announces that the product has been delayed further, until Autumn 2008. The closed beta trial would be extended and opened up to more PlayStation Network users at an undisclosed date.
* An announcement on the [[Sony Computer Entertainment Europe|SCEE]] forums confirms that winners of a weekly [[Warhawk]] tournament would be invited to join the beta<ref name=autogenerated1 />

====July 2008====
* A PlayStation Home XMB theme is released on the PlayStation Store in Japan. The download registers the user's interest in joining the beta, but users will ultimately be hand-picked by [[Sony Computer Entertainment Japan|SCEJ]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sarcasticgamer.com/wp/index.php/2008/07/home-beta-hits-japan.html|title=Home beta hits Japan}}</ref>

====August 2008====
* A localized PlayStation Home XMB theme is released on the PlayStation Store in North America, which similar to the Japanese theme will register the user's interest in joining the closed beta. Sony has stated that users will be chosen based on their activity on the PlayStation Network and the PlayStation Store.<ref name="SCEAHomeTheme">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/08/07/want-into-the-playstation-home-closed-beta-test-heres-how-to-apply/|title=Want into the PlayStation Home closed beta test? Here's how to apply}}</ref>
* [[Sony Computer Entertainment Europe|SCEE]] sends beta invitations to the most active users on the European PlayStation Network and PlayStation Store.
* [[Sony Computer Entertainment Hong Kong|SCEHK]] announces details for the Home for the Asian region<ref name="KotakuHomeAsia">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5042768/home-hits-asia-in-fall-2008 | title=Home Hits Asia In "Fall 2008"}}</ref> and starts accepting applications for the closed beta on [[August 29]], [[2008]]. Sony will also grant invitations to users who purchase more than [[HK$]]60 or [[SG$]]12 worth of content in one single transaction over the [[PlayStation Store]] from August 29 to September 12, 2008.<ref name="HomeAsiaRegistration">{{cite web|url=http://asia.playstation.com/psn_recruit/index.php | title=PlayStation®Home is coming to Asia with Closed Beta Test to be launched soon!}}</ref>

====September 2008====
* The closed beta was expanded twice: once on [[September 2]], and again on [[September 19]]. It was also announced that Sony would continue to expand the closed beta many more times prior to the start of the open beta.<ref name="psblogclosedexpansion">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/09/19/playstation-home-beta-extended-today/ | title=PlayStation Home Beta Extended Today}}</ref>

====November 2008====
* The closed beta is expanded further as SCEA send out invitations to [[Qore (PlayStation Network)|Qore]] subscribers in North America<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3171046|title=Qore's Free PS3 Home Beta Available Only to Annual Subscribers|publisher=1up}}</ref>

==Current release schedule==
*Closed beta: April 2007
*Open beta: Q4 2008  <ref name="Rumor Busted: Open Home Beta Not Coming With Update 2.5">{{cite web|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/3869.html | title=Rumor Busted: Open Home Beta Not Coming With Update 2.5}}</ref>
*Final release date: TBA

==External links==
*[http://asia.playstation.com/hk/promo/home/eng/index.html Asian Home website (English)]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{PlayStation}}

[[Category:Online gaming services]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3|Network]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment]]

[[es:PlayStation Home]]
[[fr:PlayStation Home]]
[[id:PlayStation Home]]
[[is:PlayStation Home]]
[[ja:Home (オンラインサービス)]]
[[no:PlayStation Home]]
[[pl:PlayStation Home]]
[[pt:PlayStation Home]]
[[fi:PlayStation Home]]
[[sv:Playstation Home]]
[[zh:PlayStation Home]]

LittleBigPlanet (2008 video game)

2008-11-07T08:31:42Z

Chris huh: /* Gameplay */ link to film

{{Infobox VG
|bgcolour=
|title= LittleBigPlanet
|image=[[Image:LittleBigPlanetOfficialUKBoxArt.png|250px]]
|caption= European ''LittleBigPlanet'' box-art, showing Sackboy characters and the game's sticker feature.
|developer=[[Media Molecule]]
|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]]
|website= [http://www.littlebigplanet.com]
|distributor= SCEE, SCEA
|designer=
|series=
|resolution = [[720p]]<ref name="eurog_res">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=165027 | title=LittleBigPlanet to run at 30fps, 720p News | first = Ellie | last = Gibson | publisher = Eurogamer | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | date = 2008-07-02 }}</ref>
|engine=
|version= 1.03<ref>{{cite web | last = Bramwell| first = Tom| title = Sony still "investigating" LBP issues | work = [[Eurogamer]]| date = 30 October 2008| url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=273918| accessdate = 2008-10-30}}</ref>
|released={{vgrelease|United Kingdom|UK|5 November 2008<ref name=GIBizNov5/>|NA=[[wiktionary:w/c|W/C]] 27 October 2008<ref name="mm_update" /> |PAL= W/C 3 November 2008<ref name="mm_update" />}} See '''[[#Release|Release]]''' section for more information
|modes=[[Single-player]], [[multiplayer video game|multiplayer]], [[online game|online multiplayer]]
|genre=[[Platform game|Platformer]], [[Action]]
|ratings={{vgratings|ESRB=E|OFLCA=G|PEGI=7+}}
|platforms=[[PlayStation 3]]
|media=[[Blu-ray Disc]]
|requirements=
|input= [[Gamepad]]
}}

'''''LittleBigPlanet''''', sometimes abbreviated to '''''LBP'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=225520|publisher=Eurogamer|work=Eurogamer|author=Ellie Gibson|title=LBP's copyright system explained|accessdate=2008-10-18|date=2008-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=229108|publisher=[[Eurogamer]]|title=LBP public beta sometime this month|accessdate=2008-10-15|date=2008-09-03|first=Rob|last=Purchese}}</ref> and developed under the title ''The Next Big Thing'', is a [[Platformer|puzzle platformer]] and [[User generated content|world creation]] [[video game]] for the [[PlayStation 3]], first announced on 7 March 2007, by [[Phil Harrison]] at the {{vgy|2007}} [[Game Developers Conference]] in [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/ps3/gdc-07-sony-reveals-littlebigplanet-242171.php|title=GDC 07: Sony Reveals LittleBigPlanet|publisher=Kotaku|first=Michael|last=McWhertor|date=2007-03-07|accessdate=2008-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6166988.html?tag=latestnews;title;0|title=GDC 07: Sony orbiting LittleBigPlanet|publisher=Gamespot.com|date=2007-03-07|accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Tor|last=Thorsen|publisher=GameSpot}}</ref><ref>Chris Morell, "''LittleBigPlanet'': A PS3 planet you'll want to explore," ''GamePro'' 235 (April 2008): 34.</ref> It is developed by [[Media Molecule]], a British company founded in part by ''[[Rag Doll Kung Fu]]'' creator Mark Healey and published by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe.

The game revolves around the player's control of small avatars, known as ''Sackboys'' owing to their appearance, in a variety of platforming scenarios. Though the game features a set of pre-built levels for players to explore, of equal importance is the game's customisable nature, from altering the player's character and personal space, to building entirely new objects and levels, and then sharing and playing them online as part of the LittleBigPlanet community.

Originally intended for a release in mid-to-late October, a last-minute delay involving a song in the game's soundtrack delayed the game's release worldwide.<ref name=delay>{{cite web| url=http://threespeech.com/blog/2008/10/littlebigplanet-scees-official-statement/|title=LittleBigPlanet - SCEE’s official statement|author=Three Speech|date=2008-10-17|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref> It was released in North America and Japan at the end of October, and in Europe at the beginning of November. Seen as an important title for Sony and the PlayStation 3,<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> the game received a very positive reaction from critics, who praised the game's presentation including its graphics, physics and audio, as well as its gameplay and large array of customisable and online features, including its scope and future potential based on user-created content; minor criticism was reserved for some specific elements of the gameplay mechanics and level creation facilities. The title's overall positive reception sees it as one of the top-rated games for the PlayStation 3 console on video games aggregate websites.

== Gameplay ==
In ''LittleBigPlanet'', players control small characters nicknamed ''Sackboy'' (or sometimes ''Sackgirl''<ref name="review_playtm">{{cite web|url=http://play.tm/review/21819/littlebigplanet/|title=PS3 Review: LittleBigPlanet| publisher=Ferrago|work=play.tm| date=2008-10-13| accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Luke|last=Guttridge}}</ref> or ''Sack person''<ref name=IGNUSReview />), owing to their material and appearance, each of which can run and jump, as well as hang onto and drag/push objects.<ref name="review_playtm" /> Players use these abilities in a number of ways: to play and explore the environments that come with the game, which feature platforming elements such as jumping, pushing, grabbing and running, and which make use of the game's robust<ref name=IGNUSReview /> physics engine; to create their own content, such as simply placing stickers into levels, as well as using the level editor to create, destroy, edit and manipulate levels;<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> and, finally, to share creations, by publishing items such as levels and objects with the online community, as well as play these creations online with others.<ref name=IGNUSReview /> These three modes are described simply by the title's catch phrase: ''Play. Create. Share.''<ref name=IGNUSReview />

Players begin inside their own ''pod'', a personal space from which they can access the three modes of gameplay, and decorate the room with stickers and decorations.<ref name="review_playtm" /> Initially, only the Play mode is available, from which the player undertakes some tutorials, narrated by [[Stephen Fry]] in a style remniniscent of his work on [[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (film)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]; once the basics are mastered, the player is free to continue playing any part of the game.<ref name="IGNAUSReview"/>

===Play===
[[Image:Littlebigplanetscreen814 screen.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A screenshot from ''LittleBigPlanet''.]]
The ''Play'' section of ''LittleBigPlanet'' consists of a number of levels that have been created by Media Molecule, and are based around different themes that draw inspiration from real-world locations, such as Japanese gardens, dry deserts, New York City streets and icy Arctic stages.<ref name="IGNAUSReview" /> By completing the levels available to them, the player may then advance the story and play further unlocked levels.<ref name="review_videogamer" /> The story mode comprises eight areas, with each area comprising three to four main levels, and each level in turn has a collectable key item which further unlocks a bonus mini-level;<ref name="review_cvg" /> thus, the main story mode comprises more than 50 pre-built levels in total.<ref name="review_cvg" />

To control their Sackboy character, players move by using the analogue sticks, jump with varying degrees of height depending on the pressure applied to the jump button, and grab onto objects to either move or swing on them.<ref name="review_videogamer">{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/ps3/little_big_planet/review.html| title=Little Big Planet Review for PS3| first=Tom| last=Orry| date=2008-10-14| accessdate=2008-10-15| publisher=VideoGamer.com}}</ref> In addition to regular left-and-right movement, and despite the 2D look of the game, levels consist of three levels of depth – the foreground, middle and background – and these may be traversed between either automatically by the game itself, or by the player's command.<ref name=IGNUSReview /> Players may also opt to emote their Sackboy by applying varying degrees of delight, fear, sadness, and rage,<ref name="review_gameplayerau">{{cite web|url=http://gameplayer.com.au/gp_documents/LittleBigPlanet-Review.aspx|title=Gameplay - LittleBigPlanet Review| date=2008-10-14| accessdate=2008-10-15| first=Mark| last=Serrels| publisher=Gameplayer}}</ref> control each arm independently through the analogue sticks,<ref name="review_gameplayerau" /> slap other players by jerking the arm movement through analogue stick, and use the Sixaxis motion-sensing functionality to animate the character's head and body.<ref name="review_gameplayerau" />

Players may also access the character's menu, known as the Popit,<ref name="review_gamedaily">{{cite web| url=http://www.gamedaily.com/games/littlebigplanet/playstation-3/game-reviews/review/5881/2156/ | title=LittleBigPlanet on PlayStation 3 Review | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | date = 2008-10-14 | first = Chris | last = Buffa | publisher = GameDaily }}</ref> at any time. This menu allows players to select from a number of customisation options, such as selecting materials and outfits for their Sackboy,<ref name="review_gamedaily" /> as well as choosing stickers from a large selection, which can then be plastered onto any surface in the game world.<ref name="review_videogamer" /> Stickers may also be created from photos taken using the [[PlayStation Eye]]<ref name="IGNAUSReview">{{cite web | url = http://ps3.ign.com/articles/919/919107p1.html | title = LittleBigPlanet AU Review | first = Patrick | last = Kolan | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | date = 2008-10-13 | publisher = IGN AU }}</ref> and after an upcoming patch, users will be able to import images from their console's hard drive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3attitude.com/new/2008/11/littlebigplanet-to-import-images-by-christmas/|title=LittleBigPlanet to import images by Christmas|publisher=PS3Attitude}}</ref>

A large variety of pre-built objects are present in levels which may be interacted with, as well as those objects that have been constructed out of more basic elements; these include materials, which act in a manner physically similar to those they represent, such as cloth being soft, rubber having grip, and wood being tough,<ref name="review_cvg">{{cite web | url = http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=199300 | title = PS3 Review - LittleBigPlanet | first = Mike | last = Jackson | date = 2008-10-14 | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | publisher = CVG }}</ref> to objects that are built with mechanical components, such as motors, pistons, jets, wires and springs.<ref name="review_cvg" /> As well as these objects, levels contain dangers that players must avoid, and these include objects or platforms that have been set on fire,<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> whilst explosives that can damage Sackboy if he strays too close can also be used to blow up sections of the level.<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> As well as being hurt if these level dangers are touched, players may also be crushed if trapped under or between heavy items.<ref name="crushed">{{cite web|url=http://www.shacknews.com/featuredarticle.x?id=736|title=CES 08: LittleBigPlanet Preview|publisher=ShackNews|accessdate=2008-07-29|date=2008-01-09|first=Nick|last=Breckon}}</ref> Should a player lose a life in this fashion, a checkpoint system ensures that players may start again at recently passed checkpoints should they fail, albeit a limited number of times.<ref name="review_videogamer" />

Each level contains a large number of bubbles, formerly known as "sponge",<ref name="sam_bubbles" /> which may be collected in order to increase the player's score, and to attempt to beat their own high score.<ref name="review_videogamer" /> As well as empty bubbles, collectable items are kept within prize bubbles, many of which are hidden or are in hard-to-reach places, and these contain items such as new stickers and decorations, as well as new materials and objects that may be used in the ''Create'' mode for the user's own levels.<ref name=IGNUSReview /> Some of these hidden items may be accessed by using the aforementioned stickers menu to place stickers on special parts of the level.<ref name="review_videogamer" /> Clothing and accessories for the player's Sackboy may also be obtained by passing through the levels without losing a life.<ref name=IGNUSReview /> As well as prizes, the aforementioned collectable keys within main levels unlock new mini-levels with unique goals, such as skipping a spinning pole or bouncing to grab bubbles,<ref name="review_cvg" /> to speed levels such as bobsled racing.<ref name=IGNUSReview />

===Create===
[[Image:LBP sackboys.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A demonstration of the character customisation available in ''LittleBigPlanet''.]]
The player may customise their character in a range of ways. They are able to select a base colour and texture for their ''Sackboy'' from a range of materials and designs, and may create items for the character to wear such as masks and clothes, as well as give them pre-made items including swords and capes. The game also features items based on other PlayStation 3 franchises such as a ''[[Killzone 2]]'' mask,<ref name="KotakuFeature">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5030312/tons-yes-tons-of-littlebigplanet-info|title=Tons (Yes, Tons) Of LittleBigPlanet Info|publisher=[[Kotaku]]|author=Brian Ashcraft|date=2008-07-29|accessdate=2008-07-29}}</ref> and character models based on Kratos, Medusa and Minotaur from the ''[[God of War (video game)|God of War]]'' series,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2008/10/07/gamestop-lbp-pre-order-adds-more-god-of-war-sackness/|title=GameStop LBP pre-order adds more God of War sackness|publisher=Joystiq|date=2008-10-07|accessdate=2008-10-15}}</ref> Nariko from ''[[Heavenly Sword]]'', Old Snake from ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots|Metal Gear Solid 4]]'' and Sephiroth from ''[[Final Fantasy VII]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/10/08/tgs-08-sackboy-solid-snake-and-sephiroth-to-join-littlebigplanet/|title=TGS 08: Sackboy Old Snake and Sephiroth to join LittleBigPlanet|publisher=PlayStation.Blog|date=2008-10-08|accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Jeff|last=Rubenstein}}</ref>

Although the ''Create'' aspect does include minor tweaks to existing levels whilst they are being played, such as placing stickers and decorations in levels, the main focus of this mode is the level editor.<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> The editor incorporates a large number of editing facilities to create levels from a low to a high degree of complexity. Players may create new objects by starting with a number of basic shapes, such as circles, stars and squares, and then "painting" the shape of the object into the level.<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> Objects may also be glued to each other or to the level.<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> More mechanical features are also available, such as connecting objects together with string, using bolts to spin objects, or using various kinds of triggers,<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> as well as jets which may be attached to surfaces to propel them.<ref name="review_cvg" /> After creating custom objects, players may also save out their creation to a library for later use, and even share their object by placing it inside a prize bubble in their level, so that other players who play the level may use it in their own levels.<ref name="IGNUSReview" />

In order to facilitate the creation process and to accommodate any mistakes made, the editor also features a time system, whereby players may "rewind" the editor, which acts as an undo feature, or pause the editor, which temporarily halts objects that run under the physics engine, such as gravity or rolling objects.<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> In addition to his narration for other parts of the game, Stephen Fry provides the voice-over for the large quantity of video and interactive tutorials that accompany the create mode, a number of which must be watched in full before unlocking a new set of objects for use.<ref name="review_gameplayerau" />

User-generated content is not tied to any specific region, in that all user-created levels are accessible by users from all three gaming regions — Europe, North America and Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3fanboy.com/2008/08/23/littlebigplanet-confirmed-region-free-by-scee-rep/|title=LittleBigPlanet confirmed region-free by SCEE rep|publisher=PS3Fanboy|date=2008-08-23|accessdate=2008-10-10|first=Jem|last=Alexander}}</ref>

===Share===
A major focus of ''LittleBigPlanet'' is the global community features through the [[PlayStation Network]] for players to interact and share their "patches"<ref name="press release">{{cite press release |title=LittleBigPlanet: Explore, Create, Share. |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment |date=[[2007-03-07]] |url=http://www.us.playstation.com/News/PressReleases/383 |format= |language= |accessdate=2007-03-07 |quote= }}</ref> — levels and other modifications — as well as online play.

''LittleBigPlanet'' features a range of multiplayer options. Levels can be played online with up to four players, locally with up to four players or with a mixture of up to four online and local players. Up to four local users can play together in ''Create'' mode, the ability to create levels with up to four players online will be added in an update at some point after the game's launch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://n4g.com/ps3/News-202456.aspx|title=LBP will lack "Online Create" mode at Launch|publisher=N4G.com|author=godmoney|accessdate=2008-10-15|date=2008-09-22}}</ref>. How multiple users play with each other is dependent on the design of the level and how the users choose to play, allowing the players to choose whether they play cooperatively or battle against each other to get to the finish line first, or collect the most bubbles.<ref name="sam_bubbles">{{cite web|url=http://boardsus.playstation.com/playstation/board/message?board.id=littlebigplanet&message.id=23152#M23152 | title= Re: fluff? - LittleBigPlanet (PS3) - PlayStation.com Forums | author=Sam_Protagonist | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | date = 2008-08-20 }}</ref> Each local player is able to sign in to their own PlayStation Network account and individually collect [[PlayStation_Network#PlayStation_3_Trophies|trophies]] for their own account; this is one of the few times such a feature has been included in a PlayStation 3 game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesixthaxis.com/2008/09/02/lbp-multi-user-logons/|title=LBP: Multi User Logons|publisher=TheSixthAxis|date=2008-09-02|accessdate=2008-09-02|author=nofi}}</ref>

The main focus of the ''Share'' component is the ability for level creators to publish their levels and objects to the online community for other people to play.<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> Once a custom level has been played through, players are able to tag the level with a list of predefined words that appear, and may cycle through the word choice to find the most appropriate.<ref name="IGNUSReview" /> Players may also use the "heart" feature, which allows them to specify which levels, stickers and decorations they prefer; in this way, people can heart to show appreciation for other people's creations, and also visit their online friend's hearted items, or visit the creator of a hearted item, then view his or her hearted items, and so on.<ref name="IGNUSReview" />

An official community website called the ''LittleBigWorkshop'' compliments the in-game sharing features. Logging on with their PlayStation Network IDs, users are able to create [[blueprint]]s for level designs, view in-depth tutorials and take part in challenges. It is also the home of the official forums. Among its other features, the website allows users to upload in-game videos and photos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://littlebigplanet.us.playstation.com/post/2008/10/Introducing-LittleBigWorkshop.aspx|title=Introducing... LittleBigWorkshop|publisher=SCEA|date=2008-10-24|author=Sackboy103}}</ref>

==Development==
[[Image:Yellowhead craftworld.jpg|right|thumb|230px|A screenshot of the early prototype, ''Craftworld'', depicting Mr. Yellowhead dragging blocks from water.]]
Media Molecule co-founder, [[Mark Healey]], recalled that the first conversation he had about the game that was to become ''LittleBigPlanet'' was with Dave Smith, a fellow co-founder of Media Molecule, after they had been to the cinema to see ''[[Howl's Moving Castle (film)|Howl's Moving Castle]]''.<ref name="InsideGameDesign"/> Healey and Smith discussed a game that had character controls similar to their previous game ''[[Rag Doll Kung Fu]]'', but that would be playable on a console. Healey and Smith left [[Lionhead Studios]] in December 2005 along with another Media Molecule co-founder [[Alex Evans (video game developer)|Alex Evans]] and art director Kareem Ettouney, and managed to arrange a meeting with [[Phil Harrison]], the then-head of development for Sony Worldwide Studios.<ref name="InsideGameDesign"/> They created a prototype of their idea, a game called ''Craftworld'', a physics-based, 2D side-scrolling game, with a place holder character called Mr Yellowhead.<ref name="GameSpot-GDC07"/> Mr Yellowhead's arms were controllable with the right analogue stick of the PlayStation 2 controller that Media Molecule had connected to their PC,<ref name="InsideGameDesign"/> whilst his legs were controlled with the left stick. The object of the game was to guide Mr. Yellowhead past a number of obstacles by grabbing onto objects and pushing or rolling them around.<ref name="GameSpot-GDC07">{{cite web|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6167059.html|first=Brendan|last=Sinclair|date=2007-03-08|accessdate=2008-10-15|publisher=GameSpot|title=
GDC 07: Making Media Molecule}}</ref>

They chose to pitch their idea to Harrison using their own software, rather than [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]], which allowed for bullet point information as in standard presentations, but also for live, controllable movement of game characters.<ref name="InsideGameDesign"/> By their own admission, the pitch was vague and they had deliberately toned down the creative aspect of the game — which they felt may have appeared as "weird" for a console game — for fear of negative reception of their pitch by Sony.<ref name="InsideGameDesign"/> They presented the prototype purely as a playable game, and only briefly mentioned the user created content aspect; Evans relates that Harrison actually picked up on the creative side, and had asked them why they had chosen not to explore this element further.<ref name="InsideGameDesign"/> The meeting, which had been scheduled to last 45 minutes, eventually lasted 3 hours.<ref name="GamestopInterveiw">{{cite web | last = Chiappini| first = Dan| title = Q&A: Media Molecule devs talk LittleBigPlanet| work = [[Gamespot]]| publisher = | date = | url = http://www.gamestop.com/Browse/ArticleViewer.aspx?Product_ID=65483&articleid=54896| accessdate = 2008-10-15}}</ref> Sony agreed to pick up the game and Evans et al. had received funding from them by January 2006, with Media Molecule being incorporated as a company in February.<ref name="InsideGameDesign">{{cite book| last = Simons| first = Iain| authorlink = Iain Simons| title = Inside Game Design| publisher = Laurence King Publishing| series =| year = 2007| doi = | isbn = 978-1-85669-532-9| pages = pp 89-94}}</ref>

Despite backing from Sony, Media Molecule were unsure about exactly what direction they were going to take the game. They also worried about whether people would understand, or even like, the game, but these worries were dispelled after its first presentation. Media Molecule were aware of the fact that Sony wanted them to demonstrate the game at the upcoming [[Game Developers Conference]] 2007, but they were not told that they were to be part of Phil Harrison's keynote speech until near the date it was due to take place. Healey stated that it was only when they arrived in San Francisco for the conference that they realised just how much backing Sony were devoting to the game — much more than Media Molecule had previously thought.<ref name="MyLittleBigGame"/> Healey relates that although the revelation of Sony's faith in the game boosted their confidence, it also increased the pressure on them with the realisation that their task had become much greater than originally anticipated.<ref name="MyLittleBigGame">{{cite web| last = Healey | first = Mark| title = My LittleBig Game| work = Edge| date = 17 July 2008| url = http://www.edge-online.com/blogs/my-littlebig-game| accessdate = 2008-10-20}}</ref>

The game was less than one year into development when it was first shown at GDC 2007. Evans remarked that this public approach to the game's development meant that they had been able to react to feedback from the community, and that the game had been specifically designed to allow them to easily implement further developments in the future, based on demand from players.<ref>{{cite interview |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=224220&page=3 |last=Evans |first=Alex |subjectlink=Alex Evans |interviewer=Rob Fahey |callsign = Eurogamer |date=2008-08-24 |title=Media Molecule's Alex Evans |accessdate=2008-10-15 }}</ref>

===Marketing===
Both Sony Computer Entertainment and Media Molecule have undertaken a robust marketing campaign in the run-up to the game's release. In North America, SCEA have partnered with several of the major online retailers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://littlebigplanet.us.playstation.com/post/2008/08/Pre-Order-Details-Amazon--GameStop.aspx|title=Pre-Order Details: Amazon & GameStop |publisher=SCEA|date=2008-08-13|accessdate=2008-10-15|author=SackBoy103}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://littlebigplanet.us.playstation.com/post/2008/08/Pre-Orders-LittleBigStickerBook.aspx|title=Pre-Orders: LittleBigStickerBook |publisher=SCEA|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-10-15|author=SackBoy103}}</ref> to offer unique bonus gifts to customers pre-ordering the game from the selected retailers. These gifts include codes to access additional in-game characters, a sticker book, a burlap pouch and an official game guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/08/05/littlebigplanet-pre-order-goodness/|title=LittleBigPlanet: Pre-order Goodness|publisher=SCEA|date=2008-08-05|accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Mark|last=Valledor}}</ref>

In the UK, SCEE have partnered with online retailers to offer downloadable characters like the Nariko character (from ''Heavenly Sword'') to customers who pre-order the game.<ref name="KotakuPreReleaseGoodies">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5044759/where-to-get-your-lbp-nariko-sackgirl|title=Where To Get Your LBP Nariko SackGirl |publisher=[[Kotaku]]|date=2008-09-03|accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Mike|last=Fahey}}</ref> Also, a temporary shop has been set-up in [[Manchester]] city centre where people were able to play the game before its release. This shop has now moved and has been residing in central London since October. The shop also offers activites such as t-shirt making. The shops opening times are 11:00am-7:00pm from Tuesday-Sunday. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://threespeech.com/blog/2008/09/littlebigplanet-pop-up-space-in-manchester/|title= LittleBigPlanet Pop-up Space in Manchester! |publisher=ThreeSpeech|date=2008-09-17|accessdate=2008-10-15|author=Three Speech}}</ref>

A website campaign to "reclaim Pluto as the ninth planet", ''Proposition Pluto'', was also released as a marketing tool several weeks before the game's release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3fanboy.com/2008/10/22/help-sackboy-and-littlebigplanet-make-pluto-a-real-planet-again| title = Help SackBoy and LittleBigPlanet make Pluto a real planet again | date = 2008-10-22 | accessdate = 2008-10-23 | first = Andrew | last = Yoon | publisher=PS3Fanboy}}</ref>

===Release===
[[Image:LittleBigPlanetOfficialUSBoxArt.jpg|right|thumb|200px|North American box art, showing a variety of possible Sackboy characters, as well as the game's stylised globe design.]]
A demo version of the game was planned for release on the PlayStation Network in the fourth quarter of 2007,<ref name="press release" /> but was delayed until 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2007/12/11/little-big-planet-demo-not-coming-in-2007|title=Little Big Planet Demo Not Coming In 2007|publisher=MTV Multiplayer|first=Stephen|last=Totilo|accessdate=2008-10-15|date=2007-11-12}}</ref>

Original announcements pointed to a full release early in 2008, but Sony later said that the game had been delayed until September 2008 in the UK.<ref name="UKrelease">{{cite web|url=http://www.videogaming247.com/2008/03/26/lbp-killzone-2-and-resistance-2-dated-for-europe/|title=LBP, Killzone 2 and Resistance 2 dated for Europe|publisher=videogaming247.com|accessdate=2008-10-15|date=2008-03-26}}</ref> During the Sony PlayStation Day on 6 May 2008 in London, Sony announced that the game would be delayed by one month,<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=137090 |title=LittleBigPlanet coming in October News|publisher=Eurogamer|date=2008-05-06|accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Ellie|last=Gibson}}</ref> and was finally scheduled for release on 21 October 2008 in North America, 22 October in Europe, 24 October in the UK and Ireland<ref name="ReleaseSchedule">{{cite web|url=http://littlebigplanet.us.playstation.com/post/2008/09/Fun-Shall-Overcome-on-October-21.aspx|title=Fun Shall Overcome on October 21|author="SackBoy103"|date=2008-09-19|accessdate=2008-10-15|publisher=Eurogamer}}</ref> and 30 October in Japan.<ref name="JapanRelease">{{cite web|url=http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/lbp/|title=RITORUBIGGUPURANETTO ™ (LittleBigPlanet ™)|publisher=SCEJ|accessdate=2008-10-15|language=Japanese}} ([http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/lbp/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dplaystation%2Bjp%26num%3D30%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26pwst%3D1 Translation])</ref>

On 17 October 2008 SCEE instigated a worldwide recall of ''LittleBigPlanet'' and announced that the game's release would have to be pushed back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=262215|title=Qu'ran references force worldwide LittleBigPlanet recall | first = Tom | last = Bramwell | date = 2008-10-17 | accessdate = 2008-10-19 | publisher = Eurogamer }}</ref> This was after a PlayStation Community member reported that the lyrics to one of the songs in the game included passages from [[Qur'an]] and could therefore be offensive to [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:BuPMgf6T4UIJ:community.eu.playstation.com/playstationeu/board/message%3Fboard.id%3D611%26message.id%3D8388+%22tapha+Niang%22+quran&hl=da&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=dk|title= very urgent about little big planet|publisher = Official Playstation Community forum | date = 2008-10-17|accessdate=2008-10-19|author=solid_08}}</ref> The song in question was entitled "Tapha Niang" by [[Mali]]an, [[Toumani Diabaté]], himself a devout Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://machinist.salon.com/blog/2008/10/20/islam_sony/| title = Sony recalls LittleBigPlanet over Quran quote in music | date = 2008-10-20 | accessdate=2008-10-20 | publisher=Machinist: Salon.com | first = Cyrus | last = Farivar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/feb/21/worldmusic|title=The generation game - Music - The Guardian|date=2008-02-21|accessdate=2008-10-20|publisher=The Guardian | first = Robin | last = Denselow}}</ref> The game was then patched twice in one day before its retail release for those players who had already received the game. The first update, to 1.01, did not affect the song, and was released to patch online issues, modify jetpack controls,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2008/10/23/littlebigplanet-1-01-patch-adds-costumes-leaves-music | title = LittleBigPlanet 1.01 patch adds costumes, leaves music | first = Christopher | last = Grant | date = 2008-10-23 | accessdate = 2008-11-04 | publisher = Joystiq}}</ref> and add further costumes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=265247| title = LBP 1.01 patch doesn't update song | first = Tom | last = Bramwell | date = 2008-10-23 | accessdate=2008-10-23 | publisher = Eurogamer}}</ref> whilst the second, 1.02, updated the game to remove the vocals from the track, leaving only an instrumental.<ref name="eurog_songsorted">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=265547 | title=
LBP 1.02 patch sorts out dodgy song News | first = Tom | last = Bramwell | publisher = Eurogamer | accessdate = 2008-10-23 | date = 2008-10-23 }}</ref>

SCEA announced that new versions of the game would be shipped to North American retailers the week commencing 27 October 2008.<ref name="delayus_update">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/10/17/littlebigplanet-release-update/|title=LittleBigPlanet Release Update|publisher = PlayStation.blog | date = 2008-10-17|accessdate=2008-10-17|first=Patrick | last = Seybold}}</ref> On 20 October 2008 an SCEE press released stated that ''LittleBigPlanet'' would start to appear in stores in the United Kingdom, Europe, Middle East, Australia and New Zealand no later than the week commencing 3 November 2008 on a country-by-country basis.<ref name="EuroGNewDate">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=263695|title=New LittleBigPlanet release date |publisher=Eurogamer|date=2008-10-20|accessdate=2008-10-20|first=Tom|last=Bramwell}}</ref> Later the same day SCEE confirmed the UK release date as 5 November.<ref name=GIBizNov5>{{cite web| last = Martin| first = Matt| title = LittleBigPlanet UK release set for November 5| work = [[Gamesindustry.biz]]| date = 20 October 2008| url = http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/littlebigplanet-uk-release-set-for-november-5| accessdate = 2008-10-20}}</ref><ref name="mm_update">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediamolecule.com/2008/10/20/new-release-dates/ | title = Media Molecule - we make games. - Blog Archive - New Release Dates! | date = 2008-10-20 | accessdate = 2008-10-20 | author = Siobhan | publisher = Media Molecule }}</ref>

The game's native resolution is 720p with a 16:9 aspect ratio.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} It also supports 480p in a 4:3 pillarbox. It does not support 1080i or 1080p upscaling, and so to play in HD the display must explicitly support 720p input.{{Fact|date=November 2008}}

====Beta phases====
A public [[Development_stage#Beta|beta version]] of the game was previously scheduled for the summer of 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/2994.html|title=PS3 News: LittleBigPlanet Closed Beta Drops This Summer|publisher=PSXExtreme|first=Ben|last=Dutka|date=2008-04-30|accessdate=2008-10-15}}</ref> but it was later announced that only private beta testing would take place, with the possibility of a publicly available demo before the full game's release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3fanboy.com/2008/05/08/littlebigplanet-open-beta-will-never-happen/|title=LittleBigPlanet open beta will never happen|publisher=PS3Fanboy|first=Jem|last=Alexander|date=2008-05-08|accessdate=2008-10-15}}</ref> However, in a later interview, Alex Evans, Co-Founder of Media Molecule, said that a beta would be released in September 2008 describing it as "a public beta, but limited at the same time".<ref name="WIGBeta">{{cite web|url=http://whatifgaming.com/whatifgaming-e3-08-littlebigplanet-beta-coming-this-september|title=LittleBigPlanet Beta Coming This September|publisher=WhatIfGaming|author=Usman Ihtsham}}</ref> The first beta became playable on 23 September when gaming website [[Eurogamer]] began offering beta codes to its members on the same date, with a total of 5,800 codes available; the website quickly buckled under the influx of visitors, with many unable to load the site.<ref name="eurog_buckle">{{cite web | url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=243270|title=LittleBigPlanet beta keys all gone! | first = Rob | last = Purchese | date = 2008-09-23 | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | publisher=Eurogamer }}</ref> Subsequently, several other gaming websites including [[1UP.com]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8884809&publicUserId=1002415|title=Shane's 1UP Blog: Little Big Beta|publisher=1UP|date=2008-09-25|accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Shane|last=Bettenhausen}}</ref> and [[GameSpot]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/shows/on-the-spot/?tag=promo%3btitle|title=On The Spot Podcast|date=2008-10-12|accessdate=2008-10-15|publisher=GameSpot}}</ref> have offered beta codes to their users. Redeemable through the PlayStation 3's Account Management section, players with both a code and a PlayStation network account were able to play the beta until it ended on 12 October.<ref name="eurog_beta">{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3fanboy.com/2008/09/23/littlebigplanet-beta-begins-tomorrow-codes-available-on-eurogam/|date=2008-09-23|accessdate-2008-09-23|publisher=PS3Fanboy|first=Jem|last=Alexander|title=LittleBigPlanet beta begins tomorrow, codes available on Eurogamer}}</ref> Although Sony had originally planned to erase all levels created by players during the beta period, an official poll was held to let the players decide their fate,<ref name="eurog_levelspoll">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=255466 | title = Shall we scrub LBP beta levels, asks Sony | first = Tom | last = Bramwell | date = 2008-10-09 | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | publisher = Eurogamer }}</ref> the result of which was to keep the levels.<ref name="eurog_levelspoll2">{{cite web | url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=256900|title=LBP beta levels will survive - Evans | date = 2008-10-10 | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | publisher = Eurogamer | first = Tom | last = Bramwell }}</ref> As such, these levels will remain, although save game data and progress in the beta will not be carried over into the full game.<ref name="eurog_levelspoll" />

====Future developments====
A feature that the title does not currently have is the ability to import images from the console's hard drive for use as a sticker. When initially asked about the missing feature, Alex Evans replied that its removal was due to time constraints, and that a patch before Christmas would enable the feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3attitude.com/new/2008/11/littlebigplanet-to-import-images-by-christmas/|title=LittleBigPlanet to import images by Christmas|author=DolphGB|date=2008-11-01|accessdate=2008-11-05|publisher=PS3 Attitude}}</ref> A later forum post from a PlayStation official countered this by stating image import would not be appearing "for a variety of reasons".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boardsus.playstation.com/playstation/board/message?board.id=littlebigplanet&message.id=179461#M179461|title=Re: News: Import Images from Hardrive!!!!|author=Sam_Protagonist|date=2008-11-01|accessdate=2008-11-05|publisher=PlayStation.com Forums}}</ref> Further confusion arose when Media Molecule posted an image to their Flickr page after both statements were made, showing the image import tool in action,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3fanboy.com/2008/11/05/media-molecule-flickr-shows-in-game-image-importing/|title=Media Molecule flickr shows in-game image importing|accessdate=2008-11-05|date=2008-11-05|publisher=PS3 Fanboy|first=Jem|last=Alexander}}</ref> and a television advert for the game demonstrated family photographs in a custom level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ps3fanboy.com/2008/11/05/first-of-three-european-littlebigplanet-tv-spots-revealed/|title=First of three European LittleBigPlanet TV spots revealed|accessdate=2008-11-05|date=2008-11-05|publisher=PS3 Fanboy|first=Jem|last=Alexander}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
===Previews===
The unveiling of ''LittleBigPlanet'' at the 2007 [[Game Developers Conference]] (GDC) elicited numerous positive reactions. In his BBC News blog, technology editor Darren Waters wrote, "''LittleBigPlanet'' is perhaps one of the most dazzling demos I've seen in the last 10 years".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/technology/2007/03/a_whole_new_world_1.shtml|title=BBC NEWS - Tomorrow's World - A whole new world|publisher=BBC News|date=2007-03-07|accessdate=2008-10-15|first=Darren|last=Waters}}</ref> [[IGN]] described the game as "beautiful" and reported that "even in the presence of [[Playstation Home|Home]], Sony's impressive new community software, ''LittleBigPlanet'' stole the show at Phil Harrison's Game 3.0 practice conference, and was the thing that everyone was talking about".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/770/770999p1.html|title=GDC 2007: LittleBigPlanet Eyes-on|publisher=IGN|accessdate=2008-10-15|date=2007-03-07}}</ref> [[1UP.com|1UP]] wrote that "there are plenty of questions remaining about ''LittleBigPlanet'' … but it's clear from the reaction to the game so far that it has already won over many fans" and that "this could be something very special".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3157799|title=LittleBigPlanet Preview from 1UP.com|publisher=1UP|date=2007-03-07|first=Matt|last=Leone}}</ref> [[Slashdot]] Games editor Michael Zenke suggested that the game could be the PlayStation 3's [[killer application]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://games.slashdot.org/games/07/03/07/209213.shtml|title=Sony Keynote Offers Hope For Playstation 3 Fans|publisher=slashdot.org|author=Zonk|date=2007-03-07|accessdate=2008-10-15}}</ref> Even [[Reggie Fils-Aime]], the president of Nintendo of America, praised the product, though he was unsure how the game would fare on Sony's platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5117&Itemid=2|title=Nintendo Wanted Media Molecule|publisher=Next Generation|date=2007-04-03|accessdate=2008-10-15|author=Edge Staff}}</ref>

===Reviews===
{{VG Reviews
|1UP = A+<ref name="1UP.com review">{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3170945|title=Little Big Planet Review|author=Nick Suttner|publisher=[[1UP.com]]|date=2008-10-27|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>
|Edge = 10/10<ref name=EdgeReview />
|XPlay = 5/5<ref name=XplayReview>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1848/LittleBigPlanet.html|title=X-Play - LittleBigPlanet Review|publisher=[[X-Play]]|accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref>
|GT = 9.4/10<ref name=GameTrailersreview>{{cite web|url=http://www.gametrailers.com/game/4491.html|title=GameTrailers - LittleBigPlanet Review|publisher=GameTrailers}}</ref>
|EuroG = 9/10<ref name=EuroGReview />
|GamePro = 5/5<ref name=GameProRev />
|GSpot = 9/10<ref name=GameSpotReview>{{cite web|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/ps3/action/littlebigplanet/review.html|title=LittleBigPlanet Review - Gamespot|publisher=CNET|work=Gamespot UK|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref>
|OPMUK = 10/10<ref name="POMReview" />
|rev1 = [[IGN.com|IGN]] (UK)
|rev1Score = 9.7/10<ref name=IGNUKReview />
|rev2 = IGN (US)
|rev2Score = 9.5/10<ref name=IGNUSReview />
|rev3 = IGN (Aus)
|rev3Score = 9.2/10<ref name="IGNAUSReview" />
|GR =96%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/938583.asp|title=LittleBigPlanet Reviews|publisher=CNET|work=[[Game Rankings]]|accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref>
|MC = 95%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps3/littlebigplanet?q=littlebigplanet|title=LittleBigPlanet at MetaCritic|work=Metacritic | publisher=CNET|accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref>
}}
''LittleBigPlanet'' has received wide critical acclaim from reviewers.

The first major publication to review ''LittleBigPlanet'' was the UK edition of ''[[PlayStation Official Magazine]]''. In their November edition they gave the game a score of 10/10 calling it "a beautifully elegant and powerful creative tool that puts unlimited potential in the palm of your hand".<ref name="POMReview" >{{cite journal|author=Leon Hurley/Ben Wilson|year=2008|month=November|title=LittleBigPlanet - The best game on the PS3 is the one you make|journal=[[PlayStation Official Magazine]]|issue=24|pages=92-99|publisher=[[Future Publishing]]|location=UK|format=Print|accessdate=2008-09-30}}</ref> [[Eurogamer]] scored the game 9/10. Reviewer Oli Welsh commented specifically on the game's "unforgettable visuals" and that the accurate lighting was "as total a realisation of high-definition as you'll see anywhere in games this year". He also praised the multiplayer gameplay as "a loosely-structured scrum of competition, collaboration and sheer, joyful mucking around". Speaking of the game's comprehensive creation and community tools in contrast with its classic platforming gameplay, he calls the game "the future and the past of videogames, rolled into one".<ref name=EuroGReview>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=259015&page=1|title=LittleBigPlanet Review|publisher=[[Eurogamer]]|date=2008-10-12|author=Oli Welsh}}</ref> [[IGN]] (US) scored it 9.5/10 and said the game was an "instant classic". The reviewer, Chris Roper, also suggested that the game may even be a reason to buy a PlayStation 3; "If you own a PlayStation 3, you cannot miss this. If you don’t have a PS3 yet, this is the reason to get one."<ref name=IGNUSReview>{{citeweb|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/919/919111p1.html|title=IGN: LittleBigPlanet Review|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=2008-10-13|author=Chris Roper|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref> IGN's British and Australian sites scored the game 9.7/10 and 9.2/10 respectively.<ref name="IGNAUSReview" /><ref name="IGNUKReview">{{cite web|url=http://uk.ps3.ign.com/articles/919/919593p1.html|title=LittleBigPlanet UK Review|accessdate=2008-10-15|date=2008-10-14|first=Matt|last=Wales|publisher=IGN UK}}</ref> ''[[GamePro]]'' scored the game 5/5 and said that the real strength of the game "is the tremendous sense of freedom and creativity that it instils in you."<ref name=GameProRev>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/207471/littlebigplanet/|title=GamePro - LittleBigPlanet Review|publisher=[[GamePro]]|author=Tae K. Kim}}</ref>
''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]'' gave it a 10/10 and said "It's a multiplayer riot, a visual landmark, a feat of engineering, and one of the most charming games ever made. But even those accolades are dwarfed by its scope, its potential, and the apparent endlessness of them both."<ref name=EdgeReview>{{cite journal|title=LittleBigPlanet review|author=Edge staff|journal=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]|year=2008|month=December|issue=195|pages=76-77|issn=1350-1593}}</ref>

Some reviewers have criticised the game's control system. Eurogamer's review stated that the jumping mechanic timing sometimes feels "off by a fraction of a fraction of a second" and that this can be a minor annoyance when attempting challenges which require dexterity and timing.<ref name=EuroGReview /> In IGN's review, Chris Roper also reported issues with the control system stating that the game's heavily physics-based gameplay "left a few corners on what should have been a razor-sharp control scheme". He goes on to say that the character acceleration and deceleration "isn't as quick as it could be" but that his biggest complaint is the way the game handles player movement between foreground, middleground and background on the [[2.5D]] plane. He says that "there are instances where it doesn't do what you want it to do, and these points stick out like a sore thumb." <ref name=IGNUSReview/> This is an issue that has also been raised by Media Molecule's co-founder Mark Healey who stated in an interview that "The Z [axis] movement is an incredibly hard thing for us to get right. There's times when it annoys me actually." However he goes on to say that they will continue to work on that and refine it, suggesting that this may be improved via a patch in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=254347 |title=LittleBigPlanet boss "annoyed" by controls|publisher=Eurogamer|author=Johnny Minkley|date=2008-10-07}}</ref> IGN's review also commented on the game's story mode that it ended "in a somewhat disappointing manner" and that the story as a whole doesn't make much sense.<ref name=IGNUSReview/>

==Sequel==
In an interview with the BBC in October 2008, Alex Evans confirmed that Media Molecule is working on a sequel to ''LittleBigPlanet'' but did not provide any details.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7688800.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Game on for British developers|date=2008-10-24|accessdate=2008-10-27|author=Darren Waters|work=BBC News Online}}</ref> The statement was later clarified in an interview with IGN where Siobhan Reddy of Media Molecule stated "we see LittleBigPlanet as a platform...There will be a lot of additional content and it will vary in size and what it does. And we've already started that, yes." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.ps3.ign.com/articles/927/927478p1.html|publiser = IGN|title = LittleBigPlanet: The Future}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.littlebigplanet.com/ Official Game Website]
*[http://littlebigplanet.us.playstation.com/ Official Blog]
*[http://www.littlebigworkshop.com/ LittleBigWorkshop - Official community website]
*[http://mediamolecule.com/games.html Media Molecule official ''LittleBigPlanet'' page]
*''LittleBigPlanet'' at PlayStation: [http://www.jp.playstation.com/scej/title/lbp/ Japan], [http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item76401/LittleBigPlanet%E2%84%A2/ UK], [http://au.playstation.com/games_media/games/ps3/l/littlebigplanet.jhtml Australia], [http://nz.playstation.com/games_media/games/ps3/l/littlebigplanet.jhtml New Zealand], [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Games/LittleBigPlanet US]
*{{dmoz|Games/Video_Games/Action/L/LittleBigPlanet|''{{pagename}}''}}
*{{wikia|littlebigplanet|LittleBigPlanet Wiki}}

[[Category:2008 video games]]
[[Category:Platform games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 Trophy Compatible games]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom]]

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Moonraker (film)

2008-11-05T14:44:51Z

Chris huh: typo

{{Infobox Film Bond
| name = Moonraker
| image = Moonrakerposter.jpg
| caption = ''Moonraker'' film poster by [[Bob Peak]]
| bond = [[Roger Moore]]
| stars = [[Michael Lonsdale]] [[Lois Chiles]] [[Richard Kiel]]
| writer = [[Ian Fleming]]
| screenplay = [[Christopher Wood (writer)|Christopher Wood]]
| cinematography = Jean Tournier
| director = [[Lewis Gilbert]]
| producer = [[Albert R. Broccoli]] William P. Cartlidge [[Michael G. Wilson]]
| music = [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]
| main theme = [[Moonraker (song)|Moonraker]]
| composer = John Barry [[Hal David]]
| editing = [[John Glen]]
| performer = [[Shirley Bassey]]
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = June 26, 1979 (UK) June 29, 1979 (USA)
| runtime = 126 min.
| country = UK / France
| preceded_by = [[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]] (1977)
| followed_by = [[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]] (1981)
| budget = [[United States dollar|$]]34,000,000
| worldgross = $210,300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/JamesBond.php|title=Gross of the James Bond films|publisher=The Numbers:Box Office Data|accessdate=October 5|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
| admissions =
| imdb_id = 0079574
| amg_id = 1:33279
}}
'''''Moonraker''''' ([[1979 in film|1979]]) is the eleventh [[spy film]] in the [[James Bond]] [[James Bond (film series)|series]], and the fourth to star [[Roger Moore]] as the [[fictional character|fictional]] [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] agent [[James Bond (character)|James Bond]]. In the film, Bond is sent to investigate the mysterious theft of a space shuttle during orbit and leads him to [[Hugo Drax]], a [[billionaire]] owner of the shuttle manufacturers, to investigate further. Along with space scientist [[Holly Goodhead]], who later is identified as a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent also investigating Drax, Bond follows the trail of clues from California to [[Venice]], Italy, [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]] and the [[Amazon rain forest]] and finally into outer space in a bid to prevent a genocidal plot to wipe out the world and re-create human existence with a [[master race]].

''Moonraker'' as a film was intended by its creator [[Ian Fleming]] to be turned into a film even before he wrote the novel ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' in 1954, which was based on a manuscript he had written even earlier than this. The producers of the James Bond film series had originally intended release ''Moonraker'' in 1969 with Roger Moore to make his debut as Bond in the film, but the film was put on hold and finally released in 1979 to co-incide with the [[science fiction]] genre of film which had become extremely popular during this period with films such as ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]'' (1977).

[[Derek Meddings]], a long contributor to the James Bond series, received an [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] nomination for the special effects used in the film and the space scenes.

==Plot==
A Drax Industries Moonraker space shuttle is hijacked in mid-air, causing the incineration of the carrier [[Boeing 747]]. Bond is recalled from South Africa to investigate. En route in a small jet, Bond is attacked by the pilot and crew, and on overpowering two of the crew, is pushed out of the plane by henchman Jaws. He survives by stealing a parachute from the pilot in mid-air, whilst Jaws lands conveniently on a [[circus tent]]. Bond reports to [[MI6]] headquarters in London, and is briefed by M and Q about the hijacking. It is agreed that the investigation should begin at the Drax Industries shuttle complex in southern [[California]].

At Drax Industries, Bond is coldly greeted by the owner of the company [[Hugo Drax]] and henchman Chang at his chateau. Bond later meets an astronaut at the complex, Dr. [[Holly Goodhead]], and is placed in a centrifuge chamber to experience enchanced gravitational force. However, the controls are taken over by Chang whilst Goodhead is absent and he makes an early attempt to kill Bond by over-running it over double the recommended limit of 7Gs. Surviving, but unsteady from the experience, Bond is later inadvertently aided by Drax's personal pilot, [[Corinne Dufour]], as he sneaks into Drax's study and finds blueprints for a glass vial made in [[Venice]] by a company called ''Venini Glass''. The next morning, during a shooting session in the grounds of Drax's chateau, Dufour is fired by Drax and then killed by two Dobermans, a death which is symbolised by the church bells in Venice as the film then moves on there.
[[Image:HugoDrax79.jpg|thumb|left|Billionaire Hugo Drax at his shuttle launching complex.]]
Bond arrives at a glass museum in Venice and he again encounters Goodhead. Later, he is chased through the canals by Drax's henchmen but his [[gondola]], with the ability to transform into a hovercraft, allows him to escape across the [[Piazza San Marco]] in a comic fashion. That night, Bond returns to the glass factory and breaks into a high-tech laboratory whereby on accidentally poisoning the scientists there, he learns that the vials are to hold a [[nerve gas]] fatal only to humans. After leaving, Chang, in [[Kendo]] gear, ambushes Bond in the glass museum, resulting the smashing of a high number of vases and whole cases of items on display and ending in Chang's death in the attic by falling through the glass clock window onto the piano in the square. During the fight, Bond's sees a number of crates suggesting that Drax is moving his operation to [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Bond sneaks into Goodhead's hotel room, where he notices a flame-throwing perfume bottle, poisoned darts and a radio transmitter issued by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. He concludes that Goodhead is a CIA agent spying on Drax. They promise to work together, but quickly dispense with the truce. Bond has saved one of the vials he found earlier, as the only evidence of the now empty laboratory, giving it to M for analysis, who permits him to go to Rio de Janeiro.

In Rio de Janeiro Bond is followed by his Brazilian contact [[List of James Bond allies in Moonraker#Manuela|Manuela]], who he soon sleeps with. He learns that Chang has been replaced by Jaws. Bond meets with Goodhead at the top of the [[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Sugar Loaf]], but while on the cable car are attacked by Jaws, who has a fellow henchmen running the cars in the command centre. After Jaws' cable car crashes into the control centre at top speed, he is rescued by a short girl ("Dolly") from the rubble, and the two fall in love. Bond and Goodhead lying on the ground after the cable car event are captured by henchmen and sent off tied down in an [[ambulance]]. Bond however escapes.

Bond, dressed in [[gaucho]] garb, reports to M's headquarters in Brazil and learns that the toxin comes from a rare [[orchid]] indigenous to the upper catchments of the [[Amazon jungle]]. While deadly to humans, it is harmless to all other life. Bond then travels up the [[Amazon River]] looking for Drax's research facility, and soon encounters Jaws and other henchmen again in a speedboat chase. Bond escapes via a hang glider from the speedboat just as it passes into the [[Iguacu Falls]]. Bond lands in a forest and is intoxicatingly lured into an ancient [[Maya]]n pyramid by a group of beautiful women. An attempt to kill him by him falling into the centre pool with a snake however is unsuccessful, as he kills the python. Captured by Jaws again, Bond is taken to Drax's adjacent control room, where he sees four Moonrakers lifting off. Drax confirms Bond's theory that he himself stole the Moonraker because another in the fleet had developed a fault during assembly. Bond is reunited with Goodhead in a blast pit underneath Drax's personal shuttle set for lift off. He and Goodhead however, escape, and successfully pose as pilots on the sixth shuttle. All shuttles then dock with Drax's space station, which is invisible from Earth.

[[Image:Moonraker zero g.jpg|thumb|right|The climax of the film with the laser battle on Drax's space station. Moonraker holds the world record for the largest number of zero gravity wires in one scene.]]

Drax plans to destroy all human life by launching 50 globes containing the toxin into the earth's atmosphere. Before launching the globes, Drax also transported several dozen young men and women (many of which Bond had encountered in the pyramid) of varying race which he regarded as genetically perfect to the space station. They would live there until Earth was safe again for human life; their descendents will be the seed for a "new master race." Bond makes a [[bible|bibical]] reference to [[Noah's Ark]] in the manner in which Drax ordered them into the shuttles "two by two" in the process of eliminating human life and starting again. Bond persuades Jaws and Dolly to switch allegiance by getting Drax to admit that anyone not measuring up to his physical standards would be exterminated (Dolly's glasses and Jaws' metal teeth being traits that exclude them both).

Learning that a [[Radar jamming and deception|radar-jammer]] is responsible for hiding the space station's orbital presence from observers on Earth, 007 and Goodhead disable it. The U.S. send a platoon of [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] in a military shuttle. On arrival, a laser battle ensues. During the battle, Bond shoots Drax with a cyanide-coated dart attached to his watch, pushes him to an airlock, and ejects him into outer space.

Before the battle, Drax launched three of the globes towards Earth. Victorious, the Americans leave when Bond says their mission is completed. The space station is heavily damaged and begins to fall apart. Jaws helps Bond and Goodhead escape in Drax's space shuttle. In celebration, Jaws opens a champagne bottle and he and Dolly toast (in his only spoken line: "Well, here's to us!"). They too escape the space station as their module breaks away before the station explodes. Goodhead and Bond track the three poison gas globes, and Bond uses Drax's shuttle lasers to destroy them. The two return to Earth after making love in space (prompting the memorable line from Q: "I think he's attempting re-entry Sir!").

== Cast ==
*'''[[Roger Moore]]''' as '''[[James Bond (character)|James Bond]]''': An MI6 agent assigned to look into the theft of a shuttle from the "Moonraker" space programme.
*'''[[Michael Lonsdale]]''' as '''[[Hugo Drax#Film biography|Sir Hugo Drax]]''': An industrialist who plans to poison all humans on earth and establish a civilization in space.
*'''[[Lois Chiles]]''' as '''[[Holly Goodhead]]''': A CIA agent who joins Bond and flies with him to Drax's space station.
*'''[[Toshiro Suga]]''' as '''[[List of James Bond henchmen in Moonraker#Change|Chang]]''': Drax's bodyguard, skilled at martial arts.
*'''[[Richard Kiel]]''' as '''[[List of James Bond henchmen in The Spy Who Loved Me#Jaws|Jaws]]''': A henchman, afflicted by [[giantism]] and has a set of stainless steel teeth, whom Drax hires as a replacement for Chang. He helps Bond defeat Drax after learning that hormonally abnormal humans would be killed by the latter.
*'''[[Corinne Clery]]''' as '''[[Corinne Dufour]]''': Drax's personal pilot. She is killed by Drax's [[doberman pinscher]]s after she inadvertently aides Bond.
*'''[[Bernard Lee]]''' as '''[[M (James Bond)|M]]''': The strict head of MI6.
*'''[[Lois Maxwell]]''' as '''[[Miss Moneypenny]]''': M's secretary.
* '''[[Desmond Llewelyn]]''' as '''[[Q (James Bond)|Q]]''': MI6's "quartermaster" who supplies Bond with multi-purpose vehicles and gadgets useful for the latter's mission.
*'''[[Geoffrey Keen]]''' as '''[[List of James Bond allies#Sir Frederick Gray|Fredrick Gray]]''': The British Minister of Defence
*'''[[Walter Gotell]]''' as '''[[List of James Bond allies#General Gogol|General Gogol]]''': The head of the [[KGB]]
*'''[[Emily Bolton]]''' as '''[[List of James Bond allies in Moonraker#Manuela|Manuela]]''': Bond's local contact in Rio.
*'''[[Blanche Ravalec]]''' as '''[[List of James Bond allies in Moonraker#Dolly|Dolly]]''': Jaws's Girlfriend

==Production==
The end credits for the previous Bond film, ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'', said, "James Bond will return in ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]''"; however, the producers chose ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' as the basis for the next film, following the box office success of the 1977 space-themed film ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]''. ''For Your Eyes Only'' was subsequently delayed and ended up following ''Moonraker'' in 1981.

===Casting===
[[Image:JawsandDolly.jpg|thumb|left|The giant Jaws with his diminuative girlfriend Dolly. The casting of the actress as Dolly was only finalised once the production team learned that Richard Kiel's real-life wife was of a similar height.]]
The role of the villain, Hugo Drax, was originally offered to [[James Mason]].<ref name="MI6other"> {{cite web|url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/mr.php3|title=Moonraker:Trivia|publisher=Mi6.co.uk|accessdate=October 3|accessyear=2008}}</ref> However well-established French actor [[Michael Lonsdale]] was cast as the billionaire Drax, partly due to his fluency in English, and [[Corinne Clery]] for the part of [[Corinne Dufour]], given that the film was produced in France. American actress [[Lois Chiles]] had originally been offered the role of [[Anya Amasova]] in ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' (1977), but had turned down the part when she decided to take temporary retirement. Chiles was cast as Holly Goodhead by chance, when she was given the seat next to [[Lewis Gilbert]] on a flight and he believed she would be ideal for the role as the CIA scientist. Drax's henchman Chang, played by Japanese [[aikido]] instructor [[Toshiro Suga]], was recommended for the role by executive producer [[Michael G. Wilson]], who was one of his pupils.<ref name="Inside Moonraker"> {{cite video|title=Inside Moonraker|format=DVD|publisher=[[MGM]]|accessdate=October 3|accessyear=2008}}</ref>
In ''Moonraker'', Wilson also continued a tradition in the Bond films he started in the film ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' where he has a small cameo role. He appears twice in the film, first as a tourist outside the Venini Glass shop and museum in Venice, then at the end of the film as a technician in Drax's control room.

The Jaws character, played by [[Richard Kiel]] makes a return, although in ''Moonraker'' the role is played more for comedic effect than in ''The Spy Who Loved Me''. Jaws was intended to be a villain against Bond to the bitter end, but director Lewis Gilbert stated on the DVD documentary that he received so much fan mail from small children saying "Why can't Jaws be a goodie not a baddie", that as a result he was persuaded to make Jaws gradually become Bond's ally at the end of the film.<ref name="Inside Moonraker"/>

Diminuative French actress [[Blanche Ravalec]], who had recently begun her career with minor roles in French films such as [[Michel Lang]]'s ''[[Holiday Hotel]]'' (1978) and [[Claude Sautet]]'s [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] nominee, ''[[A Simple Story (1978 film)|A Simple Story]]'' (1978), was cast as the bespectacled Dolly, the girlfriend of Jaws. Originally, the producers were dubious about whether the audience would accept the height difference between them, and only made their decision once they were informed by Richard Kiel that his real-life wife was of the same height.<ref name="MI6other"/>

[[Lois Maxwell]]'s 22 year old daughter, Melinda Maxwell, was cast as one of the "perfect" human specimens from Drax's master race.<ref name="DVD booklet"/>

===Script===
[[Ian Fleming]] had originally intended the [[Moonraker (novel)|novel]], published in 1954, to be made into a film even before he began writing it and was based on an original manuscript of a screenplay which had been on his mind for years.<ref name="DVD booklet">{{cite book|title =Moonraker Special Edition, Region 2 booklet|date=2000|accessdate = October 3|accessyear=2008}}</ref> In 1955, the film rights to ''Moonraker'' were initially sold to John Payne of the [[Rank Organisation]] for £10,000 (£{{nts|{{inflation|UK|10000|1955|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} present value), paying a $1000 a month option for nine months. Payne was the first person interested in making the novels into a film series, but later rejected the idea based on the fact it wouldn't be possible for him to obtain the rights to the entire 007 series. In spring 1959, due to on-going difficulties, Fleming eventually bought back the rights. [[Harry Saltzman]] would later obtain the rights to most of the James Bond novels in 1960-61 which included Moonraker.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

However, as with several previous Bond films, the story from Fleming's novel is almost entirely dispensed with, and little more than the name of Hugo Drax was used in film, in favour of a film more in keeping with the era of [[science fiction]]. The 2002 Bond film ''[[Die Another Day]]'' makes further use of some ideas and character names from the novel. [[Tom Mankiewicz]] had written a full screenplay of ''Moonraker'' that was eventually partly discarded. According to Mankiewicz footage shot at Drax's lairs was considerably more detailed than the edited result in the final version. The crew had shot a scene with Drax meeting his co-financiers in his jungle lair and they used the same chamber room below the space shuttle launch pad that Bond and Goodhead eventually escape from. This scene was shot but later cut out. <ref name="MI6"> {{cite web|url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/mr.php3|title=Moonraker:Cut Scenes & Alternate Versions|publisher=Mi6.co.uk|accessdate=October 3|accessyear=2008}}</ref>Another scene involving Bond and Goodhead in a meditation room aboard Drax's space station, was shot but never used in the final film. However, press stills were released of the scene which featured on Topps trading cards in 1979 as was a theatrical trailer which featured Bond punching Jaws in the face aboard the space station, neither of which featured in the complete film.<ref name="MI6"/>Some scenes from Mankiewicz's script were later used in subsequent films, including the Acrostar Jet sequence used in the pre-credit sequence for ''[[Octopussy]]'', and the [[Eiffel Tower]] scene in ''[[A View to a Kill]]''.

[[Image:MoonrakerMovieNovel.jpg|200px|right|thumb|1979 Triad/Panther British paperback edition; artwork by Dan Gouzee.]]
In March 2004, an [[Internet hoax]] stated rumours about a lost 1956 version of ''Moonraker'' by [[Orson Welles]], and a James Bond web site repeated it on [[April Fool's Day]] in 2004 as a hoax. Supposedly, this recently discovered lost film was 40 minutes of raw footage with [[Dirk Bogarde]] as Bond, Welles as Drax, and [[Peter Lorre]] as Drax's henchman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moonraker: The "Forgotten" 1956 Film Version?|url=http://www.commanderbond.net/Public/Stories/2323-1.shtml|date=April 7 2004|publisher=Commanderbond.net|accessdate=October 3|accessyear=2008}}</ref>A film poster was created displaying the actors and the title of the film.

====Novelisation====
The screenplay of ''Moonraker'' differed so much from Ian Fleming's novel that [[EON Productions]] and [[Glidrose Publications]] authorised the film's [[screenwriter]], [[Christopher Wood (writer)|Christopher Wood]] to write his second [[novelization|novelisation]] based upon the film. It was named ''James Bond and Moonraker '' to avoid confusion with Fleming's original novel ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]''. It was released in [[1979 in literature|1979]], in the aftermath of the films release. Unlike Wood's first novelisation, ''James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me'' ([[1977 in literature|1977]]), which showed a significant difference to the actual film, in ''James Bond and Moonraker'', Wood writes a virtually direct novelisation of the screenplay. The only noticeable differences between the novelisation and the screenplay for ''Moonraker'' is that there is no mention of Dolly, Jaws' girlfriend, and his characterisation stays true to Wood's description as being a [[Speech disorder|mute]]. In addition, at the conclusion of the Venetian canal chase sequence, Bond's gondola does not sprout a flotation device and ascend to St. Mark's square as it does in the film.

After the release of the novel, Glidrose Productions chose not to commission novelisations of the next few Bond films; the next film to be novelised would be ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' ten years later in 1989, owing to it not having been based on an original Fleming novel.

[[Image:Vaux-le-Vicomte Panorama.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Vaux-le-Vicomte|Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]] was used for Drax's chateau in the film. An extensive aerial view of the site was witnessed by helicopter in the early stages of the film by Bond and Dufour arriving.]]

===Filming and effects===
Production began on August 14, 1978. Main shooting was switched from the usual 007 Stage at [[Pinewood Studios]] to France, due to high taxation in England at the time. Only the cable car interiors and space battle exteriors were filmed at Pinewood. The massive sets of Moonraker designed by [[Ken Adam]] were the largest ever constructed in France and required more than 222,000 man-hours to construct (roughly 1000 hours by each of the crew on average). They were shot at three of France's largest film studios in [[Boulogne]], [[Epinay]] and [[Billancourt]]. <ref name="DVD booklet"/>
220 technicians used 100 tonnes of metal, two tonnes of nails and 10,000 feet of wood to build the three-story space station set at Eponay Studios. <ref name="DVD booklet"/> The elaborate space set for Moonraker holds the world record for having the largest number of zero gravity wires in one scene. <ref name="Inside Moonraker"/> The Venecian glass museum and fight between Bond and Chang was shot at Boulogne Studios in a building which had once been a [[World War II]] [[Luftwaffe]] aircraft factory during [[German occupation of France|Germany's occupation of France]]. <ref name="DVD booklet"/> The scene in the Venice glass museum and warehouse holds the record for the largest amount of break-away sugar glass used in a single scene.

Drax's mansion, set in California, was actually filmed at [[Vaux-le-Vicomte|Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte]], France, about {{convert|55|km|mi}} southeast of Paris for the exteriors and Grand Salon. The remaining interiors, including some of the scenes with Corinne Defour and the drawing room, were filmed at the [[Château de Guermantes]], France.
[[Image:Rio de Janeiro - Pão de Açucar - Cablecar.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Stuntman Richard Graydon slipped and narrowly avoided falling to his death during the filming of the cable car sequence at [[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Sugarloaf Mountain]].]]
Much of the film was shot in the cities of London, [[Paris, France|Paris]], [[Venice]], [[Palmdale, California|Palmdale]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]]. The production team had considered India and [[Nepal]] as a location in the film but on arriving there to investigate they found it inconceivable to write it into the script and given the time frame, production would have gone beyond schedule. <ref name="Inside Moonraker"/> They decided on Rio de Janeiro relatively early on, which Cubby Broccoli had visited on vacation, and a team was sent to the city in early 1978 to capture initial footage from the [[Mardi Gras]] festival which featured in the film. <ref name="Inside Moonraker"/>

At the Rio de Janeiro location, many months later, Roger Moore arrived several days later than scheduled for shooting due to recurrent health problems and an attack of [[kidney stones]] he received in France. Once he arrived in Rio, he was whisked off the plane and went straight to hair and makeup, before reboarding the plane, to film the sequence with him arriving as James Bond in the film. [[Sugarloaf Mountain, Brazil|Sugarloaf Mountain]] was a prominent location in the film, and during filming of the cable car sequence in which Bond and Goodhead are attacked by Jaws during mid-air transportation high above Rio, stuntman Richard Graydon slipped and narrowly avoided falling to his death. The scene in which Jaws bites into the steel tramway cable with his teeth was actually made of [[liquorice]], although he was still required to use his steel dentures. <ref name="DVD booklet"/> [[Iguazu Falls]] was also a natural location depicted in the film although the falls were intended to be located somewhere in the upper catchment of the Amazon rather than where the falls are actually located. [[Hang gliding]] over the falls was written into the script as a response to the interest in the sport which had increased during the 1970s. The exterior of Drax's pyramid headquarters in the Amazon rainforest near the falls was actually filmed at the [[Tikal]] [[Mayan]] ruins in [[Guatemala]]. <ref name="DVD booklet"/>All of the space centre scenes were shot at the Vehicle Assembly Building of [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]] although some of the earlier scenes of the Moonraker assembly plant were filmed on location at the Rockwell International manufacturing facilities in Palmdale, California.

[[Image:Jaws79skydive.jpg|thumb|left|[[Richard Kiel]] as Jaws, pushing Bond out of the plane without a parachute. The sequence, ending with Jaws falling onto a circus tent took 88 skydives to complete footage.]]
The early scene involving Bond and Jaws in which Bond is pushed out of the aircraft without a [[parachute]] took weeks of planning and preparation. The skydiving sequence was coordinated by Don Calvedt under the supervision of second unit coordinator [[John Glen]]. Stuntman [[Jake Lombard]] was hired to double for Bond, who would later pose as Moore's double in films such as ''[[Octopussy]]'' and for [[List of James Bond henchmen in The Living Daylights#Necros|Necros]] in ''[[The Living Daylights]]''. [[B. J. Worth]], who played the stunt double of Jaws, would also later become a consistent member of the stunt team for aerial sequences throughout the 1980s, into [[Timothy Dalton]]'s films such as ''[[The Living Daylights]]''. Members of the U.S. championship skydiving team aided the stunt team with the planning and the team's master rigger designed a one-inch thick parachute pack that could be concealed beneath the suit to give the impression of the missing parachute.
When the stunt men opened their parachutes at the end of every shoot, custom-sewn [[velcro]] costume seams would separate to allow the hidden parachutes to open. <ref name="DVD booklet"/> The skydiver cinematographer used a lightweight [[Panavision]] camera attached to his head to shoot the entire sequence, which eventually resulted with footage shot from a total of 88 skydives by the stuntmen.

For the scene involving the opening of the musical electronic laboratory doorlock in Venice, producer Albert R. Broccoli requested special permission from director [[Steven Spielberg]] to use the five-note leitmotif from his film ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' (1977). In 1985, Broccoli would return the favor by fulfilling Spielberg's request to use the James Bond theme music for a scene in his film, ''[[The Goonies]]'' (1985).

===Music===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=November 2008}}
{{main|Moonraker (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack of ''Moonraker'' was composed by [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] and recorded in Paris, again, as with production, marking a turning point away from the English location at CTS Studios in London. The score also marked a turning point in John Barry's output, abandoning the Kentonesque brass of his earlier Bond scores and instead scoring the film with slow, rich string passages - a trend which Barry would continue in the 1980s with scores such as ''[[Out of Africa (film)|Out of Africa]]'' and ''[[Somewhere in Time (film)|Somewhere in Time]]''.
For ''Moonraker'', Barry uses for the first time since ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' (1971) a piece of music called "007" (on track 7), the secondary Bond theme composed by Barry which was introduced in ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'' over the end credits. Barry made notable use of [[classical music]] passages in the film. For the scene where Bond visits Drax in his chateau, Drax plays [[Frédéric Chopin]]'s Prelude no. 15 in D-flat major (op. 28), "Raindrop") on his [[grand piano]]. [[Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka]] by [[Johann Strauss II]] was featured during the hovercraft scene on the [[Piazza San Marco]] in Venice, and [[Tchaikovsky]]'s "[[Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)|Romeo and Juliet Overture]]" was used for the scenes in Brazil in which Jaws meets Dolly following his accident. Other passages pay homage to earlier films including [[Richard Strauss]]'s "[[Also Sprach Zarathustra]]" (op. 30), associated with ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'') with the hunting horn playing its distinctive first three notes, [[Elmer Bernstein]]'s theme from ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]'' when Bond appears on horseback in [[gaucho]] clothing at Mi6 headquarters in Brazil, and of course the alien-contacting theme from ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' as the key-code for a security door as mentioned previously.

''Moonraker'' was the third of the three Bond films for which the theme song was performed by [[Shirley Bassey]]. [[Kate Bush]] and [[Frank Sinatra]] were both considered for the vocals, before [[Johnny Mathis]] was approached and offered the opportunity. Mathis was unhappy about the song and withdrew from the project, leaving producers to offer the song to Bassey within just weeks of the release date. As a result Bassey made the recordings with very short notice and as a result, she never regarded the song 'as her own' as she had never had the chance to perform it or promote it first. The film uses two versions of the title theme song, a ballad version heard over the main titles, and a disco version. Confusingly, the [[United Artists]] single release labelled the tracks on the 7" single as "Moonraker (Main Title)" for the version used to close the film and "Moonraker (End Title)" for the track that opened the film. The song failed to make any real impact on the charts, which may partly be attributed to Bassey's failure to promote the single, given the last-minute decision and the way in which it was quickly recorded to meet the schedule.

Finally in 2005, Bassey sang the song for the first time outside James Bond on stage as part of a medley of her three Bond title songs. An instrumental strings version of the title theme was used in 2007 tourism commercials for the [[Dominican Republic]].

==Release==
''Moonraker'' was released on June 26, 1979, in the United Kingdom and was released three days later in the United States, grossing $210.3 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=moonraker.htm |title=Moonraker (1979) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> In mainland Europe the most common month of release was in August of 1979, opening in the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden between the 13 and 18 August. Moonraker was released in [[Kenya]] on 27 August 1979. Given that the film was produced in France and involved some notable French actors, the French premiere for the film was relatively late, released there on 10 October 1979.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Date of release
|-
|'''UK''' || 26 June 1979 (premiere)
|-
| '''USA''' || 29 June 1979
|-
| '''Netherlands''' || 12 July 1979
|-
| '''South Africa''' || 18 July 1979
|-
| '''Australia''' || 26 July 1979
|-
| '''Hong Kong''' || 1 August 1979
|-
| '''Denmark''' || 13 August 1979
|-
| '''Finland''' || 17 August 1979
|-
| '''Norway''' || 17 August 1979
|-
|'''Sweden''' || 18 August 1979
|-
| '''[[Kenya]]''' || 27 August 1979
|-
| '''Austria''' || 31 August 1979
|-
| '''West Germany''' || 31 August 1979
|-
| '''Spain''' || 9 September 1979
|-
| '''Italy''' || 27 September 1979
|-
| '''France''' || 10 October 1979
|-
| '''Japan''' || 8 December 1979
|-
| '''[[Philippines]]''' || 11 December 1979
|-
|}

===DVD release===
Moonraker was released with a Dolby Digital 5.1 mix on the MGM Special Edition in 2000, but it was re-released in 2003 as an Ultimate Edition with enchanced footage. The 42 minute documentary ''Inside Moonraker'' on the special effects and stuntwork was carried over from the original release, as was the 18 minute ''The Men Behind the Mayhem'' featuring director [[Lewis Gilbert]], executive and associate producers Michael G. Wilson and [[William P. Cartlidge]] and writer [[Christopher Wood]], relating memories of the production. The Ultimate Edition comes with several commentaries, one which features Roger Moore, which had been recently recorded for the release. <ref name="ULT"> {{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=62208|title=Moonraker (Ulimate DVD Edition)|publisher=DVD Times|date=2006|accessdate=October 3|accessyear=2008}}</ref>

The second disc of the Ultimate Edition DVD opens with at an 11 minute footage of set designer Ken Adam's productions, including home interviews with him and an exploration of Eon Productions locations and sets. <ref name="ULT"/> Other features include Michael G. Wilson introducing interviews with the members of the cast and crew and an archive 12 minute feature, ''007 in Rio'', which covers the production team in Rio de Janeiro but takes a more general analysis of behind the scenes in the overall film. <ref name="ULT"/>There is also brief storyboard coverage including four short storyboard sequences and test footage, which includes coverage of the [[circus]] landing, the cable car scene and the skydiving scene.

==Reception==
[[Derek Meddings]], a long contributor to the James Bond series received an [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] nomination for the special effects used in the film and the space scenes. However, although the film was widely praised for its special effects and advancement in technology and production sets, the film is often considered by critics and an element of James Bond fans as one of the lesser films in the James Bond series, largely due to the extent of the plot which takes James Bond into space and some of the films ploys for comedy. Reviews have generally been balanced between criticising the far-fetched nature of the plot, and comments that have reflected that they enjoyed the film for this very reason. Nick Hilditch of the [[BBC]] sums up a common critical response to the film; "For many ''Moonraker'' is the worst Bond film, not least because the adventure culminates in a massive laser battle above the planet. Besides this farther-than-far-fetched effort to capitalise on the late '70s taste for [[science fiction]], such inanities as Bond driving round St Mark's Square in a gondola-turned-hovercraft don't help much either. Frivolous, yes, but never dull." <ref>{{cite web|author=Hilditch, Nick|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/07/27/moonraker_1979_review.shtml|title=Moonraker (1979)|date=July 27 2001|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=October 5|accessyear=2007}}</ref> Other critics continued to illustrate their disapproval for the attempts at comedy in film, with some critics mocking Jaw's "flapping his wings" and circus landing site during the skydive sequence and others describing the comedic aspects of the film as [[cheesy]]. Critic Nicholas Sylvain said of the film "''Moonraker'' seems to have more than its share of little flaws and annoyances which begin right from the opening pre-credit sequence. The sheer idiocy (and impossibility) of having a fully-fueled shuttle on the back of the Boeing during the trans-Atlantic crossing should be evident, and later in the film, the whole Jaws-falls-in-love and becomes a "good guy" routine leaves me rather cold, and provides far too much cheesy comedy moments, as does the gondola driving through the square scene. <ref>{{cite web|author=Sylvain, Nick|url= http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/bondmoon.php
|title=Verdict on Moonraker|publisher=DVD Verdict|accessdate=October 5|accessyear=2007}}</ref>

In his review of ''Moonraker'' in 1979, ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' film critic [[Roger Ebert]] whilst clearly expressing his approval of the advanced special effects and Ken Adam's extravagant production sets, he criticised the pace in which the locations of the film evolved, remarking that "it's so jammed with faraway places and science fiction special effects that Bond has to move at a trot just to make it into all the scenes". <ref>{{cite web|author=[[Roger Ebert|Ebert, Roger]]|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19790101/REVIEWS/41008002/1023|title=Moonraker|publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=October 3|accessyear=2008}}</ref>[[Christopher Null]] of [[Filmcritic.com]] said of the film; "Most rational observers agree that ''Moonraker'' is without a doubt the most absurd James Bond movie, definitely of the Roger Moore era and possibly of all time". <ref name="Filmcritic"> {{cite web|author=[[Christopher Null|Null, Christopher]]|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/84dbbfa4d710144986256c290016f76e/4417de46f8fb4c618825709a006bcd63?OpenDocument|title=Moonraker|date=2005|publisher=[[Filmcritic.com]]|accessdate=October 3|accessdate=2008}}</ref>
However whilst he criticised the extravagance of the plot and action sequences he believed that this added to the enjoyment of the film, and particularly approved of the remark "I think he's attempting re-entry!" by Q during Bond and Goodhead's orbiting of the earth which he described as "featuring what might be the best [[double entendre]] ever". <ref name="Filmcritic"/>

However, other reviews of ''Moonraker'' have expressed that the film is one of Moore's stronger films as James Bond. [[James Berardinelli]] of ''Reelviews.net'' for instance remarked that, "the solid special effects, well-executed action sequences, and a strict reliance upon the 'Bond Formula' keep this film among Moore's better entries."<ref name="Rotten"> {{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1014217-moonraker/ |title=Moonraker (1979)|publisher=[[Rottentomatoes.com]]|accessdate=October 5|accessyear=2007}}</ref> Despite criticism about the far-fetched nature of the plot, websites such as ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'' have awarded the film a 64% "fresh" rating. <ref name="Rotten"/>

Aside from being nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, the film, given its unusual attention to the science fiction genre than the average James Bond film, received attention from the [[Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films]] and was nominated for several [[Saturn Awards]] in 1980. The nominees were for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Special Effects, and Best Supporting Actor (Richard Kiel). The DVD of the film was later nominated in 2004 for the Golden Satellite Award Best Classic DVD Release. ''Moonraker'' won the Golden Screen Award in Germany in 1980.

The exaggerated nature of the plot and space station sequence has seen the film parodied on numerous occasions. Of note is the [[Austin Powers (film series)|Austin Powers]] [[spoof]] film ''[[The Spy Who Shagged Me]]'' (1999) which whilst a parody of other James Bond films, pays reference to Moonraker by [[Dr. Evil]]'s lair in space. The scene in which Drax is shot by the cyanide dart and ousted into space is parodied by Power's ejection of Dr. Evil into outer space in the same way.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Moonraker}}
* {{imdb title|id=0079574|title=Moonraker}}
* {{amg movie|id=1:33279|title=Moonraker}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=moonraker|title=Moonraker}}
* {{mojo title|id=moonraker|title=Moonraker}}
* [http://www.mgm.com/title_title.do?title_star=MOONRAKE MGM's official site for ''Moonraker'']

{{Bond movies}}
{{Lewis Gilbert}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:Films shot anamorphically]]
[[Category:James Bond films]]
[[Category:Pinewood films]]
[[Category:Space adventure films]]
[[Category:Films set in Venice]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lewis Gilbert]]
[[Category:Moonraker (film)| ]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

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Casino Royale (novel)

2008-11-05T14:03:21Z

Chris huh: add spoof date

{{Infobox Book
| name = Casino Royale
| title_orig =computer
| translator =
| image = [[Image:CasinoRoyaleCover.jpg|200px|]]
| image_caption = First edition cover - published by Jonathan Cape.
| author = [[Ian Fleming]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Ian Fleming]] (devised)
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series = [[James Bond]]
| genre = [[Spy novel]]
| publisher = [[Jonathan Cape]]
| release_date = [[13 April]] [[1953]]
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]])
| pages =
| ISBN = NA 
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]
}}

'''''Casino Royale''''' by [[Ian Fleming]] is the first [[James Bond]] novel. It would eventually pave the way for eleven other novels by Fleming himself in addition to two short story [[anthology|collections]], followed by many 'continuation' Bond novels by other authors.

Since first publication on [[April 13]], [[1953 in literature|1953]], by [[Jonathan Cape]], ''Casino Royale'' has thrice been adapted for the screen: (i) the ''[[Climax!]]'' [[CBS]] television episode with [[Barry Nelson]] as CIA agent "Jimmy Bond", [[1954 in television|1954]], (ii) an eponymous [[Parody|spoof]] with [[David Niven]] as "Sir James Bond" in [[1967 in film|1967]], and (iii) the [[Casino Royale (2006 film)|twenty-first official film]] in the [[EON Productions]] film series with [[Daniel Craig]] as James Bond, released [[November 17]], [[2006]].

==The novel==
''Casino Royale'' was first released on [[13th April]], [[1953]], in a [[United Kingdom]] hardcover edition by publishers [[Jonathan Cape]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.universalexports.net/Books/royale.shtml| title=Universal Exports-Casino Royale| accessdate=2006-03-04}}</ref> The first paperback edition of ''Casino Royale'' in the [[United States]] was re-titled by publisher American Popular Library in 1955 (this followed a hardcover edition with the original title). Fleming's suggestions for a new title, ''The Double-O Agent'' and ''The Deadly Gamble'', were disregarded in favour of '''''You Asked For It'''''. The novel was subtitled "Casino Royale" and made reference to secret agent 007 as "Jimmy Bond" on the back cover. In 1960 the original title ''Casino Royale'' replaced ''You Asked For It'' for all further paperback editions in the United States.

In 1954, [[Anthony Boucher]] reviewed the book for ''[[The New York Times]],'' commenting that the book, although about a British Secret Service operative, belongs "pretty much to the private-eye school" of fiction. He praised the first part, saying that
:Fleming, in a style suggesting a more literate version of [[Peter Cheyney|Cheyney's]] "Dark" series, manages to make baccarat clear even to one who's never played it and produced as exciting a gambling sequence as I've ever read. But then he decides to pad out the book to novel length and leads the weary reader through a set of tough clichés to an ending which surprises nobody save Operative 007. You should certainly begin this book; but you might as well stop when the baccarat game is over.<ref>Boucher, Anthony (1954), "Criminals at Large," ''The New York Times,'' April 25, 1954, p. BR27</ref>

When the book came to the UK in paperback form in 1955, readers were given their first glimpse of an image of secret agent James Bond on the book jacket. The image of Bond was based on a photograph of American actor [[Richard Conte]], who would become known for roles in films such as ''[[Ocean's Eleven (1960 film)|Ocean's Eleven]]'' (1960) and ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972).

===Plot===
Monsieur [[Le Chiffre]] ("the cypher"), an agent of the [[Soviet]] assassination bureau [[SMERSH (James Bond)|SMERSH]], is running a [[baccarat]] game in the [[casino]] at [[Royale-Les-Eaux]], [[France]], in order to recover SMERSH money he lost in a failed chain of [[brothels]].

Expert [[baccarat]] player James Bond (British secret agent 007) is assigned the defeat of Le Chiffre, in the hope that his gambling debts will provoke SMERSH to kill him. Bond is provided an assistant, the beautiful, emotionally unstable [[Vesper Lynd]], who becomes his lover. Yet she is a Soviet double agent ordered to ensure Bond does not escape Le Chiffre. After hours of intense play Bond beats Le Chiffre. Soon after, Le Chiffre abducts Vesper and uses her to lure Bond into a near-fatal car chase, which results in Bond's capture. Le Chiffre tortures Bond. However, when it becomes clear to Le Chiffre that Bond will not tell him where the money is, he threatens to [[castrate]] him. Seconds later a SMERSH agent assassinates Le Chiffre for his betrayal, shooting him through the head with a pistol. Unintentionally, the SMERSH assassin (whose organisation becomes the hero's bitter nemesis in later adventures) spares the captive Bond, saying: "I have no orders about you" — yet cuts the [[Cyrillic]] letter "Ш" (шпион,''shpion'', spy) in the back of Bond's left hand, "for future reference".

Bond spends three weeks in hospital recovering from his torture at the hands of Le Chiffre, expressing intent to resign from the secret service, and spends his convalescence with Vesper Lynd. After his recuperation he becomes suspicious of her because of the combination of apparent dishonesty and her terror of a man with an eye patch called [[List of James Bond henchmen in Casino Royale#Gettler|Gettler.]] Believing that Gettler is a Smersh assassin sent to kill her and Bond for her disobedience, Vesper commits [[suicide]] by an overdose of sleeping pills, leaving Bond an explanatory note. Her betrayal inspires him to remain in service; he tersely reports to HQ: "Yes, dammit, I said "was". The bitch is dead now." However, in the [[Casino Royale (2006 film)|2006 film]], the infamous line is altered to, "The job is done. The bitch is dead."

===Story inspirations===
It has been claimed that Fleming based Lynd on [[Christine Granville]]/[[Krystyna Skarbek]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Donald |title=The Life of Ian Fleming |pages=p.151 |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1993}}</ref> Fleming stated that ''Casino Royale'' was inspired by certain incidents that took place during his career at the [[Naval Intelligence Division (UK)|Naval Intelligence Division]] of the [[Admiralty]]. The first, and the basis for the novel, was a trip to [[Lisbon]] that Fleming and the Director of Naval Intelligence, [[John Henry Godfrey|Admiral Godfrey]], took during [[World War II]] en route to the United States. While there, they went to the [[Estoril Casino]] in [[Estoril]], which (due to the neutral status of [[Portugal]]) had a number of spies of warring regimes present. Fleming claimed that while there he was cleaned out by a "chief [[Germany|German]] agent" at a table playing [[Baccarat#Baccarat Chemin de Fer|Chemin de Fer]]. Admiral Godfrey tells a different story: Fleming only played Portuguese businessmen and that afterwards Fleming had fantasised about there being German agents and the excitement of cleaning them. His references to 'Red Indians' (Four times, twice on last page) comes from Fleming's own [[30 Assault Unit]], which he nicknamed his own 'Red Indians'.

The failed assassination attempt on Bond while at Royale-Les-Eaux is also claimed by Fleming to be inspired by a real event. The inspiration comes from a failed assassination on [[Franz von Papen]] who was a [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany|Vice-Chancellor]] and Ambassador under [[Adolf Hitler]]. Both Papen and Bond survive their assassination attempts, carried out by [[Bulgarians]], due to a tree that protects them both from a bomb blast.

Fleming wrote "Casino Royale" in Jamaica in 1952, two months before his wedding to pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris. There is speculation that he wrote the "ultimate spy novel" about giving up things in life, such as giving up bachelorhood for marriage.<ref>{{cite book | author = Chancellor, Henry | year = 2005 | title = James Bond: The Man and His World | publisher = John Murray | id = ISBN 0-7195-6815-3}}</ref>

The city of Royale-les-Eaux and its casino are inspired by [[Le Touquet-Paris-Plage]] or by [[Deauville]], where Fleming used to play as a young man.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/europe/france/normandyandbrittany/740946/Perfect-break-Le-Touquet.html Perfect break: Le Touquet ] ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''</ref>

===Comic strip adaptation===
{{main|James Bond (comic strip)}}
''Casino Royale'' was the first James Bond novel to be adapted as a daily [[comic strip]] which was published in the British ''[[Daily Express]]'' newspaper, and syndicated worldwide. It ran from [[July 7]] [[1958]] to [[December 13]] [[1958]], and was written by [[Anthony Hern]] and illustrated by [[John McLusky]]; the strip was reprinted by [[Titan Books]] in the early 1990s and again in 2005; the 2005 collection, titled ''Casino Royale'', also includes the comic strip adaptations of ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)#Comic strip adaptation|Live and Let Die]]'' and ''[[Moonraker (novel)#Adaptations|Moonraker]]''.

To aid the ''Daily Express'' in illustrating James Bond, Ian Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of what he believed James Bond to look like. John Mccluskey, however, felt that Fleming's OO7 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and thus changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.

==Publication history==
{{Expand|date=December 2007}}
First published in April 1953, Casino Royale sold 4750 copies within a month

==Adaptation==
===1954 television episode===
{{main|Casino Royale (Climax!)}}

In [[1954]], producer and director [[Gregory Ratoff]] of CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 to adapt ''Casino Royale'' into a one-hour [[television]] adventure as part of their ''[[Climax!]]'' series. The episode aired on [[October 21]] [[1954]] and starred [[Barry Nelson]] as secret agent "Card Sense" James 'Jimmy' Bond and [[Peter Lorre]] as Le Chiffre. For this Americanised version of the story, Bond is described as an agent for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Felix Leiter from the original novel became "Clarence Leiter," an agent for Station S, and a combination of Leiter and René Mathis. The name "Mathis" was given to the leading lady, who is named Valérie Mathis, instead of Vesper Lynd.

This was the first screen adaptation of a James Bond novel. When [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] eventually obtained the rights to the 1967 film version of ''Casino Royale'', it also received the rights to this television episode.

===''Casino Royale'' (1967)===
{{main|Casino Royale (1967 film)}}
In 1955, Ian Fleming sold the film rights of ''Casino Royale'' to producers [[Michael Garrison]] (later creator of ''[[The Wild Wild West]]'') and [[Gregory Ratoff]] for $6,000. Ratoff eventually tried to sell the idea of a James Bond series to [[20th Century Fox]] but was turned down. In conjunction with Michael Garrison, Ratoff's widow sold the film rights to producer [[Charles K. Feldman]] after Ratoff's death. With the success of the official James Bond film series in the early 1960s, Feldman went to producers [[Albert R. Broccoli]] and [[Harry Saltzman]] with a proposition to produce a serious film version starring [[Sean Connery]] as agent 007, but was turned down after their discontent on a joint production with [[Kevin McClory]] on ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]''. Like McClory's later 1983 production of ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'', Feldman started his own production and first approached Connery who was in the heat of frustration playing the role. Connery offered his acceptance to do the film under a $1 million dollar salary (a salary Connery eventually received to return for 1971's ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' and an even larger salary on ''[[Never Say Never Again]]''), which Feldman disapproved of. Coming off the success of the comedy ''[[What’s New, Pussycat?]]'', Feldman decided the best way to profit from the film rights was to make a satirical version. Feldman's satire was produced and released in 1967 by [[Columbia Pictures]]. [[Burt Bacharach]] wrote and arranged the [[soundtrack]], which had appearances by [[Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass]] and [[Dusty Springfield]].

The film was originally going to centre on the character of Evelyn Tremble (played by [[Peter Sellers]]) and his impersonation of James Bond. However, Sellers expressed increasing discontent when the film became focused on a comedy and not just the original serious treatment, which he felt his performance was suited for exclusively. This led to Sellers walking off the picture and Feldman's inability to continue production; firing the actor. Feldman later turned to one of the original choices to play James Bond before Sean Connery, actor [[David Niven]], to shape his new scenes around what Peter Sellers/[[Ursula Andress]] segments could be used. Despite Feldman having on board what Bond film alumni screenwriter [[Richard Maibaum]] referred to in a 1987 interview as Fleming's main inspiration for Bond, the satire continued due to the absence of having Connery on board for a Bond film. After this film's budget had ballooned from its original $6 million dollar budget to $12 million, Feldman reportedly told Connery at a later Hollywood party that it would have been cheaper to have paid him his $1 million fee on only a serious version of the ''Casino Royale'' material.

===The unproduced Raymond Benson stage play===
In 1985, [[Raymond Benson]] adapted Fleming's novel into a stage play, although the play was never produced. The play was submitted to a British agent who recommended that it not be produced. In an interview Benson stated,
:''"She was very elderly and in my opinion she just didn't get it. She recommended that the play not be produced. After further thought, Glidrose shelved it with the ultimate decision that a James Bond stage play simply wouldn't work. The films had Bond in a monopoly and there was no way a play could compete. I disagreed, but it was their property."''<ref>{{cite web | title=Casino Royale The 'Lost' Stage Play | url=http://commanderbond.net/Public/Stories/2851-1.shtml | accessmonthday=August 6 | accessyear=2005}}</ref> — Raymond Benson

In 1996, Benson went on to become the third continuation author of the James Bond novels (not counting [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]] who did not write original novels in the oeuvre). In total, Benson wrote six novels, three novelisations, and three short stories before retiring from the job in 2002.

===''Casino Royale'' (2006)===
{{main|Casino Royale (2006 film)}}
In the 1990s, [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] (which had incorporated Columbia Pictures) decided to make its own serious adaptation of ''Casino Royale'' and had also announced plans to produce its own rival Bond series, but these plans, in addition to [[Kevin McClory]]'s plans for a second reconfiguration of ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'' (the first being ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'') were laid to rest when Sony settled a legal action with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM/UA]] in 1999 giving up any rights to the James Bond character. Included in the settlement Sony traded the rights to ''Casino Royale'' for MGM's partial-rights to ''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]''. The distribution rights to ''Never Say Never Again'' were previously acquired by MGM from [[Warner Bros.]] in 1997. Kevin McClory claimed until his death in November 2006 to own the film rights to ''Thunderball'', but a court that heard the Sony/MGM case held that his rights had expired.

After MGM's acquisition of the film rights to ''Casino Royale'' there was speculation that an official version would be produced. In 2004, a Sony/[[Comcast Corporation|Comcast]] consortium acquired the Bond film series rights from co-owner [[United Artists]]. Soon after, in 2005, it was announced by [[EON Productions]] that their next James Bond adventure would in fact be ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'', to be directed by ''[[GoldenEye]]'' [[film director|director]] [[Martin Campbell]].

On [[October 14]], [[2005]] during a news conference by EON Productions and Sony Pictures Entertainment it was announced that English actor [[Daniel Craig]] would play James Bond. Taking over from [[Pierce Brosnan]], it was Craig's first appearance as the British secret agent. He is supported in the film by [[Eva Green]] as [[Vesper Lynd]] and [[Mads Mikkelsen]] as [[Le Chiffre]]. [[Judi Dench]] also returns for her fifth Bond film as Bond's superior, [[M (James Bond)|M]]. In keeping with the fact that ''Casino Royale'' is the first Bond novel, the film is a [[reboot (continuity)|reboot]], showing Bond at the beginning of his career as a 00-agent. The film overall stays true to the original novel with most of the changes being adaptations to the changing times (such as Le Chiffre working for terrorists instead of Russians and the big stakes game at the casino is [[Texas Hold 'Em]] rather than [[Baccarat]]). The film was first released on [[November 17]], [[2006]], and on DVD and Blu-ray Disc [[March 13]], [[2007]].

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=October 2007}}
* In 2006, first editions of the book were selling for $30,000 to $60,000 from antiquarian booksellers. Jonathan Cape has reported that 4,728 copies were printed and less than half of those were actually sold commercially; the rest were given to public libraries. A second printing was published by Cape in May 1953 and a third in May 1954 using the same cover. Further printings used a different cover. The first edition’s cover was devised by Ian Fleming and executed by Kenneth Lewis; the motif used on the cover--of blood dripping from a heart--would be included in the opening credits of the 2006 film. Fleming also devised the cover for the first editions of ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]'' (1954) and ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' (1955).
* According to the biography ''[[Howard Hawks]]: The Grey Fox of Hollywood'', by [[Todd McCarthy]], the director of ''[[His Girl Friday]]'' considered filming a version of ''Casino Royale'' in 1962, possibly starring [[Cary Grant]] as James Bond, but, ultimately, chose not to. There is a webpage that speculates on what a Howard Hawks Bond film might have been like.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmss.com/films/carygrant007/ |title=Howard Hawks' CASINO ROYALE| accessdate=2006-03-04| year=1998| first=William| last=Koenig}}</ref>
* The ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode [[The Royale (TNG episode)|“The Royale”]] is set in an alien reconstruction of a fictional hotel and casino called “The Hotel Royale”, which takes its name from a (nonexistent) novel; the episode makes no mention of the Fleming novel. However, the ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode [[Our Man Bashir (DS9 episode)|“Our Man Bashir”]] has clear allusions to ''Casino Royale'', including a British secret agent playing a game of baccarat against a villain at a French casino.
* In [[Wu Ming]]’s novel ''[[54 (novel)|54]]'' (pub. 2003), [[Cary Grant]] goes on a secret mission on behalf of [[MI6]]. In the English countryside he stumbles upon a copy of ''Casino Royale'' and starts to read it. Grant’s harsh judgement on both the plot and the [[James Bond]] character is one of the comedic elements in the novel. He ends up discussing the book’s “incoherence” with British secret agents and his friend [[David Niven]], who short-sightedly comments: “They’ll never make a film out of that!”. This reference has a double significance, as Grant (as noted above) was one of the first actors considered to play James Bond and in a version of ''Casino Royale'' while Niven portrayed the character in the 1967 film adaptation of the book.
* In ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]'', Austin can be seen parading around naked after his wife dies. In one of the parts of the hotel, a sign can be seen with the words Casino Royale, obviously a reference to Fleming's book.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|id=0046587|title=Climax! (1954)}} - original broadcast of the TV version
* {{imdb title|id=0061452|title=Casino Royale (1967)}}
* {{imdb title|id=0381061|title=Casino Royale (2006)}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=1003722-casino_royale|title=Casino Royale (1967)}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=casino_royale|title=Casino Royale (2006)}}
* [http://commanderbond.net/Public/Stories/1962-1.shtml A travelogue of Fleming's French in ''Casino Royale'']
* [http://www.30AU.co.uk 30 Commando Assault Unit - Ian Fleming's 'Red Indians' - Literary James Bond's wartime unit]
* [[James Bond]] - main article

{{Bond books}}
{{Ian Fleming}}

[[Category:James Bond books]]
[[Category:1953 novels]]
[[Category:Television programs based on novels]]
[[Category:British novels]]
[[Category:Debut novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Ian Fleming]]
[[Category:Casino Royale (2006 film)|Novel]]

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List of James Bond novels and short stories

2008-11-05T12:27:19Z

Chris huh: /* Short stories */ clarify it means 'short stories'

{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:IanFleming.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ian Fleming. [Photo credit: ''Horst Tappe''].]]
From 1953 to the present day (2008), dozens of [[Novel|novels]] and a number of [[Short story|short stories]] have been published chronicling the adventures of a British secret agent [[James Bond]], often referred to by his code name, 007. The character was created by [[Ian Fleming]], first appearing in his novel ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'' (1953).

Following Fleming's 1964 death and the posthumous publication of some remnant works by him over the next few years, others were commissioned to write continuation novels. These post-Fleming novels were issued sporadically in the late 1960s and '70s, then regularly between 1981 and 2002, at which point the series was put on hiatus. Two spinoff series of books, [[Young Bond]] and [[The Moneypenny Diaries]], were published after this point, but in the spring of 2008 the original James Bond novel series returned with the publication of a new work by [[Sebastian Faulks]].
{{portal|James Bond}}

==Ian Fleming's Bond novels and short stories==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*[[1953 in literature|1953]] ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'' (novel)
*[[1954 in literature|1954]] ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]'' (novel)
*[[1955 in literature|1955]] ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' (novel)
*[[1956 in literature|1956]] ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' (novel)
*[[1957 in literature|1957]] ''[[From Russia with Love (novel)|From Russia with Love]]'' (novel)
*[[1958 in literature|1958]] ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]'' (novel)
*[[1959 in literature|1959]] ''[[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]]'' (novel)
|
*[[1960 in literature|1960]] ''[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (story collection)
*[[1961 in literature|1961]] ''[[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]]'' (novel)
*[[1962 in literature|1962]] ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' (novel)
*[[1963 in literature|1963]] ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' (novel)
*[[1964 in literature|1964]] ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'' (novel)
*[[1965 in literature|1965]] ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' (novel)
*[[1966 in literature|1966]] ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]'' (story collection)
|}

In January, 1952, [[Ian Fleming]] began work on his first James Bond novel. At the time, Fleming was the Foreign Manager for [[Kemsley Newspapers]], an organisation owned by [[London|London's]] ''[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]''. Upon accepting the job, Fleming asked that he be allowed two months vacation per year. Every year thereafter, until his death in 1964, Fleming would retreat for the first two months of the year to his Jamaican estate, Goldeneye, to write a [[James Bond]] book.

Between 1953 and 1966, twelve James Bond novels and two short story [[Anthology|collections]] by Fleming were published, including one novel and one collection issued posthumously. It is still argued [[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)#Reception and Controversy|whether Fleming himself actually finished]] 1965's ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', as he died very soon after it is known to have been completed.

===Short stories===
Fleming's first collection of short stories, ''For Your Eyes Only''<ref>Major current editions: U.K., ISBN 9780141188713; U.S., ISBN 9780142003220.</ref>, originated from screenplays he had prepared for a [[CBS]] television series under development based on the Bond character. When that project fell through, Fleming rewrote them into [[Narrative|narratives]]: "[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"From a View to a Kill"|From a View to a Kill]]", "[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"For Your Eyes Only"|For Your Eyes Only]]", and "[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"Risico"|Risico]]". The collection was rounded out with two more stories, "[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"Quantum of Solace"|Quantum of Solace]]" and "[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"The Hildebrand Rarity"|The Hildebrand Rarity]]", which Fleming had already written for [[Magazine|magazines]] earlier.

A second anthology, ''Octopussy and The Living Daylights''<ref>Major current editions: U.K., ISBN 9780141188744; U.S., ISBN 9780142003299.</ref> (in some editions titled only ''Octopussy''), originally only contained the two title stories, "[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"Octopussy"|Octopussy]]" and "[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"The Living Daylights"|The Living Daylights]]". Two other stories first published in [[Periodical publication|periodicals]] were incorporated into later editions: "[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"The Property of a Lady"|The Property of a Lady]]" beginning with the 1967 [[Paperback#Mass market paperback|mass market paperback]] edition; and "[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"007 in New York"|007 in New York]]" (retitled by editors from Fleming's manuscript, "Reflections in a Carey Cadillac"<ref>Janson-Smith, Peter, in [[Foreword|foreword]] to "007 in New York", in Fleming, Ian, ''Octopussy and The Living Daylights'', London: Penguin Books, 2004 (ISBN 0142003298), p. 111.</ref>) beginning with a 2002 [[Paperback#Trade paperback|trade paperback]].

In 2008, [[Penguin Classics]] published, under the title ''Quantum of Solace'', an omnibus collection containing, for the first time, all nine of Fleming's Bond short stories.<ref>Major current editions: U.K., ISBN 9780141189628; U.S., ISBN 9780143114581.</ref>

Hence, there have been a total of three James Bond story collections by Fleming published. All of these, as with all Fleming's novels, remain in print to this day. Their contents are as follows, with the stories listed sequentially as they appear in these books:
*''[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|For Your Eyes Only]]''<ref>Current [http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141188713,00.html U.K. Penguin Classics] and [http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780142003220,00.html?For_Your_Eyes_Only_Ian_Fleming U.S. Penguin Classics] listings (accessed 12 October 2008).</ref> (1960; five stories)
**"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"From a View to a Kill"|From a View to a Kill]]" (first publication)
**"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"For Your Eyes Only"|For Your Eyes Only]]" (first publication)
**"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"Quantum of Solace"|Quantum of Solace]]" (originally appeared in ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'', 1959)
**"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"Risico"|Risico]]" (first publication)
**"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"The Hildebrand Rarity"|The Hildebrand Rarity]]" (originally appeared in ''[[Playboy]]'', 1960)
*''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]''<ref>Current [http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141188744,00.html?Octopussy_and_the_Living_Daylights_Ian_Fleming U.K. Penguin Classics] and [http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780142003299,00.html?Octopussy_and_The_Living_Daylights_Ian_Fleming U.S. Penguin Classics] listings (accessed 12 October 2008).</ref> (1966; originally, two stories; two more have since been added, totaling four stories altogether)
**"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"Octopussy"|Octopussy]]" (originally appeared in ''[[Playboy]]'', 1966)
**"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"The Property of a Lady"|The Property of a Lady]]" (originally appeared in [[Sotheby's]] quarterly ''The Ivory Hammer'', 1963; added to this collection, 1967)
**"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"The Living Daylights"|The Living Daylights]]" (originally appeared in London's ''[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]'', 1962)
**"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"007 in New York"|007 in New York]]"<ref>Current [http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141189628,00.html?Quantum_of_Solace_(B_format)_Ian_Fleming U.K. Penguin Classics] and [http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780143114581,00.html?strSrchSql=quantum+of+solace+ian+fleming/Quantum_of_Solace_Ian_Fleming U.S. Penguin Classics] listings (accessed 12 October 2008).</ref> (originally appeared in the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'', 1963; added to this collection, 2002)
*''Quantum of Solace''<ref>Current [http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141189628,00.html?Quantum_of_Solace_(B_format)_Ian_Fleming U.K. Penguin Classics] and [http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780143114581,00.html?strSrchSql=quantum+of+solace+ian+fleming/Quantum_of_Solace_Ian_Fleming U.S. Penguin Classics] listings (accessed 12 October 2008).</ref> (2008; omnibus of both previous collections, containing all nine stories)
**"From a View to a Kill"
**"For Your Eyes Only"
**"Quantum of Solace"
**"Risico"
**"The Hildebrand Rarity"
**"Octopussy"
**"The Property of a Lady"
**"The Living Daylights"
**"007 in New York"

===Internal chronology===
A researcher, John Griswold, has attempted to construct a sequencing of Fleming's Bond fiction according to the internal logic of these works.<ref>Griswold, John, ''Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations and Chronologies for Fleming's Bond Stories'', [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], [[Indiana|IN]]: [[AuthorHouse]], 2005 (ISBN 1418478288), pp. 6–11; revised, 2006 (ISBN 1425931006), pp. 6–13.</ref> Griswold calls this a "high level [[Chronology|chronology]] after impacts by sequence of books published", distinguishing it from the order in which these works were written, published, or—within each short story collection—arranged. He also deliberately discounts the chronology of actual historic events included by Fleming, arguing that Fleming made such references for effect and did not bother to synchronise them accurately within his fiction.

Two main things distinguish Griswold's chronology from the publishing history of Fleming's Bond books: first, the short stories are sequenced much differently from how they are arranged within each of the two story collections; and, second, a several-months' time gap, between the fifth and sixth chapters of ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'', is now partially bridged.

Griswold's chronology of Bond's fictive world runs as follows:
*''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]''
*''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]''
*''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]''
*''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''
*''[[From Russia with Love (novel)|From Russia with Love]]''
*''[[Dr. No (novel)|Doctor No]]''
*''[[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]]''
*"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"Risico"|Risico]]"
*"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"Quantum of Solace"|Quantum of Solace]]"
*"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"The Hildebrand Rarity"|The Hildebrand Rarity]]"
*"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"From a View to a Kill"|From a View to a Kill]]"
*"[[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)#"For Your Eyes Only"|For Your Eyes Only]]"
*''[[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]]
*"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"Octopussy"|Octopussy]]"
*"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"The Living Daylights"|The Living Daylights]]"
*"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"The Property of a Lady"|The Property of a Lady]]"
*Chapters 1–5 of ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''
*"[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights#"007 in New York"|007 in New York]]"
*Chapters 10–15 of ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' (Bond is entirely absent from the first nine chapters, which cover events extending back years)
*Chapters 6–20 of ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''
*''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]''
*''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man With the Golden Gun]]''

==Post-Fleming James Bond novels==

Following Fleming's death in 1964, [[Ian Fleming Publications|Glidrose Productions]], publishers of the James Bond novels, planned a new book series, credited to the pseudonym "[[Robert Markham]]" and written by a rotating series of authors. Ultimately, only one Markham novel saw print, 1968's ''[[Colonel Sun]]'' by [[Kingsley Amis]]. Amis had previously written two books on the world of James Bond, the 1964 essay ''[[The James Bond Dossier]]'' and the tongue-in-cheek [[1965]] release ''[[The Book of Bond|The Book of Bond, or Every Man His Own 007]]'' (written under the pseudonym "[[Bill Tanner|Lt.-Col. William ("Bill") Tanner]]", a recurring character in the Bond novels. Amis had also been claimed for many years as the [[ghost writer]] of ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'', although this has been debunked by numerous sources. See [[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)#The controversy over the novel|The Man with the Golden Gun]].)

In [[1973 in literature|1973]], Fleming biographer [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]] was commissioned by Glidrose to biograph the fictional character James Bond. Pearson wrote ''[[James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007]]'' in the first person as if meeting the secret agent himself. The book was well-received by aficionados—readers and viewers, alike. Since the book has many discrepancies with Fleming's Bond (for example his birth year), the canonical status of ''James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007'' is debated among fans—some consider it [[apocryphal]], though at least one publisher, Pan Books, issued it as an official novel along with the rest of Fleming's series for its first paperback edition. Glidrose reportedly considered a new series of novels written by Pearson, but this did not come to pass. Prior to writing this, Pearson had written an early biography of Ian Fleming, ''[[The Life of Ian Fleming]]''.

In [[1977 in literature|1977]], the film ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' was released and was subsequently novelised and published by Glidrose due to the radical difference between the script and Fleming's novel of the same name. This would happen again with [[1979 in literature|1979]]'s ''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]''. Both novelisations were written by [[screenwriter]] [[Christopher Wood (writer)|Christopher Wood]] and were the first official novelisations, although technically, Fleming's ''Thunderball'' was a novelisation having been based on scripts by himself, [[Kevin McClory]], and [[Jack Whittingham]] (although it predated the movie), and the ''For Your Eyes Only'' collection was also, for the most part, based upon unproduced scripts.

In the 1980s, the series was finally revived with new novels by [[John Gardner (thriller writer)|John Gardner]]; between [[1981]] and [[1996]], he wrote fourteen James Bond novels and two screenplay novelisations, surpassing Fleming's original output. The biggest change in Gardner's series was updating 007's world to the 1980s; however, it would keep the characters the same age as they were in Fleming's novels. Generally Gardner's series is considered a success although their canonical status is disputed.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*[[1981 in literature|1981]] ''[[Licence Renewed]]''
*[[1982 in literature|1982]] ''[[For Special Services]]''
*[[1983 in literature|1983]] ''[[Icebreaker (novel)|Icebreaker]]''
*[[1984 in literature|1984]] ''[[Role of Honour]]''
*[[1986 in literature|1986]] ''[[Nobody Lives For Ever]]''
*[[1987 in literature|1987]] ''[[No Deals, Mr. Bond]]''
*[[1988 in literature|1988]] ''[[Scorpius (novel)|Scorpius]]''
*[[1989 in literature|1989]] ''[[Win, Lose or Die]]''
|
*[[1989 in literature|1989]] ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' ([[novelisation]])
*[[1990 in literature|1990]] ''[[Brokenclaw]]''
*[[1991 in literature|1991]] ''[[The Man from Barbarossa]]''
*[[1992 in literature|1992]] ''[[Death is Forever]]''
*[[1993 in literature|1993]] ''[[Never Send Flowers]]''
*[[1994 in literature|1994]] ''[[SeaFire]]''
*[[1995 in literature|1995]] ''[[GoldenEye]]'' (novelisation)
*[[1996 in literature|1996]] ''[[COLD (novel)|COLD]]''
|}

In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health, and American [[Raymond Benson]] quickly replaced him. As a James Bond novelist, Benson was initially controversial for being American, and for ignoring much of the continuity established by Gardner. Benson had previously written ''[[The James Bond Bedside Companion]]'', a book dedicated to Ian Fleming, the official novels, and the films. The book was initially released in [[1984 in literature|1984]] and later updated in [[1988 in literature|1988]]. Benson also contributed to the creation of several modules in the popular [[James Bond 007 (role-playing game)|''James Bond 007'' role-playing game]] in the 1980s. Benson wrote six James Bond novels, three novelisations, and three short stories.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*[[1997 in literature|1997]] ''"[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Blast from the Past"|Blast From the Past]]"'' (short story)
*[[1997 in literature|1997]] ''[[Zero Minus Ten]]''
*[[1997 in literature|1997]] ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' (novelisation)
*[[1998 in literature|1998]] ''[[The Facts of Death]]''
*[[1999 in literature|1999]] ''"[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Midsummer Night's Doom"|Midsummer Night's Doom]]"'' (short story)
*[[1999 in literature|1999]] ''"[[James Bond uncollected short stories#"Live at Five"|Live at Five]]"'' (short story)
|
*[[1999 in literature|1999]] ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'' (novelisation)
*[[1999 in literature|1999]] ''[[High Time to Kill]]''
*[[2000 in literature|2000]] ''[[Doubleshot]]''
*[[2001 in literature|2001]] ''[[Never Dream of Dying]]''
*[[2002 in literature|2002]] ''[[The Man with the Red Tattoo]]''
*[[2002 in literature|2002]] ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (novelisation)
|}

Benson's three short stories [[James Bond uncollected short stories|remain uncollected]], unlike previous short stories from Ian Fleming, although it was announced in early 2008 that "Blast From the Past", augmented by material edited out before its initial publication, would be included as a bonus feature in an upcoming omnibus collection of several of Benson's Bond novels.<ref>[http://theliterary007.blogspot.com/2008/01/bonding-in-2008.html The Literary 007: Bonding in 2008 - Jan. 1, 2008], retrieved Jan. 6, 2008.</ref> Benson also wrote a fourth short story entitled "[[James Bond uncollected short stories#Unpublished story|The Heart of Erzulie]]" that was rejected for publication.

Benson abruptly resigned as Bond novelist at the end of 2002 to write original, non-Bond works of his own. At the same time, Ian Fleming Publications planned to focus on reissuing Fleming's original novels for the 50th anniversary of the character and re-examine its publishing strategy. The year 2003 marked the first year since 1985 that a new James Bond novel had not been published.

==Young Bond==
{{main|Young Bond}}

In April 2004, Ian Fleming Publications (Glidrose) announced a new series of James Bond books. Instead of continuing from where Raymond Benson ended in 2002, the new series featured James Bond as a thirteen-year-old boy attending [[Eton College]]. Written by [[Charlie Higson]] the series aligns faithfully with the adult Bond's back-story established by Fleming in Bond's obituary in ''You Only Live Twice''. The first novel, ''SilverFin'', was released to good reviews in 2005 and became an international bestseller. The second novel, ''Blood Fever'', released in 2006, did even better, topping the children's best-selling list in the UK and holding the spot for eleven weeks. The following books, ''Double or Die'', ''Hurricane Gold'', and ''By Royal Command'' all proved to be bestsellers. While the series was planned as a five book set (ending with Bond's expulsion from Eton), Charlie Higson has stated that, because of the success of the series, he will most likely be writing more Young Bond novels in the future.<ref>{{cite web | title=Interview: Charlie in Command | work=The Young Bond Dossier | url=http://youngbonddossier.com/Young_Bond/Interview.html | accessdate=September 4 | accessyear=2008}}</ref>

The first Young Bond novel, ''SilverFin'', was released as a graphic novel on October 2, 2008. The book was written by Charlie Higson and illustrated by renowed comic book artist artist [[Kev Walker]]. <ref>{{cite web | title=SilverFin The Graphic Novel released in UK | work=The Young Bond Dossier | url=http://youngbonddossier.com/Young_Bond/Danger_Society_News/Entries/2008/10/2_SILVERFIN_THE_GRAPHIC_NOVEL_OUT_TODAY.html | accessdate=October 2 | accessyear=2008}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*[[2005 in literature|2005]] ''[[SilverFin]]''
*[[2006 in literature|2006]] ''[[Blood Fever]]''
*[[2007 in literature|2007]] ''[[Double or Die]]''
*[[2007 in literature|2007]] ''[[Hurricane Gold]]''
*[[2008 in literature|2008]] ''[[By Royal Command]]''
|}

==The Moneypenny Diaries==
''The Moneypenny Diaries'' is a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of [[Miss Moneypenny]], [[M (James Bond)|M]]'s personal secretary. The novels are penned by [[Samantha Weinberg]] under the [[pseudonym]] Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor". The first installment of the trilogy, subtitled ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel|Guardian Angel]]'', was released on [[October 10]], [[2005]] in the UK. A second volume, subtitled ''[[Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries|Secret Servant]]'' was released on [[November 2]], [[2006]] in the UK [http://web.mac.com/zencato/iWeb/Young_Bond/News/BB07046F-DA4F-4D05-ABAE-5BC64DF73221.html]. A third volume, subtitled ''[[Final Fling: The Moneypenny Diaries|Final Fling]]'' was release on [[July 10]], [[2008 in literature|2008]].

Weinberg is the first woman to write officially licenced Bond-related literature, although [[Johanna Harwood]] had previously co-written the screenplay for ''Dr. No'' and had adapted ''From Russia with Love'' for the screen.

The novels had originally been touted as the secret journal of a "real" Miss Moneypenny and that James Bond was a possible pseudonym for a genuine intelligence officer, an idea shared by John Pearson's earlier biography, ''James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007''. The publisher, [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]], admitted on [[August 28]], [[2005]] that the books were a spoof after an investigation by ''The Sunday Times'' of London. Ian Fleming Publications, who had previously refused to comment as to whether the book was authorised, officially confirmed the book was and always had been a project by them on the day of the book's publication.

In addition to the novels, Weinberg also wrote two short stories that were published in 2006. The first, "For Your Eyes Only, James" describes a weekend Bond and Moneypenny spend in Royale-les-Eaux in 1956. The story appeared in the November 2006 issue of Tatler magazine [http://web.mac.com/zencato/iWeb/Young_Bond/News/EDF4EDA6-F2B3-4A60-BC8F-E7A94EDB538E.html]. The second "Moneypenny's First Date With Bond" tells the tale of Bond and Moneypenny's first meeting. The story appeared in the November 11, 2006 issue of ''[[The Spectator]]''.

{|class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*[[2005 in literature|2005]] ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Guardian Angel|Guardian Angel]]''
*[[2006 in literature|2006]] ''[[Secret Servant: The Moneypenny Diaries|Secret Servant]]''
*[[2008 in literature|2008]] ''[[The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling|Final Fling]]''
|}

==''Devil May Care''==
[[Ian Fleming Publications]] announced that a new James Bond novel would be published in May 2008 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Ian Fleming's birth. Initially, IFP kept the identity of the author secret, but in July 2007 it was announced that the centenary novel would be ''[[Devil May Care (novel)|Devil May Care]]'' by [[Sebastian Faulks]]. It was published on [[May 28]], [[2008]], on what would have been Ian Fleming's 100th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm |title=Faulks pens new James Bond novel |date=2007-07-11 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

The existence of the continuation novels published between 1968 and 2002 (not counting the related Young Bond and Moneypenny Diaries series) was underplayed in the announcement of Faulks' book, which was promoted as a direct continuation of Fleming's canon. As such, many media reports (such as, for example, the one posted by AOL Entertainment <ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.aol.co.uk/bigstoryents/novelist-pens-new-007-adventure/article/20070711055709990001|title=Novelist pens new 007 adventure |date=2007-07-11 |work=AOL Entertainment}}</ref>) made no reference to the work of Amis through Benson, stating outright that ''Devil May Care'' is the first new Bond novel since the 1960s. A similar error occurred in an [[Associated Press]] report on 8 January 2008 that stated only 13 post-Fleming novels had been published prior to ''Devil May Care''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/01/08/bond.stamps.ap/index.html|title=Why 007 is 'The Spy Who Licked Me' |date=2008-01-08 |work=AP/CNN.com}}</ref>

''Devil May Care'' is the first release of a new [[imprint]] of [[Penguin Books]] called Penguin 007, which will also reprint the original Fleming novels. It has yet to be announced whether any further new adult James Bond novels will be commissioned; at the official release launch of ''Devil May Care'', Faulks stated that he had no plans to write more Bond novels.

==Other Bond-related fiction==
In 1967, Glidrose authorised publication of ''[[003½: The Adventures of James Bond Junior]]'' written under the pseudonym R. D. Mascott. The book was written for young-adult readers, and chronicles the adventures of 007's nephew (despite the inaccurate title). To this day the real author of the novel has never been acknowledged or confirmed by the Ian Fleming Estate. According to the reference work ''The Bond Files'' by Andy Lane and Paul Simpson, there are claims that Mascott was really [[Arthur Calder-Marshall]], but Lane and Simpson indicate no definitive proof has yet been uncovered.

In 1991 an animated television series, ''[[James Bond Jr]]'', ran for 65 episodes. The series chronicled the adventures of James Bond's nephew, James Bond Jr. The use of "Jr." in the character's name was unusual in that this naming convention is generally reserved for sons as opposed to nephews and other indirect offspring. Alternatively, it has been proposed that Fleming's James Bond had a brother, also named James Bond, who is the father of James Bond Jr. The series was mildly successful and spawned six novelisations published in 1992 by [[John Peel (writer)|John Peel]] writing as John Vincent, a 12 issue comic book series by [[Marvel Comics]] published in 1992, as well as a [[video game]] [[video game developer|developed]] by [[Eurocom]] for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] and the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]] in 1991.

[[Russia]]ns were often the villains in Fleming's [[Cold War]]-era novels in at least some form. In 1968, they hit back with a spy novel of their own called ''[[The Zakhov Mission|Avakoum Zahov vs. 07]]'' by [[Andrei Guliashki]], in which a [[communism|communist]] hero finally and forcefully defeats 007.

In addition to numerous [[fan fiction]] pieces written since the character was created, there have been two stories written by well-known authors claiming to have been contracted by Glidrose. The first in 1966, was ''[[Per Fine Ounce]]'' by [[Geoffrey Jenkins]], a friend of Ian Fleming who claimed to have developed with Fleming a diamond-smuggling storyline similar to ''Diamonds Are Forever'' as early as the 1950s. According to the book ''The Bond Files'' by [[Andy Lane]] and [[Paul Simpson]], soon after Ian Fleming died, Glidrose Productions commissioned Jenkins to write a James Bond novel. The novel was never published. Some sources have suggested that Jenkins novel was to be published under the Markham pseudonym. The second story, 1985's ''[[The Killing Zone]]'' by [[James Hatfield|Jim Hatfield]] goes so far as to have been privately published as well as claim on the cover that it was published by Glidrose; however it is highly unlikely that Glidrose contacted Hatfield to write a novel since at the time John Gardner was the official author. The text of ''The Killing Zone'' is available on the [[Internet]] and can be found [http://www.universalexports.net/Books/killingzone.shtml here].

In 1997, the British publisher [[B.T. Batsford]] produced ''[[James Bond uncollected short stories#Your Deal, Mr. Bond|Your Deal, Mr. Bond]]'', a collection of [[bridge (card game)|bridge]]-related short stories by [[Phillip King (writer)|Phillip King]] and [[Robert King]]. The title story features James Bond, M, and other characters and features an epic bridge game between Bond and the villain, Saladin. No credit is given to Ian Fleming Publications, suggesting this rare story may have been unauthorised; a photo of Sean Connery as Bond is featured on the cover of the book.

In [[Clive Cussler]]'s novel, ''[[Night Probe!]]'', there is a character named [[Night Probe!#Characters in "Night Probe!"|Brian Shaw]], whom the hero, Dirk Pitt suspects to be James Bond. Brian Shaw's choice of pistol, a .25 calibre, echoes that of James Bond's preference for the .25 calibre Beretta. Shaw's old office was located in Regent Park, and he was supposed to have been on [[SMERSH]]'s hit list.

Lance Parkin's [[Doctor Who]] novel ''Trading Futures'' features a Bond-like character named Jonah Cosgrove, described by the author thus: "Cosgrove is (and I mean 'is' here in the very precise, non-trademark violating, sense of the word) the Sean Connery Bond, but one who never retired and who's been a secret agent for fifty years. So he's about eighty, and all the time he's just been piling on more muscles and getting more wrinkled, and ever more set in his ways and bitter and anachronistic. He's Sean Connery in ''[[The Rock]]'', as drawn by Frank Miller, and by now he's been promoted to M."

[[Robert Sheckley]]'s 1965 novel ''The Game of X'' is about a bumbling man who pretends he is a spy and is chased by villains who believe that he is a real secret agent. In one scene, he is rescued from the villains by a real secret agent who is not named but seems to be James Bond.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jamesbondwiki.com/page/James+Bond+Books James Bond Wiki] Check out book covers on the Ultimate James Bond Community.
*[http://mi6.co.uk MI6.co.uk] One of the largest unofficial James Bond websites online with a large fan fiction library.
*[http://www.penguin007.com/ Penguin007.com] Official website for Devil May Care and the 2008 Centenary events.
*[http://youngbonddossier.com The Young Bond Dossier] Website for the Young Bond series.
*[http://www.ian-fleming-james-bond-annotations-and-chronologies.com/home.php John Griswold website] Official website of John Griswold's ''Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations and Chronologies for Fleming's Bond Stories''.
*[http://www.goldeneyebooks.com/webpages/flemingbibliography.htm Ian Fleming bibliography] of first editions.
*[http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ Ian Fleming Centre] Official website of Ian Fleming Publications Limited.
{{Bond books}}

[[Category:James Bond books| ]]

[[es:James Bond (libros)]]

Lizard

2008-10-29T11:28:16Z

Chris huh: tidy images

{{Distinguish|House lizard|Gecko}}

{{Otheruses}}

{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|199|0|earliest=|latest=|PS=}}Jurassic - Present
| image = Bartagame fcm.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Central bearded dragon]], ''Pogona vitticeps''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| superclassis = [[Tetrapoda]]
| classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = '''Lacertilia'''[[Paraphyletic|*]]
| subordo_authority = [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1867
| subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Families]]
| subdivision =
Many, see [[Lizard#Classification|text]].
}}
'''Lizards''' are a large and widespread group of [[reptile]]s of the order [[Squamata]], with nearly 5,000 species and ranging across all continents except Antarctica. Most lizards have four limbs, external ears, and a tail. Many lizards can shed their tails in order to escape from predators, although this trait is not universal. Vision, including color vision, is particularly well developed in lizards, and most communicate with body language or bright colors on their bodies as well as via pheromones. The [[adult]] length of [[species]] within the [[order (biology)|order]] range from a few [[centimeters]] for some [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]] [[gecko]]s to nearly three [[meter]]s (9 feet, 6 inches) in [[Komodo Dragon]]s.

==Description==
Any generic description of lizards is often complicated by the fact that many typical lizard traits are either retentions from their evolutionary ancestors (such as the basic, 4-limbed, [[tetrapod]] body form) or are either lost or changed in some species (loss of limbs, loss of external ears, loss of the tail, etc.)
[[Image:Camaleon comun.jpg|thumb|left|Common chamaeleon ''[[Chamaeleo chamaeleon]]'']]
Lizards are [[reptile]]s, and universally possess [[Scale (zoology)|scaly]] skin and a skull with many fused or reduced bones. Most lizards retain the typical [[tetrapod]] body plan of a short neck, four limbs of roughly equal size ending in five toes each, a moderately long body, and a long tail. Most lizards possess external ears and have movable eyelids. Encompassing forty [[Family (biology)|families]], there is tremendous variety in color, appearance and size. Most lizards are [[Oviparity|oviparous]], though a few species are [[Vivipary|viviparous]]. Many are also capable of [[regeneration (biology)|regeneration]] of lost limbs or tails. Almost all lizards are carnivorous, though most are so small that insects are their primary prey. About 120 species (3%) are known to be herbivorous.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cooper WE, Vitt LJ|year=2002|title=Distribution, extent,
and evolution of plant consumption by lizards|journal=J. Zool.|volume=257|pages=487–517|doi=10.1017/S0952836902001085}}</ref> A few species are omnivorous, and others have reached sizes where they can prey on other vertebrates. Many lizards are good climbers or fast sprinters. Some can run bipedally, such as the [[Common Collared Lizard|collared lizard]], and some can even run across the surface of water to escape, namely the [[Basiliscus (genus)|basilisk]]. Many lizards can change colour in response to their environments or in times of stress. The most familiar example is the [[chameleon]], but more subtle colour changes occur in other lizard species as well, such as the [[Polychrotidae|anole]], also known as the "American chameleon," "house chameleon" or "chamele".

[[Image:Bandwtegu.jpg|thumb|left|Black and white tegu at Reptile Zoo in Monroe, Washington.]]

Some lizard species, including the [[glass lizard]] and [[Pygopodidae|flap-footed lizards]], have lost their legs or reduced them to the point they are non-functional. However, some [[vestigial]] structures remain. Snakes, which evolved from the ancestors of [[varanus|monitor lizards]], are characterized by lack of eyelids, lack of an external ear, a forked tongue, and having a highly elongate body (as opposed to a normal body but extremely long tail). While any given legless lizard species (of which there are many) may match on one or two of these characteristics, they invariably differ from snakes in others. For example, [[Pygopodidae|flap-footed lizards]] lack eyelids as do true snakes, but can be distinguished by their external ears.

Lizards are part of the reptile family, meaning that they have no inner means of achieving homeostatis. As a result, they must keep careful watch of their body temperature. This need requires lizards to live in areas with consistently high temperatures. Lizards are rarely seen in the upper half of the United States and most European countries.

==Senses and communication==
[[Image:Kini iguana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Green iguana]]s (''Iguana iguana''), are popular exotic pets.]]
Lizards employ many diverse methods of communication. Like many other animals, they have an acute sense of smell, detecting scents of their prey or pheromones from other lizards. The primary organ of scent in lizards is a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, and lizards gather scents by flicking out their tongues, then retracting them and delivering the captured odor molecules to this organ. Some large carnivorous lizards, such as tegus and monitor lizards, have forked tongues like snakes, to take advantage of this organ better. As a result, many male lizards possess enlarged pores on the underside of their thighs, which they rub against objects to mark their territory.

While most lizards can hear well, few are capable of vocalizations or otherwise making noise. The exception to this rule is the geckos, which communicate through a wide variety of barks, chirps and whistles, with each species having specific patterns and sounds.

Sight is quite important for most lizards, both for locating prey and for communication, and as such, many lizards have highly acute color vision. Most lizards rely heavily on body language, using specific postures, gestures and movements to define territory, resolve disputes, and entice mates. Some species of lizard also utilize bright colors, such as the iridescent patches on the belly of Sceloporus. These colors would be highly visible to predators, so are often hidden on the underside or between scales and only revealed when necessary.

A particular innovation in this respect is the dewlap, a brightly colored patch of skin on the throat, usually hidden between scales. When a display is needed, the lizards erect the hyoid bone of their throat, resulting in a large vertical flap of brightly colored skin beneath the head which can be then used for communication. Anoles are particularly famous for this display, with each species having specific colors, including patterns only visible under ultraviolet light, as lizards can often see UV.

==Evolution and relationships==
[[Image:Chlamydosaurus kingii.jpg|thumb|right|[[Frill-necked lizard]] ''Chlamydosaurus kingii'']]
The retention of the basic tetrapod body form by lizards makes it tempting to assume any similar animal, alive or extinct, is also a lizard. However, this is not the case, and lizards are part of a well-defined group.

The first reptile was superficially lizard-like, but had a solid, box-like skull, with openings only for eyes, nostrils, etc (termed Anapsid).{{Fact|date=September 2008}} These organisms later gave rise to two new groups with additional holes in the skull to make room for and anchor larger jaw muscles.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} Those with a single hole, the Synapsids, became modern mammals.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} The Diapsids, possessing two holes, continued to diversify.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} The Archosaurs retained the basic Diapsid skull, and gave rise to a bewildering array of animals, most famous being the dinosaurs and their descendants, birds.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} The Lepidosaurs began to reduce the skull bones, making the skull lighter and more flexible.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} Modern tuataras retain the basic Lepidosaur skull, distinguishing them from true lizards in spite of superficial similarities.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} Squamates, including snakes and all true lizards, further lightened the skull by eliminating the lower margin of the lower skull opening.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}


==Relationship to humans==
[[Image:KomodoDragon.jpg|thumb|A sleeping Komodo dragon. Notice the large, curved claws used in fighting and eating.]]
Most lizard species are harmless to humans. Only the very largest lizard species pose threat of death; the [[Komodo dragon]], for example, has been known to stalk, attack, and kill humans. The venom of the [[Gila monster]] and [[beaded lizard]] is not usually deadly but they can inflict extremely painful bites due to powerful jaws. The chief impact of lizards on humans is positive as they are significant [[predator]]s of [[Pest (animal)|pest]] species; numerous species are prominent in the [[pet]] trade; some are eaten as [[food]] (for example, [[Green Iguana]]s in Central America); and lizard symbolism plays important, though rarely predominant roles in some [[culture]]s (e.g. [[Tarrotarro]] in Australian mythology). The [[Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] worshiped animals and often depicted lizards in their art.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref> According to a popular legend in [[Maharashtra]], a [[Common Indian Monitor]], with ropes attached, was used to scale the walls of the [[Sinhagad]] fort in the [[Battle of Sinhagad]].<ref name="auffenberg">{{cite book |last=Auffenberg |first=Walter |title=The Bengal Monitor |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=1994 |pages=494 |isbn=0813012953}}</ref>
{{-}}

== Classification ==
[[Image:plumed.basilisk.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|[[Plumed Basilisk]], ''Basiliscus plumifrons'']]
[[Image:ZebraTailed-Lizard-640px.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zebra-tailed Lizard]], ''Callisaurus draconoides'']]
[[Image:Red-headed Rock Agama.jpg|thumb|right|[[Red-headed rock agama]], ''Agama agama'']]
[[Image:gila.monster.arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gila monster]], ''Heloderma s. suspectum'']]
[[Image:green.tree.monitor.lizard.arp.jpg|thumb|right|Green tree [[monitor lizard]], ''Varanus prasinus'']]

'''Suborder Lacertilia (Sauria) - (Lizards)
* Family †[[Bavarisauridae]]
* Family †[[Eichstaettisauridae]]
* Infraorder Iguania
** Family †[[Arretosauridae]]
** Family †[[Euposauridae]]
** Family [[Corytophanidae]] (casquehead lizards)
** Family [[Iguanidae]] ([[iguana]]s and [[spinytail iguanas]])
** Family [[Phrynosomatidae]] ([[Earless lizard|earless]], [[spiny lizard|spiny]], [[Urosaurus|tree]], [[side-blotched lizard|side-blotched]] and [[horned lizard|horned]] lizards)
** Family [[Polychrotidae]] ([[Anolis|anoles]])
*** Family [[Leiosauridae]] (see Polychrotinae)
** Family [[Tropiduridae]] (neotropical ground lizards)
*** Family [[Liolaemidae]] (see Tropidurinae)
*** Family [[Leiocephalidae]] (see Tropidurinae)
** Family [[Crotaphytidae]] ([[crotaphytus|collared]] and [[gambelia|leopard]] lizards)
** Family [[Opluridae]] (Madagascar iguanids)
** Family [[Hoplocercidae]] ([[Enyalioides|wood]] lizards, clubtails)
** Family †[[Priscagamidae]]
** Family †[[Isodontosauridae]]
** Family [[Agamidae]] ([[Agama (lizard)|agamas]])
** Family [[Chamaeleonidae]] ([[chameleon]]s)
* Infraorder [[Gekkota]]
** Family [[Gekkonidae]] ([[gecko]]s)
** Family [[Pygopodidae]] ([[legless lizard]]s)
** Family [[Dibamidae]] ([[blind lizard]]s)
* Infraorder [[Scincomorpha]]
** Family †[[Paramacellodidae]]
** Family †[[Slavoiidae]]
** Family [[Scincidae]] ([[skink]]s)
** Family [[Cordylidae]] ([[spinytail lizard]]s)
** Family [[Gerrhosauridae]] ([[plated lizard]]s)
** Family [[Xantusiidae]] ([[night lizard]]s)
** Family [[Lacertidae]] ([[wall lizard]]s or true lizards)
** Family †[[Mongolochamopidae]]
** Family †[[Adamisauridae]]
** Family [[Teiidae]] ([[tegu]]s and whiptails)
** Family [[Gymnophthalmidae]] ([[spectacled lizard]]s)
* Infraorder [[Diploglossa]]
** Family [[Anguidae]] ([[glass lizard]]s)
** Family [[Anniellidae]] ([[American legless lizard]]s)
** Family [[Xenosauridae]] ([[knob-scaled lizard]]s)
* Infraorder [[Platynota]] ([[Varanoidea]])
** Family [[Varanidae]] (monitor lizards)
** Family [[Lanthanotidae]] (earless monitor lizards)
** Family [[Helodermatidae]] ([[gila monster]]s & [[Mexican beaded lizard|beaded lizards]])
** Family †[[Mosasaur]]idae (marine lizards)

==References==
{{reflist}}

;General references
* {{cite book | last = Byiiuo | first = John L. | last2 = King | first2 = F. Wayne | title = The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |location= New York | pages = 581 | date= 1979 | isbn = 0394508246}}
* {{cite book |last= Capula|first= Massimo|coauthors =Behler|title= Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World |year= 1989|publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |location= [[New York]]|isbn= 0671690981}}
* {{cite book | last = Cogger | first = Harold | authorlink = Harold Cogger | last2 = Zweifel | first2 = Richard | title = Reptiles & Amphibians | publisher = Weldon Owen | location = [[Sydney]] |date = 1992 | isbn = 0831727861}}
* {{cite book | last =Conant | first =Roger | last2 =Collins | first2 =Joseph |authorlink=Roger Conant (herpetologist) | title =A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America | publisher =Houghton Mifflin Company | date= 1991 | location =[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] | isbn = 0395583896 }}
* {{cite book | last =Ditmars | first =Raymond L | authorlink =Raymond Ditmars | title = Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres | publisher =Macmillian | date =1933 | location =[[New York]] | pages =321}}
* {{cite book |last= Freiberg|first= Dr. Marcos|last2= Walls|first2=Jerry |title= The World of Venomous Animals|year= 1984
|publisher= TFH Publications|location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0876665679}}
{{commonscat|Sauria}}
* {{cite book | last =Gibbons | first =J. Whitfield | last2 =Gibbons | first2 =Whit | title =Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians | publisher =[[University of Alabama]] Press | date =1983 | location =[[Alabama]] | pages =164 |isbn=978-0817301354 }}
* {{cite book |last = Rosenfeld | first = Arthur | title = Exotic Pets | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] | location= [[New York]] | date= 1989 | pages=293|isbn = 067147654}}

[[Category:Lizards| ]]
[[Category:Animals that can change color]]

[[ar:سحلية]]
[[gn:Teju]]
[[ca:Lacertili]]
[[cv:Калта]]
[[cs:Ještěři]]
[[cy:Madfall]]
[[de:Echsen]]
[[nv:Na’ashǫ́’ii]]
[[el:Σαύρα]]
[[es:Lacertilia]]
[[eo:Lacertuloj]]
[[eu:Musker]]
[[fr:Sauria]]
[[gl:Lagarto]]
[[ko:도마뱀]]
[[hr:Gušteri]]
[[id:Kadal]]
[[os:Гæккуыритæ]]
[[is:Eðlur]]
[[it:Lacertilia]]
[[he:לטאות]]
[[jv:Kadhal]]
[[la:Lacertilia]]
[[lt:Driežai]]
[[li:Herdisse]]
[[hu:Gyíkok]]
[[mk:Гуштер]]
[[ml:പല്ലി]]
[[cdo:Dô-dâing]]
[[nah:Cipactli]]
[[nl:Hagedissen]]
[[nds-nl:Evertasken]]
[[ja:トカゲ]]
[[no:Øgle]]
[[nn:Øgle]]
[[pl:Jaszczurki]]
[[pt:Lagartos]]
[[ro:Şopârlă]]
[[qu:Qaraywa]]
[[ru:Ящерицы]]
[[simple:Lizard]]
[[sr:Гуштер]]
[[fi:Liskot]]
[[sv:Ödlor]]
[[th:กิ้งก่า]]
[[chr:ᏗᎦᎭᎵ]]
[[uk:Ящірки]]
[[ur:چھپکلی]]
[[zh:蜥蜴]]

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-28T12:23:11Z

Chris huh: finish updating some languages

[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|right|220px]]
This is a list of [[Africa]]n countries and dependencies, including the respective [[Capital (political)|capitals]], [[language]]s, [[currency|currencies]], [[World population|population]], [[area]] and [[GDP per capita]] ([[Dependent territory|dependencies]] are listed with a blue background).

'''Africa''' is the world's second-largest and second most-populous [[continent]], after [[Asia]]. At about 30,221,532 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,668,545 [[square mile|sq mi]]) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the [[Earth]]'s total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> With more than 900 million people (as of 2005)<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision"] [[United Nations]] (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)</ref> in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's [[human population]]. The continent is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, the [[Suez Canal]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the southeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.
{{-}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" width="100%"
! Name (''official name'') !!class=unsortable| Flag !! Capital !! Currency !! Official languages !! Area (km²) !! Population !! GDP per capita (PPP) !! Map
|-
| [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook: Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'') || {{flagicon|Algeria|size=100px}} || [[Algiers]] || [[Algerian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 2,381,740 || 33,333,216 || $7,700 || 3[[Image:LocationAlgeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Angola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html |title=The World Factbook: Angola |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Angola'') || {{flagicon|Angola|size=100px}} || [[Luanda]] || [[Kwanza]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 1,246,700 || 15,941,000 || $2,813 || 40[[Image:LocationAngola.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Benin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |title=The World Factbook: Benin |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Benin'') || {{flagicon|Benin|size=100px}} || [[Porto Novo]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 112,622 || 8,439,000 || $1,176 || 24[[Image:LocationBenin.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Botswana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |title=The World Factbook: Botswana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Botswana'') || {{flagicon|Botswana|size=100px}} || [[Gaborone]] || [[Pula]] || [[English language|English]], [[Tswana language|Setswana]] || 581,726 || 1,639,833 || $11,400 || 46[[Image:LocationBotswana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |title=The World Factbook: Burkina Faso |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Burkina Faso|size=100px}} || [[Ouagadougou]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 274,000 || 13,228,000 || $1,284 || 21[[Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burundi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=The World Factbook: Burundi |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Burundi'') || {{flagicon|Burundi|size=100px}} || [[Bujumbura]] || [[Burundi franc]] || [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[French language|French]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 27,830 || 7,548,000 || $739 || 38[[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |title=The World Factbook: Cameroon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cameroon'') || {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=100px}} || [[Yaoundé]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 475,442 || 17,795,000 || $2,421 || 26[[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html |title=The World Factbook: Spain |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-05-16 |date=[[2008-05-16]] }}</ref><ref group="n" name="ACS">Autonomous community of [[Spain]]</ref> || {{flagicon|Canary Islands|size=100px}} || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 7,447 || 1,995,833 || N/A || 6[[Image:Localización de Canarias.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cape Verde |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cape Verde'') || {{flagicon|Cape Verde|size=100px}} || [[Praia]] || [[Cape Verdean escudo]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 4,033 || 420,979 || $6,418 || 14a[[Image:LocationCapeVerde.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Central African Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |title=The World Factbook: Central African Republic |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Central African Republic'') || {{flagicon|Central African Republic|size=100px}} || [[Bangui]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Sango]], [[French language|French]] || 622,984 || 4,216,666 || $1,198 || 27[[Image:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Ceuta]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain" /><ref group="n" name="ACS"/> || {{flagicon|Ceuta|size=100px}} || Ceuta || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 28 || 76,861 || N/A || 2a[[Image:Localización Ceuta.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook: Chad |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Chad'') || {{flagicon|Chad|size=100px}} || [[N'Djamena]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,284,000 || 10,146,000 || $1,519 || 11[[Image:LocationChad.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Comoros]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html |title=The World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Union of the Comoros'') || {{flagicon|Comoros|size=100px}} || [[Moroni]] || [[Comorian franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 2,235 || 798,000 || $1,660 || 43a[[Image:LocationComoros.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cote d'Ivoire |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Côte d'Ivoire'') || {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire|size=100px}} || [[Yamoussoukro]] [[Abidjan]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 322,460 || 17,654,843 || $1,600 || 20[[Image:LocationCotedIvoire.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa'' and formerly as ''Zaire''.</ref> (''Democratic Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Kinshasa]] || [[Congolese franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,344,858 || 63,655,000 || $774 || 34[[Image:LocationDRCongo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |title=The World Factbook: Djibouti |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Djibouti'') || {{flagicon|Djibouti|size=100px}} || [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] || [[Djiboutian Franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 23,200 || 496,374 || $2,070 || 29[[Image:LocationDjibouti.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=The World Factbook: Egypt |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n" name="TAA">Some territory could be argued to be a part of [[List of Asian countries|Asia]] or Africa.</ref> (''Arab Republic of Egypt'') || {{flagicon|Egypt|size=100px}} || [[Cairo]] || [[Egyptian Pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,001,449 || 80,335,036 || $4,836 || 5[[Image:LocationEgypt.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |title=The World Factbook: Equatorial Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Equatorial Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Malabo]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 28,051 || 504,000 || $50,200 || 31[[Image:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html |title=The World Factbook: Eritrea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''State of Eritrea'') || {{flagicon|Eritrea|size=100px}} || [[Asmara]] || [[Nakfa]] || None at national level || 117,600 || 4,401,000 || $1,000 || 13[[Image:LocationEritrea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html |title=The World Factbook: Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia'') || {{flagicon|Ethiopia|size=100px}} || [[Addis Ababa]] || [[Birr]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || 1,104,300 || 75,067,000 || $823 || 28[[Image:LocationEthiopia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gabon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html |title=The World Factbook: Gabon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Gabonese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Gabon|size=100px}} || [[Libreville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 267,668 || 1,384,000 || $7,055 || 32[[Image:LocationGabon.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of The Gambia'') || {{flagicon|Gambia|size=100px}} || [[Banjul]] || [[Dalasi]] || [[English language|English]] || 10,380 || 1,517,000 || $2002 || 15[[Image:LocationGambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html |title=The World Factbook: Ghana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Ghana'') || {{flagicon|Ghana|size=100px}} || [[Accra]] || [[Ghanaian cedi]] || [[English language|English]] || 238,534 || 23,000,000 || $2,700 || 22[[Image:LocationGhana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Conakry]] || [[Guinean franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 245,857 || 9,402,000 || $2,035 ||17 [[Image:LocationGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea-Bissau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea-Bissau'') || {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau|size=100px}} || [[Bissau]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 36,125 || 1,586,000 || $736 || 16[[Image:LocationGuineaBissau.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |title=The World Factbook: Kenya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Kenya'') || {{flagicon|Kenya|size=100px}} || [[Nairobi]] || [[Kenyan shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 580,367 || 34,707,817 || $1,445 || 36[[Image:LocationKenya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html |title=The World Factbook: Lesotho |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Lesotho'') || {{flagicon|Lesotho|size=100px}} || [[Maseru]] || [[Loti]] || [[Sesotho language|Southern Sotho]], [[English language|English]] || 30,355 || 1,795,000 || $2,113 || 49[[Image:LocationLesotho.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Liberia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=The World Factbook: Liberia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Liberia'') || {{flagicon|Liberia|size=100px}} || [[Monrovia]] || [[Liberian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 111,369 || 3,283,000 || $1,003 || 19[[Image:LocationLiberia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Libya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html |title=The World Factbook: Libya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'') || {{flagicon|Libya|size=100px}} || [[Tripoli]] || [[Libyan dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,759,540 || 6,036,914 || $12,700 || 4[[Image:LocationLibya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Madagascar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html |title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Madagascar'') || {{flagicon|Madagascar|size=100px}} || [[Antananarivo]] || [[Malagasy ariary ]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 587,041 || 18,606,000 || $905 ||44 [[Image:LocationMadagascar.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])<ref group="n" name="ARP">Autonomous Region of [[Portugal]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Madeira|size=100px}} || [[Funchal]] || [[Euro]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 828 || 245,806 || N/A || 1[[Image:LocationMadeira.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Malawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Malawi'') || {{flagicon|Malawi|size=100px}} || [[Lilongwe]] || [[Malawian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]], [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] || 118,484 || 12,884,000 || $596 || 42[[Image:LocationMalawi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mali'') || {{flagicon|Mali|size=100px}} || [[Bamako]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,240,192 || 13,518,000 || $1,154 || 9 [[Image:LocationMali.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Islamic Republic of Mauritania'') || {{flagicon|Mauritania|size=100px}} || [[Nouakchott]] || [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,030,700 || 3,069,000 || $2,402 || 8[[Image:LocationMauritania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritius |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mauritius'') || {{flagicon|Mauritius|size=100px}} || [[Port Louis]] || [[Mauritian rupee]] || [[English language|English]] || 2,040 || 1,219,220 || $13,703 || 44a[[Image:LocationMauritius.png|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Mayotte]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=The World Factbook: Mayotte |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF">[[Overseas departments and territories of France]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Mayotte|size=100px}} || [[Mamoudzou]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 374 || 186,452 || 2,600 || 43b[[Image:LocationMayotte.png|150px]]
|-
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/>(Autonomous City of Melilla) || {{flagicon|Melilla|size=100px}} || N/A || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 20 || 72,000 || N/A || 2b[[Image:Localización Melilla.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=The World Factbook: Morocco |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Morocco'') || {{flagicon|Morocco|size=100px}} || [[Rabat]] || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 446,550 || 33,757,175 || $4,600 || 2[[Image:LocationMorocco.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html |title=The World Factbook: Mozambique |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mozambique'') || {{flagicon|Mozambique|size=100px}} || [[Maputo]] || [[Mozambican metical]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 801,590 || 20,366,795 || $1,389 || 43[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |title=The World Factbook: Namibia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Namibia'') || {{flagicon|Namibia|size=100px}} || [[Windhoek]] || [[Namibian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 825,418 || 2,031,000 || $7,478 || 45[[Image:LocationNamibia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Niger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook: Niger |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Niger'') || {{flagicon|Niger|size=100px}} || [[Niamey]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]] || 1,267,000 || 13,957,000 || $872 || 10[[Image:LocationNiger.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=The World Factbook: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Republic of Nigeria'') || {{flagicon|Nigeria|size=100px}} || [[Abuja]] || [[Nigerian naira]] || [[English language|English]] || 923,768 || 133,530,000 || $1,188 || 25[[Image:LocationNigeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''.</ref> (''Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Brazzaville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 342,000 || 3,999,000 || $1,369 || 33[[Image:LocationRCongo.PNG|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Réunion]] ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF"/> || {{flagicon|Réunion|size=100px}} || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,512 || 793,000 || N/A ||44b [[Image:LocationReunion.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |title=The World Factbook: Rwanda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Rwanda'') || {{flagicon|Rwanda|size=100px}} || [[Kigali]] || [[Rwandan franc]] || [[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 26,798 || 7,600,000 || $1,300 || 37[[Image:LocationRwanda.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=The World Factbook: Saint Helena |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Saint Helena|size=100px}} || [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || [[Saint Helenian pound ]] || [[English language|English]] || 3,926 || 4,250 || N/A || 40b[[Image:LocationSaintHelena.png|150px]]
|-
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html |title=The World Factbook: Sao Tome and Principe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe'') || {{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe|size=100px}} || [[São Tomé]] || [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 964 || 157,000 || $1,266 || 31a[[Image:LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |title=The World Factbook: Senegal |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Senegal'') || {{flagicon|Senegal|size=100px}} || [[Dakar]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 196,723 || 11,658,000 || $1,759 ||14 [[Image:LocationSenegal.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Seychelles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html |title=The World Factbook: Seychelles |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Seychelles'') || {{flagicon|Seychelles|size=100px}} || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychellois rupee]] || [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] || 451 || 80,654 || $11,818 ||39a [[Image:LocationSeychelles.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |title=The World Factbook: Sierra Leone |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sierra Leone'') || {{flagicon|Sierra Leone|size=100px}} || [[Freetown]] || [[Leone]] || [[English language|English]] || 71,740 || 6,144,562 || $903 || 18[[Image:LocationSierraLeone.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |title=The World Factbook: Somalia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Somali Republic'') || {{flagicon|Somalia|size=100px}} || [[Mogadishu]] || [[Somali shilling]] || [[Somali language|Somali]] || 637,661 || 17,700,000 || $2,941 || 30[[Image:LocationSomalia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html |title=The World Factbook: South Africa |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of South Africa'') || {{flagicon|South Africa|size=100px}} || [[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) || [[South African rand]] ||[[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]], [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Swati language|Swati]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || 1,221,037 || 47,432,000 || $12,161 || 48[[Image:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Sudan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook: Sudan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sudan'') || {{flagicon|Sudan|size=100px}} || [[Khartoum]] || [[Sudanese pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] || 2,505,813 || 36,992,490 || $2,522 || 12[[Image:LocationSudan.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Swaziland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html |title=The World Factbook: Swaziland |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Swaziland'') || {{flagicon|Swaziland|size=100px}} || [[Lobamba]] (royal and legislative) [[Mbabane]] (administrative) || [[Lilangeni]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swati language|Swati]] || 17,364 || 1,032,000 || $5,245 || 50[[Image:LocationSwaziland.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |title=The World Factbook: Tanzania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''United Republic of Tanzania'') || {{flagicon|Tanzania|size=100px}} || [[Dar es Salaam]] (traditional capital) [[Dodoma]] (legislative) || [[Tanzanian shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 945,087 || 37,849,133 || $723 || 39[[Image:LocationTanzania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Togo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html |title=The World Factbook: Togo |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Togolese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Togo|size=100px}} || [[Lomé]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 56,785 || 6,100,000 || $1,700 || 23[[Image:LocationTogo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=The World Factbook: Tunisia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Tunisian Republic'') || {{flagicon|Tunisia|size=100px}} || [[Tunis]] || [[Tunisian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 163,610 || 10,102,000 || $8,800 || 3[[Image:LocationTunisia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Uganda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |title=The World Factbook: Uganda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Uganda'') || {{flagicon|Uganda|size=100px}} || [[Kampala]] || [[Ugandan shilling]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 236,040 || 27,616,000 || $1,700 || 35[[Image:LocationUganda.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Western Sahara]] (''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic'')<ref group="n">Not fully internationally recognised. Also known as ''Western Sahara''.</ref> || {{flagicon|Western Sahara|size=100px}} || [[El Aaiún]] (Moroccan), [[Bir Lehlou]] (temporary)<ref group="n">Currenlty under Moroccan administration. [[Bir Lehlou]] is the temporary capital and Tindouf Camps is the ''de facto'' one</ref> || [[Moroccan dirham]] || N/A.<ref group="n">[[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] recognised regional languages.</ref> || 267,405 || 266,000 || N/A || 7[[Image:Edmund WS.PNG|150px]]
|-
| [[Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook: Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zambia'') || {{flagicon|Zambia|size=100px}} || [[Lusaka]] || [[Zambian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]] || 752,614 || 11,668,000 || $931 || 41[[Image:LocationZambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title=The World Factbook: Zimbabwe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zimbabwe'') || {{flagicon|Zimbabwe|size=100px}} || [[Harare]] || [[Zimbabwean dollar]] || [[Shona language|Shona]], [[Ndebele language|Ndebele]], [[English language|English]] || 390,757 || 13,010,000 || $2,607 || 47[[Image:LocationZimbabwe.svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African countries by GDP]]
* [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Lists of countries by continent}}


[[Category:African countries| ]]
[[Category:Africa-related lists|Countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent|Africa]]



[[bg:Списък на африканските държави и зависими територии]]
[[he:מדינות אפריקה]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países e territórios da África]]
[[ro:Listă de ţări africane]]
[[ru:Список государств и зависимых территорий Африки]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve afrikane]]
[[tr:Afrika ülkeleri listesi]]
[[wuu:非洲国家列表]]
[[zh:非洲国家列表]]

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-24T14:56:17Z

Chris huh: update some languages down do mauritius (inc)

[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|right|220px]]
This is a list of [[Africa]]n countries and dependencies, including the respective [[Capital (political)|capitals]], [[language]]s, [[currency|currencies]], [[World population|population]], [[area]] and [[GDP per capita]] ([[Dependent territory|dependencies]] are listed with a blue background).

'''Africa''' is the world's second-largest and second most-populous [[continent]], after [[Asia]]. At about 30,221,532 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,668,545 [[square mile|sq mi]]) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the [[Earth]]'s total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> With more than 900 million people (as of 2005)<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision"] [[United Nations]] (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)</ref> in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's [[human population]]. The continent is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, the [[Suez Canal]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the southeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.
{{-}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" width="100%"
! Name (''official name'') !!class=unsortable| Flag !! Capital !! Currency !! Official languages !! Area (km²) !! Population !! GDP per capita (PPP) !! Map
|-
| [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook: Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'') || {{flagicon|Algeria|size=100px}} || [[Algiers]] || [[Algerian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 2,381,740 || 33,333,216 || $7,700 || 3[[Image:LocationAlgeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Angola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html |title=The World Factbook: Angola |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Angola'') || {{flagicon|Angola|size=100px}} || [[Luanda]] || [[Kwanza]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 1,246,700 || 15,941,000 || $2,813 || 40[[Image:LocationAngola.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Benin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |title=The World Factbook: Benin |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Benin'') || {{flagicon|Benin|size=100px}} || [[Porto Novo]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 112,622 || 8,439,000 || $1,176 || 24[[Image:LocationBenin.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Botswana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |title=The World Factbook: Botswana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Botswana'') || {{flagicon|Botswana|size=100px}} || [[Gaborone]] || [[Pula]] || [[English language|English]], [[Tswana language|Setswana]] || 581,726 || 1,639,833 || $11,400 || 46[[Image:LocationBotswana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |title=The World Factbook: Burkina Faso |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Burkina Faso|size=100px}} || [[Ouagadougou]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 274,000 || 13,228,000 || $1,284 || 21[[Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burundi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=The World Factbook: Burundi |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Burundi'') || {{flagicon|Burundi|size=100px}} || [[Bujumbura]] || [[Burundi franc]] || [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[French language|French]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 27,830 || 7,548,000 || $739 || 38[[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |title=The World Factbook: Cameroon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cameroon'') || {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=100px}} || [[Yaoundé]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 475,442 || 17,795,000 || $2,421 || 26[[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html |title=The World Factbook: Spain |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-05-16 |date=[[2008-05-16]] }}</ref><ref group="n" name="ACS">Autonomous community of [[Spain]]</ref> || {{flagicon|Canary Islands|size=100px}} || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 7,447 || 1,995,833 || N/A || 6[[Image:Localización de Canarias.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cape Verde |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cape Verde'') || {{flagicon|Cape Verde|size=100px}} || [[Praia]] || [[Cape Verdean escudo]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 4,033 || 420,979 || $6,418 || 14a[[Image:LocationCapeVerde.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Central African Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |title=The World Factbook: Central African Republic |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Central African Republic'') || {{flagicon|Central African Republic|size=100px}} || [[Bangui]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Sango]], [[French language|French]] || 622,984 || 4,216,666 || $1,198 || 27[[Image:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Ceuta]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain" /><ref group="n" name="ACS"/> || {{flagicon|Ceuta|size=100px}} || Ceuta || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 28 || 76,861 || N/A || 2a[[Image:Localización Ceuta.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook: Chad |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Chad'') || {{flagicon|Chad|size=100px}} || [[N'Djamena]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,284,000 || 10,146,000 || $1,519 || 11[[Image:LocationChad.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Comoros]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html |title=The World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Union of the Comoros'') || {{flagicon|Comoros|size=100px}} || [[Moroni]] || [[Comorian franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 2,235 || 798,000 || $1,660 || 43a[[Image:LocationComoros.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cote d'Ivoire |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Côte d'Ivoire'') || {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire|size=100px}} || [[Yamoussoukro]] [[Abidjan]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 322,460 || 17,654,843 || $1,600 || 20[[Image:LocationCotedIvoire.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa'' and formerly as ''Zaire''.</ref> (''Democratic Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Kinshasa]] || [[Congolese franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,344,858 || 63,655,000 || $774 || 34[[Image:LocationDRCongo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |title=The World Factbook: Djibouti |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Djibouti'') || {{flagicon|Djibouti|size=100px}} || [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] || [[Djiboutian Franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 23,200 || 496,374 || $2,070 || 29[[Image:LocationDjibouti.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=The World Factbook: Egypt |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n" name="TAA">Some territory could be argued to be a part of [[List of Asian countries|Asia]] or Africa.</ref> (''Arab Republic of Egypt'') || {{flagicon|Egypt|size=100px}} || [[Cairo]] || [[Egyptian Pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,001,449 || 80,335,036 || $4,836 || 5[[Image:LocationEgypt.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |title=The World Factbook: Equatorial Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Equatorial Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Malabo]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 28,051 || 504,000 || $50,200 || 31[[Image:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html |title=The World Factbook: Eritrea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''State of Eritrea'') || {{flagicon|Eritrea|size=100px}} || [[Asmara]] || [[Nakfa]] || None at national level || 117,600 || 4,401,000 || $1,000 || 13[[Image:LocationEritrea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html |title=The World Factbook: Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia'') || {{flagicon|Ethiopia|size=100px}} || [[Addis Ababa]] || [[Birr]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || 1,104,300 || 75,067,000 || $823 || 28[[Image:LocationEthiopia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gabon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html |title=The World Factbook: Gabon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Gabonese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Gabon|size=100px}} || [[Libreville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 267,668 || 1,384,000 || $7,055 || 32[[Image:LocationGabon.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of The Gambia'') || {{flagicon|Gambia|size=100px}} || [[Banjul]] || [[Dalasi]] || [[English language|English]] || 10,380 || 1,517,000 || $2002 || 15[[Image:LocationGambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html |title=The World Factbook: Ghana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Ghana'') || {{flagicon|Ghana|size=100px}} || [[Accra]] || [[Ghanaian cedi]] || [[English language|English]] || 238,534 || 23,000,000 || $2,700 || 22[[Image:LocationGhana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Conakry]] || [[Guinean franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 245,857 || 9,402,000 || $2,035 ||17 [[Image:LocationGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea-Bissau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea-Bissau'') || {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau|size=100px}} || [[Bissau]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 36,125 || 1,586,000 || $736 || 16[[Image:LocationGuineaBissau.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |title=The World Factbook: Kenya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Kenya'') || {{flagicon|Kenya|size=100px}} || [[Nairobi]] || [[Kenyan shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 580,367 || 34,707,817 || $1,445 || 36[[Image:LocationKenya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html |title=The World Factbook: Lesotho |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Lesotho'') || {{flagicon|Lesotho|size=100px}} || [[Maseru]] || [[Loti]] || [[Sesotho language|Southern Sotho]], [[English language|English]] || 30,355 || 1,795,000 || $2,113 || 49[[Image:LocationLesotho.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Liberia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=The World Factbook: Liberia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Liberia'') || {{flagicon|Liberia|size=100px}} || [[Monrovia]] || [[Liberian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 111,369 || 3,283,000 || $1,003 || 19[[Image:LocationLiberia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Libya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html |title=The World Factbook: Libya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'') || {{flagicon|Libya|size=100px}} || [[Tripoli]] || [[Libyan dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,759,540 || 6,036,914 || $12,700 || 4[[Image:LocationLibya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Madagascar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html |title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Madagascar'') || {{flagicon|Madagascar|size=100px}} || [[Antananarivo]] || [[Malagasy ariary ]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 587,041 || 18,606,000 || $905 ||44 [[Image:LocationMadagascar.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])<ref group="n" name="ARP">Autonomous Region of [[Portugal]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Madeira|size=100px}} || [[Funchal]] || [[Euro]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 828 || 245,806 || N/A || 1[[Image:LocationMadeira.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Malawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Malawi'') || {{flagicon|Malawi|size=100px}} || [[Lilongwe]] || [[Malawian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]], [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] || 118,484 || 12,884,000 || $596 || 42[[Image:LocationMalawi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mali'') || {{flagicon|Mali|size=100px}} || [[Bamako]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,240,192 || 13,518,000 || $1,154 || 9 [[Image:LocationMali.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Islamic Republic of Mauritania'') || {{flagicon|Mauritania|size=100px}} || [[Nouakchott]] || [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,030,700 || 3,069,000 || $2,402 || 8[[Image:LocationMauritania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritius |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mauritius'') || {{flagicon|Mauritius|size=100px}} || [[Port Louis]] || [[Mauritian rupee]] || [[English language|English]] || 2,040 || 1,219,220 || $13,703 || 44a[[Image:LocationMauritius.png|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Mayotte]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=The World Factbook: Mayotte |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF">[[Overseas departments and territories of France]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Mayotte|size=100px}} || [[Mamoudzou]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 374 || 186,452 || 2,600 || 43b[[Image:LocationMayotte.png|150px]]
|-
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/>(Autonomous City of Melilla) || {{flagicon|Melilla|size=100px}} || N/A || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 20 || 72,000 || N/A || 2b[[Image:Localización Melilla.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=The World Factbook: Morocco |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Morocco'') || {{flagicon|Morocco|size=100px}} || [[Rabat]] || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 446,550 || 33,757,175 || $4,600 || 2[[Image:LocationMorocco.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html |title=The World Factbook: Mozambique |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mozambique'') || {{flagicon|Mozambique|size=100px}} || [[Maputo]] || [[Mozambican metical]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 801,590 || 20,366,795 || $1,389 || 43[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |title=The World Factbook: Namibia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Namibia'') || {{flagicon|Namibia|size=100px}} || [[Windhoek]] || [[Namibian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 825,418 || 2,031,000 || $7,478 || 45[[Image:LocationNamibia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Niger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook: Niger |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Niger'') || {{flagicon|Niger|size=100px}} || [[Niamey]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,267,000 || 13,957,000 || $872 || 10[[Image:LocationNiger.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=The World Factbook: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Republic of Nigeria'') || {{flagicon|Nigeria|size=100px}} || [[Abuja]] || [[Nigerian naira]] || [[English language|English]] || 923,768 || 133,530,000 || $1,188 || 25[[Image:LocationNigeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''.</ref> (''Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Brazzaville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 342,000 || 3,999,000 || $1,369 || 33[[Image:LocationRCongo.PNG|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Réunion]] ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF"/> || {{flagicon|Réunion|size=100px}} || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,512 || 793,000 || N/A ||44b [[Image:LocationReunion.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |title=The World Factbook: Rwanda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Rwanda'') || {{flagicon|Rwanda|size=100px}} || [[Kigali]] || [[Rwandan franc]] || [[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 26,798 || 7,600,000 || $1,300 || 37[[Image:LocationRwanda.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=The World Factbook: Saint Helena |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Saint Helena|size=100px}} || [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || [[Saint Helenian pound ]] || [[English language|English]] || 3,926 || 4,250 || N/A || 40b[[Image:LocationSaintHelena.png|150px]]
|-
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html |title=The World Factbook: Sao Tome and Principe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe'') || {{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe|size=100px}} || [[São Tomé]] || [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 964 || 157,000 || $1,266 || 31a[[Image:LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |title=The World Factbook: Senegal |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Senegal'') || {{flagicon|Senegal|size=100px}} || [[Dakar]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 196,723 || 11,658,000 || $1,759 ||14 [[Image:LocationSenegal.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Seychelles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html |title=The World Factbook: Seychelles |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Seychelles'') || {{flagicon|Seychelles|size=100px}} || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychellois rupee]] || [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] || 451 || 80,654 || $11,818 ||39a [[Image:LocationSeychelles.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |title=The World Factbook: Sierra Leone |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sierra Leone'') || {{flagicon|Sierra Leone|size=100px}} || [[Freetown]] || [[Leone]] || [[English language|English]] || 71,740 || 6,144,562 || $903 || 18[[Image:LocationSierraLeone.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |title=The World Factbook: Somalia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Somali Republic'') || {{flagicon|Somalia|size=100px}} || [[Mogadishu]] || [[Somali shilling]] || [[Somali language|Somali]] || 637,661 || 17,700,000 || $2,941 || 30[[Image:LocationSomalia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html |title=The World Factbook: South Africa |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of South Africa'') || {{flagicon|South Africa|size=100px}} || [[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) || [[South African rand]] ||[[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]], [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Swati language|Swati]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || 1,221,037 || 47,432,000 || $12,161 || 48[[Image:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Sudan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook: Sudan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sudan'') || {{flagicon|Sudan|size=100px}} || [[Khartoum]] || [[Sudanese pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] || 2,505,813 || 36,992,490 || $2,522 || 12[[Image:LocationSudan.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Swaziland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html |title=The World Factbook: Swaziland |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Swaziland'') || {{flagicon|Swaziland|size=100px}} || [[Lobamba]] (royal and legislative) [[Mbabane]] (administrative) || [[Lilangeni]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swati language|Swati]] || 17,364 || 1,032,000 || $5,245 || 50[[Image:LocationSwaziland.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |title=The World Factbook: Tanzania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''United Republic of Tanzania'') || {{flagicon|Tanzania|size=100px}} || [[Dar es Salaam]] (traditional capital) [[Dodoma]] (legislative) || [[Tanzanian shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 945,087 || 37,849,133 || $723 || 39[[Image:LocationTanzania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Togo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html |title=The World Factbook: Togo |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Togolese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Togo|size=100px}} || [[Lomé]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 56,785 || 6,100,000 || $1,700 || 23[[Image:LocationTogo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=The World Factbook: Tunisia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Tunisian Republic'') || {{flagicon|Tunisia|size=100px}} || [[Tunis]] || [[Tunisian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 163,610 || 10,102,000 || $8,800 || 3[[Image:LocationTunisia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Uganda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |title=The World Factbook: Uganda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Uganda'') || {{flagicon|Uganda|size=100px}} || [[Kampala]] || [[Ugandan shilling]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 236,040 || 27,616,000 || $1,700 || 35[[Image:LocationUganda.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Western Sahara]] (''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic'')<ref group="n">Not fully internationally recognised. Also known as ''Western Sahara''.</ref> || {{flagicon|Western Sahara|size=100px}} || [[El Aaiún]] (Moroccan), [[Bir Lehlou]] (temporary)<ref group="n">Currenlty under Moroccan administration. [[Bir Lehlou]] is the temporary capital and Tindouf Camps is the ''de facto'' one</ref> || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 267,405 || 266,000 || N/A || 7[[Image:Edmund WS.PNG|150px]]
|-
| [[Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook: Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zambia'') || {{flagicon|Zambia|size=100px}} || [[Lusaka]] || [[Zambian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]] || 752,614 || 11,668,000 || $931 || 41[[Image:LocationZambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title=The World Factbook: Zimbabwe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zimbabwe'') || {{flagicon|Zimbabwe|size=100px}} || [[Harare]] || [[Zimbabwean dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 390,757 || 13,010,000 || $2,607 || 47[[Image:LocationZimbabwe.svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African countries by GDP]]
* [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Lists of countries by continent}}


[[Category:African countries| ]]
[[Category:Africa-related lists|Countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent|Africa]]



[[bg:Списък на африканските държави и зависими територии]]
[[he:מדינות אפריקה]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países e territórios da África]]
[[ro:Listă de ţări africane]]
[[ru:Список государств и зависимых территорий Африки]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve afrikane]]
[[tr:Afrika ülkeleri listesi]]
[[wuu:非洲国家列表]]
[[zh:非洲国家列表]]

Talk:List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-24T14:40:13Z

Chris huh: /* Languages */ articles have been changed

{{Peer review|archive=1}}
{{AfricaProject|class=list}}
{{V0.5|class=NA|category=Geography}}

== Zanzibar ==

shouldn't [[zanzibar]] be included in the list? [[User:Bothar|Bothar]] 08:08, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

No, it is part of [[Tanzania]]! [[User:Bothar|Bothar]] 14:34, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

== Ceuta and Melilla ==

Shouldn't [[Spain]] be included, because of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]?

Could somebody please erase Mayotte? Just because it's a territory does not mean it belongs on this list. Alos, Spain is a European country. It does not belong here. Please erase those two.

:See "Africa and Europe" section of [[Transcontinental country]] for more details about the geographical border between [[Africa]] and [[Europe]].--[[User:Gimferrer|Gimferrer]] 14:15, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

== Redesign ==

I have made a different version of this page using the sortable feature of tables. Now it lists a few more facts about each country and they are also sortable (so they can be listed by pop, GDP, size etc). It is currently at [[User:Chris_huh/List of African countries]], what do you think? [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 10:52, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

== Saint Helena ==

Why is [[Saint Helena]] on this list? What is its relationship to Africa? --[[Special:Contributions/12.216.36.70|12.216.36.70]] ([[User talk:12.216.36.70|talk]]) 21:18, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

== Missing countries ==

I am working right now with a EU database on trade and i cannot help noticing that some pretty big countries are missing from this list... Where did South Africa, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Swaziland all go? And Sudan, there's one more for you. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Alex.luta|Alex.luta]] ([[User talk:Alex.luta|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alex.luta|contribs]]) 14:41, 19 March 2008 (UTC) 

== Réunion ==
Although not technically a protectorate (it's actually a department of France) I colored the row since it is definitely not a sovereign state. --[[User:The Jacobin|The Jacobin]] ([[User talk:The Jacobin|talk]]) 05:03, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

== Languages ==
What standard are languages listed in this article. This seems to show a mishmash of official, widely used and .... random languages. At present languages listed is neither complete nor consistent. Official language or official plus widely used language should be standard. [[User:Collounsbury|collounsbury]] ([[User talk:Collounsbury|talk]]) 12:39, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
:They are the official languages as stated by each country's article. I have changed the column heading to be Official languages so that it is clearer. Did you have a specific example? [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 13:20, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
:: Morocco, for example. FRench and Arabic are used, but the Official Language is Arabic only. [[User:Collounsbury|collounsbury]] ([[User talk:Collounsbury|talk]]) 14:27, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
::: The same issue for Mauritania and I think several others, e.g. Madagascar, I do not believe has English as an Official language. [[User:Collounsbury|collounsbury]] ([[User talk:Collounsbury|talk]]) 14:29, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
::::The articles have changed since the list has been made, but the list hasn't been updated, that's why some fo the data is a bit different. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 14:40, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Talk:List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-24T13:24:42Z

Chris huh: /* Languages */ added Official languages label

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-24T13:23:34Z

Chris huh: specify as official languages

[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|right|220px]]
This is a list of [[Africa]]n countries and dependencies, including the respective [[Capital (political)|capitals]], [[language]]s, [[currency|currencies]], [[World population|population]], [[area]] and [[GDP per capita]] ([[Dependent territory|dependencies]] are listed with a blue background).

'''Africa''' is the world's second-largest and second most-populous [[continent]], after [[Asia]]. At about 30,221,532 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,668,545 [[square mile|sq mi]]) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the [[Earth]]'s total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> With more than 900 million people (as of 2005)<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision"] [[United Nations]] (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)</ref> in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's [[human population]]. The continent is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, the [[Suez Canal]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the southeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.
{{-}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" width="100%"
! Name (''official name'') !!class=unsortable| Flag !! Capital !! Currency !! Official languages !! Area (km²) !! Population !! GDP per capita (PPP) !! Map
|-
| [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook: Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'') || {{flagicon|Algeria|size=100px}} || [[Algiers]] || [[Algerian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 2,381,740 || 33,333,216 || $7,700 || 3[[Image:LocationAlgeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Angola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html |title=The World Factbook: Angola |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Angola'') || {{flagicon|Angola|size=100px}} || [[Luanda]] || [[Kwanza]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 1,246,700 || 15,941,000 || $2,813 || 40[[Image:LocationAngola.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Benin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |title=The World Factbook: Benin |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Benin'') || {{flagicon|Benin|size=100px}} || [[Porto Novo]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 112,622 || 8,439,000 || $1,176 || 24[[Image:LocationBenin.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Botswana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |title=The World Factbook: Botswana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Botswana'') || {{flagicon|Botswana|size=100px}} || [[Gaborone]] || [[Pula]] || [[English language|English]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || 581,726 || 1,639,833 || $11,400 || 46[[Image:LocationBotswana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |title=The World Factbook: Burkina Faso |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Burkina Faso|size=100px}} || [[Ouagadougou]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 274,000 || 13,228,000 || $1,284 || 21[[Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burundi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=The World Factbook: Burundi |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Burundi'') || {{flagicon|Burundi|size=100px}} || [[Bujumbura]] || [[Burundi franc]] || [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[French language|French]] || 27,830 || 7,548,000 || $739 || 38[[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |title=The World Factbook: Cameroon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cameroon'') || {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=100px}} || [[Yaoundé]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 475,442 || 17,795,000 || $2,421 || 26[[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html |title=The World Factbook: Spain |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-05-16 |date=[[2008-05-16]] }}</ref><ref group="n" name="ACS">Autonomous community of [[Spain]]</ref> || {{flagicon|Canary Islands|size=100px}} || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 7,447 || 1,995,833 || N/A || 6[[Image:Localización de Canarias.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cape Verde |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cape Verde'') || {{flagicon|Cape Verde|size=100px}} || [[Praia]] || [[Cape Verdean escudo]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 4,033 || 420,979 || $6,418 || 14a[[Image:LocationCapeVerde.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Central African Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |title=The World Factbook: Central African Republic |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Central African Republic'') || {{flagicon|Central African Republic|size=100px}} || [[Bangui]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Sango]], [[French language|French]] || 622,984 || 4,216,666 || $1,198 || 27[[Image:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Ceuta]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain" /><ref group="n" name="ACS"/> || {{flagicon|Ceuta|size=100px}} || Ceuta || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 28 || 76,861 || N/A || 2a[[Image:Localización Ceuta.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook: Chad |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Chad'') || {{flagicon|Chad|size=100px}} || [[N'Djamena]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,284,000 || 10,146,000 || $1,519 || 11[[Image:LocationChad.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Comoros]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html |title=The World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Union of the Comoros'') || {{flagicon|Comoros|size=100px}} || [[Moroni]] || [[Comorian franc]] || [[Comorian language|Comorian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 2,235 || 798,000 || $1,660 || 43a[[Image:LocationComoros.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cote d'Ivoire |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Côte d'Ivoire'') || {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire|size=100px}} || [[Yamoussoukro]] [[Abidjan]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 322,460 || 17,654,843 || $1,600 || 20[[Image:LocationCotedIvoire.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa'' and formerly as ''Zaire''.</ref> (''Democratic Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Kinshasa]] || [[Congolese franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,344,858 || 63,655,000 || $774 || 34[[Image:LocationDRCongo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |title=The World Factbook: Djibouti |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Djibouti'') || {{flagicon|Djibouti|size=100px}} || [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] || [[Djiboutian Franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 23,200 || 496,374 || $2,070 || 29[[Image:LocationDjibouti.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=The World Factbook: Egypt |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n" name="TAA">Some territory could be argued to be a part of [[List of Asian countries|Asia]] or Africa.</ref> (''Arab Republic of Egypt'') || {{flagicon|Egypt|size=100px}} || [[Cairo]] || [[Egyptian Pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,001,449 || 80,335,036 || $4,836 || 5[[Image:LocationEgypt.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |title=The World Factbook: Equatorial Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Equatorial Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Malabo]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 28,051 || 504,000 || $50,200 || 31[[Image:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html |title=The World Factbook: Eritrea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''State of Eritrea'') || {{flagicon|Eritrea|size=100px}} || [[Asmara]] || [[Nakfa]] || None at national level || 117,600 || 4,401,000 || $1,000 || 13[[Image:LocationEritrea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html |title=The World Factbook: Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia'') || {{flagicon|Ethiopia|size=100px}} || [[Addis Ababa]] || [[Birr]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || 1,104,300 || 75,067,000 || $823 || 28[[Image:LocationEthiopia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gabon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html |title=The World Factbook: Gabon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Gabonese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Gabon|size=100px}} || [[Libreville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 267,668 || 1,384,000 || $7,055 || 32[[Image:LocationGabon.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of The Gambia'') || {{flagicon|Gambia|size=100px}} || [[Banjul]] || [[Dalasi]] || [[English language|English]] || 10,380 || 1,517,000 || $2002 || 15[[Image:LocationGambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html |title=The World Factbook: Ghana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Ghana'') || {{flagicon|Ghana|size=100px}} || [[Accra]] || [[Ghanaian cedi]] || [[English language|English]] || 238,534 || 23,000,000 || $2,700 || 22[[Image:LocationGhana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Conakry]] || [[Guinean franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 245,857 || 9,402,000 || $2,035 ||17 [[Image:LocationGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea-Bissau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea-Bissau'') || {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau|size=100px}} || [[Bissau]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 36,125 || 1,586,000 || $736 || 16[[Image:LocationGuineaBissau.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |title=The World Factbook: Kenya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Kenya'') || {{flagicon|Kenya|size=100px}} || [[Nairobi]] || [[Kenyan shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 580,367 || 34,707,817 || $1,445 || 36[[Image:LocationKenya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html |title=The World Factbook: Lesotho |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Lesotho'') || {{flagicon|Lesotho|size=100px}} || [[Maseru]] || [[Loti]] || [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], [[English language|English]] || 30,355 || 1,795,000 || $2,113 || 49[[Image:LocationLesotho.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Liberia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=The World Factbook: Liberia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Liberia'') || {{flagicon|Liberia|size=100px}} || [[Monrovia]] || [[Liberian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 111,369 || 3,283,000 || $1,003 || 19[[Image:LocationLiberia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Libya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html |title=The World Factbook: Libya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'') || {{flagicon|Libya|size=100px}} || [[Tripoli]] || [[Libyan dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,759,540 || 6,036,914 || $12,700 || 4[[Image:LocationLibya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Madagascar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html |title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Madagascar'') || {{flagicon|Madagascar|size=100px}} || [[Antananarivo]] || [[Malagasy ariary ]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 587,041 || 18,606,000 || $905 ||44 [[Image:LocationMadagascar.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])<ref group="n" name="ARP">Autonomous Region of [[Portugal]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Madeira|size=100px}} || [[Funchal]] || [[Euro]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 828 || 245,806 || N/A || 1[[Image:LocationMadeira.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Malawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Malawi'') || {{flagicon|Malawi|size=100px}} || [[Lilongwe]] || [[Malawian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]], [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] || 118,484 || 12,884,000 || $596 || 42[[Image:LocationMalawi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mali'') || {{flagicon|Mali|size=100px}} || [[Bamako]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,240,192 || 13,518,000 || $1,154 || 9 [[Image:LocationMali.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Islamic Republic of Mauritania'') || {{flagicon|Mauritania|size=100px}} || [[Nouakchott]] || [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 1,030,700 || 3,069,000 || $2,402 || 8[[Image:LocationMauritania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritius |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mauritius'') || {{flagicon|Mauritius|size=100px}} || [[Port Louis]] || [[Mauritian rupee]] || [[English language|English]] || 2,040 || 1,219,220 || $13,703 || 44a[[Image:LocationMauritius.png|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Mayotte]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=The World Factbook: Mayotte |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF">[[Overseas departments and territories of France]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Mayotte|size=100px}} || [[Mamoudzou]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 374 || 186,452 || 2,600 || 43b[[Image:LocationMayotte.png|150px]]
|-
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/>(Autonomous City of Melilla) || {{flagicon|Melilla|size=100px}} || N/A || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 20 || 72,000 || N/A || 2b[[Image:Localización Melilla.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=The World Factbook: Morocco |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Morocco'') || {{flagicon|Morocco|size=100px}} || [[Rabat]] || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 446,550 || 33,757,175 || $4,600 || 2[[Image:LocationMorocco.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html |title=The World Factbook: Mozambique |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mozambique'') || {{flagicon|Mozambique|size=100px}} || [[Maputo]] || [[Mozambican metical]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 801,590 || 20,366,795 || $1,389 || 43[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |title=The World Factbook: Namibia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Namibia'') || {{flagicon|Namibia|size=100px}} || [[Windhoek]] || [[Namibian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 825,418 || 2,031,000 || $7,478 || 45[[Image:LocationNamibia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Niger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook: Niger |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Niger'') || {{flagicon|Niger|size=100px}} || [[Niamey]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,267,000 || 13,957,000 || $872 || 10[[Image:LocationNiger.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=The World Factbook: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Republic of Nigeria'') || {{flagicon|Nigeria|size=100px}} || [[Abuja]] || [[Nigerian naira]] || [[English language|English]] || 923,768 || 133,530,000 || $1,188 || 25[[Image:LocationNigeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''.</ref> (''Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Brazzaville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 342,000 || 3,999,000 || $1,369 || 33[[Image:LocationRCongo.PNG|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Réunion]] ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF"/> || {{flagicon|Réunion|size=100px}} || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,512 || 793,000 || N/A ||44b [[Image:LocationReunion.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |title=The World Factbook: Rwanda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Rwanda'') || {{flagicon|Rwanda|size=100px}} || [[Kigali]] || [[Rwandan franc]] || [[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 26,798 || 7,600,000 || $1,300 || 37[[Image:LocationRwanda.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=The World Factbook: Saint Helena |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Saint Helena|size=100px}} || [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || [[Saint Helenian pound ]] || [[English language|English]] || 3,926 || 4,250 || N/A || 40b[[Image:LocationSaintHelena.png|150px]]
|-
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html |title=The World Factbook: Sao Tome and Principe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe'') || {{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe|size=100px}} || [[São Tomé]] || [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 964 || 157,000 || $1,266 || 31a[[Image:LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |title=The World Factbook: Senegal |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Senegal'') || {{flagicon|Senegal|size=100px}} || [[Dakar]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 196,723 || 11,658,000 || $1,759 ||14 [[Image:LocationSenegal.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Seychelles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html |title=The World Factbook: Seychelles |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Seychelles'') || {{flagicon|Seychelles|size=100px}} || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychellois rupee]] || [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] || 451 || 80,654 || $11,818 ||39a [[Image:LocationSeychelles.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |title=The World Factbook: Sierra Leone |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sierra Leone'') || {{flagicon|Sierra Leone|size=100px}} || [[Freetown]] || [[Leone]] || [[English language|English]] || 71,740 || 6,144,562 || $903 || 18[[Image:LocationSierraLeone.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |title=The World Factbook: Somalia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Somali Republic'') || {{flagicon|Somalia|size=100px}} || [[Mogadishu]] || [[Somali shilling]] || [[Somali language|Somali]] || 637,661 || 17,700,000 || $2,941 || 30[[Image:LocationSomalia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html |title=The World Factbook: South Africa |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of South Africa'') || {{flagicon|South Africa|size=100px}} || [[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) || [[South African rand]] ||[[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]], [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Swati language|Swati]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || 1,221,037 || 47,432,000 || $12,161 || 48[[Image:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Sudan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook: Sudan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sudan'') || {{flagicon|Sudan|size=100px}} || [[Khartoum]] || [[Sudanese pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] || 2,505,813 || 36,992,490 || $2,522 || 12[[Image:LocationSudan.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Swaziland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html |title=The World Factbook: Swaziland |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Swaziland'') || {{flagicon|Swaziland|size=100px}} || [[Lobamba]] (royal and legislative) [[Mbabane]] (administrative) || [[Lilangeni]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swati language|Swati]] || 17,364 || 1,032,000 || $5,245 || 50[[Image:LocationSwaziland.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |title=The World Factbook: Tanzania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''United Republic of Tanzania'') || {{flagicon|Tanzania|size=100px}} || [[Dar es Salaam]] (traditional capital) [[Dodoma]] (legislative) || [[Tanzanian shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 945,087 || 37,849,133 || $723 || 39[[Image:LocationTanzania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Togo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html |title=The World Factbook: Togo |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Togolese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Togo|size=100px}} || [[Lomé]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 56,785 || 6,100,000 || $1,700 || 23[[Image:LocationTogo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=The World Factbook: Tunisia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Tunisian Republic'') || {{flagicon|Tunisia|size=100px}} || [[Tunis]] || [[Tunisian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 163,610 || 10,102,000 || $8,800 || 3[[Image:LocationTunisia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Uganda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |title=The World Factbook: Uganda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Uganda'') || {{flagicon|Uganda|size=100px}} || [[Kampala]] || [[Ugandan shilling]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 236,040 || 27,616,000 || $1,700 || 35[[Image:LocationUganda.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Western Sahara]] (''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic'')<ref group="n">Not fully internationally recognised. Also known as ''Western Sahara''.</ref> || {{flagicon|Western Sahara|size=100px}} || [[El Aaiún]] (Moroccan), [[Bir Lehlou]] (temporary)<ref group="n">Currenlty under Moroccan administration. [[Bir Lehlou]] is the temporary capital and Tindouf Camps is the ''de facto'' one</ref> || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 267,405 || 266,000 || N/A || 7[[Image:Edmund WS.PNG|150px]]
|-
| [[Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook: Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zambia'') || {{flagicon|Zambia|size=100px}} || [[Lusaka]] || [[Zambian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]] || 752,614 || 11,668,000 || $931 || 41[[Image:LocationZambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title=The World Factbook: Zimbabwe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zimbabwe'') || {{flagicon|Zimbabwe|size=100px}} || [[Harare]] || [[Zimbabwean dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 390,757 || 13,010,000 || $2,607 || 47[[Image:LocationZimbabwe.svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African countries by GDP]]
* [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Lists of countries by continent}}


[[Category:African countries| ]]
[[Category:Africa-related lists|Countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent|Africa]]



[[bg:Списък на африканските държави и зависими територии]]
[[he:מדינות אפריקה]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países e territórios da África]]
[[ro:Listă de ţări africane]]
[[ru:Список государств и зависимых территорий Африки]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve afrikane]]
[[tr:Afrika ülkeleri listesi]]
[[wuu:非洲国家列表]]
[[zh:非洲国家列表]]

Talk:List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-24T13:20:44Z

Chris huh: /* Languages */ official languages

{{Peer review|archive=1}}
{{AfricaProject|class=list}}
{{V0.5|class=NA|category=Geography}}

== Zanzibar ==

shouldn't [[zanzibar]] be included in the list? [[User:Bothar|Bothar]] 08:08, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

No, it is part of [[Tanzania]]! [[User:Bothar|Bothar]] 14:34, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

== Ceuta and Melilla ==

Shouldn't [[Spain]] be included, because of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]?

Could somebody please erase Mayotte? Just because it's a territory does not mean it belongs on this list. Alos, Spain is a European country. It does not belong here. Please erase those two.

:See "Africa and Europe" section of [[Transcontinental country]] for more details about the geographical border between [[Africa]] and [[Europe]].--[[User:Gimferrer|Gimferrer]] 14:15, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

== Redesign ==

I have made a different version of this page using the sortable feature of tables. Now it lists a few more facts about each country and they are also sortable (so they can be listed by pop, GDP, size etc). It is currently at [[User:Chris_huh/List of African countries]], what do you think? [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 10:52, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

== Saint Helena ==

Why is [[Saint Helena]] on this list? What is its relationship to Africa? --[[Special:Contributions/12.216.36.70|12.216.36.70]] ([[User talk:12.216.36.70|talk]]) 21:18, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

== Missing countries ==

I am working right now with a EU database on trade and i cannot help noticing that some pretty big countries are missing from this list... Where did South Africa, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Swaziland all go? And Sudan, there's one more for you. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Alex.luta|Alex.luta]] ([[User talk:Alex.luta|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alex.luta|contribs]]) 14:41, 19 March 2008 (UTC) 

== Réunion ==
Although not technically a protectorate (it's actually a department of France) I colored the row since it is definitely not a sovereign state. --[[User:The Jacobin|The Jacobin]] ([[User talk:The Jacobin|talk]]) 05:03, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

== Languages ==
What standard are languages listed in this article. This seems to show a mishmash of official, widely used and .... random languages. At present languages listed is neither complete nor consistent. Official language or official plus widely used language should be standard. [[User:Collounsbury|collounsbury]] ([[User talk:Collounsbury|talk]]) 12:39, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
:They are the official languages as stated by each country's article. Did you have a specific example? [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 13:20, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Talk:List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-23T07:57:05Z

Chris huh: Revert to revision 243630811 dated 2008-10-07 11:23:04 by Chris huh using popups

User talk:Chris huh

2008-10-23T07:54:58Z

Chris huh: /* Because you've asked */ ah

Talk:Shark

2008-10-21T16:32:34Z

Chris huh: /* Removal of misleading digitally altered photos */

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==dermal denticles==
Ok, I'm familiar with the way dermal denticles work with sharks. But how exactly do they protect from parasites? Many sharks do fall subject to parasites or bacteria. In fact, many have 'pilot fish' which eat up the bacteria and parasites. I'd like that statement in the opening paragraph clarified if possible. Thanks! --[[User:Starchild12345|Starchild12345]] ([[User talk:Starchild12345|talk]]) 06:22, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

==Mythology==
Do you have any reference to shark mythology, in addition to what is already in the article? --[[User:Pippo2001|pippo2001]] 03:57, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC) ppro

== continuing shark prejudices? ==

Hi, I think the section on "shark attacks" shouldn't be section number 2 in this article. lol

As I see it, putting this section there only answer to the fact that people always think of sharks in terms of them attacking people or not, and not as simple (carnivore) animals.

I think putting it in position two gives too much importance to the fact that sometimes attacks to humans do happen. I think it should be in position number 7 or 8, next to "Shark fishing", since I believe it's more a "other aspects of sharks" type.

since it would be a big change to the article, any comments on this idea?

--[[User:Urindar|uriel urindar]] 10:35, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

:I agree. I think '''Shark Attacks''' would fit best either after '''Shark senses''' or '''Shark fishery'''. This is consistent with other articles on animals, which typically focus on information about the animal first, then later on human related topics such as conservation, danger to humans, etc. --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]] [[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] · [[Special:Contributions/Ginkgo100|''contribs'']] 14:24, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree too. Plus the latest additions are again full of good old-fashioned hyped prejudices. I am just back from the Maldives where the Black and white tips where mixing with all the bathers, swimmers and snorkelers. They swam until about on the beach.

According to the current article however black tips are dangerous and if you're lucky you will survive an encounter with such a monster. You live by fighting them off by hitting their gils. In reality, they are so shy that is was very hard to get a decent photograph. I had to get up early to see the adults and everytime one ran into me by accident they turn around and swim away. The bull sharks I encountered could also not care less about me. Again they just swam away. Although I personally do not chase bull sharks (very unrecommended behavior), I saw an experienced underwater filmer do just that to get a decent shot. Accidents happen (5 people got killed in 2005) but millions of times people and sharks mix without any problem. I guess the Jaws movie still has a large influence on the general opinion. You are much more likely to get killed by a human (even in the water), nevertheless the [[Human]]s article has no information on which species are the most dangerous and how I can fight them off.

I propose to revert the current prejudiced changes. And then put the old Shark attack part as a main article on its own page. The separate page should then be a well balanced story as it is a subject that interests many. [[User:Janderk|Janderk]] 17:41, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
:[[Shark attack]] is currently a disambiguation page with only two links, to the [[Shark Attack films]] and to this article. I propose to move most of the content in the section '''Shark attacks''' in this article to that title, thereby changing it from a disambiguation page to an article, and adding a disambig line at the top for the films. Meanwhile, this article can contain a small amount of information on the danger, such as it is, of sharks to humans and a link to the main article [[Shark attack]]. I'm putting the appropriate templates up now. Thoughts? --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]] [[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] · [[Special:Contributions/Ginkgo100|''contribs'']] 18:55, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

I don't know if another entire page is needed, but at least lest place the attacks as a sidefact of the animal and not as the primary center of attention. After all, sharks attack to eat, and humans are as edible as any other animal, it's not like there's hate there, they are predators, that's all. I see most of you agree with this
--[[User:Urindar|uriel urindar]] 17:50, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

:: it's definatly not a question of hating the animal, they just really spook you, and that's if your lucky and don't leave any limbs behind!! After the current spate of shark activity in South Africa there is again talk of culling and netting.

Mycroft_514 - 1 Mar 2007):

Look, the International Shark attack File is run by George Burgess, who, amongst other things, is guilty of academic fraud. He only holds a BS degree, not the PHD he keeps getting accreditted with. If you want actual shark statistics on interactions with humans, I suggest this site instead: http://www.sharkattackfile.com/ Further, in helping the GSAF (the site I just pointed you to) collect statistics on shark incidents over the last 6 years, I have come to find that George Burgess's statistics are just plain inaccurate as well. I have also made 3 dives in the ocean to specifically interact with sharks.

----

sharks are very interesting creatures

It seems a wee bit specious to say you're more likely to get attacked by a pig or a deer than a shark, wouldn't it depend on how much of your time you spend in water and how much you spend on a pig farm or in the woods?.

Besides, there's a difference between being attacked and being killed! I fancy my chances against a pig more than a shark!!!!

----

I read somewhere that for preschoolers, the scariest single word in the English language is "shark". How about some info on sharks attacking people? Is it common? rare? Are there precautions swimmers should take? [[user:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]]
*That's on my list of things to explore. Just to reassure Ed, shark attacks are actually very rare. ;) I plan to make this article much larger since sharks are very complex critters. Oh... and just to show people how perceptions can be false, I'd bet most think of the Great White as a rather ponderous, non-maneuverable animal.. Take a look at this link (if you didn't see the Discovery documentary called "Air Jaws").

http://www.discovery.com/stories/nature/sharkweek2000/sneakpeek.html

And click on "Watch the Video".. [[user:Rgamble|Rgamble]]
----
D'oh! At least I gave the opportunity for punning. As a side note, I have personal experience with how fully functional young sharks are. Having participated in a survey cruise off the coast of Maine, we catch fishes, measure and check their gut contents (needless to say, they don't survive this latter procedure - fortunately in the case of the fishes like sharks and rays that survive the netting process, we only do a few of these and release the others). Any female dogfish that are checked this way are also checked for pups and I've seen one or two that had pups with yolk sacs still attached. We cut the yolk sac free and release the pups, which are already quite mobile and attempting to bite their tormentors. [[user:Rgamble|Rgamble]]

* Heh. Couldn't resist. (By the way, I owe you an email; soon.) - Who knew marine biology could be so, er, perilous an undertaking? Compared to that, surely editing Wikipedia's quite tame. :) [[user:-- April|-- April]]

**Nah, dogfish pups aren't bigger than 6-8 inches, and the adults have teeth designed for crushing so they're relatively harmless too (except for the glove piercing spines on the dorsal fins). I'd still rate editing Wikipedia as somewhat more wild. [[user:Rgamble|Rgamble]]

----
Magnus, thanks for dropping in a picture. That was on my list of to-do's for the page but that one's perfect. I'd love to put a picture of a great white pup (dead) lying next to a human for scale in the reproduction section, but not sure it's public domain (or even on the web for that matter). [[user:Rgamble|Rgamble]]

----
Hi Im new here and I'm the one that have done the latest edits.
So if you mind flame away, Im learning.

Whale sharks is not 60 feet, there are lots of books saying that but there are no true measurement over 35-40 feet.
Changed a bit on sharks killing humans.
Changed some small bit here and there.

Is the whale shark really Oviparity that has been unsure I have to check it up.
Do not like the definiton of a shark as a large, predator, but I guess it is quite correct? Must check the average size of a shark? :-)
And I would place the sharks in the elasmobranch ???, I find the [[Chondrichthyes]] page and shark page is confusing now.
Isent shakr, rays and skates part of the elasmobranches? skates is now not mentioned on the Chondrichthyes page ... well classification is not my strong side.
[[user:Stefan|Stefan]]

----
OK admit to 60 feet whale sharks, although they are not very common. Change Whale shark to Ovoviviparity.

What I think is missing now is shark finning and ampullae of Lorenzini.
: Added ampullae of Lorenzini and lateral line, should have much more info and own page ...

[[user:Stefan|Stefan]]
----
From the article, first section: ''There are exceptions to the "large", "marine" and "predatory" portions of the characterization.'' This makes sense, apart from the implication that not all sharks are "marine" - this is out of my field so I'll leave others to correct or not.[[User:Mat-C|Mat-C]] 15:34, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

----

I always thought the "sharks dont get cancer" were true, but:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/703082.stm

That might be added as a "myth" about sharks...

----

Question...

There are two pictures on the front page. They both are the same. There are lots of edits on this page, myself included. I don't want to step on anyone's toes. Do you think maybe one should be removed?

--[[User:Khaldei|Khaldei]] 20:56, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

== Reproduction ==

Please see my comment and link on [[Talk:Parthenogenesis]] and consider this topic for inclusion. --[[User:Viriditas|Viriditas]] 13:03, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I'm going to Hawaii myself and have done some research on sharks in particular. I have heard of many myths of them taking forms of men.
--nellieviolet

The side note about a well-endowed skate is out of place here.
--[[User:Mzabaluev|Mzabaluev]] 10:59, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I was told that they lay some of the biggest eggs in the world, is this true??? [[User:2-Bar Quack|The Cleveland Browns are awesome!]] 14:32, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

== Lateral lines ==

As far as I know [[lateral line]]s are for detecting the movement of water (wimilarly to as we humans can detect the wind on our skin), while [[electrical]] [[pulse]]s sent out by wounded or dying fish, or rather electrical field resulting from [[bioelectricity]], are detected by specialized cells in the organ at the top of the nose. Great for detecting ''hidden'' [[prey]]; ''wounded'' is detected rather due to olfactory sense. As I am not sure about validity of the mentioned fact, I didn't corrected the article (yet). --[[User:Jnareb|Jnareb]] 07:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

==Suffocation==
I came across this interesting quote on the net. Not sure if its true:
"Sharks are said to die of suffocation if they stop swimming" [Message left 05:36, 3 Jun 2005 by [[User:60.234.139.237]] ].
:It is true. I have updated the article accordingly. --[[User:TheoClarke|Theo ]] [[User_talk:TheoClarke|(Talk)]] 09:45, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

::Not always true. Certain species of shark can lay motionless on the bottom quite nicely. [[User:Trekphiler|Trekphiler]] 20:40, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

== Cerberus ==

I know a lot about Greek Mythology and i've never heard a story about Cerberus being anything other than the 3 headed dog guard of Hades. certainly nothing to do with sharks

What is the source for that part of this article?

==Humans taste bad==
My understanding of the proceedings of most shark attacks are as follows: 1) shark mistakes swimming human for floundering fish 2) shark takes bite 3) shark discovers human flesh is much less oily than the fish and marine mammals it usually eats 4) shark says "yukk" to itself and leaves. If this is true (the humans-aren't-oily-enough bit) then I figure the article should mention it. -- [[User:Finlay McWalter|Finlay McWalter]] | [[User talk:Finlay McWalter | Talk]] 18:07, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

:I doubt this is true. --[[User:Pippo2001|pippo2001]] 01:14, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

:: I don't know about that "oily" thing, but most sharks indeed stop their attack when they realize their prey isn't a fish, a seal or whatever. That's why the majority of shark attack casualties die of their injuries, rather than being completly eaten. [[User:80.140.232.214|80.140.232.214]] 14:08, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

I also hear that sharks generally only take one bite out of humans.
But I heard a completely different hypothesis: Sharks treat humans no different than any other animal. Sharks take one big bite, then circle at a safe distance, waiting for their prey to bleed to death (rather than risk injury from all the thrashing of the wounded animal).
I agree that ''If this is true (the humans-aren't-oily-enough bit) then ... the article should mention it.'' Anyone know one way or the other?
--[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] 20:46, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

"[http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/advice.htm Advice to Those Who Work or Play in Waters Inhabited by White Sharks]"

The first comment was the most accurate. Sharks usually bite once to detect the percentage of muscle to fat ratio (sorry but it has nothing to do with 'oils'). Sharks prefer 'fattier' prey, so humans are usually abandon after the first bite, rather than being devouered. The source I have for this is an article given to me by my professor but was exclusive for my colllege and class (I needed a password to access it, and now htat I do not have that class anymore, I can not access it), but I will do my best to find it again. --[[User:Starchild12345|Starchild12345]] ([[User talk:Starchild12345|talk]]) 06:32, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

==Deadliest sharks==
I think we should have the [[Discovery Channel]]'s list on the deadliest sharks.

#[[Bull shark]]
#[[Great white]]
#[[tiger shark]]
#[[oceanic whitetip shark]]
#[[mako shark]]
#[[blacktip reef shark]]
#[[sand tiger]]
#[[hammerhead]]
#[[blue shark]]
#[[lemon shark]]

- [[User:B-101|B-101]] 02:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

:: OK, tried to add much more text to shark attack, sortof incorporating the list but in text format, need feedback on the 10-15 sharks that are dangerous to humans, I'm sure there are lots that I have forgotten. Do not agree and sand tiger, should be in the part three, that will attack if provoked I think, but never dived with them so not really sure? [[User:Stefan|Stefan]] 05:34, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

== Long range shark travel ==

Someone who edits this page will probably find this interesting - [http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/10/07/shark.race.ap/index.html Shark followed on 12,000-mile trip]. [[User:BD2412| BD2412]] [[User talk:BD2412|talk]] 05:02, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

----

I added a little more information about shark eyes. [[User:JedOs|JedOs]] 23:19, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

==What the hell is going on?==
Some guy calling himself JustPhil keeps removing the parts I have added to the article.
This is what I have added:

"Unlike bony fish, the sharks have a complex dermal corset arranged as a helical network and made of flexible collagenous fibres surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles. The sharks saves more energy while swimming this way than if they didn't have their collagenous corset. A similar arrangement of collagen fibres has been discovered in dolphins and squids." Source: http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/skin.htm

"Their dermal teeth gives them hydrodynamic advantages as they are reducing the turbulence when swimming." (A well known fact)

"Their upper jaw are not attached to the skull." (Also a well known fact)

"The short duct between the anterior and posterior nasal openings are not fused like in bony fish." (Another fact)

Those who read and use Wikipedia are encouraged to add and write themselves, but what's the point if it's removed all the time?

:I have notified the user on his talk page that he should explain why he does the reverts and warned him agains the three revert rule [[WP:3RR]], lets see what happens. I think your edits are good and can not see why they should be reverted. [[User:Stefan|Stefan]] 06:25, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I'm sorry. But that edit was deleting part of that paragraph.- [[User:JustPhil|JustPhil]] 11:33, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, I'm glad to see everything is okay now.

== Inviting all shark editors ==

I don't know if you guys out there have read the articles for the individual species. Some articles, e.g. [[Oceanic Whitetip Shark]] and [[Great White Shark]] are top-drawer. Absolutely first class work.

Other articles, e.g. [[Tiger Shark]] and [[Bull Shark]] are really pathetic. I mean Bull Shark really, really sucks. These are two important species.

Let's get busy people! [[User:Hokeman|Hokeman]] 01:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

how do sharks "smell" blood in the water? is it throught diffusing or is it bt other mechanisms

==Opening sentence==
The opening sentence (which is also a whole paragraph) reads as follows:
:'''Sharks''' are a group (superorder Selachimorpha) of fish, with a full cartilaginous skeleton, a streamlined body plan, with normally 5, but up to 7 (depending on species) gill slits along the side of, or beginning slightly behind, the head (in some species, a modified slit called a spiracle, is located just behind the eye), dermal denticles covering the body to protect from damage, parasites and improve fluid dynamics, and rows of replaceable teeth in the mouth.
In case anyone decides to hack at this this incredible run-on sentence, i'd like to preserve it on the talk page here so it can be rememebered as a great example of awkward openings. —[[User:Pengo|Pengo]] 04:31, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

== Collective noun ==

I removed the comment about "shiver" being the [[collective noun]] for a group of sharks. There's no source given, and the [[OED]] does not give this usage among the three distinct words written ''shiver'' in the English language. Google finds only 141 hits on "shiver of sharks", largely people listing collective nouns ("murder of ravens", etc.). I strongly suspect somebody just made this up -- put it under [[neologism]]s. [[User:Tkinias|Tkinias]] 12:33, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
:I'd put it in a 'Trivia' section if you decide to have one. I've heard it used once only.[[User:HappyVR|HappyVR]] 14:26, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

== Sleep ==

Is it true that sharks never sleep? Can something be added about this? [[User:Badagnani|Badagnani]] 00:17, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
:It is not know how or if sharks sleep, I added a section with some facts, if anyone knows more please add. [[User:Stefan|Stefan]] 14:24, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

From my understanding sharks do not sleep, but shut down parts of their brain in certain intervals while remaining active, I will work on locating the source for this. --[[User:Starchild12345|Starchild12345]] ([[User talk:Starchild12345|talk]]) 06:37, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

== Urine ==

It says that sharks urine accumulates in the blood and is excreted throught the skin, but isn't urine what is filtered out of the blood, if you put urine back into the blood it just becomes plasma.
:Perhaps it would be more clear to say "ammonia" or "nitrogenous wastes." --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]] [[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] · [[User:Ginkgo100/Esperanza|''e@'']] 15:03, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

==Sharks in captivity==
It would be interesting to add a section to the article about sharks in captivity. I may take that up at some point, but for now, I am pretty busy with other things... So until then, other people are certainly free to take the bait and get started with it. [[User:Svartulfr1]] 01:17 26 August 2006 (UTC)
:I have added something about sharks in captivity, this is only a start but its something --[[User:Chris huh|chris_huh]] 12:54, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

::A very nice start at that... thanks! [[User:Svartulfr1|svartulfr1]] 17:04 26 August 2006 (UTC)

== Sense of Smell ==

Though I realize that their credibility is questioned by some people, on the show "MythBusters", they tested the 'blood drop in water'theory, and they foudn it to be untrue. Or..untrue within the parameters they created.

But it was a much smaller area of water and I'm not sure what kind of shark they tested this on, or if they were even fully grown sharks. The sharks were quite small. I don't know that there is any type of shark that is small enough to fit in a large bucket as an adult.

If anyone has any info on this, please edit that section, or at least clarify, with a source.

== Reproduction2 - placenta ==

In the [[Placenta]]-article in does not say anything about non-mammalian placentas at all. Does someone have information about this and could add it? I think it is a very interesting question in what sense shark and mammalian placentas converge and what are the most important differences. It doesn't say anything about this neither here nor there. Great article, by the way, keep up the good work![[User:80.109.92.235|80.109.92.235]] 00:27, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

==Split "Physical characteristics" off==
The article is becoming fairly big now - I think it would be good to split the physical characteristics out to a separate article and just maintain a summary here. [[User:Yomangani|Yomangani]][[User_talk:Yomangani|talk]] 10:24, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
:I was looking at what bits we might be able to split and physical characteristics seemed to be to most likely, as it is easily large enough to be its own page, and will only get bigger. [[User:Chris huh|chris_huh]] 10:59, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

== Copyediting ==

Are we using American or British spelling? I found both in the article, and I'm reluctant to change to one or the other without the consensus of people who have worked on the article. Any preference? I don't mind going in and changing it myself.

I also messed up with "fish" vs "fishes" in my edit. I went back and changed things before I hit "submit", but I may not have got them all. ("Fish" should be used for a number of individuals; "fishes" refers to a number of different species.) I'll give it another go-over later today. Sorry about that! [[User:Lomaprieta|Lomaprieta]] 03:00, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

:I found the very first edit [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&oldid=27124], which appears to use American spelling (''characterized'', not ''characterised''). So I would say editors should change British spellings where they encounter them to American spellings. This is according to (my interpretation of) [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#National varieties of English]]. --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]] [[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] · [[User:Ginkgo100/Esperanza|''e@'']] 03:59, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
::Since that first edit only had one paragraph, i don't think you can really use that to go by. It seems that the majority of words so far in the article and in other shark articles is in British spelling, so i would have thought it would have been better to keep to that and change the few others. --[[User:84.9.149.110|84.9.149.110]] 08:58, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

==Does this fact seem stupid?==

In 2005, according to the International Shark Attack File, there
were a total of 58 unprovoked attacks recorded worldwide,
of which four were fatal.[25] In comparison, several hundred people
die annually from lightning strikes[26] and 1.3 to 3 million people
die from diseases transmitted via mosquito bites.[27]

0 people die from diseases carried in mosquito bites in cold environments. And 0 people die from shark attacks in central Australia. The entire basis of this comparison is wrong. Different areas have different chances of attacks. Id edit the page myself but im no good at editting

==AGE==
Hey can anyone tell me how old a shark can get?
How old is it when it starts reproducing?
Does it ever stop reproducing if so how old would it be?
Does it have a teen stage?
Does it die of old age?
Does its teeth ever stop growing?
[[User:FranzSeidel|FranzSeidel]] 17:12, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

==National Varieties of English==
So which variety are we using? I see people changing spellings back and forth which is usually not appropriate, but would be okay if it were to make the spellings consistent with one variety. I went through the (''very'') old original edits, and found these early versions that appear to use American spellings, starting with the first edit: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&oldid=27124] (''characterized'')
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&direction=next&oldid=45747] (''recognized'')
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&direction=next&oldid=46986] (''favored'')
Based on this information I think [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#National varieties of English]] recommends using American spelling throughout the article.
:I thought we had gone through and already made sure that they were all of the right variety. When it was selected as the Sharks COTF we went through and made sure they were all British spellings from what i remember, as only a few were American. Maybe someone has gone back in and changed a few back. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 00:05, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
::Ah, I missed that whole thing when the [[WP:FISH]] article fell off my watchlist somehow. Can you point me to the discussion? --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]] [[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] · [[User:Ginkgo100/Esperanza|''e@'']] 01:19, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
:::Its actually just a few headings up - 'Copyediting'. Its not really much of a discussion as not much was decided on, but i remember after reading it i and maybe someone else went through and tried to consistantly use British. But maybe someone has gone in and changed some of them back. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 10:44, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
::::I think we decided on British English just because there were more instances ion the text already - the problem is that the Behavio(u)r section was added later and is now a prime target for that sort of "correction" (its especially nice when the title is changed and the first sentence left). Let's keep it as British English. [[User:Yomangani|Yomangani]][[User_talk:Yomangani|talk]] 10:54, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

== Someone check respiration section ==

There seems to be someone tampering with the article...
bye everyone —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/208.66.198.108|208.66.198.108]] ([[User talk:208.66.198.108|talk]]) 11:59, 8 April 2008 (UTC) 

"The process of ensuring an adequate flow of the gills by forward movement is known as ram up the ass.

this doesnt sound scientific nor im sure is correct...

R.

:It's called [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] and it's gone now. Thanks for drawing it to our attention. In the future, you can always make the change yourself -- anyone can edit this encyclopedia! --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]] [[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] · [[User:Ginkgo100/Esperanza|''e@'']] 19:54, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

== False info on smelling blood? ==

No scientist can actually prove that they can smell blood. Actually according to a discovery channel show, the Mythbusters, they can't smell blood. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/68.44.106.218|68.44.106.218]] ([[User talk:68.44.106.218|talk]]) 00:01, 7 January 2007 (UTC).

Wrong, Sharks have an incredible sense of smell, and can detect extremely small amounts of blood in water.--[[User:Starchild12345|Starchild12345]] ([[User talk:Starchild12345|talk]]) 06:43, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

== Dynamic lift in buoyancy section ==

"...so sharks employ the dynamic lift to maintain depth and sink when they stop swimming". I don't think this is right. Dynamic lift should incorporate something dynamic, such as moving.—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:85.226.207.1|85.226.207.1]] ([[User talk:85.226.207.1|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/85.226.207.1|contribs]]){{#if:{{{2|}}}| {{{2}}}|}}.
:Swimming is the dynamic movement involved. --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]][[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] 22:22, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

==Sharks as fish==
Sharks should not be classified as "fish" because they aren't vertebrates because they don't have bones and vertebrates have to have bones —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:74.101.44.70|74.101.44.70]] ([[User talk:74.101.44.70|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/74.101.44.70|contribs]]){{#if:22:10, 31 January 2007| 22:10, 31 January 2007|}}.
:Actually, a fish is any [[chordate]] (that is, animals with a [[notochord]]) that is not a [[tunicate]] or a [[tetrapod]]. For more information, see [[Fish#What is a fish?|What is a fish?]]. --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]][[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] 23:51, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
a notochord is a backbone, which is composed of vertebrae, which sharks don't have

I'm not sure, but I think like us, humans, sharks have the notochord just on embrional stage, or else they wouldnt't be considered Chordata, or was I sleeping at my lessons again? o.O

:No, a [[notochord]] is not the same as a backbone. Please read the article if you are not certain about this. The notochord is one of the most ancient structures in [[chordate]]s, which is why the [[phylum]] is named after it. The notochord is found in the embryological stage of all chordates including sharks. In the adults of more [[Cladistics#Definitions|derived]] (advanced) species, its only remnant is a [[Nucleus pulposus|blob of tissue]] inside the discs between the vertebrae. (By the way, sharks do have vertebrae; they are made of cartilage instead of bone, but they develop from the same tissue.) In the most primitive chordates, such as [[lamprey]]s, the notochord is fully developed even in adults. --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]][[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] 21:45, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

== Afferent vs. Efferent ==

The article says "Here the blood is pumped to the shark's gills via the ventral aorta artery where it branches off into afferent brachial arteries." I'm no expert on shark physiology, but my understaning was that ''afferents'' go towards the heart and ''efferents'' go away from it. Is this not right? -'''[[User:Selket|Selket]]''' [[User_talk:Selket|Talk]] 05:00, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

== Shark Rehabilitation Mania ==

It might be worthwhile mentioning that despite being "misunderstood" creatures, they are nevertheless extremely dangerous and should never be approached however benevolent the motives.

Except in the case of some TV explorers who foolishy swim with sharks, it would be agreed that there would be nothing misunderstood on either side if an unwitting ordinary mortal came face to face with a shark. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/82.37.177.61|82.37.177.61]] ([[User talk:82.37.177.61|talk]]) 23:23, 6 April 2007 (UTC).

== First Paragraph ==

I have been looking at different species articles and came by the shark one. This is the only article that has a first paragraph with, as i see it, irrelevant details as "They are some of the world's most misunderstood predators..." I was looking for actual information about the species and although this information is useful to some, it should not be where it is. Look at other not-so-popular species' articles to see what I'm talking about. ([[User:Antonio.sierra|Antonio.sierra]] 15:40, 16 April 2007 (UTC))

== FA ==

What do you think, should this be a FA nominee?
:I would not nominate this article just yet, it needs a good copyedit, possibly prosifying that listed section, and that part about the repellent needs to be clarified and cited to find out if its true, it has been temporarily removed from the article apparently and has a hidden comment. I would also take a good look at all the external links, making sure none of them are advertisements or linkspam, there are an awful lot of them.'''''[[User:Darthgriz98|Darth]][[User_Talk:Darthgriz98|griz]][[Special:contributions/Darthgriz98|98]]''''' 17:41, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

== Range? ==

Is there any discussion of the range of sharks, or are they like mosquitoes: more or less everywhere? (Within reason)? [[User:68.39.174.238|68.39.174.238]] 16:51, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
:As in north/south they can be found everywhere, from [[greenland shark]] to [[whale shark]]. Not sure if it should be mentioned in the article and if so where, lead or habitat section? [[User:Stefan|Stefan]] 23:43, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

== Companion fish ==

What are those smaller fish that are often seen swimming alongside (or attached to) a shark? Might be worth mentioning in the article too. [[User:Ham Pastrami|Ham Pastrami]] 05:00, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
:That is [[pilot fish]], when they are attached it is a [[remora]]. I updated text for picture, not sure if it should have its own section in article, it is pretty largs as is. --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 05:39, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

== Trivia section ==

The trivia section doesn't really add much to the article (and they are discouraged in wikipedia). I reckon this section should be completely removed. I am not sure where some of the info could be included in as some of the facts do not necessarily relate to much else. Should it just be taken out completely then? [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 15:06, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
:Remove it all!!! Only thing I would save it that the tiger shark can stick its head out of the water (did not know that) (but after checking the ref and seeing that it is a bad link I would not reuse it either) --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 15:41, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
The trivia section is also incorrect. I'm not sure you'd be too successful in "turning the shark over and rubbing its belly" if you were under attack, but they will go into a coma-like state if they are turned over. - Theresa —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.6.40.61|68.6.40.61]] ([[User talk:68.6.40.61|talk]]) 00:07, 28 September 2007 (UTC) 

== Vandalism in section "skeleton" ==

To the author(s) of this article,

Someone has vandalized the skeleton section of the physical characteristics part of the article on sharks. Where it describes the male reproductive organs, a vandal has substituted the word "dicks". Thought you might like to know.

Thanks

Mark —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/128.231.88.5|128.231.88.5]] ([[User talk:128.231.88.5|talk]]) 17:41, 27 September 2007 (UTC) 

== Up to a year or more? ==

Under "Sharks in captivity", it says that only a few species could be kept in captivity for "up to a year or more." That doesn't mean anything. It doesn't tell us anything about the longevity of sharks in captivity, since it only says that the length of time could be less than, equal to, or greater than one year. The trouble is, I don't know what the author of that sentence actually meant. Could someone clarify? Thanks. [[User:Ketsuekigata|Ketsuekigata]] ([[User talk:Ketsuekigata|talk]]) 18:10, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

== Evolution ==
"The fossil record of sharks extends back over 450 million years - before land vertebrates existed and before many plants had colonised the continents. "

And then...

"Among the most ancient and primitive sharks is Cladoselache, from about 370 million years ago"

Hmm, that's an 80 million year gap, could this be filled? I'm not going to get into the "well, 80 million years is nothing compared to the total time of the existence of Earth" thing, but 80 million years is a longer time than the extinction of the dinosaurs thing and close to a sixth of the time that sharks have been around. I'm not saying that sharks haven't been around for that long, they probably have, it's just odd to read. Don't we know anything about 450 mya old sharks based on fossilized skeletons and is our knowledge based on a several teeth or fossilized egg cases, or what?[[User:Seeofseaof|Seeofseaof]] ([[User talk:Seeofseaof|talk]]) 23:40, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

:Gosh, it's almost as if science doesn't really know as much as it claims to!

::So.. that didn't help me one bit. If there is no evidence of sharks having been around for 450 million years, this should be removed from the article and reduced to 370 million years. If there is, this article needs some fossil evidence that show that sharks have been around for that long. If it's just clearly shark ancestors, that could be included with the article, but shark ancestors aren't sharks just like Cynodonts aren't humans.[[User:Seeofseaof|Seeofseaof]] ([[User talk:Seeofseaof|talk]]) 13:42, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
:::Look at the references for those two statements, they are quite solid (plus minus about 25 million years :-) ), but my guess is that since 450 million years is about twice as long ago as the dinosaurs, and sharks does not have bones, there is not that much left, I guess what you want is a name of the 'first' shark? After a bit of searching I found this: [http://www.sharksavers.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=19] which states
{| style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; {{
#if:
| border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;
}}" class="cquote"
| width="20" valign="top" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:20px
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| valign="top" style="padding:4px 10px;" | The oldest fossilized evidence of prehistoric sharks comes from shark-like scales that date to 455 million years ago during the Ordovician Period, in Colorado. Some paleontologists do not agree that these scales are sufficiently shark-like to pronounc them sharks. But there is no disagreement that scales found during the Silurian Period, aged 420 million years, are from sharks. Shark scales from this period have been found in Siberia and Mongolia. The oldest shark teeth are from the Devonian Period, about 400 million years old, found in Europe. Nothing beyond these scales or the teeth is known about these early sharks.
| width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:{{#switch:20px
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|-
{{#if:|
{{!}} colspan="3" style="padding-right: 4%" {{!}} {{#if:|<cite style="font-style:normal;">—{{{4}}}{{#if:|, {{{5}}}}}</cite>}}
}}
|}
So either we take that statement and add something from it, or leave things as it is?? I think I will try to add something from this, maybe tomorrow.... --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 14:13, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
::::Thanks, I somehow missed that link. I'm not going to edit it right now or anything since I'll await approval or if someone else wants to do it (I'm not that knowledgable on sharks at all, I'm just an evolution nut, though sharks do interest me). How's our knowledge on the phylogentic tree of sharks? Shouldn't it say <blockquote>
Evidence for the existence of sharks extends back over 450 - 420 million years, into the Ordovician period - before land vertebrates existed and before many plants had colonised the continents.
</blockquote> since for all we know, the shark like scales and teeth could belong to an ancestor or a sister-clade rathar than a true shark? I hope I'm not being too critical here.[[User:Seeofseaof|Seeofseaof]] ([[User talk:Seeofseaof|talk]]) 10:06, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
:Please be critical, that is what wikis are all about (as long as it is constructive critisism), I just did the change,I think it is better and agree. If you are an evolution nut please review and update and/or research, I have no clue what [[phylogentic tree]] is, and it is a red link so that did not help :-(, so please help fill in info and be critical! I think we should have a separate article about the evolution of sharks, but I not sure I'm capabe of writing it .... hint hint :-) --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 13:23, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
:: Ahh, I meant to type [[phylogenetic tree]], my bad. My typing skills are on the more horible side of things. I would write it, but I'm lacking knowledge in the shark deparment. I agree, though, a seperate article that explains the different major stages in shark evolution (perhaps occasional mass extintionn and important steps in shark evolution, when their lineage branched of from rays, and so on) would be beneficial and interesting. Also a time scale of when shark linages diverged would be a good read.[[Special:Contributions/87.208.40.14|87.208.40.14]] ([[User talk:87.208.40.14|talk]]) 19:22, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
:::Yes, I found it after I wrote the comment, think it is a subject you need to do serious research to do a good writeup of. I really would like to show the scale of how long the sharks have really existed compared to other life, it is really interesting, this statement above is very good, " '''before land vertebrates existed and before many plants had colonised the continents''' " but the scale of things is kind of lost. Not sure how express the scale of things better. --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 02:02, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

== Dolphin fear ==

Sharks have good cause to fear dolphins, or at least to show some deference. Sharks may follow pods of dolphins when a dolphin is giving birth (there will be edible afterbirth and there might be an edible stillborn dolphin that the pod leaves behind) or when some dolphin in the pod is in ill health because a dead dolphin is shark food. Dolphins themselves are predators, and should a fish escape one set of predatory mouths, then a shark has a chance at that fish. Sharks usually keep a safe distance, for attacking a pod of dolphins is a fatal mistake; dolphins can ram a shark to death even if the dolphins have no chance to eat the dead shark.

This is altogether different from the threat that dolphins pose to small sharks that a dolphin could devour in one bite. --[[User:Paul from Michigan|Paul from Michigan]] ([[User talk:Paul from Michigan|talk]]) 19:03, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

My Biology teacher told me that sharks can never stop moving because they don't have a gill cover (which would allow them to stop moving and keep breathing). So when they sleep they have to continue swimming. Similar to humans continuing breathing while sleeping. This article contradicts that, who's right? You guys or my Biology teacher? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.78.73.187|68.78.73.187]] ([[User talk:68.78.73.187|talk]]) 00:07, 29 February 2008 (UTC) 

:a couple sharks are designed to stop moving and still be okay, a few have unusual gills or find water currents where they can sit still as the water flows over them like a wind tunnel, but most have to keep swimming. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/75.72.21.221|75.72.21.221]] ([[User talk:75.72.21.221|talk]]) 01:11, 2 March 2008 (UTC) 

== Shark Marriage ==
I read a book one day, on sea monsters. I forgot the exact title of the book, but it explained that a woman married a shark... This was a real newspaper, can anyone find this and explain the story, I didn't get a chance to read the whole book myself, it was my friend's book. [[User:Thecutnut|Thecutnut]] ([[User talk:Thecutnut|talk]]) 23:58, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

==Shark Attacks==

This shit is all over the news '''RIGHT NOW'''. Got shark attacks in Mexico, CA and now Florida - so far. Seen this on FOX News and on the [[CNN|Communist/Clinton News Network]]. [[Special:Contributions/205.240.144.214|205.240.144.214]] ([[User talk:205.240.144.214|talk]]) 20:56, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

:This article offers an explanation: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/04/wildlife.climatechange?45 [[User:Bob98133|Bob98133]] ([[User talk:Bob98133|talk]]) 13:45, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

== Taxonomy is out-of-date ==
Hi. According to Itis.gov the taxonomical level called ''Selachimorpha'' is not anymore used. It and rays are unified to one superordo called Euselachii: [http://itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=563987]. It need lot of work to upadate this page. [[Special:Contributions/84.253.216.60|84.253.216.60]] ([[User talk:84.253.216.60|talk]]) 05:49, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

== New information for the [[Bluntnose sixgill shark]] ==

[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/0305/04.html] stated that the six gilled shark sucks in water and sand to eat the isopods. Thanks, [[User:Marasama|Marasama]] ([[User talk:Marasama|talk]]) 16:12, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

== In popular culture section ==

Forgive me if this has been brought up before, but I don't precisely see the reason behind a handful of shark related movies, books and televisions shows that feature sharks as the centerpiece being enumerated. It seems a bit tangential and not at all helpful to the article, at least not in an encyclopedic sense. Am I alone in feeling this way? [[User:Wisdom89|'''Wisdom89''']] ([[User_talk:Wisdom89|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/Wisdom89|C]]) 07:09, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

:It's fine with me to drop the popular culture section. I agree. [[User:Bob98133|Bob98133]] ([[User talk:Bob98133|talk]]) 14:34, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
The section is just a horrible list that doesn't say much, but I think an encyclopedia article on sharks ought to at least mention things like movie Jaws. [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 18:14, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
::Agree, removed it, Jaws is mentioned in the shark attack section. --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 14:04, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

== Merge [[Shark senses and behaviors]] into [[shark]] ==

Suggest that this new article should be merged into shark. Not much to merge, shark already have most, but some things seams to be good but is not cited (or have a (cite) text), whatever that means, and should probably be cited before it can be merged. One things that is missing in this article that the [[Shark senses and behaviors]] have is a section of diet, I did not like the one in [[Shark senses and behaviors]] so I modified it a bit but we should have one in here i think. Comments? --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 13:57, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
:'''Support''' No reason to have this as a separate article. A diet section would be nice to add to the Behaviour sectionsince none of the page is cited it could be a problem. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 14:03, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
:'''Support'''--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 22:05, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
{{done}} Created a small section on feeding here (please improve) and redirected [[Shark senses and behaviors]] to here. --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 15:08, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

== Removal of misleading digitally altered photos ==

Two editors (I'm one of them) have removed two misleading digitally altered photos from this article. They are pictures of what sharks look like going after bait on the end of a pole, but the photos have been for some reason doctored to remove the pole. Since the photos show shark behavior when presented with bait on the end of a pole, it is misleading to hide the pole. It's the equivalent of showing an image of a man waterskiing, and digitally removing the ski rope. [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 22:18, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
:The image I posted last was only cropped and not touched digitally at all. May I with your permission crop my own images?Thanks.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 22:25, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
::No, you should not alter photos, including cropping them, in a misleading way. Why are you insisting on hiding the poles in these photos? [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 22:28, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
:::Because I like it better this way. There's absolutely nothing misleading in the images at all. Could you please try to imagine that images could have been taken with no poles seen or poles could have been under water? BTW, if you dot not like my images please feel free to nominate them on deletion. I could explain to you how to do it.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 22:36, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
::::OK, well, other editors don't "like it better this way," because "this way" misleads readers. [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 22:53, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
:You're welcome to edit and crop your own photos however you like, but after altering them electronically you should not post them to Wiki. If altered photos are used, readers have to take the editor's word that the context/sense/image has not been changed in a way that would alter its meaning. Since you like the altered versions better, clearly their "meaning" is somehow altered by your editing. This would be like rewording a quotation but leaving it in quotation marks. Even if it means the same thing, it's not right, and not verifiable by other editors[[User:Bob98133|Bob98133]] ([[User talk:Bob98133|talk]]) 22:54, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
:::::Fine. This image [[Image:Great white shark at his back11.jpg|80px]] and this image [[Image:Surfacing great white shark.jpg|80px]] were only cropped.Absolutely nothing else was done to the images. I guess you would not mind, if I put them back to the article? On the other hand here's one of my images [[Image:Hawaii turtle 2.JPG|80px]], which was altering electronically not by me, but somebody else. May I please ask you to nominate it for speedy? I would have done it myself, but I'm afraid speedy would be refuesed, if I am to nominate the image myself? Thanks.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 23:07, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
:::::::So called "other editor" [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AMbz1&diff=245243167&oldid=245218788 has agreed that cropping is OK]. I posted cropped images back to the article.IMO it is wrong to say that images are misleading. The images show a usual behavior of great white sharks toward a prey (or any other subject that a shark wished to investigate) that is floating on the water surface, and therefore evan to talk about the images being misleading is simply wrong. I hope that [[user:Sharksaredangerous]] would agree that the cropped images could have been easily taken the way they are cropped now in the first place. I would also like to know what is the extent of the knoledge of great white sharks by [[user:Sharksaredangerous]], besides of course their user name, which IMO is kind of misleading (Sharks are not nearly as dangerous as Sharksaredangerous is :=) .--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 00:08, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
::::::::If you'd like to talk about people personally, maybe you should find a chat site rather than an encyclopedia. As far as encyclopedia articles go, I've added to a caption to make the context clear, and removed an image with no apparent context to the section it was in. [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 17:33, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::It was only a joke, nothing personal. Sorry about this.I cannot agree that my image has nothing to do with a shark attack. Of course it does not show a shark attack, and I've never claimed it does, but it is at the very least as relevant to the section as the other image is. BTW there are literally thousands of articles here on Wikipedia, in which the images are displayed "with no apparent context to the section it was in". It's OK, unless of course you'd like to remove the images from all those articles.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 18:20, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
::::::::::That there are also other articles with mistakes in them that is not going to prevent me from fixing mistakes on articles I am interested in. Good captions establish the picture's relevance to the article and provide context for the picture, so I'm going to fix this caption so that it does just that. [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 19:54, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::::If you at least were so kind to explain to me how the othe image in the section is more relevant than my image is, maybe I would have agreed with you. My image at least shows the teeth. I hope you would agree that the teeth are one of of the main factors of a shark attack.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 20:37, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
::::::::::::The caption of the other image provides context which makes a case for its relevance. Please keep in mind that this is a collaborative encyclopedia project and not your personal photo gallery so I don't think we need three of your images in this article, nor do we need this image in three articles, nor do we need three images of one type of shark in a general shark article, nor do we need your unethically manipulated photos, nor do we need you warring over your image placement and captions. [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 20:57, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Sure, it is collaborative encyclopedia. May I please ask with whom excacly you collaborated '''before''' removing my images. May I please ask you to stop personal attacks? The photos were not "unethically manipulated ". The photos were not manipulated at all. The photos were cropped. If there were better images than mine, I would have been the first one to remove my images from all the articles.I could agree that The caption of the other image provides context which makes a case for its relevance, but what there are besides the caption? How many caces there are of blacktips attacking swimmeres? The image shows a close up of a swimmer and a small reef shark that by the way swimms away from the swimmer.All your arguments are bogus. You did not like that I removed a pole in photo shop and then, when I showed to you that the same thing could have been done simply by cropping the image you became very much unfair and very much enraged. What "unethically manipulation" are you talking about? Did I open a shark mouth and inserted the teeth there? What did I do? I only removed a pole, and btw, when I did so called ""unethically manipulation" of the images I provided a very clear links to the original images. That's why I consider your talking about some "unethically manipulation" as a personal attack. The images that are in the articles now were only cropped. They could have been easily taken this way in the first place. Call it "unethically manipulation" is a very, very, very big stretch and is really unethicall on its own. --[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 21:04, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Your photos where you removed the poles by adding extra waves to the images were unethically manipulated. Do you understand that? It harms the credibility and utility of an encyclopedia if it publishes doctored photos. As far as your view that the other image is misplaced, then either move it or remove it. [[User:Sharksaredangerous|Sharksaredangerous]] ([[User talk:Sharksaredangerous|talk]]) 21:58, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::I cannot agree that my images were "unethically manipulated" not as long as I provided a clear link to the original images, but why to talk about them now? Now my images are only cropped and you still call it "unethicall manipulation".Most of the time I try to add images to the articles and not to remove them, and while doing this I mostly consider, if an article will benefit from the images added. I believe that this article has benefited from my images. As a matter of fact I believe that two of my images that are in the article now are very relevant to the article and to the sections they are in. That's why I'm fighting to keep them in the article and that's why I cannot agree with any of your arguments in favor of removing the images. Once again I consider your comments as highly unfair and highly unethicall. Still I'd like to ask you a question please: Could you agree with my statement that it was entirely possible that the images were taken the way they are cropped now?--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 22:12, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
:(unindent) OK, first I see no problem with cropping an image (unless you take away something that is importaint for context), and I do not think that should be the argument here. Secondly I have been trying to find any policy or guideline or anything that describes when we should add images and I can only find ONE small text in [[WP:IMAGES]] which states '''''Contributors should be judicious in deciding which images are the most suitable for the subject matter in an article''''' and then states some examples. I think that a picture that shows a white shark biting a bait is not really suitable in the shark attack section? I can also agree that the picture of the black tip and the swimmer is not really suitable either. I do think it is more suitable since it shows that shakrs do not eat humans all the time, and the bait picture shows a unnatural situation and behaviour of the shark induced by human interaction. So if you are happy to remove YOUR picture if we remove both, please do. And also remeber [[WP:Other stuff exists]], just because there are other place, lots of them, including this article that have other pictures that does not fit, or does not fit into the section does not mean that this argument does not hold here, this is a [[wiki], just edit (I would, but I do not want to get into a revert war). There are MORE than enough pictures in the page. I also would suggest to remove the picture in the teeth section, I can not see the multiple rows of teeth on my screen. The tiger and oceanic white tip does not add antything either. The shark fin soup picture is questionable. Same argument goes in [[shark attack]] and [[great white shark]] --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 13:15, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
::Thanks for your input, Stefan. So according to you there should be almost no pictures in the article at all? Well, I'm afraid your opinion is a little bit off most of the users and readers opinions. For example you voted "oppose" on my green turtle nomination. The image is FP on four Wikipedias and on Commons. The image got fifth place on the picture of the year competition. Now let's get back to the sharks. We have only one a very, very low resolution image, which shows great white shark jumping out of the water to catch a seal. My images of the great white shark are the best ones on Wikipedia to show the teeth, not only great white shark teeth, but the sharks teeths in general, and you said the teeth section does not benefit from the imafe? Great white sharks do get theit heads out of the water to catch a prey , including humans. It is their '''natural''' behavior, and you offering to remove both images from all the articles? I am sorry you cannot see multiple rows of teeth on your screen, but I hope you would at least agree that it is the best image on Wikipedia, which shows the teeth of the '''live''' shark. I've never seen a shark attacking a human and I hope I'll never will, but I strongly believe the images should stay, where they are.The tiger and oceanic white tip do provide the pictures with the links to the article. I'm very sure some users do not read the article, but only click on the pictures. What's wrong, if they see the pictures of two very hard to find and hard to photograph sharks?--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 15:24, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
:::I agree w/Stefan. This discussion is pointless and off-topic if it is discussing other articles, previous voting, etc. Time to seek concensus. Please weigh in. Thanks [[User:Bob98133|Bob98133]] ([[User talk:Bob98133|talk]]) 15:30, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
::::Ah Bob98133, I had no doubt you agree with Stefan. BTW what is this 98133, your zipcode? I will not remove any image from the article myself because I believe the article benefits from the images, and the article value increased by all the images, which are present in the article now even by the image of the soup from sharks. On the other hand I'm not going to put my images back to the article, if they are removed. I got tiered of ignorance of some of the users, who never saw a shark in their entire life, but find it's ok to talk about sharks natural and unnatural behavior and so on.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 15:47, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
:::::'''(Conflict)'''Mbz1, I do not know if it is the best picture on wikipedia which shows the teeth of a live shark, and it does not matter to me. I do think the 'dead' teeth is more encyclopeadic, and that one picture is MORE than enough to cover 6 lines of text, and what does your FA turtle have to do with this?? I still think the background is messy, but it is still a good picture and probably a suitable picture for most pages that you have added it to! Mbz1 be careful with what you assume of people, are you calling me ignorant or only bob or someone else? How many different shark species have you seen in a natural environment, i.e. not baiting? --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 15:54, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
::::::I do know, Stefan that you prefer dead teeth and aquarium sharks. After all you voted to support this whale shark aquarium image, which did not pass. It is a good picture, no doubt, but to me the images taken in the wild are much more precious and encyclopedic, even when baiting is involved. I took few images of the whale sharks, when I snorkeled with them in the middle of Indian ocean. They are much worse than aquarium image, but they were taken in the wild! When I see a shark in aquarium I'd like to break a window and let him go to the ocean. I've seen whale sharks, black and white tip reef sharks and one shark that I cannot ID, but some believe it could have been a small tiger shark, maybe it was just another reef shark. As a matter of fact I did not see him at all, when I was taking pictures. I saw him only, when my pictures were printed. It was strange and a litlle bit scarry. [http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3069/2796940828_2c419c172d_o.jpg Here he is in the upper right corner]. Could you see him on your screen, Stefan? Great white sharks are almost imposible to see without baiting. At least I'm not sure I wish to see one ever, not while I'm swimming anyway. I still believe that my images of great white shark out of the water do show natural behavior of the sharks inspite of baiting, and are one of the best images of great white shark Wikipedia offers now.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 16:05, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

:::::::'''(conflict again)'''You did not answer my question, do you consider me ignorant? or bob? Or was it someone else? Anyway FYI, then I have seen more than twice as many live shark species in a natural environment, including 2 oceanic white tipps, none baited! And yes I can see your shark! I also think it is a tiger, do not think that is a reef shark, but I'm not an expert. Also stop digging up old personal things that you do not like, discuss the point, do not try to provoke! I will stop talking to you now, there is no point! --[[User:Stefan|Stefan]] [[User_talk:Stefan|talk]] 16:23, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

:::::::: I could suggest getting a third opinion about which images best illustrates the topics discussed here by nominating competing images in a [[commons:Commons:Valued image candidates/Most valued review|Most Valued Review]], which is a review method used in the [[commons:COM:VI|Valued images project on Commons]] to figure out which image best illustrates a certain scope, i.e., ''Shark attack''. See more details at [[commons:COM:VIC|at the Valued image candidates page]] for some more information and examples of ongoing reviews. The reviewers there are used at evaluating how well an image illustrates a given scope in an online context, and it is un-biased. That may give some more balanced and uninvolved input into this polarized discussion. Note, that to compete, the images have to fulfill certain other [[commons:Commons:Valued image criteria|criteria]]. For instance, they should be [[commons:COM:GEO|geocoded]] on their Commons image pages. -- [[User:Slaunger|Slaunger]] ([[User talk:Slaunger|talk]]) 07:18, 18 October 2008 (UTC)
::::::::: Hi Kim, Thank you very much for your message. I'm afraid we already have three opinions and they all are for removing my images from the article. As a matter of fact we've got fourth opinion. The shark on his back image was removed from the article already, which IMO means that once again ignorance has won while Wikipedia readers have lost. I'm not going to put it back, but I'd like one more time to state my opinion here. The dead teeth image shows teeth close up while the shark on his back image shows not only multiply rows of teeth of a live, wild shark, not only upper and low jaws, not only the color of the jaws, but also a very interesting behavior, when a shark turned on his back to catch a bait. The images add value to each other, and IMO they should stay together in the article. IMO it is kind of silly to suggest that because of baiting shark's behavior becomes unnatural. It is what sharks do to attack a swimmer, who swimms at the ocean surface exactly as a bait does. The same applies to my other image too. IMO my images added value to the article, but I decided to let it go.Thank you again.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 14:50, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

I made [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shark&diff=246063491&oldid=246021419 an edit] a few days ago to remove some of the images from cluttered regions. I didn't realise that they were being discussed here until I [[User_talk:Chris_huh#My_opinion|was informed]] so might as well put in my opinion on this.

The [[Shark#Teeth|teeth]] section is only about 7 lines (obviously depends on screen size, but won't vary too much) so just the one photo is really necessary. Between the two ([[:Image:Tiger shark teeth.jpg]] and [[:Image:Great white shark at his back12.jpg]]) i think the tiger shark teeth is more useful as the teeth are far clearer. Although the multiple rows of teeth are visible in the GWS photo it isn't particularly clear. Mbz1 argued on my talk page that the GWS photo shows interesting behaviour, if so then wouldn't it fit better in the [[Shark#Behaviour|behaviour]] section.

This discussion seems to have started with the cropping in the photos. Although it is a bit misleading, i think the more pressing issue is whether they are really encyclopaedic enough (and if they are properly used). As i have just said, i dont think the teeth one holds up in the teeth section, when compared to the tiger shark teeth photograph. As for the other photo of the baited GWS, that also doesn't really fit into the [[Shark#Shark attack|shark attack]] section. That section is about sharks attacking humans. A GWS attacking bait doesn't really convey much about this (even if it may be similar [it is dead bait though] to attacking a human), and given a choice between that and a photo of a snorkler with a black tipped shark not attacking, i would have to favour the latter. The baited GWS may fit in nicely in the [[Shark#Feeding|feeding]] section though.

Mbz1, don't feel hard done by having your photos removed from an article. They may fit in better in other articles. Was there a reason you didn't upload to Commons instead? Commons would mean it could be used on other language wikipedias, as well as other wikimedia projects, and just simply on commons itself. There are links to the other projects at the bottom, including commons, so if you put them up there then people can get the photos that way.

If every photograph that was slightly relevant to sharks was used in this article it would be swamped; the article would be huge to download for readers, and difficult to read. I never, personally, like seeing more than one photo on one line, making the text sandwiched between two images (if you understand me), i just think it ruins the look of the page.

For quality sake i prefer the baited shark (over the open mouth shark) photo, and would have no problems with that one being included in the feeding section. I won't make any changes to it yet though. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 12:14, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

::Hi Chris_huh, may I please ask you, if you agree that the two discussed images are '''the only images''' in the article, which actually show a shark doing something except just swimming. IMO they both are good brhavior shots and it seems to me that we at least might agree on this one. The shark on his back image shows jaws of a live shark and I believe it is also interesting, it also shows the difference between upper and lower teeth, but I do agree with you that the teeth are not clearly seen on the image, and I would not mind putting the image to other part of the article. IMO the other image, which is in shark attack section now is the best image to illustrate how a shark could attack a swimmer. Right now I do not really care, if both images will be removed from all of the articles. Looks like I am the only one, who believes the articles benefits from the images. I do not upload my images to Commons because I clossed my Commons account. So you believe that the discussed images are only "slightly relevant to sharks"?Oh, well... Thanks.--[[User:Mbz1|Mbz1]] ([[User talk:Mbz1|talk]]) 13:25, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

:::I suppose they are the only images that show sharks doing something other than swimming, but with the snorkling photo it shows that the sharks behaviour isn't always aggressive (which is, sadly, what a lot of people think it is), and the Oceanic with the pilot fish displays how they have no problem with other fish (as does the tiger shark above to some extent).

:::I have moved the baited photo to the feeding section as i feel it makes more sense here. Obviously a photo of a shark attacking a human would fit perfect in the shark attack section, but noone would really want the opportunity to get a shot like this, maybe a photo of a shark bite wound or something, but beggers can't be choosers. What would be nice would be a different caption for the image left in the article now, that relates to how it was baited and how it feeds.

:::The problem is that articles very much benefit from pictures but too many and the article gets cluttered, which makes it hard to read, which is really what it is for in the first place. That is why with some subjects which have a lot of pictures (such as this) you have to start scrutinizing the pictures to keep just the most valuable, and useful. But then thats why links to commons are provided so if people specifically want to find photos on that, they can.

:::Sorry, i didn't mean to say that these photos were only slightly relevant to sharks, they clearly are very relevant, but so are many of the ones in the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Selachimorpha commons category], so indlued all of them too would flood the article. It's a shame you left commons, you put in a lot of good photos, i think the common problem with some of your shots, though, is that many of them were taken before digital (correct me if i'm wrong) and then scanned in (or reprocessed in some way from the negs to digital form) which means that the quality generally isn't as crisp as can be acheived from digital sensors (at least for screen viewing). This is a problem i saw with some of your commons FP noms, people would argue it is possible to get a shot retaken of the subject with better quality for screen. But i digress into Commons chatter. [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 16:32, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Shark

2008-10-21T15:28:08Z

Chris huh: move some of the images around

{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Sharks
| fossil_range = [[Ordovician]] to recent
| trend = unknown
| status_system = iucn2.3
| image = Whiteshark-TGoss1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
| subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
| genus_authority = [[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith]], 1838
| binomial = ''Carcharodon carcharias''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Orders (biology)|Orders]]
| subdivision =
[[Carcharhiniformes]] 
[[Heterodontiformes]] 
[[Hexanchiformes]] 
[[Lamniformes]] 
[[Orectolobiformes]] 
[[Pristiophoriformes]] 
[[Squaliformes]] 
[[Squatiniformes]] 
† [[Symmoriida]] 
† [[Cladoselachiformes]] 
† [[Xenacanthida]] (Xenacantiformes) 
† [[Iniopterygia]] 
† [[Eugeneodontida]] 
}}
'''Sharks''' ([[superorder]] '''Selachimorpha''') are a type of [[fish]] with a full [[Cartilage|cartilaginous]] [[skeleton]] and a highly [[Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines|streamline]]d body. They respire with the use of five to seven [[gill]] slits. Sharks have a covering of [[dermal denticle]]s that protect their skin from damage and [[parasite]]s and improve [[fluid dynamics]]; they also have replaceable teeth.<ref name="Budker">{{cite book| last= Budker|first=Paul|title=The Life of Sharks|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson| location=London| date=1971| id= SBN 297003070}}</ref>
Sharks range in size from the small [[dwarf lanternshark]], ''Etmopterus perryi'', a deep sea species of only {{convert|17|cm|in|0}} in length, to the [[whale shark]], ''Rhincodon typus'', the largest fish, which grows to a length of approximately {{convert|12|m|ft|0}} and which, like [[baleen whale]]s, feeds only on [[plankton]], [[squid]], and small [[fish]] through [[filter feeding]]. The [[bull shark]], ''Carcharhinus leucas'', is the best known of several species to swim in both [[Seawater|salt]], [[freshwater]] and in [[river delta|delta]]s.<ref>{{cite book| last=Allen| first=Thomas B. |date=1999| title=The Shark Almanac|location=New York| publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn= 1-55821-582-4| oclc=39627633}}</ref>

== Physical characteristics==
{{main|Physical characteristics of sharks}}
=== Skeleton ===
The skeleton of a shark is very different from that of [[Osteichthyes|bony fish]] and [[tetrapod|terrestrial vertebrates]]. Sharks and other [[chondrichthyes|cartilaginous fish]] (skates and rays) have skeletons made from cartilage but they are still considered bones. They function in the same way as human bones do. Like its relatives, rays and skates, the shark's [[jaw]] is not attached to the [[cranium]]. The jaw's surface, like its vertebrae and gill arches, is a skeletal element that needs extra support due to its heavier exposure to physical stress and its need for extra strength. It has therefore a layer of unique and tiny hexagonal plates called "tesserae", crystal blocks of calcium salts arranged as a mosaic.<ref>{{cite book| last = Hamlett| first = W. C.| title = Sharks, Skates and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| date = 1999|isbn= 0-8018-6048-2| oclc = 39217534}}</ref> This gives these areas much of the same strength found in real and much heavier bony tissue.

The general rule is that there is only one layer of tesserae in sharks, but the jaws of large specimens, such as the [[bull shark]], [[tiger shark]], and [[the great white shark]], have been found to be covered with two to three layers or more, depending on the body size. The jaws of a large white shark may even have up to five layers.

In the rostrum (snout), the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts.

The fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers.

=== Respiration ===
[[Image:Parts of a shark.svg|right|440px|The major features of sharks]] Like other fish, sharks extract [[oxygen]] from seawater as it passes over their [[gill]]s. Shark gill slits are not covered like other fish, but are in a row behind its head. A modified slit called a [[spiracle]] is located just behind the [[eye]]; the spiracle assists the water intake during [[Aquatic respiration|respiration]] and even plays a major role in bottom dwelling sharks, but is also reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks.<ref name="Gilbertson">{{cite book| last = Gilbertson| first = Lance |title = Zoology Laboratory Manual| publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.| date = 1999| location = New York|isbn= 0-07-237716-X}}</ref> While moving, water passes through the mouth of the shark and over the gills — this process is known as "ram ventilation". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small subset of shark species that spend their life constantly swimming, a behaviour common in [[pelagic]] sharks, have lost the ability to pump water through their gills. These species are ''obligate ram ventilators'' and would presumably [[asphyxiate]] if unable to stay in motion. (Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.textbookleague.org/73shark.htm | title = Deep Breathing | author = William J. Bennetta | year = 1996 | accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>
The respiration and circulation process begins when deoxygenated blood travels to the shark's two-chambered heart. Here the blood is pumped to the shark's gills via the [[ventral aorta]] artery where it branches off into [[afferent]] [[brachial arteries]]. Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the efferent brachial arteries, which come together to form the [[dorsal aorta]]. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the posterior [[cardinal veins]] and enters the posterior [[cardinal sinuses]]. From there blood enters the ventricle of the heart and the cycle repeats.

===Buoyancy===
Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled [[swim bladder]]s for buoyancy. Instead, sharks rely on a large liver, filled with oil that contains [[squalene]]. The buoyant liver may constitute up to 30% of their body mass<ref name="Collins">{{cite book | last = Compagno | first = Leonard | coauthors = Dando, Marc & Fowler, Sarah | title = Sharks of the World | publisher = Collins Field Guides | date = 2005|isbn= 0-00-713610-2 | oclc = 183136093}}</ref>. Its effectiveness is limited, so sharks employ [[dynamic lift (fish)|dynamic lift]] to maintain depth and sink when they stop swimming. Sandtiger sharks are also known to gulp air from the surface and store it in their stomachs, using the stomach as a swim bladder.

Because of this, most sharks need to constantly swim in order to breathe and can't sleep very long, if at all, or they will sink. However certain shark species, like the [[nurse shark]], have spiracles that force water across their gills allowing them for stationary rest on the ocean bottom.<ref>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/questions/basics.html#sleep Do sharks sleep]</ref>

Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the nose, enter a natural state of [[tonic immobility]]. Researchers have used this condition to handle sharks safely.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pratt| first = H. L. Jr| coauthors = Gruber, S. H.; & Taniuchi, T.| title = Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries| publisher = NOAA Tech Rept.| date = 1990}}</ref>.

=== Osmoregulation ===
In contrast to bony fish, the blood and other tissue of sharks and Chondrichthyes in general is [[isotonic]] to their marine environments because of the high concentration of urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in osmotic balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in fresh water, and they are therefore confined to a [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] environment. A few exceptions to this rule exist, such as the [[bull shark]], which has developed a way to change its kidney function to excrete large amounts of urea.<ref name="Collins" /> When a shark dies the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria — because of this, the dead body will gradually start to smell strongly of ammonia. <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0212e/A0212E18.htm| title=Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries: 14. Shark Utilization| author=John A. Musick| publisher=FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department| accessdate=2008-03-16| year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ocean.udel.edu/mas/seafood/mako.html| title=MAKO SHARK
Isurus oxyrinchus| author=Thomas Batten| publisher=Delaware Sea Grant, University of Delaware| accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref>

=== Teeth ===
{{main|Shark teeth}}
[[Image:Tiger shark teeth.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Tiger shark]] teeth]]
The teeth of carnivorous sharks are not attached to the [[jaw]], but embedded in the flesh, and in many species are constantly replaced throughout the shark's life; some sharks can lose 30,000 teeth in a lifetime. All sharks have multiple rows of teeth along the edges of their upper and lower jaws. They stick out of their mouth at angles of up to thirty degrees. New teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on a "conveyor belt" formed by the skin in which they are anchored. In some sharks rows of teeth are replaced every 8–10 days, while in other species they could last several months. The lower teeth are primarily used for holding [[prey]], while the upper ones are used for cutting into it.<ref name="Gilbertson" /> The teeth range from thin, needle-like teeth for gripping fish to large, flat teeth adapted for crushing shellfish. 

===Tails===
[[Image:Shark Tail shapes.svg|right|300px|The range of shark tail shapes]]
The [[tail]]s (caudal fins) of sharks vary considerably between species and are adapted to the lifestyle of the shark. The tail provides thrust and so speed and acceleration are dependent on tail shape. Different tail shapes have evolved in sharks adapted for different environments. Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably larger than the ventral portion. This is due to the fact that the shark's vertebral column extends into that dorsal portion, allowing for a greater surface area for muscle attachment which would then be used for more efficient [[Animal locomotion|locomotion]] among the negatively buoyant cartilaginous fishes. This is in contrast to the bony fishes, class [[osteichthyes]], which possess a homocercal caudal fin.

The tiger shark's tail has a large upper lobe which delivers the maximum amount of power for slow cruising or sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark has a varied diet, and because of this it must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting, whereas the [[porbeagle]], which hunts schooling fish such as [[mackerel]] and [[herring]] has a large lower lobe to provide greater speed to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. It is also believed that sharks use the upper lobe of their tails to counter the lift generated by their pectoral fins. <ref name="Nelson">{{cite book| last=Nelson | first=Joseph S. | title= [[Fishes of the World]]| publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York| date= 1994|isbn= 0-471-54713-1| oclc=28965588}}</ref>

Some tail adaptations have purposes other than providing thrust. The [[cookiecutter shark]] has a tail with broad lower and upper lobes of similar shape which are luminescent and may help to lure prey towards the shark. The [[thresher shark|thresher]] feeds on fish and squid, which it is believed to herd, then stun with its powerful and elongated upper lobe.

=== Dermal denticles ===
{{main|Dermal denticle}}
Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complex dermal corset made of flexible collagenous fibers and arranged as a helical network surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy. In the past, sharks' skin has been used as sandpaper.

Their dermal teeth give them hydrodynamic advantages as they reduce turbulence when swimming.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/scales.htm | title = Skin of the Teeth | author = R. Aidan Martin | accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>
.

===Body temperature===
A few of the larger species, such as the [[shortfin mako shark|shortfin mako]], ''Isurus oxyrinchus'', and the [[great white shark|great white]], are mildly [[homeothermic]]<ref name="Nelson" />; that is: they are able to maintain their body temperature above the surrounding water temperature. This is possible because of the presence of the suprahepatic rate, a counter current exchange mechanism that reduces the loss of body heat. Muscular contraction also generates a mild amount of body heat. However, this differs significantly from true homeothermy, as found in mammals and birds, in which heat is generated, maintained, and regulated by metabolic activity.

===Lifespan===
The maximum lifespan of a shark varies from species to species. Most sharks live for 20 to 30 years, while the [[spiny dogfish]] lives a record lifespan of more than 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mote.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=Shark+Notes&category=Aquarium|title=Mote Marine Laboratory, "Shark Notes"}}</ref> [[Whale sharks]] (''Rhincodon typus'') have been hypothesized to also live over 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/nsrc/Basics.htm#live|title=Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department, "National Shark Research Consortium - Shark Basics"}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Until the 16th century,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shark&searchmode=none| title=Online Etymology Dictionary| accessdate=2006-08-08}}</ref> sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs".<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Underwater Exploration|last= Marx|first=Robert F.|date=1990|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|pages=3|isbn= 0-486-26487-4}}</ref> According to the [[OED]] the name "shark" first came into use after Sir [[John Hawkins]]' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and used the word to refer to the large sharks of the [[Caribbean Sea]], and later as a general term for all sharks. The name may have been derived from the [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] word for shark, ''xook'', pronounced [ʃoːk].

== Evolution ==
[[Image:Sharksteeth-castlehain.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A collection of fossilised [[shark teeth]]]]

Evidence for the existence of sharks extends back over 450–420 million years, into the [[Ordovician]] period, before land [[vertebrates]] existed and before many [[plants]] had colonised the continents.<ref name="RQGT">{{cite web|author=Martin, R. Aidan.|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/geologic_time.htm|title=Geologic Time|publisher=ReefQuest|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> All that has been recovered from the first sharks are some scales. The oldest shark teeth are from 400 million years ago. The first sharks looked very different from modern sharks.<ref name = "RQA"/> The majority of the modern sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago.<ref name = "RQMS"/>

Mostly only the fossilized [[teeth]] of sharks are found, although often in large numbers. In some cases pieces of the internal skeleton or even complete fossilized sharks have been discovered. Estimates suggest that over a span of a few years a shark may grow tens of thousands of teeth, which explains the abundance of fossils. As the teeth consist of [[calcium phosphate]], an [[apatite]], they are easily fossilized.

Instead of [[bone]]s, sharks have [[cartilage]]nous skeletons, with a bone-like layer broken up into thousands of isolated apatite prisms. When a shark dies, the decomposing skeleton breaks up and the apatite prisms scatter. Complete shark skeletons are only preserved when rapid burial in bottom sediments occurs.

Among the most ancient and primitive sharks is ''[[Cladoselache]]'', from about 370 million years ago,<ref name="RQA">{{cite web|author=Martin, R. Aidan.|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/ancient.htm|title=Ancient Sharks|publisher=ReefQuest|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> which has been found within the [[Paleozoic]] strata of [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]]. At this point in the [[Earth]]'s history these rocks made up the soft sediment of the bottom of a large, shallow ocean, which stretched across much of [[North America]]. ''Cladoselache'' was only about 1 m long with stiff triangular fins and slender jaws.<ref name="RQA" /> Its teeth had several pointed cusps, which would have been worn down by use. From the number of teeth found in any one place it is most likely that ''Cladoselache'' did not replace its teeth as regularly as modern sharks. Its caudal fins had a similar shape to the [[great white shark]]s and the pelagic [[Shortfin mako shark|shortfin]] and [[Longfin mako shark|longfin mako]]s. The discovery of whole fish found tail first in their stomachs suggest that they were fast swimmers with great agility.

From about 300 to 150 million years ago, most fossil sharks can be assigned to one of two groups. One of these, the [[Acanthodii]], was almost exclusive to freshwater environments.<ref>[http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/sharks/P2-3.htm "Xenacanth"]. Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum. Retrieved on 11/26/06.</ref><ref>[http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/earliest.htm "Biology of Sharks and Rays: 'The Earliest Sharks'"]. Retrieved on 11/26/06.</ref> By the time this group became extinct (about 220 million years ago) they had achieved worldwide distribution. The other group, the hybodonts, appeared about 320 million years ago and was mostly found in the oceans, but also in freshwater.

Modern sharks began to appear about 100 million years ago.<ref name="RQMS">{{cite web|author=Martin, R. Aidan.|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/origin_modern.htm|title=The Origin of Modern Sharks|publisher=ReefQuest|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> Fossil mackerel shark teeth occurred in the [[Lower Cretaceous]]. One of the most recent families of sharks that evolved is the [[hammerhead shark]]s (family [[Sphyrnidae]]), which emerged in [[Eocene]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/rise_modern.htm | title = The Rise of Modern Sharks | accessdate = 2007-08-28 | author = R. Aidan Martin}}</ref> The oldest white shark teeth date from 60 to 65 million years ago, around the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In early white shark evolution there are at least two lineages: one with coarsely serrated teeth that probably gave rise to the modern great white shark, and another with finely serrated teeth and a tendency to attain gigantic proportions. This group includes the extinct [[Megalodon]], ''Carcharodon megalodon'', which like most extinct sharks is only known from its teeth and a few vertebrae. This shark could grow to more than {{convert|16|m|ft|0}} long and is recognized as the biggest known carnivorous fish to have ever existed. Fossil records reveal that this shark preyed upon [[whales]] and other large marine [[mammal]]s.

It is believed that the immense size of predatory sharks such as the [[Great white shark|great white]] may have arisen from the extinction of giant marine reptiles, such as the [[mosasaur]]s and the diversification of mammals. It is known that at the same time these sharks were evolving some early mammalian groups evolved into aquatic forms. Certainly, wherever the teeth of large sharks have been found, there has also been an abundance of marine mammal bones, including [[pinniped|seals]], [[porpoises]] and whales. These bones frequently show signs of shark attack. There are hypotheses that suggest that large sharks evolved to better take advantage of larger prey.

== Classification ==
[[Image:Extant Shark Orders.svg|right|350px|Identification of the 8 [[Extant taxon|extant]] shark [[order (biology)|orders]]]]
Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass [[Elasmobranchii]] in the class [[Chondrichthyes]]. The Elasmobranchii also include [[Batoidea|rays]] and [[Skate (fish)|skate]]s; the Chondrichthyes also include [[Chimaera]]s. It is currently thought that the sharks form a [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] group: in particular, some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks.

There are more than 360 described species of sharks split across eight [[order (biology)|orders]] of sharks, listed below in roughly their evolutionary relationship from more primitive to more modern species:

*[[Hexanchiformes]]: Examples from this group include the [[cow shark]]s, [[frilled shark]] and even a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake.
*[[Squaliformes]]: This group includes the [[bramble shark]]s, [[dogfish]] and [[Squalidae|roughshark]]s, and [[prickly shark]].
*[[Pristiophoriformes]]: These are the [[sawshark]]s, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing the fish that they eat.
*[[Squatiniformes]]: Also known as [[angel shark]]s, they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to [[stingrays]] and [[skate]]s.
*[[Heterodontiformes]]: They are generally referred to as the [[bullhead shark|bullhead]] or [[horn shark]]s.
*[[Orectolobiformes]]: They are commonly referred to as the [[carpet shark]]s, including [[zebra shark]]s, [[nurse shark]]s, [[wobbegong]]s and the [[whale shark]].
*[[Carcharhiniformes]]: These are commonly referred to as the [[groundshark]]s, and some of the species include the [[blue shark|blue]], [[tiger shark|tiger]], [[bull shark|bull]], [[grey reef shark|grey reef]], [[blacktip reef shark|blacktip reef]], [[Caribbean reef shark|Caribbean reef]], [[Blacktail reef shark|blacktail reef]], [[whitetip reef shark|whitetip reef]] and [[oceanic whitetip shark]]s (collectively called the [[requiem shark]]s) along with the [[houndshark]]s, [[catshark]]s and [[hammerhead shark]]s. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a [[nictitating membrane]] which protects the eyes during an attack.
*[[Lamniformes]]: They are commonly known as the [[mackerel shark]]s. They include the [[goblin shark]], [[basking shark]], [[megamouth shark]], the [[thresher shark]]s, [[shortfin mako shark|shortfin]] and [[longfin mako shark]]s, and [[great white shark]]. They are distinguished by their large jaws and [[ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] reproduction. The Lamniformes include the extinct [[megalodon]], ''Carcharodon megalodon''.

== Reproduction ==
[[Image:Wobbegong claspers.jpg|thumb|right|Claspers of male spotted wobbegong, ''Orectolobus maculatus'']]
The [[Sexual reproduction|sex]] of a shark can be easily determined. The males have modified [[pelvic]] fins which have become a pair of [[clasper]]s. The name is somewhat misleading as they are not used to hold on to the female, but fulfill the role of the mammalian [[penis]].

[[Mating]] has rarely been observed in sharks. The smaller catsharks often mate with the male curling around the female. In less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female's [[oviduct]]. Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during mating. The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior: the male may bite the female to show his interest. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand these bites.

Sharks have a different reproductive strategy from most fish. Instead of producing huge numbers of eggs and fry (a strategy which can result in a survival rate of less than 0.01%), sharks normally produce around a dozen pups ([[blue shark]]s have been recorded as producing 135 and some species produce as few as two).<ref name="FAO">{{cite book|author= Leonard J. V. Compagno| title=Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|date=1984|isbn= 92-5-104543-7|oclc= 156157504}}</ref> These pups are either protected by egg cases or born live.
[[Image:PortJacksonShark'sEgg20050417c.JPG|thumb|right|Egg case of [[Port Jackson shark]] - found on a Vincentia beach, [[Jervis Bay Territory]], [[Australia]]]]
There are three ways in which shark pups are born:
*'''[[Oviparous|Oviparity]]''' - Some sharks lay eggs. In most of these species, the developing embryo is protected by an egg case with the consistency of leather. Sometimes these cases are corkscrewed into crevices for protection. The [[mermaid's purse]], found washed-up on beaches, is an empty egg case. Oviparous sharks include the [[horn shark]], [[catshark]], [[Port Jackson shark]], and [[swellshark]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk/teaching/MB/Fish02.html |title=Marine Biology notes|publisher=School of Life Sciences, Napier University|accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref>
*'''[[Viviparous|Viviparity]]''' - These sharks maintain a ''placental'' link to the developing young, more analogous to [[mammalian]] gestation than that of other fishes. The young are born alive and fully functional. [[hammerhead shark|Hammerheads]], the [[requiem sharks]] (such as the [[bull shark|bull]] and [[tiger shark|tiger]] sharks), the [[basking shark]] and the smooth [[dogfish]] fall into this category. Dogfish have the longest known gestation period of any shark, at 18 to 24 months. Basking sharks and frilled sharks are likely to have even longer gestation periods, but accurate data is lacking.<ref name="FAO" />
*'''[[Ovoviviparity]]''' - Most sharks utilize this method. The young are nourished by the yolk of their egg and by fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct. The eggs hatch within the oviduct, and the young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional. Some species practice ''[[oophagy]]'', where the first embryos to hatch eat the remaining eggs in the oviduct. This practice is believed to be present in all lamniforme sharks, while the developing pups of the [[grey nurse shark]] take this a stage further and consume other developing embryos ([[Cannibalism (zoology)#Intrauterine cannibalism|intrauterine cannibalism]]). The survival strategy for the species that are ovoviviparous is that the young are able to grow to a comparatively larger size before being born. The whale shark is now considered to be in this category after long having been classified as oviparous. [[Whale shark]] eggs found are now thought to have been aborted. Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths and shallow reefs. They choose such areas because of the protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance of food.

=== Parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) ===
There are two documented cases in which a female shark who has not been in contact with a male has conceived a pup on her own through a process known as [[parthenogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman DD, Shivji MS, Louis E, Sommer J, Fletcher H, Prodöhl PA |title=Virgin birth in a hammerhead shark |journal=Biology letters |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=425–7 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17519185 |pmc=2390672 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189 |url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189}}</ref><ref>''[http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/10/10/shark.virgin.birth.ap/index.html DNA test proves it -- baby shark has no father]'', CNN, 10 Oct. 2008</ref> The details of this process are not well understood but [[genetic fingerprinting]] has shown that the pups in these cases had no paternal contribution to their genome and were [[clone]]s of their mothers, ruling out sperm-storage as an alternative hypothesis. It is unknown as to the extent of this behavior in the wild, and how many species of shark are capable of parthenogenesis. This observation in sharks made mammals the only remaining major vertebrate group in which the phenomenon of asexual reproduction has not been observed.

Scientists warned that this type of behavior in the wild is rare, and probably a last ditch effort of a species to reproduce when a mate isn't present. This leads to a lack of [[genetic diversity]], required to build defenses against natural threats, and if a species of shark were to rely solely on asexual reproduction, it would probably be a road to extinction, and may have contributed to the decline of blue sharks off the Irish coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/science/23shark.html |title=Female sharks reproduce without male DNA, scientists say|publisher=The New York Times, New York City|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

== Shark senses ==
=== Sense of smell ===
[[Image:Scarface-tigershark.jpg|right|200px|Scarface [[tiger shark]]|250px|thumb]]
Sharks have keen [[olfactory]] senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one [[parts per million|part per million]] of blood in seawater. They are attracted to the chemicals found in the guts of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as [[nurse shark]]s, have external [[barbels]] that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.

Sharks generally rely on their superior sense of smell to find prey, but at closer range they also use the [[lateral line]]s running along their sides to sense movement in the water, and also employ special sensory pores on their heads ([[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]) to detect [[electrical]] fields created by prey and the ambient electric fields of the ocean.

=== Sense of sight ===
[[Image:Oceanic Whitetip Shark.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Oceanic whitetip shark with a small school of [[pilot fish]]]]
Shark [[eye]]s are similar to the eyes of other [[vertebrates]], including similar [[lens (anatomy)|lenses]], [[cornea]]s and [[retina]]s, though their eyesight is well adapted to the [[ocean|marine]] environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum. This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to the retina, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger [[nocturnal]] adaptations. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. To protect their eyes some have [[nictitating membrane]]s. This membrane covers the eyes during predation, and when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the [[great white shark]] (''Carcharodon carcharias''), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated. Some believe that electro and chemoreception are more significant, while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important. (Presumably, the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant.) The degree to which sight is used probably varies with species and water conditions. In effect the shark's field of vision can swap between monnocular and stereoscopic at any time.

=== Sense of hearing ===
Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, there are indications that suggest that they have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/hearing.htm | title = Hearing and Vibration Detection | author = R. Aidan Martin | accessdate = 2008-06-01}}</ref> A small opening on each side of their heads (not to be confused with the [[spiracle]]) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. The [[lateral line]] shows a similar arrangement, as it is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and [[tetrapod]]s the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.

=== Electroreception ===
{{main|Electroreception}}
[[Image:Electroreceptors in a sharks head.svg|right|300px|thumb|Electroreceptors (Ampullae of Lorenzini) and lateral line canals in the head of a shark.]]
The [[Ampullae of Lorenzini]] are the electroreceptor organs of the shark, and they vary in number from a couple of hundred to thousands in an individual. Sharks use the Ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kalmijn AJ |title=Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmobranch fishes |journal=Science (New York, N.Y.) |volume=218 |issue=4575 |pages=916–8 |year=1982 |month=November |pmid=7134985}}</ref> This helps sharks (mostly the hammer head) find its prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity known in all animals. This sense is used to find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields inadvertently produced by all fish. It is this sense that sometimes confuses a shark into attacking a boat: when the metal interacts with salt water, the electrochemical potentials generated by the rusting metal are similar to the weak fields of prey, or in some cases, much stronger than the prey's electrical fields: strong enough to attract sharks from miles away.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} The oceanic currents moving in the magnetic field of the [[Earth]] also generate electric fields that can be used by the sharks for orientation and may be used in navigation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meyer CG, Holland KN, Papastamatiou YP |title=Sharks can detect changes in the geomagnetic field |journal=Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=129–30 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=16849172 |pmc=1578252 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2004.0021 |url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rsif.2004.0021}}</ref>

=== Lateral line ===
{{main|Lateral line}}
This system is found in most fish, including sharks. It is used to detect motion or vibrations in the water. The shark uses this to detect the movements of other organisms, especially wounded fish. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 [[Hertz|Hz]].<ref>{{cite journal| last = Popper | first = A.N.| coauthors = C. Platt| title = Inner ear and lateral line| journal = The Physiology of Fishes| issue = 1st ed.| publisher = CRC Press| date = 1993}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
Studies on the behaviour of sharks have only recently been carried out leading to little information on the subject, although this is changing. The classic view of the shark is that of a solitary hunter, ranging the oceans in search of food; however, this is only true for a few species, with most living far more sedentary, [[benthic]] lives. Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or on rich hunting grounds, which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1586834,00.html| title= Scientists track shark's 12,000 mile round-trip | publisher= Guardian Unlimited | accessdate=2006-09-17| date=}}</ref> Migration patterns in sharks may be even more complex than in birds, with many sharks covering entire [[ocean basin]]s.

Some sharks can be highly social, remaining in large schools, sometimes up to over 100 individuals of [[scalloped hammerhead]]s congregating around [[seamount]]s and islands e.g. in the [[Gulf of California]].<ref name="Collins" /> Cross-species social hierarchies exist with [[oceanic whitetip shark]]s dominating [[silky shark]]s of comparable size when feeding.

When approached too closely some sharks will perform a [[Shark threat display|threat display]] to warn off the prospective predators. This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements, and can vary in intensity according to the level of threat.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/reptiles-amphibians-fish/fathomseminar-jaws/session2/no-fish-fathomseminar-jaws-session2.html| title=Jaws: The natural history of sharks| publisher=[[Natural History Museum]]| accessdate=2006-09-17}}</ref>

===Aversion to Dolphins===
There are many stories of [[dolphin]]s protecting humans from shark attacks. This phenomenon was investigated in an episode of [[Discovery Channel]]'s [[MythBusters (season 6)#Episode 90 - Supersized Myths|Mythbusters]], in which a feeding great white shark did not attack either a seal cutout or raw bait when a mechanical dolphin was placed in the water nearby. There has been no conclusive scientific study to explain this behaviour.

===Feeding===
[[Image:Surfacing great white shark.jpg|The [[Great white shark]] is one of only four kind of sharks that have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans.|thumb|200px|right]]
All sharks are [[carnivorous]], some like the whale shark are filter feeders and sieve plankton and small animals, others like the great white shark eat fish and even [[marine mammal]]s, many bottom living shark like the zebra shark eat [[mollusk]]s and [[crustacean]]s.

===Shark intelligence===
Despite the common myth that sharks are instinct-driven "eating machines", recent studies have indicated that many species possess powerful problem-solving skills, social complexity and curiosity. The brain-mass-to-body-mass ratios of sharks are similar to those of mammals and other higher vertebrate species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/287feature1.shtml|title=Smart sharks|publisher=BBC - Science and nature|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref>

In 1987, near Smitswinkle Bay, [[South Africa]], a group of up to seven [[great white shark]]s worked together to relocate the partially beached body of a dead whale to deeper waters to feed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/intelligence.htm|title=Is the White Shark Intelligent|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate= 2006-08-07}}</ref>

Sharks have even been known to engage in playful activities (a trait also observed in [[cetaceans]] and [[primates]]). [[Porbeagle]] sharks have been seen repeatedly rolling in kelp and have even been observed chasing an individual trailing a piece behind them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/l_nasus.htm|title=Biology of the Porbeagle|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref>

===Shark sleep===
It is unclear how sharks sleep. Some sharks can lie on the bottom while actively pumping water over their gills, but their eyes remain open and actively follow divers. When a shark is resting, it does not use its [[nares]], but rather its [[spiracle]]s. If a shark tried to use its nares while resting on the ocean floor, it would be sucking up sand rather than water. Many scientists believe this is one of the reasons sharks have spiracles. The [[spiny dogfish]]'s [[spinal cord]], rather than its brain, coordinates swimming, so it is possible for a [[spiny dogfish]] to continue to swim while sleeping.

It is also possible that a shark can sleep in a manner similar to [[dolphin]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/b_sleep.htm|title=How Do Sharks Swim When Asleep?|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref> In this situation, one half of the brain sleeps at a time, thereby allowing the shark to be half conscious while sleeping.

===Shark attacks===
[[Image:Snorkeler with blacktip reef shark.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Snorkeler with [[blacktip reef shark]]. In rare circumstances involving poor visibility, blacktips may bite a human, mistaking it for prey. Under normal conditions they are harmless and shy.]]
{{Main|Shark attack}}
In 2006 the [[International Shark Attack File]] (ISAF) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks, confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks. The average number of fatalities per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4.3.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/2006attacksummary.htm | title = Worldwide shark attack summary | publisher = [[International Shark Attack File]] | accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>

Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 360 species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the [[great white shark|great white]], [[oceanic whitetip shark|oceanic whitetip]], [[tiger shark|tiger]], and [[bull shark]]s.<ref name="isaf">{{cite web |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/species2.htm|title=Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark|publisher=ISAF|accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref>
<ref name="reefquest">{{cite web |url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/carcharhinidae.htm|title=Biology of sharks and rays|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref> These sharks, being large, powerful predators, may sometimes attack and kill people, but all of these sharks have been filmed in [[open water]], without the use of a protective cage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051231/NEWS11/512310330/1001/NEWS |title=Great white shark spotted off Hale'iwa|publisher=Hawaiian newspaper article|accessdate=2006-09-12}} with pictures of cageless diver with great white shark.</ref>

The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks, such as the [[Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916]], and through popular fictional works about shark attacks, such as the ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' film series. The author of ''Jaws'', [[Peter Benchley]], had in his later years attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man-eating monsters.

===Sharks in captivity===
[[Image:Male whale shark at Georgia Aquarium.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A [[whale shark]] in [[Georgia Aquarium]].]]
Until recently only a few [[benthic]] species of shark, such as [[Horn shark|hornsharks]], [[Triakis semifasciata|leopard sharks]] and [[catshark]]s could survive in aquarium conditions for up to a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. A better knowledge of sharks has led to more species (including the large [[pelagic]] sharks) being able to be kept for far longer. At the same time, transportation techniques have improved and now provide a way for the long distance movement of sharks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcss.sc/MCNEWS/mcn_v3_1_art3.htm| title= Whale Sharks in Captivity |accessdate=2006-09-13}}</ref> The only species of shark to have never been successfully held in captivity was the great white, until September 2004 when the Monterey Bay Aquarium successfully kept a young female great white shark for 198 days before releasing her back into the wild.
{{-}}

==Habitat==
A December 10, 2006 report by the [[Census of Marine Life]] group reveals that 70% of the world's oceans are shark-free. They have discovered that although many sharks live up to depths as low as {{convert|1500|m|ft|-3}}, they fail to colonize below {{convert|3000|m|ft|-3}}, putting them more easily within reach of fisheries and thus endangered status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coml.org/medres/highlights2006/CoML_Highlights_2006_News_Release_Public.pdf |title=Extreme Life, Marine Style, Highlights 2006 Ocean Census|publisher=coml.org|accessdate = 2006-12-10|date=2006-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Priede IG, Froese R, Bailey DM, ''et al''|title=The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans |journal=Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society |volume=273 |issue=1592 |pages=1435–41 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16777734 |pmc=1560292 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3461 |url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3461}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
[[Image:Sharksfin.jpg|right|150|thumb|The value of shark fins for [[shark fin soup]] has led to an increase in shark catches. Usually only the fin is taken, and the rest of the shark discarded, usually back into the sea. The shark can't swim and is left to die.]]
The majority of shark fisheries around the globe have little monitoring or management. With the rise in demand of shark products there is a greater pressure on fisheries.<ref>{{cite book| last=Pratt| first=H. L. Jr.| coauthors= Gruber, S. H. & Taniuchi, T. |date=1990| title=Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries|publisher=NOAA Tech Rept. (90)}}</ref> Stocks decline and collapse because sharks are long-lived apex predators with comparatively small populations, which makes it difficult for them breed rapidly enough to maintain population levels. Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded in recent years - some species have been depleted by over 90% over the past 20-30 years with a population decline of 70% not being unusual.<ref>{{cite book| last=Walker| first=T.I. |date=1998 |title=Shark Fisheries Management and Biology}}</ref> Many governments and the [[UN]] have acknowledged the need for shark fisheries management, but due to the low economic value of shark fisheries, the small volumes of products produced and the poor public image of sharks, little progress has been made.

Many other threats to sharks include habitat alteration, damage and loss from coastal developments, pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species.

The practice of [[shark finning]], cutting the fin from a shark and discarding the live animal, attracts much controversy and regulations are being enacted to prevent it from occurring.

A Canadian-made documentary, ''[[Sharkwater (film)|Sharkwater]]'' is raising awareness of the depletion of the world's shark population.

== Shark fishery ==
[[Image:Global shark catch graph 1950 to 2004.png|right|250px|thumb|The number of sharks being caught has increased rapidly over the last 50 years.]]
An estimate states that, every year, 26 to 73 million (median value is at 38 million) sharks are killed by people in commercial and recreational fishing.<ref name=pew>{{cite web | url = http://www.pewoceanscience.org/press/sharkfins/resources/PI_Ecology-Letters-Shark-Fin-Release.pdf| title = Triple Threat: World Fin Trade May Harvest up to 73 Million Sharks per Year | accessdate = 2007-10-07}}</ref> In the past, sharks were killed simply for the sport of landing a good fighting fish (such as the shortfin mako sharks). Shark skin is covered with dermal denticles, which are similar to tiny teeth, and was used for purposes similar to sandpaper. Other sharks are hunted for food (Atlantic thresher, shortfin mako and others), and some species for other products.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/fi/faocons/faocons.asp | title = FAO Shark Fisheries | accessdate = 2006-09-10}}</ref>

Sharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including [[Japan]] and [[Australia]]. In the Australian State of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] shark is the most commonly used fish in [[fish and chips]], in which fillets are battered and deep-fried or crumbed and grilled and served alongside chips. When served in fish and chip shops, it is called [[Flake (fish)|flake]]. In [[India]] small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in [[Tamil language]]) are caught by fishermen routinely and are sold in the local markets. Since the flesh is not developed completely it just breaks into powder once boiled and this is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu). Even the bones are soft and these can be easily chewed and considered a delicacy in coastal [[Tamil Nadu]]. In [[Iceland]], [[Greenland shark]]s are fished to produce [[hákarl]] or fermented shark, which is widely regarded as a [[national dish]].

[[Image:Tiger shark caught in bay.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A {{convert|14|ft|m|0|sing=on}}, 544 kg (1200 pound) [[Tiger shark]] caught in [[Kaneohe Bay]], [[Oahu]] in 1966.]]
Sharks are often killed for [[shark fin soup]]: the finning process involves the removal of the fin with a hot metal blade. Fishermen will capture live sharks, fin them, and release the finless animal back into the water. The immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators. Despite claims that this practice is rare, it has become a major trade within black markets all over the world with shark fins going at about $220/ lbs. Millions of sharks a year are being illegally poached for their fins and not many governments are enforcing the laws of protecting these apex predators. The dish is considered a status symbol in Asian countries, and is considered healthy and full of nutrients, with some even claiming they prevent cancer and other ailments.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prostatecancertreatment.co.uk/treatment-options/alternative-approaches | title=Alternative approaches to prostate cancer treatment | accessdate=2008-06-23}}</ref> There is no scientific proof that supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment.<ref>The results of a study sponsored by the [[National Cancer Institute]], and led by Dr. [[Charles Lu]] of the [[M.D. Anderson Cancer Center]] in [[Houston, Texas]], were presented at the annual meeting of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] on June 2, 2007 in [[Chicago]]. Cancer patients treated with extracts from shark cartilage had a '''shorter''' median lifespan than patients receiving a placebo. {{cite web | url=http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/library/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=338&Itemid=27 | title=Shark fin won’t help fight cancer, but ginseng will | accessdate=2008-06-23}}</ref> The shark fin trade is a major problem and has gained international controversy.

Sharks are also killed for their meat. Conservationists have campaigned for changes in the law to make finning illegal in the U.S. The meat of dogfishes, smoothhounds, catsharks, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays are in high demand by European consumers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sharkalliance.org/do_download.asp?did=1090 | title=Shark fisheries and trade in Europe:
Fact sheet on Italy | accessdate = 2007-09-06}} </ref>
However, the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] lists sharks as one of four fish (with [[swordfish]], [[king mackerel]], and [[tilefish]],) that children and women who are or may be pregnant should refrain from eating.
For details see [[Mercury poisoning#Organic mercury compounds|mercury poisoning]].

[[Shark cartilage]] has been advocated as effective against [[cancer]] and for treatment of [[osteoarthritis]]. (This is because many people believe that sharks cannot get cancer and that taking it will prevent people from getting these diseases, which is untrue.) However, a trial by [[Mayo Clinic]] found no effect in advanced cancer patients.

Sharks generally reach sexual maturity slowly and produce very few offspring in comparison to other fish that are harvested. This has caused concern among biologists regarding the increase in effort applied to catching sharks over time, and many species are considered to be threatened.

Some organizations, such as the [[Shark Trust]], campaign to limit shark fishing. According to [[Seafood Watch]], sharks are currently on the list of fish that American consumers, who are sustainability minded, should avoid.

== Sharks in mythology ==
Sharks figure prominently in the [[Hawaiian mythology]]. There are stories of shark men who have shark jaws on their back. They could change form between shark and human at any time they desired. A common theme in the stories was that the shark men would warn beach-goers that sharks were in the waters. The beach-goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and go swimming, subsequently being eaten by the same shark man who warned them not to enter the water.

Hawaiian mythology also contained many shark [[god]]s. Some families' [[Aumakua]], or deified ancestor guardians, were sharks who protected family members.
*'''Kamohoali'i''' - The best known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favoured brother of [[Pele (deity)|Pele]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mythicalrealm.com/legends/pele.html | title = Pele, Goddess of Fire|accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref> and helped and journeyed with her to [[Hawaii]]. He was able to take on all human and fish forms. A summit cliff on the crater of Kilauea is considered to be one of his most sacred spots. At one point he had a ''[[heiau]]'' (temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of Moloka'i.
*'''Ka'ahupahau''' - This goddess was born human, with her defining characteristic being her red hair. She was later transformed into shark form and was believed to protect the people who lived on O'ahu from sharks. She was also believed to live near [[Pearl Harbor]].
*'''Kaholia Kane''' - This was the shark god of the ali'i Kalaniopu'u and he was believed to live in a cave at Puhi, Kaua'i.
*'''Kane'ae''' - The shark goddess who transformed into a human in order to experience the joy of dancing.
*'''Kane'apua''' - Most commonly, he was the brother of Pele and Kamohoali'i. He was a trickster god who performed many heroic feats, including the calming of two legendary colliding hills that destroyed canoes trying to pass between.
*'''Kawelomahamahai'a''' - Another human, he was transformed into a shark.
*'''Keali'ikau 'o Ka'u''' - He was the cousin of Pele and son of Kua. He was called the protector of the Ka'u people. He had an affair with a human girl, who gave birth to a helpful green shark.
*'''Kua''' - This was the main shark god of the people of Ka'u, and believed to be their ancestor.
*'''Kuhaimoana''' - He was the brother of Pele and lived in the Ka'ula islet. He was said to be 30 fathoms (55 m) long and was the husband of Ka'ahupahau.
*'''Kauhuhu''' - He was a fierce king shark that lived in a cave in Kipahulu on the island of Maui. He sometimes moved to another cave on the windward side of island of Moloka'i.
*'''Kane-i-kokala''' - A kind shark god that saved shipwrecked people by taking them to shore. The people who worshipped him feared to eat, touch or cross the smoke of the kokala, his sacred fish.

In other Pacific Ocean cultures, '''Dakuwanga''' was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls.

== Sharks in cultural tradition ==
In ancient Greece, it was forbidden to eat shark flesh at women's festivals.

A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and [[cancer]]; however, this remains to be proved. sharks may get cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Finkelstein JB |title=Sharks do get cancer: few surprises in cartilage research |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=97 |issue=21 |pages=1562–3 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16264172 |doi=10.1093/jnci/dji392 |url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16264172}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ostrander GK, Cheng KC, Wolf JC, Wolfe MJ |title=Shark cartilage, cancer and the growing threat of pseudoscience |journal=Cancer research |volume=64 |issue=23 |pages=8485–91 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15574750 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260 |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15574750}}</ref> There are both diseases and [[parasites]] that affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly [[anecdotal]] and there have been few, if any, scientific or [[statistical]] studies that have shown sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0820_030820_sharkcancer.html | title = Do Sharks Hold Secret to Human Cancer Fight? | publisher = National Geographic | accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref>


== See also ==
* [[List of sharks]]
* [[Marine vertebrates]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
;General references
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| last=Castro| first=Jose |title=The Sharks of North American Waters |location=College Station | publisher=Texas A&M University Press|date=1983|isbn= 0-89096-143-3| oclc=183037060}}
*{{cite book| last=Stevens| first=John D. |title= Sharks |location= New York| publisher=NY Facts on File Publications|date=1987|isbn= 0-8160-1800-6| oclc=15163749 }}
*{{cite book| last=Pough|first=F. H.| coauthors=Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. |date=2005|title=Vertebrate Life. 7th Ed. |publisher=Pearson Education Ltd. |location=New Jersey|isbn = 0-13-127836-3| oclc=54822028}}
*Clover, Charles. 2004. ''The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat''. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Sisterlinks|Shark}}
{{Wikispecies|Selachimorpha}}
{{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Selachimorpha}}
* [http://www.sharkreef.co.cc Shark Reef! Forum with complete list of sharks, wiki, and more.]
* [http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2999 WikiAnswers: questions and answers about Sharks]
* [http://www.sampla.org South African Marine Predator Lab] a research institute studying marine top predators.
* [http://www.sharks.org Shark Research Institute]
* [http://www.geerg.ca Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group]
* [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/ISAF/ISAF.htm The International Shark Attack File]
* [http://www.sharktrust.org/ Shark Trust Organization]
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research]
* [http://www.whaleshark.org ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library]
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/research/checklist_res.htm Updated list of all known shark species]
* [http://www.sharkattackfile.net Global Shark Attack File]
* [http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/ Shark Research Committee]
* [http://www.elasmodiver.com Shark Pictures and Elasmobranch Field Guide]
* [http://www.morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/?tsn=551500 Shark pictures on Morphbank]
* [http://www.oceanicdreams.com Shark pictures by Wolfgang Leander]

{{Shark nav}}
{{Chondrichthyes}}

[[Category:Sharks| ]]
[[Category:Cartilaginous fishes]]
[[Category:Fishing]]

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[[hr:Morski psi]]
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[[it:Selachimorpha]]
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[[ro:Rechin]]
[[qu:Tiwrun]]
[[ru:Акулы]]
[[sq:Peshkaqeni]]
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[[simple:Shark]]
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[[sl:Morski psi]]
[[sr:Ајкула]]
[[fi:Hait]]
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[[ta:சுறா]]
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[[zh:鲨鱼]]

Talk:Shark

2008-10-21T12:15:00Z

Chris huh: /* Removal of misleading digitally altered photos */ respond to request on talk page

Shark

2008-10-18T09:18:57Z

Chris huh: remove top whale shark photo (used below), and removed white shark from teeth section (teeth not clear, already have another photo)

{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Sharks
| fossil_range = [[Ordovician]] to recent
| trend = unknown
| status_system = iucn2.3
| image = Whiteshark-TGoss1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
| subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
| genus_authority = [[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|Smith]], 1838
| binomial = ''Carcharodon carcharias''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
| subdivision_ranks = [[Orders (biology)|Orders]]
| subdivision =
[[Carcharhiniformes]] 
[[Heterodontiformes]] 
[[Hexanchiformes]] 
[[Lamniformes]] 
[[Orectolobiformes]] 
[[Pristiophoriformes]] 
[[Squaliformes]] 
[[Squatiniformes]] 
† [[Symmoriida]] 
† [[Cladoselachiformes]] 
† [[Xenacanthida]] (Xenacantiformes) 
† [[Iniopterygia]] 
† [[Eugeneodontida]] 
}}
'''Sharks''' ([[superorder]] '''Selachimorpha''') are a type of [[fish]] with a full [[Cartilage|cartilaginous]] [[skeleton]] and a highly [[Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines|streamline]]d body. They respire with the use of five to seven [[gill]] slits. Sharks have a covering of [[dermal denticle]]s that protect their skin from damage and [[parasite]]s and improve [[fluid dynamics]]; they also have replaceable teeth.<ref name="Budker">{{cite book| last= Budker|first=Paul|title=The Life of Sharks|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson| location=London| date=1971| id= SBN 297003070}}</ref>
Sharks range in size from the small [[dwarf lanternshark]], ''Etmopterus perryi'', a deep sea species of only {{convert|17|cm|in|0}} in length, to the [[whale shark]], ''Rhincodon typus'', the largest fish, which grows to a length of approximately {{convert|12|m|ft|0}} and which, like [[baleen whale]]s, feeds only on [[plankton]], [[squid]], and small [[fish]] through [[filter feeding]]. The [[bull shark]], ''Carcharhinus leucas'', is the best known of several species to swim in both [[Seawater|salt]], [[freshwater]] and in [[river delta|delta]]s.<ref>{{cite book| last=Allen| first=Thomas B. |date=1999| title=The Shark Almanac|location=New York| publisher=The Lyons Press |isbn= 1-55821-582-4| oclc=39627633}}</ref>

== Physical characteristics==
{{main|Physical characteristics of sharks}}
=== Skeleton ===
The skeleton of a shark is very different from that of [[Osteichthyes|bony fish]] and [[tetrapod|terrestrial vertebrates]]. Sharks and other [[chondrichthyes|cartilaginous fish]] (skates and rays) have skeletons made from cartilage but they are still considered bones. They function in the same way as human bones do. Like its relatives, rays and skates, the shark's [[jaw]] is not attached to the [[cranium]]. The jaw's surface, like its vertebrae and gill arches, is a skeletal element that needs extra support due to its heavier exposure to physical stress and its need for extra strength. It has therefore a layer of unique and tiny hexagonal plates called "tesserae", crystal blocks of calcium salts arranged as a mosaic.<ref>{{cite book| last = Hamlett| first = W. C.| title = Sharks, Skates and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| date = 1999|isbn= 0-8018-6048-2| oclc = 39217534}}</ref> This gives these areas much of the same strength found in real and much heavier bony tissue.

The general rule is that there is only one layer of tesserae in sharks, but the jaws of large specimens, such as the [[bull shark]], [[tiger shark]], and [[the great white shark]], have been found to be covered with two to three layers or more, depending on the body size. The jaws of a large white shark may even have up to five layers.

In the rostrum (snout), the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts.

The fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers.

=== Respiration ===
[[Image:Parts of a shark.svg|right|440px|The major features of sharks]] Like other fish, sharks extract [[oxygen]] from seawater as it passes over their [[gill]]s. Shark gill slits are not covered like other fish, but are in a row behind its head. A modified slit called a [[spiracle]] is located just behind the [[eye]]; the spiracle assists the water intake during [[Aquatic respiration|respiration]] and even plays a major role in bottom dwelling sharks, but is also reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks.<ref name="Gilbertson">{{cite book| last = Gilbertson| first = Lance |title = Zoology Laboratory Manual| publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.| date = 1999| location = New York|isbn= 0-07-237716-X}}</ref> While moving, water passes through the mouth of the shark and over the gills — this process is known as "ram ventilation". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small subset of shark species that spend their life constantly swimming, a behaviour common in [[pelagic]] sharks, have lost the ability to pump water through their gills. These species are ''obligate ram ventilators'' and would presumably [[asphyxiate]] if unable to stay in motion. (Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.textbookleague.org/73shark.htm | title = Deep Breathing | author = William J. Bennetta | year = 1996 | accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>
The respiration and circulation process begins when deoxygenated blood travels to the shark's two-chambered heart. Here the blood is pumped to the shark's gills via the [[ventral aorta]] artery where it branches off into [[afferent]] [[brachial arteries]]. Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the efferent brachial arteries, which come together to form the [[dorsal aorta]]. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the posterior [[cardinal veins]] and enters the posterior [[cardinal sinuses]]. From there blood enters the ventricle of the heart and the cycle repeats.

===Buoyancy===
Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled [[swim bladder]]s for buoyancy. Instead, sharks rely on a large liver, filled with oil that contains [[squalene]]. The buoyant liver may constitute up to 30% of their body mass<ref name="Collins">{{cite book | last = Compagno | first = Leonard | coauthors = Dando, Marc & Fowler, Sarah | title = Sharks of the World | publisher = Collins Field Guides | date = 2005|isbn= 0-00-713610-2 | oclc = 183136093}}</ref>. Its effectiveness is limited, so sharks employ [[dynamic lift (fish)|dynamic lift]] to maintain depth and sink when they stop swimming. Sandtiger sharks are also known to gulp air from the surface and store it in their stomachs, using the stomach as a swim bladder.

Because of this, most sharks need to constantly swim in order to breathe and can't sleep very long, if at all, or they will sink. However certain shark species, like the [[nurse shark]], have spiracles that force water across their gills allowing them for stationary rest on the ocean bottom.<ref>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/questions/basics.html#sleep Do sharks sleep]</ref>

Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the nose, enter a natural state of [[tonic immobility]]. Researchers have used this condition to handle sharks safely.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pratt| first = H. L. Jr| coauthors = Gruber, S. H.; & Taniuchi, T.| title = Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries| publisher = NOAA Tech Rept.| date = 1990}}</ref>.

=== Osmoregulation ===
In contrast to bony fish, the blood and other tissue of sharks and Chondrichthyes in general is [[isotonic]] to their marine environments because of the high concentration of urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in osmotic balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in fresh water, and they are therefore confined to a [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] environment. A few exceptions to this rule exist, such as the [[bull shark]], which has developed a way to change its kidney function to excrete large amounts of urea.<ref name="Collins" /> When a shark dies the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria — because of this, the dead body will gradually start to smell strongly of ammonia. <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0212e/A0212E18.htm| title=Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries: 14. Shark Utilization| author=John A. Musick| publisher=FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department| accessdate=2008-03-16| year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ocean.udel.edu/mas/seafood/mako.html| title=MAKO SHARK
Isurus oxyrinchus| author=Thomas Batten| publisher=Delaware Sea Grant, University of Delaware| accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref>

=== Teeth ===
{{main|Shark teeth}}
[[Image:Tiger shark teeth.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Tiger shark]] teeth]]
The teeth of carnivorous sharks are not attached to the [[jaw]], but embedded in the flesh, and in many species are constantly replaced throughout the shark's life; some sharks can lose 30,000 teeth in a lifetime. All sharks have multiple rows of teeth along the edges of their upper and lower jaws. They stick out of their mouth at angles of up to thirty degrees. New teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on a "conveyor belt" formed by the skin in which they are anchored. In some sharks rows of teeth are replaced every 8–10 days, while in other species they could last several months. The lower teeth are primarily used for holding [[prey]], while the upper ones are used for cutting into it.<ref name="Gilbertson" /> The teeth range from thin, needle-like teeth for gripping fish to large, flat teeth adapted for crushing shellfish. 

===Tails===
[[Image:Shark Tail shapes.svg|right|300px|The range of shark tail shapes]]
The [[tail]]s (caudal fins) of sharks vary considerably between species and are adapted to the lifestyle of the shark. The tail provides thrust and so speed and acceleration are dependent on tail shape. Different tail shapes have evolved in sharks adapted for different environments. Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably larger than the ventral portion. This is due to the fact that the shark's vertebral column extends into that dorsal portion, allowing for a greater surface area for muscle attachment which would then be used for more efficient [[Animal locomotion|locomotion]] among the negatively buoyant cartilaginous fishes. This is in contrast to the bony fishes, class [[osteichthyes]], which possess a homocercal caudal fin.

The tiger shark's tail has a large upper lobe which delivers the maximum amount of power for slow cruising or sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark has a varied diet, and because of this it must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting, whereas the [[porbeagle]], which hunts schooling fish such as [[mackerel]] and [[herring]] has a large lower lobe to provide greater speed to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. It is also believed that sharks use the upper lobe of their tails to counter the lift generated by their pectoral fins. <ref name="Nelson">{{cite book| last=Nelson | first=Joseph S. | title= [[Fishes of the World]]| publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York| date= 1994|isbn= 0-471-54713-1| oclc=28965588}}</ref>

Some tail adaptations have purposes other than providing thrust. The [[cookiecutter shark]] has a tail with broad lower and upper lobes of similar shape which are luminescent and may help to lure prey towards the shark. The [[thresher shark|thresher]] feeds on fish and squid, which it is believed to herd, then stun with its powerful and elongated upper lobe.

=== Dermal denticles ===
{{main|Dermal denticle}}
Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complex dermal corset made of flexible collagenous fibers and arranged as a helical network surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy. In the past, sharks' skin has been used as sandpaper.

Their dermal teeth give them hydrodynamic advantages as they reduce turbulence when swimming.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/scales.htm | title = Skin of the Teeth | author = R. Aidan Martin | accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>

===Body temperature===
A few of the larger species, such as the [[shortfin mako shark|shortfin mako]], ''Isurus oxyrinchus'', and the [[great white shark|great white]], are mildly [[homeothermic]]<ref name="Nelson" />; that is: they are able to maintain their body temperature above the surrounding water temperature. This is possible because of the presence of the suprahepatic rate, a counter current exchange mechanism that reduces the loss of body heat. Muscular contraction also generates a mild amount of body heat. However, this differs significantly from true homeothermy, as found in mammals and birds, in which heat is generated, maintained, and regulated by metabolic activity.

===Lifespan===
The maximum lifespan of a shark varies from species to species. Most sharks live for 20 to 30 years, while the [[spiny dogfish]] lives a record lifespan of more than 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mote.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=Shark+Notes&category=Aquarium|title=Mote Marine Laboratory, "Shark Notes"}}</ref> [[Whale sharks]] (''Rhincodon typus'') have been hypothesized to also live over 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/nsrc/Basics.htm#live|title=Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department, "National Shark Research Consortium - Shark Basics"}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Until the 16th century,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=shark&searchmode=none| title=Online Etymology Dictionary| accessdate=2006-08-08}}</ref> sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs".<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Underwater Exploration|last= Marx|first=Robert F.|date=1990|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|pages=3|isbn= 0-486-26487-4}}</ref> According to the [[OED]] the name "shark" first came into use after Sir [[John Hawkins]]' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and used the word to refer to the large sharks of the [[Caribbean Sea]], and later as a general term for all sharks. The name may have been derived from the [[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]] word for shark, ''xook'', pronounced [ʃoːk].

== Evolution ==
[[Image:Sharksteeth-castlehain.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A collection of fossilised [[shark teeth]]]]

Evidence for the existence of sharks extends back over 450–420 million years, into the [[Ordovician]] period, before land [[vertebrates]] existed and before many [[plants]] had colonised the continents.<ref name="RQGT">{{cite web|author=Martin, R. Aidan.|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/geologic_time.htm|title=Geologic Time|publisher=ReefQuest|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> All that has been recovered from the first sharks are some scales. The oldest shark teeth are from 400 million years ago. The first sharks looked very different from modern sharks.<ref name = "RQA"/> The majority of the modern sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago.<ref name = "RQMS"/>

Mostly only the fossilized [[teeth]] of sharks are found, although often in large numbers. In some cases pieces of the internal skeleton or even complete fossilized sharks have been discovered. Estimates suggest that over a span of a few years a shark may grow tens of thousands of teeth, which explains the abundance of fossils. As the teeth consist of [[calcium phosphate]], an [[apatite]], they are easily fossilized.

Instead of [[bone]]s, sharks have [[cartilage]]nous skeletons, with a bone-like layer broken up into thousands of isolated apatite prisms. When a shark dies, the decomposing skeleton breaks up and the apatite prisms scatter. Complete shark skeletons are only preserved when rapid burial in bottom sediments occurs.

Among the most ancient and primitive sharks is ''[[Cladoselache]]'', from about 370 million years ago,<ref name="RQA">{{cite web|author=Martin, R. Aidan.|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/ancient.htm|title=Ancient Sharks|publisher=ReefQuest|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> which has been found within the [[Paleozoic]] strata of [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]]. At this point in the [[Earth]]'s history these rocks made up the soft sediment of the bottom of a large, shallow ocean, which stretched across much of [[North America]]. ''Cladoselache'' was only about 1 m long with stiff triangular fins and slender jaws.<ref name="RQA" /> Its teeth had several pointed cusps, which would have been worn down by use. From the number of teeth found in any one place it is most likely that ''Cladoselache'' did not replace its teeth as regularly as modern sharks. Its caudal fins had a similar shape to the [[great white shark]]s and the pelagic [[Shortfin mako shark|shortfin]] and [[Longfin mako shark|longfin mako]]s. The discovery of whole fish found tail first in their stomachs suggest that they were fast swimmers with great agility.

From about 300 to 150 million years ago, most fossil sharks can be assigned to one of two groups. One of these, the [[Acanthodii]], was almost exclusive to freshwater environments.<ref>[http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/sharks/P2-3.htm "Xenacanth"]. Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum. Retrieved on 11/26/06.</ref><ref>[http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/earliest.htm "Biology of Sharks and Rays: 'The Earliest Sharks'"]. Retrieved on 11/26/06.</ref> By the time this group became extinct (about 220 million years ago) they had achieved worldwide distribution. The other group, the hybodonts, appeared about 320 million years ago and was mostly found in the oceans, but also in freshwater.

Modern sharks began to appear about 100 million years ago.<ref name="RQMS">{{cite web|author=Martin, R. Aidan.|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/origin_modern.htm|title=The Origin of Modern Sharks|publisher=ReefQuest|accessdate=2006-09-09}}</ref> Fossil mackerel shark teeth occurred in the [[Lower Cretaceous]]. One of the most recent families of sharks that evolved is the [[hammerhead shark]]s (family [[Sphyrnidae]]), which emerged in [[Eocene]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/rise_modern.htm | title = The Rise of Modern Sharks | accessdate = 2007-08-28 | author = R. Aidan Martin}}</ref> The oldest white shark teeth date from 60 to 65 million years ago, around the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In early white shark evolution there are at least two lineages: one with coarsely serrated teeth that probably gave rise to the modern great white shark, and another with finely serrated teeth and a tendency to attain gigantic proportions. This group includes the extinct [[Megalodon]], ''Carcharodon megalodon'', which like most extinct sharks is only known from its teeth and a few vertebrae. This shark could grow to more than {{convert|16|m|ft|0}} long and is recognized as the biggest known carnivorous fish to have ever existed. Fossil records reveal that this shark preyed upon [[whales]] and other large marine [[mammal]]s.

It is believed that the immense size of predatory sharks such as the [[Great white shark|great white]] may have arisen from the extinction of giant marine reptiles, such as the [[mosasaur]]s and the diversification of mammals. It is known that at the same time these sharks were evolving some early mammalian groups evolved into aquatic forms. Certainly, wherever the teeth of large sharks have been found, there has also been an abundance of marine mammal bones, including [[pinniped|seals]], [[porpoises]] and whales. These bones frequently show signs of shark attack. There are hypotheses that suggest that large sharks evolved to better take advantage of larger prey.

== Classification ==
[[Image:Extant Shark Orders.svg|right|350px|Identification of the 8 [[Extant taxon|extant]] shark [[order (biology)|orders]]]]
Sharks belong to the superorder Selachimorpha in the subclass [[Elasmobranchii]] in the class [[Chondrichthyes]]. The Elasmobranchii also include [[Batoidea|rays]] and [[Skate (fish)|skate]]s; the Chondrichthyes also include [[Chimaera]]s. It is currently thought that the sharks form a [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] group: in particular, some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks.

There are more than 360 described species of sharks split across eight [[order (biology)|orders]] of sharks, listed below in roughly their evolutionary relationship from more primitive to more modern species:

*[[Hexanchiformes]]: Examples from this group include the [[cow shark]]s, [[frilled shark]] and even a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake.
*[[Squaliformes]]: This group includes the [[bramble shark]]s, [[dogfish]] and [[Squalidae|roughshark]]s, and [[prickly shark]].
*[[Pristiophoriformes]]: These are the [[sawshark]]s, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing the fish that they eat.
*[[Squatiniformes]]: Also known as [[angel shark]]s, they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to [[stingrays]] and [[skate]]s.
*[[Heterodontiformes]]: They are generally referred to as the [[bullhead shark|bullhead]] or [[horn shark]]s.
*[[Orectolobiformes]]: They are commonly referred to as the [[carpet shark]]s, including [[zebra shark]]s, [[nurse shark]]s, [[wobbegong]]s and the [[whale shark]].
*[[Carcharhiniformes]]: These are commonly referred to as the [[groundshark]]s, and some of the species include the [[blue shark|blue]], [[tiger shark|tiger]], [[bull shark|bull]], [[grey reef shark|grey reef]], [[blacktip reef shark|blacktip reef]], [[Caribbean reef shark|Caribbean reef]], [[Blacktail reef shark|blacktail reef]], [[whitetip reef shark|whitetip reef]] and [[oceanic whitetip shark]]s (collectively called the [[requiem shark]]s) along with the [[houndshark]]s, [[catshark]]s and [[hammerhead shark]]s. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a [[nictitating membrane]] which protects the eyes during an attack.
*[[Lamniformes]]: They are commonly known as the [[mackerel shark]]s. They include the [[goblin shark]], [[basking shark]], [[megamouth shark]], the [[thresher shark]]s, [[shortfin mako shark|shortfin]] and [[longfin mako shark]]s, and [[great white shark]]. They are distinguished by their large jaws and [[ovoviviparity|ovoviviparous]] reproduction. The Lamniformes include the extinct [[megalodon]], ''Carcharodon megalodon''.

== Reproduction ==
[[Image:Wobbegong claspers.jpg|thumb|right|Claspers of male spotted wobbegong, ''Orectolobus maculatus'']]
The [[Sexual reproduction|sex]] of a shark can be easily determined. The males have modified [[pelvic]] fins which have become a pair of [[clasper]]s. The name is somewhat misleading as they are not used to hold on to the female, but fulfill the role of the mammalian [[penis]].

[[Mating]] has rarely been observed in sharks. The smaller catsharks often mate with the male curling around the female. In less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female's [[oviduct]]. Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during mating. The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior: the male may bite the female to show his interest. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand these bites.

Sharks have a different reproductive strategy from most fish. Instead of producing huge numbers of eggs and fry (a strategy which can result in a survival rate of less than 0.01%), sharks normally produce around a dozen pups ([[blue shark]]s have been recorded as producing 135 and some species produce as few as two).<ref name="FAO">{{cite book|author= Leonard J. V. Compagno| title=Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|date=1984|isbn= 92-5-104543-7|oclc= 156157504}}</ref> These pups are either protected by egg cases or born live.
[[Image:PortJacksonShark'sEgg20050417c.JPG|thumb|right|Egg case of [[Port Jackson shark]] - found on a Vincentia beach, [[Jervis Bay Territory]], [[Australia]]]]
There are three ways in which shark pups are born:
*'''[[Oviparous|Oviparity]]''' - Some sharks lay eggs. In most of these species, the developing embryo is protected by an egg case with the consistency of leather. Sometimes these cases are corkscrewed into crevices for protection. The [[mermaid's purse]], found washed-up on beaches, is an empty egg case. Oviparous sharks include the [[horn shark]], [[catshark]], [[Port Jackson shark]], and [[swellshark]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk/teaching/MB/Fish02.html |title=Marine Biology notes|publisher=School of Life Sciences, Napier University|accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref>
*'''[[Viviparous|Viviparity]]''' - These sharks maintain a ''placental'' link to the developing young, more analogous to [[mammalian]] gestation than that of other fishes. The young are born alive and fully functional. [[hammerhead shark|Hammerheads]], the [[requiem sharks]] (such as the [[bull shark|bull]] and [[tiger shark|tiger]] sharks), the [[basking shark]] and the smooth [[dogfish]] fall into this category. Dogfish have the longest known gestation period of any shark, at 18 to 24 months. Basking sharks and frilled sharks are likely to have even longer gestation periods, but accurate data is lacking.<ref name="FAO" />
*'''[[Ovoviviparity]]''' - Most sharks utilize this method. The young are nourished by the yolk of their egg and by fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct. The eggs hatch within the oviduct, and the young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional. Some species practice ''[[oophagy]]'', where the first embryos to hatch eat the remaining eggs in the oviduct. This practice is believed to be present in all lamniforme sharks, while the developing pups of the [[grey nurse shark]] take this a stage further and consume other developing embryos ([[Cannibalism (zoology)#Intrauterine cannibalism|intrauterine cannibalism]]). The survival strategy for the species that are ovoviviparous is that the young are able to grow to a comparatively larger size before being born. The whale shark is now considered to be in this category after long having been classified as oviparous. [[Whale shark]] eggs found are now thought to have been aborted. Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths and shallow reefs. They choose such areas because of the protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance of food.

=== Parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) ===
There are two documented cases in which a female shark who has not been in contact with a male has conceived a pup on her own through a process known as [[parthenogenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman DD, Shivji MS, Louis E, Sommer J, Fletcher H, Prodöhl PA |title=Virgin birth in a hammerhead shark |journal=Biology letters |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=425–7 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17519185 |pmc=2390672 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189 |url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189}}</ref><ref>''[http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/10/10/shark.virgin.birth.ap/index.html DNA test proves it -- baby shark has no father]'', CNN, 10 Oct. 2008</ref> The details of this process are not well understood but [[genetic fingerprinting]] has shown that the pups in these cases had no paternal contribution to their genome and were [[clone]]s of their mothers, ruling out sperm-storage as an alternative hypothesis. It is unknown as to the extent of this behavior in the wild, and how many species of shark are capable of parthenogenesis. This observation in sharks made mammals the only remaining major vertebrate group in which the phenomenon of asexual reproduction has not been observed.

Scientists warned that this type of behavior in the wild is rare, and probably a last ditch effort of a species to reproduce when a mate isn't present. This leads to a lack of [[genetic diversity]], required to build defenses against natural threats, and if a species of shark were to rely solely on asexual reproduction, it would probably be a road to extinction, and may have contributed to the decline of blue sharks off the Irish coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/science/23shark.html |title=Female sharks reproduce without male DNA, scientists say|publisher=The New York Times, New York City|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

== Shark senses ==
=== Sense of smell ===
[[Image:Scarface-tigershark.jpg|right|200px|Scarface [[tiger shark]]|250px|thumb]]
Sharks have keen [[olfactory]] senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one [[parts per million|part per million]] of blood in seawater. They are attracted to the chemicals found in the guts of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as [[nurse shark]]s, have external [[barbels]] that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.

Sharks generally rely on their superior sense of smell to find prey, but at closer range they also use the [[lateral line]]s running along their sides to sense movement in the water, and also employ special sensory pores on their heads ([[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]) to detect [[electrical]] fields created by prey and the ambient electric fields of the ocean.

=== Sense of sight ===
[[Image:Oceanic Whitetip Shark.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Oceanic whitetip shark with a small school of [[pilot fish]]]]
Shark [[eye]]s are similar to the eyes of other [[vertebrates]], including similar [[lens (anatomy)|lenses]], [[cornea]]s and [[retina]]s, though their eyesight is well adapted to the [[ocean|marine]] environment with the help of a tissue called tapetum lucidum. This tissue is behind the retina and reflects light back to the retina, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger [[nocturnal]] adaptations. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. To protect their eyes some have [[nictitating membrane]]s. This membrane covers the eyes during predation, and when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the [[great white shark]] (''Carcharodon carcharias''), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated. Some believe that electro and chemoreception are more significant, while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important. (Presumably, the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant.) The degree to which sight is used probably varies with species and water conditions. In effect the shark's field of vision can swap between monnocular and stereoscopic at any time.

=== Sense of hearing ===
Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, there are indications that suggest that they have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/hearing.htm | title = Hearing and Vibration Detection | author = R. Aidan Martin | accessdate = 2008-06-01}}</ref> A small opening on each side of their heads (not to be confused with the [[spiracle]]) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. The [[lateral line]] shows a similar arrangement, as it is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and [[tetrapod]]s the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.

=== Electroreception ===
{{main|Electroreception}}
[[Image:Electroreceptors in a sharks head.svg|right|300px|thumb|Electroreceptors (Ampullae of Lorenzini) and lateral line canals in the head of a shark.]]
The [[Ampullae of Lorenzini]] are the electroreceptor organs of the shark, and they vary in number from a couple of hundred to thousands in an individual. Sharks use the Ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kalmijn AJ |title=Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmobranch fishes |journal=Science (New York, N.Y.) |volume=218 |issue=4575 |pages=916–8 |year=1982 |month=November |pmid=7134985}}</ref> This helps sharks (mostly the hammer head) find its prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity known in all animals. This sense is used to find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields inadvertently produced by all fish. It is this sense that sometimes confuses a shark into attacking a boat: when the metal interacts with salt water, the electrochemical potentials generated by the rusting metal are similar to the weak fields of prey, or in some cases, much stronger than the prey's electrical fields: strong enough to attract sharks from miles away.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} The oceanic currents moving in the magnetic field of the [[Earth]] also generate electric fields that can be used by the sharks for orientation and may be used in navigation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meyer CG, Holland KN, Papastamatiou YP |title=Sharks can detect changes in the geomagnetic field |journal=Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=129–30 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=16849172 |pmc=1578252 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2004.0021 |url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rsif.2004.0021}}</ref>

=== Lateral line ===
{{main|Lateral line}}
This system is found in most fish, including sharks. It is used to detect motion or vibrations in the water. The shark uses this to detect the movements of other organisms, especially wounded fish. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 [[Hertz|Hz]].<ref>{{cite journal| last = Popper | first = A.N.| coauthors = C. Platt| title = Inner ear and lateral line| journal = The Physiology of Fishes| issue = 1st ed.| publisher = CRC Press| date = 1993}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
{{Mergefrom|Shark senses and behaviors|date=August 2008}}
Studies on the behaviour of sharks have only recently been carried out leading to little information on the subject, although this is changing. The classic view of the shark is that of a solitary hunter, ranging the oceans in search of food; however, this is only true for a few species, with most living far more sedentary, [[benthic]] lives. Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or on rich hunting grounds, which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1586834,00.html| title= Scientists track shark's 12,000 mile round-trip | publisher= Guardian Unlimited | accessdate=2006-09-17| date=}}</ref> Migration patterns in sharks may be even more complex than in birds, with many sharks covering entire [[ocean basin]]s.

Some sharks can be highly social, remaining in large schools, sometimes up to over 100 individuals of [[scalloped hammerhead]]s congregating around [[seamount]]s and islands e.g. in the [[Gulf of California]].<ref name="Collins" /> Cross-species social hierarchies exist with [[oceanic whitetip shark]]s dominating [[silky shark]]s of comparable size when feeding.

When approached too closely some sharks will perform a [[Shark threat display|threat display]] to warn off the prospective predators. This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements, and can vary in intensity according to the level of threat.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/reptiles-amphibians-fish/fathomseminar-jaws/session2/no-fish-fathomseminar-jaws-session2.html| title=Jaws: The natural history of sharks| publisher=[[Natural History Museum]]| accessdate=2006-09-17}}</ref>

===Aversion to Dolphins===
There are many stories of [[dolphin]]s protecting humans from shark attacks. This phenomenon was investigated in an episode of [[Discovery Channel]]'s [[MythBusters (season 6)#Episode 90 - Supersized Myths|Mythbusters]], in which a feeding great white shark did not attack either a seal cutout or raw bait when a mechanical dolphin was placed in the water nearby. There has been no conclusive scientific study to explain this behaviour.

===Feeding===

All sharks are [[carnivorous]], some like the whale shark are filter feeders and sieve plankton and small animals, others like the great white shark eat fish and even [[marine mammal]]s, many bottom living shark like the zebra shark eat [[mollusk]]s and [[crustacean]]s.

===Shark intelligence===
Despite the common myth that sharks are instinct-driven "eating machines", recent studies have indicated that many species possess powerful problem-solving skills, social complexity and curiosity. The brain-mass-to-body-mass ratios of sharks are similar to those of mammals and other higher vertebrate species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/287feature1.shtml|title=Smart sharks|publisher=BBC - Science and nature|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref>

In 1987, near Smitswinkle Bay, [[South Africa]], a group of up to seven [[great white shark]]s worked together to relocate the partially beached body of a dead whale to deeper waters to feed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/intelligence.htm|title=Is the White Shark Intelligent|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate= 2006-08-07}}</ref>

Sharks have even been known to engage in playful activities (a trait also observed in [[cetaceans]] and [[primates]]). [[Porbeagle]] sharks have been seen repeatedly rolling in kelp and have even been observed chasing an individual trailing a piece behind them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/l_nasus.htm|title=Biology of the Porbeagle|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref>

===Shark sleep===
It is unclear how sharks sleep. Some sharks can lie on the bottom while actively pumping water over their gills, but their eyes remain open and actively follow divers. When a shark is resting, it does not use its [[nares]], but rather its [[spiracle]]s. If a shark tried to use its nares while resting on the ocean floor, it would be sucking up sand rather than water. Many scientists believe this is one of the reasons sharks have spiracles. The [[spiny dogfish]]'s [[spinal cord]], rather than its brain, coordinates swimming, so it is possible for a [[spiny dogfish]] to continue to swim while sleeping.

It is also possible that a shark can sleep in a manner similar to [[dolphin]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/b_sleep.htm|title=How Do Sharks Swim When Asleep?|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref> In this situation, one half of the brain sleeps at a time, thereby allowing the shark to be half conscious while sleeping.

===Shark attacks===
[[Image:Surfacing great white shark.jpg|The [[Great white shark]] is one of only four kind of sharks that have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans.|thumb|200px|left]]
[[Image:Snorkeler with blacktip reef shark.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Snorkeler with [[blacktip reef shark]]. In rare circumstances involving poor visibility, blacktips may bite a human, mistaking it for prey. Under normal conditions they are harmless and shy.]]
{{Main|Shark attack}}
In 2006 the [[International Shark Attack File]] (ISAF) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks, confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks. The average number of fatalities per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4.3.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/2006attacksummary.htm | title = Worldwide shark attack summary | publisher = [[International Shark Attack File]] | accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref>

Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 360 species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the [[great white shark|great white]], [[oceanic whitetip shark|oceanic whitetip]], [[tiger shark|tiger]], and [[bull shark]]s.<ref name="isaf">{{cite web |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/statistics/species2.htm|title=Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark|publisher=ISAF|accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref>
<ref name="reefquest">{{cite web |url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/carcharhinidae.htm|title=Biology of sharks and rays|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2007-11-21}}</ref> These sharks, being large, powerful predators, may sometimes attack and kill people, but all of these sharks have been filmed in [[open water]], without the use of a protective cage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051231/NEWS11/512310330/1001/NEWS |title=Great white shark spotted off Hale'iwa|publisher=Hawaiian newspaper article|accessdate=2006-09-12}} with pictures of cageless diver with great white shark.</ref>

The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks, such as the [[Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916]], and through popular fictional works about shark attacks, such as the ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' film series. The author of ''Jaws'', [[Peter Benchley]], had in his later years attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man-eating monsters.

===Sharks in captivity===
[[Image:Male whale shark at Georgia Aquarium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[whale shark]] in [[Georgia Aquarium]] ]]
Until recently only a few [[benthic]] species of shark, such as [[Horn shark|hornsharks]], [[Triakis semifasciata|leopard sharks]] and [[catshark]]s could survive in aquarium conditions for up to a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. A better knowledge of sharks has led to more species (including the large [[pelagic]] sharks) being able to be kept for far longer. At the same time, transportation techniques have improved and now provide a way for the long distance movement of sharks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcss.sc/MCNEWS/mcn_v3_1_art3.htm| title= Whale Sharks in Captivity |accessdate=2006-09-13}}</ref> The only species of shark to have never been successfully held in captivity was the great white, until September 2004 when the Monterey Bay Aquarium successfully kept a young female great white shark for 198 days before releasing her back into the wild.

==Habitat==
A December 10, 2006 report by the [[Census of Marine Life]] group reveals that 70% of the world's oceans are shark-free. They have discovered that although many sharks live up to depths as low as {{convert|1500|m|ft|-3}}, they fail to colonize below {{convert|3000|m|ft|-3}}, putting them more easily within reach of fisheries and thus endangered status.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coml.org/medres/highlights2006/CoML_Highlights_2006_News_Release_Public.pdf |title=Extreme Life, Marine Style, Highlights 2006 Ocean Census|publisher=coml.org|accessdate = 2006-12-10|date=2006-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Priede IG, Froese R, Bailey DM, ''et al''|title=The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans |journal=Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society |volume=273 |issue=1592 |pages=1435–41 |year=2006 |month=June |pmid=16777734 |pmc=1560292 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3461 |url=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3461}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
[[Image:Sharksfin.jpg|left|The value of shark fins for [[shark fin soup]] has led to an increase in shark catches. Usually only the fin is taken, and the rest of the shark discarded, usually back into the sea. The shark can't swim and is left to die.|250px|thumb|left]]
[[Image:Global shark catch graph 1950 to 2004.png|right|200px|thumb|The number of sharks being caught has increased rapidly over the last 50 years.]]
The majority of shark fisheries around the globe have little monitoring or management. With the rise in demand of shark products there is a greater pressure on fisheries.<ref>{{cite book| last=Pratt| first=H. L. Jr.| coauthors= Gruber, S. H. & Taniuchi, T. |date=1990| title=Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries|publisher=NOAA Tech Rept. (90)}}</ref> Stocks decline and collapse because sharks are long-lived apex predators with comparatively small populations, which makes it difficult for them breed rapidly enough to maintain population levels. Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded in recent years - some species have been depleted by over 90% over the past 20-30 years with a population decline of 70% not being unusual.<ref>{{cite book| last=Walker| first=T.I. |date=1998 |title=Shark Fisheries Management and Biology}}</ref> Many governments and the [[UN]] have acknowledged the need for shark fisheries management, but due to the low economic value of shark fisheries, the small volumes of products produced and the poor public image of sharks, little progress has been made.

Many other threats to sharks include habitat alteration, damage and loss from coastal developments, pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species.

The practice of [[shark finning]], cutting the fin from a shark and discarding the live animal, attracts much controversy and regulations are being enacted to prevent it from occurring.

A Canadian-made documentary, ''[[Sharkwater (film)|Sharkwater]]'' is raising awareness of the depletion of the world's shark population.

== Shark fishery ==
[[Image:Tiger shark caught in bay.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A {{convert|14|ft|m|0|sing=on}}, 544 kg (1200 pound) [[Tiger shark]] caught in [[Kaneohe Bay]], [[Oahu]] in 1966]]
An estimate states that, every year, 26 to 73 million (median value is at 38 million) sharks are killed by people in commercial and recreational fishing.<ref name=pew>{{cite web | url = http://www.pewoceanscience.org/press/sharkfins/resources/PI_Ecology-Letters-Shark-Fin-Release.pdf| title = Triple Threat: World Fin Trade May Harvest up to 73 Million Sharks per Year | accessdate = 2007-10-07}}</ref> In the past, sharks were killed simply for the sport of landing a good fighting fish (such as the shortfin mako sharks). Shark skin is covered with dermal denticles, which are similar to tiny teeth, and was used for purposes similar to sandpaper. Other sharks are hunted for food (Atlantic thresher, shortfin mako and others), and some species for other products.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/fi/faocons/faocons.asp | title = FAO Shark Fisheries | accessdate = 2006-09-10}}</ref>

Sharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including [[Japan]] and [[Australia]]. In the Australian State of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] shark is the most commonly used fish in [[fish and chips]], in which fillets are battered and deep-fried or crumbed and grilled and served alongside chips. When served in fish and chip shops, it is called [[Flake (fish)|flake]]. In [[India]] small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in [[Tamil language]]) are caught by fishermen routinely and are sold in the local markets. Since the flesh is not developed completely it just breaks into powder once boiled and this is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu). Even the bones are soft and these can be easily chewed and considered a delicacy in coastal [[Tamil Nadu]]. In [[Iceland]], [[Greenland shark]]s are fished to produce [[hákarl]] or fermented shark, which is widely regarded as a [[national dish]].

Sharks are often killed for [[shark fin soup]]: the finning process involves the removal of the fin with a hot metal blade. Fishermen will capture live sharks, fin them, and release the finless animal back into the water. The immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators. Despite claims that this practice is rare, it has become a major trade within black markets all over the world with shark fins going at about $220/ lbs. Millions of sharks a year are being illegally poached for their fins and not many governments are enforcing the laws of protecting these apex predators. The dish is considered a status symbol in Asian countries, and is considered healthy and full of nutrients, with some even claiming they prevent cancer and other ailments.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prostatecancertreatment.co.uk/treatment-options/alternative-approaches | title=Alternative approaches to prostate cancer treatment | accessdate=2008-06-23}}</ref> There is no scientific proof that supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment.<ref>The results of a study sponsored by the [[National Cancer Institute]], and led by Dr. [[Charles Lu]] of the [[M.D. Anderson Cancer Center]] in [[Houston, Texas]], were presented at the annual meeting of the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] on June 2, 2007 in [[Chicago]]. Cancer patients treated with extracts from shark cartilage had a '''shorter''' median lifespan than patients receiving a placebo. {{cite web | url=http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/library/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=338&Itemid=27 | title=Shark fin won’t help fight cancer, but ginseng will | accessdate=2008-06-23}}</ref> The shark fin trade is a major problem and has gained international controversy.

Sharks are also killed for their meat. Conservationists have campaigned for changes in the law to make finning illegal in the U.S. The meat of dogfishes, smoothhounds, catsharks, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays are in high demand by European consumers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sharkalliance.org/do_download.asp?did=1090 | title=Shark fisheries and trade in Europe:
Fact sheet on Italy | accessdate = 2007-09-06}} </ref>
However, the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] lists sharks as one of four fish (with [[swordfish]], [[king mackerel]], and [[tilefish]],) that children and women who are or may be pregnant should refrain from eating.
For details see [[Mercury poisoning#Organic mercury compounds|mercury poisoning]].

[[Shark cartilage]] has been advocated as effective against [[cancer]] and for treatment of [[osteoarthritis]]. (This is because many people believe that sharks cannot get cancer and that taking it will prevent people from getting these diseases, which is untrue.) However, a trial by [[Mayo Clinic]] found no effect in advanced cancer patients.

Sharks generally reach sexual maturity slowly and produce very few offspring in comparison to other fish that are harvested. This has caused concern among biologists regarding the increase in effort applied to catching sharks over time, and many species are considered to be threatened.

Some organizations, such as the [[Shark Trust]], campaign to limit shark fishing. According to [[Seafood Watch]], sharks are currently on the list of fish that American consumers, who are sustainability minded, should avoid.

== Sharks in mythology ==
Sharks figure prominently in the [[Hawaiian mythology]]. There are stories of shark men who have shark jaws on their back. They could change form between shark and human at any time they desired. A common theme in the stories was that the shark men would warn beach-goers that sharks were in the waters. The beach-goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and go swimming, subsequently being eaten by the same shark man who warned them not to enter the water.

Hawaiian mythology also contained many shark [[god]]s. Some families' [[Aumakua]], or deified ancestor guardians, were sharks who protected family members.
*'''Kamohoali'i''' - The best known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favoured brother of [[Pele (deity)|Pele]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mythicalrealm.com/legends/pele.html | title = Pele, Goddess of Fire|accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref> and helped and journeyed with her to [[Hawaii]]. He was able to take on all human and fish forms. A summit cliff on the crater of Kilauea is considered to be one of his most sacred spots. At one point he had a ''[[heiau]]'' (temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of Moloka'i.
*'''Ka'ahupahau''' - This goddess was born human, with her defining characteristic being her red hair. She was later transformed into shark form and was believed to protect the people who lived on O'ahu from sharks. She was also believed to live near [[Pearl Harbor]].
*'''Kaholia Kane''' - This was the shark god of the ali'i Kalaniopu'u and he was believed to live in a cave at Puhi, Kaua'i.
*'''Kane'ae''' - The shark goddess who transformed into a human in order to experience the joy of dancing.
*'''Kane'apua''' - Most commonly, he was the brother of Pele and Kamohoali'i. He was a trickster god who performed many heroic feats, including the calming of two legendary colliding hills that destroyed canoes trying to pass between.
*'''Kawelomahamahai'a''' - Another human, he was transformed into a shark.
*'''Keali'ikau 'o Ka'u''' - He was the cousin of Pele and son of Kua. He was called the protector of the Ka'u people. He had an affair with a human girl, who gave birth to a helpful green shark.
*'''Kua''' - This was the main shark god of the people of Ka'u, and believed to be their ancestor.
*'''Kuhaimoana''' - He was the brother of Pele and lived in the Ka'ula islet. He was said to be 30 fathoms (55 m) long and was the husband of Ka'ahupahau.
*'''Kauhuhu''' - He was a fierce king shark that lived in a cave in Kipahulu on the island of Maui. He sometimes moved to another cave on the windward side of island of Moloka'i.
*'''Kane-i-kokala''' - A kind shark god that saved shipwrecked people by taking them to shore. The people who worshipped him feared to eat, touch or cross the smoke of the kokala, his sacred fish.

In other Pacific Ocean cultures, '''Dakuwanga''' was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls.

== Sharks in cultural tradition ==
In ancient Greece, it was forbidden to eat shark flesh at women's festivals.

A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and [[cancer]]; however, this is untrue, sharks do get cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Finkelstein JB |title=Sharks do get cancer: few surprises in cartilage research |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=97 |issue=21 |pages=1562–3 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16264172 |doi=10.1093/jnci/dji392 |url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16264172}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ostrander GK, Cheng KC, Wolf JC, Wolfe MJ |title=Shark cartilage, cancer and the growing threat of pseudoscience |journal=Cancer research |volume=64 |issue=23 |pages=8485–91 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15574750 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260 |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15574750}}</ref> There are both diseases and [[parasites]] that affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly [[anecdotal]] and there have been few, if any, scientific or [[statistical]] studies that have shown sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0820_030820_sharkcancer.html | title = Do Sharks Hold Secret to Human Cancer Fight? | publisher = National Geographic | accessdate = 2006-09-08}}</ref>


== See also ==
* [[List of sharks]]
* [[Marine vertebrates]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
;General references
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| last=Castro| first=Jose |title=The Sharks of North American Waters |location=College Station | publisher=Texas A&M University Press|date=1983|isbn= 0-89096-143-3| oclc=183037060}}
*{{cite book| last=Stevens| first=John D. |title= Sharks |location= New York| publisher=NY Facts on File Publications|date=1987|isbn= 0-8160-1800-6| oclc=15163749 }}
*{{cite book| last=Pough|first=F. H.| coauthors=Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. |date=2005|title=Vertebrate Life. 7th Ed. |publisher=Pearson Education Ltd. |location=New Jersey|isbn = 0-13-127836-3| oclc=54822028}}
*Clover, Charles. 2004. ''The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat''. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Sisterlinks|Shark}}
{{Wikispecies|Selachimorpha}}
{{Wikibookspar|Dichotomous Key|Selachimorpha}}
* [http://www.sharkreef.co.cc Shark Reef! Forum with complete list of sharks, wiki, and more.]
* [http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2999 WikiAnswers: questions and answers about Sharks]
* [http://www.sampla.org South African Marine Predator Lab] a research institute studying marine top predators.
* [http://www.sharks.org Shark Research Institute]
* [http://www.geerg.ca Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group]
* [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/ISAF/ISAF.htm The International Shark Attack File]
* [http://www.sharktrust.org/ Shark Trust Organization]
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research]
* [http://www.whaleshark.org ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library]
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/research/checklist_res.htm Updated list of all known shark species]
* [http://www.sharkattackfile.net Global Shark Attack File]
* [http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/ Shark Research Committee]
* [http://www.elasmodiver.com Shark Pictures and Elasmobranch Field Guide]
* [http://www.morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/?tsn=551500 Shark pictures on Morphbank]
* [http://www.oceanicdreams.com Shark pictures by Wolfgang Leander]

{{Shark nav}}
{{Chondrichthyes}}

[[Category:Sharks| ]]
[[Category:Cartilaginous fishes]]
[[Category:Fishing]]

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[[cy:Morgi]]
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[[de:Haie]]
[[dv:މިޔަރު]]
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[[es:Selachimorpha]]
[[eo:Ŝarko]]
[[eu:Marrazo]]
[[fa:کوسه]]
[[fo:Hávur]]
[[fr:Requin]]
[[gd:Cearban (iasg)]]
[[gl:Quenlla]]
[[ko:상어]]
[[hi:शार्क मछली]]
[[hr:Morski psi]]
[[io:Sharko]]
[[id:Hiu]]
[[is:Háfiskar]]
[[it:Selachimorpha]]
[[he:כרישאים]]
[[jv:Hiyu]]
[[ka:ზვიგენები]]
[[kk:Акула]]
[[ht:Reken]]
[[la:Selachimorpha]]
[[lv:Haizivs]]
[[lt:Rykliai]]
[[hu:Cápák]]
[[mk:Ајкула]]
[[ml:സ്രാവ്]]
[[mr:शार्क]]
[[ms:Ikan yu]]
[[nl:Haaien]]
[[ja:サメ]]
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[[oc:Làmia]]
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[[pl:Rekiny]]
[[pt:Tubarão]]
[[ro:Rechin]]
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[[ru:Акулы]]
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[[sl:Morski psi]]
[[sr:Ајкула]]
[[fi:Hait]]
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[[zh:鲨鱼]]

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-17T13:12:57Z

Chris huh: links in opening sentence

[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|right|220px]]
This is a list of [[Africa]]n countries and dependencies, including the respective [[Capital (political)|capitals]], [[language]]s, [[currency|currencies]], [[World population|population]], [[area]] and [[GDP per capita]] ([[Dependent territory|dependencies]] are listed with a blue background).

'''Africa''' is the world's second-largest and second most-populous [[continent]], after [[Asia]]. At about 30,221,532 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,668,545 [[square mile|sq mi]]) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the [[Earth]]'s total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> With more than 900 million people (as of 2005)<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision"] [[United Nations]] (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)</ref> in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's [[human population]]. The continent is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, the [[Suez Canal]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the southeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.
{{-}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" width="100%"
! Name (''official name'') !!class=unsortable| Flag !! Capital !! Currency !! Languages !! Area (km²) !! Population !! GDP per capita (PPP) !! Map
|-
| [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook: Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'') || {{flagicon|Algeria|size=100px}} || [[Algiers]] || [[Algerian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 2,381,740 || 33,333,216 || $7,700 || 3[[Image:LocationAlgeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Angola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html |title=The World Factbook: Angola |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Angola'') || {{flagicon|Angola|size=100px}} || [[Luanda]] || [[Kwanza]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 1,246,700 || 15,941,000 || $2,813 || 40[[Image:LocationAngola.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Benin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |title=The World Factbook: Benin |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Benin'') || {{flagicon|Benin|size=100px}} || [[Porto Novo]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 112,622 || 8,439,000 || $1,176 || 24[[Image:LocationBenin.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Botswana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |title=The World Factbook: Botswana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Botswana'') || {{flagicon|Botswana|size=100px}} || [[Gaborone]] || [[Pula]] || [[English language|English]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || 581,726 || 1,639,833 || $11,400 || 46[[Image:LocationBotswana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |title=The World Factbook: Burkina Faso |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Burkina Faso|size=100px}} || [[Ouagadougou]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 274,000 || 13,228,000 || $1,284 || 21[[Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burundi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=The World Factbook: Burundi |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Burundi'') || {{flagicon|Burundi|size=100px}} || [[Bujumbura]] || [[Burundi franc]] || [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[French language|French]] || 27,830 || 7,548,000 || $739 || 38[[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |title=The World Factbook: Cameroon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cameroon'') || {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=100px}} || [[Yaoundé]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 475,442 || 17,795,000 || $2,421 || 26[[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html |title=The World Factbook: Spain |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-05-16 |date=[[2008-05-16]] }}</ref><ref group="n" name="ACS">Autonomous community of [[Spain]]</ref> || {{flagicon|Canary Islands|size=100px}} || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 7,447 || 1,995,833 || N/A || 6[[Image:Localización de Canarias.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cape Verde |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cape Verde'') || {{flagicon|Cape Verde|size=100px}} || [[Praia]] || [[Cape Verdean escudo]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 4,033 || 420,979 || $6,418 || 14a[[Image:LocationCapeVerde.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Central African Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |title=The World Factbook: Central African Republic |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Central African Republic'') || {{flagicon|Central African Republic|size=100px}} || [[Bangui]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Sango]], [[French language|French]] || 622,984 || 4,216,666 || $1,198 || 27[[Image:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Ceuta]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain" /><ref group="n" name="ACS"/> || {{flagicon|Ceuta|size=100px}} || Ceuta || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 28 || 76,861 || N/A || 2a[[Image:Localización Ceuta.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook: Chad |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Chad'') || {{flagicon|Chad|size=100px}} || [[N'Djamena]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,284,000 || 10,146,000 || $1,519 || 11[[Image:LocationChad.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Comoros]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html |title=The World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Union of the Comoros'') || {{flagicon|Comoros|size=100px}} || [[Moroni]] || [[Comorian franc]] || [[Comorian language|Comorian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 2,235 || 798,000 || $1,660 || 43a[[Image:LocationComoros.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cote d'Ivoire |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Côte d'Ivoire'') || {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire|size=100px}} || [[Yamoussoukro]] [[Abidjan]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 322,460 || 17,654,843 || $1,600 || 20[[Image:LocationCotedIvoire.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa'' and formerly as ''Zaire''.</ref> (''Democratic Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Kinshasa]] || [[Congolese franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,344,858 || 63,655,000 || $774 || 34[[Image:LocationDRCongo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |title=The World Factbook: Djibouti |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Djibouti'') || {{flagicon|Djibouti|size=100px}} || [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] || [[Djiboutian Franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 23,200 || 496,374 || $2,070 || 29[[Image:LocationDjibouti.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=The World Factbook: Egypt |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n" name="TAA">Some territory could be argued to be a part of [[List of Asian countries|Asia]] or Africa.</ref> (''Arab Republic of Egypt'') || {{flagicon|Egypt|size=100px}} || [[Cairo]] || [[Egyptian Pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,001,449 || 80,335,036 || $4,836 || 5[[Image:LocationEgypt.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |title=The World Factbook: Equatorial Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Equatorial Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Malabo]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 28,051 || 504,000 || $50,200 || 31[[Image:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html |title=The World Factbook: Eritrea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''State of Eritrea'') || {{flagicon|Eritrea|size=100px}} || [[Asmara]] || [[Nakfa]] || None at national level || 117,600 || 4,401,000 || $1,000 || 13[[Image:LocationEritrea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html |title=The World Factbook: Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia'') || {{flagicon|Ethiopia|size=100px}} || [[Addis Ababa]] || [[Birr]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || 1,104,300 || 75,067,000 || $823 || 28[[Image:LocationEthiopia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gabon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html |title=The World Factbook: Gabon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Gabonese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Gabon|size=100px}} || [[Libreville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 267,668 || 1,384,000 || $7,055 || 32[[Image:LocationGabon.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of The Gambia'') || {{flagicon|Gambia|size=100px}} || [[Banjul]] || [[Dalasi]] || [[English language|English]] || 10,380 || 1,517,000 || $2002 || 15[[Image:LocationGambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html |title=The World Factbook: Ghana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Ghana'') || {{flagicon|Ghana|size=100px}} || [[Accra]] || [[Ghanaian cedi]] || [[English language|English]] || 238,534 || 23,000,000 || $2,700 || 22[[Image:LocationGhana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Conakry]] || [[Guinean franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 245,857 || 9,402,000 || $2,035 ||17 [[Image:LocationGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea-Bissau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea-Bissau'') || {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau|size=100px}} || [[Bissau]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 36,125 || 1,586,000 || $736 || 16[[Image:LocationGuineaBissau.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |title=The World Factbook: Kenya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Kenya'') || {{flagicon|Kenya|size=100px}} || [[Nairobi]] || [[Kenyan shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 580,367 || 34,707,817 || $1,445 || 36[[Image:LocationKenya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html |title=The World Factbook: Lesotho |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Lesotho'') || {{flagicon|Lesotho|size=100px}} || [[Maseru]] || [[Loti]] || [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], [[English language|English]] || 30,355 || 1,795,000 || $2,113 || 49[[Image:LocationLesotho.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Liberia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=The World Factbook: Liberia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Liberia'') || {{flagicon|Liberia|size=100px}} || [[Monrovia]] || [[Liberian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 111,369 || 3,283,000 || $1,003 || 19[[Image:LocationLiberia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Libya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html |title=The World Factbook: Libya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'') || {{flagicon|Libya|size=100px}} || [[Tripoli]] || [[Libyan dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,759,540 || 6,036,914 || $12,700 || 4[[Image:LocationLibya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Madagascar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html |title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Madagascar'') || {{flagicon|Madagascar|size=100px}} || [[Antananarivo]] || [[Malagasy ariary ]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 587,041 || 18,606,000 || $905 ||44 [[Image:LocationMadagascar.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])<ref group="n" name="ARP">Autonomous Region of [[Portugal]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Madeira|size=100px}} || [[Funchal]] || [[Euro]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 828 || 245,806 || N/A || 1[[Image:LocationMadeira.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Malawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Malawi'') || {{flagicon|Malawi|size=100px}} || [[Lilongwe]] || [[Malawian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]], [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] || 118,484 || 12,884,000 || $596 || 42[[Image:LocationMalawi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mali'') || {{flagicon|Mali|size=100px}} || [[Bamako]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,240,192 || 13,518,000 || $1,154 || 9 [[Image:LocationMali.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Islamic Republic of Mauritania'') || {{flagicon|Mauritania|size=100px}} || [[Nouakchott]] || [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 1,030,700 || 3,069,000 || $2,402 || 8[[Image:LocationMauritania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritius |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mauritius'') || {{flagicon|Mauritius|size=100px}} || [[Port Louis]] || [[Mauritian rupee]] || [[English language|English]] || 2,040 || 1,219,220 || $13,703 || 44a[[Image:LocationMauritius.png|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Mayotte]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=The World Factbook: Mayotte |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF">[[Overseas departments and territories of France]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Mayotte|size=100px}} || [[Mamoudzou]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 374 || 186,452 || 2,600 || 43b[[Image:LocationMayotte.png|150px]]
|-
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/>(Autonomous City of Melilla) || {{flagicon|Melilla|size=100px}} || N/A || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 20 || 72,000 || N/A || 2b[[Image:Localización Melilla.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=The World Factbook: Morocco |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Morocco'') || {{flagicon|Morocco|size=100px}} || [[Rabat]] || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 446,550 || 33,757,175 || $4,600 || 2[[Image:LocationMorocco.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html |title=The World Factbook: Mozambique |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mozambique'') || {{flagicon|Mozambique|size=100px}} || [[Maputo]] || [[Mozambican metical]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 801,590 || 20,366,795 || $1,389 || 43[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |title=The World Factbook: Namibia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Namibia'') || {{flagicon|Namibia|size=100px}} || [[Windhoek]] || [[Namibian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 825,418 || 2,031,000 || $7,478 || 45[[Image:LocationNamibia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Niger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook: Niger |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Niger'') || {{flagicon|Niger|size=100px}} || [[Niamey]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,267,000 || 13,957,000 || $872 || 10[[Image:LocationNiger.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=The World Factbook: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Republic of Nigeria'') || {{flagicon|Nigeria|size=100px}} || [[Abuja]] || [[Nigerian naira]] || [[English language|English]] || 923,768 || 133,530,000 || $1,188 || 25[[Image:LocationNigeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''.</ref> (''Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Brazzaville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 342,000 || 3,999,000 || $1,369 || 33[[Image:LocationRCongo.PNG|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Réunion]] ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF"/> || {{flagicon|Réunion|size=100px}} || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,512 || 793,000 || N/A ||44b [[Image:LocationReunion.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |title=The World Factbook: Rwanda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Rwanda'') || {{flagicon|Rwanda|size=100px}} || [[Kigali]] || [[Rwandan franc]] || [[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 26,798 || 7,600,000 || $1,300 || 37[[Image:LocationRwanda.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=The World Factbook: Saint Helena |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Saint Helena|size=100px}} || [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || [[Saint Helenian pound ]] || [[English language|English]] || 3,926 || 4,250 || N/A || 40b[[Image:LocationSaintHelena.png|150px]]
|-
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html |title=The World Factbook: Sao Tome and Principe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe'') || {{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe|size=100px}} || [[São Tomé]] || [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 964 || 157,000 || $1,266 || 31a[[Image:LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |title=The World Factbook: Senegal |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Senegal'') || {{flagicon|Senegal|size=100px}} || [[Dakar]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 196,723 || 11,658,000 || $1,759 ||14 [[Image:LocationSenegal.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Seychelles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html |title=The World Factbook: Seychelles |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Seychelles'') || {{flagicon|Seychelles|size=100px}} || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychellois rupee]] || [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] || 451 || 80,654 || $11,818 ||39a [[Image:LocationSeychelles.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |title=The World Factbook: Sierra Leone |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sierra Leone'') || {{flagicon|Sierra Leone|size=100px}} || [[Freetown]] || [[Leone]] || [[English language|English]] || 71,740 || 6,144,562 || $903 || 18[[Image:LocationSierraLeone.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |title=The World Factbook: Somalia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Somali Republic'') || {{flagicon|Somalia|size=100px}} || [[Mogadishu]] || [[Somali shilling]] || [[Somali language|Somali]] || 637,661 || 17,700,000 || $2,941 || 30[[Image:LocationSomalia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html |title=The World Factbook: South Africa |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of South Africa'') || {{flagicon|South Africa|size=100px}} || [[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) || [[South African rand]] ||[[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]], [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Swati language|Swati]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || 1,221,037 || 47,432,000 || $12,161 || 48[[Image:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Sudan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook: Sudan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sudan'') || {{flagicon|Sudan|size=100px}} || [[Khartoum]] || [[Sudanese pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] || 2,505,813 || 36,992,490 || $2,522 || 12[[Image:LocationSudan.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Swaziland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html |title=The World Factbook: Swaziland |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Swaziland'') || {{flagicon|Swaziland|size=100px}} || [[Lobamba]] (royal and legislative) [[Mbabane]] (administrative) || [[Lilangeni]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swati language|Swati]] || 17,364 || 1,032,000 || $5,245 || 50[[Image:LocationSwaziland.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |title=The World Factbook: Tanzania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''United Republic of Tanzania'') || {{flagicon|Tanzania|size=100px}} || [[Dar es Salaam]] (traditional capital) [[Dodoma]] (legislative) || [[Tanzanian shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 945,087 || 37,849,133 || $723 || 39[[Image:LocationTanzania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Togo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html |title=The World Factbook: Togo |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Togolese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Togo|size=100px}} || [[Lomé]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 56,785 || 6,100,000 || $1,700 || 23[[Image:LocationTogo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=The World Factbook: Tunisia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Tunisian Republic'') || {{flagicon|Tunisia|size=100px}} || [[Tunis]] || [[Tunisian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 163,610 || 10,102,000 || $8,800 || 3[[Image:LocationTunisia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Uganda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |title=The World Factbook: Uganda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Uganda'') || {{flagicon|Uganda|size=100px}} || [[Kampala]] || [[Ugandan shilling]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 236,040 || 27,616,000 || $1,700 || 35[[Image:LocationUganda.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Western Sahara]] (''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic'')<ref group="n">Not fully internationally recognised. Also known as ''Western Sahara''.</ref> || {{flagicon|Western Sahara|size=100px}} || [[El Aaiún]] (Moroccan), [[Bir Lehlou]] (temporary)<ref group="n">Currenlty under Moroccan administration. [[Bir Lehlou]] is the temporary capital and Tindouf Camps is the ''de facto'' one</ref> || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 267,405 || 266,000 || N/A || 7[[Image:Edmund WS.PNG|150px]]
|-
| [[Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook: Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zambia'') || {{flagicon|Zambia|size=100px}} || [[Lusaka]] || [[Zambian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]] || 752,614 || 11,668,000 || $931 || 41[[Image:LocationZambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title=The World Factbook: Zimbabwe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zimbabwe'') || {{flagicon|Zimbabwe|size=100px}} || [[Harare]] || [[Zimbabwean dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 390,757 || 13,010,000 || $2,607 || 47[[Image:LocationZimbabwe.svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African countries by GDP]]
* [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Lists of countries by continent}}


[[Category:African countries| ]]
[[Category:Africa-related lists|Countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent|Africa]]



[[bg:Списък на африканските държави и зависими територии]]
[[he:מדינות אפריקה]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países da África]]
[[ro:Listă de ţări africane]]
[[ru:Список государств и зависимых территорий Африки]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve afrikane]]
[[tr:Afrika ülkeleri listesi]]
[[wuu:非洲国家列表]]
[[zh:非洲国家列表]]

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-17T13:05:49Z

Chris huh: smaller font for table

[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|right|220px]]
This is a list of [[Africa]]n countries and dependencies, including the respective [[capital]]s, [[language]]s, [[currency|currencies]], [[population]], [[area]] and [[GDP per capita]] (dependencies are listed with a blue background).

'''Africa''' is the world's second-largest and second most-populous [[continent]], after [[Asia]]. At about 30,221,532 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,668,545 [[square mile|sq mi]]) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the [[Earth]]'s total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> With more than 900 million people (as of 2005)<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision"] [[United Nations]] (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)</ref> in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's [[human population]]. The continent is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, the [[Suez Canal]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the southeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.
{{-}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" width="100%"
! Name (''official name'') !!class=unsortable| Flag !! Capital !! Currency !! Languages !! Area (km²) !! Population !! GDP per capita (PPP) !! Map
|-
| [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook: Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'') || {{flagicon|Algeria|size=100px}} || [[Algiers]] || [[Algerian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 2,381,740 || 33,333,216 || $7,700 || 3[[Image:LocationAlgeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Angola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html |title=The World Factbook: Angola |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Angola'') || {{flagicon|Angola|size=100px}} || [[Luanda]] || [[Kwanza]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 1,246,700 || 15,941,000 || $2,813 || 40[[Image:LocationAngola.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Benin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |title=The World Factbook: Benin |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Benin'') || {{flagicon|Benin|size=100px}} || [[Porto Novo]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 112,622 || 8,439,000 || $1,176 || 24[[Image:LocationBenin.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Botswana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |title=The World Factbook: Botswana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Botswana'') || {{flagicon|Botswana|size=100px}} || [[Gaborone]] || [[Pula]] || [[English language|English]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || 581,726 || 1,639,833 || $11,400 || 46[[Image:LocationBotswana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |title=The World Factbook: Burkina Faso |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Burkina Faso|size=100px}} || [[Ouagadougou]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 274,000 || 13,228,000 || $1,284 || 21[[Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burundi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=The World Factbook: Burundi |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Burundi'') || {{flagicon|Burundi|size=100px}} || [[Bujumbura]] || [[Burundi franc]] || [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[French language|French]] || 27,830 || 7,548,000 || $739 || 38[[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |title=The World Factbook: Cameroon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cameroon'') || {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=100px}} || [[Yaoundé]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 475,442 || 17,795,000 || $2,421 || 26[[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html |title=The World Factbook: Spain |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-05-16 |date=[[2008-05-16]] }}</ref><ref group="n" name="ACS">Autonomous community of [[Spain]]</ref> || {{flagicon|Canary Islands|size=100px}} || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 7,447 || 1,995,833 || N/A || 6[[Image:Localización de Canarias.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cape Verde |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cape Verde'') || {{flagicon|Cape Verde|size=100px}} || [[Praia]] || [[Cape Verdean escudo]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 4,033 || 420,979 || $6,418 || 14a[[Image:LocationCapeVerde.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Central African Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |title=The World Factbook: Central African Republic |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Central African Republic'') || {{flagicon|Central African Republic|size=100px}} || [[Bangui]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Sango]], [[French language|French]] || 622,984 || 4,216,666 || $1,198 || 27[[Image:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Ceuta]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain" /><ref group="n" name="ACS"/> || {{flagicon|Ceuta|size=100px}} || Ceuta || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 28 || 76,861 || N/A || 2a[[Image:Localización Ceuta.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook: Chad |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Chad'') || {{flagicon|Chad|size=100px}} || [[N'Djamena]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,284,000 || 10,146,000 || $1,519 || 11[[Image:LocationChad.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Comoros]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html |title=The World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Union of the Comoros'') || {{flagicon|Comoros|size=100px}} || [[Moroni]] || [[Comorian franc]] || [[Comorian language|Comorian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 2,235 || 798,000 || $1,660 || 43a[[Image:LocationComoros.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cote d'Ivoire |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Côte d'Ivoire'') || {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire|size=100px}} || [[Yamoussoukro]] [[Abidjan]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 322,460 || 17,654,843 || $1,600 || 20[[Image:LocationCotedIvoire.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa'' and formerly as ''Zaire''.</ref> (''Democratic Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Kinshasa]] || [[Congolese franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,344,858 || 63,655,000 || $774 || 34[[Image:LocationDRCongo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |title=The World Factbook: Djibouti |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Djibouti'') || {{flagicon|Djibouti|size=100px}} || [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] || [[Djiboutian Franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 23,200 || 496,374 || $2,070 || 29[[Image:LocationDjibouti.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=The World Factbook: Egypt |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n" name="TAA">Some territory could be argued to be a part of [[List of Asian countries|Asia]] or Africa.</ref> (''Arab Republic of Egypt'') || {{flagicon|Egypt|size=100px}} || [[Cairo]] || [[Egyptian Pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,001,449 || 80,335,036 || $4,836 || 5[[Image:LocationEgypt.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |title=The World Factbook: Equatorial Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Equatorial Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Malabo]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 28,051 || 504,000 || $50,200 || 31[[Image:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html |title=The World Factbook: Eritrea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''State of Eritrea'') || {{flagicon|Eritrea|size=100px}} || [[Asmara]] || [[Nakfa]] || None at national level || 117,600 || 4,401,000 || $1,000 || 13[[Image:LocationEritrea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html |title=The World Factbook: Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia'') || {{flagicon|Ethiopia|size=100px}} || [[Addis Ababa]] || [[Birr]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || 1,104,300 || 75,067,000 || $823 || 28[[Image:LocationEthiopia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gabon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html |title=The World Factbook: Gabon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Gabonese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Gabon|size=100px}} || [[Libreville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 267,668 || 1,384,000 || $7,055 || 32[[Image:LocationGabon.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of The Gambia'') || {{flagicon|Gambia|size=100px}} || [[Banjul]] || [[Dalasi]] || [[English language|English]] || 10,380 || 1,517,000 || $2002 || 15[[Image:LocationGambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html |title=The World Factbook: Ghana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Ghana'') || {{flagicon|Ghana|size=100px}} || [[Accra]] || [[Ghanaian cedi]] || [[English language|English]] || 238,534 || 23,000,000 || $2,700 || 22[[Image:LocationGhana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Conakry]] || [[Guinean franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 245,857 || 9,402,000 || $2,035 ||17 [[Image:LocationGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea-Bissau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea-Bissau'') || {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau|size=100px}} || [[Bissau]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 36,125 || 1,586,000 || $736 || 16[[Image:LocationGuineaBissau.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |title=The World Factbook: Kenya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Kenya'') || {{flagicon|Kenya|size=100px}} || [[Nairobi]] || [[Kenyan shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 580,367 || 34,707,817 || $1,445 || 36[[Image:LocationKenya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html |title=The World Factbook: Lesotho |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Lesotho'') || {{flagicon|Lesotho|size=100px}} || [[Maseru]] || [[Loti]] || [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], [[English language|English]] || 30,355 || 1,795,000 || $2,113 || 49[[Image:LocationLesotho.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Liberia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=The World Factbook: Liberia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Liberia'') || {{flagicon|Liberia|size=100px}} || [[Monrovia]] || [[Liberian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 111,369 || 3,283,000 || $1,003 || 19[[Image:LocationLiberia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Libya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html |title=The World Factbook: Libya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'') || {{flagicon|Libya|size=100px}} || [[Tripoli]] || [[Libyan dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,759,540 || 6,036,914 || $12,700 || 4[[Image:LocationLibya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Madagascar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html |title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Madagascar'') || {{flagicon|Madagascar|size=100px}} || [[Antananarivo]] || [[Malagasy ariary ]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 587,041 || 18,606,000 || $905 ||44 [[Image:LocationMadagascar.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])<ref group="n" name="ARP">Autonomous Region of [[Portugal]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Madeira|size=100px}} || [[Funchal]] || [[Euro]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 828 || 245,806 || N/A || 1[[Image:LocationMadeira.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Malawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Malawi'') || {{flagicon|Malawi|size=100px}} || [[Lilongwe]] || [[Malawian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]], [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] || 118,484 || 12,884,000 || $596 || 42[[Image:LocationMalawi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mali'') || {{flagicon|Mali|size=100px}} || [[Bamako]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,240,192 || 13,518,000 || $1,154 || 9 [[Image:LocationMali.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Islamic Republic of Mauritania'') || {{flagicon|Mauritania|size=100px}} || [[Nouakchott]] || [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 1,030,700 || 3,069,000 || $2,402 || 8[[Image:LocationMauritania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritius |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mauritius'') || {{flagicon|Mauritius|size=100px}} || [[Port Louis]] || [[Mauritian rupee]] || [[English language|English]] || 2,040 || 1,219,220 || $13,703 || 44a[[Image:LocationMauritius.png|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Mayotte]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=The World Factbook: Mayotte |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF">[[Overseas departments and territories of France]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Mayotte|size=100px}} || [[Mamoudzou]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 374 || 186,452 || 2,600 || 43b[[Image:LocationMayotte.png|150px]]
|-
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/>(Autonomous City of Melilla) || {{flagicon|Melilla|size=100px}} || N/A || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 20 || 72,000 || N/A || 2b[[Image:Localización Melilla.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=The World Factbook: Morocco |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Morocco'') || {{flagicon|Morocco|size=100px}} || [[Rabat]] || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 446,550 || 33,757,175 || $4,600 || 2[[Image:LocationMorocco.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html |title=The World Factbook: Mozambique |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mozambique'') || {{flagicon|Mozambique|size=100px}} || [[Maputo]] || [[Mozambican metical]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 801,590 || 20,366,795 || $1,389 || 43[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |title=The World Factbook: Namibia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Namibia'') || {{flagicon|Namibia|size=100px}} || [[Windhoek]] || [[Namibian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 825,418 || 2,031,000 || $7,478 || 45[[Image:LocationNamibia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Niger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook: Niger |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Niger'') || {{flagicon|Niger|size=100px}} || [[Niamey]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,267,000 || 13,957,000 || $872 || 10[[Image:LocationNiger.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=The World Factbook: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Republic of Nigeria'') || {{flagicon|Nigeria|size=100px}} || [[Abuja]] || [[Nigerian naira]] || [[English language|English]] || 923,768 || 133,530,000 || $1,188 || 25[[Image:LocationNigeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''.</ref> (''Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Brazzaville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 342,000 || 3,999,000 || $1,369 || 33[[Image:LocationRCongo.PNG|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Réunion]] ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF"/> || {{flagicon|Réunion|size=100px}} || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,512 || 793,000 || N/A ||44b [[Image:LocationReunion.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |title=The World Factbook: Rwanda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Rwanda'') || {{flagicon|Rwanda|size=100px}} || [[Kigali]] || [[Rwandan franc]] || [[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 26,798 || 7,600,000 || $1,300 || 37[[Image:LocationRwanda.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=The World Factbook: Saint Helena |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Saint Helena|size=100px}} || [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || [[Saint Helenian pound ]] || [[English language|English]] || 3,926 || 4,250 || N/A || 40b[[Image:LocationSaintHelena.png|150px]]
|-
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html |title=The World Factbook: Sao Tome and Principe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe'') || {{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe|size=100px}} || [[São Tomé]] || [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 964 || 157,000 || $1,266 || 31a[[Image:LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |title=The World Factbook: Senegal |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Senegal'') || {{flagicon|Senegal|size=100px}} || [[Dakar]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 196,723 || 11,658,000 || $1,759 ||14 [[Image:LocationSenegal.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Seychelles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html |title=The World Factbook: Seychelles |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Seychelles'') || {{flagicon|Seychelles|size=100px}} || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychellois rupee]] || [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] || 451 || 80,654 || $11,818 ||39a [[Image:LocationSeychelles.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |title=The World Factbook: Sierra Leone |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sierra Leone'') || {{flagicon|Sierra Leone|size=100px}} || [[Freetown]] || [[Leone]] || [[English language|English]] || 71,740 || 6,144,562 || $903 || 18[[Image:LocationSierraLeone.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |title=The World Factbook: Somalia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Somali Republic'') || {{flagicon|Somalia|size=100px}} || [[Mogadishu]] || [[Somali shilling]] || [[Somali language|Somali]] || 637,661 || 17,700,000 || $2,941 || 30[[Image:LocationSomalia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html |title=The World Factbook: South Africa |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of South Africa'') || {{flagicon|South Africa|size=100px}} || [[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) || [[South African rand]] ||[[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]], [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Swati language|Swati]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || 1,221,037 || 47,432,000 || $12,161 || 48[[Image:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Sudan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook: Sudan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sudan'') || {{flagicon|Sudan|size=100px}} || [[Khartoum]] || [[Sudanese pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] || 2,505,813 || 36,992,490 || $2,522 || 12[[Image:LocationSudan.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Swaziland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html |title=The World Factbook: Swaziland |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Swaziland'') || {{flagicon|Swaziland|size=100px}} || [[Lobamba]] (royal and legislative) [[Mbabane]] (administrative) || [[Lilangeni]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swati language|Swati]] || 17,364 || 1,032,000 || $5,245 || 50[[Image:LocationSwaziland.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |title=The World Factbook: Tanzania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''United Republic of Tanzania'') || {{flagicon|Tanzania|size=100px}} || [[Dar es Salaam]] (traditional capital) [[Dodoma]] (legislative) || [[Tanzanian shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 945,087 || 37,849,133 || $723 || 39[[Image:LocationTanzania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Togo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html |title=The World Factbook: Togo |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Togolese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Togo|size=100px}} || [[Lomé]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 56,785 || 6,100,000 || $1,700 || 23[[Image:LocationTogo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=The World Factbook: Tunisia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Tunisian Republic'') || {{flagicon|Tunisia|size=100px}} || [[Tunis]] || [[Tunisian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 163,610 || 10,102,000 || $8,800 || 3[[Image:LocationTunisia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Uganda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |title=The World Factbook: Uganda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Uganda'') || {{flagicon|Uganda|size=100px}} || [[Kampala]] || [[Ugandan shilling]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 236,040 || 27,616,000 || $1,700 || 35[[Image:LocationUganda.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Western Sahara]] (''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic'')<ref group="n">Not fully internationally recognised. Also known as ''Western Sahara''.</ref> || {{flagicon|Western Sahara|size=100px}} || [[El Aaiún]] (Moroccan), [[Bir Lehlou]] (temporary)<ref group="n">Currenlty under Moroccan administration. [[Bir Lehlou]] is the temporary capital and Tindouf Camps is the ''de facto'' one</ref> || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 267,405 || 266,000 || N/A || 7[[Image:Edmund WS.PNG|150px]]
|-
| [[Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook: Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zambia'') || {{flagicon|Zambia|size=100px}} || [[Lusaka]] || [[Zambian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]] || 752,614 || 11,668,000 || $931 || 41[[Image:LocationZambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title=The World Factbook: Zimbabwe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zimbabwe'') || {{flagicon|Zimbabwe|size=100px}} || [[Harare]] || [[Zimbabwean dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 390,757 || 13,010,000 || $2,607 || 47[[Image:LocationZimbabwe.svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African countries by GDP]]
* [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Lists of countries by continent}}


[[Category:African countries| ]]
[[Category:Africa-related lists|Countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent|Africa]]



[[bg:Списък на африканските държави и зависими територии]]
[[he:מדינות אפריקה]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países da África]]
[[ro:Listă de ţări africane]]
[[ru:Список государств и зависимых территорий Африки]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve afrikane]]
[[tr:Afrika ülkeleri listesi]]
[[wuu:非洲国家列表]]
[[zh:非洲国家列表]]

Wikipedia:Peer review/List of African countries/archive1

2008-10-17T10:54:43Z

Chris huh: /* List of African countries and dependencies */ about the overview map

===[[Wikipedia:Peer review/List of African countries and dependencies/archive1|List of African countries and dependencies]]===

:{{PR/header|List of African countries and dependencies| Wikipedia:Peer review/List of African countries and dependencies/archive1|October 2008}}
* A script has been used to generate a semi-[[User:AndyZ/peerreviewer|automated]] review of the article for issues relating to grammar and [[WP:MOS|house]] style; it can be found on the [[Wikipedia:Peer review/Automated/October 2008#List of African countries and dependencies|automated peer review page]] for October 2008. [[Category:Peer review pages with semiautomated peer reviews]]

{{Peer review page|topic=geography}}
I've listed this article for peer review because I (through a [[User_talk:Chris_huh#List_of_African_countries_and_dependencies|suggestion]] from [[User:Sunderland06]]) think it is probably worthy of [[WP:FL|Featured list]] status.

Thanks, [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 11:25, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

'''Ruhrfisch comments''': Very briefly, here are some suggestions for improvement. If you want more comments, please ask here.
*I like this overall and it looks close to being ready for FLC, but there are a few things that need work first, mostly references.
*Is there any reason the maps column is sortable?
**It was sort of a test to see if something like that would work. It just means that it will sort the countries from North-west to South-east, which may be useful to some people.
*I think the entries on dependencies might be clearer if they identified the parent nation in the table row somewhere, not just in a note - the flags already do this to some extent. Or I think more people have heard of Western Sahara than its current official name...
::{{tick}}I have added the parent country in brackets after the name, the only problem is that with the other countries the official name is in brackets, but they are in italics. So it might be clear enough. I also switched Western Sahara around with Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
*Is there any reason inline citations are not used? There are numbered refs at the bottom, but they do not link to the entry (can't click on a number and go to the place in the article where the ref is used).
**This was originally because i was using these for notes, and didn't have time to use the other notes tags. I will look into doing that.
***{{tick}} I didn't realise that they had finally brought in a group parameter for the ref tags. Brilliant. this is done now.
*Biggest problem is lack of refs - in the lead ''in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.'' needs a ref
**I'll look into adding these.
*The dependecies need refs - there is none for the French overseas departments that I could find, for example.
**That too.
*See also should be listed by full article name, i.e. [[List of African countries by GDP]], not [[List of African countries by GDP|by GDP]]
::{{tick}}this was just left over from the old version of the page, i have fixed this now.
*WOuld it make sense to have a large map of Africa at the bottom showing the whole continent and location of all 61 places? I like the maps used, but they make it harder to get an overall picture of the continent.
**Mmm, that might help. I will look around for a map.
***I have found [[:Image:Africa-map.jpg|this map]] which has the countries names on it, but it isn't very clear. I don't really know if it will fit in very well either as it would cause a lot of blank space, unless a lot of text is also added.
Hope this helps. If my comments are useful, please consider peer reviewing an article, especially one at [[Wikipedia:Peer review/backlog]] (which is how I found this article). Yours, [[User:Ruhrfisch|Ruhrfisch]] '''[[User talk:Ruhrfisch|><>°°]]''' 04:25, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-17T09:50:47Z

Chris huh: add cia spain refs to soem spanish dependencies

[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|right|220px]]
This is a list of [[Africa]]n countries and dependencies, including the respective [[capital]]s, [[language]]s, [[currency|currencies]], [[population]], [[area]] and [[GDP per capita]] (dependencies are listed with a blue background).

'''Africa''' is the world's second-largest and second most-populous [[continent]], after [[Asia]]. At about 30,221,532 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,668,545 [[square mile|sq mi]]) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the [[Earth]]'s total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> With more than 900 million people (as of 2005)<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision"] [[United Nations]] (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)</ref> in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's [[human population]]. The continent is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, the [[Suez Canal]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the southeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.
{{-}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
! Name (''official name'') !!class=unsortable| Flag !! Capital !! Currency !! Languages !! Area (km²) !! Population !! GDP per capita (PPP) !! Map
|-
| [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook: Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'') || {{flagicon|Algeria|size=100px}} || [[Algiers]] || [[Algerian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 2,381,740 || 33,333,216 || $7,700 || 3[[Image:LocationAlgeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Angola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html |title=The World Factbook: Angola |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Angola'') || {{flagicon|Angola|size=100px}} || [[Luanda]] || [[Kwanza]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 1,246,700 || 15,941,000 || $2,813 || 40[[Image:LocationAngola.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Benin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |title=The World Factbook: Benin |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Benin'') || {{flagicon|Benin|size=100px}} || [[Porto Novo]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 112,622 || 8,439,000 || $1,176 || 24[[Image:LocationBenin.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Botswana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |title=The World Factbook: Botswana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Botswana'') || {{flagicon|Botswana|size=100px}} || [[Gaborone]] || [[Pula]] || [[English language|English]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || 581,726 || 1,639,833 || $11,400 || 46[[Image:LocationBotswana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |title=The World Factbook: Burkina Faso |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Burkina Faso|size=100px}} || [[Ouagadougou]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 274,000 || 13,228,000 || $1,284 || 21[[Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burundi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=The World Factbook: Burundi |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Burundi'') || {{flagicon|Burundi|size=100px}} || [[Bujumbura]] || [[Burundi franc]] || [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[French language|French]] || 27,830 || 7,548,000 || $739 || 38[[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |title=The World Factbook: Cameroon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cameroon'') || {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=100px}} || [[Yaoundé]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 475,442 || 17,795,000 || $2,421 || 26[[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html |title=The World Factbook: Spain |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-05-16 |date=[[2008-05-16]] }}</ref><ref group="n" name="ACS">Autonomous community of [[Spain]]</ref> || {{flagicon|Canary Islands|size=100px}} || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 7,447 || 1,995,833 || N/A || 6[[Image:Localización de Canarias.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cape Verde |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cape Verde'') || {{flagicon|Cape Verde|size=100px}} || [[Praia]] || [[Cape Verdean escudo]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 4,033 || 420,979 || $6,418 || 14a[[Image:LocationCapeVerde.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Central African Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |title=The World Factbook: Central African Republic |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Central African Republic'') || {{flagicon|Central African Republic|size=100px}} || [[Bangui]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Sango]], [[French language|French]] || 622,984 || 4,216,666 || $1,198 || 27[[Image:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Ceuta]] ([[Spain]])<ref name="CIA-spain" /><ref group="n" name="ACS"/> || {{flagicon|Ceuta|size=100px}} || Ceuta || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 28 || 76,861 || N/A || 2a[[Image:Localización Ceuta.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook: Chad |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Chad'') || {{flagicon|Chad|size=100px}} || [[N'Djamena]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,284,000 || 10,146,000 || $1,519 || 11[[Image:LocationChad.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Comoros]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html |title=The World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Union of the Comoros'') || {{flagicon|Comoros|size=100px}} || [[Moroni]] || [[Comorian franc]] || [[Comorian language|Comorian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 2,235 || 798,000 || $1,660 || 43a[[Image:LocationComoros.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cote d'Ivoire |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Côte d'Ivoire'') || {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire|size=100px}} || [[Yamoussoukro]] [[Abidjan]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 322,460 || 17,654,843 || $1,600 || 20[[Image:LocationCotedIvoire.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa'' and formerly as ''Zaire''.</ref> (''Democratic Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Kinshasa]] || [[Congolese franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,344,858 || 63,655,000 || $774 || 34[[Image:LocationDRCongo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |title=The World Factbook: Djibouti |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Djibouti'') || {{flagicon|Djibouti|size=100px}} || [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] || [[Djiboutian Franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 23,200 || 496,374 || $2,070 || 29[[Image:LocationDjibouti.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=The World Factbook: Egypt |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n" name="TAA">Some territory could be argued to be a part of [[List of Asian countries|Asia]] or Africa.</ref> (''Arab Republic of Egypt'') || {{flagicon|Egypt|size=100px}} || [[Cairo]] || [[Egyptian Pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,001,449 || 80,335,036 || $4,836 || 5[[Image:LocationEgypt.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |title=The World Factbook: Equatorial Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Equatorial Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Malabo]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 28,051 || 504,000 || $50,200 || 31[[Image:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html |title=The World Factbook: Eritrea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''State of Eritrea'') || {{flagicon|Eritrea|size=100px}} || [[Asmara]] || [[Nakfa]] || None at national level || 117,600 || 4,401,000 || $1,000 || 13[[Image:LocationEritrea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html |title=The World Factbook: Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia'') || {{flagicon|Ethiopia|size=100px}} || [[Addis Ababa]] || [[Birr]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || 1,104,300 || 75,067,000 || $823 || 28[[Image:LocationEthiopia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gabon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html |title=The World Factbook: Gabon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Gabonese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Gabon|size=100px}} || [[Libreville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 267,668 || 1,384,000 || $7,055 || 32[[Image:LocationGabon.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of The Gambia'') || {{flagicon|Gambia|size=100px}} || [[Banjul]] || [[Dalasi]] || [[English language|English]] || 10,380 || 1,517,000 || $2002 || 15[[Image:LocationGambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html |title=The World Factbook: Ghana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Ghana'') || {{flagicon|Ghana|size=100px}} || [[Accra]] || [[Ghanaian cedi]] || [[English language|English]] || 238,534 || 23,000,000 || $2,700 || 22[[Image:LocationGhana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Conakry]] || [[Guinean franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 245,857 || 9,402,000 || $2,035 ||17 [[Image:LocationGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea-Bissau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea-Bissau'') || {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau|size=100px}} || [[Bissau]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 36,125 || 1,586,000 || $736 || 16[[Image:LocationGuineaBissau.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |title=The World Factbook: Kenya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Kenya'') || {{flagicon|Kenya|size=100px}} || [[Nairobi]] || [[Kenyan shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 580,367 || 34,707,817 || $1,445 || 36[[Image:LocationKenya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html |title=The World Factbook: Lesotho |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Lesotho'') || {{flagicon|Lesotho|size=100px}} || [[Maseru]] || [[Loti]] || [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], [[English language|English]] || 30,355 || 1,795,000 || $2,113 || 49[[Image:LocationLesotho.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Liberia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=The World Factbook: Liberia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Liberia'') || {{flagicon|Liberia|size=100px}} || [[Monrovia]] || [[Liberian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 111,369 || 3,283,000 || $1,003 || 19[[Image:LocationLiberia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Libya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html |title=The World Factbook: Libya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'') || {{flagicon|Libya|size=100px}} || [[Tripoli]] || [[Libyan dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,759,540 || 6,036,914 || $12,700 || 4[[Image:LocationLibya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Madagascar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html |title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Madagascar'') || {{flagicon|Madagascar|size=100px}} || [[Antananarivo]] || [[Malagasy ariary ]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 587,041 || 18,606,000 || $905 ||44 [[Image:LocationMadagascar.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])<ref group="n" name="ARP">Autonomous Region of [[Portugal]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Madeira|size=100px}} || [[Funchal]] || [[Euro]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 828 || 245,806 || N/A || 1[[Image:LocationMadeira.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Malawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Malawi'') || {{flagicon|Malawi|size=100px}} || [[Lilongwe]] || [[Malawian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]], [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] || 118,484 || 12,884,000 || $596 || 42[[Image:LocationMalawi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mali'') || {{flagicon|Mali|size=100px}} || [[Bamako]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,240,192 || 13,518,000 || $1,154 || 9 [[Image:LocationMali.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Islamic Republic of Mauritania'') || {{flagicon|Mauritania|size=100px}} || [[Nouakchott]] || [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 1,030,700 || 3,069,000 || $2,402 || 8[[Image:LocationMauritania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritius |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mauritius'') || {{flagicon|Mauritius|size=100px}} || [[Port Louis]] || [[Mauritian rupee]] || [[English language|English]] || 2,040 || 1,219,220 || $13,703 || 44a[[Image:LocationMauritius.png|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Mayotte]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=The World Factbook: Mayotte |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF">[[Overseas departments and territories of France]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Mayotte|size=100px}} || [[Mamoudzou]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 374 || 186,452 || 2,600 || 43b[[Image:LocationMayotte.png|150px]]
|-
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/>(Autonomous City of Melilla) || {{flagicon|Melilla|size=100px}} || N/A || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 20 || 72,000 || N/A || 2b[[Image:Localización Melilla.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=The World Factbook: Morocco |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Morocco'') || {{flagicon|Morocco|size=100px}} || [[Rabat]] || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 446,550 || 33,757,175 || $4,600 || 2[[Image:LocationMorocco.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html |title=The World Factbook: Mozambique |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mozambique'') || {{flagicon|Mozambique|size=100px}} || [[Maputo]] || [[Mozambican metical]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 801,590 || 20,366,795 || $1,389 || 43[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |title=The World Factbook: Namibia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Namibia'') || {{flagicon|Namibia|size=100px}} || [[Windhoek]] || [[Namibian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 825,418 || 2,031,000 || $7,478 || 45[[Image:LocationNamibia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Niger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook: Niger |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Niger'') || {{flagicon|Niger|size=100px}} || [[Niamey]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,267,000 || 13,957,000 || $872 || 10[[Image:LocationNiger.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=The World Factbook: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Republic of Nigeria'') || {{flagicon|Nigeria|size=100px}} || [[Abuja]] || [[Nigerian naira]] || [[English language|English]] || 923,768 || 133,530,000 || $1,188 || 25[[Image:LocationNigeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''.</ref> (''Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Brazzaville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 342,000 || 3,999,000 || $1,369 || 33[[Image:LocationRCongo.PNG|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Réunion]] ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF"/> || {{flagicon|Réunion|size=100px}} || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,512 || 793,000 || N/A ||44b [[Image:LocationReunion.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |title=The World Factbook: Rwanda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Rwanda'') || {{flagicon|Rwanda|size=100px}} || [[Kigali]] || [[Rwandan franc]] || [[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 26,798 || 7,600,000 || $1,300 || 37[[Image:LocationRwanda.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=The World Factbook: Saint Helena |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Saint Helena|size=100px}} || [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || [[Saint Helenian pound ]] || [[English language|English]] || 3,926 || 4,250 || N/A || 40b[[Image:LocationSaintHelena.png|150px]]
|-
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html |title=The World Factbook: Sao Tome and Principe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe'') || {{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe|size=100px}} || [[São Tomé]] || [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 964 || 157,000 || $1,266 || 31a[[Image:LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |title=The World Factbook: Senegal |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Senegal'') || {{flagicon|Senegal|size=100px}} || [[Dakar]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 196,723 || 11,658,000 || $1,759 ||14 [[Image:LocationSenegal.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Seychelles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html |title=The World Factbook: Seychelles |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Seychelles'') || {{flagicon|Seychelles|size=100px}} || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychellois rupee]] || [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] || 451 || 80,654 || $11,818 ||39a [[Image:LocationSeychelles.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |title=The World Factbook: Sierra Leone |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sierra Leone'') || {{flagicon|Sierra Leone|size=100px}} || [[Freetown]] || [[Leone]] || [[English language|English]] || 71,740 || 6,144,562 || $903 || 18[[Image:LocationSierraLeone.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |title=The World Factbook: Somalia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Somali Republic'') || {{flagicon|Somalia|size=100px}} || [[Mogadishu]] || [[Somali shilling]] || [[Somali language|Somali]] || 637,661 || 17,700,000 || $2,941 || 30[[Image:LocationSomalia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html |title=The World Factbook: South Africa |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of South Africa'') || {{flagicon|South Africa|size=100px}} || [[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) || [[South African rand]] ||[[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]], [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Swati language|Swati]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || 1,221,037 || 47,432,000 || $12,161 || 48[[Image:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Sudan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook: Sudan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sudan'') || {{flagicon|Sudan|size=100px}} || [[Khartoum]] || [[Sudanese pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] || 2,505,813 || 36,992,490 || $2,522 || 12[[Image:LocationSudan.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Swaziland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html |title=The World Factbook: Swaziland |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Swaziland'') || {{flagicon|Swaziland|size=100px}} || [[Lobamba]] (royal and legislative) [[Mbabane]] (administrative) || [[Lilangeni]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swati language|Swati]] || 17,364 || 1,032,000 || $5,245 || 50[[Image:LocationSwaziland.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |title=The World Factbook: Tanzania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''United Republic of Tanzania'') || {{flagicon|Tanzania|size=100px}} || [[Dar es Salaam]] (traditional capital) [[Dodoma]] (legislative) || [[Tanzanian shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 945,087 || 37,849,133 || $723 || 39[[Image:LocationTanzania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Togo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html |title=The World Factbook: Togo |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Togolese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Togo|size=100px}} || [[Lomé]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 56,785 || 6,100,000 || $1,700 || 23[[Image:LocationTogo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=The World Factbook: Tunisia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Tunisian Republic'') || {{flagicon|Tunisia|size=100px}} || [[Tunis]] || [[Tunisian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 163,610 || 10,102,000 || $8,800 || 3[[Image:LocationTunisia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Uganda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |title=The World Factbook: Uganda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Uganda'') || {{flagicon|Uganda|size=100px}} || [[Kampala]] || [[Ugandan shilling]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 236,040 || 27,616,000 || $1,700 || 35[[Image:LocationUganda.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Western Sahara]] (''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic'')<ref group="n">Not fully internationally recognised. Also known as ''Western Sahara''.</ref> || {{flagicon|Western Sahara|size=100px}} || [[El Aaiún]] (Moroccan), [[Bir Lehlou]] (temporary)<ref group="n">Currenlty under Moroccan administration. [[Bir Lehlou]] is the temporary capital and Tindouf Camps is the ''de facto'' one</ref> || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 267,405 || 266,000 || N/A || 7[[Image:Edmund WS.PNG|150px]]
|-
| [[Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook: Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zambia'') || {{flagicon|Zambia|size=100px}} || [[Lusaka]] || [[Zambian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]] || 752,614 || 11,668,000 || $931 || 41[[Image:LocationZambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title=The World Factbook: Zimbabwe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zimbabwe'') || {{flagicon|Zimbabwe|size=100px}} || [[Harare]] || [[Zimbabwean dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 390,757 || 13,010,000 || $2,607 || 47[[Image:LocationZimbabwe.svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African countries by GDP]]
* [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Lists of countries by continent}}


[[Category:African countries| ]]
[[Category:Africa-related lists|Countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent|Africa]]



[[bg:Списък на африканските държави и зависими територии]]
[[he:מדינות אפריקה]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países da África]]
[[ro:Listă de ţări africane]]
[[ru:Список государств и зависимых территорий Африки]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve afrikane]]
[[tr:Afrika ülkeleri listesi]]
[[wuu:非洲国家列表]]
[[zh:非洲国家列表]]

Wikipedia:Peer review/List of African countries/archive1

2008-10-17T09:47:06Z

Chris huh: /* List of African countries and dependencies */ done the ref tags

===[[Wikipedia:Peer review/List of African countries and dependencies/archive1|List of African countries and dependencies]]===

:{{PR/header|List of African countries and dependencies| Wikipedia:Peer review/List of African countries and dependencies/archive1|October 2008}}
* A script has been used to generate a semi-[[User:AndyZ/peerreviewer|automated]] review of the article for issues relating to grammar and [[WP:MOS|house]] style; it can be found on the [[Wikipedia:Peer review/Automated/October 2008#List of African countries and dependencies|automated peer review page]] for October 2008. [[Category:Peer review pages with semiautomated peer reviews]]

{{Peer review page|topic=geography}}
I've listed this article for peer review because I (through a [[User_talk:Chris_huh#List_of_African_countries_and_dependencies|suggestion]] from [[User:Sunderland06]]) think it is probably worthy of [[WP:FL|Featured list]] status.

Thanks, [[User:Chris_huh|C]][[User:Chris_huh|hris_huh]][[User_talk:Chris_huh|talk]] 11:25, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

'''Ruhrfisch comments''': Very briefly, here are some suggestions for improvement. If you want more comments, please ask here.
*I like this overall and it looks close to being ready for FLC, but there are a few things that need work first, mostly references.
*Is there any reason the maps column is sortable?
**It was sort of a test to see if something like that would work. It just means that it will sort the countries from North-west to South-east, which may be useful to some people.
*I think the entries on dependencies might be clearer if they identified the parent nation in the table row somewhere, not just in a note - the flags already do this to some extent. Or I think more people have heard of Western Sahara than its current official name...
::{{tick}}I have added the parent country in brackets after the name, the only problem is that with the other countries the official name is in brackets, but they are in italics. So it might be clear enough. I also switched Western Sahara around with Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
*Is there any reason inline citations are not used? There are numbered refs at the bottom, but they do not link to the entry (can't click on a number and go to the place in the article where the ref is used).
**This was originally because i was using these for notes, and didn't have time to use the other notes tags. I will look into doing that.
***{{tick}} I didn't realise that they had finally brought in a group parameter for the ref tags. Brilliant. this is done now.
*Biggest problem is lack of refs - in the lead ''in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.'' needs a ref
**I'll look into adding these.
*The dependecies need refs - there is none for the French overseas departments that I could find, for example.
**That too.
*See also should be listed by full article name, i.e. [[List of African countries by GDP]], not [[List of African countries by GDP|by GDP]]
::{{tick}}this was just left over from the old version of the page, i have fixed this now.
*WOuld it make sense to have a large map of Africa at the bottom showing the whole continent and location of all 61 places? I like the maps used, but they make it harder to get an overall picture of the continent.
**Mmm, that might help. I will look around for a map.
Hope this helps. If my comments are useful, please consider peer reviewing an article, especially one at [[Wikipedia:Peer review/backlog]] (which is how I found this article). Yours, [[User:Ruhrfisch|Ruhrfisch]] '''[[User talk:Ruhrfisch|><>°°]]''' 04:25, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

2008-10-17T09:45:38Z

Chris huh: move references to usign the ref tag

[[Image:LocationAfrica.png|right|220px]]
This is a list of [[Africa]]n countries and dependencies, including the respective [[capital]]s, [[language]]s, [[currency|currencies]], [[population]], [[area]] and [[GDP per capita]] (dependencies are listed with a blue background).

'''Africa''' is the world's second-largest and second most-populous [[continent]], after [[Asia]]. At about 30,221,532 [[square kilometre|km²]] (11,668,545 [[square mile|sq mi]]) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the [[Earth]]'s total surface area, and 20.4% of the total land area.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> With more than 900 million people (as of 2005)<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpp/ "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision"] [[United Nations]] (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)</ref> in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14% of the world's [[human population]]. The continent is surrounded by the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, the [[Suez Canal]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the southeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west.
{{-}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"
! Name (''official name'') !!class=unsortable| Flag !! Capital !! Currency !! Languages !! Area (km²) !! Population !! GDP per capita (PPP) !! Map
|-
| [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html |title=The World Factbook: Algeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria'') || {{flagicon|Algeria|size=100px}} || [[Algiers]] || [[Algerian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 2,381,740 || 33,333,216 || $7,700 || 3[[Image:LocationAlgeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Angola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html |title=The World Factbook: Angola |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Angola'') || {{flagicon|Angola|size=100px}} || [[Luanda]] || [[Kwanza]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 1,246,700 || 15,941,000 || $2,813 || 40[[Image:LocationAngola.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Benin]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bn.html |title=The World Factbook: Benin |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Benin'') || {{flagicon|Benin|size=100px}} || [[Porto Novo]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 112,622 || 8,439,000 || $1,176 || 24[[Image:LocationBenin.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Botswana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html |title=The World Factbook: Botswana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Botswana'') || {{flagicon|Botswana|size=100px}} || [[Gaborone]] || [[Pula]] || [[English language|English]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || 581,726 || 1,639,833 || $11,400 || 46[[Image:LocationBotswana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |title=The World Factbook: Burkina Faso |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Burkina Faso|size=100px}} || [[Ouagadougou]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 274,000 || 13,228,000 || $1,284 || 21[[Image:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Burundi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html |title=The World Factbook: Burundi |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Burundi'') || {{flagicon|Burundi|size=100px}} || [[Bujumbura]] || [[Burundi franc]] || [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[French language|French]] || 27,830 || 7,548,000 || $739 || 38[[Image:LocationBurundi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cameroon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html |title=The World Factbook: Cameroon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cameroon'') || {{flagicon|Cameroon|size=100px}} || [[Yaoundé]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 475,442 || 17,795,000 || $2,421 || 26[[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS">Autonomous community of [[Spain]]</ref> || {{flagicon|Canary Islands|size=100px}} || [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] and [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 7,447 || 1,995,833 || N/A || 6[[Image:Localización de Canarias.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Cape Verde]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cape Verde |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Cape Verde'') || {{flagicon|Cape Verde|size=100px}} || [[Praia]] || [[Cape Verdean escudo]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 4,033 || 420,979 || $6,418 || 14a[[Image:LocationCapeVerde.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Central African Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html |title=The World Factbook: Central African Republic |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Central African Republic'') || {{flagicon|Central African Republic|size=100px}} || [[Bangui]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Sango]], [[French language|French]] || 622,984 || 4,216,666 || $1,198 || 27[[Image:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Ceuta]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/> || {{flagicon|Ceuta|size=100px}} || Ceuta || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 28 || 76,861 || N/A || 2a[[Image:Localización Ceuta.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Chad]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=The World Factbook: Chad |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Chad'') || {{flagicon|Chad|size=100px}} || [[N'Djamena]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,284,000 || 10,146,000 || $1,519 || 11[[Image:LocationChad.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Comoros]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html |title=The World Factbook: Comoros |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Union of the Comoros'') || {{flagicon|Comoros|size=100px}} || [[Moroni]] || [[Comorian franc]] || [[Comorian language|Comorian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 2,235 || 798,000 || $1,660 || 43a[[Image:LocationComoros.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html |title=The World Factbook: Cote d'Ivoire |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Côte d'Ivoire'') || {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire|size=100px}} || [[Yamoussoukro]] [[Abidjan]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 322,460 || 17,654,843 || $1,600 || 20[[Image:LocationCotedIvoire.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Kinshasa'' and formerly as ''Zaire''.</ref> (''Democratic Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Kinshasa]] || [[Congolese franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,344,858 || 63,655,000 || $774 || 34[[Image:LocationDRCongo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |title=The World Factbook: Djibouti |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Djibouti'') || {{flagicon|Djibouti|size=100px}} || [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] || [[Djiboutian Franc]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 23,200 || 496,374 || $2,070 || 29[[Image:LocationDjibouti.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html |title=The World Factbook: Egypt |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n" name="TAA">Some territory could be argued to be a part of [[List of Asian countries|Asia]] or Africa.</ref> (''Arab Republic of Egypt'') || {{flagicon|Egypt|size=100px}} || [[Cairo]] || [[Egyptian Pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,001,449 || 80,335,036 || $4,836 || 5[[Image:LocationEgypt.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ek.html |title=The World Factbook: Equatorial Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Equatorial Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Malabo]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 28,051 || 504,000 || $50,200 || 31[[Image:LocationEquatorialGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html |title=The World Factbook: Eritrea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''State of Eritrea'') || {{flagicon|Eritrea|size=100px}} || [[Asmara]] || [[Nakfa]] || None at national level || 117,600 || 4,401,000 || $1,000 || 13[[Image:LocationEritrea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html |title=The World Factbook: Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia'') || {{flagicon|Ethiopia|size=100px}} || [[Addis Ababa]] || [[Birr]] || [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || 1,104,300 || 75,067,000 || $823 || 28[[Image:LocationEthiopia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gabon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gb.html |title=The World Factbook: Gabon |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Gabonese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Gabon|size=100px}} || [[Libreville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 267,668 || 1,384,000 || $7,055 || 32[[Image:LocationGabon.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Gambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of The Gambia'') || {{flagicon|Gambia|size=100px}} || [[Banjul]] || [[Dalasi]] || [[English language|English]] || 10,380 || 1,517,000 || $2002 || 15[[Image:LocationGambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ghana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html |title=The World Factbook: Ghana |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Ghana'') || {{flagicon|Ghana|size=100px}} || [[Accra]] || [[Ghanaian cedi]] || [[English language|English]] || 238,534 || 23,000,000 || $2,700 || 22[[Image:LocationGhana.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea'') || {{flagicon|Guinea|size=100px}} || [[Conakry]] || [[Guinean franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 245,857 || 9,402,000 || $2,035 ||17 [[Image:LocationGuinea.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html |title=The World Factbook: Guinea-Bissau |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Guinea-Bissau'') || {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau|size=100px}} || [[Bissau]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 36,125 || 1,586,000 || $736 || 16[[Image:LocationGuineaBissau.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html |title=The World Factbook: Kenya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Kenya'') || {{flagicon|Kenya|size=100px}} || [[Nairobi]] || [[Kenyan shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]] || 580,367 || 34,707,817 || $1,445 || 36[[Image:LocationKenya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Lesotho]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html |title=The World Factbook: Lesotho |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Lesotho'') || {{flagicon|Lesotho|size=100px}} || [[Maseru]] || [[Loti]] || [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], [[English language|English]] || 30,355 || 1,795,000 || $2,113 || 49[[Image:LocationLesotho.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Liberia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html |title=The World Factbook: Liberia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Liberia'') || {{flagicon|Liberia|size=100px}} || [[Monrovia]] || [[Liberian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 111,369 || 3,283,000 || $1,003 || 19[[Image:LocationLiberia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Libya]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html |title=The World Factbook: Libya |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'') || {{flagicon|Libya|size=100px}} || [[Tripoli]] || [[Libyan dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 1,759,540 || 6,036,914 || $12,700 || 4[[Image:LocationLibya.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Madagascar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html |title=The World Factbook: Madagascar |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Madagascar'') || {{flagicon|Madagascar|size=100px}} || [[Antananarivo]] || [[Malagasy ariary ]] || [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 587,041 || 18,606,000 || $905 ||44 [[Image:LocationMadagascar.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Madeira]] ([[Portugal]])<ref group="n" name="ARP">Autonomous Region of [[Portugal]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Madeira|size=100px}} || [[Funchal]] || [[Euro]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 828 || 245,806 || N/A || 1[[Image:LocationMadeira.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Malawi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Malawi'') || {{flagicon|Malawi|size=100px}} || [[Lilongwe]] || [[Malawian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]], [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] || 118,484 || 12,884,000 || $596 || 42[[Image:LocationMalawi.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |title=The World Factbook: Mali |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mali'') || {{flagicon|Mali|size=100px}} || [[Bamako]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,240,192 || 13,518,000 || $1,154 || 9 [[Image:LocationMali.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Islamic Republic of Mauritania'') || {{flagicon|Mauritania|size=100px}} || [[Nouakchott]] || [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 1,030,700 || 3,069,000 || $2,402 || 8[[Image:LocationMauritania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html |title=The World Factbook: Mauritius |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mauritius'') || {{flagicon|Mauritius|size=100px}} || [[Port Louis]] || [[Mauritian rupee]] || [[English language|English]] || 2,040 || 1,219,220 || $13,703 || 44a[[Image:LocationMauritius.png|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Mayotte]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=The World Factbook: Mayotte |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF">[[Overseas departments and territories of France]].</ref> || {{flagicon|Mayotte|size=100px}} || [[Mamoudzou]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 374 || 186,452 || 2,600 || 43b[[Image:LocationMayotte.png|150px]]
|-
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Melilla]] ([[Spain]])<ref group="n" name="ACS"/>(Autonomous City of Melilla) || {{flagicon|Melilla|size=100px}} || N/A || [[Euro]] || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || 20 || 72,000 || N/A || 2b[[Image:Localización Melilla.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html |title=The World Factbook: Morocco |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Morocco'') || {{flagicon|Morocco|size=100px}} || [[Rabat]] || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]] || 446,550 || 33,757,175 || $4,600 || 2[[Image:LocationMorocco.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Mozambique]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html |title=The World Factbook: Mozambique |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Mozambique'') || {{flagicon|Mozambique|size=100px}} || [[Maputo]] || [[Mozambican metical]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 801,590 || 20,366,795 || $1,389 || 43[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Namibia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |title=The World Factbook: Namibia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Namibia'') || {{flagicon|Namibia|size=100px}} || [[Windhoek]] || [[Namibian dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 825,418 || 2,031,000 || $7,478 || 45[[Image:LocationNamibia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Niger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook: Niger |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Niger'') || {{flagicon|Niger|size=100px}} || [[Niamey]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 1,267,000 || 13,957,000 || $872 || 10[[Image:LocationNiger.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |title=The World Factbook: Nigeria |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Federal Republic of Nigeria'') || {{flagicon|Nigeria|size=100px}} || [[Abuja]] || [[Nigerian naira]] || [[English language|English]] || 923,768 || 133,530,000 || $1,188 || 25[[Image:LocationNigeria.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Republic of the Congo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html |title=The World Factbook: Congo, Republic of the |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref><ref group="n">Also known as ''Congo-Brazzaville''.</ref> (''Republic of the Congo'') || {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo|size=100px}} || [[Brazzaville]] || [[Central African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 342,000 || 3,999,000 || $1,369 || 33[[Image:LocationRCongo.PNG|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Réunion]] ([[France]])<ref group="n" name="ODTF"/> || {{flagicon|Réunion|size=100px}} || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] || [[Euro]] || [[French language|French]] || 2,512 || 793,000 || N/A ||44b [[Image:LocationReunion.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |title=The World Factbook: Rwanda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Rwanda'') || {{flagicon|Rwanda|size=100px}} || [[Kigali]] || [[Rwandan franc]] || [[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]] || 26,798 || 7,600,000 || $1,300 || 37[[Image:LocationRwanda.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Helena]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sh.html |title=The World Factbook: Saint Helena |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> || {{flagicon|Saint Helena|size=100px}} || [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || [[Saint Helenian pound ]] || [[English language|English]] || 3,926 || 4,250 || N/A || 40b[[Image:LocationSaintHelena.png|150px]]
|-
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html |title=The World Factbook: Sao Tome and Principe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe'') || {{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe|size=100px}} || [[São Tomé]] || [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra]] || [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 964 || 157,000 || $1,266 || 31a[[Image:LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |title=The World Factbook: Senegal |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Senegal'') || {{flagicon|Senegal|size=100px}} || [[Dakar]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 196,723 || 11,658,000 || $1,759 ||14 [[Image:LocationSenegal.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Seychelles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html |title=The World Factbook: Seychelles |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Seychelles'') || {{flagicon|Seychelles|size=100px}} || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[Seychellois rupee]] || [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Seychellois Creole]] || 451 || 80,654 || $11,818 ||39a [[Image:LocationSeychelles.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html |title=The World Factbook: Sierra Leone |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sierra Leone'') || {{flagicon|Sierra Leone|size=100px}} || [[Freetown]] || [[Leone]] || [[English language|English]] || 71,740 || 6,144,562 || $903 || 18[[Image:LocationSierraLeone.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |title=The World Factbook: Somalia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Somali Republic'') || {{flagicon|Somalia|size=100px}} || [[Mogadishu]] || [[Somali shilling]] || [[Somali language|Somali]] || 637,661 || 17,700,000 || $2,941 || 30[[Image:LocationSomalia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html |title=The World Factbook: South Africa |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of South Africa'') || {{flagicon|South Africa|size=100px}} || [[Pretoria]] (executive) [[Bloemfontein]] (judicial) [[Cape Town]] (legislative) || [[South African rand]] ||[[Afrikaans]], [[English language|English]], [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]], [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]], [[Sotho language|Sotho]], [[Swati language|Swati]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venda]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || 1,221,037 || 47,432,000 || $12,161 || 48[[Image:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Sudan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook: Sudan |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Sudan'') || {{flagicon|Sudan|size=100px}} || [[Khartoum]] || [[Sudanese pound]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] || 2,505,813 || 36,992,490 || $2,522 || 12[[Image:LocationSudan.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Swaziland]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html |title=The World Factbook: Swaziland |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Kingdom of Swaziland'') || {{flagicon|Swaziland|size=100px}} || [[Lobamba]] (royal and legislative) [[Mbabane]] (administrative) || [[Lilangeni]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swati language|Swati]] || 17,364 || 1,032,000 || $5,245 || 50[[Image:LocationSwaziland.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html |title=The World Factbook: Tanzania |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''United Republic of Tanzania'') || {{flagicon|Tanzania|size=100px}} || [[Dar es Salaam]] (traditional capital) [[Dodoma]] (legislative) || [[Tanzanian shilling]] || [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 945,087 || 37,849,133 || $723 || 39[[Image:LocationTanzania.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Togo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html |title=The World Factbook: Togo |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Togolese Republic'') || {{flagicon|Togo|size=100px}} || [[Lomé]] || [[West African CFA franc]] || [[French language|French]] || 56,785 || 6,100,000 || $1,700 || 23[[Image:LocationTogo.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tunisia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html |title=The World Factbook: Tunisia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Tunisian Republic'') || {{flagicon|Tunisia|size=100px}} || [[Tunis]] || [[Tunisian dinar]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 163,610 || 10,102,000 || $8,800 || 3[[Image:LocationTunisia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Uganda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html |title=The World Factbook: Uganda |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> ('' Republic of Uganda'') || {{flagicon|Uganda|size=100px}} || [[Kampala]] || [[Ugandan shilling]] || [[English language|English]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || 236,040 || 27,616,000 || $1,700 || 35[[Image:LocationUganda.svg|150px]]
|- style="background-color: lightcyan;"
| [[Western Sahara]] (''Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic'')<ref group="n">Not fully internationally recognised. Also known as ''Western Sahara''.</ref> || {{flagicon|Western Sahara|size=100px}} || [[El Aaiún]] (Moroccan), [[Bir Lehlou]] (temporary)<ref group="n">Currenlty under Moroccan administration. [[Bir Lehlou]] is the temporary capital and Tindouf Camps is the ''de facto'' one</ref> || [[Moroccan dirham]] || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || 267,405 || 266,000 || N/A || 7[[Image:Edmund WS.PNG|150px]]
|-
| [[Zambia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |title=The World Factbook: Zambia |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zambia'') || {{flagicon|Zambia|size=100px}} || [[Lusaka]] || [[Zambian kwacha]] || [[English language|English]] || 752,614 || 11,668,000 || $931 || 41[[Image:LocationZambia.svg|150px]]
|-
| [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title=The World Factbook: Zimbabwe |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence |accessdate=2008-06-12 |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> (''Republic of Zimbabwe'') || {{flagicon|Zimbabwe|size=100px}} || [[Harare]] || [[Zimbabwean dollar]] || [[English language|English]] || 390,757 || 13,010,000 || $2,607 || 47[[Image:LocationZimbabwe.svg|150px]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Africa|Africa satellite orthographic.jpg}}
* [[List of African countries by GDP]]
* [[List of African countries by GDP (PPP)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Lists of countries by continent}}


[[Category:African countries| ]]
[[Category:Africa-related lists|Countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent|Africa]]



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[[pt:Anexo:Lista de países da África]]
[[ro:Listă de ţări africane]]
[[ru:Список государств и зависимых территорий Африки]]
[[sq:Lista e shteteve afrikane]]
[[tr:Afrika ülkeleri listesi]]
[[wuu:非洲国家列表]]
[[zh:非洲国家列表]]