Madrid (Colombia)

2024-09-01T18:17:14Z

Diego Rey: /* History */

2024-01-14T02:12:49Z

Diego Rey:

{{About|the municipality in Cundinamarca, Colombia|other uses|Madrid (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madrid
| motto = Unity - Progress - Development
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Colombia|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Mosaico Madrid.jpg
| image_caption = Mosaico of the Municipality of Madrid
| image_flag = Flag_of_Madrid_(Cundinamarca).svg
| image_seal = Escudo_del_Municipio_de_Madrid_Cundinamarca.jpg
| image_map = Colombia - Cundinamarca - Madrid.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of the municipality and town of Madrid in the Cundinamarca Department of Colombia
| pushpin_map = Colombia
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Colombia
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Colombia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[departments of Colombia|Department]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Cundinamarca.svg}} [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]]
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = [[Western Savanna Province]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Carlos Alberto Chávez Moya]] (2024-2027)
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = November 20, 1559
| founder = Alonso Díaz
| area_total_km2 = 120.5
| area_total_sq_mi = 46.52
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Sin-nombre-p3Qs-1">{{cite web|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125190950/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Proyecciones_de_Poblacion_2018-2020.xls|url-status=dead|title=Censo 2018 DANE|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Proyecciones_de_Poblacion_2018-2020.xls}}</ref>
| population_total = 150.374
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 150.374
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Madrilenian, madrileño, -ña
| coordinates = {{coord|4|44|04|N|74|16|06|W|display=inline}}
| utc_offset = -5
| area_code = 60+1
| website = www.madrid-cundinamarca.gov.co/
| anthem = Anthem of Madrid
| established_title1 = As a municipal district
| established_date1 = 1834
| named_for = Pedro Fernández Madrid
| postal_code = 250030
}}

'''Madrid''' ({{IPA-es|maˈðɾið}}) is one of the [[List of municipalities in Cundinamarca|116 municipalities]] in the [[Cundinamarca Department]], [[Colombia]]. With an estimated population of 150,374 inhabitants (2022), it stands as the eighth most populous municipality in the [[Departments of Colombia|department]]. Encompassing an area of 120.5 km²<ref>{{Cite web |title=Información general Municipio - Observatorio Regional Ambiental y de Desarrollo Sostenible del Río Bogotá |url=https://orarbo.gov.co/es/el-observatorio-y-los-municipios/informacion-general-municipio?cd=5c435e8b8e0a535f4f9d457df9d01739 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=orarbo.gov.co}}</ref>, it is situated within the [[Western Savanna Province]], positioned 21 km away from [[Bogotá]], and is an integral component of the [[Metropolitan Area of Bogotá]].

The municipality was established on November 20, 1559, by Alonso Díaz, originally bearing the appellation ''La Serrezuela''. However, in 1875, it underwent a nomenclatural transformation, adopting its current designation. Notably recognized as a [[commuter town]], its reputation stems from the proliferation of housing projects in recent decades, catalyzing population expansion and the formation of a [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] community comprising individuals from diverse regions and countries.

Madrid stands prominently as Colombia's foremost hub for [[floriculture]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Espectador |first=El |date=2021-10-19 |title=ELESPECTADOR.COM |url=https://www.elespectador.com/ambiente/bibo/madrid-cundinamarca-la-tierra-de-las-flores-en-colombia/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=ELESPECTADOR.COM |language=spanish}}</ref>earning acclaim as one of the world's top contributors to cut flower production. Boasting over 1,000 hectares devoted to the cultivation of flowers and hosting the headquarters of the nation's most influential floral enterprises, the city has become a key player in the global market. Nevertheless, this flourishing sector is not immune to adverse consequences. The intensive large-scale cultivation of flowers has precipitated detrimental environmental impacts, marked by the excessive use of [[Agrochemical|agrochemicals]], [[deforestation]], [[Waste|waste generation]], [[Water pollution|water resource pollution]], exploitation of [[groundwater]], [[Forced labour|labor exploitation]], and occupational health concerns, all of which emerge as paramount apprehensions.

The municipality hosts the [[Colombian Aerospace Force|Air Maintenance Command]] since 1924 and the [[Colombian Aerospace Force|Non-Commissioned Officers School of the Colombian Aerospace Force]] since 1970. Among its geographical features, the ''Tibaytatá'' Hill stands out, with an elevation ranging between 2,550 and 2,750 [[Height above mean sea level|meters above mean sea level]]. This mountain is characterized by significant [[biodiversity]], encompassing a wide variety of [[Bird|birds]], [[Insect|insects]], and [[Plant|plants]]. Moreover, it serves as a popular site for recreational activities such as [[hiking]] and [[mountain biking]].

== Toponymy ==
The nomenclatural designation ''Madrid'', bestowed in homage to the distinguished figure Pedro Fernández Madrid<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Historia del Municipio de Madrid Cundinamarca {{!}} ABC del derecho desde Madrid…! |url=https://abc-delderecho.com/?page_id=122 |access-date=2024-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>, born in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], and having spent his final years in the municipality then identified as La Serrezuela, reflects a deliberate acknowledgment of his legacy. Following his demise on February 7, 1875, the local populace petitioned the Cundinamarca Assembly for a name alteration, a request formalized through Law 14 on November 17, 1875. This legislative measure marked the official transition from the erstwhile toponym ''La Serrezuela'' to the present-day designation of ''Madrid''.

The [[Toponymy|toponym]] ''Serrezuela'' was reinstated in 1945, only to undergo another transition back to ''Madrid'' in 1946. This nomenclatural oscillation persisted until 1973, when the Departmental Assembly reinstated the former name, in adherence to the stipulations of Law 5 of 1920. This legal provision mandates the bestowal of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]], ancient, or historical names upon localities. Ultimately, the current appellation was officially promulgated through Decree No. 14 on November 16, 1976. According to historian Roberto Velandia, the designation ''Madrid'' was inadvertently conferred due to prevailing political and social affinities towards the aforementioned personality.<ref name=":0" />

The toponym ''Madrid'' is initially documented during the [[Andalusi Arabic|Andalusian]] period as ''Maǧrīţ'', subsequently evolving into ''Magerit'' in [[Old Spanish]]. Its etymological origins have given rise to multiple theories throughout history, with the currently prevailing one proposed by the [[Arabist]] Jaime Oliver Asín. According to this theory, the name traces its roots to the [[Andalusi Romance]] term ''Matrice'', signifying matrix or source. For an extended duration, these two toponyms coexisted, employed by both [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Christians|Christian]] communities settled on the hills of Almudena and Vistillas in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], separated by a former stream now known as Calle de Segovia. The genesis of both names can be attributed to these coexisting communities. This hypothesis has been subsequently expounded upon by [[Joan Coromines]] and [[Federico Corriente|Federico Corriente Córdoba]].

Interestingly, the municipality of Madrid in Colombia is intersected by the Subachoque River. The [[demonym]] for the residents of this municipality is ''madrilenian'' in [[English language|english]], and ''madrileño'' (for [[Male|males)]] and ''madrileña'' (for [[Female|females]]) in [[Spanish language|spanish]].

== History ==

=== Pre-Columbian Era ===
Madrid boasts a rich history dating back to [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times. The earliest inhabitants of the region belonged to the [[Herrera Period]], spanning approximately from 400 BCE to 200 CE, predating the [[Muisca|Muisca culture]]. During this epoch, advanced cultures flourished, leaving a significant legacy in the region. Traces of these cultures, such as [[Petroglyph|petroglyphs]] and [[Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ceramics]], persist in the area. Furthermore, Madrid's cultural and [[Archaeology|archaeological]] heritage is esteemed for its historical significance, safeguarded by local authorities to preserve its legacy for future generations. In present-day Madrid, a settlement named ''Tybaitatá'' existed, signifying the captain's tillage, and was subordinate to the [[Muisca rulers|Zipa]] of Bogotá (''Muyqyta''), situated in the current municipality of [[Funza]].

Since the initiation of the desiccation process of [[Lake Herrera]], it has yielded a broad spectrum of [[Natural resource|natural resources]], catering to both local [[Hunter-gatherer|gatherers]] and [[Hunting|hunters]], as well as early [[Farmer|farmers]] and [[Pottery|potters]]. The array of resources available in the [[lagoon]], encompassing [[Bird|birds]], [[Guinea pig|guinea pigs]], [[fish]], small [[Mammal|mammals]], and [[Crustacean|crustaceans]], coupled with the abundance of [[Mountain|mountainous]] [[fauna]] such as [[deer]] and others, residing in the nearby [[Hill|hills]], intimates that for [[Millennium|millennia]], the denizens of this region adeptly relied upon hunting, gathering, and fishing as primary sources of [[sustenance]].

The adoption of [[agriculture]] in this area transpired at a later juncture, given the ample availability of [[water resources]] to furnish [[protein]], energy-rich sustenance (such as [[Root|roots]] and [[Junco|juncos]]), and natural regulators. Nevertheless, the fertile [[Lake|lacustrine]] soils facilitated the emergence of early agricultural pursuits and the establishment of the initial Spanish-origin [[livestock]] estates in the region.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UNAL MADRID CUNDINAMARCA |url=https://www.humanas.unal.edu.co/colantropos/files/7614/8009/1656/MADRID__UN_YACIMIENTO_RITUAL_AGROALFARERO_TEMPRANO_EN_TORNO_A_LA_LAGUNA_DE_LA_HERRERA.pdf}}</ref>

The denizens of the Herrera period ([[1st millennium BC|1st millennium BCE]] - [[1st millennium|1st millennium CE]]) distinguished themselves through their adept exploitation of lacustrine environments, fostering an economy centered on crops such as [[maize]], [[Achira (biscuit)|achira]], and high-altitude [[Tuber|tubers]]. Additionally, their prowess extended to fishing, as well as the hunting of [[highland]] [[Mammal|mammals]] and [[Rodent|rodents]]. Noteworthy endeavors also included the exploitation of [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pans]] and the construction of [[Monolith|monoliths]], as evidenced by various sources.

While the prospect of heterogeneity within this period, marked by early and late phases, has been posited, detailed insights into the [[Sociocultural anthropology|sociocultural]] and physical characteristics of its inhabitants, as well as their [[Ritual|ritual practices]], remain elusive thus far. The discovery of a ritual site in Madrid, Cundinamarca, spanning both phases, has yielded invaluable data to address this matter comprehensively.<ref name=":1" />

In March 2003, during construction activities, an [[archaeological site]] was unearthed at Cra. 5 #2-41 in the municipality of Madrid. Preliminary analysis of the site indicated its affiliation with the [[Herrera Period|Herrera]] archaeological period, primarily discerned through the presence of characteristic ceramics such as Red Incised (RI), Crushed Mosquera Rock (MRT), Zipaquirá Red over Cream (ZRC), and Zipaquirá Potsherds with Grog (ZDT), previously identified by various scholars (Broadbent, 1971, 1986; Cardale 1981; Castillo 1984; Peña 1991; Cifuentes 1986; Correal and Pinto 1983).

Upon juxtaposing the burial pattern of a nearby funerary mound, excavated at the entrance of the lot, with the archaeological site of Aguazuque in the municipality of [[Soacha]], dating approximately between 3000 and 1000 BCE, notable similarities emerged. These include the positioning of [[Human skeleton|skeletons]] in a lateral decubitus with flexed limbs, physical traits such as [[dolichocephaly]], and evidence of dental wear in select individuals (Correal, 1990). This assemblage, concomitant with Herrera ceramics, [[Lithic reduction|lithic artifacts]], and animal remains, attests to the site's initial occupation dating back to the 1st millennium BCE.

Subsequently, a second occupation was documented, likewise linked to Herrera ceramics, wherein agriculture played a more prominent role, and societal complexity became more apparent. During this phase, [[Brachycephaly|brachycephalic]] populations are observed, and it is estimated to correspond approximately to the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=":1" />

The soil analyses conducted on archaeological sections and the study of the environmental surroundings in the [[Bogotá savanna]] unveil that the excavation site in the municipality of Madrid was situated in an area characterized by [[Lake|lacustrine]] features. This zone was demarcated by the [[Lake Herrera]] and numerous [[Wetland|wetlands]] formed by the confluence of the Subachoque River, historically flowing into the vicinity of the lagoon. These waters covered a portion of the western sector of the [[highland]]. The magnitude of these waters in the region has been substantiated through studies of ancient soils, notwithstanding the natural constraints that did not impede human activity in its vicinity.

The archaeological profiles disclose evidence of habitation on the shores of the lagoon, where the early inhabitants constructed their dwellings upon palafitic structures. Furthermore, in deeper strata, indications of lake drought periods are discerned, possibly during the 1st millennium BCE, during which evidence of hearths is found beneath layers of white clay constituting the lakebed.<ref name=":1" />

The lacustrine systems in certain areas of the highland have given rise to diverse interpretations regarding the lifestyles of human groups. Whether they were hunters seeking suitable areas for hunting or the early potters who arrived in the region, these groups were influenced by the presence of these bodies of water. According to [[Ethnohistory|ethnohistorical]] accounts, during the time of the [[Muisca]], continuous prayers were offered to their deities in an effort to drain the lacustrine systems, swamps, and lakes that posed challenges for the communities situated to the west of the Bogotá savanna.<ref name=":1" />

Initially, the site was inhabited by a population characterized by a rudimentary culture. They conducted collective burials at various junctures, accompanied by ceramics, stone tools, and animal bone remains. These interments took place within a recess excavated in the white clay at the lakebed's bottom. Individuals were laid to rest in a lateral position, with limbs extended, and in certain instances, crania were positioned atop fragments of ceramics.

In the second phase of occupation, as the society evolved towards more complex structures and individualized systems of power, a unique ritual and astronomical complex was erected. This complex comprises a canal exceeding 30 meters in length, extending from south to north, noteworthy for its duality: circular forms on the eastern side and square forms on the western side.<ref name=":1" />

The human remains discovered provide us with a glimpse into the evolution of groups that relied on the resources of [[Lake Herrera]] in various ways. Initially, they were potter-hunter-gatherers who subsisted on deer, curí, birds, gastropods, fish, and both wild and cultivated plants. Physically, these groups bore resemblance to those of Aguazuque and shared afflictions such as [[treponematosis]]. Moreover, they maintained close contacts with the [[Magdalena River Valley]], as evidenced by the presence of animals, ceramics, and lithic raw materials from that region.

Subsequently, a shift is discernible towards a heightened reliance on cultivated plants, evidenced by dental structure and the presence of grinding implements such as metates. At this juncture, these groups exhibit a physical resemblance to the Muisca and diminish their interactions with the Magdalena River Valley.

The remnants of material culture associated with the burials afford us a tentative timeframe for the occupation, spanning from 300 BCE to 600 CE, drawing upon datings from other regions of the highland and the Magdalena watershed. Furthermore, the unearthed ceramics imply a cultural exchange between these groups and those of the [[Magdalena River Valley|Magdalena]], with ceramic fragments bearing distinctive traits from both regions.

Prominent discoveries include fragments of painted ceramics from the [[El Espinal, Tolima|El Espinal]] municipality region, linked to ritualistic practices, and a red bathing cup adorned with serpentine sgraffito on its body and hatched triangles at the base, excavated as an offering in Madrid.

In the ceramic materials, a proliferation of notched edges, impressions, and applied elements is observed, often adorned with red or brown pigments in parallel lines and hatching. Simultaneously, simpler, utilitarian forms imbued with soot are also encountered.

The Madrid archaeological site is significant in that it enables the study of adaptive responses by populations of the Herrera phase to the lacustrine environment during two phases of occupation, both in biological and cultural terms, imbued with profound symbolic content. Prominent are dual geometric constructions, associated with collective and individual burials, signifying social and biological changes, including the transition from dolichocephalic to brachycephalic groups, as well as alterations in diet and social structure.<ref name=":1" />

==== Herrera Period ====
The highland culture of the central [[Andes|Andes of Colombia]], which flourished between 400 BCE and 200 CE, is known as the Herrera Period. This culture has been thoroughly examined through research conducted by Sylvia Broadbent at the [[Lake Herrera]] in [[Mosquera, Cundinamarca|Mosquera]].

[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence of the Herrera Culture has been unearthed across numerous locations in [[Colombia]], encompassing [[Sopó]], [[Soacha]], [[Usme]], [[Gámeza]], the Archaeological Park of [[Facatativá]], [[Moniquirá]] (El Infiernito), [[Chía, Cundinamarca|Chía]], [[Chita, Boyacá|Chita]], [[Chiscas]], [[Soatá]], [[Jericó, Antioquia|Jericó]], [[Sativasur]], [[Covarachía]], [[Sativanorte]], [[El Cocuy]], and Madrid. Furthermore, indications of its cultural development have also surfaced through archaeological excavations in [[Tolima Department|Tolima]] and [[Santander Department|Santander]], thereby underscoring the coexistent evolution of diverse societies.

One of the paramount discoveries from the [[Herrera Period]] is situated in Soacha, dating back from 400 B.C. to the era of the [[Muisca|Muisca civilization]]. At this archaeological site, remnants of over 2200 individuals, intact ceramic vessels, stone tools, [[cotton]], maize, [[bean]], and [[banana passionfruit]], as well as fragments of [[Spindle whorl|spindle whorls]], have been meticulously unearthed.

The Herrera Culture emerged subsequent to the preceramic, archaic, and formative periods, aligning approximately with the early intermediate and middle horizon epochs of [[Andean civilizations]]. Regionally, it was succeeded by the Muisca culture.

The Herrera Period is distinguished by its ceramic artifacts adorned with incised ungulate motifs and dots, featuring monochromatic patterns, moccasin-like designs, and occasional [[Zoomorphism|zoomorphic]] elements such as serpents. These decorative elements embellish small vessels, likely associated with ceremonial purposes. The society during this period exhibited a well-developed agricultural system.

In the political realm during the Herrera Period (400 BCE - 200 CE.), several villages coalesced around the most fertile lands. Nevertheless, no conspicuous political primacy of one village over others or a pronounced internal social differentiation was observed. Transitioning into the Early Muisca Period (200 CE - 1000 CE), the economy underwent a transformation from subsistence agriculture to surplus production, catalyzing the emergence of more intricate societal structures.

In the settlements of the [[Bogotá savanna|Bogotá Savanna]], the transitions between the Herrera Period and the Early Muisca Period were notably transformative. The most conspicuous shift lay in the [[Demography|demographic]] surge during the Early Muisca Period, signaling alterations in the social and political dynamics within the region. Larger population centers emerged, indicative of a trend towards centralization, and the distribution of inhabitants suggests the establishment of a [[Social stratification|social hierarchy]]. This trajectory towards centralization persisted into the subsequent Muisca period.

=== Spanish Era ===
The arrival of the Spaniards to the [[Bogotá savanna|Savanna]] encountered a [[Muisca]] settlement under the leadership of a ''[[Cacique]]'' named Sagasuca. This settlement was renamed by the Spaniards as ''Pueblo de indios de Sagasuca.'' On November 20, 1559, the municipality was officially founded by Alonso Díaz with the name ''La Serrezuela'' (which means Small Mountain Range), owing to its proximity to the [[hill]] in this part of the Savanna. During the Spanish era, Spanish families established themselves and initiated [[Encomienda|encomiendas]] in the area. Nevertheless, no notable events are known to have transpired during this period in La Serrezuela. Due to its location on the route leading from ancient [[Bogotá|Santafé]] to [[Honda, Tolima|Honda]], high-ranking officials of the [[Real Audiencia|Royal Audience]], the Metropolitan [[Archbishop]], and [[Viceroy|viceroys]] passed through and occasionally lodged there.

According to the historian Miguel Aguilera, in 1639, in the settlement that would later become Madrid, a cacique named Don Juan, hailing from ''Tybaitatá'', held prominence. During this period, the population comprised [[Spaniards]], [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous people]], [[Criollo people|criollos]], and [[Mulatto|mulattos]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Historia del Municipio de Madrid Cundinamarca {{!}} ABC del derecho desde Madrid…! |url=https://abc-delderecho.com/?page_id=122 |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Royal Decree-Law (Spain)|Royal Decree]] of August 3, 1774, concerning the reorganization of indigenous towns and magistracies, along with the decisions of the judicial board in 1775, prompted the prosecutor Francisco Antonio Moreno y Escandón to decree the extinction of the town of La Serrezuela due to its poverty and low population.

The Bridge of the Spaniards stands as a significant [[Architecture|architectural]] feat erected during the Hispanic era in 1789, credited to the Italian engineer Domingo Esquiaqui. Situated over the Subachoque River, it remains operational, currently serving vehicular transit. This bridge is deemed the oldest structure in the municipality and one of the most ancient within the [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca department]]. In 1789, the population of the town was approximated to include 70 residents alongside a similar number of indigenous inhabitants.<ref name=":2" />

During the era, prominent haciendas were owned by families from [[Bogotá|Santafé]], some of which would later become the property of historical figures or be inhabited by them. Among these haciendas, notable ones include:

* '''La Hélida''': [[Jorge Miguel Lozano, Marquis of San Jorge|Jorge Miguel Lozano de Peralta]], known as the Marquis of San Jorge, resided here.

* '''El Boyero''': Owned by [[Rufino José Cuervo]], a Colombian scholar of great significance.

* '''La Estancia:''' Belonging to the Serrano Escallón family, this estate served as the residence and hiding place for [[Antonio Nariño]], who concealed some of his writings here, including the translation of the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]. Nariño sought refuge in La Estancia after being pursued for conspiring against the Spanish government in 1792.

* '''Casablanca:''' Property of [[José María Vergara y Vergara]], where he wrote parts of his work ''History of Literature in New Granada'' (1867) and perhaps ''Olives and olive trees, all are one.''(1868). The estate had been inherited from his maternal grandfather, [[Antonio de Vergara Azcárate|Antonio Vergara Azcárate y Dávila]], who had been an [[Encomienda|encomendero]] of the Pueblo de indios de Serrezuela in 1650. Additionally, a plaque commemorates [[Simón Bolívar]]'s overnight stay in one of the rooms. Later, it would become the property of [[José María Sierra]], better known as Pepe Sierra, a peasant who became the wealthiest man in Colombia.

* '''San Marino:''' The hacienda derives its name from the [[San Marino|homonymous country]], with origins dating back to the late 19th century. The distinguished [[Rafael Reyes]] regularly visited the region. Alcira and Lucila Blanco, close friends of President [[Alfonso López Pumarejo]], who frequented the place, resided here. The designation ''Hacienda San Marino'' is attributed to the Blanco sisters, who, after surviving the ravages of [[World War II]], decided to settle in Madrid.

* '''Casa de Santa Inés:''' Located along the Occidente Road, this estate housed the offices of former commercial aviation companies such as Transportes Aéreos Centroamericanos (currently [[Avianca]]), Vías Aéreas de Colombia, and Agencia Interamericana de Aviación.

=== Republican Era ===

==== 19th Century ====
During the Republican era, Madrid bore witness to numerous battles among revolutionary armies striving for their libertarian ideals. [[José Hilario López]], a military figure and president of the [[Republic of New Granada]], established his headquarters in Madrid in 1831.

Several years hence, in the annus of 1881, the city of Madrid played host to the insurrection orchestrated by the esteemed general and subsequent president, [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]]. In the year 1894, it once again became the theatre of upheaval, witnessing a rebellion against the autocratic rule of [[José María Melo]]. Melo, erstwhile the de facto president of the [[Republic of New Granada]] during the tempestuous civil conflict of 1854, found himself at the epicenter of dissent and revolution.<ref name=":2" />

In the waning years of the nineteenth century, Rufino Gutiérrez, erstwhile official visitor in the years 1887 and 1888, authored a tome titled ''Monografías''. In this literary work, Gutiérrez delineated the condition of Madrid and various other settlements, alongside an exposition of their public institutions. According to Gutiérrez's discerning observations, the prevailing circumstance was deemed deplorable and indigent. At that juncture, the public educational landscape comprised two institutions, one designated for male pupils and another for their female counterparts, in addition to a coeducational and privately funded establishment. The civic amenities included a public abattoir, a [[Telegraphy|telegraph office]], and a tax collection bureau.

Gutiérrez asserted that Madrid was configured into 11 blocks and 9 streets, encompassing a total of 70 dwellings, of which 22 were adorned with clay-tiled roofs, complemented by courtyards and enclosures. The urban fabric boasted a constellation of significant public edifices, including a church, a town hall, a parsonage, the two educational institutions, the cemetery, and the railway station. It is noteworthy to highlight that the latter, a testament to infrastructural development, was erected under the auspices of Governor Daniel Aldana during the administrative tenure of 1882.<ref name=":2" />

Furthermore, during this temporal epoch, two pivotal industries were established, namely, the wheat mill operated by Julián Escallón and the brewery under the purview of General Antonio Basilio Cuervo. In accordance with Gutiérrez's meticulous account, the wheat mill was propelled by the waters of the [[Subachoque River]], engendering the production of carts and machinery for forage pressing. Conversely, Basilio Cuervo's brewery catered to the consumptive needs spanning the expanse from the Savanna to locales as distant as [[La Mesa, Cundinamarca|La Mesa]], [[Villeta, Cundinamarca|Villeta]], [[Guaduas]], and [[Honda, Tolima|Honda]].

According to Rufino Gutiérrez, the societal framework of that era manifested itself in three discrete social strata. The grand capitalists, imbued with an apathetic disposition, exhibited indifference towards both the moral and material progression of the community. Conversely, the lesser landowners harbored a class rife with envy towards the opulence of the major estate holders and disdain for those occupying a lower social echelon than themselves. Ultimately, Gutiérrez portrayed the indigenous population as entirely bereft of the spirit of cohesion that animates a harmonious community.<ref name=":2" />

===== Pedro Fernández Madrid =====
During these years, Pedro Fernández Madrid (born on December 13, 1817, in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], and deceased on February 8, 1875) resided in La Serrezuela. Born while his father, the independence hero [[José Fernández Madrid]], served a period of exile in Cuba, Pedro completed his primary studies there in 1825 before returning to [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] with his family. In 1826, he accompanied his father to [[France]], where the latter was appointed as a confidential agent, and subsequently to [[London]], where he assumed the position of plenipotentiary minister. In this foreign milieu, Pedro received a thorough education under the mentorship of [[Andrés Bello]], the secretary of the Colombian Legation in London. Following his father's demise in 1830, he enrolled in university, graduating in law from the [[University of the Rosary]] in 1838. Even as a student, he embarked on his career as a writer in 1837 with an article defending his father, published under the aegis of General [[Francisco de Paula Santander]].

In 1842, he published his work ''Treatise on Public Instruction'' (Pamphlet on Public Instruction). In 1843, Pedro joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, playing a pivotal role in delineating national borders and diplomatic relations with the [[Holy See]]. From 1852 to 1860, he served as a congressman, holding the presidency of the congress in 1857, presiding over the Sovereign [[Boyacá State]], and also being a chosen member of the National Academy of History. Owing to health issues, he retired from politics in 1864 and withdrew to La Serrezuela with his wife, Vicenta Martínez de Madrid, where they had acquired a mansion for repose. They had four children: Rosalía, Alejandrina, Pedro Vicente, and Camilo. It is recounted that one of their daughters drowned near the former Parque de las Ballenitas.

During his twilight years, Pedro lived with his wife and housekeeper, Tránsito Ospina, who sacrificed her life to save Mrs. Vicenta. Unfortunately, both met their demise by drowning in the [[Subachoque River]]. Pedro Fernández Madrid is remembered as a statesman, writer, and educator. His remains rest alongside those of his wife Vicenta and housekeeper Tránsito in the municipal cemetery of Madrid. The inhabitants of La Serrezuela felt honored by Pedro's affection for the municipality, leading them to rename it Madrid through Law No. 14 on November 17, 1875.<ref name=":2" />

==== 20th Century ====
The enterprising and affluent Antioquian entrepreneur, [[José María Sierra]], also known as Pepe Sierra (1848-1921), acquired Hacienda Casablanca in 1900. Renowned as one of Colombia's wealthiest men in his era, he resided there with his wife, Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra, and their thirteen children. Following Zoraida's demise in [[Paris]] in 1921, she bequeathed in her will that a seventh part of their fortune be allocated to establish a home for impoverished girls in Colombia, giving rise to the inception of the Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra Asylum. Initially situated in Plaza España in Bogotá, his daughter María Sierra decided to relocate it to Madrid in 1945. With the assistance of her grandson Guillermo Gómez Sierra, it metamorphosed into the present-day Zoraida Cadavid de Sierra Institute School.

In pursuit of this transformation, María acquired an erstwhile mansion that had belonged to President Rafael Reyes, subsequently razed to construct the school.

The incumbent, President [[Rafael Reyes]], established his official residence in Madrid throughout the tenure of his presidential incumbency, spanning the years 1904 to 1909. As the inaugural executive to preside for a duration surpassing the conventional four-year term delineated by the [[Colombian Constitution of 1886|Constitution of 1886]], Reyes tendered his resignation in response to societal exigencies and political exigences emanating from the oppositional faction.

In the nascent years of the 20th century, Pedro Aquilino López and his spouse, Rosario Pumarejo de López, procured the lease of an antiquated residence situated in the environs of Pedro Fernández Madrid Park. This sojourn served as a reposeful interlude during their journey from Honda to Bogotá. Residing alongside them during this period was one of their progeny, the subsequent President of the Republic, Alfonso López Pumarejo. A sculptural bust, crafted by [[Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt]], once commemorated this pivotal historical juncture in the park bearing the namesake of the president, situated along the banks of the Subachoque River. Regrettably, this sculptural testament to history has been purloined, leaving only an inconsequential stone occupying its erstwhile eminence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cundinamarca |first=Academia De Historia De Madrid |date=2016-02-21 |title=ACADEMIA DE HISTORIA DE MADRID - CUNDINAMARCA: EN EL SERREZUELA DE ANTAÑO SE TRAZÓ PARTE DE LA HISTORIA DE LA COLOMBIA CONTEMPORÁNEA |url=https://academiadehistoriamadrid-cundinamarca.blogspot.com/2016/02/en-el-serrezuela-de-antano-se-trazo.html |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=ACADEMIA DE HISTORIA DE MADRID - CUNDINAMARCA}}</ref>

In the annum 1973, the entreaty proffered by Mayor Marina Camacho de Samper impelled the Departmental Assembly to reinstate its original nomenclature, ''Serrezuela'', in accordance with the tenets delineated in Law 5 of 1920. The aforementioned legislation advocates for the adoption of indigenous, archaic, or historically resonant designations for settlements. Ultimately, through the promulgation of Decree No. 14 on the 16th of November 1976, the township reclaimed its designation as ''Madrid.''

===== Charles Lindbergh =====
The 21st of May in the year 1927 stands etched as a momentous juncture in the annals of aviation, delineating the inaugural non-stop and solitary transatlantic flight undertaken by a singular aviator. Spanning a duration of 33 hours and 32 minutes, this extraordinary odyssey was orchestrated by [[Charles Lindbergh|Charles Augustus Lindbergh]], thereby rendering him an avant-garde luminary in the realm of [[Aviation|global aviation]]. Lindbergh's feat garnered resounding acclaim on an international scale, for, notwithstanding the possession of superior aeronautical apparatus by many aviators, none had hitherto succeeded in accomplishing this extraordinary feat.

Descendant of a [[Minnesota]] congressman, Lindbergh forsook his pursuit of an Engineering degree in 1920 to embark upon the realization of his aspiration to become an aviator, during an era when aviation teemed with perils and exploits. Initiating his professional trajectory as an exhibition pilot, by 1926, Lindbergh had transitioned into the realm of airmail services. The monumental feat germinated as a rejoinder to a challenge posed by a French hotelier, who proffered a $25,000 prize to the first individual to achieve this remarkable endeavor. Bolstered by financial backing from entrepreneurs in [[St. Louis]], Lindbergh expeditiously engineered his aircraft, the [[Spirit of St. Louis]], within a mere three-month span, meticulously discarding all superfluous elements such as the sextant, radio, electrical system, upholstery, and paint, with the strategic intent of optimizing fuel capacity.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Charles Lindbergh Héroe de la Aviación Mundial {{!}} revistaaeronautica.mil.co |url=https://www.revistaaeronautica.mil.co/es/noticias/charles-lindbergh-heroe-de-la-aviacion-mundial |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.revistaaeronautica.mil.co}}</ref>

Celebrated as a national hero, Lindbergh garnered various epithets including the Flying Fool, Lucky Lindy, Charlie Darling, and Lone Eagle. Departing from the Roosevelt airfield in [[Long Island]], [[New York City]], he touched down at [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]] in Paris, having confronted fatigue, chilling temperatures, and other lethal challenges at altitudes exceeding two thousand meters. Notwithstanding these formidable impediments, he successfully attained his objective, thereby etching his name indelibly into the annals of history. In 1954, Lindbergh was bestowed with the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for the eloquent narration of his unparalleled feat.

Lindbergh devoted his life to aeronautical research, engaging in scientific inquiries alongside [[Nobel Prize]] laureate in [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]], [[Alexis Carrel]]. In 1927, he executed the inaugural non-stop flight from [[Washington, D.C.|, Washington, D.C.]] to [[Mexico]], subsequently embarking on aerial exploration of routes towards [[Asia]] across the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] from 1931 to 1933, while concurrently serving in the capacity of aeronautical expertise for the [[United States Air Force]].

His life is also punctuated by a tragedy that gave rise to a well-known adage: ''They're'' ''more lost than the Lindbergh baby.'' In 1932, his 19-month-old son was abducted and remained missing for 20 harrowing weeks until he was discovered lifeless, 4.5 kilometers from their residence in the Hunderton Country mountains, [[New Jersey]], [[United States]], eliciting nationwide consternation.<ref name=":3" />

Commissioned by the United States government, Charles Lindbergh embarked on a tour encompassing numerous [[Latin America|Latin American]] nations, among them Colombia. On the 26th of January, 1928, he arrived in Cartagena, tracing the coastline from [[Colón, Panama|Colón]], [[Panama]], aboard the Spirit of St. Louis, and was ceremoniously greeted with a cannon salute in [[Bocagrande]]. The subsequent day witnessed his departure for [[Bogotá]] in a nonstop flight.

Nevertheless, the Spirit of St. Louis did not execute a landing in Bogotá. Instead, it conducted a flyover along [[Carrera Séptima]], escorted by two eminent pioneers of Colombian aviation: Captain Buenaventura Caicedo and the renowned aviator Lieutenant Camilo Daza Álvarez, both at the time commanding the formidable Wild aircraft. Lindbergh engaged in a series of aerial maneuvers, culminating in a pronounced descent amidst the peaks of [[Monserrate]] and [[Guadalupe Hill|Guadalupe]]. Subsequently, he directed his aircraft towards the Madrid airfield in Cundinamarca, specifically the School of Piloting and Observation, now known as the Air Maintenance Command, CAMAN (''Comando Aéreo de Mantenimiento'' in spanish). At this location, more than 10,000 individuals eagerly awaited the arrival of the ''Lone Eagle''.

As Lindbergh prepared for descent, a multitude assembled to witness his arrival, prompting Camilo Daza to execute low-level passes to clear the airstrip. This audacious maneuver went unnoticed by the general public but elicited indescribable admiration among onlookers, resulting in applause directed towards both Lindbergh and Daza. This thrilling episode found prominence in press coverage within the United States.<ref name=":3" />

At that juncture, the School of Piloting and Observation rendered military honors to Charles Lindbergh, unveiling in his presence a commemorative marble plaque that encapsulated this pivotal historical occurrence for the nation. The hero was the recipient of numerous tributes, including a ball hosted at the Jockey Club and the distinction of the [[Order of Boyacá]], conferred by President [[Miguel Abadía Méndez]]. Additionally, the national flag and an emerald were bestowed upon him as tokens of acknowledgment and gratitude.

With the aim of conducting a thorough inspection and ensuring adequate provisions for his aircraft, Lindbergh resolved to return to Madrid. During his sojourn, he seized the opportunity to share moments with the officers and personnel of the Aviation School, even being extended an invitation to pilot one of the Wild biplanes. Following two days replete with tributes, interviews, speeches, poetry, and musical compositions in his honor, Lindbergh resumed his flight bound for [[Caracas]] on the 29th of January, 1928.

The visit of this distinguished pioneer of aviation to Colombia marked a momentous milestone of great significance in the annals of national aviation history. As a testament to this importance, homage is annually paid to him in the country on the 27th of January. In the year 2012, the commemorative ceremony was presided over by Brigadier General Gonzalo Cárdenas Mahecha, Commander of CAMAN, and witnessed the participation of Colonel Hans Palaboro, Head of the United States Air Mission, along with relatives of Lieutenant Camilo Daza. During this ceremony, the bygone era of national splendor was evoked, a floral tribute was laid in his name, and a scale model aircraft was presented to Mr. Camilo Daza Gómez, the grandson of Lieutenant Daza.

==== 21st Century ====
Over the past decade, the municipality of Madrid has undergone an augmentation in its population, primarily facilitated by the phenomenon known as land flipping. This entails the construction of novel residential complexes in its environs, fostering conurbation with the neighboring municipality of [[Mosquera, Cundinamarca|Mosquera]] to the east. Nonetheless, this surge has precipitated discontent among both longstanding residents and newcomers alike. This discontent is exacerbated by insufficient road infrastructure ill-equipped to accommodate the burgeoning populace, many of which remain in a state of disrepair or languish in protracted processes of pavement development. Furthermore, the absence of a municipally adequate healthcare facility to service its populace exceeding 100,000 inhabitants and potential challenges related to the provisioning of potable water have added to the disquietude.

Furthermore, the incarceration of former mayor Giovanni Villarraga Ortiz on charges of alleged corruption serves as an exemplar of the challenges of such nature that afflict the municipality.

On July 7, 2008, a Boeing 747-209BSF aircraft with registration N714CK crashed at Hacienda Casablanca in Madrid shortly after takeoff. Operating as [[Centurion Air Cargo Flight 164]], this aircraft was engaged in cargo transportation between [[El Dorado International Airport]] in Bogotá and [[Miami International Airport]]. The plane, laden with flowers and manned by a crew of 8, experienced the loss of two engines mid-flight, leading to a complete loss of control. The crew attempted an emergency landing, but the aircraft crashed at Hacienda Casablanca, resulting in the loss of two lives and leaving several individuals injured. Prompt response from rescue teams facilitated the evacuation of survivors, and the aircraft disintegrated upon impact.

Throughout the Protests in Colombia of 2019-2020 and 2021, Madrid emerged as a pivotal city in the unfolding events. The populace rallied to engage in marches across various neighborhoods, partaking in symbolic gestures such as a torch-lit silent procession and cultural pauses in front of the municipal government building. Moreover, the city served as a backdrop for diverse activities, including the distribution of pamphlets, demonstrations at the roundabout on the Madrid-[[Facatativá]] road, and marches extending to Puente Grande in [[Fontibón]] and the Siberia Bridge in [[Funza]]. Cultural expressions, manifested in murals and street theater, also played a significant role. Madrid surged to prominence on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, and garnered attention from news outlets, including the international agency AFP. Tragically, during the protests in 2021, Brayan Niño and Elvis Vivas, residents of Madrid, fell victim to violence at the hands of ESMAD agents. Brayan succumbed to a head injury caused by a tear gas canister, while Elvis met a fatal fate within a police station. Their remains find repose in the municipal cemetery of Madrid.

== Geography ==
Madrid is a municipality situated in the [[Bogotá savanna]], on the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense|Cundiboyacense high plateau,]] a plain located at an average elevation of 2,630 [[Height above mean sea level|meters above mean sea level]]. Additionally, its mountainous terrain ranges between 2,400 and 3,250 meters above mean sea level, establishing it as the highest megalopolis globally. Encompassing a total area of 120.5 square kilometers, with an urban area spanning 7.5 square kilometers, Madrid boasts a geography that is both distinctive and awe-inspiring.

The Tibaytatá Hill stands as a noteworthy component of Madrid's geography, attaining altitudes ranging between 2,550 and 2,750 meters above sea level. Positioned to the southeast of the municipality, this hill serves as a sanctuary for a diverse array of avian, insect, and botanical species, contributing significantly to the region's biodiversity. Situated to the north of Madrid lies the Abra Valley, yet another mountainous expanse integral to its geographical makeup.

The Subachoque River courses through Madrid, and for several decades, it has sustained an elevated degree of pollution.

The municipality is deemed integral to the [[Metropolitan Area of Bogotá]] since the DANE national census of 2005. With its mountainous topography and proximity to the [[Bogotá savanna]], Madrid stands as a distinctive locale within Colombia, its natural beauty and cultural history warranting exploration and appreciation.<gallery>
</gallery>

=== Municipal Boundaries ===
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Madrid
| North = [[File:Flag of Subachoque (Cundinamarca).svg|20px]] [[Subachoque]]
| Northeast = [[File:Flag of Tenjo.svg|20px]] [[Tenjo]]
| East = [[File:Flag of Funza (Cundinamarca).svg|20px]] [[Funza]]
| Southeast = [[File:Flag of Mosquera (Cundinamarca).svg|20px]] [[Mosquera, Cundinamarca|Mosquera]]
| South = [[File:Flag of Bojacá (Cundinamarca).svg|20px]] [[Bojacá]]
| Southwest = [[File:Flag of Facatativá (Cundinamarca).svg|20px]] [[Facatativá]]
| West = [[File:Flag of Facatativá (Cundinamarca).svg|20px]] [[Facatativá]]
| Northwest = [[File:Flag of El Rosal (Cundinamarca).svg|20px]] [[El Rosal, Cundinamarca|El Rosal]]
}}

== Weather ==
The municipality features a temperate isothermal climate categorized as Csb, as per the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Owing to its elevation, Madrid experiences a mountainous climate, and due to its low latitude, it exhibits minimal thermal variation throughout the course of the year. Temperatures typically range between 7°C to 20°C, with an average temperature of 14°C.

== Political-Administrative Division ==
The municipal seat is divided into the neighborhoods:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! Barrios (41)
|-
|
# Alcaparro
# Amparito
# Zona Centro
# Barranquillita
# San Pedro
# Bolonia
# Casas Grises
# Cerezos I
# Cerezos II
# El Cortijo
# El Molino
# San Pablo
# El Rinconcito
# Sosiego
# El Triunfo
# El Escallón
# Gabriel Echavarría
# Hermandades del Trabajo
# Kennedy
# La Española
# La Esperanza
# La Huerta
# La Magnolia
# La Trinidad
# La Virgen
# Lorena
# Loreto I
# Loreto II
# Los Ángeles
# Lusitania
# Miguel Velásquez
# Porvenir
# Primero de Mayo I
# Provic
# San Bernardo
# San Francisco
# San José
# San Luis
# Santa Matilde
# Serrezuela
# Nuestra señora del Loreto II

:;Urbanizaciones (30)
# Urb. Arrayanes
# Urb. Bosques de Madrid
# Urb. Bosques del Loreto
# Urb. Cedritos
# Urb. El Edén
# Urb. Villa María
# Urb. El Tesoro
# Urb. Parques de Santa María
# Urb. Villas de Serrezuela
# Urb. El Porvenir
# Urb. El Nogal
# Urb. Villas de Alcalá
# Urb. Prados de Madrid
# Urb. Orquídeas
# Urb. Puertas del Sol
# Urb. Puertas del Alcalá
# Urb. El Pinar
# Urb. Quintas de Villa Ucrania
# Urb. La Libertad
# Urb. San José
# Urb. Parques de Santamaría
# Urb. Hacienda Casablanca
# Urb. San Carlos
# Urb. Villas de Barcelona
# Urb. San Diego
# Urb. Los Jazmines
# Urb. Hacienda Los Alcaparros
# Urb. Bello Horizonte
# Urb. Bulevar
# Urb. La Finca
# Urb. Hacienda Madrid
# Urb. Punto Madrid

:;Vivienda Militar (1)
1. Agrupación Casas Fiscales

:;Conjuntos Residenciales (7)
# Conjunto Residencial Alameda del Río
# Conjunto Residencial Alcalá
# Conjunto Residencial Altos de Madrid
# Conjunto Residencial Bilbao
# Conjunto Residencial Camino Real
# Conjunto Residencial Sabana Pijao (antes Oasis de la Sabana)
# Conjuntos Residenciales de La Prosperidad
# Conjuntos Residenciales Hacienda Madrid.
# Conjunto residencial Zaragoza apartamentos
# Conjunto residencial Zaragoza casas
# Conjunto residencial Toscana
# Conjunto residencial Tarento
# Conjunto residencial villas de Madrid
|}
'''Madrid''' holds jurisdiction over the following populated centers.:

* Chauta
* El Corzo
* La Cuesta
* Moyano
* Puente de Piedra

=== Veredas ===
Furthermore, the municipality is comprised of the following components: [[Vereda|veredas]]:

Los Árboles, La Cuesta, Carrasquillita, Valle del Abra, Las Mercedes, La Estancia, Boyero, Bebederos, Laguna Larga (El Porvenir), Santa Cruz, La Punta, Potrerogrande (El Pedregal).

== Demography ==
The urban population density stands at 900 inhabitants per square kilometer, while the index of rural population density ranges from 50 to 75 inhabitants per square kilometer. The population growth rate is determined to be 5.6%, a phenomenon predominantly instigated by the [[population pressure]] emanating from the Capital District of [[Bogotá]]. Noteworthy is the fact that the population of Madrid comprises 136,374 individuals within its urban expanse.

== Economy ==
Madrid boasts a diversified economy encompassing sectors such as commerce, [[agriculture]], [[livestock]], [[fishing]], and industry.

Commerce stands as a pivotal economic catalyst within the locale, characterized by a plethora of retail establishments offering an extensive array of products and services to both the resident population and visitors alike.

Agriculture plays a significant role in Madrid's economic landscape, benefitting from abundant arable land and an optimal climate conducive to the cultivation of various crops, including fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes. Livestock farming also holds prominence, featuring a diverse array of dairy and meat-producing livestock.

Furthermore, manufacturing constitutes a substantial driver of Madrid's economy, with a diverse array of enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services, ranging from electronics to food and chemicals. The municipality distinguishes itself through robust industrial development along the Carretera de Occidente, linking Bogotá and Facatativá, and its strategic location in the Puente de Piedra sector, serving as a nexus between the northern and southern sectors of the municipality and the broader region.

Madrid is acknowledged as Colombia's foremost floricultural municipality and one of the leading global producers of cut flowers. With over 1,000 hectares dedicated to flower cultivation, the municipality hosts the country's preeminent floral enterprises, including Fantasy Flowers, Imperial, Santa Mónica Flowers, and Jardines de los Andes. Nonetheless, this flourishing sector is not immune to adverse consequences. Flower production can have various detrimental impacts on the environment and human health. According to a [[SciELO]] study, greenhouse flower production may lead to the depletion of natural resources, such as deforestation, the use of agrochemicals, and waste generation. Moreover, flower production may pose risks to the health of workers exposed to agrochemicals and other chemicals used in the process.

The expansion of floral plantations has also contributed to deforestation, negatively impacting local ecosystems and threatening biodiversity. In the face of these challenges, it becomes imperative to address these concerns effectively to ensure a sustainable balance between flower production and environmental preservation.

The locale also hosts a diverse array of industrial enterprises, including Colcerámica, Café Águila Roja, Postobón, and Ajover, among others.

== Tourism ==

==== Tibaytatá Hill ====
The Tibaytatá Hill is an elevation ranging between 2550 and 2750 [[Height above mean sea level|meters above mean sea level]], formerly largely owned by entrepreneur [[José María Sierra|Pepe Sierra]] and part of the Casablanca estate. Situated in one of the driest regions, the Tibaytatá Hill experiences an average annual precipitation of 600 mm. The prevailing ecosystem on the hill corresponds to the [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]], as per the [[Holdridge life zones]]. Moreover, the Tibaytatá Hill harbors a rich biodiversity of birds, insects, and plants, rendering it a popular venue for outdoor activities such as [[hiking]] and [[mountain biking]].

The following are representative species of fauna and flora found on the hill:

Fauna: The Sabanera Frog, Collared Lizard, Earth Snake, Mourning Dove, Owl, Black Vulture, Kestrel, Hummingbird, Mosquito Hummingbird, Lenten Eagle, Holy Spirit Hawk, Chamicero Bird, Toche Bird, Chirlobirlo Bird, Eastern Flycatcher, Copetón Bird, Picocon Bird, Savanna Canary, Chisga Bird, Curí Bird, Aquatic Snail, Garden Snail, Scorpion, Black Kite Butterfly, Clover Blue Butterfly, Clover Yellow Butterfly, Cabbage White Butterfly, Cabbage Yellow Butterfly, Black Bumblebee, Honeybee, Leafcutter Bee, Spider Hunting Wasp, Spinning Beetles, Longhorn Beetle, Herbivorous Ladybug, Cricket, Winged Grasshopper, Assassin Bug, Dragonfly.

Flora: Acacia, Red Clover, Spermacoce chartensis, Barbasco, Alternanthera, Eucalyptus, Moradita, Red Sage, Scented Grass, Poa Grass, Ryegrass.

==== Park of the Flowers ====
The Park of the Flowers is an unparalleled recreational and familial enclave nestled within the Western Savanna, spanning an expansive 6 hectares. This park boasts a diverse array of areas dedicated to sports, gatherings, and cultural events, encompassing football fields, micro-football courts, basketball courts, volleyball courts, tennis courts, playgrounds, sandboxes, a roller-skating rink, an acoustic shell, and designated barbecue zones for familial conviviality.

==== Obleas Villetica ====
The historic venue renowned for its famous [[Oblea|obleas]] in Madrid, situated at the intersection of 7th Street and 4th Avenue, facing Luis Carlos Galán Park, has been enchanting the city's inhabitants and visitors alike with its homemade products for over 122 years.

Epifano Chavarro Forero, the current proprietor of Obleas Villetica, conceives this enterprise as transcending mere commercial pursuits. It undeniably stands as a familial legacy forged with tenacity, presently enriching the recent narrative of this Cundinamarca municipality. Chavarro Forero reflects with nostalgia on the genesis of this enterprise, harking back to its origins:<blockquote>''The production of obleas commenced in 1900 on an estate named Villetica, situated at the present location of the Las Palmas gas station. My father, Epifanio Chavarro, had leased this estate, where he was engaged in poultry farming and agriculture. Additionally, he rented out horses, as during that era, the roads were bridle paths, and these animals constituted the primary mode of transportation. My mother, Balbina Forero, crafted exquisite sweets using formulas passed down from my grandmother. Numerous travelers journeying from Bogotá en route to Honda would pause to inquire about the enticing aroma emanating from her kitchen, often purchasing her confections. Not only did they indulge in these treats on the spot, but they would also commission and carry them as gifts to their destinations. I recall their departure laden with packages of obleas neatly packed in sacks crafted by my mother.''

''Madrid, Mosquera, and Funza stood as the locales where the most distinguished Bogotan families spent their vacations, also availing themselves of the products crafted within our household. The dulcet offerings—such as the arequipe, meticulously prepared by my mother in a copper cauldron, the bocadillos of citron and blackberry, guava jelly, milk fudge, and, naturally, the obleas—attained widespread renown. In an endeavor to enhance the manufacturing process, my mother commissioned the creation of rudimentary oblea irons, comprising a set of tongs from which two circular iron plates dangled. These plates were heated on charcoal stoves to a temperature sufficient for the oblea fabric to attain a delightful toasty hue. Subsequently, she engaged a saleswoman to market her confections in the stores of Madrid and at the train station.''

''In 1916, my family relocated to a property situated at what was then the corner entrance of Madrid, presently located at 7th Street No. 4-06. This residence featured a sizable gate, and towards the rear stood our home. It was at this new address that the sale of confections and obleas under the name Villetica continued. This historic dwelling remains preserved and was ceremoniously opened to the public on November 5, 2020, in commemoration of our centennial milestone. Adjacent to this property, facilities were erected to house the factory, which has been operational since 1952. Following my mother's passing in 1948, ownership transitioned to my sister, María de Jesús, who retained proprietorship until 1967. Upon her demise, Villetica came under the stewardship of my siblings, Bernardo and Tránsito. Presently, it is I, along with my nephews and nieces, who diligently labor towards its preservation.''

''It is profoundly gratifying for us to observe that not only has Villetica transcended through successive generations within our family but also that our clientele, in turn, visits us as a cherished familial tradition. It is heartening to hear a father recounting to his children that their grandparents and parents too brought them here as children to purchase obleas. Our family has sought to uphold this tradition, preserving Villetica as a nexus and shared objective, as we take immense pride in our forebears, our products, and, furthermore, foster a profound sense of connection and gratitude toward the municipality of Madrid, which witnessed our inception and growth.''</blockquote>

==== Marketplace ====
The Market Square stands as a venerable locus that has experienced rejuvenation following an ostensibly insurmountable economic crisis. Within the square, one may peruse an array of fresh fruits and vegetables, sourced directly from the fields of the Western Savanna and cultivated by the diligent local agricultural laborers. Moreover, it serves as an opportunity to savor the offerings of the local gastronomy.

==== More ====
Here are the translations for the places you provided:

* Royal Road

* Iglesia San Francisco de Paula - San Francisco de Paula Church

* Municipal Cemetery

* Alfonso López Park

* Pedro Fernández Madrid Park

* Luis Carlos Galán Park (formerly Clock Park)

* Lake Herrera (limits with the municipality of Mosquera)

* Center House of Culture

* Municipal Palace

* Railroad Station

* Brayan Niño Bridge

* Casablanca Estate

* La Esmeralda Estate: to the west

* Potrero Grande Estate: to the south

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commonscat|Madrid, Cundinamarca}}

{{coord|4|44|04|N|74|16|06|W|display=title|region:CO_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}
[[Category:Municipalities of Cundinamarca Department]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1559]]
[[Category:1559 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Populated places of the Muisca Confederation]]