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Environmental ethics

2012-12-24T08:56:54Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding hy:Էկոլոգիական էթիկա

{{other uses|Environmental Ethics (journal)}}
'''Environmental ethics''' is the part of [[environmental philosophy]] which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including [[environmental law]], [[environmental sociology]], [[ecotheology]], [[ecological economics]], [[ecology]] and [[environmental geography]].

There are many ethical decisions that human beings make with respect to the environment. For example:
*Should we continue to [[clearcutting|clear cut]] forests for the sake of human consumption?
*Why should we continue to propagate our species, and life itself? <ref name = "Bioethics">{{Cite journal | last = Mautner | first = Michael N. | title = Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space | journal = Bioethics | volume = 23 | pages = 433–440 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x | pmid=19077128 | url = http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFLifeCenteredBioethics2009Paper.pdf }}</ref>
*Should we continue to make [[internal combustion engine|gasoline powered vehicles]]?
*What environmental obligations do we need to keep for future generations?<ref>[http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/605caweek/index.htm Climate change victims estimated at millions in the near future, according to Christian Aid]</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2003/12/61562 150000 people killed already by climate change]</ref>
*Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the [[extinction]] of a species for the convenience of humanity?
*How should we best use and conserve the space environment to secure and expand life? <ref name = "Seeding Book">{{Cite book | last = Mautner | first = Michael N. | title = Seeding the Universe with Life: Securing Our Cosmological Future | publisher = Legacy Books (www.amazon.com) | location = Washington D. C. | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-476-00330-X | url = http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFSeedingtheUniverse2005Book.pdf }}</ref>

The academic field of environmental ethics grew up in response to the work of scientists such as [[Rachel Carson]] and events such as the first [[Earth Day]] in 1970, when environmentalists started urging philosophers to consider the philosophical aspects of environmental problems. Two papers published in Science had a crucial impact: [[Lynn White]]'s "The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis" (March 1967)<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Science| title=The Historical Roots of our Ecologic Crisis| first=Lynn| last=White| month=March| year=1967| url=http://www.gnn.tv/headlines/9038/The_Historical_Roots_of_Our_Ecologic_Crisis | doi = 10.1126/science.155.3767.1203|volume=155|issue=3767|pages=1203–1207|pmid=17847526 }}</ref> and [[Garrett Hardin]]'s "The Tragedy of the Commons" (December 1968).<ref>{{cite journal
|journal=Science
|title=The Tragedy of the Commons
|first=Garrett
|last=Hardin
|month=December
|year=1968
|doi=10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
|volume=162
|pages=1243–8
|pmid=5699198
|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/V1003/lectures/population/Tragedy%20of%20the%20Commons.pdf
|issue=3859}}</ref> Also influential was Garett Hardin's later essay called "Exploring New Ethics for Survival", as well as an essay by [[Aldo Leopold]] in his ''[[A Sand County Almanac]]'', called "The Land Ethic," in which Leopold explicitly claimed that the roots of the ecological crisis were philosophical (1949).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Sand County Almanac| first=Aldo| last=Leopold| year=1949| chapter=The Land Ethic|isbn=1-59726-045-2}}</ref>

The first international academic journals in this field emerged from North America in the late 1970s and early 1980s – the US-based journal ''[[Environmental Ethics (journal)|Environmental Ethics]]'' in 1979 and the Canadian based journal ''[[The Trumpeter: Journal of Ecosophy]]'' in 1983. The first British based journal of this kind, ''[[Environmental Values]]'', was launched in 1992.

== Marshall's categories of environmental ethics ==
There have been a number of scholars who've tried to categorise the various ways the natural environment is valued. [[Alan Marshall]] and [[Michael Smith (philosopher)|Michael Smith]] are two examples of this, as cited by [[Peter Vardy (theologian)|Peter Vardy]] in "The Puzzle of Ethics".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Puzzle of Ethics| first=Peter| last=Vardy|isbn=0-00-628144-3}}</ref> For Marshall, three general ethical approaches have emerged over the last 40 years. Marshall uses the following terms to describe them: Libertarian Extension, the Ecologic Extension and Conservation Ethics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 10, No 2, pp227-237, 1993 | first=Alan| last=Marshall|issn=1468-5930}}</ref>

=== Libertarian extension ===
Marshall’s Libertarian extension echoes a civil liberty approach (i.e. a commitment to extend equal rights to all members of a community). In environmentalism, though, the community is generally thought to consist of non-humans as well as humans.

Andrew Brennan was an advocate of ecologic humanism (eco-humanism), the argument that all ontological entities, animate and in-animate, can be given ethical worth purely on the basis that they exist. The work of [[Arne Næss]] and his collaborator Sessions also falls under the libertarian extension, although they preferred the term "[[deep ecology]]". Deep ecology is the argument for the intrinsic value or inherent worth of the environment – the view that it is valuable in itself. Their argument, incidentally, falls under both the libertarian extension and the ecologic extension.

[[Peter Singer]]'s work can be categorized under Marshall's 'libertarian extension'. He reasoned that the "expanding circle of moral worth" should be redrawn to include the rights of non-human animals, and to not do so would be guilty of [[speciesism]]. Singer found it difficult to accept the argument from intrinsic worth of a-biotic or "non-sentient" (non-conscious) entities, and concluded in his first edition of "Practical Ethics" that they should not be included in the expanding circle of moral worth.<ref>{{cite book|title=Practical Ethics |first=Peter| last=Singer| edition=1|isbn=0-684-14813-7}}</ref> This approach is essentially then, bio-centric. However, in a later edition of "Practical Ethics" after the work of Næss and Sessions, Singer admits that, although unconvinced by deep ecology, the argument from intrinsic value of non-sentient entities is plausible, but at best problematic. We shall see later that Singer actually advocated a humanist ethic.

=== Ecologic extension ===
Alan Marshall's category of ecologic extension places emphasis not on human rights but on the recognition of the fundamental interdependence of all biological (and some abiological) entities and their essential diversity. Whereas Libertarian Extension can be thought of as flowing from a political reflection of the natural world, Ecologic Extension is best thought of as a scientific reflection of the natural world. Ecological Extension is roughly the same classification of Smith’s eco-holism, and it argues for the intrinsic value inherent in collective ecological entities like ecosystems or the global environment as a whole entity. [[Holmes Rolston]], among others, has taken this approach.

This category might include [[James Lovelock]]'s [[Gaia hypothesis]]; the theory that the planet earth alters its geo-physiological structure over time in order to ensure the continuation of an equilibrium of evolving organic and inorganic matter. The planet is characterized as a unified, [[holistic]] entity with ethical worth of which the human race is of no particular significance in the long run.

=== Conservation ethics ===
Marshall's category of 'conservation ethics' is an extension of use-value into the non-human biological world. It focuses only on the worth of the environment in terms of its utility or usefulness to humans. It contrasts the intrinsic value ideas of 'deep ecology', hence is often referred to as 'shallow ecology', and generally argues for the preservation of the environment on the basis that it has extrinsic value – instrumental to the welfare of human beings. Conservation is therefore a means to an end and purely concerned with mankind and intergenerational considerations. It could be argued that it is this ethic that formed the underlying arguments proposed by Governments at the [[Kyoto Protocol|Kyoto summit]] in 1997 and three agreements reached in Rio in 1992.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

== Humanist theories ==
Following the bio-centric and eco-holist theory distinctions, Michael Smith further classifies Humanist theories as those that require a set of criteria for moral status and ethical worth, such as sentience.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} This applies to the work of Peter Singer who advocated a hierarchy of value similar to the one devised by [[Aristotle]] which relies on the ability to reason. This was Singer's solution to the problem that arises when attempting to determine the interests of a non-sentient entity such as a garden weed.

Singer also advocated the preservation of "world heritage sites," unspoilt parts of the world that acquire a "scarcity value" as they diminish over time. Their preservation is a bequest for future generations as they have been inherited from our ancestors and should be passed down to future generations so they can have the opportunity to decide whether to enjoy unspoilt countryside or an entirely urban landscape. A good example of a world heritage site would be the tropical rainforest, a very specialist ecosystem or climatic climax vegetation that has taken centuries to evolve. Clearing the rainforest for farmland often fails due to soil conditions, and once disturbed, can take thousands of years to regenerate.

== Applied theology ==
The Christian world view sees the universe as created by God, and humankind accountable to God for the use of the resources entrusted to humankind. Ultimate values are seen in the light of being valuable to God. This applies both in breadth of scope - caring for people (Matthew 25) and environmental issues, e.g. environmental health (Deuteronomy 22.8; 23.12-14) - and dynamic motivation, the love of Christ controlling (2 Corinthians 5.14f) and dealing with the underlying spiritual disease of sin, which shows itself in selfishness and thoughtlessness. In many countries this relationship of accountability is symbolised at harvest thanksgiving. (B.T. Adeney : Global Ethics in New Dictionary of Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology 1995 Leicester)

== Anthropocentrism ==
{{main|Anthropocentrism}}

Anthropocentrism simply places humans at the centre of the universe; the human race must always be its own primary concern. It has become customary in the Western tradition to consider only our species when considering the environmental ethics of a situation. Therefore, everything else in existence should be evaluated in terms of its utility for us, thus committing speciesism. All environmental studies should include an assessment of the intrinsic value of non-human beings.<ref>Singer, Peter. " ''Environmental Values.'' The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Ed. Ian Marsh. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Chesire, 1991. 12-16.</ref> In fact, based on this very assumption, a philosophical article has explored recently the possibility of humans' willing extinction as a gesture toward other beings.<ref>[http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf Tarik Kochi & Noam Ordan, “An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity”. Borderlands, 2008, Vol. 3, 1-21].</ref> The authors refer to the idea as a [[thought experiment]] that should not be understood as a call for action.

What anthropocentric theories do not allow for is the fact that a system of ethics formulated from a human perspective may not be entirely accurate; humans are not necessarily the centre of reality. The philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]] argued that we tend to assess things wrongly in terms of their usefulness to us.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Spinoza reasoned that if we were to look at things objectively we would discover that everything in the universe has a unique value. Likewise, it is possible that a human-centred or anthropocentric/androcentric ethic is not an accurate depiction of reality, and there is a bigger picture that we may or may not be able to understand from a human perspective.

[[Peter Vardy (theologian)|Peter Vardy]] distinguished between two types of anthropocentrism.<ref>Peter Vardy and Paul Grosch (1994, 1999), 'The Puzzle of Ethics', p.231</ref> A strong thesis anthropocentric ethic argues that humans are at the center of reality and it is right for them to be so. Weak anthropocentrism, however, argues that reality can only be interpreted from a human point of view, thus humans have to be at the centre of reality as they see it.

Another point of view has been developed by Bryan Norton, who has become one of the essential actors of environmental ethics through his launching of what has become one of its dominant trends: environmental pragmatism. Environmental pragmatism refuses to take a stance in the dispute between the defenders of anthropocentrist ethics and the supporters of nonanthropocentrist ethics. Instead, Norton prefers to distinguish between ''strong anthropocentrism'' and ''weak-or extended-anthropocentrism'' and develops the idea that only the latter is capable of not underestimating the diversity of instrumental values that humans may derive from the natural world.<ref>[http://sapiens.revues.org/index88.html Afeissa, H. S. (2008) “The Transformative value of Ecological Pragmatism. An Introduction to the Work of Bryan G. Norton”. ''S.A.P.I.EN.S.'' '''1''' (1) ]</ref>

A recent view relates anthropocentrism to the future of life. [[Biotic ethics]] are based on the human identity as part of gene/protein organic life whose effective purpose is self-propagation. This implies a human purpose to secure and propagate life. <ref name = "Bioethics"/> <ref name ="Seeding Book"/> Humans are central because only we can secure life beyond the duration of the Sun, possibly for trillions of eons. <ref> {{Cite journal | last = Mautner |first = Michael N. | title = Life in the cosmological future: Resources, biomass and populations | journal = Journal of the British Interplanetary Society | year = 2005 | volume = 58 | pages = 167–180 | url=http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFCosmologyJBIS2005Paper.pdf }}</ref> [[Biotic ethics]] values life itself, as embodied in biologial structures and processes. Humans are special because we can secure the future of life on cosmological scales. In particular, humans can continue sentient life that enjoys its existence, adding furter motivation to propagate life. Humans can secure the future of life, and this future can give human existence a cosmic purpose. <ref name = "Bioethics" /> <ref name = "Seeding Book" />

== Status of the field ==
Environmental ethics became a subject of sustained academic philosophic reflection in the 1970s. Throughout the 1980s it remained marginalized within the discipline of philosophy, attracting the attention of a fairly small group of thinkers spread across the world.

Only after 1990 did the field gain institutional recognition at programs such as [[Colorado State University]], the [[University of Montana]], [[Bowling Green State University]], and the [[University of North Texas]]. In 1991, [[Schumacher College]] of [[Dartington]], England, was founded and now provides an MSc in Holistic Science.

These programs began to offer a masters degree with a specialty in environmental ethics/philosophy. Beginning in 2005 the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies at the [[University of North Texas]] offered a PhD program with a concentration in environmental ethics/philosophy.

In Germany, the [[University of Greifswald]] has recently established an international program in [[Landscape Ecology & Nature Conservation]] with a strong focus on environmental ethics. In 2009, the [[University of Munich]] and [[Deutsches Museum]] founded the [[Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society]], an international, interdisciplinary center for research and education in the environmental humanities.

==See also==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[biocentrism (ethics)|Biocentrism]]
*[[Bioethics]]
*[[Climate ethics]]
*[[Conservation ethic]]
*[[Conservation movement]]
*[[Crop art]]
*[[Deep Ecology]]
*[[Earth economics]] (policy think tank)
*[[EcoQuest]] (a series of two educational games)
*[[Ecocentrism]]
*[[Ecofeminism]]
*[[Ecological economics]]
*[[Environmental design]]
*[[Environmental engineering]]
*[[Environmental management]]
*[[Environmental studies]]
*[[Environmental organizations]]
*[[Environmental virtue ethics]]
*[[Environmental movement]]
*[[Environmentalism]]
*[[Environmental skepticism]]
{{col-2}}
{{wikiversity|Topic:Climate change}}
*[[Human ecology]]
*[[List of environmental philosophers]]
*[[Population control]]
*[[Resource depletion]]
*[[Self-validating reduction]]
*[[Solastalgia]]
*[[Sustainability]]
*[[Terraforming]]
*[[Trail ethics]]
*[[Van Rensselaer Potter]]

{{col-end}}

== References ==
{{More footnotes|date=July 2008}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.drze.de/BELIT?la=en- Bioethics Literature Database]
* [http://www.cep.unt.edu/novice.html Brief History of Environmental Ethics]
* [http://www.drze.de/BELIT/thesaurus?la=en- Thesaurus Ethics in the Life Sciences]
* [http://www.envirolink.org/newsearch.html?searchfor=ethics&x=0&y=0 EnviroLink Library: Environmental Ethics] - online resource for environmental ethics information
* [http://www.envirolink.org/forum EnviroLink Forum - Environmental Ethics Discussion/Debate]
* [http://secure.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/journal?openform&journal=pdc_enviroethics ''Environmental Ethics'' online (journal, 1979-present)]
* [http://www.ethicalarchitecture.co.uk/ Sustainable and Ethical Architecture Architectural Firm]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.cep.unt.edu/ Center for Environmental Philosophy]
* [http://www.phil.unt.edu/ UNT Dept of Philosophy]
* [http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/ethics/creation Creation Care Reading Room]: Extensive online resources for environment and faith (Tyndale Seminary)
* [http://www.religion-online.org/listbycategory.asp?Cat=45 Category List --- Religion-Online.org] "Ecology/Environment"
* [http://www.rissc.jo/docs/Islam-Christianity-Environment-110616.pdf Islam, Christianity and the Environment]

{{Ethics}}
{{Environmental science}}
{{Environmental social science}}
{{Sustainability}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Environmental Ethics}}
[[Category:Environmental ethics| ]]
[[Category:Relational ethics]]

[[cs:Environmentální etika]]
[[de:Umweltethik]]
[[et:Keskkonnaeetika]]
[[es:Ética ambiental]]
[[fr:Éthique de l'environnement]]
[[ko:환경윤리학]]
[[hy:Էկոլոգիական էթիկա]]
[[hi:पर्यावरणीय नीति]]
[[is:Umhverfissiðfræði]]
[[kn:ಪರಿಸರದ ನೀತಿನಿಯಮಗಳು]]
[[kk:Экологиялық декларация]]
[[ja:環境倫理学]]
[[no:Miljøetikk]]
[[pl:Ekoetyka]]
[[ru:Экологическая этика]]
[[fi:Ympäristöetiikka]]
[[uk:Екологічна етика]]
[[zh-yue:環境倫理]]
[[zh:環境倫理]]

Edmontosaurus

2012-12-24T07:49:22Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying zh:埃德蒙顿龙 to zh:埃德蒙頓龍屬

{{italictitle}}{{automatic taxobox
| name = ''Edmontosaurus''
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], {{fossil range|73.0|65.5}}
| image = Edmontosaurusskel.jpg
| image_caption = Mounted skeleton of ''E. regalis'', [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]
| authority = [[Lawrence Lambe|Lambe]], [[1917 in paleontology|1917]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Edmontosaurus regalis'''''
| type_species_authority = Lambe, 1917
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
*{{extinct}}'''''E. regalis''''' Lambe, 1917
*{{extinct}}''[[Edmontosaurus annectens|E. annectens]]'' ([[Othniel Charles Marsh|Marsh]], [[1892 in paleontology|1892]] [originally ''[[Claosaurus]]''])
| synonyms =
*'''''Anatosaurus''''' Lull & Wright, [[1942 in paleontology|1942]]
*'''''Anatotitan''''' [[Ralph Chapman (paleontologist)|Chapman]] & [[Brett-Surman]], [[1990 in paleontology|1990]]
}}

'''''Edmontosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ɛ|d|ˌ|m|ɒ|n|t|ɵ|ˈ|s|ɔr|ə|s}} {{respell|ed|MON|toh|SAWR|əs}}) is a [[genus]] of crestless [[hadrosaurid]] (duck-billed) [[dinosaur]]. It contains two [[species]]: '''''Edmontosaurus regalis''''' and ''[[Edmontosaurus annectens]]''. [[Fossil]]s of ''E. regalis'' have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late [[Campanian]] [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] of the [[Cretaceous]] [[Geologic time scale#Terminology|Period]] 73 million years ago, while those of ''E. annectens'' were found in the same geographic region but in rocks dated to the end of the [[Maastrichtian]] stage of the Cretaceous, 65.5 million years ago. ''E. annectens'' was one of the last non-[[bird|avian]] dinosaurs, and lived alongside ''[[Triceratops horridus]]'' and ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' shortly before the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]].

''Edmontosaurus'' included some of the largest hadrosaurid species, measuring up to {{convert|12|m|ft}} long and weighing around {{convert|4.0|MT|ST}}. Several well-preserved specimens are known that include not only bones, but in some cases extensive skin impressions and possible gut contents. It is classified as a genus of [[Saurolophinae|saurolophine]] (or [[Hadrosaurinae|hadrosaurine]]) hadrosaurid, a member of the group of hadrosaurids which lacked hollow crests.

''Edmontosaurus'' has a lengthy and complicated [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history dating to the late 19th century. Specimens of ''Edmontosaurus'' have been classified with various genera including ''[[Claosaurus]]'', ''[[Diclonius]]'', ''[[Hadrosaurus]]'', ''[[Thespesius]]'', and ''[[Trachodon]]'', and the well-known but possibly synonymous '''''Anatosaurus''''' and '''''Anatotitan''''' are now generally regarded as synonyms of ''Edmontosaurus''. The first fossils named ''Edmontosaurus'' were discovered in southern [[Alberta]], [[Canada]], in the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] (formerly called the lower Edmonton Formation). The [[type species]], ''E. regalis'', was named by [[Lawrence Lambe]] in 1917, although several other species that are now classified in ''Edmontosaurus'' were named earlier. The best known of these is ''E. annectens'', originally named by [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] in 1892 as ''[[Claosaurus]] annectens'' and known for many years as ''Anatosaurus annectens''.

''Edmontosaurus'' was widely distributed across western North America. The distribution of ''Edmontosaurus'' fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and [[coastal plain]]s. It was a [[herbivory|herbivore]] that could move on both two legs and four. Because it is known from several [[bone bed]]s, ''Edmontosaurus'' is thought to have lived in groups, and may have been migratory as well. The wealth of fossils has allowed researchers to study its [[paleobiology]] in detail, including its brain, how it may have fed, and its injuries and [[pathology|pathologies]], such as evidence for a tyrannosaur attack on one edmontosaur specimen.

==Description==
[[File:Edmontosaurus scale.png|thumb|Scale diagram comparing ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' and ''E. annectens'' to a human]]
''Edmontosaurus'' has been described in detail from several specimens.<ref name=LML20>{{cite book|last=Lambe |first=Lawrence M. |authorlink=Lawrence Lambe |year=1920 |title=The hadrosaur ''Edmontosaurus'' from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta |publisher=Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Canada |series=Memoir |volume=120 |pages=1–79|isbn=0-659-96553-4}}</ref><ref name=CWG24>{{cite book|last=Gilmore |first=Charles W. |authorlink=Charles W. Gilmore |year=1924 |title=A new species of hadrosaurian dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta |publisher=Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Canada |series=Bulletin |volume=38 |pages=13–26}}</ref><ref name=CMS26>{{cite book|last=Sternberg |first=Charles M. |authorlink=Charles Mortram Sternberg |year=1926 |title=A new species of ''Thespesius'' from the Lance Formation of Saskatchewan |publisher=Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Canada |series=Bulletin |volume=44 |pages=77–84}}</ref><ref name=LW42a>{{cite book |last=Lull |first=Richard Swann |authorlink=Richard Swann Lull |coauthors= and Wright, Nelda E. |title=Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America |year=1942 |publisher=Geological Society of America |series=Geological Society of America Special Paper '''40''' |pages=50–93 }}</ref> Like other hadrosaurids, it was a bulky animal with a long, laterally flattened tail and a head with an expanded, duck-like beak. The skull had no hollow or solid crest, unlike many other hadrosaurids. The fore legs were not as heavily built as the hind legs, but were long enough to be used in standing or movement. ''Edmontosaurus'' was among the largest hadrosaurids: depending on the species, a fully grown adult could have been {{convert|9|m|ft}} long, and some of the larger specimens reached the range of {{convert|12|m|ft}}<ref name=DFG97>{{cite book|chapter=Edmontosaurus |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |authorlink=Donald F. Glut |title=Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia |year=1997 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |pages=389–396 |isbn=0-89950-917-7 }}</ref> to {{convert|13|m|ft}} long.<ref name=DL90>{{cite book |last=Lambert |first=David |coauthors=and the Diagram Group |title=The Dinosaur Data Book |year=1990 |publisher=Avon Books |location=New York |isbn=0-380-75896-2 |page=60}}</ref> Its weight was on the order of {{convert|4.0|MT|ST}}.<ref name=HWF04>{{cite book |last=Horner |first=John R. |authorlink=Jack Horner (paleontologist) |coauthors=Weishampel, David B.; and Forster, Catherine A |editor=Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |year= 2004|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |pages=438–463 |chapter=Hadrosauridae }}</ref> Traditionally, ''E. regalis'' has been regarded as the largest species, though this was challenged by the hypothesis that the larger hadrosaurid ''[[Anatotitan|Anatotitan copei]]'' is a synonym of ''Edmontosaurus annectens'', as put forward by [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] and colleagues in 2004,<ref name=HWF04/> and supported in studies by Campione and Evens in 2009 and 2011.<ref name=NCDE11/> The [[holotype|type specimen]] of ''E. regalis'', [[National museums of Canada|NMC]] 2288, is estimated as {{convert|9|to|12|m|ft}} long.<ref name=LW42b>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. p. 225.</ref> ''E. annectens'' is often seen as smaller. Two well-known mounted skeletons, [[National Museum of Natural History|USNM]] 2414 and [[Peabody Museum of Natural History|YPM]] 2182, measure {{convert|8.00|m|ft}} long and {{convert|8.92|m|ft}} long, respectively.<ref name=LW42b/><ref name=FAL04>{{cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Frederic A. |year=1904 |title=The dinosaur ''Trachodon annectens'' |journal=Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections |volume=45 |pages=317–320}}</ref> However, these are probably subadult individuals,<ref name=NCDE11/> and there is at least one report of a much larger potential ''E. annectens'' specimen, almost {{convert|12|m|ft}} long.<ref name=WJM70>{{cite journal |last=Morris |first=William J. |year=1970 |title=Hadrosaurian dinosaur bills — morphology and function |journal=Contributions in Science (Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History) |volume=193 |pages=1–14}}</ref>

===Skull===
[[File:Edmontosaurus annectens skull.jpg|thumb|''Edmontosaurus annectens'' skull]]
The skull of a fully grown ''Edmontosaurus'' could be over a meter (or yard) long. One skull of ''E. annectens'' (formerly ''Anatotitan'') measures {{convert|3.87|ft|m}} long.<ref name=EDC83>{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=Edward D. |authorlink=Edward Drinker Cope |year=1883 |title=On the characters of the skull in the Hadrosauridae |journal=Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences |volume=35 |pages=97–107}}</ref> The skull was roughly triangular in profile,<ref name=LML20/> with no bony cranial crest.<ref name=LW42c>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 151–164.</ref> Viewed from above, the front and rear of the skull were expanded, with the broad front forming a duck-bill or [[spoonbill|spoon-bill]] shape. The beak was toothless, and both the upper and lower beaks were extended by [[keratin]]ous material.<ref name=HWF04/> Substantial remains of the keratinous upper beak are known from the [[Mummy#Natural mummies|"mummy"]] kept at the [[Senckenberg Museum]].<ref name=DFG97/> In this specimen, the preserved nonbony part of the beak extended for at least {{convert|8|cm|in}} beyond the bone, projecting down vertically.<ref name=LW42d>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 110–117.</ref> The nasal openings of ''Edmontosaurus'' were elongate and housed in deep depressions surrounded by distinct bony rims above, behind, and below.<ref name=JAH75>{{cite journal |last=Hopson |first=James A. |year=1975 |title=The evolution of cranial display structures in hadrosaurian dinosaurs |journal=Paleobiology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–43 }}</ref> In at least one case (the Senckenberg specimen), rarely preserved [[sclerotic ring]]s were preserved in the eye sockets.<ref name=LW42e>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 128–130.</ref> Another rarely seen bone, the [[stapes]] (the reptilian ear bone), has also been seen in a specimen of ''Edmontosaurus''.<ref name=HWF04/>

Teeth were present only in the maxillae (upper cheeks) and dentaries (main bone of the lower jaw). The teeth were continually replaced, taking about half a year to form.<ref name=TC04>{{cite journal|last=Stanton Thomas|first=Kathryn J. |coauthors=and Carlson, Sandra J. |year=2004 |title=Microscale δ18O and δ13C isotopic analysis of an ontogenetic series of the hadrosaurid dinosaur ''Edmontosaurus'': implications for physiology and ecology |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology |volume=206 |issue=2004 |pages=257–287 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.007}}</ref> They grew in columns, with an observed maximum of six in each, and the number of columns varied based on the animal's size.<ref name=LW42a/> Known column counts for the two species are: 51 to 53 columns per maxilla and 48 to 49 per dentary (teeth of the upper jaw being slightly narrower than those in the lower jaw) for ''E. regalis''; and 52 columns per maxilla and 44 per dentary for ''E. annectens'' (an "E. saskatchewanensis" specimen).<ref name=LW42c/>

===Postcranial skeleton===
[[File:Edmontosaurus pelvis left.jpg|thumb|Hip bones of ''Edmontosaurus'', an [[ornithischia]]n dinosaur]]
The number of [[vertebra]]e differs between specimens. ''E. regalis'' had thirteen neck vertebrae, eighteen back vertebrae, nine hip vertebrae, and an unknown number of tail vertebrae.<ref name=LW42c/> A specimen once identified as belonging to ''Anatosaurus edmontoni'' (now considered to be the same as ''E. regalis'') is reported as having an additional back vertebra and 85 tail vertebrae, with an undisclosed amount of restoration.<ref name=LW42c/> Other hadrosaurids are only reported as having 50 to 70 tail vertebrae,<ref name=HWF04/> so this appears to have been an overestimate. The [[anatomical terms of location|anterior]] back was curved toward the ground, with the neck flexed upward and the rest of the back and tail held horizontally.<ref name=HWF04/> Most of the back and tail were lined by [[ossification|ossified]] [[tendon]]s arranged in a [[latticework]] along the [[spinous process|neural spines]] of the vertebrae. This condition has been described as making the back and at least part of the tail "ramrod" straight.<ref name=JHO64>{{cite journal |doi=10.2475/ajs.262.8.975 |last=Ostrom |first=John H. |year=1964 |authorlink=John Ostrom |title=A reconsideration of the paleoecology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=262 |pages=975–997 |issue=8}}</ref><ref name=PMG70>{{cite journal |last=Galton |first=Peter M. |authorlink=Peter Galton |year=1970 |title=The posture of hadrosaurian dinosaurs |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=464–473}}</ref> The ossified tendons are interpreted as having strengthened the vertebral column against gravitational stress, incurred through being a large animal with a horizontal vertebral column otherwise supported mostly by the hind legs and hips.<ref name=JHO64/>

The [[scapula|shoulder blades]] were long flat blade-like bones, held roughly parallel to the vertebral column. The [[pelvis|hips]] were composed of three elements each: an elongate [[ilium (bone)|ilium]] above the articulation with the leg, an [[ischium]] below and behind with a long thin rod, and a [[pubis (bone)|pubis]] in front that flared into a plate-like structure. The structure of the hip hindered the animal from standing with its back erect, because in such a position the [[femur|thigh bone]] would have pushed against the joint of the ilium and pubis, instead of pushing only against the solid ilium. The nine fused hip vertebrae provided support for the hip.<ref name=LW42a/>

The fore legs were shorter and less heavily built than the hind legs. The [[humerus|upper arm]] had a large deltopectoral crest for muscle attachment, while the [[ulna]] and [[radius (bone)|radius]] were slim. The upper arm and forearm were similar in length. The [[carpus|wrist]] was simple, with only two small bones. Each hand had four fingers, with no thumb (first finger). The index second, third, and fourth fingers were approximately the same length and were united in life within a fleshy covering. Although the second and third finger had hoof-like [[ungual]]s, these bones were also within the skin and not apparent from the outside. The little finger diverged from the other three and was much shorter. The thigh bone was robust and straight, with a prominent [[fourth trochanter|flange]] about halfway down the [[anatomical terms of location|posterior]] side.<ref name=LW42a/> This ridge was for the attachment of powerful muscles attached to the hips and tail that pulled the thighs (and thus the hind legs) backward and helped maintain the use of the tail as a balancing organ.<ref name=LW42e2>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 98–110.</ref> Each foot had three toes, with no big toe or little toe. The toes had hoof-like tips.<ref name=LW42a/>

===Skin===
[[File:Edmontosaurusmummy.jpg|thumb|AMNH 5060: a well preserved specimen of ''Edmontosaurus annectens'']]
Multiple specimens of ''Edmontosaurus'' have been found with preserved [[integumentary system|skin]] impressions. Several have been well-publicized, such as the "[[Trachodon mummy]]" of the early 20th century,<ref name=HFO09>{{cite journal |last=Osborn |first=Henry Fairfield |authorlink=Henry Fairfield Osborn |year=1909 |title=The epidermis of an iguanodont dinosaur |journal=Science |volume=29 |issue=750 |pages=793–795 |doi=10.1126/science.29.750.793 |pmid=17787819}}</ref><ref name=HFO12>{{cite journal |last=Osborn |first=Henry Fairfield |year=1912 |title=Integument of the iguanodont dinosaur ''Trachodon'' |journal=Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=1 |pages=33–54 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/49 |format=pdf (very large; 76,048 kb) |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> and the specimen nicknamed "[[Dakota (fossil)|Dakota]]",<ref name="ng">{{cite news |title= Mummified Dinosaur Unveiled |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/photogalleries/dinosaur-pictures/index.html |publisher= National Geographic News |date= 2007-12-03 |accessdate= 2007-12-03 }}</ref><ref name="wp">{{cite news |title= Scientists Get Rare Look at Dinosaur Soft Tissue |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/03/ST2007120300591.html |last= Lee |first= Christopher |publisher= Washington Post |date= 2007-12-03 |accessdate= 2007-12-03 }}</ref><ref name=PLMetyal09>{{cite journal |last=Manning |first=Phillip L. |coauthors=Morris, Peter M.; McMahon, Adam; Jones, Emrys; Gize, Andy; Macquaker, Joe H. S.; Wolff, G.; Thompson, Anu; Marshall, Jim; Taylor, Kevin G.; Lyson, Tyler; Gaskell, Simon; Reamtong, Onrapak; Sellers, William I.; van Dongen, Bart E.; Buckley, Mike; and Wogelius, Roy A. |year=2009 |title=Mineralized soft-tissue structure and chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur from the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota (USA) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |pmid=19570788 |volume=276 |issue=1672 |pmc=2817188 |pages=3429–3437 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0812}}</ref> the latter apparently including remnant [[organic compounds]] from the skin.<ref name=PLMetyal09/> Because of these finds, the [[reptile scales|scalation]] of ''Edmontosaurus'' is known for most areas of the body.

[[American Museum of Natural History|AMNH]] 5060, the "Trachodon mummy" (so-called because it appears to be a fossil of a [[Mummy#Natural mummies|natural mummy]]), is now recognized as a specimen of ''E. annectens''. It was found to have skin impressions over the snout, much of the neck and torso, and parts of the arms and legs.<ref name=LW42d/> The tail and part of the legs eroded before collection, so these areas are unknown for the specimen.<ref name=HFO12/> Additionally, some areas with skin impressions, such as sections associated with the neck ridge (see below) and hands, were accidentally removed during preparation of the specimen.<ref name=HFO09/> The specimen is thought to have desiccated in a dry stream bed,<ref name=HFO12/> probably on or near a [[point bar]]. The circumstances of the location and preservation of the body suggest that the animal died during a prolonged drought, perhaps from starvation.<ref name=KC87>{{cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |authorlink=Kenneth Carpenter |year=1987 |chapter=Paleoecological significance of droughts during the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior |editors=Currie, Philip J. and Koster, Emlyn H. (editors) |title=Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Drumheller, August 10–14, 1987 |series=Occasional Paper of the Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |volume=3 |publisher=Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology |location=Drumheller, Alberta |pages=42–47 |isbn=0-7732-0047-9}}</ref><ref name=KC07>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |authorlink=Kenneth Carpenter |year=2007 |title=How to make a fossil: part 2 – Dinosaur mummies and other soft tissue |journal=The Journal of Paleontological Sciences |volume=online |url=http://www.aaps-journal.org/pdf/How+to+Mummify+a+Dinosaur.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> The desiccated carcass was eventually buried in a sudden flood, surrounded by sediment that had enough [[clay|fine particles]] to make a cast of the epidermal structures.<ref name=HFO12/>
[[File:Edmontosaurusskin.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Skin impression from the abdomen of ''Edmontosaurus annectens'']]
The [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] was thin, and the scalation composed of small nonoverlapping scales,<ref name=HFO09/> as seen in the [[Gila monster]].<ref name=LW42d/> Two general types of scales were present over most of the body: small pointed or convex [[tubercle]]s, {{convert|1|to|3|mm|in}} in diameter with no definite arrangement (ground tubercles); and larger, flat [[polygon]]al tubercles (pavement tubercles) typically less than {{convert|5|mm|in}} in diameter, but up to {{convert|10|mm|in}} over the forearm. The pavement tubercles were grouped into clusters separated by ground tubercles, with transitional scales between the two types. Over most of the body, the pavement tubercles were arranged in circular or oval clusters, while near the shoulder on the upper arm, they formed strips roughly parallel to each other and the shoulder blade. Generally, clusters were larger on the upper surfaces of the body and smaller on the underside. Clusters up to {{convert|50|cm|in}} in length were present above the hips.<ref name=HFO12/>
[[File:Edmontosaurus mummy.jpg|thumb|Recent picture of the AMNH mummy]]
The only impressions from the head came from the large opening for the nostrils. Instead of tubercle impressions, there were impressions of folded soft tissue, with a deeper area at the anterior end of the opening that may have been the approximate location of the nostril itself.<ref name=LW42d/> The neck and back had a soft ridge or frill running down the midline, with a row of oval tubercle clusters arranged above the spines of the vertebrae. The total height of the ridge on AMNH 5060 is not known, nor the disposition of its upper border, as the upper extremity was prepared away. The ridge was at least {{convert|8|cm|in}} tall, and was folded and creased to permit movement. Osborn proposed that it was tall enough for another row of clusters.<ref name=HFO12/>

The forearms had the largest tubercles, arranged in single large clusters that covered the leading surfaces. The hands were covered in small pavement tubercles in a soft-tissue structure than enclosed the three central fingers; not even the tips were exposed. Osborn interpreted this as a paddle for swimming.<ref name=HFO12/> [[Robert T. Bakker]] later reinterpreted it as a soft-tissue pad for walking, analogous to that of a camel.<ref name=RTB86>{{cite book |last=Bakker |first=Robert T. |authorlink=Robert T. Bakker |year=1986 |title=[[The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and their Extinction]] |chapter= The case of the duckbill's hand |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |isbn=0-8217-2859-8 |pages=146–159}}</ref> Like the forearm, the [[fibula|shin]] had large tubercles. The scalation of the rest of the leg is not presently known, although impressions on a specimen of the crested hadrosaurid ''[[Lambeosaurus]]'' suggest that the thighs were under the skin of the body, like modern birds.<ref name=LW42d/>

The tail of AMNH 5060 was not present, but other specimens have filled in some details for that area. Skin impressions from a partial tail belonging to ''Edmontosaurus annectens'', recovered from the [[Hell Creek Formation]] of [[Montana]], show a segmented ridge above the vertebrae. The ridge was about {{convert|8.0|cm|in}} tall, with the segments being about {{convert|5.0|cm|in}} long and {{convert|4.5|cm|in}} high, spaced {{convert|1.0|cm|in}} apart, with one segment to a vertebra.<ref name=JRH84>{{cite journal |last=Horner |first=John R. |authorlink=Jack Horner (paleontologist) |title=A "segmented" epidermal frill in a species of hadrosaurian dinosaur |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=270–271}}</ref> Another tail, this time pertaining to a juvenile ''E. annectens'', had fossilized impressions including tubercles as well as previously unseen skin textures. These impressions included elliptical overlapping scales, grooved scales, and a "9 cm by 10 cm trapezoidal horn-like structure".<ref name=TLetal03>{{cite journal |last=Lyson |first=Tyler R. |coauthors=Hanks, H. Douglas; and Tremain, Emily S. |year=2003 |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003NC/finalprogram/abstract_51215.htm |title=New skin structures from a juvenile ''Edmontosaurus'' from the Late Cretaceous of North Dakota |journal=Abstracts with Programs — Geological Society of America |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=13 |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref>

==Classification==
{{Cladogram|caption=Upper [[cladistics|cladogram]] per Horner ''et al.'' (2004),<ref name=HWF04/> lower cladogram per Gates and Sampson (2007).<ref name=GS07/>
|clades={{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%
|label1= Hadrosaurinae 
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Lophorhothon]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|label1=unnamed
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Prosaurolophus]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gryposaurus]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1='''''Edmontosaurus'''''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''
|2=''[[Maiasaura]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=[[Kritosaurus|"Kritosaurus" ''australis'']]
|2=''[[Naashoibitosaurus]]''
|3=''[[Saurolophus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:100%
|label1=Hadrosaurinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Lophorhothon]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|label1=unnamed
|1={{clade
|1='''''Edmontosaurus'''''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Prosaurolophus]]''
|2=''[[Saurolophus]]''
}}
}}
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Naashoibitosaurus]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gryposaurus]]''
|label2=unnamed
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''
|2=''[[Maiasaura]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

''Edmontosaurus'' was a [[hadrosaurid]] (a duck-billed dinosaur), a member of a [[family (biology)|family]] of dinosaurs which to date are known only from the [[Late Cretaceous]]. It is classified within the [[Saurolophinae]] (alternately Hadrosaurinae), a [[clade]] of hadrosaurids which lacked hollow crests. Other members of the group include ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'', ''[[Gryposaurus]]'', ''[[Lophorhothon]]'', ''[[Maiasaura]]'', ''[[Naashoibitosaurus]]'', ''[[Prosaurolophus]]'', and ''[[Saurolophus]]''.<ref name=HWF04/> It was either closely related to<ref name=WH90>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |authorlink=David B. Weishampel |coauthors=and Horner, Jack R. |editor= Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=1st |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-06727-4 |pages=534–561 |chapter=Hadrosauridae}}</ref> or includes the species ''[[Anatosaurus annectens]]'' (alternately ''Edmontosaurus annectens''),<ref name=HWF04/> a large hadrosaurid from various latest Cretaceous [[formation (stratigraphy)|formations]] of western North America. The giant [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] hadrosaurine ''[[Shantungosaurus giganteus]]'' is also anatomically similar to ''Edmontosaurus''; M. K. Brett-Surman found the two to differ only in details related to the greater size of ''Shantungosaurus'', based on what had been described of the latter genus.<ref name=MKBS89>{{cite book |last=Brett-Surman |first=Michael K. |year=1989 |title=A revision of the Hadrosauridae (Reptilia: Ornithischia) and their evolution during the Campanian and Maastrichtian |series=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=George Washington University |location=Washington, D.C. }}</ref>

While the status of ''Edmontosaurus'' as a saurolophine or (="hadrosaurine") has not been challenged, its exact placement within the clade is uncertain. Early [[phylogenetics|phylogenies]], such as that presented in [[R. S. Lull]] and Nelda Wright's influential 1942 [[monograph]], had ''Edmontosaurus'' and various species of ''Anatosaurus'' (most of which would be later considered as additional species or specimens of ''Edmontosaurus'') as one lineage among several lineages of "flat-headed" hadrosaurs.<ref name=LW42f>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. p. 48.</ref> One of the first analyses using [[cladistics|cladistic methods]] found it to be linked with ''Anatosaurus'' (=''Anatotitan'') and ''Shantungosaurus'' in an informal "edmontosaur" clade, which was paired with the spike-crested "saurolophs" and more distantly related to the "brachylophosaurs" and arch-snouted "gryposaurs".<ref name=WH90/> A 2007 study by Terry Gates and Scott Sampson found broadly similar results, in that ''Edmontosaurus'' remained close to ''Saurolophus'' and ''Prosaurolophus'' and distant from ''Gryposaurus'', ''Brachylophosaurus'', and ''Maiasaura''.<ref name=GS07>{{cite journal |last=Gates |first=Terry A. |coauthors=Sampson, Scott D. |year=2007 |title=A new species of ''Gryposaurus'' (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the late Campanian Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, USA |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=351–376 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00349.x }}</ref> However, the most recent review of Hadrosauridae, by [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] and colleagues (2004), came to a noticeably different result: ''Edmontosaurus'' was nested between ''Gryposaurus'' and the "brachylophosaurs", and distant from ''Saurolophus''.<ref name=HWF04/> The discrepancies are complicated by the relative lack of work on hadrosaurine [[evolution]]ary relationships.

==Discovery and history==
===''Claosaurus annectens'' and other early finds===
''Edmontosaurus'' has had a long and complicated history in paleontology, having spent decades with various species classified in other genera. Its [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history intertwines at various points with the genera ''[[Agathaumas]]'', ''Anatosaurus'', ''Anatotitan'', ''[[Claosaurus]]'', ''[[Hadrosaurus]]'', ''[[Thespesius]]'', and ''[[Trachodon]]'',<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=BSC07>{{cite book |last=Creisler |first=Benjamin S. |year=2007 |chapter=Deciphering duckbills: a history in nomenclature |editor=Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.) |title=Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |pages=185–210 |isbn=0-253-34817-X}}</ref> and references predating the 1980s typically use ''Anatosaurus'', ''Claosaurus'', ''Thespesius'', or ''Trachodon'' for edmontosaur fossils (excluding those assigned to ''E. regalis''), depending on author and date. Although ''Edmontosaurus'' was only named in 1917, its oldest well-supported species (''E. annectens'') was named in 1892 as a species of ''Claosaurus'', and scrappier fossils that may belong to it were described as long ago as 1871.<ref name=HWF04/>
[[File:Large marsh claosaurus.jpg|thumb|left|Skeletal restoration of the ''E. annectens'' (then ''Claosaurus'') holotype, by [[Othniel Charles Marsh]]]]
The first described remains that may belong to ''Edmontosaurus'' were named ''Trachodon atavus'' in 1871 by [[Edward Drinker Cope]].<ref name=EDC71>{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=Edward Drinker |authorlink=Edward Drinker Cope |year=1871 |title=Supplement to the synopsis of the extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America |journal=American Philosophical Society, Proceedings |volume=12 |issue=86 |pages=41–52}}</ref> This species was assessed without comment as a synonym of ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' in two reviews,<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=WH90/> although ''atavus'' predates ''regalis'' by several decades. In 1874 Cope named but did not describe ''Agathaumas milo'' for a [[sacrum|sacral]] vertebra and shin fragments from the late [[Maastrichtian]]-age [[Late Cretaceous|Upper Cretaceous]] [[Laramie Formation]] of [[Colorado]].<ref name=DFG97/><ref name=EDC74a>{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=Edward Drinker |authorlink=Edward Drinker Cope |year=1874 |title=Report on the stratigraphy and Pliocene vertebrate paleontology of northern Colorado |journal=U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report |volume=1 |pages=9–28}}</ref><ref name=CY02>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |authorlink=Kenneth Carpenter |coauthors=and Young, D. Bruce |year=2002 |title=Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado |journal=Rocky Mountain Geology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=237–254 }}</ref> Later that same year, he described these bones under the name ''Hadrosaurus occidentalis''.<ref name=DFG97/><ref name=CY02/><ref name=EDC74b>{{cite journal |last=Cope |first=Edward Drinker |authorlink=Edward Drinker Cope |year=1874 |title=Report on the vertebrate paleontology of Colorado |journal=U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report |volume=2 |pages=429–454}}</ref> The bones are now lost.<ref name=CY02/> As with ''Trachodon atavus'', ''Agathaumas milo'' has been assigned without comment to ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' in two reviews,<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=WH90/> although predating ''regalis'' by several decades. Neither species has attracted much attention; both are absent from Lull and Wright's 1942 monograph, for example. A third obscure early species, ''Trachodon selwyni'', described by [[Lawrence Lambe]] in 1902 for a lower jaw from what is now known as the [[Dinosaur Park Formation]] of [[Alberta]],<ref name=LL02>{{cite journal |last=Lambe |first=Lawrence M. |authorlink=Lawrence Lambe |year=1902 |title=On Vertebrata of the mid-Cretaceous of the Northwest Territory. 2. New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid-Cretaceous) |journal=Contributions to Canadian Paleontology |volume=3 |pages=25–81}}</ref> was erroneously described by Glut (1997) as having been assigned to ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' by Lull and Wright.<ref name=DFG97/> It was not, instead being designated "of very doubtful validity."<ref name=LW42g>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 220–221.</ref> More recent reviews of hadrosaurids have concurred.<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=WH90/>
[[File:Mounted Edmontosaurus.jpg|thumb|''E. annectens'' paratype YPM 2182 at the [[Yale University]] Museum, the first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton mounted in the United States.<ref name=FAL04/>]]
The first well-supported species of ''Edmontosaurus'' was named in 1892 as ''Claosaurus annectens'' by [[Othniel Charles Marsh]]. This species is [[holotype|based on]] [[National Museum of Natural History|USNM]] 2414, a partial skull-roof and skeleton, with a second skull and skeleton, [[Peabody Museum of Natural History|YPM]] 2182, designated the [[paratype]]. Both were collected in 1891 by [[John Bell Hatcher]] from the late Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous [[Lance Formation]] of [[Niobrara County, Wyoming|Niobrara County]] (then part of [[Converse County, Wyoming|Converse County]]), [[Wyoming]].<ref name=OCM92a>{{cite journal |last=Marsh |first=Othniel Charles |authorlink=Othniel Charles Marsh |year=1892 |title=Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=43 |pages=449–453}}</ref> This species has some historical footnotes attached: it is among the first dinosaurs to receive a skeletal restoration, and is the first hadrosaurid so restored;<ref name=BSC07/><ref name=OCM92b>{{cite journal |last=Marsh |first=Othniel Charles |authorlink=Othniel Charles Marsh |year=1892 |title=Restorations of ''Claosaurus'' and ''Ceratosaurus'' |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=44 |pages=343–349}}</ref> and YPM 2182 and UNSM 2414 are, respectively, the first and second essentially complete mounted dinosaur skeletons in the United States.<ref name=FAL04/> YPM 2182 was put on display in 1901,<ref name=BSC07/> and USNM 2414 in 1904.<ref name=FAL04/>

Because of the incomplete understanding of hadrosaurids at the time, following Marsh's death in 1897 ''Claosaurus annectens'' was variously classified as a species of ''Claosaurus'', ''Thespesius'' or ''Trachodon''. Opinions varied greatly; textbooks and encyclopedias drew a distinction between the "''[[Iguanodon]]''-like" ''Claosaurus annectens'' and the "duck-billed" ''Hadrosaurus'' (based on remains now known as adult ''Edmontosaurus annectens''), while Hatcher explicitly identified ''C. annectens'' as synonymous with the hadrosaurid represented by those same duck-billed skulls.<ref name=BSC07/> Hatcher's revision, published in 1902, was sweeping: he considered almost all hadrosaurid genera then known as synonyms of ''Trachodon''. This included ''[[Cionodon]]'', ''[[Diclonius]]'', ''Hadrosaurus'', ''[[Hadrosaurus|Ornithotarsus]]'', ''[[Pteropelyx]]'', and ''Thespesius'', as well as ''[[Claorhynchus]]'' and ''[[Polyonax]]'', fragmentary genera now thought to be [[ceratopsia|horned dinosaurs]].<ref name=JBH02>{{cite journal |last=Hatcher |first=John B. |authorlink=John Bell Hatcher |year=1902 |title=The genus and species of the Trachodontidae (Hadrosauridae, Claosauridae) Marsh |journal=Annals of the Carnegie Museum|issue= 14 |volume=1 |pages=377–386}}</ref> Hatcher's work led to a brief consensus, until after 1910 new material from Canada and Montana showed a greater diversity of hadrosaurids than previously suspected.<ref name=BSC07/> [[Charles W. Gilmore]] in 1915 reassessed hadrosaurids and recommended that ''Thespesius'' be reintroduced for hadrosaurids from the Lance Formation and rock units of equivalent age, and that ''Trachodon'', based on inadequate material, should be restricted to a hadrosaurid from the older [[Judith River Formation]] and its equivalents. In regards to ''Claosaurus annectens'', he recommended that it be considered the same as ''Thespesius occidentalis''.<ref name=CWG15>{{cite journal |last=Gilmore |first=Charles W. |authorlink=Charles W. Gilmore |year=1915 |title=On the genus ''Trachodon'' |journal=Science |volume=41 |pages=658–660 |doi=10.1126/science.41.1061.658 |pmid=17747979 |issue=1061}}</ref> His reinstatement of ''Thespesius'' for Lance-age hadrosaurids would have other consequences for the taxonomy of ''Edmontosaurus'' in the following decades.

During this time frame (1902–1915), two additional important specimens of ''C. annectens'' were recovered. The first, the "Trachodon mummy" (AMNH 5060), was discovered in 1908 by [[Charles Hazelius Sternberg]] and his sons in Lance Formation rocks near [[Lusk, Wyoming|Lusk]], Wyoming. Sternberg was working for the [[Natural History Museum|British Museum of Natural History]], but Henry Fairfield Osborn of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] was able to purchase the specimen for $2,000.<ref name=NGD95>{{cite book |last=Norell |first=M. A. |coauthors=Gaffney, E. S.; and Dingus, L. |title=Discovering Dinosaurs in the American Museum of Natural History |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |year=1995 |pages=154–155 |isbn=0-679-43386-4}}</ref> The Sternbergs recovered a second similar specimen from the same area in 1910,<ref name=CB04>{{cite book |last=Dal Sasso |first=Cristiano |coauthors=and Brillante, Giuseppe |year=2004 |title=Dinosaurs of Italy |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |page=112 |isbn=0-253-34514-6}}</ref> not as well preserved but also found with skin impressions. They sold this specimen (SM 4036) to the [[Senckenberg Museum]] in [[Germany]].<ref name=NGD95/>

===Canadian discoveries===
[[File:Horseshoe Canyon.jpg|thumb|left|Horseshoe Canyon Formation near [[Drumheller, Alberta|Drumheller]]. The dark bands are coal seams.]]
''Edmontosaurus'' itself was coined in 1917 by Lawrence Lambe for two partial skeletons found in the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] (formerly the lower Edmonton Formation) along the [[Red Deer River]] of southern Alberta, Canada.<ref name=LML17>{{cite journal |last=Lambe |first=Lawrence M. |authorlink=Lawrence Lambe |year=1917 |title=A new genus and species of crestless hadrosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta |journal=The Ottawa Naturalist |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=65–73 |url=http://ia360616.us.archive.org/2/items/ottawanaturalist31otta/ottawanaturalist31otta.pdf |format=pdf (entire volume, 18 mb) |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> These rocks are older than the rocks in which ''Claosaurus annectens'' was found.<ref name=NCDE11/> The Edmonton Formation lends ''Edmontosaurus'' its name.<ref name=BSC07/> The [[type species]], ''E. regalis'' ("regal," or, more loosely, "king-sized"),<ref name=BSC07/> is based on [[National museums of Canada|NMC]] 2288, consisting of a skull, articulated vertebrae up to the sixth tail vertebra, ribs, partial hips, an upper arm bone, and most of a hind limb. It was discovered in 1912 by Levi Sternberg. The second specimen, paratype NMC 2289, consists of a skull and skeleton lacking the beak, most of the tail, and part of the feet. It was discovered in 1916 by [[George F. Sternberg]]. Lambe found that his new dinosaur compared best to ''Diclonius mirabilis'' (specimens now assigned to ''Edmontosaurus annectens''), and drew attention to the size and robustness of ''Edmontosaurus''.<ref name=LML17/> Initially, Lambe only described the skulls of the two skeletons, but returned to the genus in 1920 to describe the skeleton of NMC 2289.<ref name=LML20/> The [[postcrania]] of the type specimen remains undescribed, still in its plaster jackets.<ref name=DFG97/>

[[File:Edmontosaurus annectens specimen.jpg|thumb|Specimen CMNFV 8399, holotype of ''E. edmontoni'', now thought to be a young ''E. regalis'']]
Two more species that would come to be included with ''Edmontosaurus'' were named from Canadian remains in the 1920s, but both would initially be assigned to ''Thespesius''. Gilmore named the first, ''Thespesius edmontoni'', in 1924. ''T. edmontoni'' also came from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. It was based on NMC 8399, another nearly complete skeleton lacking most of the tail. NMC 8399 was discovered on the Red Deer River in 1912 by a Sternberg party.<ref name=CWG24/> Its forelimbs, ossified tendons, and skin impressions were briefly described in 1913 and 1914 by Lambe, who at first thought it was an example of a species he'd named ''Trachodon marginatus'',<ref name=LML13>{{cite journal |last=Lambe |first=Lawrence M. |authorlink=Lawrence Lambe |year=1913 |title=The manus in a specimen of ''Trachodon'' from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta |journal=The Ottawa Naturalist |volume=27 |pages=21–25}}</ref> but then changed his mind.<ref name=LML14>{{cite journal |last=Lambe |first=Lawrence M. |authorlink=Lawrence Lambe |year=1914 |title=On the fore-limb of a carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, and a new genus of Ceratopsia from the same horizon, with remarks on the integument of some Cretaceous herbivorous dinosaurs |journal=The Ottawa Naturalist |volume=27 |pages=129–135}}</ref> The specimen became the first dinosaur skeleton to be mounted for exhibition in a Canadian museum. Gilmore found that his new species compared closely to what he called ''Thespesius annectens'', but left the two apart because of details of the arms and hands. He also noted that his species had more vertebrae than Marsh's in the back and neck, but proposed that Marsh was mistaken in assuming that the ''annectens'' specimens were complete in those regions.<ref name=CWG24/>

In 1926, [[Charles Mortram Sternberg]] named ''Thespesius saskatchewanensis'' for NMC 8509, a skull and partial skeleton from the Wood Mountain plateau of southern [[Saskatchewan]]. He had collected this specimen in 1921, from rocks that were assigned to the Lance Formation,<ref name=CMS26/> now the [[Frenchman Formation]].<ref name=HWF04/> NMC 8509 included an almost complete skull, numerous vertebrae, partial shoulder and hip girdles, and partial hind limbs, representing the first substantial dinosaur specimen recovered from Saskatchewan. Sternberg opted to assign it to ''Thespesius'' because that was the only hadrosaurid genus known from the Lance Formation at the time.<ref name=CMS26/> At the time, ''T. saskatchewanensis'' was unusual because of its small size, estimated at {{convert|7|to|7.3|m|ft}} in length.<ref name=LW42c/>

===''Anatosaurus'' to the present===
In 1942, Lull and Wright attempted to resolve the complicated taxonomy of crestless hadrosaurids by naming a new genus, ''Anatosaurus'', to take in several species that did not fit well under their previous genera. ''Anatosaurus'', meaning "duck lizard", because of its wide, duck-like beak ([[Latin]] ''anas'' = duck + [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''sauros'' = lizard), had as its type species Marsh's old ''Claosaurus annectens''. Also assigned to this genus were ''Thespesius edmontoni'', ''T. saskatchewanensis'', a large lower jaw that Marsh had named ''Trachodon longiceps'' in 1890, and a new species, ''Anatosaurus copei'', for two skeletons on display at the American Museum of Natural History that had long been known as ''Diclonius mirabilis'' (or variations thereof). Thus, the various species became ''Anatosaurus annectens'', ''A. copei'', ''A. edmontoni'', ''A. longiceps'', and ''A. saskatchewanensis''.<ref name=LW42c/> ''Anatosaurus'' would come to be called the "classic duck-billed dinosaur."<ref name=DFG82>{{cite book |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |title=The New Dinosaur Dictionary |year=1982 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=0-8065-0782-9 |page=57 }}</ref>

[[File:Dakota skin impression.jpg|thumb|left|Skin impression of the specimen nicknamed "Dakota", which was found in 1999]]
This state of affairs persisted for several decades, until Michael K. Brett-Surman reexamined the pertinent material for his graduate studies in the 1970s and 1980s. He concluded that the type species of ''Anatosaurus'', ''A. annectens'', was actually a species of ''Edmontosaurus'' and that ''A. copei'' was different enough to warrant its own genus.<ref name=MKBS89/><ref name=MKBS75>{{cite book |last=Brett-Surman |first=Michael K. |year=1975 |title=The appendicular anatomy of hadrosaurian dinosaurs |series=M.A. thesis |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name=MKBS79>{{cite journal |last=Brett-Surman |first=Michael K. |year=1979 |title=Phylogeny and paleobiogeography of hadrosaurian dinosaurs |journal=Nature |volume=277 |issue=5697 |pages=560–562 |doi=10.1038/277560a0}}</ref> Although theses and [[dissertation]]s are not regarded as official publications by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]], which regulates the naming of organisms, his conclusions were known to other paleontologists, and were adopted by several popular works of the time.<ref name=DFG82b>{{cite book |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |title=The New Dinosaur Dictionary |year=1982 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, NJ |isbn=0-8065-0782-9 |pages=49, 53}}</ref><ref name=DL83>{{cite book |last=Lambert |first=David |coauthors=and the Diagram Group |title=A Field Guide to Dinosaurs |year=1983 |publisher=Avon Books |location=New York |isbn=0-380-83519-3 |pages=156–161}}</ref> Brett-Surman and Ralph Chapman designated a new genus for ''A. copei'' (''Anatotitan'') in 1990.<ref name=RCMBS90>{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Ralph E. |coauthors=and Brett-Surman, Michael K. |year=1990 |chapter=Morphometric observations on hadrosaurid ornithopods |editors=Carpenter, Kenneth, and Currie, Philip J. (eds.) |title=Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=163–177 |isbn=0-521-43810-1}}</ref> Of the remaining species, ''A. saskatchewanensis'' and ''A. edmontoni'' were assigned to ''Edmontosaurus'' as well,<ref name=WH90/> and ''A. longiceps'' went to ''Anatotitan'', as either a second species<ref name=olshevsky1991>{{cite book |author=Olshevsky, George. |authorlink=George Olshevsky |year=1991 |title=A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia |series=Mesozoic Meanderings No. 2 |publisher=Publications Requiring Research |location=San Diego }}</ref> or as a synonym of ''A. copei''.<ref name=WH90/> Because the type species of ''Anatosaurus'' (''A. annectens'') was sunk into ''Edmontosaurus'', the name ''Anatosaurus'' is abandoned as a [[synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''Edmontosaurus''.

The conception of ''Edmontosaurus'' that emerged included three valid species: the type ''E. regalis'', ''E. annectens'' (including ''Anatosaurus edmontoni'', emended to ''edmontonensis''), and ''E. saskatchewanensis''.<ref name=WH90/> The debate about the proper taxonomy of the ''A. copei'' specimens continues to the present: returning to Hatcher's argument of 1902, Jack Horner, [[David B. Weishampel]], and Catherine Forster regarded ''Anatotitan copei'' as representing specimens of ''Edmontosaurus annectens'' with crushed skulls.<ref name=HWF04/> In 2007 another "mummy" was announced; nicknamed "[[Dakota (fossil)|Dakota]]", it was discovered in 1999 by [[Tyler Lyson]], and came from the [[Hell Creek Formation]] of [[North Dakota]].<ref name="ng"/><ref name="wp"/>

In a 2011 study by Nicolás Campione and David Evans, the authors conducted the first ever morphometric analysis to compare the various specimens assigned to ''Edmontosaurus''. They concluded that only two species are valid: ''E. regalis'', from the late Campanian, and ''E. annectens'', from the late Maastrichtian. Their study provided further evidence that ''Anatotitan copei'' is a synonym of ''E. annectens''; specifically, that the long, low skull of ''A. copei'' is the result of ontogenetic change and represents mature ''E. annectens'' individuals.<ref name=NCDE11>Campione, N.E. and Evans, D.C. (2011). "[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025186 Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America.]" ''PLoS ONE'', '''6'''(9): e25186. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0025186}}</ref>

==Species and distribution==
[[File:Edmontosaurus skulls.png|thumb|upright|Compilation of virtually all known complete ''Edmontosaurus'' skulls]]
''Edmontosaurus'' is currently regarded as having two valid species: type species ''E. regalis'', and ''E. annectens''.<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=NCDE11/> ''E. regalis'' is known only from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, dating from the late Campanian stage of the late Cretaceous period. At least a dozen individuals are known,<ref name=NCDE11/> including seven skulls with associated postcrania, and five to seven other skulls.<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=WH90/> The species formerly known as ''Thespesius edmontoni'' or ''Anatosaurus edmontoni'' represents immature individuals.<ref name=NCDE11/><ref name=JAH75/><ref name=campione2009>Campione, N.E. (2009). "Cranial variation in ''Edmontosaurus'' (Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America." ''North American Paleontological Convention (NAPC 2009): Abstracts'', p. 95a. [http://napc2009.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/napc-2009-abstracts-cinc-mus-ctr-sci-cont-3.pdf PDF link]</ref> ''Trachodon atavus'' and ''Agathaumas milo'' are potential synonyms.<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=WH90/>

''E. annectens'' is known from the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan, the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, and the Lance Formation of South Dakota and Wyoming. It is limited to late Maastrichtian rocks, and is represented by at least twenty skulls, some with postcranial remains.<ref name=NCDE11/> One author, Kraig Derstler, has described ''E. annectens'' as "perhaps the most perfectly-known dinosaur to date [1994]."<ref name=KD94>{{cite book |last=Derstler |first=Kraig |year=1994 |editor=Nelson, Gerald E. (ed.) |title=The Dinosaurs of Wyoming |series=Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook, 44th Annual Field Conference |chapter=Dinosaurs of the Lance Formation in eastern Wyoming |publisher=Wyoming Geological Association |pages=127–146}}</ref> ''Anatosaurus copei'' and ''E. saskatchewanensis'' are now thought to be growth stages of ''E. annectens'': ''A. copei'' as adults, and ''E. saskatchewanensis'' as juveniles.<ref name=NCDE11/> ''Trachodon longiceps'' may be a synonym of ''E. annectens'' as well.<ref name=HWF04/> ''Anatosaurus edmontoni'' has sometimes been assigned to ''E. annectens'',<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=WH90/> but this does not appear to be the case.<ref name=NCDE11/><ref name=campione2009/>

''E. annectens'' differed from ''E. regalis'' by having a longer, lower, less robust skull.<ref name=DFG97/><ref name=NCDE11/> Although Brett-Surman regarded ''E. regalis'' and ''E. annectens'' as potentially representing males and females of the same species,<ref name=MKBS89/> all ''E. regalis'' specimens come from older formations than ''E. annectens'' specimens.<ref name=campione2009/>

Additionally, there are many ''Edmontosaurus'' fossils that have not been identified to species. Remains that have not been assigned to a particular species (identified as ''E.'' sp.) may extend the range of the genus as far as the [[Prince Creek Formation]] of [[Alaska]]<ref name=bbdb07>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/rogers/bonebeds_chapter2_appendix.xls|title=Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Bonebed Database|last=Behrensmeyer|first=Anna K.|year=2007|work=Bonebeds: Genesis, Analysis, and Paleobiological Significance|publisher=University of Chicago Press|accessdate=2008-12-07|format=Excel spreadsheet}}</ref> and the [[Javelina Formation]] of [[Texas]].<ref name=DBWetal04>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |authorlink=David B. Weishampel |coauthors=Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; and Noto, Christopher N. |editor=Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |year= 2004|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |pages=517–606 |chapter=Dinosaur distribution }}</ref>

==Paleoecology==
''Edmontosaurus'' was a wide-ranging genus in both time and space. The rock units from which it is known can be divided into two groups by age: the older Horseshoe Canyon and St. Mary River formations, and the younger Frenchman, Hell Creek, and Lance formations. The time span covered by the Horseshoe Canyon Formation and equivalents is also known as Edmontonian, and the time span covered by the younger units is also known as Lancian. The Edmontonian and Lancian time intervals had distinct dinosaur faunas.<ref name=PD96>{{cite book|last=Dodson |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Dodson |title=The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History|publisher = Princeton University Press |year=1996 |location=Princeton |pages=14–15 |isbn=0-691-05900-4}}</ref>

===Edmontonian paleoecology===
The Edmontonian land vertebrate age is defined by the first appearance of ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' in the fossil record.<ref name=kirtlandian>{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Robert M. |coauthors=and Lucas, Spencer G. |year=2006 |chapter=The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age" – faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America |url=http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/science/bulletins/35/sci_bulletin35_2.pdf |format=pdf |title=Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from the Western Interior |editors=Lucas, Spencer G.; and Sullivan, Robert M. (eds.) |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico | series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin '''35''' |pages=7–29 }}</ref> Although sometimes reported as of exclusively early Maastrichtian age,<ref name=DBWetal04/> the Horseshoe Canyon Formation was of somewhat longer duration. Deposition began approximately 73 million years ago, in the late [[Campanian]], and ended between 68.0 and 67.6 million years ago.<ref name=wuetal2007>{{cite journal |last=Wu |first=X-C. |coauthors=Brinkman, D.B.; Eberth, D.A.; and Braman, D.R. |year=2007 |title=A new ceratopsid dinosaur (Ornithischia) from the uppermost Horseshoe Canyon Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Alberta, Canada |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Science |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1243–1265 |doi=10.1139/E07-011}}</ref> ''Edmontosaurus regalis'' is known from the lowest of five units within the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, but is absent from at least the second to the top.<ref name=DAE02>{{cite journal |last=Eberth |first=David A. |year=2002 |title=Review and comparison of Belly River Group and Edmonton Group stratigraphy and stratigraphic architecture in the southern Alberta Plains |journal=Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Diamond Jubilee Convention, Programs and Abstracts |volume=117 |pages=(cd) |url=http://www.cspg.org/conventions/abstracts/2002abstracts/extended/227S0125.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> As many as three quarters of the dinosaur specimens from [[badlands]] near [[Drumheller, Alberta|Drumheller]], Alberta may pertain to ''Edmontosaurus''.<ref name=DAR89>{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Dale A. |authorlink=Dale Russell |title=An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America |year=1989 |publisher=NorthWord Press, Inc. |location=Minocqua, Wisconsin |isbn=1-55971-038-1 |pages=170–171 }}</ref> The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is interpreted as having a significant marine influence, due to an encroaching [[Western Interior Seaway]], the [[Epeiric sea|shallow sea]] that covered the midsection of North America through much of the [[Cretaceous]].<ref name=PD96/> ''E. regalis'' shared the setting with fellow hadrosaurids ''[[Hypacrosaurus]]'' and ''[[Saurolophus]]'', [[hypsilophodont]] ''[[Parksosaurus]]'', horned dinosaurs ''[[Montanoceratops]]'', ''[[Anchiceratops]]'', ''[[Arrhinoceratops]]'', and ''[[Pachyrhinosaurus]]'', [[pachycephalosauria|pachycephalosaurid]] ''[[Stegoceras]]'', [[ankylosauridae|ankylosaurid]] ''[[Euoplocephalus]]'', [[nodosauridae|nodosaurid]] ''[[Edmontonia]]'', [[ornithomimosauria|ostrich-mimics]] ''[[Ornithomimus]]'' and ''[[Struthiomimus]]'', a variety of poorly known small [[theropoda|theropods]] including [[troodontidae|troodontids]] and [[dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurids]], and the [[tyrannosauridae|tyrannosaurids]] ''[[Albertosaurus]]'' and ''[[Daspletosaurus]]''.<ref name=DBWetal04/> ''Edmontosaurus'' is found in coastal, near-marine settings, while ''Hypacrosaurus'' and ''Saurolophus'' are found in more continental lowlands.<ref name=RC67>{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Dale A. |coauthors=and Chamney, T. P. |year=1967 |title=Notes on the biostratigraphy of dinosaurian and microfossil faunas in the Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous), Alberta |journal=National Museum of Canada Natural History Papers |volume=35 |pages=1–35}}</ref> ''Edmontosaurus'' and ''Saurolophus'' are not usually found together.<ref name=SciDaily07>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070629091349.htm|title=City Site Was Dinosaur Dining Room|date=2007-07-03|work=ScienceDaily|publisher=ScienceDaily|accessdate=2008-12-07}}</ref> The typical edmontosaur habitat of this formation has been described as the back regions of [[Taxodium distichum|bald cypress]] [[swamp]]s and [[bog|peat bogs]] on [[river delta|delta]] coasts. ''Pachyrhinosaurus'' also preferred this habitat to the [[floodplain]]s dominated by ''Hypacrosaurus'', ''Saurolophus'', ''Anchiceratops'' and ''Arrhinoceratops''.<ref name=DAR89/> The Edmontonian-age coastal ''Pachyrhinosaurus''-''Edmontosaurus'' association is recognized as far north as Alaska.<ref name=DJC01>{{cite book |last=Lehman |first=Thomas M. |year=2001 |chapter=Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality |editors=Tanke, Darren; and Carpenter, Kenneth (eds.) |title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |pages=310–328 |isbn=0-253-33907-3 }}</ref>

===Lancian paleoecology===
The Lancian time interval was the last interval before the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] that eliminated non-[[bird|avian]] dinosaurs. ''Edmontosaurus'' was one of the more common dinosaurs of the interval. Robert Bakker reports that it made up one-seventh of the large dinosaur sample, with most of the rest (five-sixths) made up of the horned dinosaur ''[[Triceratops]]''.<ref name=RTB86b>Bakker, Robert T. (1986). ''[[The Dinosaur Heresies]]''. p. 438.</ref> The [[coastal plain]] ''Triceratops''–''Edmontosaurus'' association, dominated by ''Triceratops'', extended from Colorado to Saskatchewan.<ref name=DJC01/> Typical dinosaur faunas of the Lancian formations where ''Edmontosaurus annectens'' has been found also included the hypsilophodont ''[[Thescelosaurus]]'', the rare ceratopsid ''[[Torosaurus]]'', the pachycephalosaurid ''[[Pachycephalosaurus]]'', the ankylosaurid ''[[Ankylosaurus]]'', and the theropods ''[[Ornithomimus]]'', ''[[Troodon]]'', and ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''.<ref name=DBWetal04/><ref name=HCFF>{{cite web | author = Phillip Bigelow | title = Cretaceous "Hell Creek Faunal Facies"; Late Maastrichtian | url= http://www.scn.org/~bh162/hellcreek2.html | accessdate = 2010-08-07 }}</ref>
[[File:Hell Creek.jpg|thumb|The Hell Creek Formation is well exposed in the badlands in the vicinity of Fort Peck Reservoir.]]
The Hell Creek Formation, as typified by exposures in the [[Fort Peck, Montana|Fort Peck]] area of Montana, has been interpreted as a flat forested floodplain, with a relatively dry [[subtropics|subtropical]] climate that supported a variety of plants ranging from [[flowering plant|angiosperm]] [[tree]]s, to conifers such as bald cypress, to [[fern]]s and [[ginkgo]]s. The coastline was hundreds of kilometres or miles to the east. Stream-dwelling turtles and [[arboreal|tree-dwelling]] [[multituberculata|multituberculate]] mammals were diverse, and [[monitor lizard]]s as large as the modern [[Komodo dragon]] hunted on the ground. ''Triceratops'' was the most abundant large dinosaur, and ''Thescelosaurus'' the most abundant small herbivorous dinosaur. Edmontosaur remains have been collected here from stream channel sands, and include fossils from individuals as young as a meter- or yard-long infant. The edmontosaur fossils probably represent accumulations from groups on the move.<ref name=DAR89b>Russell, Dale A. (1989). ''An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 175–180.</ref>

The Lance Formation, as typified by exposures approximately {{convert|100|km|mi}} north of [[Fort Laramie National Historic Site|Fort Laramie]] in eastern Wyoming, has been interpreted as a [[bayou]] setting similar to the [[Louisiana]] coastal plain. It was closer to a large delta than the Hell Creek Formation depositional setting to the north and received much more sediment. Tropical [[Araucariaceae|araucarian]] [[pinophyta|conifers]] and [[arecaceae|palm]] trees dotted the [[hardwood]] forests, differentiating the flora from the northern coastal plain.<ref name=DAR89c>Russell, Dale A. (1989). ''An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 180–181.</ref> The climate was humid and subtropical, with conifers, [[sabal|palmettos]], and ferns in the swamps, and conifers, [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[live oak]], and [[shrub]]s in the forests.<ref name=KD94/> Freshwater fish, salamanders, turtles, diverse lizards, snakes, shorebirds, and small mammals lived alongside the dinosaurs. Small dinosaurs are not known in as great of abundance here as in the Hell Creek rocks, but ''Thescelosaurus'' once again seems to have been relatively common. ''Triceratops'' is known from many skulls, which tend to be somewhat smaller than those of more northern individuals. The Lance Formation is the setting of two edmontosaur "mummies".<ref name=DAR89c/>

==Paleobiology==
===Growth===
In a 2011 study, Campione and Evans recorded data from all known "edmontosaur" skulls from the Campanian and Maastrichtian and used it to plot a ''morphometric'' graph, comparing variable features of the skull with skull size. Their results showed that within both recognized ''Edmontosaurus'' species, many features previously used to classify additional species or genera were directly correlated with skull size. Campione and Evans interpreted these results as strongly suggesting that the shape of ''Edmontosaurus'' skulls changed dramatically as they grew. This has led to several apparent mistakes in classification in the past. The Campanian species ''Thespesius edmontoni'', previously considered a synonym of ''E. annectens'' due to its small size and skull shape, is morel likely a subadult specimen of the contemporary ''E. regalis''. Similarly, the three previously recognized Maastrichtian edmontosaur species likely represent growth stages of a single species, with ''E. saskatchewanensis'' representing juveniles, ''E. annectens'' subadults, and ''Anatotian copei'' fully mature adults. The skulls became longer and flatter as the animals grew.<ref name=NCDE11/>

===Brain and nervous system===
[[File:Pasta - triceratops brain.jpg|thumb|A 1905 chart showing the relatively small brains of a ''[[Triceratops]]'' (top) and ''Edmontosaurus'']]
The brain of ''Edmontosaurus'' has been described in several papers and abstracts through the use of [[endocranial cast|endocasts]] of the cavity where the brain had been. ''E. annectens''<ref name=OCM93>{{cite journal |last=Marsh |first=Othniel Charles |authorlink=Othniel Charles Marsh |year=1893 |title=The skull and brain of ''Claosaurus'' |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=45 |pages=83–86}}</ref><ref name=OCM96>{{cite book |last=Marsh |first=Othniel Charles |authorlink=Othniel Charles Marsh |year=1896 |chapter=The dinosaurs of North America |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |location=Washington, D.C. |title=Sixteenth Annual report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1894–1895: Part 1 |url=http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/ar/ar16_1 |pages=133–244 |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> and ''E. regalis'',<ref name=LML20/> as well as specimens not identified to species,<ref name=BB14>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Barnum |authorlink=Barnum Brown |year=1914 |title=''Anchiceratops'', a new genus of horned dinosaurs from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta, with discussion of the ceratopsian crest and the brain casts of ''Anchiceratops'' and ''Trachodon'' |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=33 |pages=539–548}}</ref><ref name=LW42h>Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). ''Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America''. pp. 122–128.</ref><ref name=JHH01>{{cite journal |last=Jerison |first=Harry J. |coauthors=Horner, John R.; and Horner, Celeste C |year=2001 |title=Dinosaur forebrains |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=21 |issue=3, Suppl. |page=64A}}</ref> have been studied in this way. The brain was not particularly large for an animal the size of ''Edmontosaurus''. The space holding it was only about a quarter of the length of the skull,<ref name=LML20/> and various endocasts have been measured as displacing {{convert|374|ml|USfloz|0}}<ref name=JHH01/> to {{convert|450|ml|USfloz|0}},<ref name=LW42h/> which does not take into account that the brain may have occupied as little as 50% of the space of the endocast, the rest of the space being taken up by the [[dura mater]] surrounding the brain.<ref name=LW42h/><ref name=JHH01/> For example, the brain of the specimen with the 374 millilitre endocast is estimated to have had a volume of {{convert|268|ml|USfloz|0}}.<ref name=JHH01/> The brain was an elongate structure,<ref name=LW42h/> and as with other non-mammals, there would have been no [[neocortex]].<ref name=JHH01/> Like ''[[Stegosaurus]]'', the [[neural canal]] was expanded in the hips, but not to the same degree: the endosacral space of ''Stegosaurus'' had 20 times the volume of its endocranial cast, whereas the endosacral space of ''Edmontosaurus'' was only 2.59 times larger in volume.<ref name=LW42h/>

===Diet===
{{See also|Hadrosaur diet}}

====Feeding adaptations====
As a hadrosaurid, ''Edmontosaurus'' was a large terrestrial [[herbivory|herbivore]]. Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time.<ref name=HWF04/> It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping,<ref name=HWF04/> or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots.<ref name=JHO64/> Because the tooth rows are deeply indented from the outside of the jaws, and because of other anatomical details, it is inferred that ''Edmontosaurus'' and most other ornithischians had cheek-like structures, muscular or non-muscular. The function of the cheeks was to retain food in the mouth.<ref name=PMG73>{{cite journal |last=Galton |first=Peter M.|year=1973 |title=The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs |journal=Lethaia |volume=6 |pages=67–89 |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb00873.x}}</ref><ref name=FS04>Fastovsky, D.E., and Smith, J.B. (2004). "Dinosaur paleoecology." ''The Dinosauria''. pp. 614–626.</ref> The animal's feeding range would have been from ground level to around {{convert|4|m|ft}} above.<ref name=HWF04/>

Before the 1960s and 1970s, the prevailing interpretation of hadrosaurids like ''Edmontosaurus'' was that they were aquatic and fed on aquatic plants.<ref name=PMB05>{{cite journal |last=Barrett |first=Paul M. |year=2005 |title=The diet of ostrich dinosaurs (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) |journal=Palaeontology |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=347–358 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00448.x }}</ref> An example of this is William Morris's 1970 interpretation of an edmontosaur skull with nonbony beak remnants. He proposed that the animal had a diet much like that of some modern ducks, filtering plants and aquatic invertebrates like [[mollusca|mollusks]] and [[crustacean]]s from the water and discharging water via V-shaped furrows along the inner face of the upper beak.<ref name=WJM70/> This interpretation of the beak has been rejected, as the furrows and ridges are more like those of herbivorous turtle beaks than the flexible structures seen in filter-feeding birds.<ref name=PMB05/>
[[File:Edmontosaurus skull 7.jpg|thumb|Skull of ''Edmontosaurus'', showing duck-bill and dentition – [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]]]
The prevailing model of how hadrosaurids fed was put forward in 1984 by David B. Weishampel. He proposed that the structure of the skull permitted motion between bones that led to backward and forward motion of the lower jaw, and outward bowing of the tooth-bearing bones of the upper jaw when the mouth was closed. The teeth of the upper jaw would grind against the teeth of the lower jaw like [[rasp]]s, processing plant material trapped between them.<ref name=HWF04/><ref name=DBW84>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |authorlink=David B. Weishampel |year=1984|title=Evolution in jaw mechanics in ornithopod dinosaurs |series=''Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology'' '''87''' |location=Berlin; New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |pmid=6464809|isbn=0-387-13114-0 |issn=0301-5556}}</ref> Such a motion would parallel the effects of [[mastication]] in mammals, although accomplishing the effects in a completely different way.<ref name=NRetal08>{{cite journal |last=Rybczynski |first=Natalia |coauthors=Tirabasso, Alex; Bloskie, Paul; Cuthbertson, Robin; and Holliday, Casey |year=2008 |title=A three-dimensional animation model of ''Edmontosaurus'' (Hadrosauridae) for testing chewing hypotheses |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=online publication |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/2008_2/132/index.html |accessdate=2008-08-10}}</ref> An important piece of evidence for Weishampel's model is the orientation of scratches on the teeth, showing the direction of jaw action. Other movements could produce similar scratches, though, such as movement of the bones of the two halves of the lower jaw. Not all models have been scrutinized under present techniques.<ref name=CHLW08>{{cite journal|last=Holliday|first=Casey M. |coauthors=and Witmer, Lawrence M. |year=2008 |title=Cranial kinesis in dinosaurs: intracranial joints, protractor muscles, and their significance for cranial evolution and function in diapsids |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1073–1088|doi=10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1073}}</ref>

Weishampel developed his model with the aid of a computer simulation. Natalia Rybczynski and colleagues have updated this work with a much more sophisticated [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] animation model, scanning a skull of ''E. regalis'' with lasers. They were able to replicate the proposed motion with their model, although they found that additional secondary movements between other bones were required, with maximum separations of {{convert|1.3|to|1.4|cm|in}} between some bones during the chewing cycle. Rybczynski and colleagues were not convinced that the Weishampel model is viable, but noted that they have several improvements to implement to their animation. Planned improvements include incorporating soft tissue and tooth wear marks and scratches, which should better constrain movements. They note that there are several other hypotheses to test as well.<ref name=NRetal08/> Further work by Casey Holliday and Lawrence Witmer found that ornithopods like ''Edmontosaurus'' lacked the types of skull joints seen in those modern animals that are known to have kinetic skulls (skulls that permit motion between their constituent bones), such as [[squamata|squamates]] and birds. They proposed that joints that had been interpreted as permitting movement in dinosaur skulls were actually [[cartilage|cartilaginous]] growth zones.<ref name=CHLW08/>

The immobile skull model was challenged in 2009 by Vincent Williams and colleagues. Returning to tooth microwear, they found four classes of scratches on ''Edmontosaurus'' teeth. The most common class was interpreted as resulting from an oblique motion, not a simple up-down or front-back motion, which is more consistent with the Weishampel model. This motion is thought to have been the primary motion for grinding food. Two scratch classes were interpreted as resulting from forward or backward movement of the jaws. The other class was variable and probably resulted from opening the jaws. The combination of movements is more complex than had been previously predicted. Because scratches dominate the microwear texture, Williams ''et al.'' suggested ''Edmontosaurus'' was a [[grazing|grazer]] instead of a [[Browsing (predation)|browser]], which would be predicted to have fewer scratches due to eating less abrasive materials. Candidates for ingested abrasives include [[silicon dioxide|silica]]-rich plants like [[equisetum|horsetails]] and soil that was accidentally ingested due to feeding at ground level.<ref name=VSWetal09>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Vincent S. |coauthors=Barrett, Paul M.; and Purnell, Mark A. |year=2009 |title=Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pmid=19564603 |volume=106 |issue=27 |pmc=2708679 |pages=11194–11199 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812631106 }}</ref>

Reports of [[gastrolith]]s, or stomach stones, in the hadrosaurid ''Claosaurus'' are actually based on a probable double misidentification. First, the specimen is actually of ''Edmontosaurus annectens''. [[Barnum Brown]], who discovered the specimen in 1900, referred to it as ''Claosaurus'' because ''E. annectens'' was thought to be a species of ''Claosaurus'' at the time. Additionally, it is more likely that the supposed gastroliths represent gravel washed in during burial.<ref name=BSC07/>

====Gut contents====
[[File:Pasta - mummified trachodon - AmMusNatHist.jpg|left|thumb|Possible gut contents were reported from the "Trachodon mummy" at the American Museum of Natural History, but were never described.]]
Both of the "mummy" specimens collected by the Sternbergs were reported to have had possible gut contents. Charles H. Sternberg reported the presence of [[carbonization|carbonized]] gut contents in the American Museum of Natural History specimen,<ref name=CHS09>{{cite journal |last=Sternberg |first=Charles H. |authorlink=Charles Hazelius Sternberg |year=1909 |title=A new ''Trachodon'' from the Laramie Beds of Converse County, Wyoming |journal=Science |volume=29 |issue=749 |pages=753–54 | doi = 10.1126/science.29.749.747 }}</ref> but this material has not been described.<ref name=CKM97>{{cite book |last=Currie |first=Philip J. |authorlink=Philip J. Currie |coauthors=Koppelhus, Eva B.; and Muhammad, A. Fazal |year=1995 |chapter="Stomach" contents of a hadrosaurid from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada |editors=Sun Ailing and Wang Yuangqing (editors) |title=Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers |publisher=China Ocean Press |location=Beijing |pages=111–114 |isbn=7-5027-3898-3}}</ref> The plant remains in the Senckenberg Museum specimen have been described, but have proven difficult to interpret. The plants found in the carcass included needles of the conifer ''[[Cunninghamites elegans]]'', twigs from conifer and broadleaf trees, and numerous small seeds or fruits.<ref name=RK22>{{cite journal |last=Kräusel |first=R. |year=1922 |title=Die Nahrung von ''Trachodon'' |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |volume=4 |page=80 |language=German}}</ref> Upon their description in 1922, they were the subject of a debate in the German-language journal ''Paläontologische Zeitschrift''. Kräusel, who described the material, interpreted it as the gut contents of the animal,<ref name=RK22/> while Abel could not rule out that the plants had been washed into the carcass after death.<ref name=OA22>{{cite journal |last=Abel |first=O. |year=1922 |title=Diskussion zu den Vorträgen R. Kräusel and F. Versluys |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |volume=4 |page=87 |language=German}}</ref>
[[File:Senckenberg Edmontosaurus.jpg|thumb|The Senckenberg Museum specimen]]
At the time, hadrosaurids were thought to have been aquatic animals, and Kräusel made a point of stating that the specimen did not rule out hadrosaurids eating water plants.<ref name=JHO64/><ref name=RK22/> The discovery of possible gut contents made little impact in English-speaking circles, except for another brief mention of the aquatic-terrestrial dichotomy,<ref name=GRW25>{{cite journal |last=Wieland |first=G. R. |year=1925 |title=Dinosaur feed |journal=Science |volume=61 |issue=1589 |pages=601–603 |doi=10.1126/science.61.1589.601 |pmid=17792714}}</ref> until it was brought up by [[John Ostrom]] in the course of an article reassessing the old interpretation of hadrosaurids as water-bound. Instead of trying to adapt the discovery to the aquatic model, he used it as a line of evidence that hadrosaurids were terrestrial herbivores.<ref name=JHO64/> While his interpretation of hadrosaurids as terrestrial animals has been generally accepted,<ref name=HWF04/> the Senckenberg plant fossils remain equivocal. [[Kenneth Carpenter]] has suggested that they may actually represent the gut contents of a starving animal, instead of a typical diet.<ref name=KC87/><ref name=KC07/> Other authors have noted that because the plant fossils were removed from their original context in the specimen and were heavily prepared, it is no longer possible to follow up on the original work, leaving open the possibility that the plants were washed-in debris.<ref name=CKM97/><ref name=JTetal2008>{{cite journal |last=Tweet |first=Justin S. |coauthors=Chin, Karen; Braman, Dennis R.; and Murphy, Nate L. |year=2008 |title=Probable gut contents within a specimen of ''Brachylophosaurus canadensis'' (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana |journal=PALAIOS |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=624–635 |doi=10.2110/palo.2007.p07-044r}}</ref>

===Isotopic studies===
The diet and [[physiology]] of ''Edmontosaurus'' have been probed by using [[stable isotope]]s of [[carbon]] and [[oxygen]] as recorded in [[tooth enamel]]. When feeding, drinking, and breathing, animals take in carbon and oxygen, which become incorporated into bone. The isotopes of these two elements are determined by various internal and external factors, such as the type of plants being eaten, the physiology of the animal, [[salinity]], and climate. If isotope ratios in fossils are not altered by fossilization and later [[diagenesis|changes]], they can be studied for information about the original factors; [[endothermy|warmblooded]] animals will have certain isotopic compositions compared to their surroundings, animals that eat certain types of plants or use certain digestive processes will have distinct isotopic compositions, and so on. Enamel is typically used because the structure of the mineral that forms enamel makes it the most resistant material to chemical change in the skeleton.<ref name=TC04/>

A 2004 study by Kathryn Thomas and Sandra Carlson used teeth from the upper jaw of three individuals interpreted as a juvenile, a subadult, and an adult, recovered from a bone bed in the Hell Creek Formation of [[Corson County, South Dakota|Corson County]], South Dakota. In this study, successive teeth in columns in the edmontosaurs' dental batteries were sampled from multiple locations along each tooth using a microdrilling system. This sampling method takes advantage of the organization of hadrosaurid dental batteries to find variation in tooth isotopes over a period of time. From their work, it appears that edmontosaur teeth took less than about 0.65 years to form, slightly faster in younger edmontosaurs. The teeth of all three individuals appeared to show variation in oxygen isotope ratios that could correspond to warm/dry and cool/wet periods; Thomas and Carlson considered the possibility that the animals were migrating instead, but favored local seasonal variations because migration would have more likely led to ratio homogenization, as many animals migrate to stay within specific temperature ranges or near particular food sources.<ref name=TC04/>

The edmontosaurs also showed enriched carbon isotope values, which for modern mammals would be interpreted as a mixed diet of [[C3 carbon fixation|C3]] plants (most plants) and [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] plants (grasses); however, C4 plants were extremely rare in the Late Cretaceous if present at all. Thomas and Carlson put forward several factors that may have been operating, and found the most likely to include a diet heavy in [[gymnosperm]]s, consuming salt-stressed plants from coastal areas adjacent to the [[Western Interior Seaway]], and a physiological difference between dinosaurs and mammals that caused dinosaurs to form tissue with different carbon ratios than would be expected for mammals. A combination of factors is also possible.<ref name=TC04/>

===Pathologies and health===
In 2003, evidence of [[tumor]]s, including [[hemangioma]]s, [[desmoplastic fibroma]], [[metastatic cancer]], and [[osteoblastoma]], was described in ''Edmontosaurus'' bones. Rothschild ''et al.'' tested dinosaur vertebrae for tumors using [[computerized tomography]] and [[fluoroscope]] screening. Several other hadrosaurids, including ''Brachylophosaurus'', ''[[Gilmoreosaurus]]'', and ''[[Bactrosaurus]]'', also tested positive. Although more than 10,000 fossils were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to ''Edmontosaurus'' and closely related genera. The tumors may have been caused by environmental factors or [[genetics|genetic propensity]].<ref name="Rothschildetal">{{cite journal |last=Rothschild |first=B.M. |coauthors=Tanke, D. H.; Helbling II, M.; and Martin, L.D. |title=Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=495–500 |year=2003 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/ktqqkxcqdc620keb/ |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0473-9 |accessdate=2008-07-25 |pmid=14610645}}</ref>

[[Osteochondrosis]], or surficial pits in bone at places where bones articulate, is also known in ''Edmontosaurus''. This condition, resulting from [[cartilage]] failing to be replaced by bone during growth, was found to be present in 2.2% of 224 edmontosaur toe bones. The underlying cause of the condition is unknown. Genetic predisposition, trauma, feeding intensity, alterations in blood supply, excess [[thyroid]] [[hormone]]s, and deficiencies in various growth factors have been suggested. Among dinosaurs, osteochondrosis (like tumors) is most commonly found in hadrosaurids.<ref name=BRDT07>{{cite book |last=Rothschild |first=Bruce |coauthors=and Tanke, Darren H. |year=2007 |chapter=Osteochondrosis is Late Cretaceous Hadrosauria |editor=Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.) |title=Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington and Indianapolis |pages=171–183 |isbn=0-253-34817-X}}</ref>

===Locomotion===
[[File:Edmontosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|left|Life restoration of an ''E. regalis'' in a quadrupedal pose]]
Like other hadrosaurids, ''Edmontosaurus'' is thought to have been a [[facultative biped]], meaning that it mostly moved on four legs, but could adopt a bipedal stance when needed. It probably went on all fours when standing still or moving slowly, and switched to using the hind legs alone when moving more rapidly.<ref name=HWF04/> Research conducted by computer modeling in 2007 suggests that ''Edmontosaurus'' could run at high speeds, perhaps up to {{convert|45|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="ng"/> Further simulations using a subadult specimen estimated as weighing {{convert|715|kg|lb}} when alive produced a model that could run or hop bipedally, use a [[trot (horse gait)|trot]], [[Horse gait#Pace|pace]], or single foot symmetric quadrupedal gait, or move at a [[Horse gait#Gallop|gallop]]. The researchers found to their surprise that the fastest gait was [[kangaroo]]-like hopping (maximum simulated speed of {{convert|17.3|m/s|km/h mph}}), which they regarded as unlikely based on the size of the animal and lack of hopping footprints in the fossil record, and instead interpreted the result as indicative of an inaccuracy in their simulation. The fastest non-hopping gaits were galloping (maximum simulated speed of {{convert|15.7|m/s|km/h mph}}) and running bipedally (maximum simulated speed of {{convert|14.0|m/s|km/h mph}}). They found weak support for bipedal running as the most likely option for high-speed movement, but did not rule out high-speed quadrupedal movement.<ref name=WISetal09>{{cite journal |last=Sellers |first=W. I. |coauthors=Manning, P. L.; Lyson, T.; Stevens, K.; and Margetts, L. |year=2009 |title=Virtual palaeontology: gait reconstruction of extinct vertebrates using high performance computing |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=unpaginated |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/2009_3/180/index.html|accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref>

While long thought to have been aquatic or semiaquatic, hadrosaurids were not as well-suited for swimming as other dinosaurs (particularly theropods, who were once thought to have been unable to pursue hadrosaurids into water). Hadrosaurids had slim hands with short fingers, making their forelimbs ineffective for propulsion, and the tail was also not useful for propulsion because of the ossified tendons that increased its rigidity, and the poorly developed attachment points for muscles that would have moved the tail from side to side.<ref name=RTB86/><ref name=MKBS97>{{cite book |last=Brett-Surman |first=M. K. |editor=James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.) |title=The Complete Dinosaur |year=1997 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=0-253-33349-0 |pages=330–346 |chapter=Ornithopods }}</ref>

===Interactions with theropods===
[[File:DMNS Edmontosaurus.png|thumb|The damage to the tail vertebrae of this ''Edmontosaurus'' skeleton (on display at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science) indicates that it may have been bitten by a ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''.]]
The time span and geographic range of ''Edmontosaurus'' overlapped with ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'', and an adult specimen of ''E. annectens'' on display in the [[Denver Museum of Nature and Science]] shows evidence of a theropod bite in the tail. Counting back from the hip, the thirteenth to seventeenth [[vertebra]]e have damaged [[spinous process|spines]] consistent with an attack from the right rear of the animal. One spine has a portion sheared away, and the others are kinked; three have apparent tooth puncture marks. The top of the tail was at least {{convert|2.9|m|ft}} high, and the only theropod species known from the same rock formation that was tall enough to make such an attack is ''T. rex''. The bones are partially healed, but the edmontosaur died before the traces of damage were completely obliterated. The damage also shows signs of bone infection. Kenneth Carpenter, who studied the specimen, noted that there also seems to be a healed fracture in the left hip which predated the attack because it was more fully healed. He suggested that the edmontosaur was a target because it may have been limping from this earlier injury. Because it survived the attack, Carpenter suggested that it may have outmaneuvered or outran its attacker, or that the damage to its tail was incurred by the hadrosaurid using it as a weapon against the tyrannosaur.<ref name=carpenter1998>{{cite_journal |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |authorlink=Kenneth Carpenter |year=1998 |title=Evidence of predatory behavior by theropod dinosaurs |journal=Gaia |volume=15 |pages=135–144 |url=http://vertpaleo.org/publications/jvp/15-576-591.cfm |accessdate=2009-03-08}} [not printed until 2000]</ref>

Another specimen of ''E. annectens'', pertaining to a {{convert|7.6|m|ft}} long individual from South Dakota, shows evidence of tooth marks from small theropods on its lower jaws. Some of the marks are partially healed. Michael Triebold, informally reporting on the specimen, suggested a scenario where small theropods attacked the throat of the edmontosaur; the animal survived the initial attack but succumbed to its injuries shortly thereafter.<ref name=CT00>{{cite journal |last=Campagna |first=Tony |year=2000 |title=The PT interview: Michael Triebold |journal=Prehistoric Times |volume=40 |pages=18–19}}</ref> Some edmontosaur bone beds were sites of scavenging. ''Albertosaurus'' and ''[[Saurornitholestes]]'' tooth marks are common at one Alberta bone bed,<ref name=JR99>{{cite journal |last=Jacobsen |first=Aase Roland |coauthors=and Ryan, Michael J. |year=2000 |title=Taphonomic aspects of theropod tooth-marked bones from an ''Edmontosaurus'' bone bed (Lower Maastrichtian), Alberta, Canada |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=19 |issue=3, suppl. |pages=55A }}</ref> and ''[[Daspletosaurus]]'' fed on ''Edmontosaurus'' and fellow hadrosaurid ''Saurolophus'' at another Alberta site.<ref name=SciDaily07/>

===Social behavior===
Extensive [[bone bed]]s are known for ''Edmontosaurus'', and such groupings of hadrosaurids are used to suggest that they were gregarious, living in groups.<ref name=HWF04/> Four quarries containing edmontosaur remains are identified in a 2007 database of fossil bone beds, from Alaska (Prince Creek Formation), Alberta (Horseshoe Canyon Formation), South Dakota (Hell Creek Formation), and Wyoming (Lance Formation).<ref name=bbdb07/> One edmontosaur bone bed, from [[claystone]] and [[mudstone]] of the Lance Formation in eastern Wyoming, covers more than a square kilometre, although ''Edmontosaurus'' bones are most concentrated in a {{convert|40|ha|sqmi}} subsection of this site. It is estimated that disassociated remains pertaining to 10,000 to 25,000 edmontosaurs are present here.<ref name=ACetal06>{{cite journal |last=Chadwick |first=Arthur |coauthors=Spencer, Lee; and Turner, Larry |year=2006 |title=Preliminary depositional model for an Upper Cretaceous ''Edmontosaurus'' bonebed |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=26 |issue=3, suppl. |pages=49A }}</ref>

Unlike many other hadrosaurids, ''Edmontosaurus'' lacked a bony crest. It may have had soft-tissue display structures in the skull, though: the bones around the nasal openings had deep indentations surrounding the openings, and this pair of recesses are postulated to have held inflatable air sacs, perhaps allowing for both visual and auditory signaling.<ref name=JAH75/> ''Edmontosaurus'' may have been [[Polymorphism (biology)|dimorphic]], with more robust and more lightly built forms, but it has not been established if this is related to [[sexual dimorphism]].<ref name=GRetal03>{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Rebecca |coauthors=Larson, Robb; and Nellermoe, Ron |year=2003 |title=An allometric study comparing metatarsal IIs in ''Edmontosaurus'' from a low-diversity hadrosaur bone bed in Corson Co., SD |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=23 |issue=3, suppl. |pages=56A–57A }}</ref>

Because of its wide distribution, which covers a distance from Alaska to Colorado and includes [[Dinosaur physiology#Polar dinosaurs|polar settings]] that would have had little light during a significant part of the year, ''Edmontosaurus'' has been considered possibly migratory. A 2008 review of dinosaur migration studies by Phil R. Bell and Eric Snively proposed that ''E. regalis'' was capable of an annual {{convert|2600|km|mi}} round-trip journey, provided it had the requisite [[metabolism]] and fat deposition rates. Such a trip would have required speeds of about {{convert|2|to|10|km/h|mph|0}}, and could have brought it from Alaska to Alberta. The possible migratory nature of ''Edmontosaurus'' contrasts with many other dinosaurs, such as [[Theropoda|theropods]], [[Sauropoda|sauropods]], and [[ankylosauria]]ns, which Bell and Snively found were more likely to have [[overwinter]]ed.<ref name=PBES08>{{cite journal|last=Bell |first=Phil R. |coauthors=and Snively, E. |year=2008 |title=Polar dinosaurs on parade: a review of dinosaur migration |journal=Alcheringa |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=271–284 |doi=10.1080/03115510802096101}}</ref><ref name=RLlivesci08>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/animals/081204-polar-dinosaurs.html |title=Polar Dinosaurs Endured Cold Dark Winters |last=Lloyd |first=Robin |date=2008-12-04 |work=LiveScience.com |publisher=Imaginova |accessdate=2008-12-11}}</ref> In contrast to Bell and Snively, Anusuya Chinsamy and colleagues concluded from a study of bone microstructure that polar ''Edmontosaurus'' overwintered.<ref name=ACetal12>{{cite journal |last1=Chinsamy |first1=A. |last2=Thomas |first2=D. B. |last3=Tumarkin-Deratzian |first3=A. R. |last4=Fiorillo |first4=A. R. |year=2012 |title=Hadrosaurs were perennial polar residents |journal=The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology |volume=online preprint |doi=10.1002/ar.22428}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies|Edmontosaurus}}
*[http://planetearth.nerc.ac.uk/news/story.aspx?id=467 What did the ''Edmontosaurus'' eat? How did it chew?] Planet Earth online
*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23689410/ "Rare mummified dinosaur uncovered"] MSNBC.com
*[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/320Ornithischia/320.750.html#Hadrosaurinae Hadrosaurinae] from Palaeos.com (technical)
*[http://www.thescelosaurus.com/hadrosaurinae.htm Hadrosaurinae] from ''Thescelosaurus!''

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Cretaceous dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Hadrosaurs]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of North America]]

{{Link GA|zh}}
{{Link FA|hu}}
{{Link FA|sh}}

[[bs:Edmontosaurus]]
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[[fa:ادمونتوسور]]
[[fr:Edmontosaurus]]
[[ko:에드몬토사우루스]]
[[hr:Edmontosaurus]]
[[it:Edmontosaurus]]
[[he:אדמונטוזאור]]
[[lt:Edmontosaurus]]
[[hu:Edmontosaurus]]
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[[ja:エドモントサウルス]]
[[pl:Edmontozaur]]
[[pt:Edmontossauro]]
[[ru:Эдмонтозавры]]
[[simple:Edmontosaurus]]
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[[zh:埃德蒙頓龍屬]]

Edişə, Jalilabad

2012-12-24T07:39:52Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ru:Эдиша to ru:Эдиша (Джалилабадский район)

{{Infobox settlement
|name =Edişə
|settlement_type=Municipality
|native_name =
|pushpin_map =Azerbaijan
|pushpin_mapsize =300
|coordinates_region = AZ
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan|Rayon]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Jalilabad Rayon|Jalilabad]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of =
|population_total =710
|population_footnotes ={{citation needed|date=October 2010}}
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone =[[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]]
|utc_offset = +4
|timezone_DST =[[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]]
|utc_offset_DST = +5
|latd=39 |latm=10 |lats=43 |latNS=N
|longd=48|longm=15 |longs=04 |longEW=E
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|elevation_m =
|area_code =
|website =
}}
'''Edişə''' (also, '''Edisha''' and '''Yedysha''') is a village and municipality in the [[Jalilabad Rayon]] of [[Azerbaijan]]. It has a population of 710.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{GEOnet2|32FA881515A43774E0440003BA962ED3|Edişə (as Edisha)}}

{{Jalilabad Rayon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edise, Jalilabad}}
[[Category:Populated places in Jalilabad Rayon]]

{{Jalilabad-geo-stub}}

[[az:Edişə]]
[[ru:Эдиша (Джалилабадский район)]]

Apoula Edel

2012-12-24T07:34:45Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying hy:Ապոուլա Էդել to hy:Ապուլա Էդել

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Apoula Edel
| image = [[File:ApoulaEdel.jpg|200px]]
| fullname = Apoula Edima Edel Bete
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|6|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Yaoundé]], [[Cameroon]]
| height = {{height|m=1.84|precision=0}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.psg.fr/fr/Equipe-Pro/300002/Effectif/1783/Edel-Apoula-Edima | title = Apoula Edima EDEL | publisher = psg.fr | year = 2008 }}</ref>
| currentclub = [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]
| clubnumber = 30
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| years1 = 2002–2005
| years2 = 2005–2007
| years3 = 2007–2011
| years4 = 2011–
| clubs1 = [[Pyunik F.C.|Pyunik Yerevan]]
| clubs2 = [[FC Rapid Bucureşti|Rapid Bucuresti]]
| clubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]
| clubs4 = [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]
| caps1 = 58
| goals1 = 1
| caps2 = 9
| goals2 = 0
| caps3 = 47
| goals3 = 0
| caps4 = 40
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2004–2005
| nationalteam1 = {{Nft|Armenia}}
| nationalcaps1 = 6
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate = 10 January 2011
| ntupdate = 14 October 2009
}}
'''Apoula Edima Edel Bete''' ({{lang-hy|'''Ապոուլա Էդիմա Էդել Բետե'''}}; born 17 June 1986 in [[Yaoundé]], [[Cameroon]]) is a naturalized [[Armenia]]n [[Association football|football]] [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]], who plays for [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]] in the [[Israeli Premier League]].
Edel won the [[Coupe de France]] with Paris playing in the final.

==Biography==
Apoula Edel moved to Armenia in 2002 and signed a contract with [[Pyunik FC]] in March 2003. In 2005 he joined [[FC Rapid Bucureşti|Rapid Bucureşti]] along with [[Carl Lombé]] by unilaterally terminating his contract without just reason. [[Pyunik FC]] submitted the case to FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber, which the DRC passed a decision on 4 April 2007 and sent the decision to the parties on 3 August, which Edel was ordered to pay Pyunik US$15,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/47932a_56390.pdf|title=Decision 47932a of FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber|date=4 April 2007|accessdate=11 May 2011|work=FIFA|format=PDF}}</ref> He also claimed he was forced to naturalise during the court trial as an excuse to leave the country in 2005. The parties submitted the appeal to the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] and CAS partially upheld the DRC decision and increased the fee to US$60,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurisprudence.tas-cas.org/sites/CaseLaw/Shared%20Documents/1359.pdf|title= CAS 2007/A/1359 FC Pyunik Yerevan v Edel Apoula Edima Bete, AFC Rapid Bucasresti & FIFA|date=26 May 2008|accessdate=11 May 2011|work=CAS|format=PDF}}</ref>

After being released by Rapid Bucureşti, French cub [[Paris Saint-Germain|PSG]] signed Edel on a free tranfer.<ref>{{cite news|title=OFFICIAL, PSG engage Edel|url=http://www.footballpress.net/?action=read&idsel=2283|publisher=Football Press|date=August 16, 2007|accessdate=19 February 2012}}</ref> Following his signing for the club, Edel was a second choice goalkeeper behind [[Mickaël Landreau]], [[Jérôme Alonzo]] and [[Grégory Coupet]]. On 16 November 2007, he played his first game with PSG in friendly against Guinea, not as a goalkeeper but as a forward after an injury to [[Loris Arnaud]].In his second season for PSG, Edel made his debut for PSG in a [[Coupe de France]] against [[AS Nancy]] with PSG won 2-1.<ref>{{cite news|title=Match Report:Coupe de la Ligue- Paris Saint-Germain v AS Nancy|url=http://www.ligue1.com/coupeLigue/feuille_match/52987|publisher= Ligue 1.com|date=12 November 2008|accessdate=19 February 2012}}</ref> Edel made his UEFA Cup debut against [[VfL Wolfsburg|Wolfsburg]]. Under Le Guen, Edel just made 4 appearances. After Le Guen was sacked as PSG manager, [[Antoine Kombouaré]] succeeded him. Under Kombouaré, Edel started to get more playing time and established himself as a first choice goalkeeper after Grégory Coupet suffered an injury to his Malleolar on 28 November 2009 which kept him out of the season. On 16 December 2009, Edel made his league debut for PSG in a 1-1 draw [[RC Lens|Lens]]. In 21 January 2010, Edel scored an own goal in a 1-0 defeat to [[AS Monaco|Monaco]] which turned out to be the winner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Match Report:Paris Saint Germain v AS Monaco|url=http://www.transfermarkt.com/en/paris-saint-germain-fc-as-monaco/index/spielbericht_958550.html|publisher=Transfer Market|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=19 February 2012}}</ref> After Coupet recovered from injury, Edel was once again second choice goalkeeper but it was short lived after due to Coupet poor performance and discouragement in the early season. On 29 November 2010, Edel made a blunder in a match against Lyon as PSG missed the chance to go to the top of Ligue 1. Edel performance was defended by Kombouaré saying ''"I have nothing against Edel, I even have a thought for him. He is the most disappointed because his mistake cost us the win. Now we will support him and it will be up to him to erase that mistake.There is a lot of frustration, because we showed big mental strength and a lot of technical qualities too"''<ref>{{cite news|title=Edel gets PSG backing|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11095/6540023/|publisher=Sky Sports|date=29 November 2010|accessdate=19 February 2012}}</ref>

Towards the end of the season, Coupet regained his first choice goalkeeper when he play against Lyon on 17 April 2011. Afterwards, Edel still the first choice goalkeeper for two more matches before Coupet regained again until the season finished.

As his contract set to expire at the end of the seasIn, reports claims that Edel could be on his way out of the club in the summer, with speculation regarding a possible replacement doing the rounds but the chairman [[Robin Leproux]] says Edel (along with [[Ludovic Giuly]] and [[Mamadou Sakho]] will be staying put.<ref>{{cite news|title=PSG plan contract talks|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11820/6742912/PSG-plan-contract-talks|publisher=Sky Sports|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref>

Eventually, Edel declined to stay at PSG after his contract was broken down and joined an Israeli club [[Hapoel Tel Aviv]] on a free transfer for a replacement for [[Vincent Enyeama]] who joined Lille.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel-terre-daccueil-dApoula-Edel-110749274|url=http://www.le10sport.com/football/competitions/championnats/Israel-terre-daccueil-dApoula-Edel-110749274|publisher=10 le Sport|language=French|accessdate=19 February 2012}}</ref>

===Controversy===
There have been recurring accusations since 2009 that Édel is living under an assumed identity, that he is in fact five years older than his reported age and his real name is Ambroise Beyaména.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/20092010/58/ligue-1-police-meet-psg-keeper-identity-row.html|title=Police meet PSG keeper over identity row|publisher=[[EuroSport]] - [[Yahoo!]]|accessdate=2010-09-21| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100923054755/http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/20092010/58/ligue-1-police-meet-psg-keeper-identity-row.html| archivedate= 23 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jWXP5wO9QKTxIVqmE2UsciGFRwCg|title=More false identity woe for PSG 'keeper Edel|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|accessdate=2010-09-21| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100921221654/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jWXP5wO9QKTxIVqmE2UsciGFRwCg| archivedate= 21 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> If the allegations were proved true and the player was found guilty, he could be sentenced to prison. Meanwhile if false documents were lodged with the game's French and European governing bodies, Paris Saint-Germain risked losing their last two wins against Sevilla and [[AC Arles-Avignon|Arles-Avignon]]. They could also face expulsion from the European competition, demotion from the top tier of French football and heavy fines.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Sevilla File Official Complaint To UEFA Amid Forgery Claims Against Paris Saint-Germain Goalkeeper Apoula Edel
| url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/166/europa-league/2010/09/18/2124282/sevilla-file-official-complaint-to-uefa-amid-forgery-claims
| work = [[Goal.com]]
| date = 18 September 2010
| accessdate = 27 September 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100921131049/http://www.goal.com/en/news/166/europa-league/2010/09/18/2124282/sevilla-file-official-complaint-to-uefa-amid-forgery-claims| archivedate= 21 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Paris Saint-Germain, in partnership with [[Goom Radio]], officially launched their own numerical radio station, the first ever dedicated to a [[Ligue 1]] football club, which is also available over the internet.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = PSG launches its very own numerical radio
| url = http://www.psg.fr/en/article/003001/article/50369/PSG-launches-its-very-own-numerical-radio
| work = PSG.fr
| date = 21 September 2010
| accessdate = 27 September 2010}}</ref> Paris Saint-Germain goalkeeper Apoula Edel was acquitted of possessing fake documents by the [[Law enforcement in France|French police]] as his passport was found to be genuine. As a result, UEFA rejected Sevilla's appeal to have their [[UEFA Europa League|Europa League]] defeat to Paris Saint-Germain overturned.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = UEFA Dismiss Sevilla's Appeal To Have Paris Saint-Germain Defeat Overturned
| url = http://www.goal.com/en/news/166/europa-league/2010/09/25/2135368/uefa-dismiss-sevillas-appeal-to-have-paris-saint-germain
| work = [[Goal.com]]
| date = 25 September 2010
| accessdate = 27 September 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100926151148/http://www.goal.com/en/news/166/europa-league/2010/09/25/2135368/uefa-dismiss-sevillas-appeal-to-have-paris-saint-germain| archivedate= 26 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> After being clearing his name, Edel is ready to sue Nicolas Phillibert, his coach, of blackmailing. According to Phillibert, he paid for most of his expenses for two years and is still waiting for Edel to pay him back.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paris Saint-Germain Goalkeeper Apoula Edel Ready To Sue Ex-Coach|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2010/01/05/1726009/paris-saint-germain-goalkeeper-apoula-edel-ready-to-sue-ex
|publisher=Goals.com|date=5 January 2010|accessdate=19 February 2012}}</ref>

===International career===
Edel, who was born and raised in Cameroon, has dual nationality and had decided to play international football for [[Armenia national football team|Armenia]] under the French coach [[Bernard Casoni]]. He gained his 1st cap against [[Kazakhstan national football team|Kazakhstan]], in a 3–3 draw on 19 February 2004, in Paphos, Cyprus.

==Honours==
*'''[[Israel State Cup]] (1):'''
**2012

==National team statistics==
{{Football player national team statistics|ARM}}
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIFA player|215911|Apoula Édel}}
*{{Nfteams|374|name=Apoula Édel}}
*[http://www.transfermarketweb.com/?action=read&idsel=2283 transfermarketweb]
*{{fr icon}} [http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur27534.html l'equipe]
*{{fr icon}} [http://psg.fr/fr/news/show.php?id=12357 Edel signe deux ans !]
{{-}}
{{Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. squad}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Edel, Apoula Edima Bete
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 June 1986
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Yaoundé]], [[Cameroon]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edel, Apoula Edima Bete}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Yaoundé]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Armenia]]
[[Category:Armenian footballers]]
[[Category:Armenia international footballers]]
[[Category:Armenian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Armenian Premier League players]]
[[Category:Liga I players]]
[[Category:FC Pyunik players]]
[[Category:FC Rapid Bucureşti players]]
[[Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players]]
[[Category:Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Romania]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in France]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Israel]]
[[Category:Association football goalkeepers]]

[[ar:أبولا إديل]]
[[da:Edel Apoula]]
[[de:Apoula Edel]]
[[es:Apoula Edel]]
[[fa:آپولا ادل]]
[[fr:Apoula Edel]]
[[hy:Ապուլա Էդել]]
[[it:Apoula Edel]]
[[he:אפולה אדל]]
[[nl:Apoula Edel]]
[[ja:アプラ・エデル]]
[[pl:Apoula Edel]]
[[pt:Apoula Edel]]
[[ro:Apoula Edel]]
[[ru:Эдель, Апула]]
[[fi:Apoula Edel]]
[[zh:埃德尔·比特]]

Everlast

2012-12-24T07:03:19Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ru:Everlast (музыкант) to ru:Эверласт

{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Everlast
|image = House of Pain-IMG 6539.jpg
|caption = Everlast at the Eurockéennes 2011
|background = solo_singer
|Religion = [[Islam]]
|birth_name = Erik Francis Schrody
|alias = Whitey Ford
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|8|18}}
|death_date =
|origin = [[Valley Stream, New York]]
|Nationality = [[Irish-American]]
|instrument = [[Rapping]], [[singing]], [[guitar]]
|genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[rock music|rock]], [[blues]], [[country music|country]]
|Occupation(s) = [[Rapping|Rapper]], [[songwriter]]
|years_active = 1989–present
|associated_acts = [[House of Pain]], [[La Coka Nostra]], [[Soul Assassins]], [[Cypress Hill]], [[DJ Muggs]], [[B-Real]], [[Ice-T|Rhyme Syndicate]], [[Carlos Santana]], [[Fredwreck]], [[The Alchemist (producer)|The Alchemist]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Adil Omar]]
|label = Martyr Inc., [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]], [[Tommy Boy Records|Tommy Boy]], [[Island Records|Island]], [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], [[Universal Music Group|Universal]], [[Play It Again Sam (record label)|Play It Again Sam]]
|website = http://www.martyr-inc.com
}}

'''Erik Francis Schrody''' (born August 18, 1969 in [[Valley Stream, New York]]), better known by his stage name '''Everlast''', is an American [[rapping|rapper]] and [[songwriter]], known for his solo hit "[[What It's Like]]" and as the front-man for rap group [[House of Pain]]. He was also part of the [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] [[supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[La Coka Nostra]], which consists of members of House of Pain and other rappers. In [[2000 in music|2000]], he won a [[Grammy]] for best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal with [[Latin Rock]] musician [[Carlos Santana]] for "[[Put Your Lights On]]."

==Early career and House of Pain==
Emerging as a member of the [[Ice-T|Rhyme Syndicate]], Everlast's first [[solo (music)|solo]] [[album]] ''[[Forever Everlasting]]'' ([[1990 in music|1990]]), largely made possible by MC [[Ice-T]], was a disappointment commercially. Following the album's failure, Everlast teamed up with [[DJ Lethal]] and high school friend [[Danny Boy (rapper)|Danny Boy]] to form [[House of Pain]]. The group was signed to [[Tommy Boy Records]], and their [[House of Pain (album)|eponymous debut album]] ([[1992 in music|1992]]) went multi-platinum, spawning the successful [[DJ Muggs]] produced single "[[Jump Around]]". This song was also remixed twice by [[Pete Rock]], one version featuring a verse from him and one without. The album also featured [[Cypress Hill]] member, [[B-Real]], on the song "Put Your Head Out".

Fashioning themselves as rowdy [[Irish American]] hooligans (Lethal is actually of [[Latvian people|Latvian]] heritage), they toured with various rap and alternative-rock bands such as [[The Ramones]], [[Beastie Boys]] and [[Rage Against the Machine]] after their breakthrough. They participated together with [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]], along with several other rap acts, on the influential [[1993 in music|1993]] rock-rap collaborative ''[[Judgment Night (film)|Judgment Night]]'' movie soundtrack. The group eventually disbanded in [[1996 in music|1996]], and Everlast once again pursued a solo career.

==''Whitey Ford Sings the Blues'' and ''Eat at Whitey's''==
Everlast's second solo album ''[[Whitey Ford Sings the Blues]]'' ([[1998 in music|1998]])-- which was released a full eight years after his solo debut and after he had a major [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] – was both a commercial and critical success (selling more than 3 million copies). ''Whitey Ford Sings the Blues'' was hailed for its blend of rap with acoustic and electric guitars, developed by Everlast together with producers Dante Ross and John Gamble. The album's lead single "[[What It's Like]]" proved to be his most popular and successful song, although the follow-up [[single (music)|single]], "Ends", also reached the U.S. rock [[top 40|top 10]].

Everlast followed-up this success by collaborating with [[Santana (band)|Santana]] on the track "[[Put Your Lights On]]" on Santana's 1999 album ''[[Supernatural (Santana album)|Supernatural]]''. It charted at #118 on the [[pop chart]], but did considerably better with rock radio airplay, peaking at #8 on the [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]] chart. "Put Your Lights On" won [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] at the [[Grammy Awards of 2000|2000 Grammy Awards]].

Despite the success of ''Whitey Ford Sings the Blues'' and his success with Santana, Everlast's follow-up album, ''[[Eat at Whitey's]]'' (2000), stumbled commercially at first in the United States. However, it was eventually certified gold. The album was also embraced critically, especially by ''[[Rolling Stone Magazine]]'' which reviewed the album between "good" and "great" and focused on it as that month's most important release.

==Eminem feud==
{{cleanup-rewrite|2=section|date=October 2012}}
Shortly after both artists contributed tracks to the ''[[End of Days (1999 film)|End of Days]]'' soundtrack, a feud erupted between Everlast and [[Eminem]]. Eminem and Everlast crossed paths before a concert in early 1999. Eminem says he did not greet Everlast because he did not recognize him right away, and said Everlast did not acknowledge him. Everlast's version is that he tried to congratulate Eminem on his success, and Eminem blew him off. Either way, Everlast's verse from the [[Dilated Peoples]] all star track "Ear Drums Pop (Remix)" contained a thinly veiled reference to Eminem ("Cock my hammer, spit a comet like Haley/I buck a .380 on ones that act shady"), and went on to warn "You might catch a beatdown out where I come from" in his recounting of the incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dilatedpeoples.com/|title=Dilated Peoples|accessdate=2009-02-22}}</ref>

Eminem, in turn, dissed Everlast several times in public and with the song "I Remember (Dedication to Whitey Ford)", released as the B-side to his group [[D12]]'s 12" vinyl single "Shit on You." In it, Eminem talks about how he remembered Everlast's music, however, now "[[Kid Rock]] and [[Limp Bizkit]] came along."

Everlast responded with the track "Whitey's Revenge," released only on his official website. Whereas the song contained references to Eminem's strained relationships with his wife and mother, it was "Better run and check your kid for your DNA", again referring to Eminem's daughter, Hailie Jade Mathers, that set Eminem off. The track ends with the spoken words, "I ain't wasting no more time with you man. Fuck that shit, That's it"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Whitey's-Revenge-The-Eminem-Diss-lyrics-Everlast/D82799447B709C5048256B21001A8920|title=Whitey's Revenge|accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/47604/|title=I Remember (Dedication To Whitey Ford)|accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> Eminem & D12 responded with "Quitter," the second half of which is a take off on [[2Pac]]'s "[[Hit 'Em Up]]" (a diss song mainly aimed at [[The Notorious B.I.G.]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/quitter-lyrics-eminem.html|title=Quitter|accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> The track ends with the spoken words, "Fuck him, that’s it, I’m done, I promise, I’m done, that’s it."

Everlast echoed similar sentiment on the status of this feud, stating in various interviews that he felt everything had been said and he would now refrain from further responses. However, following Eminem's disses towards them on "Quitter", [[Evidence (musician)|Evidence]] & Dilated Peoples, responded with the track, "Search 4 Bobby Fisher." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyrics007.com/Dilated%20Peoples%20Lyrics/Search%204%20Bobby%20Fisher%20Lyrics.html|title=Search 4 Bobby Fisher|accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> Eminem responded with Limp Bizkit diss, "Girls".

According to a 2010 [[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] interview with Eminem, the beef has been squashed since then and there is a mutual respect between Mathers and Everlast.<ref>[http://www.aftermathmusic.com/blog/2010/08/20/full-vibe-interview-with-eminem/ ]{{dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbJfqW5gaRY&feature=youtu.be |title=Интервю с House of Pain |publisher=YouTube |date=2011-07-18 |accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref>

==Tommy Boy sells to Warner Bros.==
After the sale of the Tommy Boy Records' catalog of master tapes to [[Warner Bros. Records]] and its metamorphosis to a dance music label in [[2002 in music|2002]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4619018-1.html|title=Tommy Boy Artists Dance Again|accessdate=2009-02-22}}</ref> Everlast was without a label, but in [[2003 in music|2003]] he signed with [[Island/Def Jam]]. His fourth solo album, ''[[White Trash Beautiful]]'' ([[2004 in music|2004]]), was subsequently released after almost a four-year hiatus. The album, which had an almost [[country music|country]]-[[rap]] feel, received mixed reviews and was a commercial failure. Eventually, Everlast was released from his contract.

==La Coka Nostra==
In early [[2006 in music|2006]], Everlast teamed up with his former [[House of Pain]] mates [[DJ Lethal]] and [[Danny Boy (rapper)|Danny Boy]] to join the hip-hop group [[La Coka Nostra]]. The group first came to be due to the former [[House of Pain]] Hype man [[Danny Boy (rapper)|Danny Boy]] starting the group as a collective with rappers [[Slaine (rapper)|Slaine]] and Big Left (who has since left the group). Soon after the group started [[Ill Bill]] of a now disbanded [[Non Phixion]] and Everlast joined the group. Their first known song was "Fuck Tony Montana" which features [[B-Real]] of [[Cypress Hill]] and [[Psycho Realm|Sick Jacken]]. Due to the popularity of the song online, the group released several more online for free.

The group's debut album [[A Brand You Can Trust]] was released on July 14, 2009. The album features guests like [[Snoop Dogg]], [[B-Real]], [[Bun B]], [[Immortal Technique]], [[Psycho Realm|Sick Jacken]] and [[Q-Unique]]. [[La Coka Nostra]] then joined the likes of [[Nas]] and [[Ill Bill]]'s brother [[Necro (rapper)|Necro]] on [[Rock The Bells]].

Everlast left the group in 2012 in order to attend to his daughter's medical issues.<ref name=howie>{{cite web|url=http://unclehowie.tumblr.com/post/18636949860/la-coka-nostra-parts-ways-with-everlast-masters-of |title=UNCLE HOWIE, LA COKA NOSTRA PARTS WAYS WITH EVERLAST - "MASTERS OF THE DARK ARTS" IN STORES JUNE 26, 2012 |publisher=Unclehowie.tumblr.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref>

==Martyr Inc.==
[[File:Everlast 2011-12-11 02.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Everlast performing with his backing band in 2011]]
In 2007 Everlast was chosen to do the theme song for the TV show ''[[Saving Grace (TV series)|Saving Grace]]''. The song plays during the show's main title sequence, and was originally released to digital outlets only, however, it was also included on Everlast's fifth solo album, ''[[Love, War and the Ghost of Whitey Ford]]''. The album was released on September 23, 2008, on Everlast's own record label Martyr Inc, with distribution by Hickory Records/Sony/ATV Music Publishing (It was revealed through diditleak.co.uk that the album leaked out early on Friday August 29). A second single and video, "Letter Home From The Garden Of Stone", was released for free download from martyr-inc.com in December 2007. The third single, a cover of [[Johnny Cash]]'s "[[Folsom Prison Blues]]", was released to download on August 19. The Video for "Stone in My Hand" debuted on the martyr-inc website on October 28, 2008 making it the fourth video for the album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martyr-inc.com/|title=Martyr Inc.|accessdate=2009-02-22}}</ref>

In [[October 2011]], Everlast's sixth solo album, ''[[Songs of the Ungrateful Living]]'', was released through Martyr Inc. in partnership with [[EMI]].

==Personal life==
Everlast is of [[Irish people|Irish]] descent and a convert to [[Islam]] from [[Catholicism]]; having pronounced his [[shahadah]] (formal requirement to become a Muslim) in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islam.uga.edu/everlast_transrev.html |title=Interview with Everlast (Erik Schrody) |publisher=Islam.uga.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref> He married former model and April 2005 ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' Pet (under the pseudonym "Cassia Riley") Lisa Schrody in May 2009. They have one child. Their daughter was diagnosed with [[cystic fibrosis]] in 2009 shortly after birth.

==Awards and nominations==
Grammy Awards
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Nominated work
!Award
!Result
|-
|align=center|[[Grammy Awards of 1992|1992]]
|Jump Around (with House of Pain)
|Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
|{{nom}}
|-
|align=center|[[Grammy Awards of 2000|2000]]
|Put Your Lights On (with Santana)
|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group
|{{won}}
|-
|align=center|[[Grammy Awards of 2000|2000]]
|What It's Like
|Best Rock Male Performance
|{{nom}}
|}

==Musical style and influences==
Everlast's music ranges from [[blues]] to [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[Rock music|rock]].<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|last=Ankeny |first=Jason |url=http://allmusic.com/artist/everlast-p15022 |title=Everlast |publisher=AllMusic |date=1969-08-18 |accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref> His influences include [[N.W.A.]], [[Beastie Boys]], [[Cypress Hill]], [[Ice-T]], [[Gang Starr]], [[Johnny Cash]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Tom Petty]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Neil Young]] and [[Run-D.M.C.]]<ref name="Allmusic"/><ref name="Keyes">{{cite book |last=Keyes |first=Cheryl Lynette |title=Rap Music and Street Consciousness |year=2002 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-07201-4, 9780252072017 |chapter=Blending and Shaping Styles: Rap and Other Musical Voices |page=108 }}</ref>

==Discography==

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Album details
! colspan="10"| Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="US">Peak chart positions in the United States:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/everlast/chart-history/12473?f=305&g=Albums|title=Everlast Album & Song Chart History: Billboard 200|accessdate=2012-07-02|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/everlast/chart-history/12473?f=379&g=Singles|title=Everlast Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100|accessdate=2012-07-02|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/everlast/chart-history/12473?f=377&g=Singles|title=Everlast Album & Song Chart History: Alternative Songs|accessdate=2012-07-02|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/santana/chart-history/11267?f=377&g=Singles|title=Santana Album & Song Chart History: Alternative Songs|accessdate=2012-07-06|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/everlast-mn0000155044/awards|title=Everlast - Awards|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=2012-09-17}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/santana-mn0000295756/awards|title=Santana - Awards|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]] <ref name="AUT">{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discographie Everlast|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]] <ref name="CAN">Peak chart positions in Canada:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/everlast/chart-history/12473?f=309&g=Albums|title=Everlast Album & Song Chart History: Canadian Albums|accessdate=2012-07-02|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/everlast-mn0000155044/awards|title=Everlast - Awards|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=2012-09-17}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5&q1=Everlast&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20 |title=Everlast Top Singles positions |work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]] |accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Finland's Official List|FIN]] <ref name="FIN">{{cite web|url=http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discography Everlast|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] <ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discographie Everlast|language=French|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Media Control Charts|GER]] <ref name="GER">Peak chart positions in Germany:

* {{cite web
| url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Everlast/?type=longplay
| title=Chartverfolgung / Everlast / Longplay
| language=German
| publisher=PhonoNet
| accessdate=2010-08-23}}

* {{cite web
| url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Everlast/?type=single
| title=Chartverfolgung / Everlast / Single
| language=German
| publisher=PhonoNet
| accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[MegaCharts|NLD]] <ref name="NLD">{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discografie Everlast|language=Dutch|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref name="SWE">{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discography Everlast|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]] <ref name="SWI">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discography Everlast|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref name="UK">Peak chart positions in the United Kingdom:
* {{cite web|first=Tobias|last=Zywietz|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_E.HTM|title=Chart Log UK: E-40 – E-Z Rollers|publisher=Zobbel|accessdate=2010-08-23}}
* {{cite web|first=Tobias|last=Zywietz|url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_S.HTM|title=Chart Log UK: DJ S – The System Of Life|publisher=Zobbel|accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| 1990
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Forever Everlasting]]''
* Released: March 27, 1990
* Label: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Compact Cassette|CS]], [[LP record|LP]], [[music download|DI]]
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| align="center"| 1998
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Whitey Ford Sings the Blues]]''
* Released: September 8, 1998
* Label: [[Tommy Boy Records|Tommy Boy]]
* Formats: CD, CS, LP, DI
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center;"| 14
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 66
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 65
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|US]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH|title=RIAA certifications|accessdate=2010-08-23|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| 2000
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Eat at Whitey's]]''
* Released: October 17, 2000
* Label: Tommy Boy
* Formats: CD, CS, LP, DI
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 25
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
| style="text-align:center;"| 52
| style="text-align:center;"| 60
| style="text-align:center;"| 25
| style="text-align:center;"| 89
|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
| align="center"| 2004
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[White Trash Beautiful]]''
* Released: May 25, 2004
* Label: [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
* Formats: CD, DI
| style="text-align:center;"| 56
| style="text-align:center;"| 32
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 124
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 21
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| align="center"| 2008
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Love, War and the Ghost of Whitey Ford]]''
* Released: September 23, 2008
* Label: Martyr Inc., Three Ring Projects
* Formats: CD, DI
| style="text-align:center;"| 78
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 132
| style="text-align:center;"| 61
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 15
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| align="center"| 2011
| style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Songs of the Ungrateful Living]]''
* Released: October 18, 2011
* Label: Martyr Inc., [[EMI]]
* Formats: CD, DI
| style="text-align:center;"| 48
| style="text-align:center;"| 55
| style="text-align:center;"| 34
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 58
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| colspan="16" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes a release that did not chart.
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year
!rowspan="2"| Song
!colspan="10"| Peak chart positions
!rowspan="2"| Album
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="US" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Alternative Songs|US Alt.]] <ref name="US" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|US Main.]] <ref name="US" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name="AUS">{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discography Everlast|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]] <ref name="AUT" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]] <ref name="CAN" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Media Control Charts|GER]] <ref name="GER" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[MegaCharts|NLD]] <ref name="NLD" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]] <ref name="SWI" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name="UK" />
|-
| align="center"| 1989
| "Never Missin' a Beat"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| rowspan="3"| ''Forever Everlasting''
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"| 1990
| "I Got the Knack"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| "The Rhythm"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3"| 1998
| "[[What It's Like]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 26
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:center;"| 58
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 34
| rowspan="5"| ''Whitey Ford Sings the Blues''
|-
| "Painkillers"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| "Money (Dollar Bill)" (featuring [[Sadat X]])
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3"| 1999
| "Ends"{{ref label|note_a1|A}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 109
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 67
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 47
|-
| "Today (Watch Me Shine)" (featuring [[Bronx Style Bob]])
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| "So Long"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| [[End of Days (film)#Soundtrack|''End of Days'' soundtrack]]
|-
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"| 2000
| "[[Black Jesus (song)|Black Jesus]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 15
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 96
| style="text-align:center;"| 86
| style="text-align:center;"| 37
| rowspan="3"| ''Eat at Whitey's''
|-
| "I Can't Move"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 99
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 107
|-
| align="center"| 2001
| "Deadly Assassins" (featuring [[B-Real]])
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 158
|-
| align="center"| 2003
| "White Trash Beautiful"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 64
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 59
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 42
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| rowspan="2"| ''White Trash Beautiful''
|-
| align="center"| 2004
| "Broken"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3"| 2008
| "Letters Home from the Garden of Stone"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| rowspan="3"| ''Love, War and The Ghost of Whitey Ford''
|-
| "[[Folsom Prison Blues#Cover versions|Folsom Prison Blues]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| "Stone in My Hand"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| align="center"| 2011
| "I Get By"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 23
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| rowspan="2"| ''Songs of the Ungrateful Living''
|-
| align="center"| 2012
| "Long Time"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
| colspan="16" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes a release that did not chart.
|}

====As featured artist====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year
!rowspan="2"| Song
!colspan="8"| Peak chart positions
!rowspan="2"| Album
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Alternative Songs|US Alt.]] <ref name="US" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|US Main.]] <ref name="US" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name="AUS" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Ultratop 40|BEL (WA)]] <ref name="BEL">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Everlast|title=Discographie Everlast|language=French|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Media Control Charts|GER]] <ref name="GER" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[Swiss Music Charts|SWI]] <ref name="SWI" />
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name="UK" />
|-
| align="center"| 1999
| "Put Your Lights On"{{ref label|note_b1|B}} ([[Carlos Santana|Santana]] featuring Everlast)
| style="text-align:center;"| 118
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 32
| style="text-align:center;"| 51
| style="text-align:center;"| 87
| style="text-align:center;"| 92
| style="text-align:center;"| 97
| ''[[Supernatural (Santana album)|Supernatural]]''
|-
| align="center"| 2006
| "Put Me On" ([[Swollen Members]] featuring Everlast and [[Moka Only]])
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''[[Black Magic (Swollen Members album)|Black Magic]]''
|-
| align="center"| 2008
| "My Medicine" ([[Snoop Dogg]] featuring [[Willie Nelson]] and Everlast)
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''[[Ego Trippin']]''
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes a release that did not chart.
|}

===Selected guest appearances===
* [[Ice-T]] - "[[What Ya Wanna Do]]?" (''[[The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say|The Iceberg]]'', 1989)
* [[Tairrie B]] - "Vinnie Tha' Moocha" (''[[Power of a Woman (Tairrie B album)]]'', 1990)
* [[Bronx Style Bob]] - "Ode II Junior" (''[[Grandma's Ghost]]'', 1992)
* [[The Whooliganz]] - "Hit the Deck" (''[[Put Your Handz Up]]'' (Single), 1993)
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] - "Waiting (Remix)" (''[[Rain]]'' (Maxi-Single), 1993)
* [[Nice & Smooth]] - "Save the Children" (''[[Jewel of the Nile]]'', 1993)
* [[Lordz of Brooklyn]] - "Gravesend (Lake Of Fire)" (''[[Gravesend (film)|Gravesend]]'' (Soundtrack), 1997)
* [[Korn]] - "Freak On A Leash (Lethal Freak Mix)" (''[[Freak on a Leash]] (Single)'', 1998)
* [[Carlos Santana]] - "Put Your Lights On" (''[[Supernatural (Santana album)|Supernatural]]'', 1999)
* [[Swollen Members]] - "Bottle Rocket" (''[[Balance (Swollen Members album)|Balance]]'', 1999)
* [[Prince Paul]] - "The Bust" "Men In Blue" (''[[A Prince Among Thieves]]'', 1999)
* [[Mobb Deep]] - "Shook Ones part 2 (cover)" (''[[Loud Rocks]]'', 2000)
* [[Cypress Hill]] - "(Rock) Superstar" (''[[Skull & Bones]]'', 2000)
* [[SX-10]] - "Rhyme in the Chamber" (''[[Mad Dog American]]'', 2000)
* [[Dilated Peoples]] - "Ear Drums Pop (Remix)" (''[[The Platform]]'', 2000)
* [[DJ Muggs]] - "Razor to Your Throat" (''[[Soul Assassins II]]'', 2000)
* [[Run DMC]] - "Take the Money and Run" (''[[Crown Royal (album)]]'', 2001)
* [[Kurupt]] - "[[Kuruption!]]" (''[[Space Boogie: Smoke Oddessey]]'', 2001)
* [[Limp Bizkit]] - "Faith/Fame Remix" (''[[New Old Songs]]'', 2001)
* [[Hesher]]{{disambiguation needed|date=November 2011}} - "Whose Generation" (''[[Hesher (album)|Hesher]]'', 2001)
* [[X-Ecutioners]] - "B-Boy Punk Rock 2001" (''[[Built From Scratch]]'', 2002)
* [[Lordz of Brooklyn]] - "[[Sucker M.C.'s]]" "Lake Of Fire (Remix)" (''[[Graffiti Roc]]'', 2003)
* [[DJ Muggs]] - "Gone for Good" (''[[Dust (DJ Muggs album)|Dust]]'', 2003)
* [[DJ Muggs]] - "everlast (muggs mash-up)" (''[[Dust (DJ Muggs album)|Dust]]'', 2004)
* [[Sick Of It All]] - "Just Look Around (House of Pain Remix)" (''[[Outtakes For The Outcast]]'', 2004) (recorded in 1993)
* [[Danny Diablo]] - "Rise Above" (''[[Street CD Vol 2]]'', 2005)
* The S.T.O.P. Movement - "Down Wit Us" "Dear Mr. President" (''[[Hard Truth Soldiers Volume 1]]'', 2006)
* [[B-Real]] - "Flash Kharma" "Family Ties (Remix)" (''[[The Gunslinger Part II: Fist Full of Dollars]]'', 2006)
* [[The Lordz]] - "The Brooklyn Way" (''[[The Brooklyn Way]]'', 2006)
* [[Swollen Members]] - "Put Me On" (''[[Black Magic (Swollen Members album)|Black Magic]]'', 2006)
* [[Snoop Dogg]] - "My Medicine" (''[[Ego Trippin']]'', 2008)
* [[Ill Bill]] - "Only Time Will Tell" "Pain Gang"(''[[The Hour of Reprisal]]'', 2008)
* [[Swollen Members]] - "Dumb" (''[[Armed to the Teeth]]'', 2009)
* [[Danny Diablo]] - "Sex & Violence" (''[[International Hardcore Superstar]]'', 2009)
* [[Cypress Hill]] - "Take My Pain" (''[[Rise Up (Cypress Hill album)|Rise Up]]'', 2010)
* [[DJ Muggs]] - "Skull & Guns" (''[[Kill Devil Hills (album)]]'', 2010)
* [[Slaine (rapper)|Slaine]] - "The Last Song" (''[[A World With No Skies]]'', 2010)
* [[Big B (rapper)|Big B]] - "Before I Leave This Place" (''[[Big B (rapper)#Discography|Good Times & Bad Advice]]'', 2010)
* [[Adil Omar]] - "Hand Over Your Guns" (''[[The Mushroom Cloud Effect]]'', 2012)

===Soundtracks and compilations===
*[[Rhyme Syndicate]] - Comin' Through (Various) (1988) -- "Syndication"
*''[[Soulbeat 7]] (Various)'' (1990) -- "I Got The Knack (Remix)"
*''[[Judgment Night (soundtrack)|Judgment Night]]'' (1993) -- "Just Another Victim" [[Helmet (band)|Helmet]] & House of Pain
*''[[Gravesend (film)|Gravesend]]'' (1997) -- "Gravesend (Lake of Fire)" with [[Lordz of Brooklyn]]; "Some Nights (Are Better Than Others)"
*''[[End of Days (1999 film)|End of Days]]'' (1999) -- "So Long"
*''[[Big Daddy (1999 film)|Big Daddy]]'' (1999) -- "Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
*''[[Black and White (soundtrack)|Black & White]]'' (2000) -- "Life's A Bitch"
*''[[Loud Rock]] (Various)'' (2000) -- "Shook Ones Part II"
*''[[King of the Jungle (film)|King of the Jungle]]'' (2000) --"Love for Real (Remix)" feat. [[N'Dea Davenport]]
*''[[Stimulated Vol. 1]] (Various)'' (2000) -- "Shroomz Pt. II" with [[Xzibit]]; "Laugh Now" with [[B-Real]]
*''[[Ali (film)|Ali]]'' (2001) -- "The Greatest"
*''[[Saving Grace (TV series)]]'' (2007) -- "Saving Grace"
*''[[Drive Angry]]'' (2011) -- "Stone In My Hand"

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*'''A''' {{note|note_a1}} "Ends" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 9 on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart, which acts as a 25-song extension to the Hot 100.
*'''B''' {{note|note_b1}} "Put Your Lights On" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as a 25-song extension to the Hot 100.
{{col-end}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote|Everlast}}
*{{Official website|http://www.martyr-inc.com}}
*[http://www.myspace.com/theofficialeverlast Official Myspace Page]
*[http://www.facebook.com/everlastmusic Official Facebook Page]
*[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/everlast/biography ''Rolling Stone'' Biography]
*[http://everlast.bplaced.net/ WHITEY FORD RECORDS - Everlast discography] complete and detailed
*{{MusicBrainz artist|id=ca39d50f-9885-420e-88d6-9c3f64038773|name=Everlast}}

{{La Coka Nostra}}

{{House of Pain}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=5130952}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Everlast
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1969-08-18
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Everlast}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:American male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Grammy Award-winning artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Valley Stream, New York]]
[[Category:Rap rock musicians]]
[[Category:Rappers from New York City]]
[[Category:House of Pain members]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:East Coast hip hop musicians]]

[[bg:Евърласт]]
[[da:Everlast]]
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[[pl:Everlast (muzyk)]]
[[pt:Everlast]]
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[[sv:Everlast]]
[[tr:Everlast]]

Sheng (instrument)

2012-12-24T06:06:41Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ja:笙, ko:생황

[[File:Sheng (Chinese mouth organ).jpg|thumb|right|Sheng with 17 pipes, height is 55cm (22 inches)]]
[[Image:sheng.london.arp.jpg|thumb|right|Sheng player beside the [[River Thames]], [[London]], [[England]]]]
The [[China|Chinese]] '''sheng''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: [[Wiktionary:笙|笙]]; [[Pinyin]] ''shēng'') is a [[Human mouth|mouth]]-blown [[free reed instrument]] consisting of vertical pipes.

It is one of the oldest Chinese instruments, with images depicting its kind dating back to 1100 BC,<ref name=Brictannica>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/539890/sheng Sheng]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref> and there are actual instruments from the Han era that have been preserved today.<ref name="Brictannica" /> Traditionally, the ''sheng'' has been used as an [[accompaniment]] instrument for solo ''[[suona]]'' or ''[[Dizi (musical instrument)|dizi]]'' performances. It is one of the main instruments in ''[[kunqu]]'' and some other forms of [[Chinese opera]]. Traditional small ensembles also make use of the sheng, such as the wind and percussion ensembles in northern China. In the modern large [[Chinese orchestra]], it is used for both melody and accompaniment

The sheng has been used in the works of a few non-Chinese composers, including [[Lou Harrison]], [[Tim Risher]], Daniel Bjarnason, Brad Catler, and Christopher Adler. Some believe that [[Johann Wilde]] and [[Jean Joseph Marie Amiot|Pere Amiot]] traveled to [[China]] and brought the first shengs to Europe in 1740 and 1777 respectively,<ref>[http://www.crosssound.com/CS00/CS00Instruments/CSTHEACCORDION/accordionENG.html Crossound, "The Accordion"]</ref> although there is evidence that free reed musical instruments similar to shengs were known in Europe a century earlier.<ref>[http://www.patmissin.com/history/western.html Missin, Pat. "Western Free Reed Instruments"]</ref>

==History==
Chinese free-reed wind instruments named ''he'' and ''yu'' were first mentioned in [[bone oracle]] writings dating from the 14th–12th centuries BC, and were identified in later texts as types of ''sheng''. The first appearance of the word "sheng" is in some of the poems of ''[[Shijing]]'' (''Book of Odes''), dating back c. 7th century BC. Ancient instruments with gourd wind chambers, varying numbers of pipes, with bamboo or metal reeds have been discovered in archaeological finds at the tomb of the [[Marquis Yi]] of Zeng (c. 433 BC) in present-day [[Hubei province]], and the Han tombs at [[Mawangdui]] (c. 2nd century BC) in [[Hunan]] province.

In the eighth century, three ''yu'' and three ''sheng'' were sent to the Japanese court and these have been preserved in the [[Shōsōin]] imperial repository in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. All the instruments had 17 pipes with a long curving mouthpiece and are very similar to the traditional ''sheng'' in use today. However variants with different numbers of pipes, and chromatic instruments have been documented over the centuries.

==Acoustics and performance==
The sheng's reeds vibrate at a fixed frequency, unlike single reeds, double reeds and pointed free reeds which vibrate at the pitch according to the length of the attached air column. Covering a hole on the sheng's pipe causes the entire length of the pipe to resonate with the reeds' frequency. If the hole is open, the resonance frequency would not match, and hence no sound is produced.

The sheng is played by alternately blowing and inhaling, and a player can produce a continuous sound without pause. The traditional performance style is to sound two or three notes at the same time by adding a fifth and/or octave above the main melody note. When a higher note is not available, a lower note a fourth below the main melody note can be played instead.

==Types==
Shengs can be classified into traditional ''sheng'' (传统笙; pinyin: chuántǒng shēng) and keyed ''sheng'' (键笙; jiàn shēng). Keyed shengs have only been developed in the 20th century, c. 1950 onwards.

The difference between a traditional and keyed sheng lies in its mechanism. On a traditional sheng, the holes on the finger pipes are pressed directly by the player's fingers. On a keyed sheng, the holes are opened and closed by means of keys or levers. Without keys, the great number of pipes, and the size of the larger instruments makes it impractical for operation by hand.

===Traditional sheng===
The traditional sheng ([[Wiktionary:传统|传统]][[Wiktionary:笙|笙]], [[pinyin]]: ''chuántǒng shēng'') used in, for example, northern Chinese ritual music, [[kunqu]] and [[Jiangnan sizhu]] ensembles generally have 17 pipes but with only 13 or 14 sounding pipes. Its scale is mainly diatonic, for example the 17 pipe (4 silent) sheng used in Jiangnan sizhu is tuned:

a′ b′ c″ c♯″ d″ e″ (2 pipes), f♯″ g″ a″ b″ c♯″′ d″′ or

A4, B4, C5, C♯5, D5, E5 (2 pipes), F♯5, G5, A5, B5, C♯6, D6.<ref>Witzleben, J. Lawrence (1995). ''"Silk and Bamboo" Music in Shanghai: The Jiangnan Sizhu Instrumental Ensemble Tradition''. Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, page 42</ref>

With the development of ''[[guoyue]]'' music in mid-20th century China, the sheng underwent changes to increase its range and volume. The ''guoyue sheng'' had all its 17 pipes fitted with reeds, then the number of pipes increased to 21, and metal tubes were attached to the bamboo pipes to amplify its sound. The other change was the development of the keyed ''sheng''.

[[Image:Range of a Traditional Sheng.png|center|frame|Tonal range of a 21-reed traditional sheng]]

===Keyed sheng===
Chromatic 24 and 26 pipe keyed ''sheng'' were common during the 1950s, but current models usually have 36 pipes. There are four main ranges of keyed sheng, forming a family of soprano, alto, tenor and bass. All are chromatic throughout their range, and tuned to the equal temperament scale.

* Gaoyin sheng ([[Wiktionary:高|高]][[Wiktionary:音|音]][[Wiktionary:笙|笙]], [[pinyin]] ''Gāoyīn Shēng'') 36-pipe sheng with a soprano range of G3 to F#6 (taking middle C = C4). Uses treble [[clef]]
* Zhongyin sheng ([[Wiktionary:中|中]][[Wiktionary:音|音]][[Wiktionary:笙|笙]], [[pinyin]] ''Zhōngyīn Shēng'') 36-pipe sheng with an alto range of C3 to B5. Perfect 5th lower than gaoyin sheng. It has an additional row of 12 keys coloured in black, which when depressed plays all 3 pipes corresponding to the same note in different octaves. e.g., pressing the black "C" causes the notes C3, C4 and C5 to be sounded simultaneously. Uses treble and alto clefs.
* Cizhongyin sheng ([[Wiktionary:次|次]][[Wiktionary:中|中]][[Wiktionary:音|音]][[Wiktionary:笙|笙]], [[pinyin]] ''Cìzhōngyīn Shēng'') 36-pipe sheng with a tenor range of G2 to F#5. One octave lower than soprano sheng. Uses alto clef, or treble clef transposed down an octave. The cizhingyin sheng can also be used as diyin sheng.
* Diyin sheng ([[Wiktionary:低|低]][[Wiktionary:音|音]][[Wiktionary:笙|笙]], [[pinyin]] ''Dīyīn Shēng'') 32-pipe sheng with a bass range of C2 to G4. Uses bass clef.

Much larger types of keyed ''sheng'' include the ''da paisheng'' (lit. large row sheng); a large floor standing organ-like instrument with foot pedals, and the ''baosheng'' (lit. held sheng), which is played resting on the player’s lap or on a stand.

==Notable sheng players==
*Feng Haiyun (冯海云) (who is a professor at the [[Central Conservatory of Music]] in Beijing).
*Hu Tianquan (胡天泉) - introduced technical improvements on the construction of the instrument
*Guo Wanpeng (郭万鹏)
*Guo Yi (郭艺).
*François Picard
*Rodrigo Rodriguez [http://www.rodrigo-rodriguez.com/Biography.html]
*Wang Hong
*Simon Jeffes{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
*Ross Hewitt
*Wang Zhengting (王正亭)
*Weng Zhenfa (翁鎮發) (who features in the Chinese music documentary [[A Farewell Song]])
*Wu Tong (吴彤)
*Wu Wei (吴巍)
*Xu Charming
*Ng Cheuk-yin, composer and bandleader of SIU2 (Hong Kong)
*Guo Changsuo, principal player at Singapore Chinese Orchestra.

==See also==
*[[Yu (wind instrument)]]
*[[Music of China]]
*[[Saenghwang]]
*[[Shō (instrument)|Shō]]
*[[Traditional Chinese musical instruments]]
*[[Lusheng]]
*[[Mangtong]]

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
Alan R. Thrasher; ''Sheng'' article, Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online.

==External links==
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cheng}}
*[http://www.silkroadproject.org/MusicArtists/Instruments/Sheng/tabid/328/Default.aspx Sheng - Chinese mouth organ] from the [[Silk Road Project]]
*[http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/history/sheng.html The Classical Free-Reed, Inc. History of the Free-Reed Instruments in Classical Music]
*[http://www.patmissin.com/history/western.html WESTERN FREE REED INSTRUMENTS]
*[http://chrismusica.com/rare_instrument.html Article and video about the Sheng]

{{Traditional Chinese musical instruments}}

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[[Category:Free reed aerophones]]
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[[ru:Шэн]]
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[[sv:Sheng]]
[[tr:Sheng]]
[[zh:笙]]

Shulman

2012-12-24T05:44:56Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding de:Schulmann, he:שולמן

{{otheruses}}

'''Shulman''' is a [[Ashkenazi Jews|Jewish-Ashkenazi]] [[Jewish surname|surname]] which means literaly [[shul]]-[[man]] (synagogue-man).

The name was given to the head of the [[synagogue]] or to the synagogue's [[Rabbi]].

'''People named Shulman''':
*[[Alexandra Shulman]], editor of British [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]
*[[Andrew Shulman]], cellist and conductor
*[[Barry Shulman]], poker player and CEO of [[Card Player Magazine]]
*[[David Shulman]]
*[[Derek Shulman]]
*[[Douglas H. Shulman]]
*[[Eli Baruch Shulman]]
*[[Harry Shulman]] Dean of [[Yale Law School]] from 1954 to 1955.
*[[Irving Shulman]] American author and screenwriter whose works were adapted into movies.
*[[Jack Shulman]]
*[[Jeff Shulman]], poker player and editor of [[Card Player Magazine]]
*[[Julius Shulman]]
*[[Lawrence Shulman]]
*[[Lee Shulman]]
*[[Mark Shulman (author)|Mark Shulman]], American author and publishing professional
*[[Mark Shulman (rugby)]], Australian rugby league player
*[[Marshall D. Shulman]]
*[[Max Shulman]], a 20th century American writer and humorist best known for his television and short story character [[Dobie Gillis]]
*[[Michael Shulman (writer)]]
*[[Milton Shulman]], Canadian born writer and broadcaster
*[[Morton Shulman]]
*[[Neville Shulman]] CBE
*[[Ray Shulman]]
*[[Robert G. Shulman]]
*[[Yaniv Shulman]], member of the band ''Shulman''
*[[Yury Shulman]], chess Grandmaster

==See also==
*[[Schulman]]
{{surname}}

[[Category:Jewish surnames]]

[[de:Schulmann]]
[[it:Shulman]]
[[he:שולמן]]
[[ru:Шульман]]
[[uk:Шульман]]

Ernst Stueckelberg

2012-12-24T05:32:38Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ru:Штюкельберг, Эрнст

:''This article is about the physicist; for his grandfather, the Swiss artist, see [[Ernst Stückelberg (painter)]]''

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ernst Stueckelberg
| image = Stückelberg 1934 London.jpg
| caption = Ernst Stueckelberg, 1934 at London
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|2|1|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Basel]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1984|9|4|1905|2|1|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Geneva]]
}}
'''Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg''' (February 1, 1905, [[Basel]] - September 4, 1984, Geneva) was a [[Swiss]] [[mathematician]] and [[physicist]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lacki, J.|author2=Wanders, G.|author3=Ruegg, H. (Eds.)|title=E. C. G. Stueckelberg, an unconventional figure in twentieth century physics|year=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser Verlag AG|isbn=3-7643-8877-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?isbn=3764388773}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1927 Stueckelberg got his Ph. D. at the [[University of Basel]] under [[August Hagenbach]]. He qualified as a university lecturer together with [[Konrad Bleuler]] under supervision from [[Gregor Wentzel]] at the [[University of Zürich]].

In 1934 he devised a fully covariant [http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9903023 perturbation theory for quantum fields]. To quote this paper, "The approach proposed by Stueckelberg was far more powerful, but was not adopted by others at the time". Now, despite its benefits, this approach has been all but forgotten. However, besides being explicitly covariant, Stueckelberg's methods avoid vacuum bubbles. See also [http://www.cgoakley.demon.co.uk/qft/ here].

Independently from [[Hideki Yukawa]], he gave vector boson exchange as the theoretical explanation of the strong nuclear force in 1935.

In 1938 he recognized that massive electrodynamics contains a hidden scalar, and formulated an affine version of what would become known as the Abelian [[Higgs mechanism]].<ref>Stueckelberg, Helvetica Physica Acta Vol.11, 1938, p.299, 312</ref>

He proposed the law of conservation of [[baryon number]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Griffiths, David | title=Introduction to Elementary Particles | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=1987 | isbn=0-471-60386-4}}</ref>

The evolution parameter theory he presented in 1941 and 1942 is the basis for recent work in [[relativistic dynamics]].

In 1941 he proposed the interpretation of the [[positron]] as a positive energy electron traveling backward in time.<ref>Stueckelberg, Helvetica Physica Acta, Vol.14, 1941, pp.51-80</ref>

In 1943 he came up with a [[renormalization]] program to attack the problems of infinities in [[quantum electrodynamics]] (QED), but his paper was rejected by the [[Physical Review]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

In 1953 he and the mathematician [[Andre Petermann]] discovered the [[renormalization group]].<ref>Stueckelberg, Petermann „La normalization des constantes dans la theorie des quanta“ Helvetica Physica Acta, Vol.26, 1953, p.499, [http://dbserv.ihep.su/hist/owa/hw.part2?s_c=ST%5CUCKELBERG+1953 Abstract], Vorarbeiten dazu Stueckelberg, T. A. Green Helvetica Physica Acta Vol.24, 1951, p.153</ref>

In 1976 he was awarded the [[Max Planck medal]].

His PhD students included [[Marcel Guenin]].

==See also==
* [[Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics]]
* [[Propagator]]
* [[Relativistic dynamics]]
* [[Stueckelberg action]]
* [[Antiparticle|Stueckelberg-Feynman interpretation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Cianfrani, F., and Lecian, O. M. (2007) "[http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0701340 E.C.G. Stueckelberg: a forerunner of modern physics,]" ''Nuovo Cimento'' 122B: 123-133.
* Lacki, Jan, Ruegg, H., and [[Valentine Telegdi]] (1999) "[http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9903023 The Road to Stueckelberg's Covariant Perturbation Theory as Illustrated by Successive Treatments of Compton Scattering.]" ''Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics''.
* Schweber, Silvan S. (1994) [http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0691033277 ''QED and the Men who Made It'']. Princeton Univ. Press: chpt. §10.1.

==External links==
* [http://www.stuckelberg.org/ The edited PDF files of the physics course of Professor Stueckelberg, openly accessible, with commentary and complete biographical documents.]
* http://www.valdostamuseum.org/hamsmith/ecgstcklbrg.html
* [http://pseudopodo.wordpress.com/2006/10/03/la-increible-y-triste-historia-de-ecg-stueckelberg/ blog post concerning Stueckelberg with comment by Petermann]
* [http://www.cgoakley.org/qft/ Oakley, C.G. "The search for Quantum Field Theory"]
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Stueckelberg}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=90773021}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Stueckelberg, Ernst
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Stueckelberg von Breidenbach, Ernst, C. G.
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =[[Swiss]] [[mathematician]] and [[physicist]]
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Basel]]
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Geneva]]
| DATE OF BIRTH= February 1, 1905
| DATE OF DEATH= September 4, 1984
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stueckelberg, Ernst}}
[[Category:Swiss physicists]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]

[[de:Ernst Carl Gerlach Stückelberg]]
[[fr:Ernst Stueckelberg]]
[[ja:エルンスト・シュテュッケルベルク]]
[[pt:Ernst Stueckelberg]]
[[ru:Штюкельберг, Эрнст]]
[[zh:厄恩斯特·斯蒂克爾堡]]

Boris Shteifon

2012-12-24T05:06:00Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying pl:Borys Sztejfon to pl:Boris Sztejfon

{{Infobox military person
|name=Boris Aleksandrovich Shteifon
|birth_date={{birth date|1881|12|06|df=y}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|1945|04|30|1881|12|06|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]]
|death_place=[[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]]
|image=Boris Shteifon sketch.JPG
|caption=General Shteifon
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|Russian Empire}}
|branch=[[Russian Imperial Army]] [[Volunteer Army]] [[Russian Corps]]
|serviceyears=1902–1945
|rank=[[General]]
|commands=
|battles=[[Russo-Japanese War]] [[World War I]] [[Russian Civil War]] [[World War II]]
|laterwork=
}}

'''Boris Aleksandrovich Shteifon''' (December 6, 1881 – April 30, 1945) ({{lang-ru|Борис Александрович Штейфон}}) was a general in the [[Imperial Russian Army]], who subsequently served as a general in the Russian [[White movement|anti-communist White army]], and as the leader of the [[Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II|Nazi-allied]] [[Russian Corps]] in [[Serbia]] during [[World War II]].

==Biography==
Shteifon was born on December 6, 1881 in the city of [[Kharkiv]] (currently [[Ukraine]]). His father was a Jewish merchant (converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]), his mother was the daughter of a Russian Orthodox deacon.

Shteifon graduated from the Chuguyivske Junker Infantry School, one of the premier schools of the [[Imperial Russian Army]], and went to serve as a second lieutenant in the 124th Infantry Regiment based at [[Voronezh]]. He first saw combat during in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, during which he was injured with a concussion. He was also awarded for bravery and excellence five times, receiving the [[Order of St. Vladimir]] along with other decorations. He was promoted to lieutenant in September 1905.

In 1911, Shteifon completed the [[General Staff Academy (Imperial Russia)|Imperial Nikolaevsky Military Academy]] with the rank of captain. He was subsequently assigned to serve in Russian Turkestan, and was a staff officer of the 2nd Turkistan Army Corps in 1914.

With the start of [[World War I]], Shteifon served on the [[Caucasus Campaign|Caucasus front]] against the forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. He was Assistant Chief of Intelligence in the staff of the [[Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)|Russian Caucasian Army]], and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1915. He played a key role in the [[Erzurum Offensive|Battle of Erzurum]] under General [[Nikolai Yudenich]] and was awarded the [[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]] and [[Order of St. George]] for conducting intelligence operations. In January 1917 he was appointed Chief of Staff of the 161 Infantry Division and then in August of that year, the head of the Finnish 3rd Infantry Division. In 1917 he was promoted to colonel.

In the wake of the [[October Revolution]] and the collapse at the Russian front, Shteifon returned to his native Kharkov where he headed an [[resistance during World War II|underground]] organization to recruit and relay officers who want to join the [[Volunteer Army]]. In the fall of 1918 he arrived at Volunteer Army headquarters in [[Ekaterinodar]]. He became Chief of Staff of the 3rd Infantry Division of the Volunteer Army in April 1919, and commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment from July. He was active in operations throughout the Ukraine and parts of [[Poland]] and [[Romania]] through the end of the year. In January 1920 Shteifon was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.

However, with the growing collapse of the [[White movement]], he was forced to evacuate into Poland with his men, then arrived in [[Crimea]] to continue active duty under General [[Pyotr Wrangel]]. He evacuated with the remnants of Wrangel's forces to [[Constantinople]] and arrived to the [[Gallipoli]] camp for White Russian refugees. On April 25, 1921, he was put in charge of the exiled 1st Army Corps, and relocated to [[Bulgaria]]. In 1922, the Bulgarian government expelled Shteifon, and he found refuge in the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]. Living in [[Belgrade]], he actively participated in the Officers' Union, but was removed by General Wrangel for insubordination.

During the 1920s and 1930s, Shteifon published a series of military tactical and historical works, and became a professor of military sciences.

With the occupation of [[Yugoslavia]] by [[Nazi Germany]] in [[World War II]], Shteifon was offered a position as chief of staff of the [[Russian Corps]] organized by former Russian general [[Mikhail Skorodumov]] in 1941, becoming its commander three days later. Under his command the Russian Corps fought with [[Yugoslav partisans]], and then with the regular units of the [[Red Army]] after their entry in late 1944 to the Balkans. Over the lifetime the Russian Corps, Shteifon attempted to win the maximum amount of independence and better equipment from the Germans. He managed to send its representatives to the occupied areas of the Soviet Union, and recruited around 5000 new volunteers. Shteifon, who suffered from liver disease, died of a heart attack in [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]], on April 30, 1945. He was buried in [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]], at a German military cemetery (block VIII, row 6, grave 16).

==References==
* M.V. Nazarov, ''The Mission of the Russian Emigration'', Moscow: Rodnik, 1994. ISBN 5-86231-172-6

{{Authority control|VIAF=58927785}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shteifon, Boris
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Military leader
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 6, 1881
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kharkiv]] (currently [[Ukraine]])
| DATE OF DEATH = April 30, 1945
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shteifon, Boris}}
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:People from Kharkiv]]
[[Category:People of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian Army generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George]]
[[Category:White Russians]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Russian Corps personnel]]

[[pl:Boris Sztejfon]]
[[ru:Штейфон, Борис Александрович]]

Schrödinger (disambiguation)

2012-12-24T04:45:24Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding es:Schrödinger, pl:Schrödinger, ru:Шрёдингер

'''[[Erwin Schrödinger]]''' (1887 – 1961) was an Austrian physicist, theoretical biologist and one of the fathers of quantum mechanics.

'''Schrödinger''' may also refer to:

*[[Schrödinger's cat]], a thought experiment devised by Schrödinger that illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects
*[[Schrödinger equation]], an equation formulated by Schrödinger that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes in time
*[[Schrödinger field]], a quantum field which obeys the Schrödinger equation
*[[Schrödinger group]], the symmetry group of the free particle Schrödinger equation
*[[Schrödinger method]], a method used to solve some problems of distribution and occupancy
*[[Schrödinger picture]], a formulation of quantum mechanics in which the state vectors evolve in time, but the operators (observables and others) are constant

*[[Schrödinger (crater)]], a lunar impact crater
*[[Vallis Schrödinger]], a long, nearly linear valley that lies on the far side of the Moon
*[[13092 Schrödinger]], a main belt asteroid

*[[Schrödinger (company)]], a company that specializes in computational drug discovery

*[[Schrödinger (Hellsing)]], a fictional character in the Hellsing manga series by Kouta Hirano

{{disambig}}

[[es:Schrödinger]]
[[he:שרדינגר]]
[[pl:Schrödinger]]
[[ru:Шрёдингер]]

Sprenger

2012-12-24T04:32:39Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding es:Sprenger

The name '''Sprenger''' may refer to the following individuals:

*[[Aloys Sprenger]], 19th-century Austrian orientalist
*[[Scott Sprenger]], American Actor
*[[Carl Ludwig Sprenger]], 19th-century German botanist.
*[[Jakob Sprenger]], German politician of the Nazi era.
*[[James Sprenger]] (also Jacob, Jakob, etc.), 15th-century inquisitor-general of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany.
*[[Nicholas Sprenger]], Australian competitive swimmer, born 1985.

Also:
*[[Asparagus aethiopicus|Sprenger's asparagus]] ''(A. aethiopicus),'' a species native to South Africa and occurring as a weed elsewhere, also grown as a houseplant.
*[[Sprenger's magnolia]] ''(M. sprengeri),'' a species of magnolia native to China.

{{disambig}}

[[de:Sprenger]]
[[es:Sprenger]]
[[fr:Sprenger]]
[[ru:Шпренгер]]

The Spy Who Came in from the Cold

2012-12-24T04:29:27Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying id:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold to id:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold}}
{{Infobox Book | 
| name = The Spy Who Came In from the Cold
| image = [[Image:JohnLeCarre TheSpyWhoCameIn.jpg|200px|Cover for the Victor Gollancz first edition]]
| image_caption = Cover for the Victor Gollancz first edition
| author = [[John le Carré]]
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series = [[George Smiley]]
| cover_artist =
| genre = [[Spy novel|Spy Novel]]
| publisher = [[Victor Gollancz]] & [[Pan Books|Pan]]
| release_date = September, 1963
| media_type = Print ([[Hardback]] and [[Paperback]])
| pages = 256 pages (Hardback edition) & 240 pages (Paperback edition)
| isbn = ISBN 0-575-00149-6 (Hardback edition) & ISBN 0-330-20107-7 (Paperback edition)
| preceded_by = [[A Murder of Quality]]
| followed_by = [[The Looking-Glass War]]
}}

'''''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold''''' is a 1963 Cold War [[spy fiction|spy novel]] by British author [[John le Carré]]. It has became famous for its portrayal of Western espionage methods as being morally inconsistent with Western democracy and values. The novel received critical acclaim at the time of its publication and became an international best-seller. The novel was selected as one of the ''All-Time 100 Novels'' by [[TIME Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html | work=Time | title=All Time 100 Novels | accessdate=25 May 2010 | date=16 October 2005}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' named it the “best spy novel of all-time”.<ref>{{cite web | title=Publishers Weekly list | last= | first= | work=top 15 spy novels | url=http://www.crimefictionblog.com/2006/09/top_15_spy_nove.html | date= | accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Publishers Weekly list | last= | first= | work=spy vs spy vs spy | url=http://therapsheet.blogspot.com/2006/09/spy-vs-spy-vs-spy.html | date= | accessdate= }}</ref>

In 1965, [[Martin Ritt]] directed the cinematic adaptation ''[[The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)|The Spy Who Came In from the Cold]]'', with [[Richard Burton]] as Alec Leamas, the burnt-out protagonist.

==Background==
''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'' occurs during the heightened-alert politico-military tensions that characterised the late 1950s and early 1960s of the [[Cold War]], when a [[Warsaw Pact]]–[[NATO]] war in Europe (Germany) seemed likely. The story begins and concludes in [[East Germany]], about a year after the completion of the [[Berlin Wall]] and around the time when double-agent [[Heinz Felfe]] was exposed and tried.<ref>{{Cite web
| author = Norman J. W. Goda
| title = CIA files relating to Heinz Felfe, SS officer and KGB spy
}}</ref>

In ''[[Call for the Dead]]'', Le Carré's debut novel, a key character is Hans-Dieter Mundt (nicknamed "Blondie"), an [[assassin]] of the [[Abteilung]], the East German Secret Service, who is working under [[diplomatic cover]] in [[London]] when uncovered by [[Cambridge Circus, London|Circus]] agents [[George Smiley]] and [[Peter Guillam]]. When discovered, he escapes from England to [[East Germany]] before Smiley and Guillam can catch him. Two years later, at the time of ''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'', Mundt has risen from the field to the upper-echelon of the Abteilung, because of his successful [[counter-intelligence]] operations against the spy networks of the [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Secret Service]].

==Plot==
The West Berlin office of the British Secret Intelligence Service under the command of Station Head Alec Leamas, has been performing poorly. At the commencement of the novel, Karl Riemeck – his last and best double agent, a high-ranking East German political officer – is shot dead whilst defecting to West Berlin.

With no agents left, the disgraced Leamas is recalled to the Circus in London by Control, chief of the Circus. There, Control asks Leamas to stay "in the cold" for one last mission: to ''turn'' (defect) and provide false information to the East German Communists that would implicate Mundt as a British [[double agent]] — what his second-in-command, Fiedler, already suspects — to result in Mundt being executed by his own people. Control tells Leamas that Fiedler, due to his paranoia about Mundt, would be the best man to depose Mundt. [[George Smiley]] and his former assistant [[Peter Guillam]] brief Leamas for his crucial mission. Control tells Leamas that Smiley had not returned to the Circus after the events of ''[[Call for the Dead]]'' because of [[morality|moral]] qualms about unethical Circus operations.

To make the East Germans believe him ripe for defection, the Circus sacks Leamas, with a pittance of a [[pension]], and he gets a miserable job in a run-down library, and loses it. At the library, he meets co-worker Liz Gold, an unworldly young Jewish woman, who is the secretary of her local cell of the Communist Party of Britain. Despite her politics, they become lovers. Before taking the "final plunge" into Control's scheme, Leamas makes Liz promise not to look for him, no matter what she hears, and says good-bye to her. Leamas also tells Control to leave Liz alone and Control agrees. Then, as planned, Leamas lands in jail after he assaults a local grocer.

After jail, an East German recruiter in England approaches Leamas. He is taken abroad, first to the [[Netherlands]], then to East Germany, en route meeting higher echelons of the [[Abteilung]], the East German Intelligence Service. During his debriefing, he drops casual hints that point to British payments to a double agent in the Abteilung, whilst pretending not to see the implications. Meanwhile, in England, George Smiley and Peter Guillam appear at Liz Gold's apartment claiming to be friends of Alec, question her about him, and offer her financial help.

In East Germany, Leamas meets Fiedler. They have many conversations in a hut in a forest clearing, where Fiedler seeks conclusive proof against Mundt and engages in [[ideology|ideological]] and [[philosophy|philosophic]] discussions with the [[Pragmatism|pragmatic]] Leamas. As observed by Leamas, Fiedler seems content to live in Mundt's shadow, but is relatively young and brilliant. To Leamas, Fiedler is sympathetic: a Jew who spent the Second World War in Canada, and a [[Communism|Communist]] idealist who considers the [[morality]] of his actions. In contrast, Leamas sees Mundt as a brutal, opportunist mercenary, who was a [[Nazi]] before 1945 and then joined the Communists simply because they were the new bosses, and remained an [[anti-Semite]]. Leamas believes helping Fiedler destroy Mundt is a worthy act. Meanwhile, Liz Gold is invited to East Germany for a Communist Party information exchange.

The power struggle in the Abteilung comes into the open when Mundt orders Fiedler and Leamas arrested and tortured. However, the leaders of the East German régime intervene because Fiedler had earlier applied for an arrest warrant for Mundt on the same day that Mundt arrested Fiedler and Leamas. They are released, and Fiedler and Mundt are summoned to present their cases to a tribunal convened ''[[in camera]]'', in the town of [[Görlitz]].

At the trial, Alec Leamas documents a series of secret bank account payments that Fiedler matches to the movements of Mundt. Fiedler also shows that Karl Riemeck passed to Leamas information to which he had no formal access but to which Mundt did. Fiedler also presents to the Tribunal other proofs implicating Mundt as a British double agent and explains that Mundt ''was'' captured in England and allowed to escape only after agreeing to work as a double agent for the British.

Mundt’s attorney calls the unsuspecting Liz Gold as a surprise witness for the defence. Although not wanting to testify against Alec Leamas, she admits that George Smiley paid for her apartment lease after visiting her and that she had promised Leamas to not look for him when he disappeared. She also admits that he had said good-bye to her the night ''before'' he assaulted the grocer. Realising that the operation is now blown, Leamas offers to tell all in return for Liz's freedom. He admits that Control gave him the mission to frame Mundt as a double agent, but adds that Fiedler was not a participant. In cross-examination, Fiedler asks Mundt how he knew that someone had paid off Liz's lease, because, Fiedler insists, Liz never would have spoken about it. Mundt hesitates before answering ("a second too long, Leamas thought"), then the Tribunal halts the trial and arrests Fiedler. Then, and only then, does Leamas understand the true nature of Control and Smiley's operation.

Liz is sent to a cell but Mundt places her in a car with Leamas at the wheel. During their drive to Berlin, where an exit route from East Berlin awaits, he explains the operation to her, including the parts of which he was unaware until the end of the trial. The fake bank account payments were real, and Hans-Dieter Mundt ''is'' a double agent reporting to George Smiley and Peter Guillam. The operation was against Fiedler, not Mundt, as Leamas was deceived to believe, because Fiedler was close to exposing Mundt as a British double agent. Fiedler was too powerful for Mundt to eliminate alone. Therefore, Control and Smiley did it for him. They placed him and her as co-workers to provide Mundt with the means of discrediting Leamas and consequently discrediting Fiedler. By falling in love, Leamas and Liz made it easy for them. Liz is horrified that [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Intelligence]] planned the death of Fiedler, an intelligent, considerate and thoughtful man, in order to protect the despicable Mundt. Fiedler's fate is unrevealed, but Leamas, in answer to Liz's question, says that he would most likely be shot.

Despite her [[morality|moral]] disgust, Liz accompanies Leamas to the break in the wire fronting the [[Berlin Wall]], where they are to climb the wall and escape to West Berlin. In the concluding chapter, after Leamas climbs to the top of the Berlin Wall and reaches down to pull Liz up, East German spotlights suddenly turn on them, and she is shot. Her fingers slip from his grasp and she falls. From the Western side of the Wall, Leamas hears a Western agent calling to him, "Jump, Alec! Jump, man!" and among other voices, George Smiley's. Seeing Liz dead, Alec Leamas climbs back down the Eastern side of the Berlin Wall. The border guards then shoot him dead.

==Cultural impact==
At its publication during the [[Cold War]] (1945–91), the psychological [[Literary realism|realism]] of ''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'' (1963) rendered it a revolutionary [[spy fiction|espionage novel]] by showing that the intelligence services of both the Eastern and Western nations practiced the same expedient amorality in the name of national security. Until then, the Western public imagined their secret services as promoters of [[democracy]] and democratic values; a view principally espoused in the popular [[James Bond]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] novels — romantic high adventures about what a Secret Service should be. [[John le Carré]], on the other hand, shocked readers with chilling realism and detail, portraying the spy as a morally burnt-out case.

The [[espionage]] world of Alec Leamas is exactly the opposite of the James Bond world; Bond’s brightly romanticized world features sexual adventure and heroic danger, all in a day’s work for 007 whereas Leamas's world features love as a three-dimensional, problematic, true emotion that can have disastrous consequences to those involved. Moreover, good does not always vanquish evil in Leamas's world – an existential fact problematic to some conservative critics.<ref>See, e.g., Barley, Tony. ''Taking Sides: The Fiction of John le Carré.'' Open University Press, 1986, p. 22.</ref> In the 1960s, some reviewers criticized Alec Leamas’s resultant defeatism; ''[[The Times]]'' said, “the hero must triumph over his enemies, as surely as Jack must kill the giant in the nursery tale. If the giant kills Jack, we have missed the whole point of the story.”<ref>''The Times'', 13 September 1968.</ref> This observation, however, is from the Cold War perspective, wherein the West are the "good" and the East is "evil", implying that the story's ending with the [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Secret Service]] agent killed by [[German Democratic Republic|East German]] border guards is a victory for Evil.

Yet hints in the story — Leamas's personal qualms about his role in the plot, and the qualms of Smiley and Fiedler about their roles — indicate a different perspective. Leamas' description of spies and the intelligence world to Liz, during their drive to the [[Berlin Wall]], is of a world very different from the simple romanticism of the Bond novels — one of utter disregard for human lives:

<blockquote>"There's only one law in this game," Leamas retorted. "Mundt is their man; he gives them what they need. That's easy enough to understand, isn't it? [[Leninism]] — the expediency of temporary alliances. What do you think spies are: priests, saints and martyrs? They’re a squalid procession of vain fools, traitors, too, yes; pansies, sadists and drunkards, people who play Cowboys and Indians to brighten their rotten lives. Do you think they sit like monks in London, balancing the rights and wrongs? I'd have killed Mundt if I could, I hate his guts; but not now. It so happens that they need him. They need him so that the great moronic mass you admire can sleep soundly in their beds at night. They need him for the safety of ordinary, crummy people like you and me." <ref>Chapter 25, Page 95</ref></blockquote>

Leamas further notes that despite the moral indefensibility of the operation against Fiedler, it ''had'' to be effected; despite his revulsion, Leamas watched:

<blockquote>People who play this game take risks. Fiedler lost and Mundt won. London won — that's the point. It was a foul, foul operation. But it's paid off, and that’s the only rule.<ref>Chapter 25, Page 94</ref></blockquote>

Hans-Dieter Mundt is a true villain: a cruel man, a mercenary who enjoyed killing and who so hated Jews, he might have ignored his British controllers and ordered Liz Gold killed before her return to the West. Nevertheless, whilst driving to the Berlin Wall, Alec cynically tells Liz that Mundt's survival was more important to [[Secret Intelligence Service|British Intelligence]] than either his own, Fiedler's or that of anyone else. That Mundt arranged the killing of Liz Gold (''viz.'' the detailed instructions to Leamas about climbing over the Wall) is clear, but ''why'' he ordered the border guards to kill her is unclear. Perhaps as a British double-agent, his continued anonymity required her death, lest she tell her fellow British Communists back home and blow his cover.

George Smiley's last question to Leamas (about Liz's whereabouts) perhaps indicates that Mundt acted without Smiley's knowledge, but that does not absolve the British of responsibility. It would be in the ruthless and secretive character of Control to decide Liz Gold's death without implicating the British, and to conceal his hand from the scrupulous Smiley.<ref>Ronald K. Firman, "Mirrors behind Mirrors behind Mirrors — Imagined Spies and Real Nightmares", Ch. 3, p. 97. Note that Control lies easily and readily, because he promised Leamas not to use Liz in the operation, despite knowing she is integral to it.</ref> By contrast, Leamas's death is unplanned, and was required only because he climbed back down to the East German side of the Berlin Wall. Any other border guard action would have cast suspicion upon Mundt.

''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'' misleads the reader, by changing a key plot element of its predecessor, ''[[Call for the Dead]]'', wherein Hans-Dieter Mundt escaped capture by Smiley and Guillam and returned to East Germany. Control reinforces that version in his opening talk with Leamas, and Leamas then tells others that story of how Mundt escaped, consistent with the version related in ''Call for the Dead''. Like Leamas, the reader suspects neither Mundt's capture during the events of ''Call for the Dead'', nor that he now is a British double agent, until the concluding plot twist at the trial. The change aligns the reader's empathy with Alec Leamas, including his shock at the falsity of Control's official version of the events of the ''Call for the Dead''.

In her essay ''Is Common Human Decency a Scarce Commodity in Popular Literature?'', Margaret Compton contrasts the ending of ''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'' with the ending of ''Call for the Dead'': "Le Carré's début book ends with [George] Smiley feeling deeply guilty about having killed Dieter Frey, the idealistic East German spy who had been Smiley's agent and friend (and, in effect, his adopted son) during the Second World War. Smiley bitterly reflects that Dieter had remembered their friendship, and kept faithful to it — while he, Smiley, forgot it and gave precedence to his ruthless Cold War loyalty. Leamas, in the end of ''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'' makes the diametrically opposite moral choice, renouncing his loyalty to Britain and to the Circus, and keeping faith with Liz to the bitter end, even to letting himself be killed at her side — after she had earlier kept faith with him in the courtroom, and let herself be disgraced as a [[Communism|Communist]], by openly proclaiming her love for him. A dispassionate and careful reader of Le Carré's oeuvre can have little doubt that — though the writer clearly liked Smiley, and brought him back, again and again, until the very end of the Cold War — for the creator of both of them, Leamas's conduct stands on a higher [[morality|moral]] level”.<ref>Margaret Compton, "Is Common Human Decency a Scarce Commodity in Popular Literature?" in Theodore Brown (ed.) "Essays on Moral Philosophy and Literature", 1992</ref>

''Time'' magazine, while including ''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'' in its top 100 novels list, stated the novel was "a sad, sympathetic portrait of a man who has lived by lies and subterfuge for so long, he's forgotten how to tell the truth."<ref name="Grossman"/>

In the season 4 finale episode of the AMC television series, [[Mad Men]], "Tomorrowland," Donald Draper ([[Jon Hamm]]) is reading a paperback copy of the novel. In this episode, Draper chooses to be with the woman who will accept his false identity rather than the woman who wants him to tell the truth about his past.

==Characters==
* Alec Leamas: A British field agent in charge of East German espionage.
* Hans-Dieter Mundt: Leader of the East German Secret Service, the Abteilung.
* Fiedler: East German spy, and Mundt's deputy.
* Liz Gold: English librarian and member of the Communist Party.
* Control: Head of British Intelligence
* [[George Smiley]]: British spy, supposedly retired.
* [[Peter Guillam]]: British spy.
* Karl Riemeck: East German bureaucrat turned British spy.

==Awards and nominations==

Le Carré's book won a 1963 [[Gold Dagger]] award from the [[Crime Writers Association|British Crime Writers Association]] for "Best Crime Novel". Two years later the US edition was awarded the [[Edgar Award]] from the [[Mystery Writers of America]] for "Best Mystery Novel". It was the first work to win the award for "Best Novel" from both mystery writing organizations. Screenwriters [[Paul Dehn]] and [[Guy Trosper]], who adapted the book for the 1965 [[The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)|movie]], received an Edgar the following year for "Best Motion Picture Screenplay" for an American movie.

In 2005, the fiftieth anniversary of the Dagger Awards, ''The Spy Who Came In from the Cold'' was awarded the "Dagger of Daggers," a one-time award given to the Golden Dagger winner regarded as the stand-out among all fifty winners over the history of CWA. The novel was selected as one of the ''All-Time 100 Novels'' by [[TIME Magazine]].<ref name="Grossman">Grossman, Lev. [http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/0,24459,the_spy_who_came_in_from_the_cold,00.html '''All-TIME 100 Novels'''], [[TIME Magazine]], 2005. Retrieved 29 Oct. 2007.</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

{{Gold Dagger Award}}
{{John le Carré}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spy Who Came In from the Cold, The}}
[[Category:1963 novels]]
[[Category:Novels by John le Carré]]
[[Category:British novels]]
[[Category:Edgar Award winning works]]
[[Category:Cold War spy novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Germany]]

[[de:Der Spion, der aus der Kälte kam (Roman)]]
[[et:Spioon, kes pääses külma käest]]
[[es:El espía que surgió del frío]]
[[fr:L'Espion qui venait du froid]]
[[id:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold]]
[[it:La spia che venne dal freddo (romanzo)]]
[[he:המרגל שחזר מן הכפור]]
[[hu:A kém, aki bejött a hidegről]]
[[no:Spionen som kom inn fra kulden]]
[[pl:Ze śmiertelnego zimna]]
[[pt:O Espião Que Saiu do Frio (livro)]]
[[ru:Шпион, пришедший с холода]]
[[fi:Mies kylmästä]]
[[sv:Spionen som kom in från kylan]]
[[zh:冷戰諜魂]]

Friedrich von Spiegel

2012-12-24T04:24:00Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ru:Шпигель, Фридрих to ru:Шпигель, Фридрих фон

'''Friedrich (von) Spiegel''' (July 11, 1820, [[Kitzingen]] - December 15, 1905, [[München]]) was a German [[oriental studies|orientalist]]. He was one of the pioneers in the field of [[Iran]]ian [[philology]].

== Biography ==
He was born in [[Kitzingen]], studied at [[University of Erlangen|Erlangen]], [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig]], and [[University of Bonn|Bonn]], then spent five years in the libraries of [[Copenhagen]], [[Paris]], [[London]], and [[Oxford]], and from 1849 to 1890 was professor of oriental languages in the University of Erlangen. His early studies on [[Pali]] and the publication of the ''Kammavâkya'' (1841) and the ''Ancedota Palica'' (1845) did much for the knowledge of southern [[Buddhism]]. They were quickly followed by his researches on [[Zoroastrianism]] and the [[Avesta]]. The edition of the greater part of the extant Avesta, together with the [[Parthian language|Pahlavi]] translation (1853-58), was followed by a German version (1852-63), and supplemented by a commentary (1865-69). He published a number of Persian works, as well as grammars of the [[Old Persian]] and Old [[Bactrian language]]s. Then came the valuable linguistic and archaeological works, ''Die altpersischen Keilinschriften'' (1862), ''Erân'' (1863), ''Erânische Altertumskunde'' (1871-78), ''Vergleichende Grammatik der alterânischen Sprachen'' (1882), and ''Die arische Periode und ihre Zustände'' (1887).<ref>{{Cite NIE|Spiegel, Friedrich von|year=1905}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
* ''Kammavâkya'' (Bonn, 1841)
* ''Anecdota palica'' (Leipzig, 1845)
* ''Kommentar über das Avesta'' (Leipzig, 1865-69, 2 vols.)
* ''Grammatik der altbaktrischen Sprache'' (Leipzig, 1867)
* ''Chrestomathia persica'' (Leipzig, 1845)
* ''Grammatik der Pârsisprache'' (Leipzig, 1851)
* ''Einleitung in die traditionellen Schriften der Parsen'' (Leipzig, 1856-60, 2 vols.)
* ''Die altpersischen Keilinschriften im Grundtext, mit Übersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar'' (Leipzig, 1862, 2nd ed. 1881)
* ''Erân, das Land zwischen dem Indus und Tigris'' (Berlin, 1863)
* ''Arische Studien'' (Leipzig, 1873)
* ''Erânischen Altertumskunde'' (Leipzig, 1871-78, 3 vols.)
* ''Vergleichende Grammatik der alterânischen Sprachen'' (Leipzig, 1882)
* ''Die arische Periode und ihre Zustände'' (Leipzig, 1887)
* “Beiträgen zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung,” in the ''Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft''

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commonscat|Friedrich Spiegel}}
* {{Cite AmCyc|Spiegel, Friedrich}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=37719656}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Spiegel, Friedrich
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German orientalist
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 11, 1820
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kitzingen]]
| DATE OF DEATH = December 15, 1905
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[München]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spiegel, Friedrich}}
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1905 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kitzingen]]
[[Category:Old Persian language]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]
[[Category:Translators from Old Persian]]
[[Category:Translators from Avestan]]

{{Germany-academic-bio-stub}}

[[da:Friedrich Spiegel]]
[[de:Friedrich Spiegel]]
[[fa:فریدریش فون اشپیگل]]
[[ru:Шпигель, Фридрих фон]]
[[sv:Friedrich Spiegel]]

Speer

2012-12-24T04:22:17Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ru:Шпеер

{{about|the surname|the neighborhood in Denver, Colorado|Speer, Denver|other uses|Speer (disambiguation)}}
'''Speer''' is a surname.
:Ashkenazim ({{IPA-yi|ˈʃpɛr|pron}}): a spelling variation of ''Speyer'', a name indicative of origin from the German city of [[Speyer]]
:Middle High German and Middle Dutch ({{IPA-nl|ˈspeːr|pron}}): ''sper'', meaning "[[spear]]"
:Scottish and northern Irish {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|p|ɪər}}: a spelling variation of ''Speir'', from the Old French ''espier'' meaning "to watch"

Notable people with the surname include:
*[[Albert Speer]], chief architect of Nazi Germany
*[[Albert Speer, Jr.]], a German architect and city planner, son of Albert Speer
*[[Bill Speer]], a retired professional ice hockey player
*[[Christopher Speer]], Sergeant First Class (SFC), a U.S. special forces soldier killed in Afghanistan
*[[Dieter Speer]], a former German biathlete
*[[Emory Speer]], a U.S. politician, soldier and lawyer who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1878 to 1882
*[[Floyd Speer]], also known as Floyd Vernie Speer, a U.S. professional baseball pitcher
*[[Daniel Speer]], also known as Georg Daniel Speer, a German composer and writer of the Baroque
*[[Hilde Schramm]] née Speer, a German politician and daughter of Albert Speer
*[[Hugo Speer]], an English actor, born in 1969
*[[Jack Speer]], also known as John “Jack” Bristol Speer, a judge, Washington statr representative and a science fiction fan and historian, who wrote the first history of science fiction fandom
*[[Jillian Speer]], a U.S. singer-songwriter and musician
*[[Margret Nissen]] née Speer, a German photographer and daughter of Albert Speer
*[[Noah Wyle]], also known as Noah Strausser Speer Wyle, a U.S. TV and film actor
*[[Peter Moore Speer]], a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
*[[Richard Speer]], a U.S. author and journalist
*[[Robert Elliott Speer]], a U.S. religious leader (1867–1947) and authority on missions
*[[Robert Milton Speer]], a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania during the Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses
*[[Robert W. Speer]], also known as Robert Walter Speer, mayor of Denver, Colorado from 1904–1912
*[[Roy Speer]], the financial backing behind the Home Shopping Network
*[[Scott Speer]], an American music video director
*[[Stewie Speer]], an Australian drummer best known as a member of the 1960s–70s group Max Merritt & The Meteors
*The [[Speer Family]], a Southern Gospel family group founded in 1921
*[[Thomas J. Speer]], also known as Thomas Jefferson Speer, a U.S. Representative from Georgia
*[[Tommy Speer]], a U.S. professional mixed martial artist
*[[W.G. Speer]], the second head football coach for the Fort Hays State University Tigers in Hays, Kansas

==See also==
*[[Speers]]

{{surname}}

[[de:Speer (Begriffsklärung)]]
[[es:Speer]]
[[fr:Speer]]
[[it:Speer]]
[[nds:Speer]]
[[pt:Speer]]
[[ru:Шпеер]]

Beijing Capital International Airport

2012-12-24T04:15:36Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying sk:Medzinárodné letisko Peking Capital to sk:Medzinárodné letisko Peking

{{redirect|Beijing Airport|the secondary airport of Beijing|Beijing Nanyuan Airport}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Beijing Capital International Airport
| nativename-a = {{lang|zh-Hans|北京首都国际机场}}
| nativename-r = ''Běijīng Shǒudū Guójì Jīchǎng''
| image = Beijing_CAH.png
| image-width = 100
| caption = [[Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited]]
| image2 = Beijing Terminal 3.jpg
| caption2 = Terminal 3
| image2-width = 250
| IATA = PEK
| ICAO = ZBAA
| type = Public
| operator = [[Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited]]
| city-served = [[Beijing]]
| location = [[Chaoyang District, Beijing|Chaoyang District]]
| hub =
<div>
*[[Air China]]
*[[China Southern Airlines]]
*[[Hainan Airlines]]
</div>
| elevation-f = 116
| latd = 40 | latm = 04 | lats = 48 | latNS = N
| longd= 116 | longm= 35 | longs= 04 | longEW= E
| coordinates_region = CN-11
| pushpin_map = China
| pushpin_label = '''PEK'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in China
| website = {{url|http://en.bcia.com.cn}}
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 18L/36R
| r1-length-m = 3,900
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 18R/36L
| r2-length-m = 4,200
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| r3-number = 01/19
| r3-length-m = 4,500
| r3-surface = [[Concrete]]<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/noise/beijing.html Boeing.com Beijing Capital International Airport]</ref>
| stat-year = 2011
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 78,675,000
| stat2-header = Aircraft Movements
| stat2-data = 517,584
| footnotes = Statistics from [[Airports Council International]],<ref name=ACI>[http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-218-222_666_2__ Final Airport Traffic Results for 2009], 109 [[Kibibyte|KiB]], [[Airports Council International]], 21 March 2010</ref> [[China's busiest airports by passenger traffic]]
}}
{{Chinese
|t={{linktext|北京|首都|國際|機場}}
|s={{linktext|北京|首都|国际|机场}}
|j=Bak1ging1 Sau2dou1 Gwok3zai3 Gei1coeng4
|p=Běijīng Shǒudū Guójì Jīchǎng
}}

'''Beijing Capital International Airport''' {{Airport codes|PEK|ZBAA}} ({{zh|s={{linktext|北京|首都|国际|机场}}|t={{linktext|北京|首都|國際|機場}}|p=Běijīng Shǒudū Guójì Jīchǎng|j=Bak1ging1 Sau2dou1 Gwok3zai3 Gei1coeng4}}) is the main international [[airport]] serving [[Beijing]], [[China]]. It is located {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} northeast of Beijing's city center,{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} in an enclave of [[Chaoyang District, Beijing|Chaoyang District]] and the surroundings of that enclave in suburban [[Shunyi District]].<ref>[http://www.hytrip.net/n23609c971.aspx Map from Maptown.cn]. ([http://www.webcitation.org/6BM7wL14a Archive])</ref> The airport is owned and operated by the [[Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited]], a state-controlled company. The airport's [[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA Airport Code]], '''PEK''', is based on the city's former romanized name, '''Peking'''.{{#tag:ref|The code '''BJS''' is also used to refer to the airport, as well as others in Beijing Municipality, including city's only other civil airport, [[Beijing Nanyuan Airport]].|group="note"}}

Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the world's busiest airports in the past decade. It had become the busiest airport in Asia in terms of passenger traffic and total traffic movements by 2009. Beijing Capital International Airport is currently the [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|second busiest airport in the world]] (as of 2011) in terms of passenger throughput behind [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]]. The airport registered 517,584 aircraft movements (take-offs and landings), which ranked [[World's busiest airports by traffic movements|8th in the world]] in 2010. In terms of cargo traffic, Beijing airport has also witnessed rapid growth. By 2009, the airport had become the [[world's busiest airports by cargo traffic|14th busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic]], registering 1,420,997 tonnes.

Beijing Capital International Airport is the main hub for [[Air China]], the flag carrier of the [[People's Republic of China]], which flies to around 120 destinations (excluding cargo) from Beijing. [[Hainan Airlines|Hainan]] and [[China Southern Airlines]] also use the airport as their hub.

To accommodate the growing traffic volume, Beijing Capital added the enormous Terminal 3 in 2008 in time for the Olympic Games, the second largest [[airport terminal]] in the world after [[Dubai International Airport]]'s Terminal 3, and the [[List of largest buildings in the world#Largest area|fifth largest building in the world]] by area.

==History==
[[File:Beijing Capital International Airport in 1959.jpg|thumb|left|The Capital Airport in 1959]]
[[File:Arrival of Air Force One in Peking, 02-21-1972.jpeg|thumb|left|U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Air Force One]] at the Capital Airport in 1972.]]
Beijing Airport was opened on March 2, 1958. The airport then consisted of one small terminal building, which still stands to this day, apparently for the use of VIPs and charter flights. On January 1, 1980, a newer, larger building – green in colour – opened, with docks for 10 to 12 aircraft. The terminal was larger than the one in the 1950s, but by the mid-1990s, it was too small. The terminal was then closed for renovation after the opening of Terminal 2.

In late 1999, to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of the PRC, the airport was expanded again. This new terminal opened on November 1, and was named Terminal 2. September 20, 2004, saw the opening of a new Terminal 1 for a few airlines, including [[China Southern Airlines]]' domestic and international flights from Beijing. Other airlines' domestic and international flights still operate in Terminal 2.

A third runway of BCIA opened on October 29, 2007, to relieve congestion on the other two runways.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2007-10/29/content_6214115.htm Beijing Airport's third runway opens on Monday]</ref>

Another expansion, Terminal 3 (T3) was completed in February 2008, in time for the Beijing Olympics. This colossal expansion includes a third runway and another terminal for Beijing airport, and a rail link to the city-center. At its opening, It was the largest man made structure in the world in terms of area covered, and a major landmark in Beijing representing the growing and developing Chinese city. The expansion was largely funded by a
30 billion yen loan from Japan and 500-million-euro (USD 625 million) loan from the [[European Investment Bank]] (EIB). The loan is the largest ever granted by the EIB in Asia; the agreement was signed during the eighth China-EU Summit held in September 2005.<ref>[http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_7573_en.htm "China: European Investment Bank to provide €500 million to support climate change mitigation" European Commission]</ref>

Fresh from hosting the [[2008 Olympic Games]] and completion of its new terminal building, Beijing Capital has overtaken [[Tokyo Haneda]] to be the busiest airport in [[Asia]] based on scheduled seat capacity.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.anna.aero/2008/09/05/aapa-members-international-traffic-falls-in-july-beijing-now-busiest-airport-in-the-region/| title=AAPA members’ international traffic falls in July; Beijing now busiest airport in the region| date=5 September 2008| publisher=anna.aero}}</ref>

Due to limited capacity at Beijing Capital International Airport, [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|a new airport in Daxing]] is being planned. Construction there is expected to begin in 2012 and be completed in 2017. It is not yet clear how flights will be divided between the two airports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beijing’s new airport expects inaugural flight in 2017 |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/china/2011-06/21/content_12752600.htm|author=Yin Mingzhe|newspaper=China Daily|date=June 21, 2011}}</ref>

==Terminals==
[[File:Bcia overview.JPG|thumb|Ground view of Terminals 1 (foreground) and Terminal 2 (with blue roof, in background) in 2005. Terminal 2's [[air traffic control]] tower in the background has since been demolished)]]
[[File:BCIA Aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Capital Airport with Terminal 3 (orange roof) across the foreground and Terminals 2 (blue and white roof) and 1 (orange roof) in the upper right]]

===Terminal 1===
Terminal 1, with {{convert|72000|m2|abbr=on}} of space, opened on January 1, 1980, and replaced the smaller existing terminal which was in operation since 1958.<ref name="bcia">[http://www.airports-china.com/beijing-zbaa-pek.htm Beijing Capital International Airport - PEK, ZBAA]</ref> Terminal 1 was closed for renovation from 1999 to September 20, 2004, during which all airlines operated from Terminal 2. Featuring 16 gates, it was the operational base for [[China Southern Airlines]]' domestic routes and a few other airlines such as Xiamen Airlines and Chongqing Airlines, and was originally planned to handle domestic traffic, excluding those to [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].

With the opening of Terminal 3, the terminal was closed for light refurbishment, and its airlines were moved to Terminal 2 on May 20, 2008.<ref>[http://www.bcia.com.cn/experience/notify080513.html China Southern, Xiamen Airlines and Chongqing Airlines move to Terminal 2]</ref> Terminal reopened for a second time on June 27, 2008, and became the operational base for all domestic flights operated by the [[HNA Group]], including those of [[Hainan Airlines]], [[Grand China Air]], [[Deer Air]] and [[Grand China Express Air|Tianjin Airlines]], while the international flights and the ones between Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and Beijing of the HNA Group remained in Terminal 2.<ref>[http://www.bcia.com.cn/experience/notify080613.html HNA Group domestic routes move to Terminal 1]</ref>

===Terminal 2===
[[File:Beijing Capital International Airport.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance to Terminal 2]]
[[File:VM Beijing Airport - hallways 4350.jpg|thumb|left|Terminal 2 interior]]

Terminal 2 opened on November 1, 1999, with a floor area of {{convert|396000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="bcia"/> This terminal was used to replace Terminal 1 while the latter was undergoing renovation, cramping all airlines into this terminal despite it being far bigger than Terminal 1 and it can handle twenty aircraft at docks connecting directly to the terminal building. Prior to the opening of Terminal 3, all international flights (and the majority of the domestic flights) operated from this terminal. This terminal now houses [[China Southern Airlines]], [[China Eastern Airlines]], [[Skyteam]], [[Air Koryo]], and other domestic and international flights after [[Air China]], [[Shanghai Airlines]], [[Star Alliance]] members, [[Oneworld]] members moved operations to the new Terminal 3. A gate capable of handling the A380 (gate 21) was also built at the terminal.

Terminals 1 and 2 are linked by a public walkway that takes about 10–15 minutes to traverse. Shuttle buses connect all three terminals.

===Terminal 3===
{{copy-paste|section|date=September 2012}}

[[File:BJS PEK T3E.jpg|thumb|Terminal 3-E from airfield and [[Air China]] planes parked at the terminal.]]
[[File:A330 Beijing.jpg|thumb|Airbus A330s and a Boeing 747 at Terminal 3.]]
[[File:PEKT3E.jpg|thumb|Terminal 3 exterior]]
[[File:Beijing Capital International Airport 200908 435.jpg|thumb|left|International check-in]]
[[File:PEK T3 1037.jpg|thumb|left|Duty free shops]]
[[File:BJ 渾天儀Armillary sphere 北京首都國際機場 Beijing Capital International Airport 紫薇辰恆 Ziwei Chenheng Aug-2010 visitors.JPG|thumb|A model of an ancient Chinese [[armilliary sphere]] in Terminal 3.]]
[[File:BJ 北京首都國際機場 Beijing Capital International Airport BCIA interior waiting room ECCO children's playground Aug-2010.JPG|thumb|Children's playground]]
[[File:Beijing Capital International Airport 200908.jpg|thumb|left|[[Airport Express, Beijing Subway|Airport Express]] train station inside the Terminal 3 Transportation Centre]]
[[File:Airport Line, Beijing Subway 01.JPG|thumb|Exterior of the Terminal 3 Transportation Centre]]
[[File:PEK T3 train.jpg|thumb|The intra-terminal people mover train in Terminal 3, which should not be confused with the [[Airport Express, Beijing Subway]], a [[Beijing Subway]] line that connects Terminals 2 and 3.]]
[[File:北京空港内移動電車.JPG|thumb|Inside the people mover train]]
Construction of Terminal 3 started on March 28, 2004, and the terminal opened in two stages. Trial operations commenced on February 29, 2008, when seven airlines, including [[British Airways]], [[El Al Israel Airlines]], [[Qantas]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Shandong Airlines]] and [[Sichuan Airlines]] moved into the terminal. Twenty other airlines followed when the terminal became fully operational on March 26, 2008.<ref>[http://en.bcia.com.cn/ad/notify071211_en.shtml Company Introduction – About Us – BCIA]</ref> Currently, it mainly houses [[Air China]], [[Oneworld]], [[Star Alliance]], and other domestic and international flights. [[Star Alliance]] members [[LOT Polish Airlines]], [[Scandinavian Airlines System]], [[Lufthansa]], [[Austrian Airlines]], [[United]], [[Turkish Airlines]] (with Star Alliance livery), [[Thai Airways International]], [[Singapore Airlines]], and [[Air China]] use Terminal 3-E as part of the ''Move Under One Roof'' program to co-locate alliance members.

Terminal 3 was designed by a consortium of [[NACO]] (Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V), UK Architect [[Foster and Partners]] and [[ARUP]]. Lighting was designed by UK lighting architects [[Speirs and Major Associates]]. The budget of the expansion is US$3.5 billion. Far grander in size and scale than the preexisting terminals, Terminal 3 was the largest airport terminal-building complex in the world to be built in a single phase with {{convert|1200000|m2|abbr=on}} in total floor area at its opening.<ref name="bcia"/> It features a main passenger terminal (Terminal 3C), two satellite concourses (Terminal 3D and Terminal 3E) and five floors above ground and two underground, with the letters "A and B" omitted to avoid confusions with the existing Terminals 1 and 2. Terminal 3C is dedicated for domestic flights, Terminal 3E for international flights, and Terminal 3D, called the "Olympics Hall", was used for charter flights during the Beijing Olympics, and will be used by international flights in the future.

Terminal 3 is larger than [[London Heathrow Airport]]'s 5 terminals combined with another 17% to spare.

Terminal 3 of the BCIA is currently [[List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world#Largest_floor_space|the second largest airport passenger terminal building of the world]]. Its title as the world's largest was surrendered on October 14, 2008 to [[Dubai International Airport]]'s Terminal 3 which has {{convert|1980000|m2|abbr=on}} of floor space.

====System, security and luggage====

Terminal 3 has a {{convert|300000|m2|abbr=on}} transportation centre with 7,000 car-parking space. The transportation centre has designated traffic lanes for airport buses, taxis and private vehicles. Travelers bound for T3 can exit their vehicles and enter T3 via an aisle within five minutes. The transportation centre also has a light-rail station for the [[Airport Express, Beijing Subway|Airport Express Line]] of the [[Beijing Subway]].

Terminal 3 has 243 elevators, escalators or moving walkways. Each row of seats in the waiting area has electrical outlets. Every restroom has a diaper changing station. There is also a room for
travelers with disabilities.

One of Terminal 3's highlights is the US$240 million luggage-transfer system. The luggage system is equipped with yellow carts, each of which has a code, matching the bar code on every piece of luggage loaded on it, allowing easy and accurate tracking. More than 200 cameras are used to monitor activities in the luggage area.

The luggage system can handle 19,200 pieces of luggage per hour. After luggage is checked in at any one of the 292 counters at Terminal 3C, they can be transferred at a speed of ten metres per second. Even for international routes, luggage can travel from T3C to T3E in five minutes. Arriving passengers should be able to begin retrieving their luggage within 4.5 minutes after airplanes are unloaded.

Along with X-ray scanners, additional equipment conducts checks such as for explosives. Passengers will be able to check in their luggage at the airport several hours or even a day before their flight. The airport will store them in its luggage system and then load them on the correct aircraft.

====Appearance====

A {{convert|98.3|m|abbr=on}} monitoring tower stands at the southern end of T3, the highest building at the airport. The roof of T3 is red, the Chinese color for good luck. The terminal’s ceilings use white strips for decoration and to indicate directions. Under the white strips, the basic color of the ceiling is orange with light to dark tones indicating where a passenger is inside the building. It is light orange in the center and deepens as it extends to the sides in T3E and is the other way around in T3C.

The roof of T3 has dozens of windows to let in daylight. Light angles can be adjusted to ensure adequate interior lighting. However, interior lighting in itself is sufficient for comfortable reading. Many traditional Chinese elements will be employed in the terminal’s interior decoration, including a “Menhai,” a big copper vat used to store water for fighting fires in the Forbidden City, and the carvings imitating the famous [[Nine-Dragon Wall]].

An indoor garden is constructed in the T3E waiting area, in the style of imperial gardens such as the Summer Palace. In T3C, a tunnel landscape of an underground garden has been finished with plants on each side so that passengers can appreciate them inside the mini-train.

====Facilities====

The T3 food-service area is called a “global kitchen,” where 72 stores provide food ranging from formal dishes to fast food, from Chinese to western, from bakery goods to ice cream. Airport officials have promised that people who buy products at the airport will see the same prices as in Central Beijing.

In addition to food and beverage businesses, there is a {{convert|16200|m2|abbr=on}} domestic retail area, a {{convert|12600|m2|abbr=on}} duty-free-store area and a nearly {{convert|7200|m2|abbr=on}} convenience-service area, which includes banks, business centres, Internet services and more. At {{convert|45200|m2|abbr=on}}, the commercial area is twice the size of Beijing’s Lufthansa Shopping Centres.

It provides 72 aerobridges or jetways, further complemented with remote parking bays which bring the total of gates to 150 for the terminal alone. Terminal 3 also comes with an additional [[runway]]. It increases BCIA's total capacity by 72 million passengers per year to a total of approximately 90 million.<ref name="capacity">[http://en.bcia.com.cn/ecoinverstor/faq_1.shtml Beijing Airport Operational Capacity]</ref>

====Airbus A380====
The terminal has gates and a nearby runway that can handle the [[Airbus A380]], which were proven when [[Singapore Airlines]] briefly offered A380 flights to Beijing in August 2008 during the Summer Olympics. Emirates airline has started its scheduled daily operation to Dubai as of 1 August 2010. [[Lufthansa]] uses these facilities since October 2010 to handle up to five A380 connections per week. China Southern Airlines operates their A380 between Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou and Beijing-Hong Kong. Several other airlines in the near future will operate the A380 out of this terminal, including [[Malaysia Airlines]] and [[British Airways]].
[[File:A380 in Beijing.JPG|thumb|A380 parking at Beijing Airport]]

===Inter-terminal transportation===

====Within Terminal 3====
Terminal 3 consists of two parts, Terminal 3C and 3E. Both domestic and international travelers check in at T3C. However, the gates for domestic flights are in T3C, while the gates for international flights are in T3E. The two-kilometer trip between the two buildings is shortened to two minutes by an automated [[people mover]].

====Between Terminal 3 and 1/2====
The airport provides free inter-terminal shuttles between T3 and Terminals 1 and 2. The buses set out every ten minutes from 6 am to 11 pm, and every 30 minutes from 11pm till 6am.

==Airlines and destinations==
The airport has three terminals. Terminal 1 is currently housing the domestic routes of [[Hainan Airlines]] and its subsidiaries (while its international routes; Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau flights operate from Terminal 2). Terminal 2 serves [[China Southern Airlines]], [[China Eastern Airlines]], [[SkyTeam]] members and other domestic and international flights. Terminal 3, the newest terminal at Beijing Airport, serves [[Air China]], [[Star Alliance]] and [[Oneworld]] members, and some other domestic and international flights which do not operate from Terminals 1 and 2.

===Passenger===
{{Airport destination list
| 3rdcoltitle = Terminal/ Concourse

|[[Aeroflot]]|[[Moscow-Sheremetyevo]]|2

|[[Aeroflot]] {{nowrap|operated by [[Vladivostok Air]]}}|[[Khabarovsk Novy Airport|Khabarovsk]], [[Vladivostok International Airport|Vladivostok]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Summer timetable Vladivostok Air|url=http://www.vladivostokavia.ru/en/passengers/news/2012-03-26-01358/|publisher=Vladivostok Air|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref> |2

|[[Aerosvit Airlines]]|[[Kiev-Boryspil]]|2

|[[AirAsia X]]|[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]]|2

|[[Air Algérie]]|[[Houari Boumediene Airport|Algiers]]|2

|[[Air Astana]]|[[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]], [[Astana International Airport|Astana]]|2

|[[Air Canada]]|[[Toronto-Pearson]], [[Vancouver International Airport|Vancouver]]|3E

|[[Air China]]|[[Baotou Erliban Airport|Baotou]], [[Bayannur Airport|Bayannur]], [[Beihai Fucheng Airport|Beihai]], [[Changchun Longjia International Airport|Changchun]], [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Changzhou Benniu Airport|Changzhou]], [[Chaoyang Airport|Chaoyang]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]], [[Chifeng Yulong Airport|Chifeng]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]], [[Dandong Langtou Airport|Dandong]], [[Daqing Sartu Airport|Daqing]], [[Datong Beijiazao Airport|Datong]], [[Dazhou Heshi Airport|Dazhou]], [[Fuyang Xiguan Airport|Fuyang]], [[Fuzhou Changle International Airport|Fuzhou]], [[Ganzhou Huangjin Airport|Ganzhou]], [[Guangyuan Panlong Airport|Guangyuan]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Guilin Liangjiang International Airport|Guilin]], [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]], [[Haikou Meilan International Airport|Haikou]], [[Hailar Dongshan Airport|Hailar]], [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Harbin Taiping International Airport|Harbin]], [[Hefei Luogang International Airport|Hefei]], [[Hohhot Baita International Airport|Hohhot]], [[Hotan Airport|Hotan]], [[Huangshan Tunxi International Airport|Huangshan]], [[Jiamusi Dongjiao Airport|Jiamusi]], [[Jieyang Chaoshan Airport|Jieyang]], [[Jingdezhen Luojia Airport|Jingdezhen]], [[Jinggangshan Airport|Jinggangshan]], [[Kashgar Airport|Kashgar]], [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport|Lanzhou]], [[Lhasa Gonggar Airport|Lhasa]], [[Lianyungang Baitabu Airport|Lianyungang]], [[Liuzhou Bailian Airport|Liuzhou]], [[Mianyang Nanjiao Airport|Mianyang]], [[Nanchang Changbei International Airport|Nanchang]], [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Nanjing]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]], [[Nantong Xingdong Airport|Nantong]], [[Ningbo Lishe International Airport|Ningbo]], [[Ordos Ejin Horo Airport|Ordos]], [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport|Qingdao]], [[Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport|Qiqihar]], [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport|Sanya]], [[shanghai Hongqiao International Airport|Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai-Pudong]], [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport|Shenyang]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]], [[Taiyuan Wusu International Airport|Taiyuan]], [[Taizhou Luqiao Airport|Taizhou]], [[Tongliao Airport|Tongliao]], [[Ulanhot Airport|Ulanhot]], [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi]], [[Weihai Dashuibo Airport|Weihai]], [[Wenzhou Yongqiang International Airport|Wenzhou]], [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]], [[Sunan Shuofang International Airport|Wuxi]], [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xiangyang Liuji Airport|Xiangyang]], [[Xilinhot Airport|Xilinhot]], [[Xining Caojiabu Airport|Xining]], [[Xuzhou Guanyin Airport|Xuzhou]], [[Yancheng Nanyang Airport|Yancheng]], [[Yangzhou Taizhou Airport|Yangzhou/Taizhou]], [[Yanji Chaoyangchuan Airport|Yanji]], [[Yantai Laishan International Airport|Yantai]], [[Yibin Caiba Airport|Yibin]], [[Yichang Sanxia Airport|Yichang]], [[Yinchuan Hedong Airport|Yinchuan]], [[Yiwu Airport|Yiwu]], [[Yuncheng Guangong Airport|Yuncheng]], [[Zhangjiajie Hehua Airport|Zhangjiajie]], [[Zhanjiang Airport|Zhanjiang]], [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]], [[Zhuhai Sanzao Airport|Zhuhai]], [[Zunyi Xinzhou Airport|Zunyi]] '''Seasonal''': [[Dunhuang Airport|Dunhuang]] |3C

|Air China|[[Athens International Airport|Athens]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi]], [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]], [[Düsseldorf International Airport|Düsseldorf]], [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Fukuoka Airport|Fukuoka]], [[Hiroshima Airport|Hiroshima]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]], [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston-Intercontinental]] (begins {{date|2013-07-02}}),{{fact|date=December 2012}} [[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport|Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta]], [[London-Gatwick]], [[London-Heathrow]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]], [[Madrid-Barajas Airport|Madrid]], [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]], [[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]], [[Malpensa Airport|Milan-Malpensa]], [[Moscow-Sheremetyevo]], [[Munich Airport|Munich]], [[Naha Airport|Naha]] [resumes 31 March 2013],{{fact|date=December 2012}} [[Chubu International Airport|Nagoya-Centrair]], [[New York-JFK]], [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka-Kansai]], [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle]], [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]], [[Sunan International Airport|Pyongyang]], [[Rome-Fiumicino]], [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]], [[São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo-Guarulhos]], [[New Chitose Airport|Sapporo-Chitose]], [[Sendai Airport|Sendai]], [[Seoul-Gimpo]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]], [[Stockholm-Arlanda]], [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]], [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei-Taoyuan]], [[Tokyo-Haneda]], [[Tokyo-Narita]], [[Chinggis Khaan International Airport|Ulaanbaatar]], [[Vancouver International Airport|Vancouver]], [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]]|3E

|Air China operated by [[Dalian Airlines]]|[[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]]|3C

|[[Air France]]|[[Paris-Charles de Gaulle]]|2

|[[Air Koryo]]|[[Sunan International Airport|Pyongyang]]|2

|[[Air Macau]]|[[Macau International Airport|Macau]]|3E

|[[Alitalia]]|[[Rome-Fiumicino]]|2

|[[All Nippon Airways]]|[[Tokyo-Haneda]], [[Tokyo-Narita]]|3E

|All Nippon Airways operated by [[Air Nippon]]|[[Kansai International Airport|Osaka-Kansai]]|3E

|[[American Airlines]]|[[Chicago-O'Hare]]|3E

|[[Asiana Airlines]]|[[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[Cheongju Airport|Cheongju]], [[Muan International Airport|Muan]], [[Seoul-Gimpo]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]]|3E

|[[Austrian Airlines]] operated by [[Tyrolean Airways]]|[[Vienna International Airport|Vienna]]|3E

|[[Beijing Capital Airlines]]|[[Arxan Airport|Arxan]], [[Baotou Erliban Airport|Baotou]], [[Erenhot Saiwusu International Airport|Erenhot]], [[Hohhot Baita International Airport|Hohhot]], [[Jixi Xingkaihu Airport|Jixi]], [[Lijiang Sanyi Airport|Lijiang]], [[Ordos Ejin Horo Airport|Ordos]]|1

|[[British Airways]]|[[London-Heathrow]]|3E

|[[Cathay Pacific]]|[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|3E

|[[Cebu Pacific]]|[[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]]|2

|[[China Airlines]]|[[Kaohsiung International Airport|Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei-Taoyuan]]|3E

|[[China Eastern Airlines]]|[[Changchun Longjia International Airport|Changchun]], [[Dali Airport|Dali]], [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]], [[Dehong Mangshi Airport|Dehong/Mangshi]], [[Enshi Xujiaping Airport|Enshi]], [[Fukuoka Airport|Fukuoka]], [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Harbin Taiping International Airport|Harbin]], [[Hefei Luogang International Airport|Hefei]], [[Huai'an Lianshui Airport|Huai'an]], [[Huangshan Tunxi International Airport|Huangshan]], [[Jiayuguan Airport|Jiayuguan]], [[Jining Qufu Airport|Jining]], [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport|Lanzhou]], [[Lianyungang Baitabu Airport|Lianyungang]], [[Lijiang Sanyi Airport|Lijiang]], [[Linyi Shubuling Airport|Linyi]], [[Luoyang Beijiao Airport|Luoyang]], [[Luzhou Lantian Airport|Luzhou]], [[Chubu International Airport|Nagoya-Centrair]], [[Nanchang Changbei International Airport|Nanchang]], [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Nanjing]], [[Ningbo Lishe International Airport|Ningbo]], [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka-Kansai]], [[Pu'er Simao Airport|Pu'er]], [[Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport|Qianjiang]], [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport|Qingdao]], [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport|Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai-Pudong]], [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]], [[Taiyuan Wusu International Airport|Taiyuan]], [[Tengchong Tuofeng Airport|Tengchong]], [[Tokyo-Narita]], [[Wenzhou Yongqiang International Airport|Wenzhou]], [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]], [[Sunan Shuofang International Airport|Wuxi]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xining Caojiabu Airport|Xining]], [[Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport|Xishuangbanna/Jinghong]], [[Yantai Laishan International Airport|Yantai]], [[Yinchuan Hedong Airport|Yinchuan]], [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]] '''Seasonal''': [[Da Nang Airport|Da Nang]], [[Saipan International Airport|Saipan]],<ref>http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=123284&cat=1</ref> [[Siem Reap International Airport|Siem Reap]]|2

|[[China Southern Airlines]]|[[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Anshan Teng'ao Airport|Anshan]], [[Beihai Fucheng Airport|Beihai]], [[Changbaishan Airport|Changbaishan]], [[Changchun Longjia International Airport|Changchun]], [[Changde Taohuayuan Airport|Changde]], [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Changzhi Wangcun Airport|Changzhi]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]], [[Daqing Sartu Airport|Daqing]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]], [[Ganzhou Huangjin Airport|Ganzhou]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Guilin Liangjiang International Airport|Guilin]], [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]], [[Haikou Meilan International Airport|Haikou]], [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Harbin Taiping International Airport|Harbin]], [[Heihe Airport|Heihe]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]], [[Zhijiang Airport|Huaihua]], [[Jieyang Chaoshan Airport|Jieyang]], [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lhasa Gonggar Airport|Lhasa]], [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]], [[Mohe Gulian Airport|Mohe County]], [[Nanchong Gaoping Airport|Nanchong]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]], [[Nanyang Jiangying Airport|Nanyang]], [[Ningbo Lishe International Airport|Ningbo]], [[Phnom Penh International Airport|Phnom Penh]], [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport|Sanya]], [[Seoul-Gimpo]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]], [[Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]], [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport|Shenyang]], [[Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]], [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Tehran-Imam Khomeini]], [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi]], [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]], [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xining Caojiabu Airport|Xining]], [[Yanji Chaoyangchuan Airport|Yanji]], [[Yichun Lindu Airport|Yichun]], [[Yinchuan Hedong Airport|Yinchuan]], [[Yiwu Airport|Yiwu]], [[Yongzhou Lingling Airport|Yongzhou]], [[Zhangjiajie Hehua Airport|Zhangjiajie]], [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]], [[Zhuhai Sanzao Airport|Zhuhai]], [[Zunyi Xinzhou Airport|Zunyi]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Laoag International Airport|Laoag]]<ref>http://www.caap.gov.ph/Downloads/adms.pdf</ref> |2

|[[Chongqing Airlines]]|[[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dêqên Shangri-La Airport|Dêqên/Shangri-La]]|2

|[[Delta Air Lines]]|[[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport|Detroit]], [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]], [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo-Narita]]|2

|[[Dragonair]]|[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|3E

|[[EgyptAir]]|[[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]]|3E

|[[El Al]]|[[Ben Gurion International Airport|Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion]]|3E

|[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]|[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]]|3E

|[[Ethiopian Airlines]]|[[Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]]|2{{Ref|1|1}}

|[[Etihad Airways]]|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Chubu International Airport|Nagoya-Centrair]]|3E

|[[EVA Air]]|[[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei-Taoyuan]]|3E

|[[Finnair]]|[[Helsinki Airport|Helsinki]]|3E

|[[Garuda Indonesia]]|[[Soekarno-Hatta International Airport|Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta]]|2

|[[Grand China Air]]|[[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]], [[Guilin Liangjiang International Airport|Guilin]], [[Harbin Taiping International Airport|Harbin]], [[Nanchang Changbei International Airport|Nanchang]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]]|1

|[[Hainan Airlines]]|[[Baotou Erliban Airport|Baotou]], [[Changchun Longjia International Airport|Changchun]], [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Changzhi Wangcun Airport|Changzhi]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dongying Shengli Airport|Dongying]], [[Fuzhou Changle International Airport|Fuzhou]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]], [[Haikou Meilan International Airport|Haikou]], [[Hailar Dongshan Airport|Hailar]], [[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Hefei Luogang International Airport|Hefei]], [[Hohhot Baita International Airport|Hohhot]], [[Jiamusi Dongjiao Airport|Jiamusi]], [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport|Lanzhou]], [[Manzhouli Xijiao Airport|Manzhouli]], [[Mudanjiang Hailang Airport|Mudanjiang]], [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Nanjing]], [[Ningbo Lishe International Airport|Ningbo]], [[Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport|Qiqihar]], [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport|Sanya]], [[Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]], [[Taiyuan Wusu International Airport|Taiyuan]], [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Ürümqi]], [[Wenzhou Yongqiang International Airport|Wenzhou]], [[Wuhai Airport|Wuhai]], [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]], [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Yichang Sanxia Airport|Yichang]], [[Yinchuan Hedong Airport|Yinchuan]]|1

|Hainan Airlines|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]], [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi]], [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport|Berlin-Brandenburg]] [begins 27 October 2013], [[Berlin Tegel Airport|Berlin-Tegel]] [ends 26 October 2013], [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]], [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[International Airport Irkutsk|Irkutsk]], [[Quatro de Fevereiro Airport|Luanda]], [[Male Airport|Malé]], [[Moscow-Sheremetyevo]], [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]], [[Pulkovo Airport|St. Petersburg]], [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport|Seattle/Tacoma]], [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei-Taoyuan]], [[Toronto-Pearson]], [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]|2

|[[Hong Kong Airlines]]|[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|2

|[[Hong Kong Express Airways]]|[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|2

|[[Iran Air]]|[[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Tehran-Imam Khomeini]]|2

|[[Japan Airlines]]|[[Tokyo-Haneda]], [[Tokyo-Narita]]|3E

|[[Jetstar Airways]]|[[Melbourne Airport|Melbourne]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]|2

|[[Juneyao Airlines]]|[[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport|Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai-Pudong]]|3C

|[[KLM]]|[[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]|2

|[[Korean Air]]|[[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[Jeju International Airport|Jeju]], [[Seoul-Gimpo]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]]|2

|[[LOT Polish Airlines]]|[[Warsaw Chopin Airport|Warsaw-Chopin]]| 3E

|[[Lucky Air]]|[[Dehong Mangshi Airport|Dehong/Mangshi]]|1

|[[Lufthansa]]|[[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Munich Airport|Munich]]|3E

|[[Malaysia Airlines]]|[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]]|2

|[[Mega Maldives]]|[[Ibrahim Nasir International Airport|Malé]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2011-06/22/c_13944129.htm |title=美佳环球航空开通上海、北京至马尔代夫直航航班_新华网上海频道_新闻 |publisher=Sh.xinhuanet.com |date=2011-06-22 |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>|2

|[[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]]|[[Chinggis Khaan International Airport|Ulaanbaatar]]|3E

|[[NordStar Airlines]]|[[Emelyanovo Airport|Krasnoyarsk]]|2

|{{nowrap|[[Pakistan International Airlines]]}}|[[Benazir Bhutto International Airport|Islamabad]], [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi]], [[Allama Iqbal International Airport|Lahore]], [[Tokyo-Narita]]|2

|[[Philippine Airlines]]|[[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]]|2

|[[Qatar Airways]]|[[Doha International Airport|Doha]]|3E

|[[S7 Airlines]]|[[International Airport Irkutsk|Irkutsk]], [[Khabarovsk Novy Airport|Khabarovsk]], [[Yemelyanovo Airport|Krasnoyarsk]], [[Tolmachevo Airport|Novosibirsk]], [[Omsk Tsentralny Airport|Omsk]], [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Airport|Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]], [[Vladivostok International Airport|Vladivostok]], [[Yakutsk Airport|Yakutsk]], [[Koltsovo Airport|Yekaterinburg]]|3E

|[[S7 Airlines]] operated by [[Globus (airline)|Globus]]|[[Ulan-Ude Airport|Ulan-Ude]]|3E

|[[Scandinavian Airlines]]|[[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]]|3E

|[[Shandong Airlines]]|[[Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport|Jinan]], [[Jiujiang Lushan Airport|Jiujiang]], [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport|Qingdao]], [[Weihai Dashuibo Airport|Weihai]], [[Wuyishan Airport|Wuyishan]], [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]], [[Yantai Laishan International Airport|Yantai]], [[Yinchuan Hedong Airport|Yinchuan]]|3C

|[[Shanghai Airlines]]|[[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Shanghai-Hongqiao]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]]|2

|[[Shenzhen Airlines]]|[[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]], [[Sunan Shuofang International Airport|Wuxi]]|3C

|[[Sichuan Airlines]]|[[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Kunming]], [[Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport|Wanzhou]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xichang Qingshan Airport|Xichang]], [[Zhongwei Xiangshan Airport|Zhongwei]]|3C

|[[Singapore Airlines]]|[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]|3E

|[[South African Airways]]|[[OR Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg]]|3E

|[[Spring Airlines]]|[[Shanghai-Hongqiao]]|1

|[[SriLankan Airlines]]|[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi]], [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo]]|2

|[[Swiss International Air Lines]]|[[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]|3E

|[[TAAG Angola Airlines]]|[[Quatro de Fevereiro Airport|Luanda]]|2

|[[Thai Airways International]]|[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi]]|3E

|[[Tianjin Airlines]]|[[Anqing Tianzhushan Airport|Anqing]], [[Hailar Dongshan Airport|Hailar]], [[Weifang Airport|Weifang]], [[Yan'an Ershilipu Airport|Yan'an]], [[Yulin Yuyang Airport|Yulin]]|1

|[[Tonlesap Airlines]]|[[Siem Reap International Airport|Siem Reap]]<ref>http://tonlesapairlines.com/news9.html</ref>|2

|[[Transaero Airlines]]|[[Moscow-Domodedovo]], [[Pulkovo Airport|St. Petersburg]]|3E

|[[Turkmenistan Airlines]]|[[Ashgabat Airport|Ashgabat]]|2

|[[Turkish Airlines]]|[[Istanbul-Atatürk]]|3E

|[[United Airlines]]|[[Chicago-O'Hare]], [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]], [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]], [[Washington-Dulles]]|3E

|[[Ural Airlines]]|[[Koltsovo Airport|Yekaterinburg]]|3E

|[[Uzbekistan Airways]]|[[Tashkent International Airport|Tashkent]]|2

|[[Vietnam Airlines]]|[[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]]|2

|[[Xiamen Airlines]]|[[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Fuzhou Changle International Airport|Fuzhou]], [[Longyan Guanzhishan Airport|Longyan]], [[Quanzhou Jinjiang Airport|Quanzhou]], [[Wuyishan Airport|Wuyishan]], [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]], [[Zhoushan Putuoshan Airport|Zhoushan]]|2
|[[Yakutia Airlines]]|[[Yakutsk Airport|Yakutsk]] [begins {{date|2012-12-29}}]<ref>{{cite news|title=НОВЫЙ РЕГУЛЯРНЫЙ РЕЙС ЯКУТСК - ПЕКИН АВИАКОМПАНИИ "ЯКУТИЯ"|url=http://www.aviaport.ru/digest/2012/12/12/245421.html|accessdate=12 December 2012|newspaper=ООО «АвиаПорт»|date=12 December 2012}}</ref>|TBA
}}
'''Notes''':
*{{Ref|1|1}}: [[Ethiopian Airlines]] will be moving to Terminal 3E on 1 January 2013.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ethiopianairlines.com/en/news/prarchive.aspx?id=396|title=Ethiopian to Move to New and State-of-the Art Terminal 3 at Beijing Airport|publisher=[[Ethiopian Airlines]]|date=13 December 2012|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Air routes from PEK.PNG|1000px|thumb|center|Cities with a direct international airlink to Beijing Capital International Airport]]

===Cargo===
{{Airport destination list

|[[Aeroflot-Cargo]]|[[Moscow-Sheremetyevo]], [[Tolmachevo Airport|Novosibirsk]]

|[[AirBridgeCargo Airlines]]|[[Moscow-Domodedovo]], [[Moscow-Sheremetyevo]], [[Pulkovo Airport|St. Petersburg]]

|[[Air China Cargo]]|[[Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport|Anchorage]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago-O'Hare]], [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]], [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]], [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Malpensa Airport|Milan-Malpensa]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]], [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York-JFK]], [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle]], [[Portland International Airport|Portland (OR)]], [[Shanghai-Pudong]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]], [[Vienna International Airport|Vienna]]

|[[Air Hong Kong]]|[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hongkongairport.com/flightinfo/eng/cargo_dep.html |title=Hong Kong International Airport - Real Time Flight Information - Cargo Departure |publisher=Hongkongairport.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>

|[[Air Koryo]]|[[Sunan International Airport|Pyongyang]]

|[[Cargolux]]|[[Luxembourg – Findel Airport|Luxembourg]]

|[[Cathay Pacific Cargo]]|[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]

|[[China Southern Airlines]]|[[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]]

|[[Etihad Crystal Cargo]]|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]

|[[FedEx Express]]|[[Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport|Hangzhou]], [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Nanjing]], [[Shanghai-Pudong]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]]

|[[Korean Air Cargo]]|[[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]]

|[[MASkargo]]|[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]]

|[[SAS Cargo Group]]|[[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]], [[Shanghai-Pudong]], [[Stockholm-Arlanda]]

|[[Singapore Airlines Cargo]]|[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]

|[[Volga-Dnepr]]|[[Yemelyanovo Airport|Krasnoyarsk]]
}}

==Ground transportation==
[[File:Beijing Subway Airport Express 01.jpg|thumb|[[Airport Express, Beijing Subway|Beijing Subway Airport Express Line]] ]]
[[File:Beijing Airport Express.jpg|thumb|Aboard the Airport Express train]]

===Rail===
{{Main|Airport Line, Beijing Subway}}
Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the [[Airport Line, Beijing Subway|Airport Express Line]] of the [[Beijing Subway]]. The {{convert|28.1|km|abbr=on}} line runs from Terminal 3 to Terminal 2 and then to the city with stops at [[Sanyuanqiao Station|Sanyuanqiao]] and [[Dongzhimen Station|Dongzhimen]]. The line opened on July 19, 2008, in time for the [[2008 Olympics]]. A one-way trip takes approximately 16–20 minutes and costs Y25.

===Bus===
{{Main|Beijing Airport Shuttle Bus}}
The airport offers bus service to and from points throughout the city including [[Xidan]], [[Beijing Railway Station]], [[Beijing South Railway Station|Beijing South Station]], [[Beijing West Railway Station|Beijing West Station]], [[Zhongguancun]], [[Fangzhuang]] and Shangdi on eleven airport bus routes. The airport buses run to each of the three terminals and cost Y16 per ride. The airport buses accept only paper tickets that are sold at each terminal and certain bus stops in the city. For route map and schedules, see <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.bcia.com.cn/traffic/airbus/index.shtml |title=Airport Shuttle - Beijing Capital International Airport |publisher=bcia.com.cn |date= |accessdate=2012-08-01}}</ref> or.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/beijing/transportation/airport-shuttle.htm |title=Beijing Capital Airport Shuttle Bus |publisher=travelchinaguide.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-01}}</ref> The airport also offers bus service to and from neighboring cities including [[Tianjin]], [[Qinhuangdao]], [[Baoding]], [[Langfang]] and [[Tangshan]].

===Taxi===
Taxi service from the airport to Beijing is available.

===Car===
[[File:Airport Expwy TollGate.jpg|thumb|Toll plaza at Xiaotianzhu on the [[Airport Expressway (Beijing)|Airport Expressway]], which goes to Terminals 1 and 2.]]
[[File:VM Beijing Airport - Terminal 3 station and parking lot entrance 4352.jpg|thumb|Toll plaza on the [[2nd Airport Expressway]] and entrance to parking garage at Terminal 3.]]

The airport is accessible by four express tollways. Two of these run directly from northeastern Beijing to the airport. The other two connect to the airport from nearby highways.
.
*The [[Airport Expressway (Beijing)|Airport Expressway]] is a 20 km toll road that runs from the northeastern [[3rd Ring Road]] at [[Sanyuanqiao]] directly to Terminals 1 and 2. It was built in the 1990s and has served as the primary road connection to the city.

*The [[2nd Airport Expressway]], opened in 2008, is a 15.6 km toll road that runs east from Yaojiayuan Lu at the eastern [[5th Ring Road]] and then north to Terminal 3.

*The [[Northern Airport Line]], opened in 2006, is an 11.3 km toll road that runs east from the [[Jingcheng Expressway]] to Terminals 1 and 2.

*The Southern Airport Line, opened in 2008, is a toll road that runs parallel and to the south of the Northern Airport Line from the Jingcheng Expressway to the eastern [[Sixth Ring Road]] at the Litian Bridge. This highway crosses the Airport Expressway and 2nd Airport Expressway, and enables drivers on the former to reach Terminal 3 and the latter to head to Terminals 1 and 2.

In addition to the expressways, there is a tree-lined, two-lane road that runs just south of the Airport Expressway. This Old Airport Road was the primary access route to the airport prior to the expressway's opening and remains the only untolled road to the airport.

====Parking====
The airport's parking garage offers 24-hour parking service.

==Accolades==
[[File:Air China A340 B-2388.jpg|thumb|Air China A340 taking off from Capital Airport]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" width= align=
|+ Rankings
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
!Traffic||Rank||Year
|-
|[[List of airports by passenger traffic]]||2||2010
|-
|[[List of airports by traffic movements]]||8||2010
|-
|[[List of airports by cargo traffic]]||16||2010
|}

* 2009 - 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by ''[[Condé Nast Traveler]]'' magazine, based on its satisfaction survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etravelblackboard.us/showarticle.asp?id=91710|title=Conde Nast names Beijing as best airport of 2009}}</ref>

* 2011 - 3rd ''Best Airport Worldwide'' of the Airport Service Quality Awards by [[Airports Council International]].<ref>[http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/visit/worlds-best-airports-773549 "World's best airports announced -- Asia dominates"] ''CNN Go''. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-12</ref>

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:400px; margin:auto;"
|+ Traffic by calendar year
|-
! style="width:75px"| !! style="width:100px"| Passengers !! style="width:75px"| Change from previous year !! style="width:125px"| Movements !! style="width:100px"| Cargo (tons)
|-
!2007<ref name="2008年全国机场吞吐量排名">{{cite web |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/I1/K3/200903/P020090316404943831137.xls|title=2008年全国机场吞吐量排名|accessdate=2011-03-29 |date=2009-03-12 |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China}}</ref>
|53,611,747 || || 399,209 || 1,416,211.3
|-
!2008<ref name="2008年全国机场吞吐量排名"/>
|55,938,136 || {{increase}}{{0}}4.3% || 429,646 || 1,367,710.3
|-
!2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/I1/K3/201002/P020100205397375196564.xls|title=2009年全国机场吞吐量排名|accessdate=2011-03-29 |date=2010-02-05 |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China}}</ref>
|65,375,095 || {{increase}}{{0}}16.9%|| 487,918 || 1,475,656.8
|-
!2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/I1/K3/201103/P020110315385388029023.xls|title=2010年全国机场吞吐量排名|accessdate=2011-03-29 |date=2011-03-15 |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China}}</ref>
|73,948,114 || {{increase}}{{0}}13.1% || 517,585 || 1,551,471.6
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:right;"| ''Source: Civil Aviation Administration of China''
|}

==Other facilities==
[[Beijing Capital Airlines]] has its headquarters in the Capital Airlines Building (首都航空大厦 ''Shǒudū Hángkōng Dàshà'') at the airport.<ref>"[http://www.capitalairlines.com.cn/frontend/information/contractus.jsp 联系方式]." Beijing Capital Airlines. Retrieved on August 26, 2012. "北京首都国际机场货运北路3号首都航空大厦"</ref><ref>"[http://www.capitalairlines.com.cn/frontend/youjidizhi.doc youjidizhi.doc]." ([http://www.webcitation.org/6ACi8Xp1G Archive]) Beijing Capital Airlines. Retrieved on August 26, 2012. "Address：Capital Airlines Building，No 3，North Cargo Road ,Beijing Capital International Airport"</ref>

==Sister airports==
*[[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago O'Hare]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohare.com/PDF/News/1104932135452%5B1%5D.html |title=CDA and the Beijing Capital International Airport Company establish "Sister Airport" Agreement |publisher=Ohare.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>
*[[Hong Kong International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/media/press-releases/pr_1010.html |title=Media Center - Press Release - Hong Kong and Beijing Airports Become "Sister Airports" - Hong Kong International Airport |publisher=Hongkongairport.com |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcarn.com/cache/news/16/16908.html |title=Beijing Capital Airport Signs Sister Airports Agreement with Los Angeles |publisher=Wcarn.com |date=2011-12-07 |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>
*[[Manchester Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchesterconfidential.co.uk/Property/Manchester-Airport-Links-Up-With-Beijing |title=Manchester Airport Links Up With Beijing | Property & Business |publisher=Manchester Confidential |date=2011-08-31 |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>
*[[Munich Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pata.org/news/munich-adds-beijing-to-list-of-sister-airports1 |title=Munich Adds Beijing to List of Sister Airports - News |publisher=PATA |date= |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>
*[[Suvarnabhumi Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suvarnabhumiairport.com/detail_news_134_en.php |title=Suvarnabhumi Airport |publisher=Suvarnabhumi Airport |date= |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>
*[[Sydney Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalairportreview.com/2500/airport-news/beijing-and-sydney-establish-sister-airport-relationship/ |title=Beijing and Sydney Establish Sister Airport Relationship |publisher=International Airport Review |date= |accessdate=2012-06-21}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=Around the airport
|lines=4
|align=center
|File:PEK Intl.JPG|alt1=|International (Flights to [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are included) Departure Hall Terminal 2.
|File:Beijing Capital Departure Hall.jpg|alt1=|The departure hall of Terminal 2
|File:Beijing Capital International Airport T2.jpg|alt1=|Terminal 2 International Departure Waiting Hall
|File:Beijing Capital International Airport T2 luggage.jpg|alt1=|Terminal 2 Arrival Luggage Pick Up Hall
|File:Structural shot of Beijing Airport.jpg|alt1=|Airport terminal architecture in Terminal 2 (April 2006 image)
|File:PEK T3 1.jpg|alt1=|Terminal 3 exterior
|File:Beijing capital airport terminal3.JPG|alt1=|entrance into the main hall of Terminal 3
|File:VM Beijing Airport control tower 4346.jpg|alt1=|Terminal 3 control tower
|File:VM Beijing Airport Cathay Pacific aircraft 4348.jpg|alt1=|Departure lounge in Terminal 3
|File:Terminal 3-E in Beijing Capital International Airport.JPG|alt1=|Terminal 3
|File:北京首都国際空港玄関.jpg|alt1=|Curbside of departure level at Terminal 3
|File:Terminal 3 of Capital Airport 01.JPG|alt1=|Terminal 3 of Capital Airport
|File:BJ 北京首都國際機場 Beijing Capital International Airport BCIA interior waiting room seats Aug-2010.JPG|alt1=|
|File:BJ 北京首都國際機場 Beijing Capital International Airport visitors Customer Service Counter Aug-2010 world wide clocks BCIA.JPG|alt1=|Display with clocks set to time zones around the world
|File:TurkishAir SA PEK.jpg|alt1=|Turkish Air A330-200 at PEK
|File:ShandongAir at ZBAA.JPG|alt1=|Shandong Airlines aircraft taxing outside Terminal 3
|File:Terminal 3 of Capital Airport 02.jpg|alt1=|Terminal 3
|File:VM Beijing Airport - immigration lineup 4349.jpg|alt1=|Immigration line at Terminal 3
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Beijing|Aviation}}
* [[List of airports in China]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in the People's Republic of China]]

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Beijing Capital International Airport}}
*[http://en.bcia.com.cn/ Official website]

{{Airports in China}}
{{Transport in China}}

[[Category:Airports in Beijing]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Beijing]]
[[Category:Norman Foster buildings]]
[[Category:High-tech architecture]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in China]]

[[ar:مطار بكين العاصمة الدولي]]
[[bn:বেইজিং আন্তর্জাতিক বিমানবন্দর]]
[[ca:Aeroport Internacional de Pequín]]
[[cs:Letiště Peking]]
[[da:Beijing Capital International Airport]]
[[de:Flughafen Peking]]
[[es:Aeropuerto Internacional de Pekín]]
[[eu:Beijing Capital nazioarteko aireportua]]
[[fa:فرودگاه بین‌المللی پکن]]
[[fr:Aéroport international de Pékin]]
[[ko:베이징 서우두 국제공항]]
[[hi:बेइजिंग कैपिटल अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय विमानक्षेत्र]]
[[id:Bandar Udara Internasional Ibu Kota Beijing]]
[[it:Aeroporto Internazionale di Pechino-Capital]]
[[jv:Bandar Udara Internasional Ibu Kota Beijing]]
[[ms:Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Ibu Kota Beijing]]
[[my:ပေကျင်း မြို့တော် အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လေဆိပ်]]
[[nl:Luchthaven Peking Capital]]
[[ja:北京首都国際空港]]
[[no:Beijing internasjonale lufthavn]]
[[pnb:بیجنگ ہوائی اڈہ]]
[[pl:Port lotniczy Pekin]]
[[pt:Aeroporto Internacional de Pequim]]
[[ro:Aeroportul Internațional Beijing]]
[[ru:Шоуду]]
[[sk:Medzinárodné letisko Peking]]
[[fi:Pekingin kansainvälinen lentoasema]]
[[sv:Beijing Capital International Airport]]
[[th:ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติปักกิ่ง]]
[[tr:Pekin Havaalanı]]
[[vi:Sân bay quốc tế Thủ Đô Bắc Kinh]]
[[zh-yue:北京首都國際機場]]
[[zh:北京首都国际机场]]

Schopenhauer (disambiguation)

2012-12-24T03:56:37Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding no:Schopenhauer

'''[[Arthur Schopenhauer]]''' was a German philosopher best known for his work ''The World as Will and Representation''.

'''Schopenhauer''' may also refer to:

* [[7015 Schopenhauer]], a main-belt asteroid
* [[Johanna Schopenhauer]] (1766-1838), Arthur Schopenhauer's mother
* ''[[The Schopenhauer Cure]]'', a book by [[Irvin D. Yalom]]

{{disambig}}

[[da:Schopenhauer (flertydig)]]
[[de:Schopenhauer (Begriffsklärung)]]
[[es:Schopenhauer]]
[[fr:Schopenhauer]]
[[hu:Schopenhauer (egyértelműsítő lap)]]
[[nl:Schopenhauer]]
[[no:Schopenhauer]]
[[pl:Schopenhauer]]
[[ru:Шопенгауэр (значения)]]
[[sv:Schopenhauer (olika betydelser)]]
[[tr:Schopenhauer]]

Sơn La province

2012-12-24T03:53:11Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying sr:Сон Ла (покрајина) to sr:Шон Ла (покрајина)

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Son La Province
|native_name = ''Tỉnh Sơn La''
|native_name_lang = vi
|type = [[Provinces of Vietnam|Province]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map = Son La in Vietnam.svg
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Location of Sơn La within Vietnam
|latd = 21|latm = 10|latNS = N
|longd = 104|longm = 0|longEW = E
|coordinates_type = region:VN_type:adm1st
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Vietnam|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Northwest Vietnam|Northwest]]
|seat_type = Capital
|seat = [[Son La]]
|leader_party =
|leader_title = [[Provinces of Vietnam#People's Council|People's Council]] Chair
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = [[Provinces of Vietnam#People's Committee|People's Committee]] Chair
|leader_name1 =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 14055
|area_rank =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 972,800
|population_as_of = 2004
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_rank =
|demographics_type1 = Demographics
|demographics1_title1 = [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Ethnicities]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Thai people|Thai]], [[Hmong people|H'Mông]], [[Muong|Mường]], [[Yao people|Dao]]
|population_demonym =
|population_note =
|timezone1 = ICT
|utc_offset1 = +7
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:VN|VN-05]]
|area_code_type = Calling code
|area_code = 22
|website = [http://www.sonla.gov.vn/ sonla.gov.vn]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Sơn La''' ({{Audio|Son La.ogg|listen|help=no}}) is a [[Provinces of Vietnam|province]] in [[Tây Bắc|northwestern]] [[Vietnam]]. It borders [[Laos]] to the south. The population includes Black and White Tai.

==Districts==
The province has one town ([[Sơn La]]) and ten districts:

#[[Quỳnh Nhai District|Quỳnh Nhai]]
#[[Mường La District|Mường La]]
#[[Thuận Châu District|Thuận Châu]]
#[[Phù Yên District, Sơn La|Phù Yên]]
#[[Bắc Yên District|Bắc Yên]]
#[[Mai Sơn District|Mai Sơn]]
#[[Sông Mã District|Sông Mã]]
#[[Yên Châu District|Yên Châu]]
#[[Mộc Châu District|Mộc Châu]]
#[[Sốp Cộp District|Sốp Cộp]]

== Etymology ==
The province's name derives from [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]] ([[Hán Tự]]: [[wikt:山|山]][[wikt:羅|羅]]).

==See also==
*[[Nà Sản Airport]]
*[[ Mộc Châu plateau]]

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.sonla.gov.vn}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Son La Province
|North = [[Yen Bai Province]]
|Northeast = [[Phu Tho Province]]
|East = [[Hoa Binh Province]]
|Southeast = [[Thanh Hoa Province]]
|South = [[Houaphanh Province]], {{flag|Laos}}
|Southwest = [[Luang Prabang Province]], {{flag|Laos}}
|West = [[Dien Bien Province]]
|Northwest = [[Lai Chau Province]]
}}

{{Vietnam}}
{{SonLa-geo-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Son La Province}}
[[Category:Son La Province| ]]

[[ace:Propinsi Sơn La]]
[[ar:مقاطعة سن لا]]
[[zh-min-nan:Sơn La]]
[[bg:Сон Ла (провинция)]]
[[de:Sơn La (Provinz)]]
[[es:Sơn La]]
[[fr:Province de Sơn La]]
[[ko:선라 성]]
[[id:Provinsi Son La]]
[[it:Provincia di Son La]]
[[pam:Son La Lalawigan]]
[[sw:Mkoa wa Sơn La]]
[[nl:Sơn La (provincie)]]
[[ja:ソンラ省]]
[[pnb:صوبہ سون لا]]
[[pl:Prowincja Sơn La]]
[[pt:Son La]]
[[ro:Sơn La (provincie)]]
[[ru:Шонла (провинция)]]
[[sr:Шон Ла (покрајина)]]
[[fi:Sơn La (maakunta)]]
[[sv:Son La (provins)]]
[[uk:Шонла (провінція)]]
[[vi:Sơn La]]
[[war:Son La (lalawigan)]]
[[zh:山羅省]]

Sóc Trăng province

2012-12-24T03:43:22Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying sr:Сок Транг (покрајина) to sr:Шок Чанг (покрајина)

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Soc Trang Province
|native_name = ''Tỉnh Sóc Trăng''
|native_name_lang = vi
|type = [[Provinces of Vietnam|Province]]
|image_skyline = Rural Soc Trang.JPG
|image_alt =
|image_caption = Rural Sóc Trăng
|nickname =
|image_map = Soc Trang in Vietnam.svg
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Location of Sóc Trăng within Vietnam
|latd = 9|latm = 40|latNS = N
|longd = 105|longm = 50|longEW = E
|coordinates_type = region:VN_type:adm1st
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Vietnam}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Vietnam|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Mekong Delta]]
|seat_type = Capital
|seat = [[Sóc Trăng]]
|leader_party =
|leader_title = [[Provinces of Vietnam#People's Council|People's Council]] Chair
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = [[Provinces of Vietnam#People's Committee|People's Committee]] Chair
|leader_name1 =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 3223.30
|area_rank =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 1,213,400
|population_as_of = 2004
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_rank =
|demographics_type1 = Demographics
|demographics1_title1 = [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Ethnicities]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Vietnamese people|Kinh]] (64.83%) [[Khmer Krom|Khmer]] (29.21%) [[Hoa]] (5.93%)<ref>[http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=7849 TỈNH SÓC TRĂNG] 07/05/2009, Trang tin điện tử của – Ủy ban Dân tộc</ref>
|population_demonym =
|population_note =
|timezone1 = ICT
|utc_offset1 = +7
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:VN|VN-64]]
|area_code_type = Calling code
|area_code =
|website = [http://www.soctrang.gov.vn/ Tỉnh Sóc Trăng]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sóc Trăng Province''' ({{Audio|Soc Trang.ogg|listen|help=no}}) is a [[Provinces of Vietnam|province]] in the [[Mekong Delta]] of southern [[Vietnam]], with its capital in [[Sóc Trăng]]. The province occupies an area of 3,223 km², and has a population of approximately 1,213,400.

==Etymology==
The province's original [[Khmer language|Khmer]] name was '''Srok Kh'leang''', meaning "silver depository" because it was where the Khmer king's silver treasury was located. The Vietnamese settlers corrupted it into "Sốc-Kha-Lang" and eventually "Sóc Trăng". Under the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] emperor [[Minh Mạng]], it was given the [[Sino-Vietnamese]] name Nguyệt Giang ([[wikt:月|月]][[wikt:江|江]]), a [[calque]] of "Sông Trăng" (Moon River).<ref>{{vi}}{{cite web|url=http://www.soctrang-online.net/index.php?act=view&code=post&pid=1&cid=10&id=539|title=Truyền thuyết về Địa danh Sóc Trăng|date=2008-03-28}}</ref>

==Geography==
Soc Trang province lies roughly between 9°14'N and 9°56'N latitude and between 105°34'E and 106°18'E longitude. It is bordered to the north west by [[Hậu Giang Province]] (meaning [[Hau River]] province). To the southwest it is bordered by [[Bạc Liêu Province]] (meaning "silver").{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} And to the north east it is bordered by [[Trà Vinh Province]] (meaning "honoured tea"). To the north is [[Vĩnh Long Province]] (meaning "eternal prosperity"). To the southeast is 72 km of coastline of the [[South China Sea]].

The provincial capital of Sóc Trăng province is the town which is also called [[Sóc Trăng]]. It is 231 km from [[Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City]].

The province has two large rivers: the [[Bassac River|Hậu River]] and the [[Mỹ Thanh River]].

===Districts===
The province has one city ([[Sóc Trăng]]), one district-level town ([[Vĩnh Châu]]) and nine districts:
#[[Kế Sách District|Kế Sách]]
#[[Long Phú District |Long Phú]]
#[[Cù Lao Dung District|Cù Lao Dung]]
#[[Mỹ Tú District|Mỹ Tú]]
#[[Mỹ Xuyên District|Mỹ Xuyên]]
#[[Thanh Tri District, Sóc Trăng|Thạnh Trị]]
#[[Ngã Năm District|Ngã Năm]]
#[[Châu Thành District, Sóc Trăng|Châu Thành]]
#[[Trần Đề District|Trần Đề]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.soctrang.gov.vn/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Soc Trang Province
|North = [[Vinh Long Province]]
|Northeast = [[Tra Vinh Province]]
|East =
|Southeast = ''[[South China Sea]]''
|South =
|Southwest = [[Bac Lieu Province]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Hau Giang Province]]
}}

{{Vietnam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soc Trang Province}}
[[Category:Soc Trang Province| ]]
[[Category:Mekong Delta]]

[[ace:Propinsi Sóc Trăng]]
[[ar:مقاطعة سك ترانج]]
[[zh-min-nan:Sóc Trăng]]
[[bg:Сок Чанг (провинция)]]
[[de:Sóc Trăng (Provinz)]]
[[es:Sóc Trăng]]
[[fr:Province de Sóc Trăng]]
[[ko:속짱 성]]
[[id:Provinsi Soc Trang]]
[[it:Provincia di Soc Trang]]
[[pam:Soc Trang Lalawigan]]
[[sw:Mkoa wa Sóc Trăng]]
[[nl:Sóc Trăng (provincie)]]
[[ja:ソクチャン省]]
[[pl:Prowincja Sóc Trăng]]
[[pt:Soc Trang]]
[[ro:Sóc Trăng (provincie)]]
[[ru:Шокчанг (провинция)]]
[[sr:Шок Чанг (покрајина)]]
[[fi:Sóc Trăng (maakunta)]]
[[sv:Soc Trang (provins)]]
[[uk:Шокчанг (провінція)]]
[[vi:Sóc Trăng]]
[[war:Soc Trang (lalawigan)]]
[[zh:朔莊省]]

Kardashev scale

2012-12-24T02:56:22Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding fr:Échelle de Kardashev

{{About|a measuring method|the album by Greydon Square|The Kardashev Scale (album)}}
The '''Kardashev scale''' is a method of measuring a [[civilization|civilization's]] level of [[technology|technological]] advancement, based on the amount of [[energy]] a civilization is able to utilize. The scale has three designated categories called ''Type I'', ''II'', and ''III''. A Type I civilization uses all available resources impinging on its home planet, Type II harnesses all the energy of its sun, and Type III of its galaxy. The scale is only hypothetical and in terms of an actual civilization, highly speculative; however, it puts energy consumption of an entire civilization in a [[Cosmos|cosmic]] perspective. It was first proposed in 1964 by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[astronomer]] [[Nikolai Kardashev]]. Others have extended the scale to even more hypothetical Type IV beings who can control or use the entire universe, or Type V that control collections of universes. Metrics other than pure power usage have also been proposed, such as 'mastery' of a planet, system or galaxy rather than considering energy alone,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zubrin |first=Robert |year=1999 |title=[[Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization]] |ISBN=978-1585420360}}</ref> or considering the amount of information controlled by a civilization rather than the amount of energy.

==Definition==
In 1964, Kardashev defined three levels of civilizations, based on the order of magnitude of the amount of [[power (physics)|power]] available to them:
* '''Type I''': ''"Technological level close to the level presently'' (here referring to 1964) ''attained on earth, with energy consumption at ≈4{{e|19}} [[erg]]/sec''<ref name= Kard_TransInfoCiv>{{cite journal| last = Kardashev| first =Nikolai| title=Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations| year = 1964 | journal=Soviet Astronomy | bibcode = 1964SvA.....8..217K |format=PDF| volume = 8 | page=217}}</ref> (4 × 1012 watts.) Guillermo A. Lemarchand stated this as "''A level near contemporary terrestrial civilization with an energy capability equivalent to the solar insolation on Earth, between 1016 and 10 17 watts.''"<ref name= Lemarchand>{{Cite document | url = http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm | title = Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities | first = Guillermo A | last = Lemarchand | publisher = Coseti}}.</ref>

* '''Type II''': "''A civilization capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own star'' (for example, the stage of successful construction of a [[Dyson sphere]]),'' with energy consumption at ≈4{{e|33}} erg/sec.''<ref name = Kard_TransInfoCiv /> Lemarchand stated this as "''A civilization capable of utilizing and channeling the entire radiation output of its star. The energy utilization would then be comparable to the luminosity of our [[Sun]], about 4 × 1026 watts."''<ref name=Lemarchand/>

* '''Type III''': "''A civilization in possession of energy on the scale of its own [[galaxy]], with energy consumption at ≈4{{e|44}} erg/sec.''"<ref name=Kard_TransInfoCiv/> Lemarchand stated this as "''A civilization with access to the power comparable to the luminosity of the entire [[Milky Way]] galaxy, about 4 × 1037 Watts.''"<ref name=Lemarchand/>

==Current status of human civilization==
{{Further2|[[World energy resources and consumption]]}}
[[Michio Kaku]] suggested that humans may attain Type I status in about 100–200 years, Type II status in a few thousand years, and Type III status in about 100,000 to a million years.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Kaku
| first = Michio
| authorlink = Michio Kaku
| title = The Physics of Interstellar Travel: To one day, reach the stars.
| year = 2010
| url = http://mkaku.org/home/?page_id=250
| accessdate = 2010-08-29}}</ref>

[[Carl Sagan]] suggested defining intermediate values (not considered in Kardashev's original scale) by [[interpolation|interpolating]] and [[extrapolation|extrapolating]] the values given above for types 1, 2 and 3, using the formula

:<math>K = \frac{\log_{10}{MW}} {10}</math>,

where value ''K'' is a civilization's Kardashev rating and ''MW'' is the power it uses, in [[megawatt]]s.
He calculated humanity's civilization type (in 1973) to be about 0.7, with respect to this extrapolation (apparently using 10 [[Watt#Terawatt|terawatt]] (TW) as the value for 1970s humanity).<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Sagan |coauthors= |editor= Jerome Agel|others= [[Freeman J. Dyson]], David Morrison|title= Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective |origdate= |origyear= 1973|origmonth= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=lL57o9YB0mAC&pg=PA156|accessdate= 2008-01-01|edition= |series= |date= |year= 2000|month= October|publisher= Cambridge Press |location= |language= |isbn= 0-521-78303-8|oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref>

In 2008, total [[world energy consumption]] was 474 [[joule|exajoules]] ({{val|474|e=18|u=J}}=132,000 TWh), equivalent to an average power consumption of 15 terawatts ({{val|1.504|e=13|u=W}} or 0.7 on the Kardashev scale).<ref name=EIA>{{cite web | publisher= [[Statistical Review of World Energy 2009]], [[BP]] |url= http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2009_downloads/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2009.xls#'Primary Energy – Consumption'!A1| title = Consumption by fuel, 1965–2008 | format = XLS | date = 31 July 2006 | accessdate=24 October 2009}}</ref>

The total [[Photosynthetic_efficiency#Worldwide_figures|photosynthetic productivity of earth]] is between ~1500–2250 TW, or 47,300–71,000 [[exajoule]]s per year, making nature a 0.9 Kardashev scale civilization.

==Energy development==
{{See also|Energy development}}

===Type I civilization methods===
* Large-scale application of [[fusion power]]. According to [[mass-energy equivalence]], Type I implies the conversion of about 2 kg of matter to energy per second. While there is no known method to convert matter (by itself) completely into energy, an equivalent energy release could theoretically be achieved by fusing approximately 280 kg of [[hydrogen]] into [[helium]] per second,<ref>{{cite book
| last = Souers
| first = P. C.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Hydrogen properties for fusion energy
| publisher = University of California Press
| year = 1986
| location =
| pages = 4
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=I2K6DKA1IMwC&printsec=frontcover
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 978-0-520-05500-1}}</ref> a rate roughly equivalent to 8.9×109 kg/year. A cubic km of water contains about 1011 kg of hydrogen, and the Earth's [[ocean]]s contain about [[ocean#Physical properties|1.3×109 cubic km of water]], meaning that this rate of consumption could be sustained over geological time scales.
* [[Antimatter]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discover.positron.edu.au/fact-or-fiction/solving-the-energy-crisis/|title=discover.positron.edu.au/fact-or-fiction/solving-the-energy-crisis/}}</ref> in large quantities would have a mechanism to produce power on a scale several magnitudes above our current level of technology. In antimatter-matter collisions, the entire [[rest mass]] of the particles is converted to [[kinetic energy]]. Their [[energy density]] (energy released per mass) is about four orders of magnitude greater than that from using [[nuclear fission]], and about two orders of magnitude greater than the best possible yield from [[nuclear fusion|fusion]].<ref>{{cite conference | first = Steve K. | last = Borowski| authorlink = Lewis Research Center| coauthors = | title = Comparison of Fusion/Anti-matter Propulsion Systems for Interplanetary Travel| booktitle = Technical Memorandum 107030| pages = 1–3| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] | date = 1987-07-29| location = San Diego, California, USA| url = http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/1996/TM-107030.pdf | accessdate = 2008-01-28|format=PDF}}</ref> The reaction of 1 [[kilogram|kg]] of anti-matter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8×1017 [[joule|J]] (180 petajoules) of energy.<ref>By the [[mass-energy equivalence]] formula ''E'' = ''mc''². See [[Antimatter fuel|anti-matter as a fuel source]] for the energy comparisons.</ref> Although antimatter is sometimes proposed as a source of energy, this is currently infeasible. Artificially producing antimatter according to current understanding of the laws of physics involves first converting energy into mass, so there is no net gain. Artificially created antimatter is only usable as a medium of energy storage but not as an energy source, unless future technological developments (contrary to the conservation of the [[baryon number]], such as a [[CP Violation]] in favour of antimatter) allow the conversion of ordinary matter into anti-matter. There are a number of naturally occurring sources of antimatter <ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/08/110810-antimatter-belt-earth-trapped-pamela-space-science/</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1=Adriani | author2=Barbarino | author3=Bazilevskaya | author4=Bellotti | author5=Boezio | author6=Bogomolov | author7=Bongi | author8=Bonvicini | author9=Borisov | title=The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic ray antiprotons | doi=10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L1 | year=2011 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=736 | pages=L1 | issue=29 | arxiv=1107.4882 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...736L...1H }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12158718 | work=BBC News | title=Antimatter caught streaming from thunderstorms on Earth | date=2011-01-11}}</ref> we may theoretically be able to cultivate and harvest in the future.
* [[Renewable energy]] through converting sunlight into electricity by either [[solar cell]]s and [[concentrating solar power]] or indirectly through [[wind power|wind]] and [[hydroelectric power]]. Currently, there is no known way for [[civilization|human civilization]] to successfully use the equivalent of the Earth's total absorbed solar energy without completely coating the surface with man-made structures, which is presently not feasible. However, if a civilization constructed very large [[space-based solar power]] [[satellite]]s, Type I power levels might be achievable.

[[Image:Dyson Swarm.GIF|thumb|right|150px|Figure of a Dyson swarm surrounding a star]]

===Type II civilization methods===
* A [[Dyson sphere]] or [[Dyson Sphere#Dyson swarm|Dyson swarm]] and similar constructs are hypothetical [[megastructure]]s originally described by [[Freeman Dyson]] as a system of orbiting [[solar power satellite]]s meant to enclose a [[star]] completely and capture most or all of its energy output.<ref>{{Cite news
| last=Dyson
| first=Freeman J.
| author-link=Freeman Dyson
| editor-last = Marshak
| editor-first = R. E.
| title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Technology
| newspaper=Perspectives in Modern Physics
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| place = New York
| year=1966
}}</ref>
* Perhaps a more exotic means to generate usable energy would be to feed a stellar mass into a [[black hole]], and collect photons emitted by the [[accretion disc]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = Newman
| first = Phil
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = New Energy Source "Wrings" Power from Black Hole Spin
| work =
| publisher = [[NASA]]
| date = 2001-10-22
| url = http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011015blackhole.html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-02-19 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080209231442/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011015blackhole.html  |archivedate = 2008-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Schutz
| first = Bernard F.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = A First Course in General Relativity
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 1985
| location = New York
| pages = 304, 305
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=qhDFuWbLlgQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bernard+Schutz+%22A+First+Course+in+General+Relativity%22
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-521-27703-5}}</ref> Less exotic would be simply to capture photons already escaping from the accretion disc, reducing a black hole's [[angular momentum]]; known as the [[Penrose process]].
* [[Star lifting]] is a process where an advanced civilization could remove a substantial portion of a star's matter in a controlled manner for other uses.
* [[Antimatter]] is likely to be produced as an industrial [[byproduct]] of a number of [[megascale engineering]] processes (such as the aforementioned star lifting) and therefore could be recycled.
* In [[star system|multiple-star systems]] of a sufficiently large number of stars, absorbing a small but significant fraction of the output of each individual star.
* [[White holes]], if they exist, theoretically could provide large amounts of energy from collecting the matter propelling outwards.
* Capturing the energy of [[gamma-ray burst]]s is another theoretically possible power source for a highly advanced civilization.

===Type III civilization methods===
* Type III civilizations might use the same techniques employed by a Type II civilization, but applied to all possible stars of one or more galaxies individually.<ref>[[Nikolai Kardashev|Kardashev, Nikolai]]. "[http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1985IAUS..112..497K On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations]", The search for extraterrestrial life: Recent developments; Proceedings of the Symposium, Boston, MA, June 18–21, 1984 (A86-38126 17-88). Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1985, p. 497–504.</ref>
* They may also be able to tap into the energy released from the [[supermassive black hole]]s which are believed to exist at the center of most galaxies.
* The emissions from [[quasars]] can be readily compared to those of small active galaxies and could provide a massive power source if collectable.

==Civilization implications==
There are many historical examples of human civilization undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The transition between Kardashev scale levels could potentially represent similarly dramatic periods of social upheaval, since they entail surpassing the hard limits of the resources available in a civilization's existing territory. A common speculation<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Dyson
| first = Freeman
| authorlink = Freeman Dyson
| coauthors =
| title = Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation
| journal = Science
| volume = 131
| issue = 3414
| pages = 1667–1668
| publisher = W. A. Benjamin, Inc
| location = New York
| date = 1960-06-03
| url = http://www.islandone.org/LEOBiblio/SETI1.HTM
| doi = 10.1126/science.131.3414.1667
| accessdate = 2008-01-30
| pmid = 17780673
| bibcode=1960Sci...131.1667D}}</ref> suggests that the transition from Type 0 to Type I might carry a strong risk of self-destruction since, in some scenarios, there would no longer be room for further expansion on the civilization's home planet, similar to a [[Malthusian catastrophe]]. Excessive use of energy without adequate disposal of heat, for example, could plausibly make the planet of a civilization approaching Type I unsuitable to the biology of the [[human|dominant life-forms]] and their food sources. If Earth is an example, then sea temperatures in excess of 35 °C would jeopardize marine life and make the cooling of mammals to temperatures suitable for their [[metabolism]] difficult if not impossible. Of course, these [[theoretical]] speculations may not become problems in [[reality]] due to [[evolution]] or the application of future [[engineering]] and [[technology]]. Also, by the time a civilization reaches Type I it may have colonized other planets or created [[Island Three|O'Neill-type colonies]], so the amount of waste heat could be distributed throughout the solar system.

==Extensions to the original scale==
The state that human civilization currently occupies was originally Type I in the Kardashev scale, but has a ''K'' value below 1 using Sagan's logarithmic formula (described above).

Zoltan Galantai has defined a further extrapolation of the scale, a '''Type IV''' level which controls the energy output of the visible [[universe]]; this is within a few orders of magnitude of 1045 W. Such a civilization approaches or surpasses the limits of speculation based on current scientific understanding, and may not be possible. [[Frank J. Tipler]]'s [[Omega point (Tipler)|Omega point]] would presumably occupy this level, as would the [[Biocosm]] hypothesis. Galantai has argued that such a civilization could not be detected, as its activities would be indistinguishable from the workings of nature (there being nothing to compare them to).<ref name = "Zoltan">{{cite web| url=http://longfuture.inno.bme.hu/long_futures_article1.pdf| title=Long Futures and Type IV Civilizations| format=PDF| first=Zoltan| last=Galantai| accessdate=2006-05-26| date=September 7, 2003}}</ref>

However, Milan M. Ćirković has argued that "Type IV" should instead be used to refer to a civilization that has harnessed the power of its [[supercluster]], or "the largest gravitationally bound structure it originated in."<ref name="Cirkovic">{{cite journal | title = Forecast for the Next Eon : Applied Cosmology and the Long-Term Fate of Intelligent Beings | author = Milan M. Ćirković | journal = Foundations of Physics |
publisher = Springer Netherlands | volume = 34 |month=February | year=2004 | issue = 2 |
issn = 0015-9018 (Print) 1572-9516 (Online) |
doi = 10.1023/B:FOOP.0000019583.67831.60 |
pages = 239–261 |arxiv = astro-ph/0211414 |bibcode = 2004FoPh...34..239C }}</ref> For the [[Local Supercluster]], this would be approximately 1042 W.

[[Michio Kaku|Dr. Michio Kaku]] has discussed a Type IV civilization, which could harness "extragalactic" energy sources such as [[dark energy]], in his book ''[[Parallel Worlds (book)|Parallel Worlds]]''.<ref name="ParallelWorlds">{{cite book
| last = Kaku
| first = Michio
| authorlink = Michio Kaku
| coauthors =
| title = [[Parallel Worlds (book)|Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos]]
| publisher = Doubleday
| year = 2005
| location = New York
| page = 317
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-7139-9728-1}}</ref>

In contrast to simply increasing the maximum power level covered by the scale, [[Carl Sagan]] suggested adding another dimension: the information available to the civilization. He assigned the letter A to represent 106 unique bits of information (less than any recorded human culture) and each successive letter to represent an order of magnitude increase, so that a level Z civilization would have 1031 bits. In this classification, 1973 Earth is a 0.7 H civilization, with access to 1013 bits of information. Sagan believed that no civilization has yet reached level Z, conjecturing that so much unique information would exceed that of all the intelligent species in a [[galactic supercluster]] and observing that the universe is not old enough to exchange information effectively over larger distances. The information and energy axes are not strictly interdependent, so that even a level Z civilization would not need to be Kardashev Type III.<ref name="books.google.com"/>

[[John D. Barrow]], going by the fact that humans have found it more cost-effective to extend any abilities to manipulate their environment over increasingly smaller dimensions rather than increasingly larger ones, reverses the classification downward from Type I-minus to Type Omega-minus:

'''Type I-minus''' is capable of manipulating objects over the scale of
themselves: building structures, mining, joining and breaking solids;
'''Type II-minus''' is capable of manipulating genes and altering the
development of living things, transplanting or replacing parts of
themselves, reading and engineering their genetic code;
'''Type Ill-minus''' is capable of manipulating molecules and molecular
bonds, creating new materials;
'''Type IV-minus''' is capable of manipulating individual atoms, creating
nanotechnologies on the atomic scale and creating complex forms of
artificial life;
'''Type V-minus''' is capable of manipulating the atomic nucleus and
engineering the nucleons that compose it;
'''Type VI-minus''' is capable of manipulating the most elementary particles
of matter (quarks and leptons) to create organized complexity among
populations of elementary particles;
culminating in.
'''Type Omega-minus''' is capable of manipulating the basic structure of space and
time.''<ref name="Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits">{{cite book
| last = Barrow
| first = John
| authorlink = John D. Barrow
| coauthors =
| title = [[Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits]]
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1998
| location = Oxford
| page = 133
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-09-977211-6}}</ref>

==Examples in science fiction==
===Type 0===
A Type 0 civilization extracts its energy, information, raw-materials from crude organic-based sources (i.e. Food/Wood/Fossil Fuel).

*[[Cyberpunk]] genre (and [[Cyberpunk derivatives|Post-cyberpunk]]) is frequently centered on the transitional inter-periods between Type-0 and Type-I status. While frequently focused on how the concepts of "Transhumanism" and "Singularity" will eventually overcome the problems that have, up until now, been endemic to human nature, Cyberpunk subverts this to describe the Dystopian side should a civilization "self-destruct" in the process of achieving Type-I status. In such fiction, most current world problems are local in warfare, local in culture, and usually mono-cultural, and theistic; further aggravated by various groups trying to retain a Type-0 monoculture through existing institutions and opposition to technological progress, and others trying to move forward to a Type-I multicultural, global world though subversion, and revolutionary violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEMq_ux4q4w |title=Type 0 Civilization |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.exopoliticsinstitute.org/index.php/transitioning-from-type-0-oil-dependency-to-a-type-1-civilization-etufo-disclosure/
|title=Transitioning from Type 0 oil dependency to a Type 1 civilization & ET/UFO disclosure |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=5570 |title=Type 1, 2, & 3 Civilizations |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>

===Type I===
A Type I civilization is capable of [[orbital spaceflight]] and [[space colonization|colonization]], [[life extension|medical]] and [[technological singularity]], [[planetary engineering]], [[globalization|trade]] and [[Asteroid impact avoidance|defense]], and [[stellar system]]-scale influence:

*In ''[[Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom]]'', which takes place in the 22nd century, mostly in [[Walt Disney World]]. Disney World is run by rival [[Adhocracy|adhocracies]], each dedicated to providing the best experience to the park's visitors and competing for the [[Whuffie]] the guests offer. [[Synthesized memory]], [[suspended animation]], [[life extension]], [[rejuvenation (aging)]] and [[genetic enhancement]] technologies have made death obsolete, material goods are no longer scarce, and everyone is granted basic [[human right]]s that in our present age are mostly considered luxuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://craphound.com/down/ |title=Cory Doctorow: Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>

===Type II===
A Type II civilization is capable of [[interplanetary spaceflight]], [[interplanetary communication]], [[stellar engineering]], and [[star cluster]]-scale influence:

* In the [[Ringworld]] series by [[Larry Niven]], a ring a million miles wide is built and spun (for gravity) around a star roughly one [[astronomical unit]] away. The ring can be viewed as a functional version of a [[Dyson sphere]] with the interior surface area of 3 million Earth-sized planets. Because it is only a partial Dyson sphere, it can be viewed as an intermediary between Type I and Type II. Both Dyson spheres and the Ringworld suffer from gravitational instability, however—a major focus of the Ringworld series is coping with this instability in the face of partial collapse of the Ringworld civilization.
* The territory of [[Territories in the Pendragon Series#Eelong|Eelong]] in the [[The Pendragon Adventure|Pendragon Series]] by [[D. J. MacHale]] uses all power from a belt of suns known as the Skaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hallawiki.a.wiki-site.com/index.php/Eelong#Technology |title=Afro — Hallawiki |publisher=Hallawiki.a.wiki-site.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-19}}</ref>
* Stephen Baxter's "[[Morlocks|Morlock]]" of [[The Time Ships]] occupy a spherical shell around the sun the diameter of earth's orbit, spinning for gravity along one band. The shell's inner surface along this band is inhabited by cultures in many lower stages of development, while the K II Morlock civilization uses the entire structure for power and computation.{{cn|date=December 2012}}
* In the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Relics (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Relics]]", the ''Enterprise'' discovers an abandoned [[Dyson sphere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708764/ |title=Star Trek: The Next Generation Relics (TV episode 1992) - IMDb |publisher=IMDB |accessdate=2011-11-21}}</ref>
* In the [[Halo (series)|Halo]] universe, the United Nations Space Command (UNSC) and the hostile alien society known as the Covenant have both attained type II status. The UNSC is shown to be able to induce a star to go supernova and have a territory consisting of more than 800 planetary systems. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.halopedia.org/Technological_Achievement_Tiers |title=Technological Achievement Tiers |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>
* In the [[Mass Effect (series)|Mass Effect]] Universe, according to [[Michio Kaku]]<ref>[http://www.gametrailers.com/videos/fwpvtn/gt-tv-the-science-of-mass-effect-2 "The Science of Mass Effect 2", at Gametrailers.com, interview with Michio Kaku]</ref>, Humanity has advanced to a Type II civilization, having colonized several planets and competing with other Type II civilizations (such as the Asari, Salarians, and Turians).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7qqGvfuV7g |title=Science of Mass Effect by Dr. Michio Kaku |publisher=TheClark501 |accessdate=Feb 13, 2012 }}</ref>

===Type III===
A Type III civilization is capable of [[interstellar travel]], [[interstellar communication]], [[galactic engineering]] and galaxy-scale influence:

* The [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]] in the [[Star Wars]] series extends throughout most of its galaxy.{{cn|date=December 2012}}
* In ''[[Star Maker]]'' by [[Olaf Stapledon]]. The stellar energy output of the whole galaxy is used by the Galactic Community of Worlds.<ref>Stapledon, Olaf ''[[Last and First Men]] [ 1931 ] and [[Star Maker]] [ 1937 ] '' New York:1968—Dover Chapters IX through XI Pages 346 to 396</ref>
* In the [[Halo (series)|Halo]] universe, [[Forerunners (Halo)|The Forerunner]]s attained type III status; the species had the ability to manipulate gravitational force, create AI with full sentience, fabricate super-dense materials, perform super-accurate slipspace navigation, the ability to create life, and [[Astroengineering|the ability to create worlds]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.halopedia.org/Technological_Achievement_Tiers |title=Technological Achievement Tiers |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>
* In the [[Mass Effect]] universe, an advanced race of [[Synthetic intelligence|sentient machines]] exists known as the [[Races of the Mass Effect universe#Reapers|Reapers]]. In "cycles" of roughly 50,000 years, the Reapers return to the [[Milky Way]] to destroy any civilizations that have reached a certain level of technological advancement, then return to [[Outer_space#Intergalactic|intergalactic space]] and await the next cycle. Reapers possess highly powerful sources of energy and can communicate across distances of thousands of [[light years]] in real time.
* While not much is known about them, the Ancient Humanoids from [[Star Trek]] have manipulated the course of biological evolution across the entire galaxy billions of years ago. As a result, the vast majority of species in the Milky Way is humanoid, and possess a secret code embedded in their DNA. <ref>{{cite episode|title=The Chase|episodelink=The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Season=6|Episode=20|series=The Next Generation|accessdate=December2012}}</ref>

* [[The Culture]] from the [[Culture series]] is present through most of its galaxy, as are several other equally advanced civilizations in the series.{{cn|date=December 2012}}

===Type IV===
A Type IV civilization is capable of [[intergalactic travel]], [[intergalactic communication]], and universal-scale influence:

* The backstory of [[The Dancers at the End of Time]] series by [[Michael Moorcock]] describes a civilization which consumed all the energy in all the stars in the universe, save Earth's own sun, in order to fuel an existence in which the inheritors of Earth lived as near omnipotent gods.<ref>Moorcock, Michael: ''Tales From the End of Time'', page 121. Berkley Publishing, 1976.</ref>
* In a rare mention of the scale within a work of fiction, the [[Doctor Who]] novel [[The Gallifrey Chronicles (2005 novel)|The Gallifrey Chronicles]], a [[Time Lord]] named Marnal asserts that "the Time Lords were ''the'' Type-4 civilization. We had no equals. We controlled the fundamental forces of the entire universe. Nothing could communicate with us on our level."<ref>{{Cite book| title=The Gallifrey Chronicles| page=56| first=Lance| last= Parkin| isbn=0-563-48624-4| publisher=BBC Books| year=2005}}</ref>
* [[Michio Kaku]], in a lecture, said that in ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', the god-like [[Q Continuum]] could be considered above Type IV, drawing their energy from outside the universe.
* The Players of ''The New Cosmogony'', a fictional Nobel Prize oration in ''[[A Perfect Vacuum]]'' by [[Stanisław Lem]], are altering the laws of physics for their own purposes.<ref>{{cite book | title=The art and science of Stanislaw Lem | first=Peter | last=Swirski | publisher=McGill-Queen's Press | year=2006 | isbn=0-7735-3046-0 | page=147 }}</ref>
* In [[Lexx]] a character named Mantrid uses exponential growth to make copies upon copies of his constructor arms called "Mantrid drones", eventually using all the matter in the light universe, which ends up destroying the universe when too much matter accumulates in one place, "unbalancing" it.
* In [[The Gods Themselves]] by [[Isaac Asimov]], a sentient species from another universe reaches Type I in conjunction with humanity, by developing a technique of exchanging [[electrons]] and [[protons]] across universes. To combat the flux of energy, humans reach Type IV by developing a technique of harvesting the energy from yet another universe, which exists in a pre-big-bang state, or a "[[World egg|Cosmic Egg]]" state.{{cn|date=December 2012}}
* In the [[Bionicle]] universe, the Great Beings attained this type. While they haven't been shown travelling through space, they have shown to be capable of constructing a 40 million foot high sentient robot that is capable of moving planets, and capable of creating fully sentient and synthetic cyborg civilisations. They have the ability to genetically engineer creatures to give them superpowers. Amongst their notable achievements are objects capable of manipulating fundamental forces of the universe, such as the Mask of Life and the Mask of Creation. They also possess the ability to travel between dimensions and even universes.{{cn|date=December 2012}}
* The immortal "[[Guardians of the Universe]]", creators of the [[Green Lantern Corps]] ([[DC Comics]]), have manipulated events on an intergalactic scale for three billion years.
* The [[Xeelee]] from [[Stephen Baxter]]s [[Xeelee Sequence]] are present through the universe, have instantaneous communication and constructed an artefact 10 million light year across, using the material of many galaxies. They possess time travel capabilities which they use to construct [[closed timelike curve]]s in which they modified their own evolution, becoming the most advanced barionic civilization.
* The "Ancients" from the multiple [[Stargate]] series. The building of wormhole travel devices, time travel devices as well as the potential to bridge parallel universes for the purpose of travel and energy production classify these as a class IV civilisation. The [[Stargate Atlantis]] series is based with technology hundreds of thousands of years beyond that of space travel on a universal scale, as shown in the [[Stargate Universe]] series, potentially classifying them as class V, but with no proof.

===Type V, and beyond===
Such hypothetical civilizations have either transcended their universe of origin or arose within a [[multiverse]] or other higher-order [[Membrane_(M-Theory)|membrane]] of existence, and are capable of [[universe]]-scale manipulation of individual discrete universes from an external frame of reference. In fiction, their artifacts or endowed abilities find their way into the hands of relatively juvenile civilizations, such as humanity:
* The 2011 ''God and the Universe'' episode of the American [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] television series ''[[The Universe (TV series)|The Universe]]'' explored the possibility of sufficiently advanced civilizations custom-building new universes.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHczawkB5N4 | God and the Universe].</ref>
* The organization known as the Infinite Consortium from Magic: the Gathering stretches between the planes of existence throughout the multiverse.{{cn|date=December 2012}}
* The Downstreamers from [[Manifold: Time]], after completely controlling their universe, used time travel to induce the creation of a multiverse.{{cn|date=December 2012}}
* In the collection of Science Fiction Short Stories 'Ancient Tales from the Distant Future', Author Nicholas Mustelin partially describes an entity, given in English the name The Jovian Collective (they do not use a name for themselves as their mode of communication differs from speech and could considered as pure thought) , a race of omnipotent beings capable of entering in between individual 'time-frames' of the time-space continuum. The Jovian Collective is an entity that stems from The Collective, an ancient race that is one of the three first civilizations that emerged: The Firstborn (as described by Sir Arthur C. Clarke in his Space Odyssey series and other works, see [[2001: A Space Odyssey]] above), The Collective which are slightly younger than The Firstborn and consist of Hive Minds or groups of smaller components, and The Experimentals, who, among other things – in cooperation with The Firstborn and The Collective – create, assist and guide emerging cultures, such as Humanity. The Jovian Collective consists of three basic elements: A) The Translucents who are born from certain chemical reactions and radiation processes in the atmosphere of certain types of gas-giant planets, in this case Jupiter; however they are not indigenous to this particular planet. The main function of The Translucents is to gather information and investigate all matter and phenomena, conveying that information to The Solids and The Omnis. B) One Solid is created through a complicated synthesis and merging of three (or occasionally more) compatible Translucents who have completed their cycle and concluded their other tasks. The Solids are the builders, constructors, engineers and architects of The Jovian Collective. When a large number of Solids (usually 250 or more units) at the end of their life-cycle merge in a process that lasts for several weeks, Earth time, they form one Omni through a certain type of a complicated guided fusion. C) The Omni, who are very few in number but much more powerful than The Translucents and The Solids, have the ability to visit all spatial coordinates in the Universe in one single point, and all points in time – past, present and future – in one moment. Thus they can enter in between the individual 'time-frames' of the time-space continuum, as described in the Short Stories 'Freeze!' and 'Good Morning?' in the above mentioned collection 'Ancient Tales from the Distant Future' by Nicholas Mustelin. The Omni are also capable of creating, manipulating and destroying cosmic objects such as stars, planets and black holes. The Translucents, Solids and Omni are all connected through a neural network and communicate instantly and directly and without effort or intent, much like the cells in a human body, for example. Through their combined efforts and capabilities, The Jovian Collective could be considered as a Type V civilization or above on the Kardashev scale, although the method of classification is somewhat inappropriate due to the abilities of The Jovian Collective – and The Collective in general – not described in this method of classification. Like The Firstborn, their civilization may be thought of as one that surpasses those which can be easily classified on the Kardashev scale. A more detailed description of The Jovian Collective will be included in the second volume of 'Collected Tales from the Future' will be introduced in the collection of SF Short Stories 'More Ancient Tales from the Distant Future' (name pending) that will be published in 2013.{{cn|date=December 2012}}

==Connections with sociology and anthropology==
Kardashev's theory can be viewed as the expansion of some [[social theories]], especially from [[social evolutionism]]. It is close to the theory of [[Leslie White]], author of ''The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome'' (1959). White attempted to create a theory explaining the entire history of humanity. The most important factor in his theory is [[technology]]: ''Social systems are determined by technological systems'', wrote White in his book, echoing the earlier theory of [[Lewis Henry Morgan]]. As a measure of society advancement, he proposed the measure of energy consumption of a given society (thus his theory is known as the energy theory of [[cultural evolution]]). He differentiates between five stages of human development. In the first stage, people use energy of their own muscles. In the second stage, they use energy of [[domestication of animals|domesticated animals]]. In the third stage, they use the energy of plants (which White refers to as ''agricultural revolution''). In the fourth stage, they learn to use the energy of natural resources—such as coal, oil, and gas. Finally, in the fifth stage, they harness [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]]. White introduced a formula P=E×T, where P measures the advancement of the culture, E is a measure of energy consumed, and T is the measure of efficiency of technical factors utilizing the energy.{{cn|date=December 2012}}

==Criticism==
It has been argued that, because we cannot understand advanced civilizations, we cannot predict their behavior; thus, Kardashev's visualization may not reflect what will actually occur for an advanced civilization. This central argument is found in the book ''[[Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life]]''.<ref name="Cohen and Stewart">Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart: ''Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life'', Ebury Press, 2002, ISBN 0-09-187927-2</ref>

[[Robert Zubrin]] uses the terms to refer to how widespread a civilization is in space, rather than to its energy use. In other words, a Type I civilization has spread across its planet, a Type II has extensive colonies in its respective stellar system, and a Type III has colonized its galaxy.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Sustainable development}}
* [[Astroengineering]]
* [[Clarke's three laws]]
* [[Drake equation]]
* [[Law of Complexity/Consciousness]]
* [[Michio Kaku]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (power)]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (energy)]]
* [[Sustainability]]
* [[Technological singularity]]
* [[White's Law]]
* [[World energy resources and consumption]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Dyson, Freeman J. ''Energy in the Universe'' Article in September 1971 [[Scientific American]] magazine (Special September Issue on ''Energy'')
* {{Cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/MarvinRusinek.shtml|title=Energy Consumption of Europe|year=1998|last=Rusinek|first= Marvin|work=The Physics Factbook}}
* [http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/femp/cannonfiles/sld006.htm Wind Powering America]
* [http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-64514-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre]
* [http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/global-warming.html LBL Scientists Research Global Warming]
* [http://www.oit.doe.gov/e3handbook/appenf.shtml E³ Handbook]
* [http://web.gat.com/hydrogen/images/pdf%20files/clarke_h2_energy_systems.pdf Clarke H2 energy systems]
* {{Cite web| url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/fall2003/holdren.pdf| format=PDF| title= Environmental Change and the Human Condition| first=John P.| last= Holdren| accessdate=2006-08-10| pages=24–31| work= Bulletin Fall| year= 2003| coauthors= Carl Kaysen}}
* {{Cite book| chapter=Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?| title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments| editor=B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis| last=Dordrecht| first=D.| publisher=Reidel Publ. Co.| year=1985| pages=465–463}}
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Shkadov.html Shkadov Thruster]
*{{Cite book |last=Korotayev |first=A. |last2=Malkov |first2=A. |last3=Khaltourina |first3=D. |title=Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth |url=http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=34250 |location=Moscow |publisher=URSS |year=2006 |isbn=5-484-00414-4 }}
* {{Cite journal| last=Kardashev| first=Nikolai| title=Cosmology and Civilizations | journal = Astrophysics and Space Science | volume = 252 | month = March | year = 1997}}
* ''Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter'': also by Kardashev
* ''Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation'', by [[Freeman J. Dyson]]
* ''The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life'', by [[Frank Drake]]
* {{Cite book| first=Robert A.| last=Freitas Jr.| title=Energy and Culture (chapter 15)}}
* {{Cite book| first=John| last=Griffin| title=Operation TOGA: Type One Go Ahead |isbn=1-4502-0702-2}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashevciv.html Kardashev civilizations]
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=concepts04 Astrobiology: The Living Universe]
* [http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?page=concepts04#1 Flash Animation on Civilizations]
* [http://contactincontext.org/cic/v2i2/farewell.htm After Kardashev: Farewell to Super Civilizations]
* [http://astranaut.org/library/exotic-civilizations-beyond-ka.php Exotic Civilizations: Beyond Kardashev]
* [http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AbusingTheKardashevScaleForFunAndProfit Useful Comparisons of Fictional Works Using the Kardashev Scale]

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Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani

2012-12-24T02:38:18Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding fa:زین‌العابدین شیروانی

{{Unreferenced|date=November 2006}}
'''Zeynalabdin Shirvani''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]: ''Zeynalabdin Şirvani'') (16 August 1780, [[Shamakhy]]—1838, near [[Jeddah]]), also known as '''Tamkin''', was an [[Azerbaijan]]i [[geographer]], [[philosopher]] and [[poet]].

==Early life==
Shirvani was born to a family of a Muslim cleric Isgandar Shirvani in [[Shamakhy]] (then the capital of the [[Shirvan Khanate]], now a city in [[Azerbaijan]]). In 1785 the family moved to [[Karbala]] (present-day [[Iraq]]) where Zeynalabdin Shirvani was admitted to a religious school and studied mostly [[Islam]]ic subjects as well as [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages]] ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani Turkish]], [[Turkish language|Anatolian Turkish]] and [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]). In 1796, he moved to [[Baghdad]] where he spent a year studying geography, literature, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. At the age of 17, he went on his first journey. By the end of his life he will have travelled over 60,000 kilometres within 37 years.

==Travellings==
Zeynalabdin Shirvani had keen interest in exploring [[Asia]] and almost never visited [[Europe]]. He was attached to his homeland and turned down many offers of local lords who were fascinated by his erudition and wanted him to settle on their lands (in Egypt, Turkey, etc.).

During his first journey, Shirvani visited what is now [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], and [[Bangladesh]].

His second journey included Iran, [[Oman]], [[Yemen]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]] (he is considered the last Eurasian to visit the independent Kingdom of [[Darfur]] in 1820), [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Egypt]], [[Levant|the Levant]], and [[Turkey]].

Finally, on his third journey he travelled to [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Iraq.

In between those journeys, Shirvani also went on several small trips within Iran and Azerbaijan. He wrote reflections on all of his travellings in four books (all of them in [[Persian language|Persian]]):

*'''''Riyadh as-Sayahat''''' (''The Flower Garden of Journeys''). It consists of two volumes written in 1822 and 1827 respectively. Parts of the book are now kept at the [[British Museum]] and the St Petersburg branch of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. Volume I contains brief historical overview of Iran (including a complete list of ancient and medieval royal dynasties, and biographies of [[Mazdak]], [[Babak]] and of over 60 poets), as well as detailed georgraphic material on [[Iranian Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]], [[Shirvan]], [[Talysh]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=July 2012}}, [[Mughan]], [[greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Gilan]], [[Kurdistan]], and [[Fars Province|Fars]]. Volume II (thought to have been lost but rediscovered in mid-20th century) contains similar information on [[Central Asia]], Turkey, [[Arabia]] and India.
*'''''Hadaiq as-Sayahat''''' (''The Gardens of Journeys'') is an alphabetised list of geographic localities (including states, cities and rivers) in the [[Middle East]], and their detailed description. Shirvani worked on this book for 30 years. The copies of ''Hadaiq as-Sayahat'' are kept at the British Museum, the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] and a private library in Iran.
*'''''Bustan as-Sayahat''''' (''The Flower Bed of Journeys''). This book was written in 1832 but was first published 65 years later. In the first three chapters of the book, the author talks about prominent Middle Eastern scholars, literati and clergy. The fourth chapter contains geographic, cultural and ethnographic information on virtually all regions visited by Shirvani. In ''Bustan as-Sayahat'', he also mentioned countries he did not visit (mainly [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Austria]] and the [[United States]]) but has done research based on written sources of the time, as well as on his discussions with the scholars. At the end of the book, Shirvani introduces an educational program aimed at encouraging wealthy classes to sponsor education for talented youths who came from poor families, and proposed ways of facilitating living conditions for lower classes. The copies of this book are kept in the [[United Kingdom]], Russia, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and Iran.
*'''''Kashf ul-Maarif''''' (''The Discovery of Enlightenment'') represents a rather philosophical piece of writing. It consists of Shirvani's biography in the preface, his meetings with famous scholars, and their beliefs and theories. The only copy of the book was discovered by Azerbaijani historian [[Agamir Guliyev]] in [[Kabul]] in 1973. The book was never published and the manuscript remained at Guliyev's private library.

It is important to note that Shirvani accepted the possibility of making inaccurate statements, as he was often persecuted by Islamic feudals (who regarded his books as a "threat to the religion"), and a work on which he had worked for 25 years was stolen from him and burned by Muhammad Qasim of Gumsha. It took Shirvani a long time to partially restore the lost data.

==Family==
Shirvani got married in [[Shiraz]] in the early 1820s. He had two sons one of whom died early and the other, Husamaddin Ali, followed his fathers footsteps and also became a geographer.

In 1838, Shirvani planned a [[hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]] but died of an unknown disease on a ship near [[Jeddah]] (present-day Saudi Arabia), where he was buried.

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shirvani, Zeynalabdin
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 16 August 1780
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1838
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

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[[az:Zeynalabdin Şirvani]]
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[[ru:Ширвани, Гаджи Зейналабдин]]

Zvi Sherf

2012-12-24T01:51:36Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying it:Zvika Sherf to it:Zvi Sherf

[[File:Zvi Sherf 2011-03-19 (6).JPG|thumb|right|200px]]
'''Zvi Sherf''' ({{lang-he|צבי שרף}}, born December 18, 1951, [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]), known almost universally by his nickname '''Zvika''' ({{lang-he|צביקה}}), is an [[Israel]]i [[basketball]] [[Coach (sport)|coach]] and former player. He is currently the coach of the [[Spartak St. Petersburg]] of the [[Russian Basketball Super League|Russian Super League]].

Sherf played for the [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] youth team, starting at age 12. By age 16, Sherf was playing for Maccabi South Tel Aviv (the club's second side), and was sent to a coaching course, along with fellow future basketball coach [[Pinhas Gershon|Pini Gershon]]. By age 20, Sherf was coaching the [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] youth team, and by age 25 was coaching Maccabi South Tel Aviv, leading it to his first championship.

In the 1980/81 season—where [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] won the [[Euroleague|European Championship]], the [[Ligat Winner|Israeli League]] and the [[Israeli Basketball State Cup|Israeli State Cup]]—Sherf was an assistant coach to [[Rudi d'Amico]]. Sherf became [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]'s head coach in 1983/84, staying through to the 1985/86 season (inclusive). In 1984 (at the age of 33), he became the [[Israel national basketball team|Israeli national basketball team]] coach. His first national coaching tenure (which lasted three years) saw two [[Eurobasket]] appearances ([[EuroBasket 1985|1985]], [[EuroBasket 1987|1987]]) and [[Israel]]'s historic 7th placing at the [[1986 FIBA World Championship|1986 FIBA World Basketball Championship]]. Sherf's tenure as national coach ended after what was perceived as a poor performance at [[EuroBasket 1987]] (11th position), but Sherf later returned as coach for the years 1991-97. In 2005, Sherf was again appointed coach of the [[Israel national basketball team|Israeli national basketball team]], and on January 1, 2008, was appointed head coach of [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]].

Sherf's coaching career includes a [[Saporta Cup]] victory with [[Aris BC|Aris BC Thessaloniki]] (1992/93), and two [[Euroleague]] finals, 10 [[Ligat Winner|Israeli League Championships]] and six [[Israeli Basketball State Cup|Israeli State Cups]] (all with [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]).

==Coaching History==
{|cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=0 style="border-collapse:collapse"|
|- align=left
!bgcolor=silver |Season(s)
!bgcolor=silver |Club
!bgcolor=silver |
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1976/77, 1977/78
||[[Maccabi Darom Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Darom Tel Aviv]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|1978/79, 1979/80
||[[Betar Jerusalem B.C|Betar Jerusalem]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1981/82, 1982/83
||[[Hapoel Ramat Gan B.C.|Hapoel Ramat Gan]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|1983/84, 1984/85, 1985/86, 1986/87
||[[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1987/88
||[[Maccabi Elitzur Netanya B.C.|Maccabi Elitzur Netanya]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|1988/89
||[[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1989/90
||[[Maccabi Rishon LeZion (basketball)|Maccabi Rishon LeZion]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|1990/91, 1991/92
||[[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1992/93
||[[Hapoel Jerusalem B.C.|Hapoel Jerusalem]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|1992/93*
||[[Aris BC|Aris BC Thessaloniki]]
||{{Flag icon|GRE}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1993/94, 1994/95
||[[Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|1995/96
||[[CSP Limoges]]
||{{Flag icon|FRA}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1995/96*, 1996/97
||[[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|1997/98, 1998/99
||[[PAOK Thessaloniki B.C.|PAOK Thessaloniki]]
||{{Flag icon|GRE}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|1999/2000, 2000/01
||[[Hapoel Jerusalem B.C.|Hapoel Jerusalem]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|2001/02
||[[Śląsk Wrocław (basketball)|Śląsk Wrocław]]
||{{Flag icon|POL}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|2001/02*
||[[Makedonikos BC]]
||{{Flag icon|GRE}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|2002/03
||[[Hapoel Galil-Elyon]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|2003/04*, 2004/05
||[[MBC Dynamo Moscow]]
||{{Flag icon|RUS}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#F5FAFF
|2007/08*
||[[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]
||{{Flag icon|ISR}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#D0E7FF
|2009/10*
||[[Spartak Saint Petersburg]]
||{{Flag icon|RUS}}
|- align=left bgcolor=#A5FAFF
|* Denotes appointment during the season.||||
|}

==European Titles==
* 1 [[Saporta Cup]] title (1992/93, with [[Aris BC|Aris BC Thessaloniki]]);

* 1 [[Russian Basketball Cup]] title (2010–11, with [[BC Spartak Saint Petersburg]])

* 3 [[Euroleague|European Championship]] finals (1986/87, 1988/89, [[Euroleague 2007-08|2007/08]] with [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]);

* 1 [[Euroleague|European Championship]] third-place (1990/91, with [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]).

==Israeli Titles==
* 10 [[Ligat Winner|Israeli Basketball Superleague]] titles (1983/84, 1984/85, 1985/86, 1986/87, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, all with [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]);

* 6 [[Israeli Basketball State Cup]] championships (1984/85, 1985/86, 1986/87, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, all with [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]).

==References==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.euroleague.net/competition/coaches/showcoach?clubcode=tel&pcode=WAM Euroleague profile]
* [http://www.tzahevet.co.il/news-open.asp?IDNews=3577 Tzahevet profile] {{he icon}}
* [http://www.24sec.net/article.asp?index=2080 Zvi Sherf is the new Israeli NT Coach]

{{Maccabi Tel Aviv}}
{{Israel Squad 1986 FIBA World Championship}}
{{Israel Squad EuroBasket 2005}}
{{Israel Squad EuroBasket 2007}}
{{Israel Squad EuroBasket 2009}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sherf,Zvi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 18, 1951
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sherf, Zvi}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:People from Tel Aviv]]
[[Category:Israeli basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. coaches]]
[[Category:PAOK B.C. coaches]]
[[Category:Makedonikos B.C. coaches]]
[[Category:Aris B.C. coaches]]

[[fr:Zvi Sherf]]
[[it:Zvi Sherf]]
[[he:צביקה שרף]]
[[ru:Шерф, Цви]]

Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest

2012-12-24T00:56:48Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying it:Svezia e l'Eurofestival to it:Svezia e l'Eurovision Song Contest

{{Infobox Eurovision country
| Name = Sweden
| Member station = [[Sveriges Radio]]tjänst (1958) [[Sveriges Radio|Sveriges Radio (SR)]] (1959-1979) [[Sveriges Television|Sveriges Television (SVT)]] (1980-)
| National selection event = [[Melodifestivalen]]
| ESC apps = 52
| ESC first = [[Eurovision Song Contest 1958|1958]]
| ESC best = 1st: [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984|1984]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1999|1999]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]]
| ESC worst = Last: [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963|1963]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1977|1977]]
| Website = [http://www.svt.se/melodifestivalen SVT Official Homepage]
| EBU page = http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-country/country?country=16
}}
'''[[Sweden]]''' has participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 52 times since their debut in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1958|1958]], being absent only three times, in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1964|1964]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970|1970]] and in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1976|1976]]. Since 1959, the Swedish entry has been chosen through an annual televised competition, known since 1967 as [[Melodifestivalen]].

Sweden is one of Eurovision's most successful countries, having won the contest five times as well as having reached the top 5 a total of 19 times. They have also made it to the top ten 35 times. Sweden's first Eurovision victory was in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]] with the song "[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]", performed by [[ABBA]]. Thanks to their victory in Brighton ABBA went on to gain worldwide success, still being one of the best-selling pop groups of all time. Since then Sweden has won in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984|1984]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1999|1999]] and most recently in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]] with the song "[[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]", performed by [[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]]. Sweden and [[United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest|United Kingdom]] are the only countries with Eurovision victories in four different decades.

From 2005 to 2010, the Swedish results were less successful. Apart from [[Carola Häggkvist|Carola]]'s "[[Invincible (Carola Häggkvist song)|Invincible]]", which came 5th in 2006, their best result in that period was the 18th place. Prior to the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010 contest]] Sweden was among the few countries not to have missed a Eurovision final since 1976, but this record was broken in 2010 when [[Anna Bergendahl]] failed to make it to the final in Oslo. Later it was revealed that Bergendahl had placed 11th in the semifinal, only 5 points from qualifying. The [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011 contest]], however, marked a comeback for Sweden as a Eurovision country when [[Eric Saade]] came 3rd with the song "[[Popular (Eric Saade song)|Popular]]". The positive tendency continued with the Swedish victory in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]].

The Eurovision Song Contest has been hosted in Sweden four times, twice in [[Stockholm]] ([[Eurovision Song Contest 1975|1975]] and [[Eurovision Song Contest 2000|2000]]), once in [[Gothenburg]] ([[Eurovision Song Contest 1985|1985]]) and once in [[Malmö]] ([[Eurovision Song Contest 1992|1992]]). The next [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013|contest in 2013]] will be held in Malmö again, but this time in the [[Malmö Arena]].

Sweden was one of the first five countries to adopt [[Televoting#Televoting in the Eurovision Song Contest|televoting]] in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1997|1997]].

== Melodifestivalen ==
{{Main|Melodifestivalen}}
'''Melodifestivalen''' is an annual music competition organised by Swedish public broadcasters [[Sveriges Television]] (SVT) and [[Sveriges Radio]] (SR). It determines the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest since 1959. It is one of Sweden's most popular television shows, and it has been estimated that more than 4 million Swedes watch the show annually.

Almost every Swedish entry for Eurovision has been selected through Melodifestivalen. Only one entry, Sweden's first entry in 1958, was not selected through Melodifestivalen, having been selected internally by the Swedish broadcaster at the time, [[Sveriges Radio|Swedish Radio Service]].

In recent years Swedish songwriters have been involved in the writing of entries from several countries. For instance, in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010]] the songs from [[In a Moment Like This|Denmark]], [[My Heart Is Yours|Norway]], [[It's for You (Niamh Kavanagh song)|Ireland]] and [[Drip Drop|Azerbaijan]] were written entirely or partly by Swedes, in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]] the songs from [[Get You|Russia]] and [[Running Scared (Eldar & Nigar song)|Azerbaijan]] and in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]] the songs from [[L'amore è femmina (song)|Italy]], [[Love Will Set You Free|United Kingdom]], [[Waterline (song)|Ireland]], [[This Is the Night (Kurt Calleja song)|Malta]], [[Aphrodisiac|Greece]], [[La La Love|Cyprus]], [[Stay (Tooji song)|Norway]], [[When the Music Dies|Azerbaijan]] and [[Quédate conmigo (Pastora Soler song)|Spain]].

== Contestants ==

[[File:Eurovision Song Contest 1958 - Alice Babs.png|thumb|[[Alice Babs]] performing "[[Lilla stjärna]]" in Hilversum ([[Eurovision Song Contest 1958|1958]])]]
[[File:Eurovision Song Contest 1965 - Ingvar Wixell.jpg|thumb|[[Ingvar Wixell]] performing "[[Absent Friend]]" in Naples ([[Eurovision Song Contest 1965|1965]])]]
[[File:Martin Stenmarck - Sweden 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Stenmarck]] performing "[[Las Vegas (song)|Las Vegas]]" in Kiev ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]])]]
[[File:ESC 2007 Sweden - The Ark - The Worrying Kind.jpg|thumb|[[The Ark (band)|The Ark]] performing "[[The Worrying Kind]]" in Helsinki ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2007|2007]])]]
[[File:ESC 2008 - Sweden - Charlotte Perrelli, 2nd semifinal.jpg.jpg|thumb|[[Charlotte Perrelli]] performing "[[Hero (Charlotte Perrelli song)|Hero]]" in Belgrade ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]])]]
[[File:Sweden at ESC 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Eric Saade]] performing "[[Popular (Eric Saade song)|Popular]]" in Düsseldorf ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]])]]
[[File:Лорин.JPG|thumb|[[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]] performing "[[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]" in Baku ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]])]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"I
! Year
! Artist
! Title
! Final
! Points
! Semi
! Points
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1958|1958]]
| [[Alice Babs]]
| "[[Lilla stjärna]]"
| 4
| 10
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1959|1959]]
| [[Brita Borg]]
| "[[Augustin (song)|Augustin]]"
| 9
| 4
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1960|1960]]
| [[Siw Malmkvist]]
| "[[Alla andra får varann]]"
| 10
| 4
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1961|1961]]
| [[Lill-Babs]]
| "[[April, April]]"
| 14
| 2
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1962|1962]]
| [[Inger Berggren]]
| "[[Sol och vår]]"
| 7
| 4
|- bgcolor="#E34234"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963|1963]]
| [[Monica Zetterlund]]
| "[[En gång i Stockholm]]"
| 13
| 0
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1965|1965]]
| [[Ingvar Wixell]]
| "[[Absent Friend]]"
| 10
| 6
|- bgcolor="silver"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1966|1966]]
| [[Lill Lindfors]] and [[Svante Thuresson]]
| "[[Nygammal vals]]"
| 2
| 16
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967|1967]]
| [[Östen Warnerbring]]
| "[[Som en dröm]]"
| 8
| 7
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1968|1968]]
| [[Claes-Göran Hederström]]
| "[[Det börjar verka kärlek, banne mig]]"
| 5
| 15
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969|1969]]
| [[Tommy Körberg]]
| "[[Judy, min vän]]"
| 9
| 8
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1971|1971]]
| [[Family Four]]
| "[[Vita vidder]]"
| 6
| 85
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972|1972]]
| [[Family Four]]
| "[[Härliga sommardag]]"
| 13
| 75
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1973|1973]]
| [[Malta (band)|The Nova]]
| "[[You're Summer]]"
| 5
| 94
|- bgcolor = "gold"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]]
| [[ABBA]]
| "[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]"
| 1
| 24
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975|1975]]
| [[Lars Berghagen]] and [[The Dolls (band)|The Dolls]]
| "[[Jennie, Jennie]]"
| 8
| 72
|- bgcolor="#E34234"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1977|1977]]
| [[Forbes (band)|Forbes]]
| "[[Beatles (song)|Beatles]]"
| 18
| 2
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1978|1978]]
| [[Björn Skifs]]
| "[[Det blir alltid värre framåt natten]]"
| 14
| 26
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1979|1979]]
| [[Ted Gärdestad]]
| "[[Satellit]]"
| 17
| 8
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1980|1980]]
| [[Tomas Ledin]]
| "[[Just nu!]]"
| 10
| 47
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1981|1981]]
| [[Björn Skifs]]
| "[[Fångad i en dröm]]"
| 10
| 50
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|1982]]
| [[Chips (band)|Chips]]
| "[[Dag efter dag]]"
| 8
| 67
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]]
| [[Carola Häggkvist|Carola]]
| "[[Främling (song)|Främling]]"
| 3
| 126
|- bgcolor="gold"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984|1984]]
| [[Herreys]]
| "[[Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley]]"
| 1
| 145
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1985|1985]]
| [[Kikki Danielsson]]
| "[[Bra vibrationer (song)|Bra vibrationer]]"
| 3
| 103
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1986|1986]]
| [[Monica Törnell]] & [[Lasse Holm]]
| "[[E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?]]"
| 5
| 78
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1987|1987]]
| [[Lotta Engberg]]
| "[[Boogaloo (song)|Boogaloo]]"
| 12
| 50
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1988|1988]]
| [[Tommy Körberg]]
| "[[Stad i ljus]]"
| 12
| 52
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1989|1989]]
| [[Tommy Nilsson]]
| "[[En dag]]"
| 4
| 110
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1990|1990]]
| [[Edin-Ådahl]]
| "[[Som en vind]]"
| 16
| 24
|- bgcolor="gold"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]]
| [[Carola Häggkvist|Carola]]
| "[[Fångad av en stormvind]]"
| 1
| 146
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1992|1992]]
| [[Christer Björkman]]
| "[[I morgon är en annan dag]]"
| 22
| 9
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1993|1993]]
| [[Arvingarna]]
| "[[Eloise (Arvingarna song)|Eloise]]"
| 7
| 89
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1994|1994]]
| [[Marie Bergman]] and [[Roger Pontare]]
| "[[Stjärnorna]]"
| 13
| 48
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1995|1995]]
| [[Jan Johansen (singer)|Jan Johansen]]
| "[[Se på mej]]"
| 3
| 100
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1996|1996]]
| [[One More Time (band)|One More Time]]
| "[[Den vilda]]"
| 3
| 100
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1997|1997]]
| [[Blond (band)|Blond]]
| "[[Bara hon älskar mig]]"
| 14
| 36
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998|1998]]
| [[Jill Johnson]]
| "[[Kärleken är]]"
| 10
| 53
|- bgcolor="gold"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1999|1999]]
| [[Charlotte Perrelli|Charlotte Nilsson]]
| "[[Take Me to Your Heaven (song)|Take Me to Your Heaven]]"
| 1
| 163
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2000|2000]]
| [[Roger Pontare]]
| "[[När vindarna viskar mitt namn|When Spirits Are Calling My Name]]"
| 7
| 88
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2001|2001]]
| [[Friends (group)|Friends]]
| "[[Listen To Your Heartbeat]]"
| 5
| 100
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2002|2002]]
| [[Afro-dite]]
| "[[Never Let It Go]]"
| 8
| 72
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2003|2003]]
| [[Fame (duo)|Fame]]
| "[[Give Me Your Love]]"
| 5
| 107
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004]]
| [[Lena Philipsson]]
| "[[Det gör ont|It Hurts]]"
| 5
| 170
| X
| X
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]]
| [[Martin Stenmarck]]
| "[[Las Vegas (song)|Las Vegas]]"
| 19
| 30
| X
| X
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|2006]]
| [[Carola Häggkvist|Carola]]
| "[[Invincible (Carola Häggkvist song)|Invincible]]"
| 5
| 170
| 4
| 214
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007|2007]]
| [[The Ark (band)|The Ark]]
| "[[The Worrying Kind]]"
| 18
| 51
| X
| X
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]]
| [[Charlotte Perrelli]]
| "[[Hero (Charlotte Perrelli song)|Hero]]"
| 18
| 47
| 12*
| 54
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009|2009]]
| [[Malena Ernman]]
| "[[La voix]]"
| 21
| 33
| 4
| 105
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010]]
| [[Anna Bergendahl]]
| "[[This Is My Life (Anna Bergendahl song)|This Is My Life]]"
| X
| X
| 11
| 62
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]]
| [[Eric Saade]]
| "[[Popular (Eric Saade song)|Popular]]"
| 3
| 185
| bgcolor="gold"| 1
| bgcolor="gold"|155
|-bgcolor="gold"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]]
| [[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]]
| "[[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]"
| 1
| 372
| 1
| 181
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013|2013]]
|
|
|
|
| X
| X
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> In 2008, Sweden qualified through the back-up jury selection
*XX on Semi Finals denotes auto-qualification. This could be due to two reasons. If a country won the previous year, they did not have to compete in Semi Finals, or back in the early 2005-2007 era, countries who done well did not have to compete in Semi Finals the following year. The top ten non-Big four along with the Big four countries automatically qualified, for example, if Germany and France placed inside the top 10, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's Grand Final along with everyone within the top 10.
*XX on Finals denotes an unsuccessful attempt to qualify to the final.

== Voting history (1975-2012) ==
Sweden has ''given'' the most points to:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- bgcolor="gold"
| 1
| {{Esc|Ireland}}
| 200
|- bgcolor="silver"
| 2
| {{Esc|Norway}}
| 157
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| 3
| {{Esc|Denmark}}
| 154
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|United Kingdom}}
| 132
|-
| 5
| {{Esc|Germany}}
| 118
|}

Sweden has ''received'' the most points from:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- bgcolor="gold"
| 1
| {{Esc|Norway}}
| 243
|- bgcolor="silver"
| 2
| {{Esc|Denmark}}
| 232
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| 3
| {{Esc|United Kingdom}}
| 158
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|Finland}}
| 155
|-
| 5
| {{Esc|Iceland}}
| 136
|}

NOTE: The totals in the above tables include only points awarded in Eurovision finals, and not the semi-finals since 2004.

===Since introducing the semi-finals in 2004 until 2012===
Sweden has ''given'' the most points to...
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- bgcolor="gold"
| 1
| {{Esc|Finland}}
| 66
|- bgcolor="silver"
| 2
| {{Esc|Denmark}}
| 65
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| 3
| {{Esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| 64
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|Norway}}
| 57
|-
| 5
| {{Esc|Iceland}}
| 48
|-
|}

Sweden has ''received'' the most points from...
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- bgcolor="gold"
| 1
| {{Esc|Denmark}}
| 95
|- bgcolor="silver"
| 2
| {{Esc|Norway}}
| 80
|- bgcolor="#CC9966"
| 3
| {{Esc|Finland}}
| 69
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|Iceland}}
| 65
|-
| 5
| {{Esc|United Kingdom}}
| 52
|-
|}

NOTE: The tables with points from 2004 include points awarded in both finals and semi-finals where the highest point from the final/semi-final is picked.

== Hostings ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Location
! Venue
! Presenters
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975|1975]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]]
| [[Stockholmsmässan|Stockholm International Fairs]]
| [[Karin Falck]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1985|1985]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gothenburg]]
| [[Scandinavium]]
| [[Lill Lindfors]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1992|1992]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Malmö]]
| [[Malmö Isstadion|Malmö Ice]]
| [[Lydia Cappolicchio]] and [[Harald Treutiger]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2000|2000]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]]
| [[Ericsson Globe|Globe Arena]]
| [[Kattis Ahlström]] and [[Anders Lundin]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013|2013]]
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Malmö]]
| [[Malmö Arena]]
| TBA
|}

== Marcel Bezençon Awards ==
{{further2|[[Marcel Bezençon Awards]]}}

'''Artistic Award'''

Voted by [[List of Eurovision Song Contest winners|previous winners]]
{| class="wikitable tsx_sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|- style="background:#efefef"
! class="autorowspan"| Year
! class="unsortable"| Performer
! class="unsortable"| Song
! class="autorowspan"| Final Result
! class="autorowspan"| Points
! class="unsortable"| Host city
|-
| {{escyr|2002}}
| [[Afro-dite]]
| "[[Never Let It Go]]"
| 8th
| 72
| [[Tallinn]]
|-
| {{escyr|2006}}
| [[Carola Häggkvist|Carola]]
| "[[Invincible (Carola Häggkvist song)|Invincible]]"
| 5th
| 170
| [[Athens]]
|}

Voted by commentators

{| class="wikitable tsx_sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|- style="background:#efefef"
! class="autorowspan"| Year
! class="unsortable"| Performer
! class="unsortable"| Song
! class="autorowspan"| Final Result
! class="autorowspan"| Points
! class="unsortable"| Host city
|-
|-bgcolor="gold"
| {{escyr|2012}}
| [[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]]
| "[[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]"
| 1st
| 372
| [[Baku]]
|}

'''Composer Award'''

{| class="wikitable tsx_sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|- style="background:#efefef"
! class="autorowspan"| Year
! class="unsortable"| Song
! class="unsortable"| Composer(s) Lyrics (l) / Music (m)
! class="unsortable"| Performer
! class="autorowspan"| Final Result
! class="autorowspan"| Points
! class="unsortable"| Host city
|-
|-bgcolor="gold"
| {{escyr|2012}}
| "[[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]"
| [[Thomas G:son]] (m & l) and [[Peter Boström]] (m & l)
| [[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]]
| 1st
| 372
| [[Baku]]
|}

== Winners by OGAE members ==
{{further2|[[OGAE]]}}
{| class="wikitable tsx_sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|- style="background:#efefef"
! class="autorowspan"| Year
! class="unsortable"| Song
! class="unsortable"| Performer
! class="autorowspan"| Final Result
! class="autorowspan"| Points
! class="unsortable"| Host city
|-
| {{escyr|2008}}
| "[[Hero (Charlotte Perrelli song)|Hero]]"
| [[Charlotte Perrelli]]
| 18th
| 47
| [[Belgrade]]
|-bgcolor="gold"
| {{escyr|2012}}
| "[[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]"
| [[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]]
| 1st
| 372
| [[Baku]]
|}

==Commentators and spokespersons==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2012}}

Over the years SVT commentary has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including [[Jacob Dahlin]], [[Ulf Elfving]], [[Harald Treutiger]], [[Pekka Heino (television presenter)|Pekka Heino]], [[Kristian Luuk]] and [[Fredrik Belfrage]]. However since the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009|2009 Contest]], [[Edward af Sillén]] has provided the SVT commentary alongside [[Shirley Clamp]], Christine Meltzer Lind, Hélène Benno and [[Gina Dirawi]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: left; width: 500px;"
|-
! Year(s)
! Television commentator
! Dual Television commentator
! Radio commentator
! Spokesperson
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1957|1957]] || Nils Linnman ||rowspan="35"|Dual television commentator introduced in 1992 || Radio broadcast began in 1958|| Sweden began participating in 1958
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1958|1958]] || rowspan="5"| Jan Gabrielsson || rowspan="12"|Same as television broadcast || rowspan="2"|Roland Eiworth
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1959|1959]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1960|1960]] || [[Tage Danielsson]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1961|1961]] || Roland Eiworth
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1962|1962]] || Tage Danielsson
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963|1963]] || Jörgen Cederberg || Edvard Matz
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1964|1964]] || Sven Lindahl || Sweden did not participate in 1964
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1965|1965]] || Berndt Friberg || rowspan="5"|Edvard Matz
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1966|1966]] || Sven Lindahl
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967|1967]] || rowspan="3"|Christina Hansegård
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1968|1968]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969|1969]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970|1970]] || No television broadcast || No radio broadcast || Sweden did not participate
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1971|1971]] || Åke Strömmer || Ursula Richter || rowspan="3"|No spokesperson
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972|1972]] || Bo Billtén || [[Björn Bjelfvenstam]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1973|1973]] || Alicia Lundberg || rowspan="4"|Ursula Richter
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]] || Johan Sandström || rowspan="2"|Sven Lindahl
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975|1975]] || Åke Strömmer
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1976|1976]] || No television broadcast || Sweden did not participate
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1977|1977]] || rowspan="7"|[[Ulf Elfving]] || Åke Strömmer & Ursula Richter || rowspan="3"|Sven Lindahl
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1978|1978]] || rowspan="3"|[[Kent Finell]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1979|1979]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1980|1980]] || [[Arne Weise]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1981|1981]] || No radio broadcast || Bengteric Nordell
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|1982]] || rowspan="2"|Kent Finell || Arne Weise
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]] || rowspan="4"|Agneta Bolme-Börjefors
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984|1984]] || rowspan="2"|[[Fredrik Belfrage]] || No radio broadcast
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1985|1985]] || Jan Ellerås & Rune Hallberg
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1986|1986]] || [[Ulf Elfving]] || rowspan="2"|[[Jacob Dahlin]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1987|1987]] || [[Fredrik Belfrage]] || Jan Ellerås
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1988|1988]] || [[Bengt Grafström]] || Kalle Oldby || Maud Uppling
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1989|1989]] || [[Jacob Dahlin]] || [[Kent Finell]] and Janeric Sundquist || Agneta Bolme-Börjefors
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1990|1990]] || Jan Jingryd || rowspan="23"|unknown commentator from 1990|| Jan Ellerås
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]] || [[Harald Treutiger]] || Bo Hagström
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1992|1992]] || [[Björn Kjellman]] || Jesper Aspegren || Jan Jingryd
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1993|1993]] || Jan Jingryd || Kåge Gimtell || Gösta Hanson
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1994|1994]] || [[Pekka Heino (television presenter)|Pekka Heino]] || No dual commentator || Marianne Anderberg
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1995|1995]] || Pernilla Månsson || Kåge Gimtell || Björn Hedman
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1996|1996]] || [[Björn Kjellman]] ||rowspan="2"|No Dual commentator || Ulla Rundqvist
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1997|1997]] || Jan Jingryd || Gösta Hanson
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998|1998]] || Pernilla Månsson || [[Christer Björkman]] || Björn Hedman
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1999|1999]] || [[Pekka Heino (television presenter)|Pekka Heino]] || [[Anders Berglund]] || Pontus Gårdinger
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2000|2000]] || Pernilla Månsson || Christer Lundh || Malin Ekander
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2001|2001]] || Henrik Olsson || No Dual commentator || Josefine Sundström
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2002|2002]] || Claes Åkesson || [[Christer Björkman]] || [[Kristin Kaspersen]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2003|2003]] || rowspan="4"|[[Pekka Heino (television presenter)|Pekka Heino]] ||rowspan="4"|No Dual commentator || [[Kattis Ahlström]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004]] || Jovan Radomir
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]] || Annika Jankell
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|2006]] || Jovan Radomir
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007|2007]] || rowspan="2"|[[Kristian Luuk]] ||rowspan="2"|Josef Sterzenbach || André Pops
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]] || Björn Gustafsson
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009|2009]] ||rowspan="4"|[[Edward af Sillén]] || [[Shirley Clamp]] || [[Sarah Dawn Finer]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010]] || Christine Meltzer Lind || [[Eric Saade]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]] || Hélène Benno || [[Danny Saucedo]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]] || [[Gina Dirawi]] || [[Sarah Dawn Finer]]
|-
|}

== Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ==
{{further2|[[Congratulations (Eurovision)|Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest]]}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Artist
! Title
! Place
! Points
! Year
! Place
! Points
|- bgcolor = "gold"
| [[ABBA]]
| "[[Waterloo (ABBA song)|Waterloo]]"
| 1
| 329
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]]
| ''1''
| ''24''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Melodifestivalen]]
* [[Sweden in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]
* [[Sweden in the Eurovision Dance Contest]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://svt.se/svt/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=62813&lid=Melodifestivalen&from=menu SVT's site for Melodifestivalen]
* [http://www.sr.se/webbradio/webbradio_fallback.asp?typ=&namn=webbevent3&intUnitID= Swedish Radio's site for Melodifestivalen]
* [http://www.gylleneskor.se/ Gylleneskor.se]
* [http://www.escsweden.com/ ESC Sweden]
* [http://www.melodifestivalklubben.se OGAE Sweden, the Swedish branch of the ESC fan club]
* [http://schlagerparty.co.uk/index.html Schlager Party, a London series of schlager events]
* [http://www.spraydio.com/schlagerradio/ Schlager Radio]
* [http://www.eurovisioncovers.co.uk/xtswe.htm Points to and from Sweden] ''eurovisioncovers.co.uk''

{{Sweden in Eurovision}}
{{Melodifestivalen}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest}}

[[Category:Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[Category:Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest| ]]
[[Category:Melodifestivalen]]

[[az:İsveç Avroviziya Mahnı Müsabiqəsində]]
[[da:Sverige i Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[de:Schweden beim Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[et:Rootsi Eurovisiooni lauluvõistlusel]]
[[el:Συμμετοχή της Σουηδίας στη Eurovision]]
[[es:Suecia en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión]]
[[fr:Suède au Concours Eurovision de la chanson]]
[[hy:Շվեդիան Եվրատեսիլ երգի մրցույթում]]
[[it:Svezia e l'Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[he:שבדיה באירוויזיון]]
[[lt:Švedija Eurovizijoje]]
[[hu:Svédország az Eurovíziós Dalfesztiválokon]]
[[nl:Zweden op het Eurovisiesongfestival]]
[[ja:スウェーデンのユーロビジョン・ソング・コンテスト]]
[[no:Sverige i Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[nn:Sverige i Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[pl:Szwecja w Konkursie Piosenki Eurowizji]]
[[pt:Suécia no Festival Eurovisão da Canção]]
[[ro:Suedia la Concursul Muzical Eurovision]]
[[ru:Швеция на конкурсе песни Евровидение]]
[[sl:Švedska na Pesmi Evrovizije]]
[[fi:Ruotsi Eurovision laulukilpailussa]]
[[sv:Sveriges bidrag i Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[tr:Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'nda İsveç]]
[[uk:Швеція на пісенному конкурсі Євробачення]]
[[zh:瑞典在歐洲歌唱大賽之歷年表現]]

Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest

2012-12-24T00:44:27Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying it:Svizzera e l'Eurofestival to it:Svizzera e l'Eurovision Song Contest

{{Infobox Eurovision country
|Name = Switzerland
|Flag = Flag of Switzerland.svg
|Member station = [[SRG SSR idée suisse|SRG SSR]]
|National selection event = Die Grosse Entscheidungsshow (2011-present) [[Concours Eurovision]] (former)
|ESC apps = 53
|ESC first = [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956]]
|ESC best = 1st: [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1988|1988]]
|ESC worst = Last: [[Eurovision Song Contest 1964|1964]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967|1967]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998|1998]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004 SF]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010 SF]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]]
|Website = [http://www.sf.tv/sf1/eurovision/index.php SF page]
|EBU page = http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-country/country?country=11
}}

'''Switzerland''' has participated in the '''Eurovision Song Contest''' every year since it began, except 1995, 1999, 2001, and 2003. Switzerland hosted the first contest in 1956, and won it themselves. Switzerland won the contest again in 1988. A third victory in 1963 could have been possibly had Katie Boyle not recalled the Norwegian for their votes again. {{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Although most of the Swiss representatives are national acts not known outside of the country, many internationally successful artists have represented the country. In 1988 [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] won the contest for Switzerland, in 1993 [[Annie Cotton]] finished third, and in 2005 the girl band [[Vanilla Ninja]] finished 8th. [[Esther Ofarim]]'s 1963 second-place finish helped establish her as an international success.

Despite a fourth consecutive semi-final failure, as well as increasing pressure to withdraw from the Contest SRG SSR has confirmed that they have no current plans to withdraw from the contest, claiming that "the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] costs the broadcaster less than some entertainment shows".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.20min.ch/unterhaltung/sounds/story/28382696|title=Die Teilnahme kostest uns nicht viel|publisher=''[[20 Minuten]]''|accessdate=2009-05-17|language=German}}</ref> However, the country eventually qualified again for the final in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]] contest, with only one more point than [[Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest|Malta]] and [[Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Armenia]].

== Absences ==
Switzerland had been absent from Eurovision four times since their participation began in the first contest. These absences, in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1995|1995]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 1999|1999]], [[Eurovision Song Contest 2001|2001]] and [[Eurovision Song Contest 2003|2003]] were caused by poor results in previous contests that relegated Switzerland from the contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=310|title=History by Year: Eurovision Song Contest 1995|publisher=''EBU''|accessdate=2009-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=314|title=History by Year: Eurovision Song Contest 1999|publisher=''EBU''|accessdate=2009-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=266|title=History by Year: Eurovision Song Contest 2001|publisher=''EBU''|accessdate=2009-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=217|title=History by Year: Eurovision Song Contest 2003|publisher=''EBU''|accessdate=2009-04-15}}</ref>

== Contestants ==

[[File:Piero Esteriore - Switzerland 2004.jpg|thumb|[[Piero and the MusicStars]] performing "[[Celebrate (Piero Esteriore & The MusicStars song)|Celebrate]]" at Istanbul ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004]])]]
[[File:Vanilla Ninja - Switzerland 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Vanilla Ninja]] performing "[[Cool Vibes]]" at Kiev ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]])]]

[[File:ESC 2007 Switzerland - DJ Bobo - Vampires are alive.jpg|thumb|[[DJ BoBo]] performing "[[Vampires Are Alive]]" at Helsinki ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2007|2007]])]]
[[File:Paolo Meneguzzi, Switzerland, Eurovision 2008, 2nd semifinal.jpg|thumb|[[Paolo Meneguzzi]] performing "[[Era stupendo]]" at Belgrade ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]])]]
[[File:Switzerland at ESC 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Anna Rossinelli]] performing "[[In Love for a While]]" at Düsseldorf ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]])]]
[[File:Sinplus rehearsal 5.jpg|thumb|[[Sinplus]] performing "[[Unbreakable (Sinplus song)|Unbreakable]]" at Baku ([[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]])]]

Switzerland has four official languages, [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Romansh language|Romansh]]. For decades, the song requirements stated that the song had to be performed in a national language, which gave Switzerland leeway as they could perform in any of the four languages. Out of their 51 appearances in the Contest, Switzerland has sent 52 songs, 24 of which were in French, 12 in German, nine in Italian, six in English, and one in Romansh. Both of Switzerland's winning songs have been sung in French.

In the table below, wins are highlighted with a gold background colour, 2nd places with silver, and 3rd places with bronze. Last placements are in red.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#ccf;"
! Year
! Artist
! Title
! Final
! Points
! Semi
! Points
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956]]
| [[Lys Assia]]
| "[[Das alte Karussell]]"
| 10<ref>{{cite book|last=Barclay|first=Simon|title=The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010|publisher=Silverthorn Press|date=June 17, 2010|page=24|isbn=978-1-4457-8415-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BfuBF7fOnyoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
| -
| rowspan="45" |
| rowspan="45" |
|- style="background:gold;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956]]
| [[Lys Assia]]
| "[[Refrain (song)|Refrain]]"
| 1
| -
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1957|1957]]
| [[Lys Assia]]
| "[[L'enfant que j'étais]]"
| 8
| 5
|- style="background:silver;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1958|1958]]
| [[Lys Assia]]
| "[[Giorgio (song)|Giorgio]]"
| 2
| 24
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1959|1959]]
| [[Christa Williams]]
| "[[Irgendwoher]]"
| 4
| 14
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1960|1960]]
| [[Anita Traversi]]
| "[[Cielo e terra]]"
| 8
| 5
|- style="background:#c96;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1961|1961]]
| [[Franca Di Rienzo]]
| "[[Nous aurons demain]]"
| 3
| 16
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1962|1962]]
| [[Jean Philippe]]
| "[[Le retour]]"
| 10
| 2
|- style="background:silver;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963|1963]]
| [[Esther Ofarim]]
| "[[T'en va pas (Esther Ofarim song)|T'en va pas]]"
| 2
| 40
|- style="background:#e34234;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1964|1964]]
| [[Anita Traversi]]
| "[[I miei pensieri]]"
| 13
| 0
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1965|1965]]
| [[Yovanna]]
| "[[Non, à jamais sans toi]]"
| 8
| 8
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1966|1966]]
| [[Madeleine Pascal]]
| "Ne vois-tu pas?"
| 6
| 12
|- style="background:#e34234;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967|1967]]
| [[Geraldine Branigan|Géraldine]]
| "[[Quel cœur vas-tu briser?]]"
| 17
| 0
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1968|1968]]
| [[Gianni Mascolo]]
| "[[Guardando il sole]]"
| 13
| 2
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969|1969]]
| [[Paola del Medico]]
| "[[Bonjour, Bonjour]]"
| 5
| 13
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970|1970]]
| [[Henri Des]]
| "[[Retour]]"
| 4
| 8
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1971|1971]]
| [[Peter, Sue and Marc]]
| "[[Les illusions de nos vingt ans]]"
| 12
| 78
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972|1972]]
| [[Veronique Mueller]]
| "[[C'est la chanson de mon amour]]"
| 8
| 88
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1973|1973]]
| [[Patrick Juvet]]
| "[[Je vais me marier, Marie]]"
| 12
| 79
|- style="background:#e34234;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]]
| [[Piera Martell]]
| "[[Mein Ruf nach dir]]"
| 14
| 3
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975|1975]]
| [[Simone Drexel]]
| "[[Mikado (song)|Mikado]]"
| 6
| 77
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1976|1976]]
| [[Peter, Sue and Marc]]
| "[[Djambo, Djambo]]"
| 4
| 91
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1977|1977]]
| [[Pepe Lienhard|Pepe Lienhard Band]]
| "[[Swiss Lady]]"
| 6
| 71
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1978|1978]]
| [[Carole Vinci]]
| "[[Vivre (Carole Vinci song)|Vivre]]"
| 9
| 65
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1979|1979]]
| [[Peter, Sue and Marc|Peter, Sue, Marc]], [[Pfuri Gorps & Kniri|Pfuri, Gorps and Kniri]]
| "[[Trödler und Co]]"
| 10
| 60
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1980|1980]]
| [[Paola del Medico|Paola]]
| "[[Cinéma (song)|Cinéma]]"
| 4
| 104
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1981|1981]]
| [[Peter, Sue and Marc]]
| "[[Io senza te]]"
| 4
| 121
|- style="background:#c96;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|1982]]
| [[Arlette Zola]]
| "[[Amour on t'aime]]"
| 3
| 97
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]]
| [[Mariella Farré]]
| "[[Io così non ci sto]]"
| 15
| 28
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984|1984]]
| [[Rainy Day (artist)|Rainy Day]]
| "[[Welche Farbe hat der Sonnenschein?]]"
| 16
| 30
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1985|1985]]
| [[Mariella Farré]] and [[Pino Gasparini]]
| "[[Piano, Piano]]"
| 12
| 39
|- style="background:silver;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1986|1986]]
| [[Daniela Simmons]]
| "[[Pas pour moi]]"
| 2
| 140
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1987|1987]]
| [[Carol Rich]]
| "[[Moitié, moitié]]"
| 17
| 26
|- style="background:gold;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1988|1988]]
| [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]]
| "[[Ne partez pas sans moi]]"
| 1
| 137
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1989|1989]]
| [[Furbaz]]
| "[[Viver senza tei]]"
| 13
| 47
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1990|1990]]
| [[Egon Egemann]]
| "[[Musik klingt in die Welt hinaus]]"
| 11
| 51
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]]
| [[Sandra Studer|Sandra Simó]]
| "[[Canzone per te]]"
| 5
| 118
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1992|1992]]
| [[Daisy Auvray]]
| "[[Mister Music Man]]"
| 15
| 32
|- style="background:#c96;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1993|1993]]
| [[Annie Cotton]]
| "[[Moi, tout simplement]]"
| 3
| 148
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1994|1994]]
| [[Duilio]]
| "[[Sto pregando]]"
| 19
| 15
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1996|1996]]
| [[Kathy Leander]]
| "[[Mon coeur l'aime]]"
| 16
| 22
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1997|1997]]
| [[Barbara Berta]]
| "[[Dentro di me]]"
| 23
| 5
|- style="background:#e34234;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998|1998]]
| [[Gunvor Guggisberg|Gunvor]]
| "[[Lass' ihn]]"
| 25
| 0
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2000|2000]]
| [[Jane Bogaert]]
| "[[La vita cos'è?]]"
| 20
| 14
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2002|2002]]
| [[Francine Jordi]]
| "[[Dans le jardin de mon âme]]"
| 22
| 15
|- style="background:#e34234;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004]]
| [[Piero and the MusicStars]]
| "[[Celebrate (Piero Esteriore & The MusicStars song)|Celebrate]]"
| X
| X
| 22
| 0
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]]
| [[Vanilla Ninja]]
| "[[Cool Vibes]]"
| 8
| 128
| 8
| 114
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|2006]]
| [[six4one]]
| "[[If We All Give a Little]]"
| 16
| 30
| X
| X
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007|2007]]
| [[DJ BoBo]]
| "[[Vampires Are Alive]]"
| X
| X
| 20
| 40
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]]
| [[Paolo Meneguzzi]]
| "[[Era stupendo]]"
| X
| X
| 13
| 47
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009|2009]]
| [[Lovebugs (band)|Lovebugs]]
| "[[The Highest Heights]]"
| X
| X
| 14
| 15
|- style="background:#e34234;"
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010]]
| [[Michael von der Heide]]
| "[[Il pleut de l'or]]"
|X
|X
| 17
| 2
|-
| style="background:#e34234;"|[[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]]
| style="background:#e34234;"|[[Anna Rossinelli]]
| style="background:#e34234;"|"[[In Love for a While]]"
| style="background:#e34234;"| 25
| style="background:#e34234;"| 19
| 10
| 55
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]]
| [[Sinplus]]
| "[[Unbreakable (Sinplus song)|Unbreakable]]"
|X
|X
| 11
| 45
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2013|2013]]
| [[Heilsarmee]]
| "[[You and Me (Heilsarmee song)|You and Me]]"
|
|
|
|
|}

*XX on Semi Finals denotes auto-qualification. This could be due to two reasons. If a country won the previous year, they did not have to compete in Semi Finals, or back in the early 2005-2007 era, countries who done well did not have to compete in Semi Finals the following year. The top ten non-Big four along with the Big four countries automatically qualified, for example, if Germany and France placed inside the top 10, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's Grand Final along with everyone within the top 10.
*XX on Finals denotes an unsuccessful attempt to qualify to the final.

==Voting history (1975-2012)==
Switzerland has ''given'' the most points to...
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- style="background:gold;"
| 1
| {{Esc|Ireland}}
| 156
|- style="background:silver;"
| 2
| {{Esc|France}}
| 145
|- style="background:#c96;"
| 3
| {{Esc|Spain}}
| 141
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|United Kingdom}}
| 140
|-
| 5
| {{Esc|Israel}}
| 122
|}

Switzerland has ''received'' the most points from...
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- style="background:gold;"
| 1
| {{Esc|United Kingdom}}
| 122
|- style="background:silver;"
| 2
| {{Esc|Netherlands}}
| 99
|- style="background:#c96;"
| 3
| {{Esc|Belgium}}
| 98
|- style="background:#c96;"
| =
| {{Esc|Finland}}
| 98
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|Austria}}
| 90
|-
| 5
| {{Esc|Norway}}
| 88
|}

NOTE: The totals in the above tables include only points awarded in Eurovision finals, and not the semi-finals since 2004.

===Since introducing the semi-finals in 2004 until 2012===
Switzerland has ''given'' the most points to...
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- style="background:gold;"
| 1
| {{Esc|Albania}}
| 79
|- style="background:silver;"
| 2
| {{Esc|Turkey}}
| 69
|- style="background:#c96;"
| 3
| {{Esc|Portugal}}
| 65
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| 61
|-
| 5
| {{Esc|Serbia}}
| 58
|-
| 6
| {{Esc|Germany}}
| 50
|-
| 7
| {{Esc|Croatia}}
| 40
|-
| 8
| {{Esc|Macedonia}}
| 39
|-
| 9
| {{Esc|Greece}}
| 37
|-
| 10
| {{Esc|Spain}}
| 33
|-
|}

===Since introducing the semi-finals in 2004 until 2012===
Switzerland has ''received'' the most points from...
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rank
! Country
! Points
|- style="background:gold;"
| 1
| {{Esc|Malta}}
| 35
|- style="background:silver;"
| 2
| {{Esc|Latvia}}
| 23
|- style="background:#c96;"
| 3
| {{Esc|Finland}}
| 21
|-
| 4
| {{Esc|Cyprus}}
| 19
|-
| rowspan=4| 5
| {{Esc|Germany}}
| 14
|-
| {{Esc|Estonia}}
| 14
|-
| {{Esc|Lithuania}}
| 14
|-
| {{Esc|Monaco}}
| 14
|}
NOTE: The tables with points from 2004 include points awarded in both finals and semi-finals where the highest point from the final/semi-final is picked.

==Hostings==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Location
! Venue
! Presenters
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956]]
| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Lugano]]
| [[Teatro Kursaal]]
| [[Lohengrin Filipello]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1989|1989]]
| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Lausanne]]
| [[Palais de Beaulieu]]
| [[Lolita Morena]] and [[Jacques Deschenaux]]
|}

==Commentators and Spokespeople==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2012}}

Over the years Switzerland has broadcasted the Eurovision Song Contest on three television stations, [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] (German language), [[Radio télévision suisse|RTS]] (French language) and [[Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana|RSI]] (Italian language).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: left; width: 500px;"
|-
! Year(s)
! Swiss German Commentator
! Swiss French Commentator
! Swiss Italian Commentator
! Spokesperson
! Dual Swiss German Commentator
! Dual Swiss French Commentator
! Dual Swiss Italian Commentator
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1956|1956]] ||rowspan="2"|No broadcast ||rowspan="28"|Georges Hardy ||rowspan="6"|No broadcast || No Spokesperson ||rowspan="41"|No Dual Commentator ||rowspan="49"|No Dual Commentator ||rowspan="46"|No Dual Commentator
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1957|1957]] ||rowspan="2"|Mäni Weber
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1958|1958]] ||rowspan="26"|Theodor Haller
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1959|1959]] ||rowspan="5"|Boris Acquadro
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1960|1960]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1961|1961]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1962|1962]] ||rowspan="22"|Giovanni Bertini
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1963|1963]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1964|1964]] ||rowspan="7"|Alexandre Burger
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1965|1965]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1966|1966]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967|1967]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1968|1968]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1969|1969]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1970|1970]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1971|1971]] ||rowspan="3"|No Spokesperson
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1972|1972]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1973|1973]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974]] || Alexandre Burger
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975|1975]] ||rowspan="19"|Michel Stocker
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1976|1976]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1977|1977]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1978|1978]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1979|1979]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1980|1980]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1981|1981]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1982|1982]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1983|1983]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1984|1984]] ||rowspan="8"|Bernard Thurnheer ||rowspan="5"|Serge Moisson ||rowspan="6"|Ezio Guidi
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1985|1985]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1986|1986]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1987|1987]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1988|1988]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1989|1989]] ||rowspan="2"|Unknown
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1990|1990]] ||rowspan="4"|Emanuela Gaggini
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|1991]] || [[Lolita Morena]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1992|1992]] || Mariano Tschuor || Ivan Frésard
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1993|1993]] ||rowspan="2"|Bernard Thurnheer ||rowspan="3"|[[Jean-Marc Richard (TV and radio presenter)|Jean-Marc Richard]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1994|1994]] || Wilma Gilardi || [[Sandra Simo]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1995|1995]] || Heinz Margot ||rowspan="2"|Joanne Holder || Did not participate
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1996|1996]] || [[Sandra Studer]] ||rowspan="2"|Pierre Grandjean || Yves Ménestrier
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1997|1997]] ||rowspan="2"|Heinz Margot ||rowspan="6"|Jonathan Tedesco || Sandy Altermatt ||rowspan="2"|Roman Kilchsperger
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998|1998]] ||rowspan="4"|[[Jean-Marc Richard (TV and radio presenter)|Jean-Marc Richard]] || Regula Elsener
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1999|1999]] ||rowspan="4"|[[Sandra Studer]] || Did not participate ||rowspan="14"|No Dual Commentator
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2000|2000]] || Astrid Von Stockar
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2001|2001]] || Did not participate
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2002|2002]] || Phil Mundwiller || Diana Jörg || Claudio Lazzarino
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2003|2003]] || Roman Kilchsperger ||rowspan="10"|[[Jean-Marc Richard (TV and radio presenter)|Jean-Marc Richard]] ||rowspan="3"|Daniele Rauseo || Did not participate || No Dual Commentator
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2004|2004]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Sandra Studer]] || [[Emel Aykanat]] ||rowspan="4"|Claudio Lazzarino
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]] || Cécile Bähler || Marie-Thérèse Porchet
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|2006]] ||rowspan="5"|Sandy Altermatt || Jubaira Bachmann || Alain Morisod
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2007|2007]] || Bernard Thurnheer || [[Sven Epiney]] || [[Henri Dès]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2008|2008]] ||rowspan="5"|[[Sven Epiney]] ||rowspan="2"|Cécile Bähler ||rowspan="5"|Nicolas Tanner ||rowspan="4"|No Dual Commentator
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009|2009]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010]] || [[Christa Rigozzi]]
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011|2011]] || Jonathan Tedesco || Cécile Bähler
|-
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012|2012]] || Clarissa Tami || Sara Hildebrand || [[Paolo Meneguzzi]]
|}

== Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ==
{{further2|[[Congratulations (Eurovision)|Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest]]}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Artist
! Title
! Place
! Points
! Year
! Place
! Points
|-
| [[Celine Dion]]
| "[[Ne partez pas sans moi]]"
| 10
| 98
| [[Eurovision Song Contest 1988|1988]]
| ''1''
| ''161''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.eurovisioncovers.co.uk/xtsui.htm Points to and from Switzerland] ''eurovisioncovers.co.uk''

{{Switzerland in Eurovision}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest}}

[[Category:Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[Category:Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest| ]]

[[be:Швейцарыя на Еўрабачанні]]
[[da:Schweiz i Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[de:Schweiz beim Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[et:Šveits Eurovisiooni lauluvõistlusel]]
[[es:Suiza en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión]]
[[fr:Suisse au Concours Eurovision de la chanson]]
[[hy:Շվեյցարիան Եվրատեսիլ երգի մրցույթում]]
[[it:Svizzera e l'Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[he:שווייץ באירוויזיון]]
[[lt:Šveicarija Eurovizijoje]]
[[hu:Svájc az Eurovíziós Dalfesztiválokon]]
[[nl:Zwitserland op het Eurovisiesongfestival]]
[[ja:スイスのユーロビジョン・ソング・コンテスト]]
[[no:Sveits i Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[pl:Szwajcaria w Konkursie Piosenki Eurowizji]]
[[pt:Suíça no Festival Eurovisão da Canção]]
[[ro:Elveția la Concursul Muzical Eurovision]]
[[ru:Швейцария на конкурсе песни Евровидение]]
[[fi:Sveitsi Eurovision laulukilpailussa]]
[[sv:Schweiz bidrag i Eurovision Song Contest]]
[[tr:Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'nda İsviçre]]
[[uk:Швейцарія на пісенному конкурсі Євробачення]]

VC Shakhtar Donetsk

2012-12-24T00:17:15Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ru:Шахтёр (волейбольный клуб) to ru:Шахтёр (волейбольный клуб, Донецк)

'''VC Shakhtar Donetsk''' is a [[volleyball]] club from [[Donetsk]]. It won the [[Soviet Volleyball Championship]] in 1992, and was the last to do so.<ref name="korrdon.info">Источник: [http://korrdon.info/2007/10/31/komandy_molodosti_nashejj_kotorym_v_nashem_gorode_ne_zhit.html Команды молодости нашей, которым в нашем городе не жить]</ref>

It played 5 seasons only in that top league.<ref name="news2000.org.ua">Источник: [http://news2000.org.ua/print?a=/paper/7842 Старожил из «Зарева»]</ref>

Except the 1992 championship, it was a runner up in 1991.

Almost the whole championship line-up left to clubs abroad, and the team was closed due to financial problems.<ref name="news2000.org.ua"/>

==External links==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shakhtar Donetsk]]
[[Category:Ukrainian volleyball clubs]]

[[ru:Шахтёр (волейбольный клуб, Донецк)]]
[[uk:Шахтар (волейбольний клуб)]]

Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

2012-12-23T23:38:05Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ro:Ducesa Charlotte Georgine de Mecklenburg-Strelitz to ro:Charlotte Georgine de Mecklenburg-Strelitz

{{Infobox royalty|consort=yes
| name = Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
| full name = {{lang-de|Charlotte Georgine Luise Friederike}}
| title = Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen
| image = Charlottesahi1800.JPG
| caption = The Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen, 1800
| reign = 3 September 1785 – 14 May 1818
| spouse = [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| issue = Prince Joseph Georg [[Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Charlotte, Princess Paul of Württemberg]] Princess Charlotte [[Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Joseph]] Princess Luise Fredericka [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Therese, Queen of Bavaria]] [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Louise, Duchess of Nassau]] Prince Franz Frederick [[Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Georg]] Prince Frederick Wilhelm Prince Maximilian [[Prince Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg|Prince Eduard]]
| house = [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] [[Saxe-Hildburghausen|House of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| father = [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg]]
| mother = [[Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1769|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hanover]], [[Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1818|05|14|1769|11|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hildburghausen]], [[Saxe-Hildburghausen|Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place=
| religion = [[Lutheranism]]
|}}
'''Duchess ''Charlotte Georgine'' Luise Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz''' ({{lang-de|Charlotte Georgine Luise Friederike, Herzogin zu Mecklenburg-Strelitz}}<ref name=thePeerage>{{cite web | url=http://thepeerage.com/p11056.htm#i110553 | title= Charlotte Georgine Luise Herzogin von Mecklenburg-Strelitz | date=18 Nov 2008 | accessdate=2009-07-26 | publisher=[http://thePeerage.com thePeerage.com] | author=Darryl Lundy}}</ref><ref name=OnlineGotha>{{cite web | url=http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/mecklenburg.html | title=MECKLENBURG | date= | accessdate=2009-07-26 | publisher=Paul Theroff's Royal Genealogy Site | author=Paul Theroff}}</ref>) (17 November 1769, [[Hanover]], [[Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]<ref name=thePeerage/><ref name=OnlineGotha/> – 14 May 1818, [[Hildburghausen]], [[Saxe-Hildburghausen|Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]<ref name=thePeerage/><ref name=OnlineGotha/>) was a member of the [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] and a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz by birth and a member of the [[Saxe-Hildburghausen|House of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] and Duchess consort of Saxe-Hildburghausen through her marriage to [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (later Duke of Saxe-Altenburg).

== Family ==
Charlotte was the eldest child and daughter<ref name=thePeerage/><ref name=OnlineGotha/> of [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg]] and his first wife [[Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt]].<ref name=thePeerage/><ref name=OnlineGotha/>

Charlotte and her sisters, Queen [[Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Louise of Prussia]], Queen [[Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Frederica of Hannover]] and Princess [[Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Therese Mathilde of Thurn und Taxis]], were considered the most beautiful women of their time. [[Jean Paul Friedrich Richter]] dedicated his novel "[[Titan (Jean Paul)|Titan]]" to the ''four beautiful and noble sisters on the throne''.<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=WNkFAAAAQAAJ#PPA495,M1 Jean Paul: ''Collected Works'', Paris, 1836 S. 495]</ref>

== Life ==
=== Childhood and Youth ===
Charlotte grew up in Hanover, where her father served as governor, on behalf of his brother-in-law, King [[George III of the United Kingdom]], who lived in London. When Charlotte was twelve years old, her mother died and she was brought up by her mother's sister, Charlotte, who married her father in 1784, and also by Magdalena of Wolzogen. Her sisters were brought by her grandmother, [[Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Falkenburg-Dagsburg]] in [[Darmstadt]]. Charlotte had then already moved to [[Hildburghausen]].

=== Duchess of Saxony-Hildburghausen ===
[[Image:Charlottesahibu.JPG| thumb | left | Duchess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1769-1818), pastel by [[Johann Philipp Bach]], ca.1790]]
On 3 September 1785, at the age of 16, Charlotte married Duke [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]], who stood until 1787 under regency of his great-great uncle [[Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Joseph Frederick]]. The marriage was not a happy one; Charlotte was mentally superior to Frederick, who began to ignore her. They also had financial problems; Saxe-Hildburghausen had been financially ruined by the disastrous policies of Frederick's predecessors and in 1806 it had been put into Imperial receivership. The receivers allowed the Duke and Duchess only a reduced [[Civil List]].

Charlotte's father and two brothers often stayed with Charlotte in Hildburghausen. In 1787, her father moved to Hildburghausen permanently, and became president of the credit committee. In 1792, Charlotte's grandmother and her sisters fled before the advancing French army from Darmstadt to Hildburghausen. Her grandmother noticed of Charlotte's husband ''.... of all his duties, he only fulfills his marital duties with zeal. Charlotte, who never loved this man, is always pregnant''.<ref name="P. Wulff-Woesten 1992, p. 24">H. P. Wulff-Woesten: ''Hildburghäuser Hoheiten - Dem Volk verbunden'', Hildburghausen, 1992, p. 24</ref> The family spent several carefree weeks at Hildburghausen.<ref>Karin Feuerstein-Praßer: ''Die Preußischen Königinnen'', Piper, München, 2005, p. 257</ref> In 1793, Charlotte's grandmother returned from exile and travelled with Charlotte's sisters to [[Frankfurt am Main]], where Louise met her future husband, [[Frederick William III of Prussia|Frederick William]].

Charlotte had a very intimate and loving relationship with her sister Friederike and relatives in Strelitz. In 1803 and 1805, the Prussian royal couple visited Hildburghausen. For this occasion, the receivers allowed the ducal couple to renew some of their furniture.<ref>Dr. Rudolf Armin Human: ''Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen'' Hildburghausen 1886 S. 238</ref> On 9 October 1806, Charlotte and her sister Therese were visiting their sister Louise at the headquarters in Erfurt of king [[Frederick William III of Prussia]], when he declared war on [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]. Louise had helped draft the declaration of war.

[[Image:CHARLOTTEDUCHESSOFSAXE-HILDBURGHAUS.jpg|thumb | Duchess Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen, painting by Heinrich Vogel, c. 1815]]
[[Christian Truchseß von Wetzhausen zu Bettenburg]] was a friend of the ducal couple and godfather of Charlotte's son [[Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg|Edward]]. Ater Charlotte and her daughter [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Therese]], who was Crown Pricess of Bavaria at the time, to his Bettenburg Castle in Franconia, Christian wrote to [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué|Fouqué]]: ''Our Crown Pricess of Bavaria and [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen|the Hereditry Princess of Weilburg]] were visiting their mother, the Duchess of Hildburghausen; and since I have known these lovely daughters since childhood, and they had always been kindly disposed towards me, they felt the urge to visit the old Truchseß on his castle and they and their brother [[George, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|George]] and [[William I, Duke of Nassau|the Hereditary Prince of Weilburg]], the brave man of Waterloo and really only a small suite came to me on a Sunday afternoon''.<ref>Karl Kühner: ''Dichter, Patriarch und Ritter'', Frankfurt, 1869 p. 156</ref> Many spectators had come to see the Bavarian Crown Princess. When receiving his guests, Truchseß tried to lead the lower-ranking Charlotte first into his castle, but she refused, referring to her daughter. Truchseß replied: ''Your Higness will forgive me, but as long as this castle has stood here, mothers have always enjoyed precedence before their daughters.'' Therese then grabbed the baron's other arm, and the three of them walk through the gate together.<ref>Dr. Rudolf Armin Human: ''Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen'', Hildburghausen, 1886 p. 205 ff.</ref>

The Duchess gave about half of her annual income to the poor, and persioners, and education and apprenticeships for the lower classes. After her sister's death in 1815, she erected the Louise Memorial in the Hildburghausen City Park.

=== Court of the Muse ===
Charlotte was interested in literature and avidly promoted the arts at court. She relaxed the rules and etiquette and brought musicians, painters and poets to the court, among them the writer [[Jean Paul Friedrich Richter]], who arrived in May 1799. On 25 May 1799, he wrote to his friend Otto: ''I've been here a week now, and I'm quite weak. For starters, imagine the heavenly Duchess, with beautiful child-like eyes, her face full of love and attraction and youth, a glottis like a nightingale and a mother's heart [...] they love and read me [...]. They ask me in the afternoon and in the evening [...]. Yesterday, I improvised for the court on the grand piano. Besides, there's a decent parish of brothers and sisters here, and I can be [[Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf|Zinzendorf]]''.<ref>Dr. Rudolf Armin Human: ''Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen'', Hildburghausen, 1886, p. 204 ff</ref> ON 27 Oktober 1799, he again wrote to Otto: ''I knew ahead of time, that the court would stay at their [[Jagdschloss]] at Seidingstadt; I went there today. The Duchess was already there when I arrived and saw my within minutes of my arrival. Apart from a lover, I know of nothing more beautiful than her sweet shape.''<ref>Dr. Rudolf Armin Human: ''Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen'', Hildburghausen, 1886, p. 205</ref>

Charlotte gave the commoner Jean Paul the title of a Legation Council and the writer was engaged to one of her ladies in waiting.<ref>Gunter de Bruyn: ''The life of Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, Halle-Leipzig, 1975, p. 210</ref> However, the engagement to Caroline Feuchter von Feuchtersleben was later dissolved.

Under Charlotte, the Court developed to a "little Weimar". The current slogan of the town of Hildburghausen, "Little Classic", refers back to this period. Beside Jean Paul, other contemporaries have also testified to Charlotte's extraordinary singing talent. She was given the nickname "Singlotte" and the reputation of being one of the greatest singers of her day<ref.Heinrich Ferdinand Schöppl: ''Die Herzoge von Sachsen-Altenburg'', Bolzano, 1917, reprint Altenburg, 1992, p. 158</ref>. She was taught singing in Hannover by an Italian named Giuliani and sang in concerts at court and church services. During Holy Week, she regularly sang "Death of Jesus" by [[Carl Heinrich Graun]] at Christ Church of Hildburghausen, in which the entire population was allowed into the church.<ref name="P. Wulff-Woesten 1992, p. 24"/>

== Death ==
[[Image:Charlottenkandelaberfriedhofhibu.JPG|thumb | Charlotte candelabra in the cemetery of Hildburghausen]]
Charlotte died on 14 May 1818 after a long illness. Her daughter Therese reported to her sister Louisa, "''Eight or ten days ago, during an anxious night, in which the end seemed near, she said us all a farewell and blessed all you far away loved ones - that's the best a good loving mother can give to her children [...] That night, when she bade us farewell in the most touching manner, I knelt down beside her bed of pain and asked for her blessing. When her hand rested on my head, I spoke for us all, dear mother - and she answered [...]. We all have received a (ring) from her dear hands. Looking at it, my intent to always live a life worthy of my mother, grew ever more steadfast in my heart.''<ref>H. P. Wulff-Woesten: ''Hildburghäuser Hoheiten - Dem Volk verbunden'', Hildburghausen, 1992, p. 26</ref>

Charlotte decreed that she was to be buried in the newly planned cemetery at Backsteinfeld in Hildburghausen. She was provisionally buried in the church of the castle, and reburied at Backsteinfeld in 1819. Her tomb was designed by Heim, the court carpenter, and was completed in 1824. The green bronzed candelabra stands on four black balls with blazing flames in lead in a shell at the top. The inscription was written by [[Friedrich Carl Ludwig Sickler]]. The vault has a height of 4 meters and a diameter of about 12 meters. When the church of the castle was converted into a courtroom, the bodies of all the royals were moved from the royal crypt to Charlotte's tomb.

== Marriage and issue==
Charlotte married [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (later Duke of Saxe-Altenburg), youngest child of [[Ernest Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] and his third wife Princess Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar, on 3 September 1785 in [[Hildburghausen]].<ref name=thePeerage/><ref name=OnlineGotha/> Charlotte and Frederick had twelve children:<ref name=thePeerage/><ref name=OnlineGotha/>

# Joseph Georg Karl Frederick (b. Hildburghausen, 12 June 1786 - d. Hildburghausen, 30 July 1786).
# [[Princess Katharina Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (b. Hildburghausen, 17 June 1787 - d. Bamberg, 12 December 1847), married on 28 September 1805 to [[Prince Paul of Württemberg]].
# Charlotte Auguste (b. and d. Hildburghausen, 29 July 1788).
# [[Joseph Georg Friedrich Ernst Karl, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]] (b. Hildburghausen, 27 August 1789 - d. Altenburg, 25 November 1868).
# Luise Fredericka Marie Caroline Auguste Christiane (b. Hildburghausen, 18 January 1791 - d. Hildburghausen, 25 March 1791).
# [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Therese Charlotte Luise Friederike Amalie]] (b. Hildburghausen, 8 July 1792 - d. Munich, 26 October 1854), married on 12 October 1810 to King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]].
# [[Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Charlotte Luise Fredericka Amalie Alexandrine]] (b. Hildburghausen, 28 January 1794 - d. Biebrich, 6 April 1825), married on 24 June 1814 to [[Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau]].
# Franz Frederick Karl Ludwig Georg Heinrich (b. Hildburghausen, 13 April 1795 - d. Hildburghausen, 28 May 1800).
# [[Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]] (b. Hildburghausen, 24 July 1796 - d. Hummelshain, 3 August 1853).
# Frederick Wilhelm Karl Joseph Ludwig Georg (b. Hildburghausen, 4 October 1801 - d. Altenburg, 1 July 1870).
# Maximilian Karl Adolf Heinrich (b. Hildburghausen, 19 February 1803 - d. Hildburghausen, 29 March 1803).
# [[Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg|Eduard Karl Wilhelm Christian]] (b. Hildburghausen, 3 July 1804 - d. Munich, 16 May 1852).

==Titles and styles==
* '''17 November 1769 – 3 September 1785''': ''Her Serene Highness'' Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* '''3 September 1785 – 14 May 1818''': ''Her Highness'' The Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
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|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz'''
|2= 2. [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|4= 4. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Mirow]]
|5= 5. [[Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|6= 6. [[Landgrave George William of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|7= 7. Countess [[Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Falkenburg-Dagsburg]]-Heidesheim
|8= 8. [[Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|9= 9. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
|10= 10. [[Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|11= 11. [[Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach]]
|12= 12. [[Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|13= 13. Countess [[Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]
|14= 14. Count [[Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen-Dachsburg-Falkenburg-Heidesheim]]
|15= 15. Countess Catharine Polyxene of Solms-Rödelheim and Assenheim
|16= 16. [[Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
|17= 17. Duchess Marie Katharina of Brunswick-Dannenberg
|18= 18. [[Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]
|19= 19. Countess Antonie Sibylle of Barby-Muhlingen
|20= 20. [[Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|21= 21. Countess [[Sophie of Waldeck]]
|22= 22. Count Georg Ludwig of Erbach-Erbach
|23= 23. Countess Amalia Katharina of Waldeck
|24= 24. [[Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|25= 25. Margravine Dorothea Charlotte von Brandenburg-Ansbach
|26= 26. Count [[Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]
|27= 27. Margravine [[Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|28= 28. [[John, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg]]
|29= 29. Countess [[Johanna Magdalene of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]
|30= 30. Count Ludwig of Solms-Rödelheim
|31= 31. Countess Charlotte Sibylla of Ahlefeld
}}
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

== References ==
* Heinrich Ferdinand Schöppl: ''Die Herzoge von Sachsen-Altenburg'', Bolzano, 1917, reprint Altenburg, 1992
* Dr. Rudolf Armin Human: ''Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen'', Hildburghausen, 1886
* H. P. Wulff-Woesten: ''Hildburghäuser Hoheiten - Dem Volk verbunden'', Hildburghausen, 1992
* Jean Paul, Christian Otto: ''Jean Pauls Briefwechsel mit seinem Freunde Christian Otto'', vol 1, Berlin, 1829
{{de}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]|17 November|1769|14 May|1818|[[House of Mecklenburg]]}}
{{S-roy|de}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Princess Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar|Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duchess consort of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]|years=3 September 1785 – 14 May 1818}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Duchess Amelia of Württemberg|Amelia of Württemberg]] (as ''Duchess consort of Saxe-Altenburg'')}}
{{End}}

{{House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Charlotte Georgine Of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duchess
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 November 1769
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Hanover]], [[Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 14 May 1818
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Hildburghausen]], [[Saxe-Hildburghausen|Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Charlotte Georgine Of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duchess}}
[[Category:1769 births]]
[[Category:1818 deaths]]
[[Category:House of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
[[Category:House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
[[Category:People from Hanover]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
[[Category:German nobility]]

[[br:Charlotte Georgine Luise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
[[ca:Carlota de Mecklenburg-Strelitz (duquessa de Saxònia-Altenburg)]]
[[de:Charlotte von Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1769–1818)]]
[[it:Carlotta di Meclemburgo-Strelitz (1769-1818)]]
[[nl:Charlotte Georgine Louise van Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
[[ja:シャルロッテ・ツー・メクレンブルク (1769-1818)]]
[[pt:Carlota Jorgina de Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
[[ro:Charlotte Georgine de Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
[[ru:Шарлотта Мекленбург-Стрелицкая (1769—1818)]]
[[uk:Шарлотта Георгіна Мекленбург-Стреліцька]]

Shant TV

2012-12-23T23:12:58Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying hy:Շանթ հեռուստատեսություն to hy:Շանթ հեռուստաընկերություն

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2012}}

{{Infobox TV channel
| name = Shant TV
| logofile = Shant TV logo.png|thumb|Shant TV logo
| logosize =
| logoalt =
| launch = 1994
| closed date =
| picture format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| owner = Arthur Yezekyan, Armen Minas
| country = [[Armenia]]
| broadcast area =
| headquarters = [[Yerevan]]
| former names = STV Armenia
| sister names =
| web = [http://www.shanttv.com/ www.shanttv.com]
| terr serv 1 = DVB-T
| terr chan 1 =
}}
'''Shant TV''' ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Շանթ հեռուստատեսություն) is a private television broadcasting company in [[Armenia]]. Shant TV was founded by Arthur Yezekyan in [[Gyumri]], the second largest city of Armenia, in 1994. Shant TV launched a full 6 hour broadcasting schedule in May 1995

==History==
The station was founded at a time of hunger for information programs and social tension in the country. This is the main reason why the newly-founded TV company began specializing in the production of news and information programs from its beginning. In 2001, Shant TV moved to [[Yerevan]], the capital of Armenia, and gained popularity and trust over the next three years.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} It started regular broadcasting, also in 2001.

Armenian TV online delivers the latest news and information on Armenian politics, culture, economics, education, business, entertainment, politics, serials, children's television, auto television, Armenian jokes and more. Shant TV provides video and photo galleries, calls to auditions, voting, and registrations.

==Web presence==
The most popular Armenian serials on Shant TV online include:
*[http://www.shanttv.com/en/serials/anurjner Anurjner]
*[http://www.shanttv.com/en/serials/banakum Banakum]
*[http://www.shanttv.com/en/serials/lialusin Lialusin]

Shant TV also launched an online TV forum:
[http://www.forum.shanttv.com/ www.forum.shanttv.com]

==Time-line==
* 1994 founded in Gyumry - the second largest city of Armenia, in 1994,
* Shant TV has launched its full 6 hour broadcasting with every day Armenian TV programs system since May 1995.
* 1995 - Shant TV launch of private weekly [[newspaper]]
* 1995/1996 - Temporary coding of the ether in terms of [[energy crisis]]
* From 1997 - Production of humor and jokes sketches and its realization among Armenians all over the world
* 1998 - Foundation of private [[radio station]]
* moved to Yerevan in 2001 where it started regular broadcasting
* In 2002, Shant TV acquired the right of broadcasting Armenian version of the famous television show ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''. This television game was the first internationally acknowledged format in Armenia, acquired legally.
* Shant TV company went online and started Armenia TV online broadcasting
* Shant started TV serials
* Shant TV broadcasts TV shows: Superstar, My name is..., X-Factor, Dance Show, Hidden Talent, So You Think You Can Dance?.
* Advertise with Shant allows getting more information how to create [[Television advertising|TV commercials]] and advertise with Shant TV.
* Shant TV persons work hard to provide best Armenian TV channel experience to their audience
* Founders, Arthur Yezekyan and Armen Minas state: "Only in 3 years Shant TV managed to become one of the leading TV channels of the capital, which is trusted by the citizens no less and even preferred to others. It is an exceptional case in the history of TV channels when a regional TV company becomes one of the most influential TV companies of the capital".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.shanttv.com Shant tv official web]
*[http://tvcuyc.am/Watch/Shant-tv-online watch Shant TV online]

[[Category:Television stations in Armenia]]
[[Category:Armenian-language television stations]]

{{tv-station-stub}}

[[es:Shanttv]]
[[hy:Շանթ հեռուստաընկերություն]]
[[ru:Шант (телеканал)]]
[[zh:Shant TV]]

Agaricus

2012-12-23T23:01:42Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding zh:伞菌属

{{Taxobox
| image = Agaricus campestris.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''A. campestris''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| Division = [[Basidiomycota]]
| subphylum = [[Agaricomycotina]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Agaricaceae]]
| genus = '''''Agaricus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]:[[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] emend [[Petter Adolf Karsten|Karst.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = [[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]
| type_species = ''[[Agaricus campestris]]''
| type_species_authority = L.:Fr.
}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category}}
'''''Agaricus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[mushroom]]s containing both [[edible mushroom|edible]] and [[poisonous mushroom|poisonous]] species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide.<ref>Bas C. (1991). A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus ''Agaricus'', 21-24. In L.J.L.D. Van Griensven (ed.), ''Genetics and breeding of ''Agaricus. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</ref><ref>Capelli A. (1984). ''Agaricus''. L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.). ''Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna'', Saronno, Italy</ref> The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (''[[Agaricus bisporus]]'') and the field mushroom (''[[Agaricus campestris]]''), the dominant [[cultivated mushroom]]s of the West.

Members of ''Agaricus'' are characterized by having a fleshy cap or [[pileus (mycology)|pileus]], from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or [[gill (mushroom)|gill]]s on which are produced the naked [[spore]]s. They are distinguished from other members of their family, [[Agaricaceae]], by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of ''Agaricus'' also have a stem or stipe, which elevates the it above the object on which the mushroom grows, or [[substrate (biology)|substrate]], and a [[partial veil]], which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or [[annulus (mushroom)|annulus]] on the stalk.

==Taxonomy==
For many years, members of the genus ''Agaricus'' were given the generic name ''Psalliota'', and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve ''Agaricus'' against ''Psalliota'' or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

Several origins of ''Agaricus'' have been proposed; it possibly derives "from Agarica of Sarmatica, a district of Russia".{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Note also Greek ἀ''''''γαρικ<ref>Letter is script and looks like a Russian и.</ref> όν, "a sort of tree fungus" (There has been an ''Agaricon'' Adans. genus, treated by Donk in ''Persoonia'' 1:180.)

Donk reports [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus']] name is devalidated (so the proper author citation apparently is "L. ''per'' Fr., 1821") because ''Agaricus'' was not linked to Tournefort's name. Linnaeus places both ''Agaricus'' Dill. and ''Amanita'' Dill. in synonymy, but truly a replacement for ''Amanita'' Dill., which would require ''A. quercinus'', not ''A. campestris'' be the type. This question is compounded because [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]] himself used ''Agaricus'' roughly in Linnaeus' sense (which leads to issues with ''Amanita''), and ''A. campestris'' was eventually excluded from ''Agaricus'' by Karsten and was apparently in ''Lepiota'' at the time Donk wrote this, commenting that a type conservation might become necessary.<ref name = "Donk62">{{cite journal| last=Donk| first=M.A.| title=The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae| journal=Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia| pages=1–320| volume=5| year=1962| issn= 0078-2238}}</ref>

The alternate name for the genus, ''Psalliota'', derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''psalion''/ψάλιον, "ring",
was first published by Fries (1821) as trib. ''Psalliota''. The type is ''[[Agaricus campestris]]'' (widely accepted, except by Earle, who proposed ''A. cretaceus''). [[Paul Kummer]] (not Quélet, who merely excluded Stropharia) was the first to elevate the tribe to a genus. ''Psalliota'' was the tribe containing the type of ''Agaricus'', so when separated, it should have caused the rest of the genus to be renamed, but this is not what happened.<ref>Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238</ref>

==Phylogenetics==
The use of [[phylogenetic]] analysis to determine evolutionary relationships amongst ''Agaricus'' species has increased the understanding of this taxonomically difficult genus, although much work remains to be done to fully delineate infrageneric relationships. Prior to these analyses, the genus ''Agaricus'', as circumscribed by [[Rolf Singer]], was divided into 42 species grouped into five sections based on reactions of mushroom tissue to air or various chemical reagents, as well as subtle differences in mushroom morphology.<ref name="isbn3-7682-0143-0">{{cite book |author=Singer, Rolf |title=Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy |publisher=Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd |location= |year=1987 |pages= |isbn=3-7682-0143-0}}</ref> [[Restriction fragment length polymorphism]] analysis demonstrated this classification scheme needed revision.<ref name="pmid9045755">{{cite journal |author=Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ |title=Phylogeny of the genus ''Agaricus'' inferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA |journal=Fungal Genet Biol |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=243–53 |year=1996 |month=December |pmid=9045755 |doi= 10.1006/fgbi.1996.0039|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1087184596900390}}</ref>

===Sections===
This genus is divided into several sections:

* Section ''Agaricus''
* Section ''Arvense'' Konrad & Maubl.
:Contains 19 species in six subgroups similar to the horse mushroom, ''[[Agaricus arvensis|A. arvensis]]'', it has versatile [[heterothallic]] life cycles.<ref name="pmid10653743">{{cite journal |author=Calvo-Bado L, Noble R, Challen M, Dobrovin-Pennington A, Elliott T |title=Sexuality and Genetic Identity in the Agaricus Section Arvenses |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=728–34 |year=2000 |month=February |pmid=10653743 |pmc=91888 |doi= 10.1128/AEM.66.2.728-734.2000|url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10653743}}</ref>
* Section ''Xanthodermatei''
:Outlined by Singer in 1948, this section includes species with various characteristics similar to the type species ''A. xanthodermus''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Singer R | year = 1948 | title = Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium | url = | journal = Sydowia | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 26–42 }}</ref> The section forms a single [[clade]] based on analysis of ITS1+2.<ref name="pmid16722221">{{cite journal |author=Kerrigan RW, Callac P, Guinberteau J, Challen MP, Parra LA |title=''Agaricus'' section ''Xanthodermatei'': a phylogenetic reconstruction with commentary on taxa |journal=Mycologia |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=1292–315 |year=2005 |pmid=16722221 |doi= 10.3852/mycologia.97.6.1292|url=}}</ref>
* Section ''Chitonioides''
* Section ''Sanguinoletti''
* Section ''Spissicaules'' (Hainem.) Kerrigan
* Section ''Duploannulatae''
:Based on DNA analysis of [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS1]], ITS2, and [[5.8S]] sequences, this section (also known as section ''Hortenses'') may be divided into six distinct clades, five of which correspond to well-known species from the [[temperate]] [[Northern Hemisphere]]: ''A. bisporus'', ''A. subfloccosus'', ''A. bitorquis'', ''A. vaporarius'' and ''A. cupressicola''. The sixth clade comprises the [[species complex]] ''A. devoniensis''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Challen MP, Kerrigan RW, Callac P | year = 2003 | title = A phylogenetic reconstruction and emendation of ''Agaricus'' section Duploannulatae | url = | journal = Mycologia | volume = 95 | issue = 1| pages = 61–73 }}</ref>

==Edibility==
The genus contains the most widely consumed and best-known mushroom today, ''[[Agaricus bisporus|A. bisporus]]'', with ''[[Agaricus campestris|A. campestris]]'' also being well known. The most notable inedible species is the yellow-staining mushroom, ''[[Agaricus xanthodermus|A. xanthodermus]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} All three are found worldwide.

One species reported from Africa, ''[[Agaricus aurantioviolaceus|A. aurantioviolaceus]]'', is reportedly deadly poisonous.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Fungi}}
[[List of Agaricus species|List of ''Agaricus'' species]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mycokey.org/speciesindex/10/language=uk/LocalLanguage=uk MycoKey - The Genus Agaricus]
* [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus.html Mushroom Expert - The Genus Agaricus]
* [http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/genera/Agaricus.html Varieties of California, USA on MYKOWEB .com]
* [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=17030 ''Agaricus'' page at Index Fungorum]
* [http://www.rjb.csic.es/sim/php/Paginas/nomenclatura.php?busca=agaricus&fichero=nomenaga&por=gensi&version=english On-line nomenclature of Agaricus from Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid. CSIC]

{{unimelb|Agaricus.html}}

[[Category:Agaricus| ]]

[[ar:غاريقون]]
[[an:Agaricus]]
[[ast:Xampiñón]]
[[az:Şampinyon]]
[[bg:Печурка (род)]]
[[ca:Agaricus]]
[[de:Champignons]]
[[es:Agaricus]]
[[eo:Agariko]]
[[fr:Agaric]]
[[gl:Champiñón]]
[[ko:아가리쿠스]]
[[is:Kampsveppir]]
[[it:Agaricus]]
[[lt:Pievagrybis]]
[[li:Champignon]]
[[hu:Csiperkék]]
[[ja:ハラタケ属]]
[[pl:Pieczarka]]
[[pt:Agaricus]]
[[qu:Quncha]]
[[ru:Шампиньон]]
[[sl:Kukmak]]
[[fi:Herkkusienet]]
[[sv:Champinjoner]]
[[uk:Печериця]]
[[wa:Åbussons vraiys]]
[[zh:伞菌属]]

Champagne-Ardenne

2012-12-23T22:51:06Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying az:Şampan-Ardenne to az:Şampan-Arden

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{weasel|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox French region
|Name = Champagne-Ardenne
|map = Rimex-France location Champagne-Ardenne.svg
|flag = Champagne-Ardenne flag.svg
|flag_link =
|reg_logo = Blason région fr Champagne-Ardenne.svg
|capital = Châlons-en-Champagne
|largest_city =
|area = 25606
|area_source =
|population = 1334000
|pop_ref =
|pop_date = 2008-01-01
|pop_rank = 19th
|GDP = 35
|GDP_year = 2012
|GDP_ref =<ref name="eurostat">{{cite web|title= GDP per inhabitant in 2006 ranged from 25% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est in Romania to 336% in Inner London| publisher=Eurostat| url= http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-19022009-AP/EN/1-19022009-AP-EN.PDF}}</ref>
|GDP_per_capita = 26,100
|GDP_cap_year = 2006
|GDP_cap_ref =<ref name="eurostat" />
|GDP_percent =
|Website = [http://www.cr-champagne-ardenne.fr/ cr-champagne-ardenne.fr]
|leader_title =
|leader = [[Jean-Paul Bachy]]
|leader_party = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|ruling_party1 =
|ruling_party2 =
|departments = 4
|dept1 = [[Ardennes (department)|Ardennes]]
|dept2 = [[Aube]]
|dept3 = [[Marne]]
|dept4 = [[Haute-Marne]]
|NUTS = FR2
|iso region =
}}
{{double image|right|Champagne-Ardenne flag.svg|165|Arms of the French Region of Champagne-Ardenne.svg|95|The historical flag and coat of arms of the region, symbols of the [[Champagne, France|Champagne]] province.}}

'''Champagne-Ardenne''' ({{IPA-fr|ʃɑ̃paɲ aʁdɛn}}) is one of the 27 [[regions of France|regions]] of France. It is located in the northeast of the country, bordering [[Belgium]], and consists of four [[departments of France|departments]]: [[Aube]], [[Ardennes (department)|Ardennes]], [[Haute-Marne]], and [[Marne]]. The region is famous for its [[Champagne (wine)|sparkling white wine (champagne)]]. Its rivers, most of which flow west, include the [[Seine]], the [[Marne (river)|Marne]], and the [[Aisne (river)|Aisne]]. The [[Meuse River|Meuse]] flows north.

==Transportation==
===Highways===
* [[A4 autoroute|A4]] connecting Paris and [[Strasbourg]] and serving the [[Reims]] metropolitan area
* [[A5 autoroute|A5]] connecting Paris and [[Dijon]] and serving [[Troyes]] and [[Chaumont, Haute-Marne|Chaumont]]
* [[A26 autoroute|A26]] connecting [[Calais]] and [[Dijon]] and serving [[Reims]] and [[Châlons-en-Champagne]]
* [[A34 autoroute|A34]] connecting [[Reims]] and the Belgian border and serving [[Charleville-Mézières]]

===Rail===
The rail network includes the Paris–Strasbourg line, which follows the [[Marne Valley]] and serves [[Épernay]], [[Châlons-en-Champagne]], and [[Vitry-le-François]]. The [[LGV Est]] [[TGV]] line also connecting Paris and Strasbourg opened in 2007 and serves Reims with [[Gare de Champagne-Ardenne TGV|a train station]] in the commune of [[Bezannes]].

===Water===
The region's [[canal]]s include the [[Canal latéral à la Marne]] and [[Marne-Rhine Canal]], the latter connecting to the [[Marne (river)|Marne]] at Vitry-le-François. These are ''petit gabarit'' canals.

===Air===
The [[Vatry International Airport]], primarily dedicated to air freight, has a runway 3650 m long, yet it is often unused. The airport is in a sparsely populated area just 150 km from Paris. Some people say it is a good candidate for transformation into a third Parisian airport. [[Les verts]] (the French green party) supported such a move because the resulting [[noise pollution]] would affect fewer people than an airport closer to Paris.

See also: [[Ardennes]]

==Economy==
[[File:FR-51-Landscape5.JPG|thumb|250px| Vineyard in Champagne-Ardenne.]]
* 61.4% of its land is dedicated to agriculture
* 1st in France for the production of [[barley]] and [[alfalfa]]
* 2nd in France for the production of [[beet]]s, onions, and [[pea]]s
* 3rd in France for the production of tender wheat and [[rapeseed]].
* 282.37 km² of [[vineyard]]s
* Champagne sales in 2001: 263 million bottles (4% increase from 2000) of which 37.6% were exported.
* 25% of French [[hosiery]] production
* 3rd [[metallurgy|metallurgic]] region in France

===Businesses===
* [[Verreries Mécaniques de Champagne]]
* [[Produits Métallurgiques à Reims]]
* [[Vallou]]

===Food processing===
* [[Champagne-Céréales]]
* [[France-Luzerne]]
* [[Béghin-Say]]

==Demographics==
The population of Champagne-Ardenne has been in steady decrease since 1982 due to a [[rural exodus]]. With 1.3 million people and a density of 52/km², it is one of France's least populated regions. After a brief period of stabilization in the 1990s, the region's population is now among the fastest "dying" in Europe, with several municipalities losing people at a faster rate than a lot of Eastern European areas, especially in the Haute-Marne department. The region is among the oldest in France, has a weak fertility rate, and its immigrant population, while growing,{{cn|date=October 2012}} is still minimal compared to the national average.

==Tourism==
Champagne-Ardenne has the following:
[[File:FR-10-Border.JPG|thumb|Entry in the department of [[Aube]], Champagne-Ardenne.]]
* 291 approved tourist hotels offering 8,000 rooms
* 152 [[bed and breakfast]]s
* 18 museums
* 92 screens in local cinemas
* 16 theatres
* 10 [[golf course]]s
* 650 km of [[waterway]]s
* 8 lakes reserved for tourists, including the [[Lake Der-Chantecoq]], the largest man-made lake in Europe

Visitors often go to [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]] because of its history and [[Champagne (wine)|its world-famous wine]]. However, their itineraries diverge when they discover the region's cultural heritage and its [[cuisine]]: some visit [[Troyes]] and its ancient houses, others visit [[Langres]] and its walls, [[Châlons-en-Champagne]] and it Cloister, still others visit [[Épernay]], [[Reims]], or [[Colombey-les-deux-Églises]].

==Major communities==
*[[Châlons-en-Champagne]]
*[[Charleville-Mézières]]
*[[Chaumont, Haute-Marne|Chaumont]]
*[[Épernay]]
*[[Reims]]
*[[Saint-Dizier]]
*[[Sedan, France|Sedan]]
*[[Troyes]]
[[Image:Moulin de Valmy .jpg|left|thumb|180px|Moulin de Valmy dans les champs]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==See also==
*[[Ardennes]]
*[[Champagne Riots]]
*[[French wine]]

==External links==
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.cr-champagne-ardenne.fr/ Government of Champagne-Ardenne region]

* {{en icon}} {{ODP|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Champagne-Ardenne|Champagne-Ardenne}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
{{Regions of France}}
{{coord|49|00|N|4|30|E|region:FR_type:adm1st|display=title}}
[[Category:Champagne-Ardenne| ]]
[[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union]]
[[Category:Regions of France]]

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[[hy:Շամպան — Արդեն]]
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[[lb:Champagne-Ardenne]]
[[lt:Šampanė-Ardėnai]]
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[[mk:Шампања-Арден]]
[[mr:शांपेन-अ‍ॅर्देन]]
[[xmf:შამპან-არდენი]]
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[[ja:シャンパーニュ＝アルデンヌ地域圏]]
[[no:Champagne-Ardenne]]
[[nn:Champagne-Ardenne]]
[[nrm:Chaumpangne-Ardenne]]
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[[pnb:شیمپین-اردن]]
[[pms:Champagne-Ardënne]]
[[pl:Szampania-Ardeny]]
[[pt:Champanha-Ardenas]]
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[[ru:Шампань — Арденны]]
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[[sk:Champagne-Ardenne]]
[[sl:Šampanja-Ardeni]]
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[[diq:Şampanya Ardeni]]
[[zh:香槟-阿登]]

Shawinigan

2012-12-23T22:17:36Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying sr:Шавиниган (Квебек) to sr:Шавиниган

{{about|the city in Quebec}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Shawinigan
|official_name =
|native_name =
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[City (Quebec)|City]]
|image_skyline = Shawinigan1.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = City of Shawinigan from across the river
|image_flag = ShawiniganQCflag 1.svg|border|2px
|flag_size = 125px
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem = Shawinigan logo.png
|nickname = The City of Electricity
|motto = ''Age Quod Agis'' (Do what you are doing)
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|pushpin_map = Canada Quebec
|pushpin_label_position = top
|pushpin_mapsize = 197
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Quebec, Canada
|latd= 46 | latm = 34 | lats = | latNS = N
|longd= 72 | longm = 45 | longs = | longEW = W
|coor_pinpoint = 550, avenue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville<ref name="mamrot"/>
|coordinates_region = CA-QC
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="toponymie"/>
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{QC}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Region (Quebec)|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Mauricie]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Regional county municipality|RCM]]
|subdivision_name3 = None
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1851
|established_title1 = Constituted
|established_date1 = January 1, 2002
|established_title2 =
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
|government_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/>
|government_type =
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = [[Michel Angers]]
|leader_title1 = [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts|Federal riding]]
|leader_name1 = [[Saint-Maurice—Champlain]]
|leader_title2 = [[List of Quebec provincial electoral districts|Prov. riding]]
|leader_name2 = [[Laviolette (electoral district)|Laviolette]] and [[Saint-Maurice (provincial electoral district)|Saint-Maurice]]
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|area_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/><ref name="cp2011"/>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 798.80
|area_land_km2 = 733.48
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011-PC">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0750&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Shawinigan&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=0750&TABID=1 Shawinigan (Population centre), Quebec 2011 Census profile]</ref>
|area_urban_km2 = 109.93
|area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011-CA">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=444&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=Shawinigan&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=444&TABID=1 Shawinigan (Census agglomeration), Quebec 2011 Census profile]. The census agglomeration consists of Shawinigan, [[Saint-Boniface, Quebec|Saint-Boniface]], [[Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac, Quebec|Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac]]. In the 2006 census, the census agglomeration had included [[Grandes-Piles, Quebec|Grandes-Piles]], but had not included Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac.</ref>
|area_metro_km2 = 987.14
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011"/>
|population_total = 50060
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 68.2
|population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011-PC"/>
|population_urban = 47735
|population_density_urban_km2 = 434.3
|population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011-CA"/>
|population_metro = 55009
|population_density_metro_km2 = 55.7
|population_blank1_title = Change (2006–11)
|population_blank1 = {{decrease}}3.6%
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_blank2_title= Dwellings
|population_blank2 = 26302
|population_note =
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset = −5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = −4
|postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code|Postal code(s)]]
|postal_code = [[List of G postal codes of Canada|G9N to G9T]]
|area_code = [[Area code 819|819]]
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website = {{URL|www.shawinigan.ca}}
|footnotes =
}} 
'''Shawinigan''' is a city located on the [[Saint-Maurice River]] in the [[Mauricie]] area in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. It had a population of 50,060 as of the [[Canada 2011 Census]].

Shawinigan is also a [[territory equivalent to a regional county municipality]] (TE) and [[Census geographic units of Canada|census division]] (CD) of [[Quebec]], coextensive with the city of Shawinigan. Its geographical code is 36. Shawinigan is the seat of the [[Judicial districts of Quebec|judicial district]] of Saint-Maurice.<ref>[http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/D_11/D11_A.HTM ''Territorial Division Act'']. ''Revised Statutes of Quebec'' D-11.</ref>

The name Shawinigan has had numerous spellings over time: Chaouinigane, Oshaouinigane, Assaouinigane, Achawénégan, Chawinigame, Shawenigane, Chaouénigane. It may mean "south portage", "portage of beeches", "angular portage", or "summit" or "crest".<ref name="toponymie">{{cite web |url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/CT/toposweb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=348209 |title= Shawinigan (Ville) |accessdate=2010-02-11 |publisher=Commission de toponymie du Québec |language=French}}</ref> Before 1958 the city was known as Shawinigan Falls.

==History==

In 1651, the priest Buteaux was the first European known to have travelled up the Saint-Maurice River to this river's first set of great falls. Afterwards, missionairies going to the Upper Saint-Maurice would rest here.<ref name="toponymie"/> Before Shawinigan Falls was established, the local economy had been largely based on [[lumber]] and [[agriculture]].

===Boomtown===
[[File:Hôtel de ville de Shawinigan.JPG|thumb|left|Shawinigan City Hall]]
In the late 1890s, Shawinigan Falls drew the interest of foreign entrepreneurs such as John Joyce and [[John Edward Aldred]] of the [[Shawinigan Water & Power Company]] (SW&P), and of [[Hubert Biermans]] of the [[AbitibiBowater Inc.|Belgo Canadian Pulp & Paper Company]] because of its particular geographic situation. Its falls had the potential to become a favorable location for the production of [[hydroelectricity]].<ref>[http://www.rsc.ca/files/publications/transactions/2004/lambert.pdf Transactions 2004: Life, Learning and the Arts], The Royal Society of Canada, November 19, 2004</ref>

In 1899, the SW&P commissioned [[Montreal]] engineering firm Pringle and Son to design a [[grid plan]] for a new industrial town on the banks of the [[Saint-Maurice River]], providing the ground work for what would become downtown Shawinigan.<ref>[http://www.cca.qc.ca/pages/Niveau3.asp?page=power&lang=eng Power and Planning: Industrial Towns in Québec, 1890-1950], CCA, 1996</ref>

In 1901, the place was incorporated as the Village Municipality of Shawinigan Falls and gained town (''ville'') status a year later in 1902. The hydro-electric generating station contributed to rapid economic growth and the town achieved several firsts in [[History of Canada|Canadian history]]: first production of [[aluminum]] (1901), [[carborundum]] (1908), [[cellophane]] pellets (1932).<ref name="toponymie"/><ref>[http://www.alcan.com/web/publishing.nsf/Content/Alcan+Celebrates+100+Years+of+Aluminum+Production+in+Canada_FR Alcan célèbre le centenaire de la production d'aluminium au Canada], Alcan Inc., November 1, 2001</ref> Shawinigan Falls also became one of the first Canadian cities with electric [[street lighting]].

For decades, the local [[wood pulp|pulp]] and [[paper]], [[Chemical industry|chemical]] and [[Textile industry|textile]] industries created thousands of jobs. The city steadily grew eastward and northward. Meanwhile on the other side of the river, [[Shawinigan-Sud]] (then Almaville) developed as a residential hub.

Shawinigan Falls also had a vibrant [[English-speaking]] community, which at times comprised more than 30% of the population. Early on, members of the [[French-speaking]] majority and the more privileged English-speaking minority settled in segregated neighbourhoods.

===Great Depression===

Local [[Prosperous|prosperity]] was interrupted by the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s. Many plants were forced to temporarily reduce or stop their production, which left many residents jobless. Many families needed [[public assistance]] to survive. The City Council enacted a [[public works]] program to help families.

The promenade along the St Maurice was a make work project during the depression.

===World War II===

[[World War II]] put Shawinigan Falls, and many others cities in Canada, back on the path of [[jobless recovery|economic recovery]].

During hostilities, the windows of local [[power plants]] were painted black to prevent any possible [[Germany|German]] [[Air force|aerial]] attack.

The Shawinigan-based [[62nd (Shawinigan) Field Artillery Regiment|81st Artillery Battery]] was called to active duty during World War II. Its members were trained in [[Ontario]] and the [[United Kingdom]] from 1940 to 1944 and contributed to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]' effort in the [[Normandy Landings]] in 1944-45, which led to the Liberation of [[France]].<ref>J.J. Bellemare, 60 ans d'artillerie en Mauricie, Shawinigan, 1996</ref>

In 1948, a [[cenotaph]], known as [[Monument des Braves, Shawinigan|Monument des Braves]], was erected in downtown Shawinigan at the intersection of Fourth Street and Promenade du Saint-Maurice (then Riverside Street) near the [[Saint-Maurice River]], in honour of soldiers who died during that conflict as well as [[World War I]].

===Organized labour stronghold===
Due to its large labour population, Shawinigan became a hot bed for [[trade union]] activities. The workers of the Belgo pulp and paper plant went on strike in 1955. In the [[Quebec general election, 1952|1952 provincial election]], [[Saint-Maurice (provincial electoral district)|Shawinigan]] sent a [[Liberal Party of Quebec|Liberal]] member to the [[National Assembly of Quebec|legislature]]. The gesture was largely considered an affront to [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[Maurice Duplessis]], who responded by refusing to approve the construction of a new bridge between Shawinigan and Shawinigan-Sud. The new bridge was not built until after the Liberal Party won the [[Quebec general election, 1960|1960 election]].
{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

===Decline===

In the 1950s, Shawinigan Falls entered a period of decline that would last for several decades. Technological improvements made industries less dependent on Shawinigan's geographic location. Therefore, many employers would relocate to nearby larger cities or close down.

In 1958, it received city (''cité'') status, and its name was abbreviated to just Shawinigan.<ref name="toponymie"/>

As a reaction to declining opportunities, many residents, many of whom were English-speakers, left the area. Shawinigan High School is the only remaining English-language school in the city following the closure of St. Patrick's (closed circa 1983).

In 1963, the [[Politics of Quebec|provincial government]] of [[Jean Lesage]] [[Hydro-Québec|nationalized]] eleven privately-owned electricity companies, including SW&P. While benefiting the population in general, the decision may have been damaging to local interests.

===Emerging hospitality industry===

Following numerous failed attempts to jump start the local economy, an effort has led to the development of the [[hospitality industry]]. The most notable example of that initiative is the establishment of [[La Cité de l'Énergie]], a theme park based on local industrial history, with a 115 metre high [[observation tower of la Cité de l'Énergie|observation tower]]. Since it opened in 1997, it has attracted thousands of visitors to the area.

===Mergers===
[[Image:Trou du diable Shawinigan.JPG|thumb|220px|right|The "Trou du Diable" falls, with the Cité de l'Énergie tower in the background.]]
In 1998, Shawinigan merged with the Village Municipality of [[Baie-de-Shawinigan]].<ref name="toponymie"/>

On January 1, 2002, Shawinigan [[Municipal reorganization in Quebec|amalgamated]] with much of the [[Le Centre-de-la-Mauricie Regional County Municipality|Regional County Municipality of Le Centre-de-la-Mauricie]]. The following municipalities were part of the merger:

{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Municipality'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Year of Foundation''' <ref>[http://www.mamr.gouv.qc.ca/accueil/livre_blanc_2000/documents/centre-de-la-mauricie/rapcentremauricie.pdf Rapport du mandataire du Gouvernement - La réorganisation municipale du Centre-de-la-Mauricie], 2000</ref>
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Population (1996)''' <ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm Community Profiles], Statistics Canada, 1996</ref>
|-
| Shawinigan <ref>Shawinigan includes [[Baie-de-Shawinigan]], which was established in 1907 and merged in 1998.</ref>
| 1901
| 18,678
|-
| [[Grand-Mère, Quebec|Grand-Mère]] <ref>Grand-Mère includes [[Sainte-Flore, Quebec|Sainte-Flore]], which was established in 1862.</ref>
| 1898
| 14,223
|-
| [[Shawinigan-Sud, Quebec|Shawinigan-Sud]]
| 1912
| 11,804
|-
| [[Saint-Georges-de-Champlain, Quebec|Saint-Georges-de-Champlain]]
| 1915
| 3,929
|-
| [[Lac-à-la-Tortue, Quebec|Lac-à-la-Tortue]]
| 1895
| 3,169
|-
| [[Saint-Gérard-des-Laurentides, Quebec|Saint-Gérard-des-Laurentides]]
| 1924 <ref>The [[Catholic]] [[parish municipality (Quebec)|parish municipality]] of Saint-Gérard-des-Laurentides was established in 1922.</ref>
| 2,155
|-
| [[Saint-Jean-des-Piles, Quebec|Saint-Jean-des-Piles]]
| 1897
| 693
|}

==Sport==

The [[Shawinigan Cataractes]] of the [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]] play out of the [[Centre Bionest de Shawinigan]] in Shawinigan. It is the only team in the league still operating in the same city of its founding. It played host to the [[2012 Memorial Cup]] hockey tournament and won the Championship, defeating the [[London Knights]] in the final.

==Economy and industry==

* an [[Alcan]] aluminum plant: built in 1941 and located at 1100 Boulevard Saint-Sacrement, it took over the production of a 1901 structure which is located near the Saint-Maurice River and is currently managed by La Cité de l'Énergie. It is expected to be shut down by 2015;<ref>[http://argent.canoe.com/lca/infos/quebec/archives/2007/11/20071119-145043.html Lueur d'espoir pour l'aluminerie Alcan de Shawinigan, Presse canadienne, November 19, 2007]</ref>
* the Belgo pulp and paper plant: [[AbitibiBowater Inc.]] ceased its production on February 29, 2008;<ref>[http://www.lhebdodustmaurice.com/article-169417-Belgo-le-syndicat-depose-un-grief-pour-retarder-la-fermeture.html Belgo: le syndicat dépose un grief pour retarder la fermeture, Bernard Lepage, L'Hebdo du Saint-Maurice, December 20, 2007]</ref>
* The Laurentide Paper Company: [[AbitibiBowater Inc.]] the last major paper mill still active in Shawinigan, located in the Grand-Mère district.
* large [[hydroelectric]] complex at Shawinigan Falls: the [[List of hydroelectric stations in Quebec|Shawinigan 2]] (1911) and Shawinigan 3 (1948) [[power plants]], established by the [[Shawinigan Water & Power Company]], they have been the property of [[Hydro-Québec]] since 1963 and are also located near the Saint-Maurice River.

==Religion==

In recent years, the church attendance of Catholics in Shawinigan has been on the decline. As a result, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trois-Rivières]] has had difficulties maintaining its churches and merged a number of its parishes. The Catholic churches are:

{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Church'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Location'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Year of foundation'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Status'''
|-
| Saint-Pierre ''(Saint Peter)''
| 792, avenue Hemlock
| 1901
| active
|-
| Saint-Marc ''(Saint Mark)''
| 1852, avenue Georges
| 1911
| active
|-
| Sacré-Cœur ''(Sacred Heart)''
| 17, rue de l'Église, Baie-de-Shawinigan
| 1911
| active
|-
| Saint-Bernard ''(Saint Bernard)''
| 562, 2e Rue
| 1912
| inactive closed in 2005 <ref>[http://www.lhebdodustmaurice.com/article-152278-Leglise-SaintBernard-amorce-sa-deuxieme-vocation.html L'église Saint-Bernard amorce sa deuxième vocation, Hugo Lemay, L'Hebdo du St-Maurice, October 28, 2007]</ref>
|-
| Christ-Roi ''(Christ the King)''
| 1250, rue Notre-Dame
| 1938
| inactive closed in 1994 demolished in 2002 <ref>[http://archimede.bibl.ulaval.ca/archimede/files/e9cbd84e-2186-4abe-a22d-550e39ebd2d9/apd.html Annexe II Liste des églises paroissiales vendues dans les diocèses catholiques du Québec, 1965-2002, Archimède, Université Laval]</ref>
|-
| Sainte-Croix ''(Holy Cross)''
| 2153, rue Gignac
| 1949
| inactive closed in 2004 <ref>[http://www.uquebec.ca/~uss1010/orgues/baoq100.html Bulletin des Amis de l'orgue de Québec, No. 100 - February 2005]</ref>
|-
| Saint-Charles-Garnier ''(Saint Charles Garnier)''
| 2173, avenue De la Madone
| 1949
| active
|-
| Immaculate Heart of Mary Mission ''(English-speaking community)''
| 773, avenue de la Station
| 1949
| inactive closed in 1990
|-
| L’Assomption ''(Assumption)''
| 4393, boulevard Des Hêtres
| 1951
| active
|-
| Desserte Sainte Hélène ''(Saint Helena Mission)''
| 2350, 93e Rue
| 1967
| inactive closed
|}

The current church building for Saint-Pierre was constructed between 1908 and 1937. The structure's [[stained glass]] was designed by [[Italian Canadians|Italian Canadian]] artist [[Guido Nincheri]] between 1930 and 1961.

Members of the [[Baptist]] community attend church at ''Centre Évangelique de Shawinigan'', located at 773, avenue de la Station.

==Education==

There are eight public schools.<ref>This figure does not include schools located in recently merged entities such as Shawinigan-Sud. For more details, see the article for each former municipality.</ref> Seven of them are under the supervision of the ''Commission scolaire de l'Énergie'' school board.

{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''School'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Level'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Location'''
| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Number of students'''
|-
| Carrefour Formation Mauricie
| [[Vocational education]]
| 5105, avenue Albert-Tessier
| 808
|-
| Centre d'éducation des adultes du Saint-Maurice
| [[Adult education]]
| 1092, rue Trudel
| 1,353
|-
| École secondaire des Chutes
| Secondary
| 5285, avenue Albert-Tessier
| 714
|-
| Immaculée-Conception ''(Immaculate Conception)''
| Elementary
| 153, 8e Rue
| 220
|-
| Saint-Charles-Garnier ''(Saint Charles Garnier)''
| Elementary
| 2265, rue Laflèche
| 157
|-
| Saint-Jacques ''(Saint James)''
| Elementary
| 2015, rue Saint-Jacques
| 220
|-
| Saint-Joseph ''(Saint Joseph)''
| Elementary
| 1452, rue Châteauguay
| 155
|}

Children who meet [[Charter of the French Language]] guidelines can attend ''Shawinigan High School''. Its campus is located at 1125, rue des Cèdres and is affiliated to the ''Central Québec school Board''.

Shawinigan is also home of the [[Séminaire Sainte-Marie]], a private institution that provides the secondary curriculum and of the [[Collège Shawinigan]]: a [[CEGEP]] whose main campus is located at 2263 Avenue du Collège;

==Transportation==

Many of the oldest streets of Shawinigan were numbered, like the streets of [[Manhattan]], [[New York]]. Similarly, [[Broadway (New York City)|Avenue Broadway]] was named after the famous Manhattan thoroughfare.

Several other streets and avenues were named to honor famous people, including:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[George-Étienne Cartier]]
* [[Samuel de Champlain]]
* [[Adam Dollard des Ormeaux|Dollard des Ormeaux]]
* [[Peter Julian Eymard]]
* [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac|Comte de Frontenac]]
* [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]]
* [[Lomer Gouin]]
* [[Victor Hugo]]
* [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]]
* [[Joseph Joffre|Marshal Joseph Joffre]]
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* [[Antoine Labelle|Curé Labelle]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Louis-François Richer Laflèche|Monsignor Louis-François Laflèche]]
* [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|Sieur de La Salle]]
* [[Wilfrid Laurier]]
* [[Calixa Lavallée]]
* [[Honoré Mercier]]
* [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Marquis de Montcalm]]
* [[Pierre Laporte]]
* [[Cardinal Richelieu]]
* [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier|Basile Routhier]]
* [[Jean Talon]]
* [[Georges Vanier|Major General Georges Vanier]]
{{col-end}}

==Landmarks and notable institutions==
* The Trou du Diable (Devil's Hole): this mysterious location consists of a swirl in the [[Saint-Maurice River]] nearby the falls. Legend has it, the Trou du Diable has no bottom, making it impossible to rescue anyone who falls into it <ref>[http://www.vif.com/users/spongiana/trou.html Brasserie Le Trou du Diable]</ref>
* [[Park|Parc Saint-Maurice]]: located in downtown Shawinigan, it was part of the city's original plan.
* the [[62nd (Shawinigan) Field Artillery Regiment]]: a militia unit of the [[Canadian Army]] which was called to active duty during [[World War II]]
* [[La Cité de l'Énergie]]
* the [[Shawinigan Cataractes]]: the only [[QMJHL]] franchise to have stayed in the same city since the league's inception in 1969. They play at the [[Centre Bionest]]
* the [[Income taxes in Canada|Shawinigan-Sud Tax Center]]

==Famous people==
The city is home to:
* [[Peter Blaikie]], a prominent lawyer
* [[Jean Chrétien]], [[Prime Minister of Canada]] from 1993 to 2003
* [[Louise Forestier]], who is a singer and an actress
* [[Martin Gélinas]], a [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) [[ice hockey|player]]
* [[Jacques Lacoursière]], a renowned historian
* [[Carole Laure]], an actress
* [[Jacques Plante]], an NHL [[goaltender]]
* [[Andre Pronovost]], an [[NHL]] player
* [[Camil Samson]], former Member of the [[National Assembly of Quebec|provincial legislature]] for the district of [[Rouyn-Noranda]] and the Leader of the [[Ralliement créditiste du Québec]]
* [[Aline Chrétien]], wife of former Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]]
* [[Sylvain Cossette]], singer
* [[Antoine Dufour]], acoustic guitarist
* [[Phil Casabon]], freestyle skier

==Annual events==
* The ''Classique internationale de canots de la Mauricie'': a prestigious marathon [[Canoe racing|canoe race]], held annually since 1934.
* Grand-Mère's [[Fête nationale du Québec]] celebration: consisting of a bonfire and a live performance from local musicians, its audience arguably ranks among the largest crowds in the [[Mauricie]] area. It takes place at the [[Grand-Mère, Quebec|Parc de la rivière Grand-Mère]].<ref>[http://www.voir.ca/actualite/actualite.aspx?iIDArticle=42484 La fête nationale en Mauricie], Karine Parenteau, Voir, June 22, 2006</ref> The tradition goes back decades ago.<ref>[http://www.lhebdodustmaurice.com/article-78625-Vandalisme-dans-le-parc-de-la-riviere-GrandMere.html Vandalisme dans le parc de la rivière Grand-Mère], Clin d'oeil historique, L'Hebdo du St-Maurice, February 23, 2007</ref>

==Sister cities==
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Ontario]]
*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]]

==See also==
*[[Mayors of Shawinigan]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="cp2011">{{SCref |unit=csd |code=2436033}}</ref>
<ref name="mamrot">{{mamrot |type=municipalite |36033}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shawinigan, Québec}}
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.shawinigan.ca/ Shawinigan official site]
*[http://www.tourismemauricie.com/ Tourisme Mauricie] Regional tourist office

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Shawinigan
| North = [[Lac-Normand, Quebec|Lac-Normand]]
| Northeast = [[Trois-Rives, Quebec|Trois-Rives]]
| East = [[Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac, Quebec|Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac]] [[Grandes-Piles, Quebec|Grandes-Piles]] [[Hérouxville, Quebec|Hérouxville]]
| Southeast = [[Saint-Narcisse, Quebec|Saint-Narcisse]]
| South = [[Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel, Quebec|Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel]]
| Southwest = [[Saint-Étienne-des-Grès, Quebec|Saint-Étienne-des-Grès]]
| West = [[Saint-Alexis-des-Monts, Quebec|Saint-Alexis-des-Monts]] [[Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc, Quebec|Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc]] [[Saint-Boniface, Quebec|Saint-Boniface]]
| Northwest =
| image =
}}
{{Administrative divisions of Quebec region|Mauricie}}
{{Subdivisions of Quebec}}

[[Category:Shawinigan| ]]
[[Category:Territories equivalent to a regional county municipality]]

[[ar:شاوينيغان]]
[[de:Shawinigan]]
[[fr:Shawinigan]]
[[sw:Shawinigan, Quebec]]
[[nl:Shawinigan]]
[[ja:シャウィニガン]]
[[pl:Shawinigan]]
[[pt:Shawinigan]]
[[ro:Shawinigan]]
[[ru:Шавиниган]]
[[sco:Shawinigan]]
[[simple:Shawinigan]]
[[sr:Шавиниган]]
[[sh:Shawinigan (Quebec)]]
[[fi:Shawinigan]]
[[sv:Shawinigan]]
[[vo:Shawinigan]]

Template (C++)

2012-12-23T22:13:49Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding de:Vorlage (Datenverarbeitung), fr:Modèle (informatique)

{{Multiple issues|cleanup = May 2009|more footnotes = May 2009|refimprove = January 2009}}

'''Templates''' are a feature of the [[C++]] programming language that allow functions and classes to operate with [[Generic programming|generic types]]. This allows a function or class to work on many different [[datatype|data types]] without being rewritten for each one. This is effectively a [[Turing-complete]] language.

Templates are of great utility to programmers in C++, especially when combined with [[multiple inheritance]] and [[operator overloading]]. The [[C++ Standard Library]] provides many useful functions within a framework of connected templates.

Major inspirations for C++ templates were the parametrized modules provided by [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]] and the generics provided by [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]].<ref name="Stroustrup">{{cite web | first=Bjarne | last=Stroustrup | title=The C++ Programming Language (Third Edition and Special Edition) | url=http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/3rd.html | work=Bjarne Stroustrup's homepage | date=2004-09-08}}</ref>

==Technical overview==
There are two kinds of templates: ''function templates'' and ''class templates''.

===Function templates===
A ''function template'' behaves like a function except that the template can have arguments of many different types (see example). In other words, a function template represents a family of functions.
The format for declaring function templates with type parameters is
<source lang="cpp">
template <class identifier> function_declaration;
template <typename identifier> function_declaration;
</source>
Both expressions have exactly the same meaning and behave exactly the same way. The latter form was introduced to avoid confusion because a type parameter does not need to be a ''class'', it may also be a basic type like ''int'' or ''double''.

For example, the C++ Standard Library contains the function template <code>max(x, y)</code> which returns either ''x'' or ''y'', whichever is larger. <code>max()</code> could be defined like this, using the following template:

<source lang="cpp">
template <typename Type>
Type max(Type a, Type b) {
return a > b ? a : b;
}
</source>
This single function definition works with different kinds of data types. A function template does not occupy space in memory. The actual definitions of a function template are generated at compile-time, when the compiler has determined what types the function will be called for. The function template does not save memory.
<source lang="cpp">
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
// This will call max <int> (by argument deduction)
std::cout << max(3, 7) << std::endl;
// This will call max<double> (by argument deduction)
std::cout << max(3.0, 7.0) << std::endl;
// This type is ambiguous, so explicitly instantiate max<double>
std::cout << max<double>(3, 7.0) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
</source>

In the first two cases, the template argument T is automatically deduced by the compiler to be <code>int</code> and <code>double</code>, respectively. In the third case deduction fails because the type of the parameters must in general match the template arguments exactly. This function template can be instantiated with any [[copy constructor|copy-constructible]] type for which the expression (y < x) is valid. For user-defined types, this implies that the less-than operator must be [[operator overloading|overloaded]].

===Class templates===
A class template provides a specification for generating classes based on parameters. Class templates are commonly used to implement [[container (data structure)|container]]s. A class template is instantiated by passing a given set of types to it as template arguments.<ref name="cpptemplates">{{cite book
| last1 = Vandevoorde
| first1 = Daveed
| last2 = Josuttis
| first2 = Nicolai
| title = C++ Templates: The Complete Guide
| publisher = [[Addison Wesley]]
| year = 2002
| isbn = 0-201-73484-2
}}
</ref> The [[C++ Standard Library]] contains many class templates, in particular the containers adapted from the [[Standard Template Library]], such as <code>[[Vector (C++)|vector]]</code>.

===Explicit template specialization===

When a function or class is instantiated from a template, a specialization of that template is created by the compiler for the set of arguments used (and the specialization is referred to as being a generated specialization). However, the programmer may decide to implement a special version of a function (or class) for a given set of template arguments which is called an explicit specialization. If a class template is specialized by a subset of its parameters it is called [[partial template specialization]]. If all of the parameters are specialized it is a ''full specialization''. Function templates cannot be partially specialized.

Explicit specialization is used when the behavior of a function or class for particular choices of the template parameters must deviate from the generic behavior: that is, from the code generated by the main template, or templates. For example:
<source lang="cpp">
template <>
bool max(bool a, bool b) {
return a||b;
}
</source>

== Advantages and disadvantages ==
{{procon|date=November 2012}}

Some uses of templates, such as the <code>maximum()</code> function, were previously fulfilled by function-like [[preprocessor]] [[Macro (computer science)|macros]]. For example, the following is a C++ <code>maximum()</code> macro:

<source lang="cpp">
#define maximum(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (b) : (a))
</source>

Both macros and templates are expanded at compile time. Macros are always expanded inline, while templates are only expanded inline when the compiler deems it appropriate. When expanded inline, macro functions and template functions have no extraneous runtime overhead. Template functions with many lines of code will incur runtime overhead when they are not expanded inline, but the reduction in code size may help the code to load from disk more quickly or fit within RAM caches.

Templates are considered [[Type safety|type-safe]]; that is, they require type-checking at compile time. Hence, the compiler can determine at compile time whether the type associated with a template definition can perform all of the functions required by that template definition.

By design, templates can be utilized in very complex problem spaces, whereas macros are substantially more limited.

There are fundamental drawbacks to the use of templates:
#Historically, some compilers exhibited poor support for templates. So, the use of templates could decrease code portability.
#Many compilers lack clear instructions when they detect a template definition error. This can increase the effort of developing templates, and has prompted the development of [[Concepts (C++)|Concepts]] for possible inclusion in a future C++ standard.
#Since the compiler generates additional code for each template type, indiscriminate use of templates can lead to [[code bloat]], resulting in larger executables.
#Because a template by its nature exposes its implementation, injudicious use in large systems can lead to longer build times.
#It can be difficult to debug code that is developed using templates. Since the compiler replaces the templates, it becomes difficult for the debugger to locate the code at runtime.
#Templates of Templates (nesting) are not supported by all compilers, or might have a max nesting level.
#Templates are in the headers, which require a complete rebuild of all project pieces when changes are made.
#No information hiding. All code is exposed in the header file. No one library can solely contain the code.

Additionally, the use of the "less than" and "greater than" signs as delimiters is problematic for tools (such as [[text editor]]s) which analyze source code syntactically. It is difficult, or sometimes impossible{{fact|date=May 2012}}, for such tools to determine whether a use of these tokens is as comparison operators or template delimiters. For example, this line of code:

<source lang="cpp">
foo (a < b, c > d) ;
</source>

may be a function call with two parameters, each the result of a comparison expression. Alternatively, it could be a declaration of a constructor for class <code>foo</code> taking a parameter <code>d</code> whose type is the parameterized <code>a < b, c ></code>.

==Generic programming features in other languages==
Initially, the concept of templates was not included in some languages, such as [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] 1.0. [[Generics in Java|Java's adoption of generics]] mimics the behaviour of templates, but is technically different. C# added generics (parameterized types) in .NET 2.0. The generics in [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] predate C++ templates.

Although C++ templates, Java generics, and [[.Net framework|.NET]] generics are often considered similar, generics only mimic the basic behavior of C++ templates.<ref>[http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/c6cyy67b.aspx Differences Between C++ Templates and C# Generics (C# Programming Guide)]</ref> Some of the advanced template features utilized by libraries such as [[Boost C++ Libraries|Boost]] and [[STLSoft C++ Libraries|STLSoft]], and implementations of the [[Standard Template Library|STL]] itself, for [[template metaprogramming]] (explicit or partial specialization, default template arguments, template non-type arguments, template template arguments, ...) are not available with generics.

The [[D programming language]] attempts to build on C++ redesigning a better template system.<ref>[http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/templates-revisited.html (D) Templates Revisited]</ref> A significant addition is the inclusion of the <code>static if</code> statement, which allows conditional compilation of code based on any information known at compile time. For example:

<source lang="D">
template factorial(ulong n)
{
static if( n <= 1 )
const factorial = 1;
else
const factorial = n * factorial!(n-1);
};
</source>

D's [[Compile time function execution|CTFE (Compile time function execution)]] feature allows to do the same thing :
<source lang="D">
ulong factorial(ulong n)
{
if(n <= 1)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

void main()
{
ulong foo = factorial(4); // known at run-time
static foo2 = factorial(4); // known at compile-time
}
</source>
Also note that the <code>!()</code> delimiters are used rather than the <code><></code> delimiters. This prevents ambiguity in the parsing of templates.

Other significant features include typesafe [[Variadic Templates|variadic template]] functions.

<source lang="D">// Simple example, assumes all arguments are of the same type.
T[0] max(T...)(T args) {
static assert(args.length > 1, "Insufficient arguments.");
// T[0] is the type of the first argument,
// args[0] is the first argument.
T[0] max = args[0];
// Tuple can be iterated over and sliced like an array.
foreach (arg; args[1 .. $])
if (arg > max)
max = arg;
return max;
}</source>

This function will work for any number of arguments, with the <code>foreach</code> iteration over the tuple of arguments expanded at compile time.

D templates allow a simple form of Constraints too. They can be expressed as an arbitrarily complex predicate that must evaluate at compile time. If it's true the template is a match for the arguments, otherwise the template is ignored during overload matching.<ref>[http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/concepts.html (D) Template Constraints]</ref>

<source lang="D">
template Foo(int N) if (N & 1) {...} // A
template Foo(int N) if (!(N & 1)) {...} // B

Foo!(3) // Instantiates A
Foo!(64) // Instantiates B

template Bar(T) if (isFloatingPoint!T) {...}

Bar!(3.5) // Instantiates Bar
Bar!(3) // Fails</source>

Something similar can be done in C++ with Boost enable_if.<ref>[http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_42_0/libs/utility/enable_if.html Boost enable_if templates]</ref>

In C++ templates, the compile-time cases are performed by pattern matching over the template arguments, so the Factorial template's base case is implemented by matching 0 rather than with an inequality test, which is unavailable:

<source lang="cpp">

// Induction

template <int N>
struct Factorial {
static const int value = N * Factorial<N - 1>::value;
};

// Base case via template specialization:

template <>
struct Factorial<0> {
static const int value = 1;
};

</source>

With these definitions, one can compute, say 6! at compile time using the expression <code>Factorial<6>::value</code>.

== See also ==
* [[Template metaprogramming]]
* [[Metaprogramming]]
* [[Generic programming]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://matt.might.net/articles/c++-template-meta-programming-with-lambda-calculus/ Demonstration of the Turing-completeness of C++ templates] (Lambda calculus implementation)

{{Data types}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Template (Programming)}}
[[Category:Generic programming]]
[[Category:Metaprogramming]]
[[Category:C++]]

[[de:Vorlage (Datenverarbeitung)]]
[[fr:Modèle (informatique)]]
[[it:Template]]
[[pl:Szablon (C++)]]
[[ru:Шаблоны C++]]
[[zh:模板 (C++)]]

Stade Chaban-Delmas

2012-12-23T22:09:25Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ar:ملعب تشابان ديلماس to ar:ملعب شابان-دلماس

{{unreferenced|date=November 2006}}

{{Infobox Stadium
| stadium_name = Stade Jacques Chaban-Delmas
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Panorama Chaban-Delmas.jpg|300px]]
| caption =
| fullname = Stade Chaban-Delmas
| location = [[Bordeaux]], [[Gironde]], [[France]]
| coordinates = {{coord|44|49|45|N|0|35|52|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|display=it}}
| built = 1930
| opened = 12 June 1938
| renovated = 1935, 1987, 1998
| closed = 2015
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = Grass
| construction_cost =
| architect = René Buthaud, Jacques d'Welles, Raoul Jourde,
| former_names = Parc Lescure
| tenants = [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux]] (1938-2015) [[Union Bordeaux Bègles]]
| seating_capacity = 34,694
| record_capacity = 40,211 spectators (24 April 1985, Bordeaux vs Juventus)
| address = Place Johnston, Bordeaux, 33000
| dimensions =
|}}

[[File:Bordeaux Boulevards.png|thumb|305px|Location of the Stade Jacques Chaban-Delmas in Bordeaux (at left, in pink, along the boulevard Leclerc).]]

'''Stade Chaban-Delmas''' is a sporting [[stadium]] located in the city of [[Bordeaux]], [[France]]. It is the home ground of [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux]].

Until 2001, the stadium's name was the '''Stade du Parc Lescure'''. That year it was renamed after politician [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]], who was the mayor of Bordeaux from 1947 to 1995.

First built in 1930 as a cycle-racing track, in 1935 it was reconfigured to accommodate the upcoming [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938 Football World Cup]]. It was the first stadium in the world to have stands entirely covered without any pillars obstructing visibility of the playing area. Classified as a historic building, its restoration has been difficult, as its roof does not cover seats built after 1984 on the old cycle track.

The current [[seating capacity]] of the stadium is 34,462, following a series of expansions of the stands, in particular for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]]. A record 40,211 spectators were in attendance on 24 April 1985 to watch a match between Girondins de Bordeaux and [[Juventus]].
In preparation of several matches that were held here for the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]], two giant television screens measuring 37 m² were installed.

The tunnel connecting the locker rooms of the players to the ground is the longest in Europe (close to 120 meters).

On 19 July 2011, the club announced plans to construct a new stadium, located in Bordeaux-Lac. The seating capacity will be 43,500 for sporting events, and construction will begin at the end of the 2011-2012 season.

==1938 Football World Cup==
The "Council Stadium" at the time accommodated two matches for the [[1938 FIFA World Cup]]: a quarter final and the match for third place. At the time the stadium's capacity was 25,000 people.
* {{Flagicon|BRA}} Brazil '''2'''–1 {{Flagicon|TCH}} Czechoslovakia ; (Quarter Final)
* {{Flagicon|SWE}} Sweden 2–'''4''' {{Flagicon|BRA}} Brazil ; (match for third place)

==1998 FIFA World Cup==
The stadium accommodated five pool matches and a match for the finals in the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]].

* {{Flagicon|ITA}} Italy 2–2 {{Flagicon|CHI}} Chile : 11 June 1998 (Group B)
''Spectators: 31,800; Goals: Vieri (10th), Salas (45th, 49th), Baggio (85th PEN)''

* {{Flagicon|Scotland}} Scotland 1–1 {{Flagicon|Norway}} Norway : 16 June 1998 (Group A)
''Spectators: 31,800; Goals: Flo (46th), Burley (66th)''

* {{Flagicon|BEL}} Belgium 2–2 {{Flagicon|MEX}} Mexico : 20 June 1998 (Group E)
''Spectators: 31,800; Goals: Wilmots (41st, 47th), García Aspe (55th PEN), Blanco (62nd)''

* {{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Saudi Arabia 2–2 {{Flagicon|South Africa}} South Africa : 24 June 1998 (Group C)
''Spectators: 31,800; Goals: Bartlett (19th, 90th PEN), Al-Jaber (45th PEN), Al-Thuniyan (74th PEN)''

* {{Flagicon|Argentina}} Argentina '''1'''–0 {{Flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia : 26 June 1998 (Group H)
''Spectators: 31,800; Goal: Pineda (36th)''

* {{Flagicon|Romania}} Romania 0–'''1''' {{Flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia : 30 June 1998 (Round of 16)
''Spectators: 31,800; Goal: Šuker (45 + 2nd PEN)

==2007 Rugby World Cup==
The Stade Chaban-Delmas hosted four matches during the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]].

'''Pool B'''

*{{Flagicon|Canada}} Canada 12 – 12 {{Flagicon|Japan}} Japan : 25 September 2007
*{{Flagicon|Canada}} Canada 6 – '''37''' {{Flagicon|Australia}} Australia : 29 September 2007

'''Pool D'''

*{{Flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland '''32''' – 17 {{Flagicon|Namibia}} Namibia : 9 September 2007
*{{Flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland '''14''' – 10 {{Flagicon|Georgia}} Georgia : 15 September 2007

==Top 14==
* The Stade Chaban-Delmas has held many semi-finals for the [[Top 14]] Rugby Competition and has received several finals until the 70's.

==Public transport==

* The stadium is served by the [[Bordeaux Tramway Line A]]. Station: Stade Chaban-Delmas and bus n° 9.

==See also==
* [[Battle of Bordeaux (football)]]

==External links==
{{commonscat|Stade Jacques-Chaban-Delmas}}
* [http://www.girondins.com/html/visite/chaban_delmas/histoire.shtml ] ([[Girondins de Bordeaux]])

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
title=[[Heineken Cup]] [[Heineken Cup finals|Final Venue]]|
before=[[Cardiff Arms Park]] [[Cardiff]]|
after=[[Lansdowne Road]] [[Dublin]]|
years=[[1997-98 Heineken Cup|1997–98]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ligue 1 venues}}
{{1938 FIFA World Cup stadiums}}
{{1998 FIFA World Cup Venues}}
{{1999 Rugby World Cup Venues}}
{{2007 Rugby World Cup Venues}}

[[Category:Football venues in France|Chaban-Delmas]]
[[Category:FC Girondins de Bordeaux]]
[[Category:Sport in Bordeaux]]
[[Category:Rugby World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1938 FIFA World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:Rugby union stadiums in France]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bordeaux]]

[[af:Stade Jacques Chaban-Delmas]]
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[[gl:Parc Lescure]]
[[ko:스타드 샤방델마스]]
[[id:Stadion Jacques-Chaban-Delmas]]
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[[zh:沙邦-戴爾馬球場]]

Black supremacy

2012-12-23T21:59:06Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ru:Чёрный расизм

{{Discrimination sidebar}}
The term '''black supremacy''' is a blanket term for various racist ideologies which hold that [[black people]] are superior to people of other races.

==Active organizations==
===Nation of Islam===

{{Main|Nation of Islam}}

In the 1930s the [[Nation of Islam]] emerged, coming to prominence during the 1960s, when charismatic minister [[Malcolm X]] became a spokesman for the movement. The group's founders, [[Wallace Fard Muhammad|"Master Fard" Muhammad]] and [[Elijah Muhammad]], preached the Doctrine of [[Yakub (Nation of Islam)|Yakub]], which held that the [[First man|Original Man]] was an "[[Asia]]tic black man". White people, it contended, were "grafted" from black people 6,000 years ago by an ancient black scientist named Yakub.<ref>Muhammad, Elijah. "[http://www.muhammadspeaks.com/Makingofdevil.html The Making of Devil]".</ref>

The belief in sacrificial killing and ritualistic murder was part of the early Nation of Islam doctrine. Fard thought explicitly that it was the duty for every Muslim to offer as sacrifice four "Caucasian devils".<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven|last=Tsoukalas|authorlink=Steven Tsoukalas|year=2001|title=The Nation of Islam - Understanding the "Black Muslims"|pages=23–24|publisher=P&R Publishing}}</ref> A portion of Fard's lesson reads as follows:

{{bquote|Why does Fard Mohammad and any Moslem murder the devil? What is the duty of each Moslem in regard to four devils? What reward does a Moslem receive by presenting the four devils at one time? — Because he is one hundred percent wicked and will not keep and obey the laws of Islam. His ways and actions are like a snake of the grafted type. So Mohammad learned that he could not reform the devils, so they had to be murdered. All Moslems will murder the devil because they know he is a snake and also if he be allowed to live, he would sting someone else. Each Moslem is required to bring four devils, and by bringing and presenting four at one time his reward is a button to wear on the laple of his coat, also a free transportation to the Holy City of Mecca.|||Master Fard Mohammad, Lesson #1.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mattias|last=Gardell|authorlink=Mattias Gardell|year=1996|title=In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam|pages=56|location=Durham, N.C. |publisher= Duke University Press}}</ref>}}

Nation of Islam leader [[Louis Farrakhan]] later argued that the lessons about murdering devils was only a metaphor designed to "rally NOI members to 'slay whites' psychological and social grip on them"<ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur J.|last=Magida|authorlink=Arthur J. Magida|year=1996|title=Prophet of Rage: A Life of Louis Farrakhan and His Nation|pages=52|location=New York|publisher= HarperCollins}}</ref> but Fard's lessons on the murder of white people in at least one instance were taken literally and verbatim:
<blockquote>One afternoon in the early 1970s, when Ali K. Muslim, then Charles 41x, was guarding the temple, a man carrying a sack asked to meet a temple official. The man, thoroughly confused about Elijah Muhammad's teachings, believed that if he killed four white "devils" he would win a trip to the Holy Land. He had come to redeem his prizes. In the sack, Ali K. Muslim says, were four severed heads.<ref>{{cite book|first=Steven|last=Barbosa|authorlink=Steven Barbosa|year=1993|title=American Jihad: Islam after Malcolm X|pages=115–116|publisher=New York: Doubleday}}</ref></blockquote>

This teaching also culminated in the creation of the [[Death Angels]], a small splinter group of the Nation of Islam. Between 1972 and 1974, the Death Angels murdered 14 white people in the San Francisco Bay area. These murders later would become known as the [[Zebra murders]] because the police used Radio Z to communicate about the case.<ref>Lubinskas, James. "[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=3693 Remembering the Zebra Killings]". ''Front Page Magazine''. 30 August 2001.</ref><ref>Hodge, Damon. "[http://www.lasvegasweekly.com/2002/03_21/news_coverstory_1.html Alien Nation: Louis Farrakhan, Phone Home]". ''Las Vegas Weekly''. undated.</ref>

Elijah Muhammad also preached black self-reliance, black separatism, cooperative economics, strict moral and physical discipline, and opposition to black-white [[miscegenation]]. Since its founding, the NOI has gone through reorganizations and internal conflicts, but even as it moves closer to the mainstream of Islamic belief and practice, NOI leadership has not rejected formally any of Fard's doctrines. It opposes any changes in the major beliefs and programs that were instituted by Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad, including the annual "[[Savior's Day]]".<ref>Gudel, Joseph P. and Larry Duckworth. "[http://www.rim.org/muslim/nationofislam.htm Hate Begotten of Hate]". ''Christian Research Institute'. 1993.</ref><ref>"[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/NatIsl_81/4878_81.htm Farrakhan Again Spews Hate in Saviours' Day Speech ]" [[Anti-Defamation League]]. 28 February 2006.</ref><ref>"[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=394 Snarling at the White Man]". [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] ''Intelligence Report''. Fall 2000.</ref>

Members of the NOI have been publicly criticized by the leadership for making [[anti-Semitic]], anti-[[Catholic]] anti-white and anti-[[Homosexuality|homosexual]] statements,<ref>"[http://www.adl.org/hate-patrol/noi.asp Nation of Islam ]". 2001.</ref> and for urging the murder of such people. Farrakhan has been banned from entering the UK since 1986 because of his "racist and anti-Semitic views".<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1959105.stm Farrakhan British ban stays ]". [[British Broadcasting Corporation]]. 30 April 2002.</ref>

Most historians and social scientists{{Nonspecific|date=December 2007}} classify the Nation of Islam as a [[black nationalism|black nationalist]], or black separatist, organization. Recently, the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] headed by [[Morris Dees]] placed the Nation of Islam on its list of [[hate groups]].<ref>"[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?T=24&m=4Active U.S. Hate Groups in 2005]. [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]. 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2006.</ref>

===New Black Panther Party===

{{Main|New Black Panther Party}}
The New Black Panther Party (NBPP), whose formal name is the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, is a U.S.-based black supremacist organization founded in Dallas, Texas in 1989.

===United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors===

{{Main|United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors}}
The United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors was founded by [[Dwight York]]. The [[Nuwaubianism|Nuwaubians]] believe in black people's superiority to white people, that white people are "devils," devoid of both [[heart]] and [[Soul (spirit)|soul]], that the color of white people is the result of [[leprosy]] and genetic inferiority, and that the ancestors of white people are the sexual partners of [[dogs]] and [[jackals]].<ref>Moser, Bob. "[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=41 'Savior' in a Strange Land]". [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] ''Intelligence Report''. Fall 2002.</ref> In 2004, York was sentenced to 135 years in prison for child molestation and racketeering-related charges.

{{bquote|Among the different species of Apeman you have the black-haired Lar. This is where you get the word ‘lord,’ or master from. The Lares, plural for Lar, were recognized for their intelligence. These Lares were the head monkeys or spiritual monkeys, well known. This is where the word ‘monks’ comes from. Certain beings used the species known as the Baboon (part hyena, jackal and monkey) together with Orangutans for breeding. This resulted in your Behaymaw (called the beast of the field) type of carnivorous man called Mankind, one of the many species of Caucasians.<ref>York, Malachi Z. [http://factology.com/front2_12_00.htm ''A Wake Up Call'']</ref><ref>York, Malachi Z. ''El Ishtakhlaag: The Creation'' Tablet 9 (p. 95-98)</ref>}}

[[White people]] are said in one myth to have been originally created as a race of killers to serve black people as a slave army.

{{bquote|The Caucasian has not been chosen to lead the world. They lack true emotions in their creation. We never intended them to be peaceful. They were bred to be killers, with low reproduction levels and a short life span. What you call Negroid was to live 1,000 years each and the other humans 120 years. But the warrior seed of Caucasians only 60 years. They were only created to fight other invading races, to protect the God race Negroids. But they went insane, lost control when they were left unattended. They were never to taste blood. They did, and their true nature came out.… Because their reproduction levels were cut short, their sexual organs were made the smallest so that the female of their race will want to breed with Negroids to breed themselves out of existence after 6,000 years. It took 600 years to breed them, part man and part beast.<ref>York, Malachi Z. "[http://apublicoutcry.com/Letters%20From%20Reverend%20York/CompilationOfPowerfulLetters.pdf This is your message Najwa and Davina, Kirsten]" (letter) 10 November 2004 See also Amunnubi Raakhptah’s ''9 Principles in the Human Being'' where he writes (p. 33): "The First Thing That All Nubuns Or Their Offspring Nubian Must Know Is That The Caucasoids Did Not And Still Don’t Produce Any Data On Negroids. Nothing You Read About In The Medical Field Applied To Negroids. It All Pertains To The Chemical Make Up Of The Caucasoid Bodies. Nothing In The Mental Field Of The Psychiatrist Pertains To The Negroids. The Caucasoids Cannot Evaluate Our Mental Stability, Or Try To Decipher Why We Do What We Do Because We Do Not Think Or Feel The Way They Do. Nor Do The Caucasoids Know Anything About Us Spiritually. The Caucasoids Are Carnivorous Mammals, Who Are Flesh Eating Killers By Nature. Mongoloids And Others Are Human, Also Mammals Because They Are Mixed. Some Are Carnivores And Some Are Herbivores By Nature. And We Are Deities, Herbivores By Nature Who Are Their Mothers And Fathers. The Caucasoid Were All Grafted From Us, And Mixed With Other Beast To Make Their Beast Like Nature."</ref>}}

===Tribu Ka===

Tribu Ka was founded in 2004 by [[Stellio Capo Chichi]] ("Kémi Séba"), dubbed as "the [[France|French]] Farrakhan",<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN30076quiessianar0/Qui-est-le--Farrakhan-francais---.html ''Qui est le Farrakhan français ?''], [[Jeune Afrique]], 31 July 2006.</ref> in [[Paris]].<ref name=CONVICTION>[http://www.jta.org/page_view_breaking_story.asp?intid=6945&ref=daily_briefing French gang leader sentenced] {{Dead link|date=August 2008}} [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]</ref><ref name=VISIT>{{cite news |title=Sarkozy visits Jewish neighborhood after threat from Black extremists |url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/8719 |publisher=European Jewish Press |date=2006-05-31 |accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref><ref name=DEMONSTRATION>{{cite news |title=Leader of Black anti-Semitic group arrested in France |url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/13918 |publisher=European Jewish Press |date=2007-02-09 |accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref> The group identified itself as following Louis Farrakhan's ideology<ref name="independent">{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/french-youths-fight-police-and-attack-mayors-house-480432.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=French youths fight police and attack mayor's house | first=John | last=Lichfield | date=2006-05-31 | accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> but their thinking was also described as a mix of [[antisemitic]] [[Kemetism]] and [[René Guénon|Guénonian]] [[Islam]].<ref>[http://vho.org/aaargh/fran/livres9/Ka.pdf "Le ''Weltanschauung'' de la Tribu Ka], Stéphane François, Damien Guillame, and Emmanuel Kreis</ref> After an investigation of racist incitement, Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] dissolved Tribu Ka on July 26, 2006 but it reformed under the name Génération Kémi Séba.<ref name=CONVICTION/><ref name=VISIT/><ref name=DEMONSTRATION/> In April 2008, a Parisian court verdict judged Génération Kémi Séba was the refoundation of the dissolved group Tribu Ka.<ref>[http://web.iquebec.com/actu/france/245279 Tribu Ka: un an de prison avec sursis pour reconstitution de ligue dissoute]</ref> In June 2009, Interior Minister [[Brice Hortefeux]] ordered the dissolution of the group Jeunesse Kémi Séba, founded to replace Génération Kémi Séba.<ref>[http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/misill/sections/a_la_une/toute_l_actualite/securite-interieure/dissolution-jeunesse-kemi-seba/view Dissolution du groupuscule "Jeunesse Kemi Seba"]</ref><ref>[http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/struggle/41606/France-Dissolutionof%22%22Jeunesse%27K%C3%A9miS%C3%A9ba%22%28%22%27K%C3%A9miS%C3%A9baYouth%22%29 France - Dissolution of ""Jeunesse 'Kémi Séba" ("'Kémi Séba Youth")]</ref>

===Other groups===
====Nation of Yahweh====
{{Main|Nation of Yahweh}}
The Nation of Yahweh is a black supremacist religious group that is an offshoot of the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] line of thought{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}, and was founded by [[Yahweh ben Yahweh]], meaning "God the Son of God" in [[Hebrew]], formerly known as [[Hulon Mitchell Jr]]. At its height, the Nation of Yahweh controlled an $8 million empire of properties, including a Miami headquarters known as the ''Temple of Love'' and temples in 22 states.<ref>"[http://www.apologeticsindex.org/n04.html Nation of Yahweh ]" Apologetics Index. undated.</ref> Followers of the Nation of Yahweh view black people as the only "true Jews" and believe that White [[Jew]]s are the spawn of [[Satan]].<ref>"[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=172 Popularity and Populism ]". [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] ''Intelligence Report''. Winter 2001.</ref>

According to the [[Crime Library]], followers of the Nation of Yahweh formed a secret group called "The Brotherhood". To become a member of The Brotherhood, applicants had to kill a "white devil" and bring Mitchell a body part - an ear, nose or finger - as proof of the kill. Several Nation of Yahweh members were convicted of conspiracy in more than a dozen anti-white murders, among them [[Robert Rozier]], a former pro football player and member of the secret Brotherhood, who admitted the killing of seven white people.<ref name=yahweh>Scheeres, Julie. "[http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/classics/yahweh_cult/12.html The Yahweh Ben Yahweh Cult ]". ''The Crime Library''. undated.</ref> Mitchell started a private school for his followers and held sex classes for boys and men in which he showed them movies of white women having sex with animals to dissuade them from lusting after white females.<ref name=yahweh/>

===Bobo Shanti===
The [[Mansions of Rastafari|Bobo Shanti]] are a mansion within the [[Rastafari movement]] and led by the late [[Charles Edwards (Rastafarian)|Charles Edwards]] preach a form of black supremacy based on the original teachings of [[Leonard Howell]] and on the teachings of [[Marcus Garvey]]. The Bobo say they are not racist, arguing instead that the concepts of "white" and "black" are symbolic, and that a Caucasian could be morally "black", or righteous, and that a man of African descent could be morally "white", or wicked.<ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Communities/communities_BoboShantis.html HELLO, HELLO AFRICA BOBO SHANTIS LIVE TO FULFIL MARCUS GARVEY'S DREAM]</ref>

==Black supremacist theories==
Many of these theories espouse an ideology of a past Black Supremacy in the world that has been lost. Some focus on claiming this supremacy by claiming they are the chosen people in one religion or another as seen in the Nation of Islam or the Black Israelites. Others even claim extra terrestrial intervention, such as the Nuwaubians or the Nation of Islam. Two trends have acquired a veneer of respectability in many places of Black Academia and Black Studies departments; the Melanin Theory, and Afrocentrism/Global Pan Africanism.

===Melanin theory===
{{Main|Melanin theory}}

Some black supremacists justify supremacist assertions by assigning dubious properties to [[melanin]] based on pseudo-science and distortions of scientific fact or speculation. This body of belief is known generally as "[[Melanin theory]]". The central idea of the Melanin theory is that the levels of melanin in dark skin naturally enhance intelligence and emotional, psychic and spiritual sensitivity.<ref>Skeptinq, Ortiz de Montellano, B. R. 1993. "Afrocentricity, Melanin, and Pseudoscience," Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36, 33-58
3.^ Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. (17 Dec 2006); "Afrocentric Pseudoscience: The Miseducation of African Americans". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (New York Academy of Sciences) 775: 561–572. {{doi|10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23174.x}}. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119242630/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.</ref><ref name=suzar>Suzar."[http://suzar.com/BOTW/BOTW-ch5b-pages55-56.html Other Astounding Properties of Melanin] undated.</ref> Such claims have made inroads among some African Americans within academia.<ref>[http://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/staff/webpages/site.cfm?LinkID=328&eventID=34 Mehler, Barry. "African American Racism in the Academic Community." First published in ''The Review of Education'' 15 # 3/4 (Fall 1993); revised and republished as "Addressing the Problem of African-American Racism in Academia," in ''Martyrdom and Resistance'' (Nov.-Dec. 1993); slightly revised for posting (undated)]</ref>

==Alliances with white supremacist groups==
Due to some commonly held separatist ideologies, some black supremacist organizations have found limited common cause with [[white supremacist]] or extremist organizations.

In 1961 and 1962 [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], the leader of the [[American Nazi Party]], was invited to speak by [[Elijah Muhammad]] at a [[Nation of Islam]] rally.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Messenger Passes |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218,00.html |work= |publisher=[[Time magazine]] |date=March 10, 1975 |accessdate=2007-08-19 }}</ref> In 1965, after breaking with the Nation of Islam and denouncing its separatist doctrine, [[Malcolm X]] told his followers that the Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad had made agreements with the American Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan that "were not in the interests of Negros."<ref>[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/american/adl/uncommon-ground/secret-relationship.html Uncommon Ground: Secret Relationship]</ref> In 1985 Louis Farrakhan invited white supremacist [[Tom Metzger (white supremacist)|Tom Metzger]], leader of the [[White Aryan Resistance]] (a neo-Nazi white power group), to attend a NOI gathering. The Washington Times reports Metzger's words of praise: "They speak out against the Jews and the oppressors in Washington. ... They are the black counterpart to us."<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/NoI/noi1.html#fn31 Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam: Part One]</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Discrimination}}
*[[White supremacy]]
*[[Afrocentrism]]
*[[Antisemitism]]
*[[Melanin]]
*[[Melanin theory]]
*[[Race and intelligence]]
*[[Racism]]
*[[Supremacy]]
*[[Hate group]]
*[[Black nationalism]]
*[[Black Power]]
* [[Black Power (New Zealand)]], [[Māori people|Māori]] gang

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/15/AR2005121501728_pf.html ''Scientists Find A DNA Change That Accounts For White Skin'' (Washington Post Staff Writer - Friday, December 16, 2005; A01) Biotechnology]
*[http://www.csicop.org/si/9201/minority.html ''Magic Melanin: Spreading Scientific Illiteracy to Minorities'' (CSICOP article on melanin theory and associated pseudoscience)]
*[http://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/othersrv/isar/archives2/mehler/academic.htm Institute for the Study of Academic Racism (ISAR): African American Racism in the Academic Community]
*[http://www.ancient-knowledge-breakthrough.net/id5.html Annual World Melanin Conference]
*[http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,980453,00.html TIME Magazine Teaching Reverse Racism]
*[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/american/adl/uncommon-ground/ Uncommon Ground: The Black African Holocaust Council and Other Links Between Black and White Extremists]

{{Black supremacist organizations}}
{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Supremacy}}
[[Category:Black supremacy| ]]
[[Category:African American]]
[[Category:Black African people]]
[[Category:Racism]]

[[bn:কালো শ্রেষ্ঠত্ববাদ]]
[[de:Black Supremacy]]
[[fr:Suprémacisme noir]]
[[ko:흑인 우월주의]]
[[pl:Czarna supremacja]]
[[pt:Supremacia negra]]
[[ru:Чёрный расизм]]
[[fi:Musta ylivalta]]
[[zh:黑人优越主义]]

Tjörn Bridge

2012-12-23T21:52:24Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying fr:Tjörnbron to fr:Pont de Tjörn

[[File:Tjörnbron.JPG|thumb|Tjörnbron between Tjörn and Stenungsund]]

The '''Tjörn Bridge''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Tjörnbron'') is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] which together with two smaller bridges connects [[Stenungsund]] on mainland [[Sweden]] with the island [[Tjörn]] on the western coast of the country.
The length is 664 m, the span width is 366 m, and the height above the water is 45 m.

Inaugurated in 1981, the bridge was built in record time after its predecessor, the Almö Bridge, which had been inaugurated in June 1960, collapsed after the [[bulk carrier]] {{MS|Star Clipper}} collided with its span at 1:30 AM on 18 January 1980 in fog and darkness. Eight people died in 7 vehicles that plunged into the sea before the bridge could be closed.

{{coord|58|03|35|N|11|47|06|E|region:SE_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tjorn Bridge}}
[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in Sweden]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1981]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1960]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters in Sweden]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters caused by collision]]
[[Category:Road accidents in Sweden]]
[[Category:1980 road accidents]]

{{Sweden-bridge-struct-stub}}

[[da:Almöbroen]]
[[de:Tjörnbron]]
[[fr:Pont de Tjörn]]
[[ia:Ponte de Tjörn]]
[[no:Tjörnbrua]]
[[pl:Katastrofa na moście Tjörnbron]]
[[ru:Чёрнский мост]]
[[sv:Tjörnbron]]

Chen Zhen (character)

2012-12-23T21:40:17Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ru:Чэнь Чжэнь (вымышленный персонаж)

{{Refimprove|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Chen Zhen
| series =
| image =
| caption =
| first = ''[[Fist of Fury]]'' (1972)
| last = ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]'' (2010)
| creator = [[Ni Kuang]]
| portrayer =
* [[Bruce Lee]] {{small|(1972)}}
* [[Bruce Leung]] {{small|(1981, 1982, 2001)}}
* [[Jet Li]] {{small|(1994)}}
* [[Donnie Yen]] {{small|(1995, 2010)}}
* [[Wu Yue (actor)|Wu Yue]] {{small|(2001)}}
* Tsui Siu-lung {{small|(2004)}}
* [[Jordan Chan]] {{small|(2008)}}
| gender = Male
| occupation = Martial artist
| nationality = Chinese
| lbl21 = ''[[Sifu]]''
| data21 = [[Huo Yuanjia]]
| lbl22 = Affiliations
| data22 = [[Chin Woo Athletic Association]]
| lbl23 = Martial arts
| data23 =

* [[Hung Ga|Hong Fist]]<ref name="donnieyen.com">[http://www.donnieyen.com/films/1995_fistfury.htm ''Fist of Fury''] on donnieyen.com</ref>
* [[Karate]]<ref>Chen Zhen learns karate during his overseas studies in Japan in ''[[Huo Yuanjia (2001 TV series)|Huo Yuanjia]]'' (2001)</ref>
* [[Mizongyi|Mizong Fist]]<ref>Huo Yuanjia teaches Chen Zhen the Mizong Fist in most of the adaptations (especially television series). In ''[[Fist of Legend]]'', Huo Yuanjia's son Huo Ting'en teaches Chen Zhen the skill.</ref>
* [[Nunchaku]]-do<ref>Chen Zhen uses a nunchaku in ''[[Fist of Fury]]'', and many other remakes</ref>
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Chen (surname)|Chen]]}}
'''Chen Zhen''' ({{zh|first=t|t=陳真|s=陈真|p=Chén Zhēn|j=Can4 Zan1}}) is a fictional Chinese martial artist and hero created by Hong Kong writer [[Ni Kuang]]. The character first appeared in the 1972 film ''[[Fist of Fury]]'' and was portrayed by [[Bruce Lee]].

Since 1972, Chen Zhen has become the subject of numerous films and television series, including remakes and adaptations of ''Fist of Fury''. Many notable martial arts film actors have portrayed Chen Zhen on screen after Bruce Lee, including [[Jet Li]] and [[Donnie Yen]]. Chen Zhen's story varies in the different remakes and adaptations, but almost each ultimately leads to his final quest to avenge [[Huo Yuanjia]], and has an ending similar to the original ''Fist of Fury''.

The character of Chen Zhen is believed to be based on [[Liu Zhensheng]] (劉振聲), a real student of Huo Yuanjia.<ref>{{zh icon}} [http://culture.people.com.cn/BIG5/40479/40482/4130593.html 陳真和劉振聲誰是霍元甲的真徒弟?]</ref>

==Basic story==
Chen Zhen is depicted as a student of the martial artist [[Huo Yuanjia]], founder of [[Chin Woo Athletic Association]] (also known as Chin Woo School or Jingwu School). After Huo Yuanjia allegedly died from illness, Chen Zhen discovers that his master was poisoned and the Japanese from a [[dojo]] in [[Hongkou District]], [[Shanghai]], are responsible for his master's death. He seeks to bring the murderers to justice and embarks on a quest to avenge Huo Yuanjia and revive his master's legacy, the "Jingwu Spirit".

==Character features==
During the premiere of ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]'' in September 2010, [[Donnie Yen]] was asked by reporters on how different his character was in comparison to the earlier versions of Chen Zhen. Yen replied that there were significant differences, and gave his definition of the character - "Chen Zhen is [[Bruce Lee]]". He said that the image of Chen Zhen was crafted by Lee in ''[[Fist of Fury]]'' (1972), and further explained that certain features of his character were inherited from Lee's, such as the white [[Mao suit]] worn by Chen Zhen and the use of [[nunchaku]], but still there were differences in movements and overall character design between his Chen Zhen and Lee's. Since ''Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen'' pays tribute to Bruce Lee, Yen decided to retain the white Mao suit and the use of nunchaku, as well as repeating Chen Zhen's famous line, "The Chinese people are not [[Sick man of Asia|sick men of the east]]!" (中國人不是東亞病夫).<ref>{{zh icon}} [http://info.wenweipo.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-35640 Donnie Yen: Chen Zhen is Bruce Lee]</ref>

==Appearances in media==
: ''Note: There are many remakes and sequels that are not possible to be listed here.''

===Film===
* ''[[Fist of Fury]]'' (精武門), a 1972 film starring [[Bruce Lee]] as Chen Zhen. This was the first appearance of Chen Zhen in media.

* ''[[New Fist of Fury]]'' (新精武門), a 1976 sequel to ''Fist of Fury''. In this film, Chen Zhen's fiancee (played by [[Nora Miao]]) meets a young Taiwanese boy, Lung (played by [[Jackie Chan]]), who will become Chen Zhen's successor.

* ''[[Fist of Legend]]'' (精武英雄), a 1994 film starring [[Jet Li]] as Chen Zhen. In the film, Chen Zhen fought to salvage Jingwu School's reputation after the death of Huo Yuanjia. He defeated a Japanese general who was responsible for his teacher's death and escaped from Shanghai.

* ''[[Hero Youngster]]'' (少年陳真), a 2004 film starring Tsui Siu-lung as a young Chen Zhen. In this film, Chen Zhen rescues a Manchu princess, starting an adventure in which he helps the princess and a Chinese resistance fighter (played by [[Yuen Biao]]) defend their country from the Japanese.

* ''[[Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen]]'' (精武風雲 - 陳真), a 2010 film starring [[Donnie Yen]] as Chen Zhen. In this film, Chen Zhen leaves China to help the Allies fight the Germans in France during World War I after avenging his master Huo Yuanjia. He returns to China after the war and joins an underground resistance movement in Shanghai to stop the Japanese from invading China.<ref>{{cite news|title= LEGEND OF CHEN ZHEN REVIEW |work= Twitch Film|date=|url= http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2010/11/legend-of-chen-zhen-review.php|accessdate=2011-02-08}}</ref>

===Television===
* ''[[The Legendary Fok]]'' (大俠霍元甲), a 1981 Hong Kong television series based on the life story of [[Huo Yuanjia]]. Wong Yuen-sun played Huo Yuanjia and [[Bruce Leung]] played Chen Zhen.

* ''[[The Fist (TV series)|The Fist]]'' (陳真),<ref>[http://www.yesasia.com/global/the-fist-dvd-end-atv-drama-us-version/1010727999-0-0-0]{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref> a 1982 sequel to ''The Legendary Fok''. [[Bruce Leung]] reprised his role as Chen Zhen with a new storyline. This [[Asia Television Limited|ATV]] production co-starred [[Candice Yu]], Lau Wai-man, Choi King-fai and [[Bill Tung]]. In this version, Chen Zhen becomes a wanted criminal after avenging Huo Yuanjia. With assistance from the mayor of [[Shanghai]], he manages to escape by faking his own death and moves to [[Beijing]] with Huo's son<ref>http://www.yesasia.com/us/1010727994-0-0-0-en/info.html</ref> where they led a reclusive life under new names. Chen's identity is eventually revealed when he comes into conflict later with the Japanese official Sato. His life was placed in danger but it also ignited his nationalist fervor. While Sato plans his revenge, Chen resolves to reopen Huo Yuanjia's [[Chin Woo Athletic Association]] to spread the Chin Woo spirit, his late teacher's legacy.

* ''[[Fist of Fury (TV series)|Fist of Fury]]'' (精武門), a 1995 television series based on the 1972 film of the same title, produced by ATV and starring [[Donnie Yen]] as Chen Zhen. Yen has become synonymous with his role in other regions outside of Hong Kong that have significant Chinese populations, such as Taiwan and mainland China.<ref name="donnieyen.com" />

* ''[[Chen Zhen (TV series)|Chen Zhen]]'' (陳真後傳), a 2001 Chinese television series that tells the story of Chen Zhen after Huo Yuanjia's death. Bruce Leung played Chen Zhen. The supporting cast includes He Qing, Ding Haifeng, [[Chen Baoguo]], Shen Junyi and Jin Qiaoqiao.

* ''[[Huo Yuanjia (2001 TV series)|Huo Yuanjia]]'' (霍元甲), a 2001 Chinese television series that focuses on Huo Yuanjia, with Chen Zhen's story as a subplot. [[Vincent Zhao]] played Huo Yuanjia and [[Wu Yue (actor)|Wu Yue]] played Chen Zhen.

* ''[[Jingwu Yingxiong Chen Zhen]]'' (精武英雄陳真), a 2001 sequel to ''Huo Yuanjia'' (2001). Wu Yue reprised his role as Chen Zhen.

* ''[[Huo Yuanjia (2008 TV series)|Huo Yuanjia]]'' (霍元甲), a 2008 remake of ''The Legendary Fok''. [[Ekin Cheng]] played Huo Yuanjia and [[Jordan Chan]] played Chen Zhen. The fight scene in the last episode and the ending is reminiscent of ''[[Fist of Fury]]'' and the earlier adaptations.

* ''[[Jingwu Chen Zhen]]'' (精武陳真), a 2008 sequel to ''Huo Yuanjia''. Jordan Chan reprised his role as Chen Zhen.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Huo Yuanjia and Chen Zhen}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chen, Zhen}}
[[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1972]]
[[Category:Film characters]]
[[Category:Fictional wushu practitioners]]
[[Category:Fictional karateka]]
[[Category:Fictional Chinese people]]
[[Category:Culture heroes]]

[[fa:چن زن (شخصیت)]]
[[ru:Чэнь Чжэнь (вымышленный персонаж)]]
[[vi:Trần Chân (võ sĩ)]]
[[zh:陳真]]

Çınarcık

2012-12-23T21:35:53Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ru:Чинарджик to ru:Чынарджык

[[Image:Çınarcık Panorama.jpg|thumb|350px|Çınarcık]]
'''Çınarcık''' is a town and district of [[Yalova Province]] in the [[Marmara Region|Marmara]] region of [[Turkey]]. The mayor is Murat Erdoğan ([[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]]).

Çınarcık has a permanent population of 9,000 but its location near [[İstanbul]] has made it a popular location for summer homes. On hot weekends during the summer, the population can swell to 300,000 and construction of new summer homes in the town is fast paced.

Çınarcık is located on a small strip of flat land on the coast with mountains rising sharply in back of it. This environment is very common among cities on the northern coast of Turkey. Cınarcık provides a number of vacation activities including camping, hiking, and beaches. Most of the coastline of Çınarcık is rocky but the western end has sand beaches with several restaurants. The beaches are not of high quality by Turkish standards as there is a considerable amount of seaweed and [[jellyfish]] in the surf, though the jellyfish do not sting. The nightlife can be lively during the summer, due to the large number of İstanbulites staying there. The largest club is Club Kale.

==References==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/TU/92/Cinarcik.html|title=Geographical information on Çınarcık, Turkey|accessdate=2008-10-20|author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc|language=English}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cinarcik.gov.tr/ District governor's official website] {{tr icon}}

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Yalova|sortkey=Cinarcik}}

{{coord|40|38|32|N|29|07|13|E|region:TR_type:city|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cinarcik}}
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Yalova Province]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Turkey]]

{{Yalova-geo-stub}}

[[fa:چنارجیک]]
[[fr:Çınarcık]]
[[sw:Çınarcık]]
[[mrj:Чынарджык]]
[[ms:Çınarcık]]
[[nn:Çınarcık]]
[[ru:Чынарджык]]
[[tr:Çınarcık]]
[[vi:Çınarcık]]
[[diq:Çınarcık]]
[[zh:徹納爾哲克]]

Ciucur-Mingir

2012-12-23T21:16:53Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding it:Ciucur-Mingir

{{Infobox settlement


|name = Ciucur-Mingir
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type =Commune and village
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
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|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|pushpin_map =Moldova 
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Moldova

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Moldova}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Moldova|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Cimişlia District]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_type3 =
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|government_footnotes =
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|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =Imperial 
|area_footnotes =
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|area_metro_km2 =

|population_as_of = [[2004 Moldovan Census|2004 census]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 =

|timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|utc_offset =+2
|timezone_DST =[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST =+3
|latd=46|latm=26|lats=27|latNS=N
|longd=28|longm=45|longs=21|longEW=E
|coordinates_type = region:MD_type:city
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}}

'''Ciucur-Mingir''' is a commune in [[Cimişlia district]], [[Moldova]]. It is composed of a single village, Ciucur-Mingir.

==Notable people==
* [[Nicolae Cernov]] Liuba Dimitriu poetă,Ilaroin Ciobanu actor

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cimişlia-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Communes of Cimişlia district]]

[[it:Ciucur-Mingir]]
[[ro:Ciucur-Mingir, Cimișlia]]
[[ru:Чукур-Минджир]]
[[uk:Чучур-Мінгір]]

Two Women

2012-12-23T21:00:00Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ka:ქალი ჩოჩარადან to ka:ჩოჩარა (ფილმი)

{{About|the 1960 Italian film||Two Women (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Two Women
| image = TwoWomenPoster.jpg
| director = [[Vittorio De Sica]]
| producer = [[Carlo Ponti]]
| writer = Vittorio De Sica [[Cesare Zavattini]] [[Alberto Moravia]] (novel)
| starring = [[Sophia Loren]] [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]] [[Eleonora Brown]] [[Carlo Ninchi]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1960|12|22}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = Italy
| language = Italian German
| budget =
}}
'''''Two Women''''' ({{lang-it|'''La ciociara'''}}, roughly translated as "[The Woman] from [[Ciociaria]]") is a 1960 [[Cinema of Italy|Italian film]] directed by [[Vittorio De Sica]]. It tells the story of a woman trying to protect her young daughter from the horrors of war. The film stars [[Sophia Loren]], [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]], [[Eleonora Brown]], [[Carlo Ninchi]] and [[Andrea Checchi]]. The film was adapted by De Sica and [[Cesare Zavattini]] from the [[Two women (novel)|novel of the same name]] written by [[Alberto Moravia]].

==Synopsis==
The story centers on Cesira (Loren), a widowed Roman shopkeeper, and Rosetta (Brown), her devoutly religious twelve-year-old daughter, during [[World War II]]. To escape the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombing of Rome, Cesira and her daughter flee southern [[Lazio]] for her native [[Ciociaria]], a rural, mountainous province of central Italy.

After they arrive at Ciociaria, Cesira attracts the attention of a young local intellectual with [[communist]] sympathies named Michele ([[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]). However, Michele is eventually taken prisoner by a company of [[Wehrmacht|German]] soldiers, who hope to use him as a guide to the mountainous terrain. Later, Cesira and Rosetta learn that he has been shot and killed by the same soldiers who took him hostage.

After the Italian liberation, mother and daughter decide to go back to Rome. After experiencing mild harassment and propositioning throughout their journey, they fall subject to an unexpected tragedy. As they rest in a bombed-out church, they are captured and [[gang rape]]d by [[Goumier]]s (Moroccan allied soldiers) serving in the [[Free French]] forces under [[Alphonse Juin]]. Rosetta is particularly traumatized and has conflicting feelings for her mother. Eventually the two succeed in re-establishing the bond that linked them.

==Cast==
* [[Sophia Loren]] - Cesira
* [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]] - Michele Di Libero, a young communist
* [[Eleonora Brown]] - Rosetta
* [[Carlo Ninchi]] - Filippo, Michele's father
* [[Raf Vallone]] - Giovanni
* [[Andrea Checchi]] - A fascist
* [[Pupella Maggio]] - A peasant
* [[Emma Baron]] - Maria
* [[Bruna Cealti]] - A refugee
* [[Antonella Della Porta]] - A crazy mother
* [[Mario Frera]]
* [[Franco Balducci]] - A German in the haystack
* [[Luciana Cortellesi]]
* [[Curt Lowens]]
* [[Tony Calio]]
* [[Remo Galavotti]]

==Awards==
The film won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for Sophia Loren, due largely to heavy promotion by its North American distributor, [[Joseph E. Levine]]. This was the first time an acting Oscar had been given for a non-[[English language|English]]-speaking performance. Loren also won the award for [[Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] at the [[1961 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3261/year/1961.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Two Women |accessdate=2009-02-20|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref>
Loren won 22 international awards for ''Two Women''.

==Remakes==
''La Ciociara'' was remade for television in 1988. It was adapted by [[Diana Gould]], [[Lidia Ravera]], [[Dino Risi]] and [[Bernardino Zapponi]]. It was directed by Risi and starred Loren, [[Robert Loggia]], [[Leonardo Ferrantini]], [[Dario Ghirardi]] and [[Sydney Penny]].

==See also==
* [[Marocchinate]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0054749|Two Women}}
* {{Internet Archive film|id=LaCiociaraTwoWomen1}}
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2998958434573915467 The complete film (dubbed into English) on-line] at [[Google Video]]

{{De Sica}}

[[Category:Italian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]
[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960s drama films]]
[[Category:Black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vittorio De Sica]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award winning performance]]
[[Category:Italian-language films]]
[[Category:Italian Campaign of World War II films]]
[[Category:War rape in World War II]]
[[Category:Rape in films]]
[[Category:Italian neorealist films]]

[[an:La ciociara]]
[[bg:Чочарка]]
[[ca:La ciociara]]
[[de:Und dennoch leben sie]]
[[es:Dos mujeres (película de 1960)]]
[[fr:La Paysanne aux pieds nus]]
[[it:La ciociara]]
[[he:לה צ'וצ'ארה (סרט)]]
[[ka:ჩოჩარა (ფილმი)]]
[[la:La ciociara]]
[[nl:La ciociara]]
[[no:To kvinner]]
[[pl:Matka i córka (film 1960)]]
[[pt:Duas Mulheres (1960)]]
[[ru:Чочара]]
[[tg:Ду зан]]
[[tr:Kızım ve Ben]]

Delirious

2012-12-23T20:47:21Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding sv:Delirious

{{Wiktionary}}

'''Delirious''' could refer to:

* A state of [[delirium]]

;In film
* [[Delirious (film)|''Delirious'' (film)]] (1991), starring John Candy
* [[Delirious (2006 film)|''Delirious'' (2006 film)]], directed by Tom DiCillo and starring Steve Buscemi
* ''[[Eddie Murphy Delirious]]'', an Eddie Murphy stand-up film

;In music
* [[Delirious (band)]], a German thrash metal band
* [[Delirious (David Guetta song)|"Delirious" (David Guetta song)]], a song by David Guetta from his album ''Pop Life'' (2007)
* [[Delirious (Prince song)|"Delirious" (Prince song)]], a song by Prince from his album ''1999'' (1982)
* "Delirious", a song from the [[ZZ Top]] album [[Afterburner_(album)|Afterburner]] (1985)
* "Delirious", a song from the [[Vistoso Bosses]] album ''Confetti'' (2009)
* [[Delirious?]], a Christian rock band

;In sports
* [[Delirious (wrestler)]], ring name of professional wrestler William Hunter Johnston

;Other uses
* [[De.lirio.us]], a social bookmarking site

{{disambig}}

[[cs:Delirious]]
[[de:Delirious]]
[[es:Delirio (desambiguación)]]
[[fr:Delirious]]
[[it:Delirious]]
[[nl:Delirious]]
[[ru:Чокнутый]]
[[sv:Delirious]]
[[tr:Delirious]]

Shafik Chokin

2012-12-23T20:46:34Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding kk:Шөкин Шапық Шөкіұлы

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Shafik Chokin
|image =
|image_size = 180px
|caption = Academician Shafik Chokin
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|10|1|mf=y}}
|death_date = {{death date|2003|7|4|mf=y}}
|death_place = <Almaty>
|residence = [[Almaty]]
|citizenship = [[Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
|nationality = [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]]
|ethnicity =
|fields = Energy sector
|workplaces = [[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences]], Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Energy
|alma_mater = Omsk Agricultural Institute
|notable_students =
|known_for =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced = [[Kanysh Satpayev]]
|awards = [[Order of the October Revolution]], [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]], [[People's Hero of Kazakhstan]]
|religion =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sháfik Chókinovich Chókin''' ({{Lang-kk|'''Шапық Шоқыұлы Шокин'''}}; {{lang-ru|'''Ша́фик Чо́кинович Чо́кин'''}}) (October 1, 1912 — July 4, 2003) is the most recognized Kazakh scientist of energy sector. Doctor of Sciences, Professor. Founder of Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of power engineering. Deputy of [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|The Supreme Soviet of the USSR]], associate of the chairman of [[Soviet of the Union]] chamber. President of [[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences]].

== Biography ==
Shafik Chokin was born on 1 October 1912 in [[Bayanaul District]], in [[Pavlodar Province]] in a poor family. His father died in 1918, so Shafik was brought up by his older brother Riza Chokin. He got his education in Omsk Agricultural Institute. After graduation in 1937 he worked in the Kazakh Trust of Agricultural Electrification. He made a successful career there rising up to the position of a chief engineer and deputy director. In 1943 he was invited by [[Kanysh Satpayev]] to become the chairman of the energy sector of Kazakh Branch of Academy of Sciences of USSR. A year later, in 1944, on the base of the sector Chokin established Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of power engineering and was its director till 1988. During Chokin's directorship the institute became one of the most recognized scientific research organizations of energy sector in [[USSR]]. From 1954 to 1968 he was a member of Presidium of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences. In 1964, after the death of Kanysh Satpayev, Chokin was elected as the President of the Academy and occupied this position till 1967. During his presidency he was also elected as a deputy of [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|The Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] and appointed as an associate of the chairman of [[Soviet of the Union]] chamber. From 1966 to 1971Chokin was a member of Central Committee of [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]].

On 14 June 1988 by the collective decision of Ministry of Energy and Electrification of USSR and the Presidium of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences Chokin was appointed as an honorary director of Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Energy. On 30 September 1992 by the decision of the Board of Ministers of the [[Republic of Kazakhstan]], when academician was alive, Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Energy was given the name of Shafik Chokin.

In 1996 President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] awarded Shafik Chokin "National Hero" award, the highest honor for Kazakhstani citizens.

== Memory ==
Following objects are given the name of Shafik Chokin:

* Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Energy
* street in [[Pavlodar]] city
* award in the field of energy of the Presidium of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
* award in the field of energy of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

== References ==
* [http://www.iie.freenet.kz/nan_rk.html History of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (in Russian)]
* [http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=135223 Biography of Shafik Chokin (in Russian)]

{{S-start}}
{{succession box|title=President [[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences|Kazakh Academy of Sciences]]
|before= [[Kanysh Satpayev]]
|after= [[Shakhmardan Yessenov]]
|years= 1964 — 1967}}
{{S-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Chokin, Shafik
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =October 1, 1912
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =July 4, 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH =<Almaty>
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chokin, Shafik}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani scientists]]
[[Category:Soviet scientists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]
[[Category:People's Heroes of Kazakhstan]]

{{Link GA|ru}}

[[kk:Шөкин Шапық Шөкіұлы]]
[[ru:Чокин, Шафик Чокинович]]

Chitipa District

2012-12-23T20:31:00Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ru:Читипа to ru:Читипа (округ)

[[Image:MW-Chitipa.png|right|115px|Location of Chitipa District in Malawi]]
'''Chitipa District''' is the northernmost [[Districts of Malawi|district]] in the [[Northern Region, Malawi|Northern Region]] of [[Malawi]]. The capital is [[Chitipa]] (formerly known as Fort Hill). The district covers an area of 4,288 km.², and has a population of 126,799. Chitipa borders fellow districts [[Karonga]] and [[Rumphi]], as well as neighboring countries [[Tanzania]] and [[Zambia]].
The district is divided into five main areas known as Misuku to the east, Kameme to the north, Bulambia right at the centre while Wenya and Nthalire areas are situated to the south.<ref name="National Geographic2005">{{cite book|last=National Geographic|first=|title=National Geographic atlas of the world Eighth Edition|year=2005|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, D.C|isbn=0-7922-7543-8}}</ref>

There are five [[National Assembly of Malawi|National Assembly]] constituencies in Chitipa: Chitipa Central, Chitipa East, Chitipa North, Chitipa South and Chitipa Wenya. Since the [[Malawian general election, 2009|2009 election]] all of these constituencies have been held by members of the [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Chitipa Parliament of Malawi - Members of Parliament - Chitipa district]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Regions and districts of Malawi}}

{{coord|9|45|S|33|15|E|region:MW_type:adm1st|display=title}}

[[Category:Districts of Malawi]]
[[Category:Northern Region, Malawi]]

{{malawi-geo-stub}}

[[bg:Читипа]]
[[br:Chitipa (distrig)]]
[[fr:District de Chitipa]]
[[gl:Distrito de Chitipa]]
[[ko:치티파 현]]
[[id:Distrik Chitipa]]
[[it:Distretto di Chitipa]]
[[ka:ჩიტიპის რაიონი]]
[[nl:Chitipa (district)]]
[[ja:チティパ]]
[[no:Chitipa (distrikt)]]
[[pl:Dystrykt Chitipa]]
[[pt:Chitipa]]
[[ro:Districtul Chitipa]]
[[ru:Читипа (округ)]]
[[sv:Chitipa]]
[[zh:奇蒂帕縣]]

Çiftlik

2012-12-23T20:30:20Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding sr:Чифлик

'''Çiftlik''' may refer to:
* [[Çiftlik, Niğde]], a town and district of Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey
* [[Çiftlik, Tarsus]] - a village in Tarsus district of Mersin Province, Turkey
*[[Chiflik]] - Ottoman system of land management

{{disambig}}

[[bg:Чифлик (пояснение)]]
[[fr:Tchiflik (homonymie)]]
[[mk:Чифлик (појаснување)]]
[[nl:Çiftlik]]
[[ru:Чифлик]]
[[sr:Чифлик]]

Chinook (dog breed)

2012-12-23T20:09:35Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ro:Chinook

{{Infobox Dogbreed


| akcfss = part of the akc fss
| akcgroup = Working (FSS)
| akcstd = http://www.akc.org/breeds/chinook/index.cfm
| country = [[United States]]
| image = Wikichinook.JPG
| image_caption = A male Chinook
| name = Chinook
| ukcgroup = Northern Breeds
| ukcstd = http://mail.ukcdogs.com/ukcweb.nsf/80de88211ee3f2dc8525703f004ccb1e/0FC41602CB07310885257049006C870B?OpenDocument
}}

The '''Chinook''' is a [[Rare breed (dog)|rare breed]] of [[sled dog]], developed in the [[New England]] region of the [[United States]] in the early 20th century. The Chinook is the official state dog of the state of New Hampshire.

==Description==
===Appearance===
Standing {{convert|21|to|27|in|cm}} in height at the [[withers]] and weighing {{convert|55|to|90|lb|kg}}, the Chinook is balanced and muscular. The [[United Kennel Club]] (UKC) breed standard<ref name=UKC>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukcdogs.com/WebSite.nsf/Breeds/Chinook|title=Chinook breed standard|accessdate=February 1, 2012|publisher=[[United Kennel Club]]}}</ref> states that "The ideal coloration runs from light honey color to reddish-gold. Black markings on the inside corners of the eyes are preferred. Dark tawny to black markings on the ears and muzzle are preferred. Guard hairs on the tail may be black. No white markings are allowed. Buff markings on the cheeks, muzzle, throat, chest, breeches, toes and underside are acceptable." The UKC standard faults any color other than tawny and disqualifies [[albinism]]. Other proposed standards state that the medium-length [[Coat (dog)|double coat]] is “tawny” in color, with darker shadings on muzzle and ears; white dogs are not allowed, nor are other colors. Eyes are brown to amber in color. Ear carriage is variable, but dropped is preferred and the head more strongly rectangular than other sleddog breeds. The tail is a well-furred saber and not the usual brush or plume of [[Arctic]] breeds. Overall, the Chinook seems to owe more to [[molosser]] than to [[spitz]] ancestry.

===Temperament===
The Chinook is an affectionate and playful family companion with a special devotion toward children. A willing worker who is eager to please and enthusiastic to learn. The Chinook is highly trainable, adaptable, and versatile in his abilities. Gregarious with other dogs, the Chinook works well in teams and within family packs. The Chinook is a dignified dog and some Chinooks may be reserved with strangers but should never appear shy or aggressive.

==Health==
Health issues include normal hereditary problems such as [[Epilepsy in animals|epilepsy]], [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]], and [[atopy]].<ref name=genome>{{Cite book|first=Jerold S.|last=Bell|chapter=American Breed Clubs and Health Initiatives | editor1-last=Ostrander | editor1-first=Elaine A. | editor2-first=Urs | editor2-last=Giger|editor3-last=Lindblad-Toh|editor3-first=Kerstin|title= The Dog and Its Genome|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=94k1mKRcYd0C&pg=PA40|pages=40–44|accessdate= April 9, 2011|year=2007|publisher=CSHL Press|isbn= 978-0-87969-781-5}}</ref> Also common is [[Cryptorchidism#Dogs|cryptorchidism]], which occurs in about 10% of all male dogs.

==History==
The Chinook owes its existence to one man: [[Arthur Treadwell Walden]] of [[Wonalancet, New Hampshire]]. The breed derives principally from one male ancestor born in 1917, named “Chinook,” who was Walden’s lead dog and stud. "Chinook" derived from a crossbreeding of husky stock from the [[Robert Peary#The final 1908–1909 expedition|Peary North Pole expedition]] with a large, tawny [[English Mastiff|Mastiff]]-like male. Photos of “Chinook” show a drop-eared dog with a broad Mastiff head and muzzle. Walden’s leader was bred to [[Belgian Sheepdog]]s, [[German Shepherd Dog]]s, [[Canadian Eskimo Dog]]s and perhaps other breeds; the progeny were bred back to him to set the desired type and was apparently a strong reproducer of his own traits. Arthur Walden was an experienced dog driver with years of experience in the [[Yukon]]; he was the lead driver and trainer on [[Richard E. Byrd|Byrd's]] [[Richard E. Byrd#First Antarctic expedition, 1928–1930|1929 Antarctic expedition]]. He is credited with bringing sled dog sports to New England and with founding the New England Sled Dog Club in 1924. The 12-year-old “Chinook” was lost on the Byrd expedition.

Control of the core breeding stock passed from Walden to Julia Lombard and from her to Perry Greene in the late 1940s. Greene, a noted outdoorsman, bred Chinooks in [[Waldoboro, Maine]], for many years until his death in 1963. Rare and closely held by Greene who was for many years the only breeder of Chinooks, the population dwindled rapidly after his death. By 1981 only eleven breedable Chinooks survived.<ref name=genome /> Breeders in [[Maine]], [[Ohio]] and [[California]] divided the remaining stock and managed to save the type from extinction.

The Chinook obtained registered status with the UKC in 1991;<ref name=UKC /> current numbers of registered animals are around 800. Only about 100 puppies are born annually worldwide. The registry has a cross-breeding program under which Chinooks are bred to individuals of other breeds thought to have contributed to Chinook development; fourth-generation backcross descendants of such crosses may be accepted as UKC purebred Chinooks if they meet the Chinook Owner Association's Cross Breeding Program requirements.<ref name=genome />

Chinooks joined the [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) [[Foundation Stock Service Program|Foundation Stock Service]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/chinook/did_you_know.cfm|title=American Kennel Club: Chinook Facts|accessdate=April 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Smart|first=Sylvia|title=Dog Breeders Professional Secrets: Ethical Breeding Practices|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=io270OahEdMC&pg=PA44|year=2008|publisher=Dogwise Publishing|page=44|isbn=978-1-929242-59-7|accessdate=February 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1=De Vito | first1=Carlo | first2=Amy | last2=Ammen|title= Everything Dog Book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z0oPug6xaOgC&pg=PT65|accessdate= April 9, 2011|edition=2|year=2008|publisher=Adams Media|location=Avon, Massachusetts|isbn= 978-1-59869-591-5|page=52}}</ref> in 2001 and were later added to the AKC's [[Miscellaneous Class]] in 2010.<ref name="archaist">{{cite web|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/chinook/history.cfm|title=American Kennel Club: Chinook History|accessdate=April 8, 2011}}</ref> Chinooks are still working for recognition from other major kennel clubs.

===Working life===
Although still used for recreational dog sledding by some owners, Chinooks today appear to be used largely as family pets. Individuals are also used for dog-packing, [[search and rescue]], [[skijoring]], and [[obedience trial|obedience]] and [[dog agility]] trials.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Chinook (dog)}}
* {{dmoz|/Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Spitz_Group/Chinook/}}
*http://www.chinookclubofamerica.org AKC Parent Club for the Chinook
*[http://www.chinook.org The Chinook Owners Association]

{{Sled Dogs}}

[[Category:Rare dog breeds]]
[[Category:Sled dog breeds]]
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in the United States]]

[[de:Chinook (Hunderasse)]]
[[hu:Chinook (kutyafajta)]]
[[ja:チヌーク (犬種)]]
[[ro:Chinook]]
[[ru:Чинук (порода собак)]]
[[fi:Chinook (koira)]]
[[sv:Chinook (hundras)]]

Ottavio Cinquanta

2012-12-23T20:07:43Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding de:Ottavio Cinquanta

[[File:2011 Rostelecom Cup - Ottavio Cinquanta.jpg|200px|thumb|]]
'''Ottavio Cinquanta''' (born 15 August 1938, in [[Rome]]), is currently President of the [[International Skating Union]] and a member of the [[International Olympic Committee]].

He has held the ISU position since 1994 and the IOC position since 1996.

In 2000 he was elected member of the IOC Executive Committee, position that he has held until 2008.

Prior to becoming ISU President he was ISU Vice President and before the Chair of its Technical Committee for [[Short Track Speed Skating]].

Cinquanta grew up in [[Milan]], [[Italy]], where he practiced as an [[ice hockey]] player, in [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]] and as an ice speed skater. Cinquanta attended university and he was mainly active in business administration. At the time of his election to the ISU Presidency, at the age of 56, he retired from his position as a manager of an international chemical company.

When Cinquanta was first elected to the ISU Presidency, he was initially regarded as a progressive who introduced prize money at ISU Events after negotiating several commercial contracts, including an important television contract with [[ABC Sports]]. This allowed the ISU to retain athletes who might have otherwise left Olympic-eligible skating to participate in unsanctioned made-for-television professional skating competitions, which were then offering large appearance fees to top skaters. The television money also allowed the ISU to sustain a variety of development programs in both [[Figure Skating]] and [[Speed Skating]] branches, including, for example, the [[ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating]].

However, because of his speed skating background, Cinquanta has been the subject of a considerable amount of criticism from the [[figure skating]] community, particularly in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]. During the [[2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal]], he was criticized for his evasiveness and his admission that he didn't "know figure skating so well".<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/sports/comment/brennan/2002-02-14-brennan.htm USATODAY.com - Scoring scandal knocks skating chief for a loop]</ref> In spite of his professed lack of knowledge about the sport, he proposed a [[ISU Judging System|new scoring system]] for figure skating<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/hi/english/skating/newsid_1828000/1828380.stm BBC SPORT | Winter Olympics 2002 | Skating | Skating set for radical change]</ref> whose major feature is secrecy which would prevent anyone from ever knowing how an individual judge had marked the competition. The implementation of secret judging at the 2003 [[World Figure Skating Championships]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], was controversial enough to result in a fan protest at that event,<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/winter/2003-03-24-skating-popularity_x.htm USATODAY.com - Figure skating losing its luster]</ref> with Cinquanta personally being jeered by the audience whenever he was introduced.<ref>[http://www.iceskatingintnl.com/archive/results_worlds/worlds03.htm World Championships]</ref><ref>[http://www.juntosociety.com/guest/liberty/ll_psoi041503.html Putting Saddam on Ice-by Lady Liberty]</ref>

Cinquanta had previously been loudly booed by fans at the 1996 [[World Figure Skating Championships]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]], after he invoked a technicality to prevent local skating favorite [[Kurt Browning]] from skating in the opening ceremony of that event<ref>[http://www.iceskatingintnl.com/archive/results_worlds/world96.htm Worlds]</ref><ref>[http://www.kurtfiles.com/articles/article.php?id=573&cat=KURT The Kurt Files]</ref> and again at the
1998 Championships in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]].<ref>[http://slam.canoe.ca/Skating98Worlds/apr5_skate3.html SLAM!]</ref>

Cinquanta has been consecutively reelected to the ISU Presidency at all the ISU elective Congresses and it is estimated{{whom|date=November 2012}} that since his first election in 1994, approximately thirty innovations have been introduced in the International Skating Union regarding the two branches administered of Figure Skating and Speed Skating.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Sonia Bianchetti Garbato]], ''Cracked Ice''. ISBN 88-86753-72-1.
* Joy Goodwin, ''The Second Mark''. ISBN 0-7432-4527-X.

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Cinquanta, Ottavio
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1938-08-15
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cinquanta, Ottavio}}
[[Category:Figure skating officials]]
[[Category:International Skating Union]]
[[Category:International Olympic Committee members]]
[[Category:Italian speed skaters]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[de:Ottavio Cinquanta]]
[[es:Ottavio Cinquanta]]
[[fr:Ottavio Cinquanta]]
[[it:Ottavio Cinquanta]]
[[ja:オッタビオ・チンクアンタ]]
[[pl:Ottavio Cinquanta]]
[[ru:Чинкванта, Оттавио]]

Cetireni

2012-12-23T18:58:46Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying ru:Четирены to ru:Четирень

'''Cetireni''' is a commune in [[Ungheni district]], [[Moldova]]. It is composed of a single village, Cetireni.

{{coord|47|13|N|27|54|E|display=title|region:MD_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Communes of Ungheni district]]

{{Ungheni-geo-stub}}

[[it:Cetireni]]
[[ro:Cetireni, Ungheni]]
[[ru:Четирень]]
[[uk:Четірень]]

2011 IIHF Women's World Championship Division IV

2012-12-23T18:57:32Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ru:Четвёртый дивизион чемпионата мира по хоккею с шайбой 2011 (женщины)

{{Main|2011 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships}}

The following teams will take part in the Division IV tournament which will be held in [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]], from March 29 to April 4.<ref>http://www.iihf.com/channels1011/ww-iv</ref> The winner of the group will be promoted to Division III for the 2012 championships, while the last-placed team in the group will be relegated to Division V.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=165|Team
!width=40|GP
!width=40|W
!width=40|OTW
!width=40|OTL
!width=40|L
!width=40|GF
!width=40|GA
!width=40|PTS
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|style="text-align:left;"|{{ihw|NZL}}
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 20 || 6 || '''12'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{ihw|KOR}}
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 15 || 6 || '''9'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{ihw|ISL}}
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 10 || 10 || '''6'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{ihw|ROU}}
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 9 || 15 || '''3'''
|-bgcolor="#ffcccc"
|style="text-align:left;"|{{ihw|RSA}}
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 4 || 21 || '''0'''
|}

All times local ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]/UTC+0)

{{IceHockeybox
| bg = #eeeeee
| date = March 27, 2011
| time = 16:30
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|RSA}}
| score = 0 – 6
| team2 = {{ihw|KOR}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}

{{IceHockeybox
| date = March 27, 2011
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|NZL}}
| score = 3 – 1
| team2 = {{ihw|ISL}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}
----
{{IceHockeybox
| bg = #eeeeee
| date = March 28, 2011
| time = 16:30
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|ROU}}
| score = 3 – 1
| team2 = {{ihw|RSA}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}
----
{{IceHockeybox
| date = March 29, 2011
| time = 16:30
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|KOR}}
| score = 1 – 3
| team2 = {{ihw|NZL}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}

{{IceHockeybox
| bg = #eeeeee
| date = March 29, 2011
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|ISL}}
| score = 3 – 2
| team2 = {{ihw|ROU}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}
----
{{IceHockeybox
| date = March 30, 2011
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|RSA}}
| score = 1 – 5
| team2 = {{ihw|ISL}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}
----
{{IceHockeybox
| bg = #eeeeee
| date = March 31, 2011
| time = 16:30
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|NZL}}
| score = 7 – 2
| team2 = {{ihw|RSA}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}

{{IceHockeybox
| date = March 31, 2011
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|KOR}}
| score = 4 – 2
| team2 = {{ihw|ROU}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}
----
{{IceHockeybox
| bg = #eeeeee
| date = April 1, 2011
| time = 16:30
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|ROU}}
| score = 2 – 7
| team2 = {{ihw|NZL}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}

{{IceHockeybox
| date = April 1, 2011
| time = 20:00
| team1 = {{ihw-rt|ISL}}
| score = 1 – 4
| team2 = {{ihw|KOR}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Laugardalur Arena]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.iihf.com/ IIHF.com]

[[Category:2011 in ice hockey|Women's World Ice Hockey Championships – Division Iv, 2011]]
[[Category:IIHF Women's World Ice Hockey Championships]]
[[Category:Sports festivals in Iceland]]

[[ru:Четвёртый дивизион чемпионата мира по хоккею с шайбой 2011 (женщины)]]

Carding

2012-12-23T18:46:45Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding ru:Чесание волокнистых материалов

{{other uses}}
[[Image:Rolag.jpg|thumb|300px|Creating a [[rolag]] using hand cards.]]
'''Carding''' is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibers to produce a continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequent processing.<ref name="Yilmaz">{{cite journal|last=Yilmaz|first=Nasire Deniz|coauthors=Powell|year=2005|title=The Technology of Terry Towel production|journal=Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management|publisher=North Carolina Stare University|volume=4|issue=4|url=http://www.tx.ncsu.edu/jtatm/volume4issue4/Articles/Yilmaz/Yilmaz_full.pdf}}</ref> This is achieved by passing the fibers between differentially moving surfaces covered with card clothing. It breaks up locks and unorganised clumps of fibre and then aligns the individual fibres to be parallel with each other.

The word is derived from the Latin ''carduus'' meaning teasel, as dried vegetable [[teasel]]s were first used to comb the raw wool. These ordered fibres can then be passed on to other processes that are specific to the desired end use of the fibre: [[Cotton mill|Cotton]], [[Batting (material)|batting]], [[felt]], [[woollen]] or [[worsted]] yarn, etc. Carding can also be used to create blends of different fibres or different [[color]]s. When blending, the carding process combines the different fibres into a homogeneous mix. Commercial cards also have rollers and systems designed to remove some vegetable matter contaminants from the wool.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Common to all carders is card clothing. Card clothing made from a sturdy flexible backing in which closely spaced wire pins are embedded. The shape, length, diameter, and spacing of these wire pins is dictated by the card designer and the particular requirements of the application where the card cloth will be used. A later version of the card clothing product developed during the latter half of the nineteenth century and found only on commercial carding machines, whereby a single piece of serrated wire was wrapped around a roller, became known as metallic card clothing.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Carding machines are known as cards. Fibre may be carded by hand for hand spinning.

==History==

Historian of science [[Joseph Needham]] ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India.<ref name=Baber1>
{{Cite book
| last = Baber
| first = Zaheer
| title = The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| year = 1996
| isbn = 0-7914-2919-9
| page = 57
}}</ref> The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE).<ref name=Baber1/> These carding devices, called ''kaman'' and ''dhunaki'' would loosen the texture of the fibre by the means of a vibrating string.<ref name=Baber1/>

In 1748 [[Lewis Paul]] of [[Birmingham]], England invented the hand driven carding machine. A coat of wire slips were placed around a card which was then wrapped around a cylinder. [[Daniel Bourn]] obtained a similar patent in the same year, and probably used it in his spinning mill at [[Leominster]], but this burnt down in 1754.<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Wadsworth
| first = A. P.
| first2 = J. de L.
| last2 = Mann
| title = The Cotton Industry and Industrial Lancashire
| publisher = Manchester University Press
| year = 1931
| pages = 419–448
}}</ref> The invention was later developed and improved by [[Richard Arkwright]] and [[Samuel Crompton]]. Arkwright's second patent (of 1775) for his carding machine was subsequently declared invalid, because it lacked originality.<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Fitton
| first = R. S.
| first2 = A. P.
| last2 = Wadsworth
| title = The Strutts and the Arkwrights 1758-1830: a Study in the Early Factory System
| publisher = Manchester University Press
| year = 1958
| pages = 65–80
}}</ref>

From the 1780s, the carding machines were set up in mills in the north of England and mid Wales. The first in Wales was in a factory at [[Dolobran]] near [[Meifod]] in 1789. These carding mills produced yarn particularly for the [[Wales|Welsh]] [[flannel]] industry.<ref>
{{Cite book
| first = J. Geraint
| last = Jenkins
| title = The Welsh Woollen Industry
| place = Cardiff
| year = 1969
| pages = 33–4
}}</ref>

By 1838, the [[Spen Valley]], centred around [[Cleckheaton]] had at least 11 card clothing factories and by 1893 it was generally accepted as the card cloth capital of the world, though by 2008 only two manufacturers of metallic and flexible card clothing remained in England, Garnett Wire Ltd dating back to 1851 and Joseph Sellers & Son Ltd established in 1840.

==The process==
{{Cotton processing flowchart}}
[[File:Catalonia Terrassa mNATEC CardaObridora.jpg|thumb|upright|Carding machine]]
'''Carding''': the fibres are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (sliver or tow) at the conclusion of this stage.
::''The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the fibres nicely to make them easier to spin. The carding machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered in small teeth, and as the cotton progresses further on the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver; a large rope of fibres.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|pp=66,67}}</ref>''
In a wider sense carding can refer to the four processes of willowing, lapping, carding and drawing. In '''willowing''' the fibers are loosened . In '''lapping''' the dust is removed to create a flat sheet or lap of fibers; '''Carding''' itself is the combing of the tangled lap into a thick rope or sliver of 1/2 in in diameter, it can then be optionally combed, is used to remove the shorter fibers, creating a stronger yarn.

[[File:Catalonia Terrassa mNATEC Pentinadora.jpg|thumb|upright|A Combing machine]]
In '''drawing''' a '''drawing frame''' combines 4 slivers into one. Repeated drawing increases the quality of the sliver allowing for finer counts to be spun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|p=69}}</ref> Each sliver will have thin and thick spots, and by combining several slivers together a more consistent size can be reached. Since combining several slivers produces a very thick rope of cotton fibres, directly after being combined the slivers are separated into rovings. These rovings (or slubbings) are then what are used in the spinning process.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|pp=70}}</ref>

For machine processing, a roving is about the width of a pencil. The rovings are collected in a drum and proceed to the '''slubbing frame''' which adds twist, and winds on to bobbins. '''Intermediate Frames''' are used to repeat the slubbing process to produce a finer yarn, and then the '''roving frames''' reduces it to a finer thread, gives more twist, makes more regular and even in thickness, and winds on to a smaller tube.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hills|1993|p=4}}</ref>

===Hand carders===
[[Image:Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogg|200px|thumb|Irreler Bauerntradition shows carding, spinning and knitting in the [[Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum]].]]
Hand cards are typically square or rectangular paddles manufactured in a variety of sizes from {{convert|2|x|2|in|cm}} to {{convert|4|x|8|in|cm}}. The working face of each paddle can be flat or cylindrically curved and wears the card cloth. Small cards, called flick cards, are used to flick the ends of a lock of fibre, or to tease out some strands for spinning off.<ref>{{cite web|last=Matherne|first=Patrick|title=What is Carding|url=http://www.fromsheeptoshawl.com/2012/fiber/what-is-carding/|accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref>

A pair of cards is used to brush the wool between them until the fibres are more or less aligned in the same direction. The aligned fibre is then peeled from the card as a [[rolag]]. Carding is an activity normally done outside or over a drop cloth, depending on the wool's cleanliness. Rolag is peeled from the card.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} 

===Drum carders===
[[Image:Carding llama hair.jpg|thumb|200px|Carding [[Llama]] hair with a hand-cranked drum carder]]

The simplest machine carder is the drum carder. Most drum carders are hand-cranked but some are powered by electric motor. These machines generally have two rollers, or drums, covered with card clothing. The licker-in, or smaller roller metres fibre from the infeed tray onto the larger storage drum. The two rollers are connected to each other by a belt- or chain-drive so that the their relative speeds cause the storage drum to gently pull fibres from the licker-in. This pulling straightens the fibres and lays them between the wire pins of the storage drum's card cloth. Fibre is added until the storage drum's card cloth is full. A gap in the card cloth facilitates removal of the batt when the card cloth is full.

Some drum carders have a soft-bristled brush attachment that presses the fibre into the storage drum. This attachment serves to condense the fibres already in the card cloth and adds a small amount of additional straightening to the condensed fibre.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

===Cottage carders===
Cottage carding machines differ significantly from the simple drum card. These carders do not store fibre in the card cloth as the drum carder does but, rather, fibre passes through the workings of the carder for storage or for additional processing by other machines.

A typical cottage carder has a single large drum (the swift) accompanied by a pair of in-feed rollers (nippers), one or more pairs of worker and stripper rollers, a fancy, and a [[Doffing cylinder|doffer]]. In-feed to the carder is usually accomplished by hand or by conveyor belt and often the output of the cottage carder is stored as a batt or further processed into [[roving]] and wound into bumps with an accessory bump winder. The cottage carder in the [[:Image:Pat Green Jumbo Exotic Carder.jpg|image below]] supports both outputs.

Raw fibre, placed on the in-feed table or conveyor is moved to the nippers which restrain and meter the fibre onto the swift. As they are transferred to the swift, many of the fibres are straightened and laid into the swift's card cloth. These fibres will be carried past the worker / stripper rollers to the fancy.

As the swift carries the fibres forward, from the nippers, those fibres that are not yet straightened are picked up by a worker and carried over the top to its paired stripper. Relative to the surface speed of the swift, the worker turns quite slowly. This has the effect of reversing the fibre. The stripper, which turns at a higher speed than the worker, pulls fibres from the worker and passes them to the swift. The stripper's relative surface speed is slower than the swift's so the swift pulls the fibres from the stripper for additional straightening.

Straightened fibres are carried by the swift to the fancy. The fancy's card cloth is designed to engage with the swift's card cloth so that the fibres are lifted to the tips of the swift's card cloth and carried by the swift to the doffer. The fancy and the swift are the only rollers in the carding process that actually touch.

The slowly turning doffer removes the fibres from the swift and carries them to the fly comb where they are stripped from the doffer. A fine web of more or less parallel fibre, a few fibres thick and as wide as the carder's rollers, exits the carder at the fly comb by gravity or other mechanical means for storage or further processing.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

{{Gallery
| title = Cottage Carder
| lines = 3
| width = 276
| height = 150
| align = center
|File:Pat Green Jumbo Exotic Carder.jpg|alt1=Cottage carder|Using a Cottage Carder to Card White [[Alpaca]]. See [[:Image:Pat Green Jumbo Exotic Carder Schematic.jpg|schematic]] at right.
|File:Pat Green Jumbo Exotic Carder Schematic.jpg|alt2=Cottage carder schematic drawing|Diagram showing name, location, and rotation of rollers used on a cottage carder
}}


{{Gallery
| title = Historical Carding Machines
| lines = 1
| width = 150
| height = 150
| align = center
|File:Restored carding machine at Quarry Bank Mill.jpg|alt1=Restored carding machine|A restored carding machine at [[Quarry Bank Mill]] in the [[UK]]
|File:Carding machine 1913 – Mueller Woollen Cloth Mill.ogg|alt2=A wool carder from 1913 at the Mueller Tuchfabrik,Euskirchen|A wool carder from 1913 at the Mueller Tuchfabrik,Euskirchen
|File:Double carder.JPG|alt3=19th c. ox-powered double carding machine|19th c. ox-powered double carding machine
}}

==General information==
[[File:Quilt making 04.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A carding machine in [[Haikou]], Hainan Province, China]]
This product (rovings, rolags, and batts) can be used for [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]].

Carding of wool can either be done "in the grease" or not, depending on the type of machine and on the spinner's preference. "In the grease" means that the [[lanolin]] that naturally comes with the wool has not been washed out, leaving the wool with a slightly greasy feel. The large drum carders do not tend to get along well with lanolin, so most commercial worsted and woollen mills wash the wool before carding. Hand carders (and small drum carders too, though the directions may not recommend it) can be used to card lanolin rich wool. A major benefit of working with the lanolin still in the wool is that it leaves the worker with soft hands.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

== See also ==
* [[Cotton mill]]
* [[Textile manufacturing]]
* [[Timeline of clothing and textiles technology]]
* [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]]
* [[Dref Friction Spinning]]
* [[Spinning Wheel]]
* [[Spinning (textiles)|Spinning]]
* [[Open End Spinning]]
* Carding
* [[Cotton-Spinning Machinery]]

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
*{{Citation|last=Collier|first= Ann M|title=A Handbook of Textiles |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1970 |pages=258|isbn=0-08-018057-4, 0 08 018056 6}}

*{{Citation|last=Hills|first= Richard Leslie|title=Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine |publisher=Cambridge University Press, |year=1993 |pages=244|isbn=0-521-45834-X, 9780521458344|url=http://books.google.com/?id=t6TLOQBhd0YC|accessdate=January 2009}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Carding}}

* [http://textile2technology.com/spinning/textilecard.htm Modern Carding Machine Operation] - How the Modern Carding Machine Works?.{{Failed verification|date=October 2011}}
* [http://www.fromsheeptoshawl.com/2012/fiber/what-is-carding/ What is Carding] - Brief explanation of hand carding and what is needed.
* {{Cite web
|url=http://www.joyofhandspinning.com/hand-carding.html
|title=How To Use Hand Carders - Includes video tutorials
|accessdate=2011 October 16
}}

{{Spinning}}

[[Category:Spinning]]
[[Category:Fibers]]

[[cs:Mykání]]
[[de:Kardieren]]
[[et:Kraasimine]]
[[el:Καρντέ]]
[[fr:Cardage]]
[[it:Cardatura]]
[[he:ניפוץ]]
[[nl:Spinnen (textiel)#Kaarden]]
[[ja:梳綿]]
[[pl:Zgrzeblenie]]
[[pt:Carda]]
[[ro:Cardă]]
[[ru:Чесание волокнистых материалов]]
[[fi:Karstaus]]
[[sv:Kardning]]

Composition book

2012-12-23T18:13:15Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Adding az:Qaralama, de:Kladde, ru:Черновик

A '''composition book''' is one of a type of stock-bound notebook commonly used by writers and students. Although available in several colors, the original marbled black-and-white cover, with its generic label on the front, is the overwhelming favorite. The paper in a composition book is traditionally lined in blue to aid writing, and has a vertical line for a margin on the left hand of every page. Traditionally the back cover of such a book had a table of the weights and measures of the English system printed on it for children to refer to, however this feature has become diminished in countries that have adopted the metric system. Sometimes a multiplication table or grammar or punctuation tips are also found on the inside back cover.

They are bound in a similar fashion to books, consisting of sheets about twice as wide as a single page, folded along the spine, and traditionally sewn together. Composition books are thus more durable than spiral notebooks or those with perforated pages.

{{book-stub}}

[[Category:Notebooks]]

[[az:Qaralama]]
[[de:Kladde]]
[[ru:Черновик]]

Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny

2012-12-23T17:50:26Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying uk:Ґміна Червйонка-Лещини to uk:Гміна Червйонка-Лещини

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny
| other_name = Czerwionka-Leszczyny Commune
| settlement_type = [[Gmina]]
| total_type = Total
| image_flag =
| image_shield = POL Czerwionka-Leszczyny COA.svg
| image_map =
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_region = PL
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rybnik County]]
| area_total_km2 = 115.65
| population_total = 40956| population_as_of = 2006
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 28486
| population_blank1_title = Rural
| population_blank1 = 12470
| coor_pinpoint = Czerwionka-Leszczyny
| latd = 50
| latm = 11
| lats =
| latNS = N
| longd = 18
| longm = 41
| longs =
| longEW = E
| seat = [[Czerwionka-Leszczyny]]
| website = http://www.czerwionka-leszczyny.com.pl/ }}
__NOTOC__
'''Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny''' is an urban-rural [[gmina]] (administrative district) in [[Rybnik County]], [[Silesian Voivodeship]], in southern [[Poland]]. Its seat is the town of [[Czerwionka-Leszczyny]], which lies approximately {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} north-east of [[Rybnik]] and {{convert|24|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the regional capital [[Katowice]].

The gmina covers an area of {{convert|115.65|km2|sqmi|1}}, and as of 2006 its total population is 40,956 (out of which the population of Czerwionka-Leszczyny amounts to 28,486, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 12,470).

The gmina contains part of the [[protected area]] called [[Rudy Landscape Park]].

==Villages==
Apart from the town of Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny contains the villages and settlements of [[Bełk, Silesian Voivodeship|Bełk]], [[Palowice]], [[Przegędza]], [[Stanowice, Silesian Voivodeship|Stanowice]] and [[Szczejkowice]].

==Neighbouring gminas==
Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny is bordered by the towns of [[Knurów]], [[Orzesze]], [[Rybnik]] and [[Żory]], and by the gminas of [[Gmina Ornontowice|Ornontowice]] and [[Gmina Pilchowice|Pilchowice]].

==References==
*[http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm Polish official population figures 2006]
 
{{Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny}}
{{Rybnik County}}

[[Category:Gminas in Silesian Voivodeship|Czerwionka-Leszczyny]]
[[Category:Rybnik County|Gmina Czerwionka Leszczyny]]

[[it:Czerwionka-Leszczyny]]
[[nl:Czerwionka-Leszczyny (gemeente)]]
[[pl:Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny]]
[[pt:Comuna de Czerwionka-Leszczyny]]
[[ru:Червёнка-Лещины (гмина)]]
[[sk:Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny]]
[[uk:Гміна Червйонка-Лещини]]
[[war:Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny]]

K League 1

2012-12-23T14:00:00Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying th:เค-ลีก to th:เคลีก

{{infobox football league
| name = K-League
| logo = K-League.png
| pixels = 200px
| caption =
| country = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[South Korea]]
| confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| founded = [[1983 K-League|1983]]
| teams = 14
| relegation = K-League 2
| levels = 1
| domest_cup = [[Korean FA Cup|FA Cup]]
| confed_cup = [[AFC Champions League]]
| most_champs = [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]] (7)
| champions = [[FC Seoul]]
| season = [[2012 K-League|2012]]
| sponsorship_name = Hyundai Oilbank K-League
| tv = [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]], [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]], [[Chosun Broadcasting Company|TV Chosun]]
| website = [http://www.kleague.com/ Official Website]
| current = [[2013 K-League]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=K리그
|rr=K rigeu
|mr=K rigŭ
}}
The '''Korea Professional Football League''' ('''K-League''') is [[South Korea]]'s professional [[association football]] league. At the top of the [[Korea Republic football league system|South Korean football league system]], it is the country's highest and most prestigious level of football competition currently contested by 14 clubs.

==Establishment==
The K-League was founded in 1983 as the '''Korean Super League''', with five member clubs. The initial five clubs were [[Hallelujah FC]], [[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]], [[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Dolphins]], [[Busan I'Park|Daewoo Royals]], [[Kookmin Bank FC]]. [[Hallelujah FC]] won the inaugural title, finishing one point ahead of Daewoo FC to lift the crown.

In 1998, Korea's football league was reformed and renamed the '''K-League'''. Since its creation, the league has expanded from an initial 5 to 16 clubs. Of the 5 inaugural clubs, only [[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]], [[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Dolphins]], and [[Busan I'Park|Daewoo Royals]] remain in the K-League; [[Kookmin Bank FC]] dropped out of the league at the end of 1984, and [[Hallelujah FC]] followed the season after.

== Structure ==
At present the K-League is the only professional league in Korea. It contains sixteen member clubs.

Below the level of the K-League there is the [[Korea National League|National League]], a closed semi-professional/amateur league with fifteen clubs, established in 2003. The third level of football in Korea is the [[Challengers League]].

There is, at present, no official system of promotion and relegation between any of the three leagues. However, beginning in 2006, the champions of the National League had been eligible for promotion to the K-League provided they had met certain criteria. Goyang Kookmin Bank and Ulsan Mipo Dockyard, National League champions in 2006 and 2007 respectively, both rejected the opportunity to move up to the K-League. After back-to-back K-League promotion refusals, the National League committee decided to discontinue the conditional promotion system prior to the 2008 season.

== League summary ==
The K-League season typically begins around March/April and runs to late November each year. The number of games, clubs and the systems used have varied through the years, but for 2009 the league will operate with a full stage regular season followed by a top six championship playoff system.

The sixteen member clubs play each other twice in the regular season giving a total of 30 matches. The top six sides at the end of the regular season will enter the championship playoffs, which decide final standings of the season among the six. In the first two matches, the third-placed team will face the sixth-placed team and the fourth-placed team will face the fifth-placed team, with the two winners then playing off for the right to face the second-placed team. The winner of that match will then progress to the two-legged championship playoff final where the first-placed side lie in wait, with the overall winner of the home and away series being crowned champions for 2009.

The K-League champions, runner-up and third place gain entry to the [[AFC Champions League]] the following season, with the exception of [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix|Sangmu]], due to their unique status as an army team, and therefore non-professional.

A number of the member clubs are owned by major Korean [[Chaebol|''Chaebols'']], and the club names reflect that fact. Clubs have adopted local city names in an effort to integrate themselves more with the local communities; for example, ''[[Daewoo]]'' evolved over the years into ''Daewoo Royals'', ''[[Pusan Daewoo Royals]]'', ''Busan I'ons'' and latterly ''[[Busan IPark]]''.

In 1996, K-League [[ Franchise (sports)|franchise]] structure was changed hugely. Originally, When the franchise system was introduced in 1987, K-League club's franchise were big cities of [[South Korea]] like [[Seoul]], [[Busan]], [[Daegu]], [[Incheon]], [[Gwangju]], [[Daejeon]].
But Theses cities are also franchise of [[Korea Baseball Championship|Korean Baseball]] teams. Some K-League clubs gave up big city franchise and relocated to mid sized-small city franchise like [[Ulsan]], [[Pohang]] in 1991. and In 1996, Due to [[Decentralization policy in K-League]], K-League clubs in [[Seoul]] were moved to Seoul's [[Satellite town#South Korea|satellite small city]] [[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]], [[Bucheon]], [[Cheonan]].
Also Samsung was joined in 1996, But Samsung was chosed [[Suwon]], mid sized-small city franchise. As a result, In 1996 K-League franchise structure changed to mid sized-small city franchise totly.

Following the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], leaders of the K-League had hoped to transfer South Korea’s passion for its National Team to the domestic league. However, the K-League continued to flounder.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/2006/wcup/asiaswoes.html | work=Time | title=The World Cup 2006 in TIME Europe Magazine | The Crying Game | date=October 7, 2006}}</ref> Although a number of K-League clubs have relocated in the past, the ''Lucky Goldstar'' ([[Lucky Group|LG]]) corporation caused a huge controversy{{Nonspecific|date=November 2007}} at the end of 2003 when they made the decision to uproot their ''[[Anyang LG Cheetahs]]'' from the [[Seoul]] satellite city of [[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]] and move into the empty [[Seoul World Cup Stadium]], becoming ''[[FC Seoul]]''. Then following the 2005 season SK announced it was moving the ''[[Bucheon SK]]'' FC to the island of [[Jeju-do|Jeju]], where they became [[Jeju United FC|''Jeju United'']].

In the 2009 season, [[Gangwon FC]] (Head Coach: [[Choi Soon-Ho]], former [[Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dolphin]] head coach) joined the K-League as its 15th member club. As such, the K-League had one or more club in '''every [[Provinces of Korea|Korean Province]]''' ([[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]], [[Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang]], [[Jeolla Province|Jeolla]], [[Chungcheong Province|Chungcheong]], [[Gangwon Province (South Korea)|Gangwon]], and [[Jeju Province|Jeju]]). This is the first time in domestic Korean professional sports history that there has been at least two clubs in each Korean province.

On April 5, 2010, [[Gwangju]] City has announced a plan to establish [[Gwangju FC|a football club]] by end of 2010 & to join the league from the 2011 season. On October 12, 2010, the club was approved to join the league as 16th member club.

On October 5, 2011, the league announced a plan to introduce a relegation system from 2012 season. A number of teams of the league will decreased to 12 teams from 2013 season. 4 teams will be relegated to next level league based on the standing of 2012 season. And, the league introduced a split system like [[Scottish Premier League]] from the 2012 season.

The league introduced the relegation system from the 2012 season. According to new relegation rule, 2 teams each will be relegated to lower level league based on the standing of 2012 and 2013 season, respectively (total: 4 teams). The league also changed the amount of entrance fee from 1 billion to 500 million [[South Korean won|Korean won]].

==2012 season==

===Participating Clubs (2012)===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''As of 2012 Season, K-League Clubs by [[Provinces of Korea|Province]]'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Provinces of Korea|Province]] (Population)
! [[List of cities in South Korea|City]] / Area (Population)
! Clubs
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[Seoul National Capital Area|Capital]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]] (25,003,017)
| [[Seoul]] (10,250,134)
| [[FC Seoul]]
|-
| [[Incheon]] (2,804,287)
| [[Incheon United FC|Incheon United]]
|-
| [[Suwon]] (1,091,934)
| [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
|-
| [[Seongnam]] (979,556)
| [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]
|-
| rowspan="6"|[[Gyeongsang]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]] (13,200,998)
| [[Busan]] (3,549,501)
| [[Busan IPark]]
|-
| [[Daegu]] (2,508,370)
| [[Daegu FC]]
|-
| [[Ulsan]] (1,136,464)
| [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
|-
| [[Gyeongnam]] (3,309,559)
| [[Gyeongnam FC]]
|-
| [[Pohang]] (517,307)
| [[Pohang Steelers]]
|-
| [[Sangju]] (104,636)
| [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Jeolla]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]] (5,251,529)
| [[Gwangju]] (1,465,313)
| [[Gwangju FC]]
|-
| [[Jeollanam-do|Jeonnam]] (1,912,725)
| [[Chunnam Dragons]]
|-
| [[Jeonbuk]](1,873,491)
| [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]
|-
| [[Chungcheong]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]] (5,183,451)
| [[Daejeon]] (1,517,299)
| [[Daejeon Citizen]]
|-
| [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]] (1,535,335)
| [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]] (1,535,335)
| [[Gangwon FC]]
|-
| [[Jeju-do|Jeju]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]] (576,507)
| [[Jeju-do|Jeju]] (576,507)
| [[Jeju United FC|Jeju United]]
|-
|}
:* Population - 2012 census

{{col-2}}

{{Location map+ |South Korea |width=300 |float=right|caption=Location of teams in '''2012 K-League''' |places=
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=35.244494 |long=129.070129 |label=[[Busan IPark|Busan]] |position=right }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Gold pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=34.984494 |long=127.687566 |label=[[Chunnam Dragons|Chunnam]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Cyan pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=35.829818 |long=128.690243 |label=[[Daegu FC|Daegu]] |position=left }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Purple pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=36.323061 |long=127.42806 |label=[[Daejeon Citizen|Daejeon]] |position=left }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Orange pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=37.755192 |long=128.821764 |label=[[Gangwon FC|Gangwon]] |position=right }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Gold pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=35.133668 |long=126.874881 |label=[[Gwangju FC|Gwangju]] |position=left }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=35.233947 |long=128.664751 |label=[[Gyeongnam FC|Gyeongnam]] |position=left }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=37.434999 |long=126.690731 |label=[[Incheon United|Incheon]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Orange pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=33.285758 |long=126.549156 |label=[[Jeju United|Jeju]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Green pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=35.867943 |long=127.064481 |label=[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Jeonbuk]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=35.997695 |long=129.38427 |label=[[Pohang Steelers|Pohang]] |position=right }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=36.4323667 |long=128.1616545 |label=[[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix|Sangju]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Gold pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=37.410127 |long=127.121344 |label=[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Seongnam]] |position=right }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Red pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=37.56829 |long=126.897197 |label=[[FC Seoul|Seoul]] |position=right }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=37.286278 |long=127.036889 |label=[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings|Suwon]] |position=left }}
{{Location map~ |South Korea |mark=Cyan pog.svg |marksize=6 |lat=35.55 |long=129.316667 |label=[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan]] |position=right }}
}}

{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

'''The following 16 clubs will compete in the K-League during the 2012 season.'''
* K-League's principle of official statistics is that final club succeeds to predecessor club's history & records.
* [http://www.kleague.com/clubzone/clubzone_intro_eng.aspx?ccode=K09 K-League Official Club Profiles Page]

<center>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
! Club
! [[List of cities in South Korea|City]] / Area
! Manager
! Joined
! Owner(s) / Sponsor(s)
|-
| {{0}} [[Busan IPark]]
| {{0}} [[Busan]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Ahn Ik-Soo]]
| <CENTER>[[1983 K-League|1983]] -
| Owner : [[IPark Sports]] in [[Hyundai Development Company]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Chunnam Dragons}}
| {{0}} [[Jeollanam-do|Jeonnam]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jung Hae-Seong]]
| <CENTER>[[1995 K-League|1995]] -
| Owner : [[Gwangyang Steelworks]] in [[POSCO]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Daegu FC}}
| {{0}} [[Daegu]]
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Moacir Pereira]]
| <CENTER>[[2003 K-League|2003]] -
| Owners : Government of [[Daegu]], Citizen Stockholder Sponsors : [[Doosan|Doosan Group]], [[Daegu Bank]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Daejeon Citizen}}
| {{0}} [[Daejeon]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yoo Sang-Chul]]
| <CENTER>[[1997 K-League|1997]] -
| Owners : Government of [[Daejeon]], Citizen Stockholder Sponsors : [[Hanna Bank]], [[Hanwha|Hanwha Group]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Gangwon FC}}
| {{0}} [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Choi Soon-Ho]]
| <CENTER>[[2009 K-League|2009]] -
| Owners : Government of [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon-do]], Citizen Stockholder Sponsors : [[High1 Resort]], [[Nonghyup]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Gwangju FC}} '''(R)'''
| {{0}} [[Gwangju]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Choi Man-Hee]]
| <CENTER>[[2011 K-League|2011]] -
| Owners : Government of [[Gwangju]], Citizen Stockholder Sponsors : [[Gwangju Bank]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Gyeongnam FC}}
| {{0}} [[Gyeongsangnam-do|Gyeongnam]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Choi Jin-Han]]
| <CENTER>[[2006 K-League|2006]] -
| Owners : Government of [[Gyeongsangnam-do]], Citizen Stockholder Sponsors : [[STX Corporation]], [[Gyeongnam Bank]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Incheon United}}
| {{0}} [[Incheon]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Huh Jung-Moo]]
| <CENTER>[[2004 K-League|2004]] -
| Owners : Government of [[Incheon]], Citizen Stockholder Sponsors : [[Daewoo E&C]], [[Shinhan Bank]], [[GM Korea]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Jeju United FC|Jeju United}}
| {{0}} [[Jeju-do|Jeju]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park Kyung-Hoon]]
| <CENTER>[[1983 K-League|1983]] -
| Owner : [[SK Energy]] in [[SK Group]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors}}
| {{0}} [[Jeollabuk-do|Jeonbuk]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Heung-Sil]] ([[Caretaker manager|C]])
| <CENTER>[[1994 K-League|1995]] -
| Owner : [[Hyundai Motor Company]] in [[Hyundai Motor Group]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Pohang Steelers}}
| {{0}} [[Pohang]], [[Gyeongbuk]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Hwang Sun-Hong]]
| <CENTER>[[1983 K-League|1983]] -
| Owner : [[Pohang Steelworks]] in [[POSCO]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Sangju Sangmu Phoenix}} '''(R)'''
| {{0}} [[Sangju]], [[Gyeongbuk]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park Hang-Seo]]
| <CENTER>[[1985 K-League|1985]] <CENTER> [[2003 K-League|2003]] -
| Owners : Government of [[Sangju]], [[Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps]] in [[Ministry of National Defence (South Korea)|Ministry of National Defence]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma}}
| {{0}} [[Seongnam]], [[Gyeonggi]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Tae-Yong]]
| <CENTER>[[1989 K-League|1989]] -
| Owner : [[Ilhwa Co., Ltd.]] in [[Unification Church|Tongil Group]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team FC Seoul}}
| {{0}} [[Seoul]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Choi Yong-Soo]]
| <CENTER>[[1984 K-League|1984]] -
| Owner : [[GS Sports]] in [[GS Group]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Suwon Samsung Bluewings}}
| {{0}} [[Suwon]], [[Gyeonggi]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yoon Sung-Hyo]]
| <CENTER>[[1996 K-League|1996]] -
| Owner : [[Samsung Electronics]] in [[Samsung Group]]
|-
| {{0}} {{fb team Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai}}
| {{0}} [[Ulsan]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Ho-Gon]]
| <CENTER>[[1984 K-League|1984]] -
| Owner : [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]] in [[Hyundai Heavy Industries Group]]
|}
</center>

=== Stadiums (2012) ===
Primary venues used in the K-League:
<center>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Busan IPark]]
! [[Chunnam Dragons]]
! [[Daegu FC]]
! [[Daejeon Citizen]]
! [[Gangwon FC]]
! [[Gwangju FC]]
|-
| [[Busan Asiad Stadium]]
| [[Gwangyang Football Stadium]]
| [[Daegu Stadium]]
| [[Daejeon World Cup Stadium]]
| [[Gangneung Stadium]]
| [[Gwangju World Cup Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: '''53,864 '''
| Capacity: '''20,009'''
| Capacity: '''66,422 '''
| Capacity: '''40,535'''
| Capacity: '''22,333'''
| Capacity: '''40,245'''
|-
| [[File:Busanasiasutadium1.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:Gwangyangstadium1.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:DaeguStadium.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:Daejeon Worldcup Stadium.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:Gangneung Stadium2.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:GWANGJU-W4.JPG|160px]]
|-
! [[Gyeongnam FC]]
! [[Incheon United]]
! [[Jeju United FC|Jeju United]]
! [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]
! [[Pohang Steelers]]
! [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix]]
|-
| [[Changwon Football Center]]
| [[Incheon Football Stadium]]
| [[Jeju World Cup Stadium]]
| [[Jeonju World Cup Stadium]]
| [[Pohang Steel Yard]]
| [[Sangju Civic Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: '''15,116 '''
| Capacity: '''20,891 '''
| Capacity: '''35,657 '''
| Capacity: '''42,477 '''
| Capacity: '''25,000 '''
| Capacity: '''15,042 '''
|-
| [[File:Changwon Soccer Center 2.JPG|160px]]
| [[File:Incheon Soccer Stadium 2.JPG|160px]]
| [[File:Jeju Worldcup Stadium 201107092.JPG|160px]]
| [[File:Jeonju WC Stadium080412.JPG|160px]]
| [[File:Pohang080413 1.jpg|160px]]
|
|-
! [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]
! [[FC Seoul]]
! [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings|Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
! [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
!
!
|-
| [[Tancheon Sports Complex]]
| [[Seoul World Cup Stadium]]
| [[Suwon World Cup Stadium]]
| [[Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium]]
|
|
|-
| Capacity: '''16,250 '''
| Capacity: '''66,806 '''
| Capacity: '''43,959 '''
| Capacity: '''44,474'''
|
|
|-
| [[File:Tanchon20100223 1.JPG|160px]]
| [[File:Seoul-Sports-Stadium-01.jpg|160px]]
| [[File:Suwon World Cup Stadium 20120520 4.JPG|160px]]
| [[File:Ulsan 20030717 1.JPG|160px]]
|
|
|}
</center>

== Records and statistics ==
=== K-League Champions ===
''Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma'' are the most successful team in terms of championship victories, having lifted the title on no less than seven occasions. The roll-call of champions is as follows (present-date names included where teams have changed names previously):

* K-League's principle of official statistics is that final club succeeds to predecessor club's history & records.

==== Titles By Season ====
{| width=100%
|
'''1983-1999'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Year
!Winners
!Runners-up
|-
|[[1983 K-League|1983]]
|'''[[Hallelujah FC]]'''
|[[Busan I'Park|Daewoo Royals]]
|-
|[[1984 K-League|1984]]
|'''[[Busan I'Park|Daewoo Royals]]'''
|[[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]]
|-
|[[1985 K-League|1985]]
|'''[[FC Seoul|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso]]'''
|[[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]]
|-
|[[1986 K-League|1986]]
|'''[[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]]'''
|[[FC Seoul|Luck-Goldstar Hwangso]]
|-
|[[1987 K-League|1987]]
|'''[[Busan I'Park|Daewoo Royals]]'''
|[[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]]
|-
|[[1988 K-League|1988]]
|'''[[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]]'''
|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Hyundai Horang-i]]
|-
|[[1989 K-League|1989]]
|'''[[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]]'''
|[[FC Seoul|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso]]
|-
|[[1990 K-League|1990]]
|'''[[FC Seoul|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso]]'''
|[[Busan I'Park|Daewoo Royals]]
|-
|[[1991 K-League|1991]]
|'''[[Busan I'Park|Daewoo Royals]]'''
|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Hyundai Horang-i]]
|-
|[[1992 K-League|1992]]
|'''[[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]]'''
|[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ilhwa Chunma]]
|-
|[[1993 K-League|1993]]
|'''[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ilhwa Chunma]]'''
|[[FC Seoul|LG Cheetahs]]
|-
|[[1994 K-League|1994]]
|'''[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ilhwa Chunma]]'''
|[[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]]
|-
|[[1995 K-League|1995]]
|'''[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ilhwa Chunma]]'''
|[[Pohang Steelers|Pohang Atoms]]
|-
|[[1996 K-League|1996]]
|'''[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]'''
|[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
|-
|[[1997 K-League|1997]]
|'''[[Busan Daewoo Royals]]'''
|[[Chunnam Dragons]]
|-
|[[1998 K-League|1998]]
|'''[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]'''
|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
|-
|[[1999 K-League|1999]]
|'''[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]'''
|[[Busan Daewoo Royals]]
|}
|width="50"| 
|valign="top"|

'''2000—present'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Year
!Winners
!Runners-up
|-
|[[2000 K-League|2000]]
|'''[[Anyang LG Cheetahs]]'''
|[[Bucheon SK]]
|-
|[[2001 K-League|2001]]
|'''[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]'''
|[[Anyang LG Cheetahs]]
|-
|[[2002 K-League|2002]]
|'''[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]'''
|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
|-
|[[2003 K-League|2003]]
|'''[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]'''
|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
|-
|[[2004 K-League|2004]]
|'''[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]'''
|[[Pohang Steelers]]
|-
|[[2005 K-League|2005]]
|'''[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]'''
|[[Incheon United FC|Incheon United]]
|-
|[[2006 K-League|2006]]
|'''[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]'''
|[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
|-
|[[2007 K-League|2007]]
|'''[[Pohang Steelers]]'''
|[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]
|-
|[[2008 K-League|2008]]
|'''[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]'''
|[[FC Seoul]]
|-
|[[2009 K-League|2009]]
|'''[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]'''
|[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]
|-
|[[2010 K-League|2010]]
|'''[[FC Seoul]]'''
|[[Jeju United FC|Jeju United]]
|-
|[[2011 K-League|2011]]
|'''[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]'''
|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
|-
|[[2012 K-League|2012]]
|'''[[FC Seoul]]'''
|[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]
|-
|[[2013 K-League|2013]]
|
|

|}
|}

==== Titles By Club====
{| class="wikitable"
! Club !! Champions !! Runners-Up !! Winning Seasons !! Runners-Up Seasons
|-
|[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]
|<center> 7
|<center> 3
| [[1993 K-League|1993]], [[1994 K-League|1994]], [[1995 K-League|1995]], [[2001 K-League|2001]], [[2002 K-League|2002]], [[2003 K-League|2003]], [[2006 K-League|2006]]
| [[1992 K-League|1992]], [[2007 K-League|2007]], [[2009 K-League|2009]]
|-
|[[FC Seoul]]
|<center> 5
|<center> 5
| [[1985 K-League|1985]], [[1990 K-League|1990]], [[2000 K-League|2000]], [[2010 K-League|2010]], [[2012 K-League|2012]]
| [[1986 K-League|1986]], [[1989 K-League|1989]], [[1993 K-League|1993]], [[2001 K-League|2001]], [[2008 K-League|2008]]
|-
|[[Pohang Steelers]]
|<center> 4
|<center> 4
| [[1986 K-League|1986]], [[1988 K-League|1988]], [[1992 K-League|1992]], [[2007 K-League|2007]]
| [[1985 K-League|1985]], [[1987 K-League|1987]], [[1995 K-League|1995]], [[2004 K-League|2004]]
|-
|[[Busan IPark]]
|<center> 4
|<center> 3
| [[1984 K-League|1984]], [[1987 K-League|1987]], [[1991 K-League|1991]], [[1997 K-League|1997]]
| [[1983 K-League|1983]], [[1990 K-League|1990]], [[1999 K-League|1999]]
|-
|[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
|<center> 4
|<center> 2
| [[1998 K-League|1998]], [[1999 K-League|1999]], [[2004 K-League|2004]], [[2008 K-League|2008]]
| [[1996 K-League|1996]], [[2006 K-League|2006]]
|-
|[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
|<center> 2
|<center> 6
| [[1996 K-League|1996]], [[2005 K-League|2005]]
| [[1988 K-League|1988]], [[1991 K-League|1991]], [[1998 K-League|1998]], [[2002 K-League|2002]], [[2003 K-League|2003]], [[2011 K-League|2011]]
|-
|[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]]
|<center> 2
|<center> 1
| [[2009 K-League|2009]], [[2011 K-League|2011]]
| [[2012 K-League|2012]]
|-
|[[Jeju United FC|Jeju United]]
|<center> 1
|<center> 4
| [[1989 K-League|1989]]
| [[1984 K-League|1984]], [[1994 K-League|1994]], [[2000 K-League|2000]], [[2010 K-League|2010]]
|-
|[[Hallelujah FC]]
|<center> 1
|<center> 0
| [[1983 K-League|1983]]
|
|-
|[[Chunnam Dragons]]
|<center> 0
|<center> 1
|
| [[1997 K-League|1997]]
|-
|[[Incheon United FC|Incheon United]]
|<center> 0
|<center> 1
|
| [[2005 K-League|2005]]
|}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

==== Titles By City / Area====
* Since 1987 season : K-League introduced home and away matches system in 1987.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[List of cities in South Korea|City]] / Area!!Titles!!Clubs
|-
|rowspan="2"|<center> [[Seoul]]
|rowspan="2"|<center>6
|[[FC Seoul|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso]] ([[1990 K-League|1990]]), [[FC Seoul]] ([[2010 K-League|2010]], [[2012 K-League|2012]])
|-
|[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ilhwa Chunma]] ([[1993 K-League|1993]], [[1994 K-League|1994]], [[1995 K-League|1995]])
|-
|<center>[[Suwon]]
|<center>4||[[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]] ([[1998 K-League|1998]], [[1999 K-League|1999]], [[2004 K-League|2004]], [[2008 K-League|2008]])
|-
|<center>[[Seongnam]]
|<center>4||[[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]] ([[2001 K-League|2001]], [[2002 K-League|2002]], [[2003 K-League|2003]], [[2006 K-League|2006]])
|-
|<center>[[Pohang]]
|<center>3||[[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]] ([[1988 K-League|1988]], [[1992 K-League|1992]]), [[Pohang Steelers]] ([[2007 K-League|2007]])
|-
|<center>[[Busan]]
|<center>2||[[Daewoo Royals]] ([[1991 K-League|1991]]), [[Busan Daewoo Royals]] ([[1997 K-League|1997]])
|-
|<center>[[Ulsan]]
|<center>2||[[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]] ([[1996 K-League|1996]], [[2005 K-League|2005]])
|-
|<center>[[Jeonbuk]]
|<center>2||[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]] ([[2009 K-League|2009]], [[2009 K-League|2011]])
|-
|<center>[[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]]
|<center>1||[[Anyang LG Cheetahs]] ([[2000 K-League|2000]])
|-
|<center>[[Busan]]+[[Gyeongnam]]
|<center>1||[[Daewoo Royals]] ([[1987 K-League|1987]])
|-
|<center>[[Incheon]]+[[Gyeonggi]]
|<center>1||[[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]] ([[1989 K-League|1989]])
|}

==== Titles By Province====
* Since 1987 season : K-League introduced home and away matches system in 1987.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Provinces of Korea|Province]]
! Titles
! [[List of cities in South Korea|City]] / Area
! Clubs
|-
| align=right rowspan="6"|[[Seoul National Capital Area|Capital]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]]
| rowspan="6"|<center> 16
| rowspan="2"| (6) [[Seoul]]
| [[FC Seoul|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso]] ([[1990 K-League|1990]]), [[FC Seoul]] ([[2010 K-League|2010]], [[2012 K-League|2012]])
|-
| [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ilhwa Chunma]] ([[1993 K-League|1993]], [[1994 K-League|1994]], [[1995 K-League|1995]])
|-
| (4) [[Suwon]]
| [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]] ([[1998 K-League|1998]], [[1999 K-League|1999]], [[2004 K-League|2004]], [[2008 K-League|2008]])
|-
| (4) [[Seongnam]]
| [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]] ([[2001 K-League|2001]], [[2002 K-League|2002]], [[2003 K-League|2003]], [[2006 K-League|2006]])
|-
| (1) [[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]]
| [[Anyang LG Cheetahs]] ([[2000 K-League|2000]])
|-
| (1) [[Incheon]]+[[Gyeonggi]]
| [[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]] ([[1989 K-League|1989]])
|-
| align=right rowspan="4"| [[Gyeongsang]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]]
| rowspan="4"| <center> 8
| (3) [[Pohang]]
| [[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]] ([[1988 K-League|1988]], [[1992 K-League|1992]]), [[Pohang Steelers]] ([[2007 K-League|2007]])
|-
| (2) [[Busan]]
| [[Daewoo Royals]] ([[1991 K-League|1991]]), [[Busan Daewoo Royals]] ([[1997 K-League|1997]])
|-
| (2) [[Ulsan]]
| [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai Horangi]] ([[1996 K-League|1996]], [[2005 K-League|2005]])
|-
| (1) [[Busan]]+[[Gyeongnam]]
| [[Daewoo Royals]] ([[1987 K-League|1987]])
|-
|align=right|[[Jeolla]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]]
|<center> 2
|(2) [[Jeonbuk]]
|[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]] ([[2009 K-League|2009]], [[2011 K-League|2011]])
|-
|align=right|[[Chungcheong]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]]
|<center> 0
|
|
|-
|align=right|[[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]]
|<center> 0
|
|
|-
|align=right|[[Jeju-do|Jeju]] [[List of regions of Korea|Region]]
|<center> 0
|
|
|-
|}
:*Kokkiri means elephant, Hwangso means bull, Horang-i means tiger, Chunma means pegasus

=== Title Sponsors ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Start
! End
! Name
|-
| [[1983 K-League|1983]]
| [[1993 K-League|1993]]
| <CENTER>''None''
|-
| [[1994 K-League|1994]]
| [[1995 K-League|1995]]
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Hite]]
|-
| [[1996 K-League|1996]]
| [[1997 K-League|1997]]
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Samsung C&T Corporation|Rapido]]
|-
| [[1998 K-League|1998]]
| -
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Hyundai]]
|-
| [[1999 K-League|1999]]
| -
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Hyundai Securities|Buy Korea]]
|-
| [[2000 K-League|2000]]
| -
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung DigiTall]]
|-
| [[2001 K-League|2001]]
| -
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[POSCO]]
|-
| [[2002 K-League|2002]]
| [[2008 K-League|2008]]
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung Hauzen]]
|-
| [[2009 K-League|2009]]
| -
| <CENTER>''None''
|-
| [[2010 K-League|2010]]
| -
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Hyundai Motor Company]] [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]]
|-
| [[2011 K-League|2011]]
| [[2012 K-League|2012]]
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Hyundai Oilbank]]
|-
|}

=== All-time K-League Clubs ===
There have been a total of 19 member clubs in the history of the K-League - those clubs are listed below with their current names (where applicable):

* K-League's principle of official statistics is that final club succeeds to predecessor club's history & records.
* Clubs in ''italic'' no longer exist.

{| class="wikitable" font-size:95%;"
|-
! width=25%|Club (Duration)
! width=24%|Owner(s)
! width=16%|Sponsor(s)
! width=35%|Note
|-
| [[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Dolphins]] (1983–1984) [[Pohang Steelers|POSCO Atoms]] (1985–1994) [[Pohang Steelers|Pohang Atoms]] (1995–1996) [[Pohang Steelers]] (1997–present)
| [[Pohang Steelworks]] in [[POSCO]]
|
| Founded as a Semi-Professional FC on April 1973 Transferred into a Professional FC on February 1984
|-
| [[Ansan Hallelujah FC|Hallelujah FC]] (1983–1985)
| defunct [[Shindongah Group]]
|
| Inauguration Date - 20 December 1980
|-
| [[Jeju United FC|Yukong Kokkiri]] (1983–1995) [[Jeju United FC|Puchon Yukong]] (1996–1997.09.30) [[Bucheon SK]] (1997.10.01–2005) [[Jeju United FC|Jeju United]] (2006–present)
| [[SK Energy]][1] in [[SK Group]]
|
| Inauguration Date - 17 December 1982
|-
| [[Busan IPark|Daewoo Royals]] (1983–1995) [[Pusan Daewoo Royals]] (1996–1999) [[Busan IPark|Pusan I'Cons]] (2000–2004) [[Busan I'Park]] (2005–2011) [[Busan IPark]] (2012–present)
| defunct [[Daewoo Motors]] in [[Daewoo|Daewoo Group]] (1983–1999) [[IPark Sports]] in [[Hyundai Development Company]] (2000–present)
|
| Founded as a Semi-Professional FC in 1979 Refounded as a Professional FC Inauguration Date - 3 December 1983
|-
| [[Kookmin Bank FC]] (1983–1984)
| [[Kookmin Bank]]
|
| Played as a Semi-Professional FC
|-
| [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Hyundai Horang-i]] (1984–1995) [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i]] (1996–2008) [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]] (2008–present)
| [[Hyundai Motor Company]] in [[Hyundai Motor Group]] (1984–1997) [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]] in [[Hyundai Heavy Industries Group]] (1998–present)
|
| Inauguration Date - 6 December 1983
|-
| [[FC Seoul|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso]] (1984–1990) [[FC Seoul|LG Cheetahs]] (1991–1995) [[Anyang LG Cheetahs]] (1996–2003) [[FC Seoul]] (2004–present)
| [[LG Sports]] in [[LG Group]] (1984–2004) [[GS Sports]] in [[GS Group]][2] (2004–present)
|
| Inauguration Date - 22 December 1983
|-
| ''[[Hanil Bank FC]]'' (1984–1986)
| Hanil Bank[3]
|
| Played as a Semi-Professional FC
|-
| [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ilhwa Chunma]] (1989–1995) [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma]] (1996–1999) [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]] (2000–present)
| [[Ilhwa]] in [[Unification Church|Tongil Group]]
|
| Inauguration Date - 18 March 1989
|-
| ''[[Chonbuk Buffalo]]'' (1994)
|
| [[Bobaesoju]] (1994)
| Inauguration Date - 1993 Dissolution Date - 1994
|-
| [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Chonbuk Dinos]] (1995–1996) [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Chonbuk Hyundai Dinos]] (1997–1999) [[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors]] (2000–present)
| Consortium of Hyunyang & [[Hyundai Motor Company]] in [[Hyundai Motor Group]] and (1995–1998) [[Hyundai Motor Company]] in [[Hyundai Motor Group]] (1999–present)
|
| Inauguration Date - 12 December 1994
|-
| [[Chunnam Dragons]] (1995–present)
| [[Gwangyang Steelworks]] in [[POSCO]]
|
| Inauguration Date - 16 December 1994
|-
| [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]] (1996–present)
| [[Samsung Electronics]] in [[Samsung Group]]
|
| Inauguration Date - 15 December 1995
|-
| [[Daejeon Citizen]] (1997–present)
| Government of [[Daejeon]] Citizen Stockholder
| [[Kyeryong Construction Co.,Ltd|Kyeryong Construction]] [[Hanwha|Hanwha Group]] [[Hana Bank]]
| Inauguration Date - 12 March 1997
|-
| [[Daegu FC]] (2003–present)
| Government of [[Daegu]] Citizen Stockholder
| [[Doosan|Doosan Group]] [[Daegu Bank]]
| Inauguration Date - 19 March 2003
|-
| [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix|Sangmu]] (1985) [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix|Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo]] (2003–2007) [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix|Gwangju Sangmu]] (2008–2010) [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix]] (2011–present)
| [[Ministry of National Defence (South Korea)|Ministry of National Defence]] (1985) Government of [[Gwangju]] & [[Ministry of National Defence (South Korea)|Ministry of National Defence]] (2003–2010) Government of [[Sangju]] & [[Ministry of National Defence (South Korea)|Ministry of National Defence]] (2011–present)
|
| Official statistics of Sangmu FC, Gwangju Sangmu, Sanju Sangmu are separated by K-League. Because They are special clubs for military service.
|-
| [[Incheon United FC|Incheon United]] (2004–present)
| Government of [[Incheon]] Citizen Stockholder
| [[Daewoo E&C]] [[Shinhan Bank]] [[GM Korea]]
| Inauguration Date - 1 March 2004
|-
| [[Gyeongnam FC]] (2006–present)
| Government of [[Gyeongsangnam-do]] Citizen Stockholder
| [[STX Corporation]] [[Gyeongnam Bank]]
| Inauguration Date - 17 January 2006
|-
| [[Gangwon FC]] (2009–present)
| Government of [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon-do]] Citizen Stockholder
| [[High1 Resort]] [[Nong Hyup]]
| Inauguration Date - 18 December 2008
|-
| [[Gwangju FC]] (2011–present)
| Government of [[Gwangju]] Citizen Stockholder
| [[Gwangju Bank]]
| Inauguration Date - 16 December 2010
|}

[1] Yokong renamed to [[SK Energy]] 
[2] [[GS Group]] is separated from [[LG Group]] 
[3] Hanil Bank is merged by [[Woori Bank]] 
Note : Kokkiri means elephant, Horang-i means tiger, Hwangso means bull, Chunma means pegasus, Bulsajo means phoenix.

=== Franchise relocations in K-League ===
* Not Franchised Period (1983–1986) : K-League Clubs had franchise but clubs played the all game of round at one stadium.
* Franchised Period (1987–present) : K-League introduced home and away matches system in 1987.
* Clubs which are not listed in the table don't have franchise relocations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club
! Original [[List of cities in South Korea|City]] / Area (Joined Year)
! Not Franchised Period 1983-1986
! Franchised Period 1987–present
|-
| [[Pohang Steelers]]
| [[Daegu]]+[[Gyeongbuk]] (1983)
| N/A
| [[Pohang]] (1990 / 1988[1]-present)
|-
| [[Jeju United FC|Jeju United]]
| [[Seoul]]+[[Incheon]]+[[Gyeonggi]] (1983)
| [[Seoul]] (1984)
| [[Incheon]]+[[Gyeonggi]] (1987) ▶ [[Seoul]] (1991) ▶ [[Bucheon]] / [[Mok-dong]], [[Seoul]] (1996)[2] ▶ [[Bucheon]] (2001) ▶ [[Jeju-do|Jeju]] (2006–present)
|-
| [[Busan IPark]]
| [[Busan]]+[[Gyeongnam]] (1983)
| N/A
| [[Busan]] (1990 / 1989[1]-present)
|-
| [[Ulsan Hyundai FC|Ulsan Hyundai]]
| [[Incheon]]+[[Gyeonggi]] (1984)
| [[Incheon]]+[[Gyeonggi]]+[[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]](1986)
| [[Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon]] (1987) ▶ [[Ulsan]] (1990–present)
|-
| [[FC Seoul]]
| [[Chungcheong]] (1984)
| N/A
| [[Chungcheong]] (1987) ▶ [[Seoul]] (1990) ▶ [[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]] (1996) ▶ [[Seoul]] (2004–present)
|-
| [[Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma]]
| [[Seoul]] (1989)
| N/A
| [[Cheonan]] (1996) ▶ [[Seongnam]] (2000–present)
|-
| [[Sangju Sangmu Phoenix]]
| [[Gwangju]] (2003)
| N/A
| [[Gwangju]] (2003) ▶ [[Sangju]] (2011–present)
|-
|}
[1] K-League officially began city franchise policy in 1990, But Pohang Stleeers began in 1988 and Busan I'Park began in 1989. 
[2] Actually Bucheon SK held all home matches at [[Mokdong Stadium]] in Seoul until 2000. Because [[Bucheon Stadium]] was under construction.

=== K-League Awards ===
*[[K-League MVP Award]]
*[[K-League Top Scorer Award]]
*[[K-League Top Assistor Award]]
*[[K-League Rookie of the Year Award]]
*[[K-League Manager of the Year Award]]
*[[K-League Best XI]]
*[[K-League 'FAN'tastic Player]]
*[[K-League Players' Player of the Year]]

==Players==
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}

===Scorers===
Following list is all-time top scorers in the K-League. Goals are including league and league cup goals.

{{updated|2 December 2012}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"
|-
!Rank!!Player!!Goals
|-
|1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Lee Dong-Gook]]'''''
|141
|-
|2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|MNE}} '''''[[Dejan Damjanović]]'''''
|122
|-
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Kim Eun-Jung]]'''''
|119
|-
|4
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Woo Sung-Yong]]
|116
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Do-Hoon]]
|114
|-
|6
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hyun-Seok]]
|110
|-
|7
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Saša Drakulić]]
|104
|-
|8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Yoon Sang-Chul]]
|101
|-
|9
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Tae-Yong]]
|99
|-
|10
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Roh Sang-Rae]]
|76
|-
|colspan="3"|(''Italics'' denotes players still playing professional football, '''Bold''' denotes players still playing in the K-League).
|}

{{col-2}}

===Appearances===
Following list is all-time most appearances in the K-League. Appearances are including league and league cup.

{{updated|2 December 2012}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"
|-
!Rank!!Player!!Appearances
|-
|1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Kim Byung-Ji]]'''''
|605
|-
|2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Gi-Dong]]
|501
|-
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Choi Eun-Sung]]'''''
|498
|-
|4
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Woo Sung-Yong]]
|439
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Kim Sang-Sik]]'''''
|438
|-
|6
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Lee Woon-Jae]]'''''
|410
|-
|7
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Kim Eun-Jung]]'''''
|405
|-
|8
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} '''''[[Kim Han-Yoon]]'''''
|403
|-
|9
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Shin Tae-Yong]]
|401
|-
|10
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hyun-Soo (born March 1973)|Kim Hyun-Soo]]
|383
|-
|colspan="3"|(''Italics'' denotes players still playing professional football, '''Bold''' denotes players still playing in the K-League).
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Foreign Players ===
{{see also|List of foreign K-League players}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"
|-
!Season!!Squad!!Play in match!!Note
|-
|1983–1993||2||2||
|-
|1994||3||2
|align=left|If three players chosen to {{nft|South Korea}} in one club, three foreign players can play.
|-
|1995||3||3||
|-
|1996–2000||5||3
|align=left|From 1997 season, foreign goalkeepers were restricted in play the match. * 1997 season : Two-third of all matches * 1998 season : one-third of all matches * From 1999 season : foreign goalkeepers were restricted in K-League
|-
|2001–2002||7||3
|align=left|Temporary operation due to support the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]
|-
|2003–2004||5||3||
|-
|2005||4||3||
|-
|2006–2008||3||3||
|-
|2009–||3+1||3+1
|align=left|'+1' is Asian quota.
|}

At the inception of the K-League in [[1983 K-League|1983]], only two Brazilian players made rosters. At the time, rules allowed each club to have three foreign players and that the three could also play simultaneously in a game. From the [[1996 K-League|1996 season]], each team had five foreign players among whom three could play in a game at the same time. Moreover,
from the [[2000 K-League|2000 season]] to the [[2002 K-League|2002 season]], the limit on foreign players was expanded seven but only three could play in a game at the same time. The limit was lower to five in 2003, four in 2005, and three in 2007. From the 2009 season, the number of foreign players went back up to four per team, including a slot for a player from [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] countries.

In the 1985 season, [[Piyapong Pue-on]] of [[Thailand]] led foreign players in the league in scoring and assists. Other leading players were [[Rade Bogdanović]], who had 10 goals and 10 assists in the 1996 season. [[Valeri Sarychev]], the K-League's most famous foreign goalkeeper, played in 320 league games from 1992 to 2004. He was eventually naturalized as a Korean citizen and given the Korean name ''Shin Eui-Son'' which means ''God's hand'' because of his stellar play.

In the 1990s, the trend was for the K-League to get foreign players from Eastern Europe like [[Rade Bogdanović]], [[Radivoje Manic]], [[Saša Drakulić]] and [[Denis Laktionov]]. From 2000, Brazilians became the K-League's priority such as [[André Luiz Tavares|Tavares]], [[João Soares da Mota Neto|Mota]], [[Nádson Rodrigues de Souza|Nádson]], [[Adilson dos Santos|Adilson]] and [[Eduardo Gonçalves de Oliveira|Edu]]. Since 2009, players from [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] have been fairly popular especially those from [[Australia]], [[China PR]], [[Japan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].

;Notable Foreign Players
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-5}}
; '''Africa'''
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Michel Pensée]]
* {{flagicon|Congo DR}} [[Jean-Kasongo Banza]]
* {{flagicon|Congo DR}} [[Mutamba Kabongo]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Derek Asamoah]]
* {{flagicon|Mali}} [[Cheick Oumar Dabo]]
; '''Asia'''
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ahmad Elrich]]
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Matt McKay]]
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Nathan Burns]]
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Saša Ognenovski]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Li Weifeng]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Feng Xiaoting]]
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Huang Bowen]]
* {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Abbas Obeid|Abbas Obeid Jassim]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Naohiro Takahara]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kazuyuki Toda]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Akihiro Ienaga]]
* {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Valeri Sarychev]]
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Piyapong Pue-on]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Server Djeparov]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Alexander Geynrikh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Timur Kapadze]]
{{col-5}}
; '''Europe'''
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Jasmin Agić]]
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Mato Neretljak]]
* {{flagicon|England}} [[Dalian Atkinson]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Frank Lieberam]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Paulo Rink]]
* {{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Slavčo Georgievski]]
* {{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Stevica Ristić]]
* {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Ion Testemitanu]]
* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Dejan Damjanović]]
* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Dženan Radončić]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Kiki Musampa]]
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Ricardo Nascimento]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Pavel Badea]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Adrian Neaga]]
{{col-5}}
; '''Europe (cont.)'''
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Gabriel Popescu]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Ianis Zicu]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Denis Laktionov]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Andrei Solomatin]]
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Rade Bogdanović]]
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Saša Drakulić]]
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Ognjen Koroman]]
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Radivoje Manic]]
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Dragan Mladenović]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Alpay Özalan]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ceyhun Eriş]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Rahim Zafer]]
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Vitaliy Parakhnevych]]
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Volodymyr Mykolayovych Savchenko|Volodymyr Savchenko]]
{{col-5}}
; '''South America'''
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Carlos Esteban Frontini]]
* {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Juan Arce]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Adilson dos Santos|Adi]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[André Luiz Tavares|Andrezinho]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Dodô]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Edmilson Dias de Lucena|Edmilson]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Eduardo Gonçalves de Oliveira|Edu Gonçalves]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Grafite]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Itamar Batista Da Silva|Itamar]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Leandro Machado]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Léomar Leiria]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Magno Alves]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[João Soares da Mota Neto|Mota]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Nádson Rodrigues de Souza|Nádson]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Renaldo Lopes da Cruz|Renaldo]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Robert de Pinho de Souza|Roberto]]

{{col-5}}
; '''South America (cont.)'''
* {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Juan Carlos Arce]]
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Hugo Droguett]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Mauricio Molina]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Carmelo Valencia]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Julián Estiven Vélez|Juan Estiven Vélez]]
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[José Ortigoza]]
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Arsenio Luzardo]]

; '''North America, Central America & Caribbean'''
* {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Jeaustin Campos]]

{{col-end}}

== Crest ==
<gallery>
Image:K-League old emblem.png|1999-2005 (Unveiled : 1999-03-29)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1999033000329130008&editNo=40&printCount=1&publishDate=1999-03-30&officeId=00032&pageNo=30&printNo=16708&publishType=00010 |title=프로축구 엠블렘 확정{{ko icon}} |publisher=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |date=30 March 1999}}</ref>
Image:K-League 2006-09.png|2006-2009 (Unveiled : 2006-02-28)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=107&oid=001&aid=0001231745 |title=프로연맹, K리그 새 엠블렘 발표 {{ko icon}} |publisher=[[Yonhap|Yonhap News]] |date=28 February 2006}}</ref>
Image:K-League.png|2010–present (Unveiled : 2010-02-18)
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[K-League Championship]]
* [[K-League Cup]]
* [[R-League]]
* [[High School Club Challenge League]]
* [[Korean National Youth Football League]]
* [[Korean FA Cup]]
* [[Korean Super Cup]]
* [[AFC Champions League]]
* [[Korea National League|Korean National League]]
* [[Challengers League]]
* [[U-League]]
* [[K-League All-Star Game]]
* [[Korea Republic football league system|Korean football league system]]
* [[List of football clubs in South Korea]]
* [[List of foreign K-League players]]

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.kleague.com Official K-League website] {{ko icon}}{{en icon}}
* [http://www.facebook.com/withKLEAGUE Official K-League Facebook] {{ko icon}}
* [http://twitter.com/kleague Official K-League Twitter] {{ko icon}}
* [http://www.youtube.com/withkleague Official K-League YouTube channel] {{ko icon}}
* [http://www.rokfootball.com ROKfootball.com website] {{en icon}}
* [http://www.footkorean.net Footkorean.net website] {{en icon}}
* [http://www.soccerphile.com/soccerphile/news/korean-soccer/index.html Soccerphile K-League news] {{en icon}}

{{K-League}}
{{K-League seasons}}
{{K-League Cup seasons}}
{{Football in South Korea}}
{{AFC Leagues}}

[[Category:K-League| ]]
[[Category:1983 establishments]]
[[Category:Football competitions in South Korea|1]]
[[Category:National association football premier leagues|Korea Republic]]

[[ar:الدوري الكوري الجنوبي]]
[[ca:Lliga sud-coreana de futbol]]
[[de:K-League 1]]
[[es:K-League]]
[[fa:کی‌لیگ]]
[[fr:Championnat de Corée du Sud de football]]
[[ko:K리그]]
[[id:K-League]]
[[it:K-League]]
[[nl:K-League]]
[[ja:Kリーグ]]
[[no:K-League]]
[[pl:K-League]]
[[pt:Campeonato Sul-Coreano de Futebol]]
[[ro:K-League]]
[[ru:Чемпионат Южной Кореи по футболу]]
[[simple:K-League]]
[[fi:K-League]]
[[sv:K-League]]
[[th:เคลีก]]
[[tr:Kore Ligi]]
[[uk:К-Ліга]]
[[zh:K聯賽]]

Cymru Premier

2012-12-23T13:33:47Z

Dinamik-bot: r2.6.2) (Robot: Modifying uk:Валлійська футбольна Прем'єр-ліга to uk:Прем'єр-ліга (Уельс)

{{About||the feeder to the Welsh Premier League|Welsh Football League|the rugby union league|Welsh Premier Division}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo = Logo_of_the_Welsh_Premier_League.svg
| pixels = 150
| country = Wales (one team from England)
| confed = [[UEFA]] (Europe)
| founded = 1992
| teams = 12
| relegation = [[Cymru Alliance]] [[Welsh Football League First Division]]
|
| domest_cup = [[Welsh Cup]] [[Welsh League Cup]]
| confed_cup = [[UEFA Champions League]] [[UEFA Europa League]]
|
| champions = [[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]]
| season = [[2011–12 Welsh Premier League|2011–12]]
| most successful club = [[Barry Town]] (7 times)
|
| website = {{URL|http://www.welshpremiership.com/}}
| current = [[2012–13 Welsh Premier League|2012–13]]
}}
The '''Welsh Premier League''' ({{lang-cy|Uwch Gynghrair Cymru}}) is the national [[Football (soccer)|football]] league for [[Wales]]. It has both [[Professional sport|Professional]] and [[Semi-Professional]] status clubs and is at the top of the [[Welsh football league system]]. Prior to 2002, the league was known as the '''League of Wales''', but changed its name as part of a sponsorship deal. Currently, the full [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsor]]ed name of the league is the '''Corbett Sports Welsh Premier Football League'''.

The Welsh Premier League is ranked by the [[UEFA coefficient]] in 48th place out of 53 current members.

==A troubled start==
{{Main|1992–93 League of Wales}}
The league was formed in October 1991 by [[Alun Evans (FAW)|Alun Evans]], [[Secretary General]] of the [[Football Association of Wales]] (FAW), as he believed that the [[Wales national football team|Welsh international football team]] was under threat from [[FIFA]]. The FAW, along with the other three [[home nations]]' associations ([[The Football Association]], [[Irish Football Association]] and [[Scottish Football Association]]), had a permanent seat on the [[International Football Association Board]] (IFAB) and it was thought that many FIFA members were resentful of this and pressing for the four unions to unite into one combined side for the whole of the [[United Kingdom]].

The new league was formed for the 1992–93 season. At the time, despite the FAW being a FIFA member it had not previously organised a national league. Traditionally, the strongest teams in Wales had always played in the [[English football league system|English leagues]]. [[Aberdare Athletic F.C.|Aberdare Athletic]], [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]], [[Merthyr Town F.C.|Merthyr Town]], [[Newport County A.F.C.|Newport County]], [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] and [[Wrexham A.F.C.|Wrexham]] have all been members of the [[The Football League|Football League]].

Because of poor north-south transport links within Wales, it has always been easier for Welsh clubs to travel east-west so Welsh clubs tended to look east to [[England]] for competitors and many of the top semi-professional sides in Wales played in the [[English football league system]]; [[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]] were founder members of the [[Football Conference]] (then the Alliance Premier League) in 1979 and reached the [[FA Trophy]] final in 1984, before transferring to the new League of Wales in 1992.

The formation of the League of Wales saw the start of a bitter dispute between the [[Football Association of Wales]] (FAW) and those [[Non-League football|non-league]] clubs who wanted to remain part of the [[English football league system|English football league]]. The 'Irate Eight', as they were dubbed, consisted of [[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]], [[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]], [[Caernarfon Town F.C.|Caernarfon Town]], [[Colwyn Bay F.C.|Colwyn Bay]], [[Merthyr Tydfil F.C.|Merthyr Tydfil]], [[Newport County A.F.C.|Newport]], [[Newtown F.C.|Newtown]] and [[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]].

Prior to the inaugural season, Bangor City, Newtown and Rhyl reluctantly agreed to play in the League of Wales. However as Rhyl's application to join the league was late, they were placed in the second level of the pyramid system. Because of FAW sanctions, the remaining five clubs were forced to play their home matches in [[England]]. Following a season in exile at [[Worcester City F.C.|Worcester City]], five became four, as Barry Town joined the League of Wales.

A court ruling in 1995 allowed the remaining four clubs to return to Wales to play their home matches while still remaining within the English system; despite this victory, Caernarfon Town decided to join the League of Wales. However, Newport County, Colwyn Bay and Merthyr Town remain in the English league pyramid system. Conversely, in 1996 now-defunct English team [[Oswestry Town F.C.|Oswestry Town]] were accepted by the League of Wales and currently [[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]] are based in [[Oswestry]]. In 2010, another English club, [[Chester City F.C.|Chester City]], whose stadium sits on the England/Wales border, applied to join the Welsh Premier League before being wound up.

For the first four seasons of the league's existence, its results had not been featured on the [[Press Association]]'s [[vidiprinter]] service and consequently had not appeared on [[Final Score]]. The PA started featuring the league's results at the start of the 1996–97 season, which was also when the PA began providing the results for the [[IFA Premiership|Northern Irish league]].

==Demographics==
One of the major problems facing the league is its failure to attract teams from the major population centres of Wales, which hampers the chances of high attendances at matches. This is because the four most populous areas of [[Cardiff]], [[Swansea]], [[Newport]] and [[Wrexham]] have teams that are long established within the [[English football league system]]. The Welsh Premier League is therefore made up of clubs from smaller towns and even villages. One option to extend participation may be for the Welsh clubs playing in the English Football League to field [[Reserve team|reserve]] or representative teams in the Welsh Premier League; however this would also affect European qualification as there would be a representation conflict between the existing WPL clubs and the major Welsh clubs which qualify through the English league system (see below).

==Structure==
===Promotion and relegation===
Clubs are promoted to the Welsh Premier League from the two regional feeder leagues; the [[Cymru Alliance]] in the north and the [[Welsh Football League Division One]] in the south. Clubs who finish as champions of the feeder leagues, or as runners-up if the champions decide not to seek promotion, are promoted subject to an application for membership being received and accepted and the stadium and infrastructure safety criteria of the Welsh Premier League being met.

No teams were promoted to the Welsh Premier League following the 2005–06 season. However, [[Grange Harlequins A.F.C.|Cardiff Grange Quins]], who finished bottom of the Welsh Premier League resigned leaving the league to operate with an odd number of clubs for 2006–07.

Eighteen clubs competed in the Welsh Premier League for the 2007–08 season as both [[Neath Athletic A.F.C.|Neath Athletic]] (Welsh Football League Division One) and [[Llangefni Town F.C.|Llangefni Town]] (Cymru Alliance) were promoted whilst [[Cwmbran Town F.C.|Cwmbran Town]] were relegated to Welsh Football League Division One.

For 2008–09, [[Prestatyn Town F.C.|Prestatyn Town]] played in the Welsh Premier League for the first time after promotion from the Cymru Alliance, whilst [[Llangefni Town F.C.|Llangefni Town]] were relegated to the Cymru Alliance after only one season.

The 2009–10 season saw [[Bala Town F.C.|Bala Town]] promoted to the Welsh Premier League after they won the Cymru Alliance in 2008–09. They replaced [[Caernarfon Town F.C.|Caernarfon Town]] who were relegated to the Cymru Alliance.

At the end of the 2009–10 season, due to league restructuring Connah's Quay, Porthmadog, Welshpool Town, Caersws and Cefn Druids were relegated to the Cymru Alliance league. Rhyl were also relegated to the Cymru Alliance, despite finishing 6th in the Welsh Premier League, as they did not meet the ground criteria for the Welsh Premier League. No teams were promoted to the Welsh Premier League from the feeder leagues.

===League restructure, 2010–11 season===
The 18 Welsh Premier League clubs met on April 13, 2008 and voted to support a restructuring proposal put forward by Welsh Premier League secretary John Deakin which would replace the single Welsh Premier League with a First and Second Division with 10 teams in each Division for the 2010–11 season. A further proposal was accepted that the [[Football Association of Wales]] should take full control of the Welsh Premier League and the existing Company, 'Football League of Wales Limited' should be dissolved. These proposals were forwarded to the Football Association of Wales for their consideration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.welshpremiership.com/news/WelshPrem33645.ink |title= Clubs vote to Re-structure the League |work= Welsh Premier League | date= 2008-04-13 |accessdate= 2008-04-13}}</ref>

In June 2009 the clubs voted to accept an alternative proposal to reduce the premier League from 18 clubs to 12 for the 2010–11 season onwards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_of_wales/8097299.stm |title= Clubs accept reduced Premier League | date=2009-06-13 | accessdate=2010-01-06 | work=BBC News}}</ref>

==European competition==
The champions of the Welsh Premier League qualify, along with the champions of every European domestic league, for the [[UEFA Champions League]]. The second and third placed teams qualify for the first qualifying round of the [[Europa League|UEFA Europa League]]. A place in the second round of the Europa League is also awarded to the winners of the [[Welsh Cup]]. If the winners of the Welsh Cup have already qualified for Europe via their league placing (e.g. finishing first and winning the Cup) the fourth placed team inherits the Europa spot.

Results in Europe have been mixed - some notable successes, such as [[Barry Town]]'s run to the first round proper of the UEFA Cup, drawing 3–3 with [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] at Jenner Park, and Barry's 3–1 victory over [[FC Porto]] in the UEFA Champions League (albeit losing 3-9 on aggregate), stand alongside some heavy defeats, such as [[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions]]' 12–1 aggregate defeat to [[Amica Wronki]] of Poland.

The aforementioned Barry Town have been by some way the most successful Welsh side in Europe in the league's 15-year history, winning a total of six games in Europe.

In recent times results in Europe have generally improved. Whereas in the past, Welsh sides had been on the wrong end of some heavy scorelines, all Welsh sides now enter Europe with the realistic aim of at least winning their first round tie. In the last few years in particular European results have been more competitive, with [[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]], [[Carmarthen Town]], [[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]], [[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]] and [[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]] all beating clubs from other countries over two legs.

== Media coverage ==
There is no doubt that the advent of the League has brought increased media coverage for its member clubs. Although there is sometimes complaint about the lack of it at times, the league does enjoy coverage by the Welsh national (notably the [[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]] and [[Liverpool Daily Post|Daily Post]]) and local press.

Since the start of the 2007/08 season goals and results from the league have appeared on the Press Association vidiprinter service. Prior to this only the full-time score had been displayed although the half time score had also been shown from around 2000. Both [[Final Score]], [[Soccer Saturday]] and [[Sports Report]] now include the Welsh Premier League results as part of their classified football results sequence.

On television, brief highlights from one of the day's games were featured on BBC Wales' sports results programme ''Wales on Saturday'' whilst the BBC also provided a 30-minute highlights programme for Welsh-language broadcaster, [[S4C]], entitled "Y Clwb Pêl-droed". When the corporation lost the international broadcast rights to [[BSkyB]] at the end of the 2003/4 season, S4C won the secondary rights package which included highlights of the national team and all domestic rights. ''[[Sgorio]]'' took over the "Clwb Pêl-droed" slot previously produced by the BBC and in 2010/11 the half hour highlights programme was dropped in favour of one live game per week. S4C broadcasts in Wales and throughout the rest of the UK via digital satellite with an interactive option for English-language commentary available via digital satellite.

Welsh Clubs' European games are sometimes broadcast live also, again, usually on [[S4C]] since they won the domestic rights but the [[BBC]] have broadcast some matches whilst [[The New Saints F.C.|TNS's]] Champions League tie against Liverpool was live on [[ITV2]].

Commentary of matches involving Bangor City, both home and away, is also available by visiting the fans website, www.bangorcitizens.com. The commentary team won an award with the North Wales based Daily Post newspaper in 2010. The commentary is provided by Ian Gill, Garry Sweeney and Jonathan Ervine.

== Clubs ==
{{Main|List of Welsh Premier League clubs}}
{{See also|List of Welsh Premier League champions}}
A total of 38 clubs have played in the league from its inception in 1992 and the end of the 2009–10 season. Of the 20 clubs that played in the inaugural season of the League of Wales, ten have since been relegated yet to return, with one, Ebbw Vale, folding in 1998.<ref>[http://www.welsh-premier.com/rel_club.php?cid=24 Relegated clubs:Ebbw Vale welsh-premier.com] Retrieved 16 June 2010 23:45</ref> For a list of all clubs past and present see [[List of Welsh Premier League clubs]]. For a list of winners and runners-up of the Welsh Premier League since its inception, and top scorers for each season, see [[List of Welsh football champions]].

Only three clubs have played in every season League of Wales/Welsh Premier League since its inception. These three clubs are Aberystwyth Town, Bangor City and Newtown.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=493532&in_page_id=1779 | title = It's official - Tottenham have the worst defence in Premier League history | publisher = Daily Mail |date=14 November 2007 | accessdate = 1 December 2007 | location=London}}</ref>

=== Members for 2012–13 ===
The following 12 clubs will compete in the Welsh Premier League for the [[2012–13 Welsh Premier League|2012–13]] season:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Club 
!Ground 
!Position in [[2011–12 in Welsh football|2011–12]]
!First season in top division
!Number of seasons in top division
!Number of seasons in the Premier League
!First season of current spell in top division
!Top division titles
!Last top division title
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[Aberystwyth Town F.C.|Aberystwyth Town]]'''''||[[Park Avenue (Aberystwyth)|Park Avenue]]||0078th||[[1992–93 League of Wales|1992–93]]||20||20||1992–93||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Afan Lido F.C.|Afan Lido]]'''||[[Marston Stadium]]||00910th||[[1992–93 League of Wales|1992–93]]||11||1||2011–12||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Airbus UK Broughton F.C.|Airbus UK Broughton]]''||[[The Airfield]]||0067th||[[2004–05 Welsh Premier League|2004–05]]||7||7||2004–05||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Bala Town F.C.|Bala Town]]''||[[Maes Tegid]]||0045th||[[2009–10 Welsh Premier League|2009–10]]||3||3||2009–10||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]]'''''||[[Nantporth]]||0022nd||[[1992–93 League of Wales|1992–93]]||20||20||1992–93||3||[[2010–11 Welsh Premier League|2010–11]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Carmarthen Town F.C.|Carmarthen Town]]''||[[Richmond Park (Carmarthen)|Richmond Park]]||01011th||[[1997–98 League of Wales|1997–98]]||15||15||1997–98||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Gap Connah's Quay F.C.|Gap Connah's Quay]]||[[Deeside Stadium]]||0121st{{Ref label|Cymru|1|1}}||[[1992–93 League of Wales|1992–93]]||18||-||1992–2010||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]]'''||[[Stebonheath Park]]||0034th||[[1992–93 League of Wales|1992–93]]||16||8||[[2005–06 Welsh Premier League|2005–06]]||1||[[2007–08 Welsh Premier League|2007–08]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|'''''[[Newtown A.F.C.|Newtown]]'''''||[[Latham Park]]||01112th||[[1992–93 League of Wales|1992–93]]||20||20||1992–93||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Port Talbot Town F.C.|Port Talbot Town]]''||[[Victoria Road, Port Talbot|Victoria Road]]||0089th||[[2000–01 League of Wales|2000–01]]||12||12||2000–01||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[Prestatyn Town F.C.|Prestatyn Town]]''||[[Bastion Road]]||0056th||[[2008–09 Welsh Premier League|2008–09]]||4||4||2008–09||0||–
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|''[[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]]''||[[Park Hall (football ground)|Park Hall]]*||0011st||[[1993–94 League of Wales|1993–94]]||19||19||1993–94||6||[[2011–12 Welsh Premier League|2011–12]]
|}

'''Bold''' indicates League of Wales founder members. ''Italic'' indicates club never relegated from League of Wales/Welsh Premier League. * Ground situated in [[Oswestry]], [[England]]. {{note label|Cymru|1|1}} promoted as Champions of [[2011–12 Cymru Alliance|Cymru Alliance]] replacing [[Neath F.C.|Neath]], who were liquidated after entering administration.<ref>{{Cite news| title = League AGM approves new sub and loan rules | url =http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/news/3570-league-agm-approves-new-sub-and-loan-rules | publisher = welsh-premier.com | date = 2011-06-11}}</ref>

==Former members of the League of Wales/Welsh Premier League==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club Name
! Stadium
! Period in Top Flight
! Current League 2011–12 Season
|-
| [[Abergavenny Thursdays F.C.|Abergavenny Thursdays]]
| Pen-y-Pound
| (1992–93)
| [[Gwent County League|Gwent County League Division 3]]
|-
| [[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]]
| [[Jenner Park]]
| (1994–2004)
| [[Welsh Football League Division One]]
|-
| [[Briton Ferry Athletic F.C.|Briton Ferry Athletic]]
| Old Road Ground
| (1992–94), (1995–97)
| ''See [[Briton Ferry Llansawel A.F.C.|Briton Ferry Llansawel]]''
|-
| [[Caernarfon Town F.C.|Caernarfon Town]]
| [[The Oval (Caernarfon)|The Oval]]
| (1995–2000), (2001–09)
| [[Welsh Alliance League|Welsh Alliance League Division 1]]
|-
| [[Caersws F.C.|Caersws]]
| [[Recreation Ground (Caersws)|Recreation Ground]]
| (1992–2010)
| [[Cymru Alliance]]
|-
| [[Elements Cefn Druids A.F.C.|Elements Cefn Druids]]
| [[Plaskynaston Lane]]
| (1999–2010)
| [[Cymru Alliance]]
|-
| [[Grange Harlequins A.F.C.|Cardiff Grange Quins]]
| [[Cardiff Athletics Stadium]]
| (2005–06)
| [[Welsh Football League Division Three]]
|-
| [[Cemaes Bay F.C.|Cemaes Bay]]
| School Lane
| (1995–98)
| [[Anglesey League]]
|-
| [[Conwy United F.C.|Conwy United]]
| Morfa
| (1992–2000)
| [[Cymru Alliance]]
|-
| [[Cwmbran Town A.F.C.|Cwmbran Town]]
| [[Cwmbran Stadium]]
| (1992–2007)
| [[Gwent County League|Gwent County League Division One]]
|-
| [[Ebbw Vale F.C.|Ebbw Vale]]
| [[Eugene Cross Park]]
| (1992–98)
| ''Club folded''
|-
| [[Flint Town United F.C.|Flint Town United]]
| Cae-y-Castell
| (1992–98)
| [[Cymru Alliance]]
|-
| [[Haverfordwest County A.F.C.|Haverfordwest County]]
| [[Bridge Meadow Stadium]]
| (1992–94), (1997–2011)
| [[Welsh Football League Division One]]
|-
| [[Holywell Town F.C.|Holywell Town]]
| Halkyn Road
| (1992–97), (1998–99)
| [[Welsh Alliance League|Welsh Alliance League Division One]]
|-
| [[Llangefni Town F.C.|Llangefni Town]]
| Bob Parry Field
| (2007–08)
| [[Welsh Alliance League|Welsh Alliance League Division One]]
|-
| [[Llanidloes Town F.C.|Llanidloes Town]]
| Victoria Road
| (1992–93)
| [[Mid Wales League|Mid Wales League Division One]]
|-
| [[Maesteg Park A.F.C.|Maesteg Park]]
| Tudor Park
| (1992–95)
| ''Club folded''
|-
| [[Mold Alexandra F.C.|Mold Alexandra]]
| Alyn Park
| (1992–95)
| [[Welsh National League (Wrexham Area)|Welsh National League (Wrexham Area) Premier Division]]
|-
| [[Neath F.C.|Neath]]
| [[Llandarcy Park]]/[[The Gnoll]]
| (2007–12)
| ''Club folded''
|-
| [[Oswestry Town F.C.|Oswestry Town]]
| Park Hall Stadium
| (1996–2003)
| ''See [[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]]''
|-
| [[Porthmadog F.C.|Porthmadog]]
| [[Y Traeth]]
| (1992–98), (2003–10)
| [[Cymru Alliance]]
|-
| [[Rhayader Town F.C.|Rhayader Town]]
| Y Weirglodd
| (1997–2002)
| [[Cymru Alliance]]
|-
| [[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]]
| [[Belle Vue (Rhyl)|Belle Vue]]
| (1994–2010)
| [[Cymru Alliance]]
|-
| [[Welshpool Town F.C.|Technogroup Welshpool Town]]
| [[Maes y Dre Recreation Ground]]
| (1996–2010)
| [[Mid Wales League|Mid Wales League Division One]]
|-
| [[Ton Pentre F.C.|Ton Pentre]]
| Ynys Park
| (1993–96)
| [[Welsh Football League Division One]]
|-
| [[UWIC Inter Cardiff F.C.|UWIC Inter Cardiff]]
| [[Cyncoed]] Campus, [[Cardiff]]
| (1992–2001)
| [[Welsh Football League Division Three]]
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable"
! width=3% |Year
! width=5% |Winner (number of titles)
! width=5% |Runners-up
! width=5% |Third
! width=12% |Notes
|-
|align=center|[[1992–93 League of Wales|1992–93]]
|[[Cwmbran Town F.C.|Cwmbran Town]] (1)
|[[UWIC Inter Cardiff F.C.|Inter Cardiff]]
|[[Aberystwyth Town F.C.|Aberystwyth Town]]
|
|-
|align=center|[[1993–94 League of Wales|1993–94]]
|[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]] (1)
|[[UWIC Inter Cardiff F.C.|Inter Cardiff]]
|[[Ton Pentre F.C.|Ton Pentre]]
|
|-
|align=center|[[1994–95 League of Wales|1994–95]]
|[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]] (2)
|[[Afan Lido F.C.|Afan Lido]]
|[[Ton Pentre F.C.|Ton Pentre]]
|
|-
|align=center|[[1995–96 League of Wales|1995–96]]
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]] (1)
|[[Newtown A.F.C.|Newtown]]
|[[Conwy United F.C.|Conwy United]]
|
|-
|align=center|[[1996–97 League of Wales|1996–97]]
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]] (2)
|[[UWIC Inter Cardiff F.C.|Inter Cardiff]]
|[[Ebbw Vale F.C.|Ebbw Vale]]
|[[The Treble|Treble]] with [[Welsh Cup]] and [[Welsh League Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[1997–98 League of Wales|1997–98]]
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]] (3)
|[[Newtown A.F.C.|Newtown]]
|[[Ebbw Vale F.C.|Ebbw Vale]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh League Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[1998–99 League of Wales|1998–99]]
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]] (4)
|[[UWIC Inter Cardiff F.C.|Inter Cardiff]]
|[[Cwmbran Town F.C.|Cwmbran Town]]
|[[The Treble|Treble]] with [[FAW Premier Cup]] and [[Welsh League Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[1999–2000 League of Wales|1999–2000]]
|[[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions]] (1)
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]]
|[[Cwmbran Town F.C.|Cwmbran Town]]
|
|-
|align=center|[[2000–01 League of Wales|2000–01]]
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]] (5)
|[[Cwmbran Town F.C.|Cwmbran Town]]
|[[Carmarthen Town A.F.C.|Carmarthen Town]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2001–02 League of Wales|2001–02]]
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]] (6)
|[[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions]]
|[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2002–03 Welsh Premier League|2002–03]]
|[[Barry Town F.C.|Barry Town]] (7)
|[[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions]]
|[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2003–04 Welsh Premier League|2003–04]]
|[[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]] (1)
|[[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions]]
|[[Haverfordwest County A.F.C.|Haverfordwest County]]
|[[The Treble|Treble]] with [[Welsh Cup]] and [[Welsh League Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2004–05 Welsh Premier League|2004–05]]
|[[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions]] (2)
|[[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]]
|[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2005–06 Welsh Premier League|2005–06]]
|[[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions]] (3)
|[[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]]
|[[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh League Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2006–07 Welsh Premier League|2006–07]]
|[[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]] (4)
|[[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]]
|[[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[FAW Premier Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2007–08 Welsh Premier League|2007–08]]
|[[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]] (1)
|[[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]]
|[[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh League Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2008–09 Welsh Premier League|2008–09]]
|[[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]] (2)
|[[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]]
|[[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]]
|
|-
|align=center|[[2009–10 Welsh Premier League|2009–10]]
|[[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]] (5)
|[[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]]
|[[Port Talbot Town]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh League Cup]]
|-
|align=center|[[2010–11 Welsh Premier League|2010–11]]
|[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]] (3)
|[[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]]
|[[Neath F.C.|Neath]]
|
|-
|align=center|[[2011–12 Welsh Premier League|2011–12]]
|[[The New Saints F.C.|The New Saints]] (6)
|[[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]]
|[[Neath F.C.|Neath]]
|[[Double (association football)|Double]] with [[Welsh Cup]]
|}

=== Record league champions ===
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:silver;" | Rank
! style="background:silver;" | Club
! style="background:silver;" | Titles
! style="background:silver;" | Years
|- align="center"
| 1
| align="left" | [[Barry Town]]
| 7
| align="left"| 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003
|- align="center"
| 2
| align="left" | [[The New Saints F.C.|Total Network Solutions/The New Saints]]
| 6
| align="left"| 2000, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012
|- align="center"
| 3
| align="left" | [[Bangor City F.C.|Bangor City]]
| 3
| align="left"| 1994, 1995, 2011
|- align="center"
| 4
| align="left" | [[Rhyl F.C.|Rhyl]]
| 2
| align="left"| 2004, 2009
|- align="center"
| 5
| align="left" | [[Cwmbran Town F.C.|Cwmbran Town]]
| 1
| align="left"| 1993
|- align="center"
| =
| align="left" | [[Llanelli A.F.C.|Llanelli]]
| 1
| align="left"| 2008
|- align="center"
|}

==Players==
[[Marc Lloyd Williams]], scored 318 goals in 467 appearances, making him the most prolific goalscorer in the league's history.<ref>[http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers Welsh Premier all-time leading goal scorers] Welsh Premier Football</ref>

Colin Reynolds holds the record for the number of appearances in the league.<ref>[http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/all-time-appearances Welsh Premier all-time appearances] Welsh Premier Football</ref>

==Sponsorship==
Below is a list of the League's sponsors and what they chose to name the competition:
*'''1992:''' Konica Peter Llewellyn Limited of Swansea (Konica League of Wales)
*'''1993–2001:''' ''No sponsor'' .
*'''2002–04:''' JT Hughes Mitsubishi (JT Hughes Mitsubishi Welsh Premiership)
*'''2004–06:''' Vauxhall Masterfit Retailers (Vauxhall Masterfit Retailers Welsh Premier League)
*'''2006–11:''' Principality Building Society (Principality Building Society Welsh Premier Football League)
*'''2011-2012:''' CorbettSports.com (Corbett Sports Welsh Premier League))

==See also==
*[[Football in Wales]]
*[[Welsh football league system]]
*[[Welsh Cup]]
*[[Welsh League Cup]]
*[[FAW Premier Cup]]
*[[List of football clubs in Wales]]
*[[List of stadiums in Wales by capacity]]

==External links==
*[http://www.welshpremier.com/ Official Corbett Sports Welsh Premier League website]
*[http://www.wfda.co.uk/ Welsh Football Data Archive website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Welsh Premier League}}
{{Football in Wales}}
{{Football in the United Kingdom}}
{{UEFA leagues}}

[[Category:Welsh Premier League| ]]
[[Category:National association football premier leagues|Wales]]
[[Category:Football leagues in Wales|1]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Wales]]

[[ar:الدوري الويلزي الممتاز]]
[[bg:Уелска Висша лига]]
[[ca:Lliga gal·lesa de futbol]]
[[cy:Uwch Gynghrair Cymru]]
[[da:Welsh Premier League]]
[[de:League of Wales]]
[[el:Πρωτάθλημα ποδοσφαίρου Ουαλίας]]
[[es:Premier League de Gales]]
[[eu:Galesko futbol liga]]
[[fa:لیگ برتر فوتبال ولز]]
[[fr:Championnat du pays de Galles de football]]
[[ko:웨일스 프리미어리그]]
[[id:Liga Utama Wales]]
[[it:Welsh Premier League]]
[[he:ליגת העל הוולשית]]
[[lt:Velso lyga]]
[[hu:Walesi labdarúgó-bajnokság (első osztály)]]
[[ms:Liga Perdana Wales]]
[[nl:League of Wales]]
[[ja:ウェルシュ・プレミアリーグ]]
[[no:Welsh Premier League]]
[[pt:Campeonato Galês de Futebol]]
[[ro:Prima Ligă (Țara Galilor)]]
[[ru:Чемпионат Уэльса по футболу]]
[[simple:Welsh Premier League]]
[[fi:Walesin valioliiga]]
[[sv:Welsh Premier League]]
[[th:เวลส์พรีเมียร์ลีก]]
[[tr:Galler Premier Ligi]]
[[uk:Прем'єр-ліга (Уельс)]]
[[zh:威尔士足球超级联赛]]