Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Country Shindig

2024-10-20T03:38:56Z

Drushrush:

===[[:Country Shindig]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Country Shindig}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Country Shindig|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 October 13#{{anchorencode:Country Shindig}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1250995503/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Country Shindig}})
I couldn't find evidence that this meets [[WP:NALBUM]] / [[WP:GNG]]. [[User:Boleyn|Boleyn]] ([[User talk:Boleyn|talk]]) 19:32, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]][[User talk:Spiderone|(Talk to Spider)]] 20:07, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - album didn't chart. Found only a small one paragraph review in Billboard (added to the article now), which might actually be an ad.[[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 03:23, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Country Shindig

2024-10-20T03:23:08Z

Drushrush:

===[[:Country Shindig]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Country Shindig}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Country Shindig|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 October 13#{{anchorencode:Country Shindig}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1250995503/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Country Shindig}})
I couldn't find evidence that this meets [[WP:NALBUM]] / [[WP:GNG]]. [[User:Boleyn|Boleyn]] ([[User talk:Boleyn|talk]]) 19:32, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]][[User talk:Spiderone|(Talk to Spider)]] 20:07, 13 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - album didn't chart. Found only a small one paragraph review in Billboard, which might actually be an ad.[[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 03:23, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)

2024-10-20T03:11:02Z

Drushrush:

===[[:All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 October 15#{{anchorencode:All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1251293212/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)}})
Even though the article for this song has virtually entirely reliable sourcing on the surface, looking at the sources closer, I think it doesn't pass this section of [[WP:NSONGS]]: "If the only coverage of a song occurs in the context of reviews of the album on which it appears, that material should be contained in the album article and an independent article about the song should not be created." That is exactly the kind of situation I see here, and it's what it leads me to believe it should just be redirected to [[With Teeth]]. Of the sources in the article, most are passing mentions from album reviews, one is a publication posting a video of them performing it live for the first time which does not show notability, and the content and source in the "cultural references" section really don't add much of anything to the article, reliability notwithstanding. The song has not charted or been certified anywhere, as far as I can see. I can't find any additional coverage of this song, so once again, it should just be redirected to the above-mentioned article. [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 12:13, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

All sources are reliable and some do, in fact, go outside the scope of With Teeth reviews. KEEP [[User:Mrmoustache14|Mrmoustache14]] ([[User talk:Mrmoustache14|talk]]) 13:17, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

*Where is the [[WP:SIGCOV]] though? I didn't argue that any of the sourcing was unreliable, nor did I say that all of the sources were reviews of the album, merely that most of them are. Of the ones that aren't, one is a publication that talks about the song being played live for the first time, which does not establish notability, and the other one is a book about the band that briefly provides the author's opinion on the song -- the book does not devote significant time to the song, so it is merely a passing mention. [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 13:26, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*No one challenged the reliability of the sources, it's that they don't provide significant coverage or ''independent'' notability. Nothing in the article provides this. Can you provide further evidence? [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 00:42, 20 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 13:59, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Merge''' <strike>'''Redirect'''</strike> - to [[With Teeth]] per [[WP:NSONGS]]. All the coverage is just cherry-picked mentions from an album review, except for one routine mention about playing it live for the first time many years after a release. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 15:26, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
:*Revised stance to merge. I figured it was already covered at the album article, but it really isn't. The info in the article is ''good'' info to cover somewhere, it just doesn't establish a independent notability or a need for a stand-alone article. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 16:12, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Comment''' <s>'''Redirect or Keep'''</s> I haven’t checked for notability myself, but that redirect target looks good. [[User:McYeee|McYeee]] ([[User talk:McYeee|talk]]) 16:14, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*:You should probably just say "redirect" or wait until you can articulate an actual "keep" response - saying "keep" without a rationale doesn't mean anything, as it's [[WP:NOTAVOTE]]. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 17:03, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*::Fair point. I guess my response wasn’t that helpful. I just think that, in general, if we have an article for an album, then where possible, we should have an article or a redirect for each song on the album. Rereading, I suspect everyone here already agrees that this is the case, so I haven’t said anything worth saying. So, feel free to ignore the comment. In particular, I was not trying to argue for Keeping over Redirecting it nor do I plan to. [[User:McYeee|McYeee]] ([[User talk:McYeee|talk]]) 09:30, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::What you're saying is a valid "redirect" stance (being a plausible search term for a song within an album), it just isn't a valid reason to keep the article as is. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 10:27, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Merge or redirect to [[With Teeth]]''': Album reviews can't be used to establish notability for a song since they are considered ''[[WP:IS#Indiscriminate sources|indiscriminate sources]]'' for song articles by going over all or most of the songs on the album, and the criteria set forth in [[WP:NSONG]] alludes to this. To demonstrate notability, there needs to be evidence that reliable sources are specifically picking out this particular song with dedicated coverage at the exclusion of the album's other songs, and that has yet to be shown. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 05:19, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Keep''': Meets the general requirements for notability with significant coverage in reliable independent sources. A redirect is totally warranted anyway, so that I am absolutely opposed to deletion. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 20:08, 17 October 2024 (UTC) 
*:I am opposed to it being outright deleted as well. In my nomination, I specifically said that the article should be redirected, since as [[User:Sergecross73]] notes above me, it is a plausible search term as a song on a notable album. I do want to ask you, though: What sources are providing [[WP:SIGCOV]] here, exactly? I ran through all of the sources in my nom, and eight are mentions from album review which as noted do not contribute to notability per [[WP:NSONG]], one is a routine mention about it being debuted live in 2013, and the only other source is a brief mention in a book about the band. Where is the coverage that shows it has enough notability for a standalone article? [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 21:35, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*:It's [[WP:VAGUEWAVE|not enough to just say it]], you've got to prove it. How does it meet the notability standards? What sources provide significant coverage? How does this pass [[WP:NSONGS]]. Nothing in the article currently does, so you need to provide evidence. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 21:45, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*:Agreed with the two replies immediately above that this !vote is merely a vague assertion that any competent closer or admin would ignore. It fails to address or rebut the concerns raised in this discussion about album reviews being unsuitable for song notability, which is backed by broad community consensus having been etched into site guidelines. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 22:44, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]]: Brief but non-trivial mentions in Carr's book, in the article in Slug Mag, and the short articles about the live performance in NME and Stereogum, none of them being album reviews, for example. The rest of the coverage, although not necessarily relevant for notability, still can be used on the page. I did not mention WP:NSONGS myself, I think. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 23:38, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*::This does not answer my questions, it's more vague allusions. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 00:49, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::Serge's comments are pretty much my thoughts about this too. But I do want to add, [[User:Mushy Yank]], that there are no NME and Slug articles cited on this page. Feel free to add citations to them for participants to come to a consensus about whether or not they meet the criteria for [[WP:SIGCOV]], though I'd be surprised if they do given how lacking significant coverage is in virtually all of the sources currently presented. [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 12:02, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*::::You’re welcome. But you and other users had surely seen those references in your Before, I thought.https://www.nme.com/news/music/nine-inch-nails-37-1232223
*::::https://www.slugmag.com/music/national-music-reviews/nine-inch-nails-the-latter-years/
*::::Also mentioned there, not a review of WT, for example:.https://loudwire.com/black-mirror-nine-inch-nails-youtube-spike/
*::::All in all, I stand by my Keep and think a perhaps short but decent article is possible and that this song has a certain independent notability, which did not seem a particularly shocking or extreme opinion to me. Also, I even mention a redirect myself, so that I am surprised that my !vote received so unfriendly (stating that my reply, even my !vote, contained only ’'vague allusions" is also completely inaccurate and rude) and bordering hostile comments (not talking about yours). Decide what you think best. Thank you very much. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 21:32, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::::{{u|Mushy Yank}} How exactly do you define significant coverage? The NME source very literally only contains ''2 short sentences'' about the song. That's it. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 22:34, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*::::::Significant=non-[[Wikipedia:Trivial mentions|trivial]]. Not "my" definition, it's WP's one. 2 sentences, plus, "very literally" the title of the article. Non-trivial; not a passing mention. Addressing the subject. As I said in my "vague allusions", my opinion is that it's "brief but non-trivial". I'll leave it at that. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 22:44, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::::::That is an extremely lenient, uncommon standard. Most would not consider that non-trivial. If this is what you're working with, I only feel more strongly about my merge stance. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 22:47, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Weak Keep or Merge''' - there is some coverage about the song in some of the articles, but it may not be considered in-depth enough. However, seeing that Billboard considered it "the most dramatic song" on the album, I would prefer if the article was kept and if not the info should be merged into [[With Teeth]]. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 03:10, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)

2024-10-20T03:10:17Z

Drushrush:

===[[:All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 October 15#{{anchorencode:All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1251293212/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=All the Love in the World (Nine Inch Nails song)}})
Even though the article for this song has virtually entirely reliable sourcing on the surface, looking at the sources closer, I think it doesn't pass this section of [[WP:NSONGS]]: "If the only coverage of a song occurs in the context of reviews of the album on which it appears, that material should be contained in the album article and an independent article about the song should not be created." That is exactly the kind of situation I see here, and it's what it leads me to believe it should just be redirected to [[With Teeth]]. Of the sources in the article, most are passing mentions from album reviews, one is a publication posting a video of them performing it live for the first time which does not show notability, and the content and source in the "cultural references" section really don't add much of anything to the article, reliability notwithstanding. The song has not charted or been certified anywhere, as far as I can see. I can't find any additional coverage of this song, so once again, it should just be redirected to the above-mentioned article. [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 12:13, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

All sources are reliable and some do, in fact, go outside the scope of With Teeth reviews. KEEP [[User:Mrmoustache14|Mrmoustache14]] ([[User talk:Mrmoustache14|talk]]) 13:17, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

*Where is the [[WP:SIGCOV]] though? I didn't argue that any of the sourcing was unreliable, nor did I say that all of the sources were reviews of the album, merely that most of them are. Of the ones that aren't, one is a publication that talks about the song being played live for the first time, which does not establish notability, and the other one is a book about the band that briefly provides the author's opinion on the song -- the book does not devote significant time to the song, so it is merely a passing mention. [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 13:26, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*No one challenged the reliability of the sources, it's that they don't provide significant coverage or ''independent'' notability. Nothing in the article provides this. Can you provide further evidence? [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 00:42, 20 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 13:59, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Merge''' <strike>'''Redirect'''</strike> - to [[With Teeth]] per [[WP:NSONGS]]. All the coverage is just cherry-picked mentions from an album review, except for one routine mention about playing it live for the first time many years after a release. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 15:26, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
:*Revised stance to merge. I figured it was already covered at the album article, but it really isn't. The info in the article is ''good'' info to cover somewhere, it just doesn't establish a independent notability or a need for a stand-alone article. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 16:12, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Comment''' <s>'''Redirect or Keep'''</s> I haven’t checked for notability myself, but that redirect target looks good. [[User:McYeee|McYeee]] ([[User talk:McYeee|talk]]) 16:14, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*:You should probably just say "redirect" or wait until you can articulate an actual "keep" response - saying "keep" without a rationale doesn't mean anything, as it's [[WP:NOTAVOTE]]. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 17:03, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
*::Fair point. I guess my response wasn’t that helpful. I just think that, in general, if we have an article for an album, then where possible, we should have an article or a redirect for each song on the album. Rereading, I suspect everyone here already agrees that this is the case, so I haven’t said anything worth saying. So, feel free to ignore the comment. In particular, I was not trying to argue for Keeping over Redirecting it nor do I plan to. [[User:McYeee|McYeee]] ([[User talk:McYeee|talk]]) 09:30, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::What you're saying is a valid "redirect" stance (being a plausible search term for a song within an album), it just isn't a valid reason to keep the article as is. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 10:27, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Merge or redirect to [[With Teeth]]''': Album reviews can't be used to establish notability for a song since they are considered ''[[WP:IS#Indiscriminate sources|indiscriminate sources]]'' for song articles by going over all or most of the songs on the album, and the criteria set forth in [[WP:NSONG]] alludes to this. To demonstrate notability, there needs to be evidence that reliable sources are specifically picking out this particular song with dedicated coverage at the exclusion of the album's other songs, and that has yet to be shown. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 05:19, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Keep''': Meets the general requirements for notability with significant coverage in reliable independent sources. A redirect is totally warranted anyway, so that I am absolutely opposed to deletion. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 20:08, 17 October 2024 (UTC) 
*:I am opposed to it being outright deleted as well. In my nomination, I specifically said that the article should be redirected, since as [[User:Sergecross73]] notes above me, it is a plausible search term as a song on a notable album. I do want to ask you, though: What sources are providing [[WP:SIGCOV]] here, exactly? I ran through all of the sources in my nom, and eight are mentions from album review which as noted do not contribute to notability per [[WP:NSONG]], one is a routine mention about it being debuted live in 2013, and the only other source is a brief mention in a book about the band. Where is the coverage that shows it has enough notability for a standalone article? [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 21:35, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*:It's [[WP:VAGUEWAVE|not enough to just say it]], you've got to prove it. How does it meet the notability standards? What sources provide significant coverage? How does this pass [[WP:NSONGS]]. Nothing in the article currently does, so you need to provide evidence. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 21:45, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*:Agreed with the two replies immediately above that this !vote is merely a vague assertion that any competent closer or admin would ignore. It fails to address or rebut the concerns raised in this discussion about album reviews being unsuitable for song notability, which is backed by broad community consensus having been etched into site guidelines. [[User:Left guide|Left guide]] ([[User talk:Left guide|talk]]) 22:44, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*:@[[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]]: Brief but non-trivial mentions in Carr's book, in the article in Slug Mag, and the short articles about the live performance in NME and Stereogum, none of them being album reviews, for example. The rest of the coverage, although not necessarily relevant for notability, still can be used on the page. I did not mention WP:NSONGS myself, I think. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 23:38, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*::This does not answer my questions, it's more vague allusions. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 00:49, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::Serge's comments are pretty much my thoughts about this too. But I do want to add, [[User:Mushy Yank]], that there are no NME and Slug articles cited on this page. Feel free to add citations to them for participants to come to a consensus about whether or not they meet the criteria for [[WP:SIGCOV]], though I'd be surprised if they do given how lacking significant coverage is in virtually all of the sources currently presented. [[User:JeffSpaceman|JeffSpaceman]] ([[User talk:JeffSpaceman|talk]]) 12:02, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*::::You’re welcome. But you and other users had surely seen those references in your Before, I thought.https://www.nme.com/news/music/nine-inch-nails-37-1232223
*::::https://www.slugmag.com/music/national-music-reviews/nine-inch-nails-the-latter-years/
*::::Also mentioned there, not a review of WT, for example:.https://loudwire.com/black-mirror-nine-inch-nails-youtube-spike/
*::::All in all, I stand by my Keep and think a perhaps short but decent article is possible and that this song has a certain independent notability, which did not seem a particularly shocking or extreme opinion to me. Also, I even mention a redirect myself, so that I am surprised that my !vote received so unfriendly (stating that my reply, even my !vote, contained only ’'vague allusions" is also completely inaccurate and rude) and bordering hostile comments (not talking about yours). Decide what you think best. Thank you very much. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 21:32, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::::{{u|Mushy Yank}} How exactly do you define significant coverage? The NME source very literally only contains ''2 short sentences'' about the song. That's it. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 22:34, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*::::::Significant=non-[[Wikipedia:Trivial mentions|trivial]]. Not "my" definition, it's WP's one. 2 sentences, plus, "very literally" the title of the article. Non-trivial; not a passing mention. Addressing the subject. As I said in my "vague allusions", my opinion is that it's "brief but non-trivial". I'll leave it at that. -[[User talk:Mushy Yank|My, oh my! ]][[User:Mushy Yank|(Mushy Yank)]] 22:44, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*:::::::That is an extremely lenient, uncommon standard. Most would not consider that non-trivial. If this is what you're working with, I only feel more strongly about my merge stance. [[User:Sergecross73|Sergecross73]] [[User talk:Sergecross73|msg me]] 22:47, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Weak Keep or Merge''' - there is some coverage about the song in some of the articles, but in may not be considered in-depth enough. However, seeing that Billboard considered it "the most dramatic song" on the album, I would prefer if the article was kept and if not the info should be merged into [[With Teeth]].[[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 03:10, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The North Star (album)

2024-10-20T02:57:16Z

Drushrush: /* The North Star (album) */

===[[:The North Star (album)]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=The North Star (album)}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The North Star (album)|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 October 17#{{anchorencode:The North Star (album)}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1251433013/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=The North Star (album)}})
Fails [[WP:NOTABILITY]] requirements, specifically [[WP:NMUSIC]]; no [[WP:SIGCOV]]. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 14:57, 17 October 2024 (UTC) Add: The albums by [[Remedy Drive]] that I have nominated for deletion all failed to chart, and do not meet any criteria listed in [[WP:NALBUM]] (and I did not nominate articles by the band which ''had'' charted). Nor do they satisfy [[WP:SIGCOV]] - significant coverage in [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] that are independent of the subject. Passing mention in genre music reviews was all I could find when doing [[WP:BEFORE]], and that doesn't qualify. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 16:56, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Shellwood|Shellwood]] ([[User talk:Shellwood|talk]]) 14:57, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Christianity|list of Christianity-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]][[User talk:Spiderone|(Talk to Spider)]] 17:39, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Weak keep'''. Similarly to ''Imago Amor'', the reviews that are present are the usual weak/blog-esque Christian music sources, but it's an indication there is more coverage out there. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 12:46, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' - There is sufficient coverage such as [https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/remedy-drive-to-release-new-album-imago-amor-jan-29/ ccmmagazine] and [https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/TheNorthStar.asp jesusfreakhideout ]. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 02:54, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The North Star (album)

2024-10-20T02:55:25Z

Drushrush: /* The North Star (album) */

===[[:The North Star (album)]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=The North Star (album)}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The North Star (album)|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 October 17#{{anchorencode:The North Star (album)}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1251433013/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=The North Star (album)}})
Fails [[WP:NOTABILITY]] requirements, specifically [[WP:NMUSIC]]; no [[WP:SIGCOV]]. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 14:57, 17 October 2024 (UTC) Add: The albums by [[Remedy Drive]] that I have nominated for deletion all failed to chart, and do not meet any criteria listed in [[WP:NALBUM]] (and I did not nominate articles by the band which ''had'' charted). Nor do they satisfy [[WP:SIGCOV]] - significant coverage in [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] that are independent of the subject. Passing mention in genre music reviews was all I could find when doing [[WP:BEFORE]], and that doesn't qualify. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 16:56, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Shellwood|Shellwood]] ([[User talk:Shellwood|talk]]) 14:57, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Christianity|list of Christianity-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]][[User talk:Spiderone|(Talk to Spider)]] 17:39, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Weak keep'''. Similarly to ''Imago Amor'', the reviews that are present are the usual weak/blog-esque Christian music sources, but it's an indication there is more coverage out there. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 12:46, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' - There is sufficient coverage such as [[ccmmagazine https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/remedy-drive-to-release-new-album-imago-amor-jan-29/]] and [[jesusfreakhideout https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/TheNorthStar.asp]]. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 02:54, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The North Star (album)

2024-10-20T02:54:54Z

Drushrush: /* The North Star (album) */

===[[:The North Star (album)]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=The North Star (album)}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The North Star (album)|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 October 17#{{anchorencode:The North Star (album)}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1251433013/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=The North Star (album)}})
Fails [[WP:NOTABILITY]] requirements, specifically [[WP:NMUSIC]]; no [[WP:SIGCOV]]. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 14:57, 17 October 2024 (UTC) Add: The albums by [[Remedy Drive]] that I have nominated for deletion all failed to chart, and do not meet any criteria listed in [[WP:NALBUM]] (and I did not nominate articles by the band which ''had'' charted). Nor do they satisfy [[WP:SIGCOV]] - significant coverage in [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] that are independent of the subject. Passing mention in genre music reviews was all I could find when doing [[WP:BEFORE]], and that doesn't qualify. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 16:56, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Shellwood|Shellwood]] ([[User talk:Shellwood|talk]]) 14:57, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Christianity|list of Christianity-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]][[User talk:Spiderone|(Talk to Spider)]] 17:39, 17 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Weak keep'''. Similarly to ''Imago Amor'', the reviews that are present are the usual weak/blog-esque Christian music sources, but it's an indication there is more coverage out there. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 12:46, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' - There is sufficient coverage such as [ccmmagazine https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/remedy-drive-to-release-new-album-imago-amor-jan-29/] and [jesusfreakhideout https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/TheNorthStar.asp]. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 02:54, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

The North Star (album)

2024-10-20T02:52:09Z

Drushrush: /* Production */

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=The North Star (album)|timestamp=20241017145721|year=2024|month=October|day=17|substed=yes}}

{{Infobox album
| name = The North Star
| type = studio
| artist = [[Remedy Drive]]
| cover = Remedydrive the north star.png
| released = January 12, 2018
| genre = [[Christian rock]], [[Christian contemporary]], [[Pop rock]], [[Independent music|Indie]]
| length = 56:15
| label = Independent
| producer = Philip Zach
| prev_title = [[Hope's Not Giving Up]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Living Room Anthology, Vol. 1]]
| next_year = 2020
}}

'''''The North Star''''' is the thirteenth [[Album|studio album]] by American [[Christian rock]] band [[Remedy Drive]]. It is the second in a trilogy of counter-trafficking albums, the first of which being 2014's [[Commodity (album)|''Commodity'']] and the third being 2021's ''[[Imago Amor]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cluver |first=Ross |date=2021-01-15 |title=Remedy Drive to Release New Album 'Imago Amor' Jan 29 |url=https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/remedy-drive-to-release-new-album-imago-amor-jan-29/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=CCM Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> The album was released independently on January 12, 2018.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Remedy Drive, 'The North Star' Review |url=https://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/TheNorthStar.asp |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Jesusfreakhideout.com}}</ref> The album was produced by the band's co-founder Philip Zach,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remedy Drive Artist Profile {{!}} Biography And Discography |url=https://www.newreleasetoday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=614 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=newreleasetoday.com}}</ref> who also produced ''Commodity''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commodity by Remedy Drive {{!}} CD Reviews And Information |url=https://www.newreleasetoday.com/albumdetail.php?album_id=14333 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=newreleasetoday.com}}</ref> and ''Imago Amor''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imago Amor by Remedy Drive {{!}} CD Reviews And Information |url=https://www.newreleasetoday.com/albumdetail.php?album_id=24812 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=newreleasetoday.com}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = Jesus Freak Hideout
| rev1score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}
| rev2 = [[CCM Magazine]]
| rev2score = {{Rating|4.5|5}}
}}
''The North Star'' received generally favorable reviews from critics. In a 4.5 star review for Jesus Freak Hideout, Alex Caldwell praised the album, calling the album an "Epic, challenging and heart-breaking record", and saying that "The combination of a powerhouse message against the backdrop of gorgeous and urgent songwriting makes ''The North Star'' a contender for best album of the year."<ref name="auto"/> ''[[CCM Magazine]]'' gave the album 4.5 stars as well, saying, "Remedy Drive‘s ''The North Star'' will be one of 2018’s releases-to-remember."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-09 |title=Remedy Drive - 'The North Star' album review |url=https://www.ccmmagazine.com/reviews/remedy-drive-the-north-star-album-review/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=CCM Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| total_length = 56:15
| title1 = You've Got Fire (featuring [[Rachael Lampa]])
| length1 = 4:16
| writer1 = David Zach
| title2 = Warlike
| length2 = 4:41
| writer2 = D. Zach, Philip Zach
| title3 = Brighter Than Apathy
| length3 = 7:09
| writer3 = D. Zach
| title4 = Sunlight on Her Face
| length4 = 5:19
| writer4 = D. Zach
| title5 = [[Redemption Song]] ([[Bob Marley and the Wailers]] Cover)
| length5 = 4:32
| writer5 = [[Bob Marley]], Edwin Hawkins
| title6 = I Don't Belong to You
| length6 = 3:38
| writer6 = D. Zach
| title7 = Polaris
| length7 = 4:29
| writer7 = D. Zach
| title8 = Sanctuary (featuring [[Propaganda (musician)|Propoganda]])
| length8 = 5:42
| writer8 = D. Zach, P. Zach, [[Jason Petty]]
| title9 = Kingdom
| length9 = 0:59
| writer9 = D. Zach
| title10 = Endless
| length10 = 5:29
| writer10 = D. Zach
| title11 = Disappear (originally on [[Light Makes a Way]] EP)
| length11 = 4:50
| writer11 = D. Zach, [[Jason Ingram]]
| title12 = Sunlight on Her Face (Cello)
| length12 = 5:07
| writer12 = D. Zach
}}

== Personnel ==

=== Remedy Drive ===
*David Zach – lead vocals, guitars, keys
*Corey Horn – additional guitars, [[ukulele]], background vocals
*Timmy Jones – drums

=== Additional musicians ===
*Philip Zach – [[Synthesizer|synths]], [[Programming (music)|programming]], [[Bass guitar|bass]], background vocals
*[[Rachael Lampa]] – additional vocals on "You've Got Fire"
*[[Propaganda (musician)|Jason Petty]] – additional vocals on "Sanctuary"
*Justin Lepard – [[cello]]

*Masunzi John, Frebour Angel, Console U Nyirantegerwa, Esperana Nyirunseruka, Nziza R. Mirama Peter, Unurihand Espoir, Chantal Ukiase, Bienfat Umusaza, Nadine Utumansema, Dan Mugisha, William Peter, Asser Stephern, Elias Tuyishime, Timmy Jones, , Jesi Jones, Coery Horn, Anna Zach – background vocals on "Brighter Than Apathy"

=== Production ===
*Philip Zach – [[Record producer|producer]], [[Cover art|cover artwork]], [[graphic design]] and layout, [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Audio engineer|engineering]]
*James Dickerson – additional engineering
*Nick Johnson – additional engineering
*Corey Horn – additional engineering
*Jason Germain – [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]]
*Jeremy Cowart – [[photography]]
*Kate Zach – studio photography

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Star}}
[[Category:2018 albums]]
[[Category:Remedy Drive albums]]

SSSniperWolf

2024-10-20T02:39:07Z

Drushrush: shortening intro. sexysexysniper is not important enough to have in the intro. Intro is supposed to be a summary of the most important info. WP:LEAD

{{Short description|English-American YouTuber (born 1992)}}
{{Use|us|date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = SSSniperWolf
| image = Alia Shelesh YouTube shorts screenshot.jpg
| caption = SSSniperWolf in 2022
| birth_name = Alia Shelesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|22}}
| nationality = {{flatlist|
* British
* American<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>
}}
| occupation = [[YouTuber]]
| organization =
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2011–present
| module = 
| channel_name = SSSniperWolf
| pseudonym = sexysexysniper (formerly) Little Lia (second channel)
| channel_url = UCpB959t8iPrxQWj7G6n0ctQ
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reaction video]]s
* [[Video game culture|gaming]] (formerly)
}}
| subscribers = 34.6 million
| views = 25.36 billion
| network =
| associated_acts =
| ruby_year = 
| red_diamond_year = 
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2015
| diamond_button = yes
| diamond_year = 2018
| stats_update = August 25, 2024
}}

'''Alia''' "'''Lia'''" '''Shelesh''' (born {{Birth date|1992|10|22}}), better known as '''SSSniperWolf''', is a British-American [[YouTuber]], and [[internet personality]]. Shelesh launched the "SSSniperWolf" YouTube channel in 2013, which grew to over 5 million subscribers by 2017. According to ''[[British Vogue]]'' in 2020, she is one of the most recognizable [[Internet celebrity|social media personalities]] associated with [[online video game]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Freddie |title=Three Female Pro-Gamers On The Perks Of Online Community |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |website=[[British Vogue]] |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410083130/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, she shifted her focus from video game-related content to [[reaction video]]s.


In 2023, after receiving criticism for "[[copyright infringement|freebooting]]" [[TikTok]] videos in her reaction content,<ref name="time-alia" /><ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> she was involved in an internet scandal involving allegations that she [[doxxed]] a critic, YouTuber [[jacksfilms]], resulting in temporary [[YouTuber#YouTuber earnings|demonetization]].

== Life and career ==
=== Early ===
Alia Shelesh was born on October 22, 1992 in [[Liverpool]], England.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts">{{cite news |last1=Mboga |first1=Paulette |title=Sssniperwolf's parents: 5 quick facts that you need to know |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |work=Tuko.co.ke |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415083912/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is Turkish through her mother and Greek through her father.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> Her family moved to the United States when she was six, at which age she started playing video games.<ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-06-02">{{Cite web|title=Who is Sssniperwolf's boyfriend? Is she married to Evan Sausage?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-06-02|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205747/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-09-07">{{Cite web|title=Who are Sssniperwolf's brothers? Does she have a half-brother?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-09-07|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205808/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shelesh started uploading videos to her YouTube channel "sexysexysniper",<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband">{{cite news |last1=Mather |first1=Katie |title=YouTuber SSSniperwolf is allegedly being sued by husband, former collaborator 1 year after breakup |url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]] |date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102120220/https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/|archive-date=2023-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="video" name="sss1">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=April 22, 2011 |title=STILL no PSN? WTF? |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221024512/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> consisting of [[Let's Play]]s of games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> This channel was active in 2011<ref group="video" name="sss1" /> and 2012.<ref group="video" name="sss2">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date= July 7, 2012 |title=Caught With Porn in 6th Grade |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708010326/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> She moved to the SSSniperWolf channel in 2013,<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> on which her first video was a compilation of [[Failure#Internet memes and "fail"|fails]] in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref group="video" name="first">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=Jan 25, 2013 |title=BO2 Fails + Funnies #1 |type=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |access-date=November 12, 2023 |publisher=SSSniperWolf |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111233714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |url-status=live }}</ref> She derived her handle from [[Characters of the Metal Gear series#Sniper Wolf|Sniper Wolf]], a character from the ''[[Metal Gear]]'' video game series.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>

=== Shift to reaction videos ===
In 2016, she featured on ''Day of Doom'', an event that was hosted by [[id Software]].<ref name="Tubefilter_2016-03-25">{{Cite web|title=iJustine, Rob Gronkowski, And More To Compete In Live ''Doom'' Tournament On YouTube Gaming|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=Tubefilter|date=2016-03-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108034221/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Game Informer_2016-03-24">{{Cite magazine|title=Doom Preview - Bethesda Teams With Pro Athletes To Reveal New Doom Multiplayer Footage|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|magazine=Game Informer|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en|first=Mike|last=Futter|date=2016-03-24|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011552/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="VentureBeat_2016-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Bethesda teams YouTube stars with sports athletes in Day of Doom tournament|url=https://venturebeat.com/business/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=VentureBeat|date=2016-03-24|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011623/https://venturebeat.com/games/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she hosted the show [[Fullscreen (company)#Original programs|''Clickbait'']] in which social media influencers competed in unusual challenges.<ref name="Deadline_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait With SSSniperWolf' Game Show With Social Media Stars|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|website=Deadline|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123337/https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait' Game Show Starring SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212234/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.amazon.com">{{Cite web|title=Clickbait with Sssniperwolf|url=https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|website=Amazon Prime Video|date=2017|access-date=2023-11-08|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011553/https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|url-status=live}}</ref> The show aired on the subscription service [[Fullscreen (company)|Fullscreen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fullscreen picks up Znak & Co game show |url=https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062942/https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also made an appearance on ''FANtasies'', an anthology series.<ref name="Deadline_2017-05-25">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen & Wattpad Partner on 'FANtasies' Scripted Anthology Series|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|website=Deadline|date=2017-05-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Denise|last=Petski|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216010310/https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-05-26">{{Cite web|title=New Fullscreen Series Will Bring Wattpad Fan Fiction About Mamrie Hart, Jon Cozart, To Life|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-05-26|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108031208/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2017, the genre of her content changed from entirely gaming-oriented to primarily [[reaction video]]s.<ref name="Tubefilter_2018-12-19">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Creators Going Pro: YouTube Gaming Star SSSniperwolf Has 20 Million Followers, But Still Wonders If This Is What She's Meant To Do |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014322/https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Arizona Republic">{{Cite web |last=Goodykoontz |first=Bill |title=These YouTubers paid millions for Arizona land. Who are SSSniperwolf and Evan Sausage? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216024210/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, her channel grew to over five million subscribers, and she was among the ten entrants in [[Forbes]]' "Top Influencers" list in the "Gaming" category for 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Influencers of 2017: Gaming |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |website=Forbes |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=en |date=Jun 20, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808003511/https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |title=Markiplier named world's most influential gamer |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |website=Polygon |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164012/https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she appeared on an episode of ''[[Fear Factor]]''<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> and on an episode of ''[[List of YouTube Premium original programming|Ultimate Expedition]]''.<ref name="Tubefilter_2017-12-14">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf, Furious Pete To Compete In YouTube Red's 'Ultimate Expedition' (Trailer)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-12-14|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113141146/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EW Ultimate Survival">{{Cite magazine|title='Ultimate Expedition' sneak peek: Chuck Liddell uses an MMA move on Steve-O|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2018-01-16|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194346/https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JMG: Culture, Entertainment & Style_2018-02-20">{{Cite web|title=Celebrities Take 'Ultimate' Challenge with Jukka Hildén on YouTube RED|url=https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|website=JMG|date=2018-02-20|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|first=Jacquari|last=Harris|archive-date=November 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114000414/https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she was nominated in the [[2019 Teen Choice Awards]] in the category "Choice Gamer"<ref name="EW Teen Choice">{{Cite magazine|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2019-08-11|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the "Favorite Esports Star" award in the [[2019 Kids' Choice Sports]].<ref name="Variety_2019-07-12">{{Cite web|title=Dwyane Wade, Megan Rapinoe Win Big at 2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards|url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|website=Variety|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=BreAnna|last=Bell|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520194609/https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paramount_kids_choice_sports">{{Cite web|title=Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Sports 2019 Winners Release|url=https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|website=[[Paramount Global]]|date=2019-07-11|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327005552/https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 and 2020, she won the [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] in the category "favorite gamer".<ref name="Deadline_2019-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards 2019 – Complete Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|website=Deadline|date=2019-03-24|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Anita|last=Bennett|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221604/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter_2020-05-02">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards: LeBron James, 'Endgame' Cast and Slime Featured in Virtual Show|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2020-05-02|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Kimberly|last=Nordyke|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518080641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube ranked Shelesh third on its "US Top Creators" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube names the top 10 most-viewed videos uploaded in 2021 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175130/https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she won the Gaming Influencer of the Year Award at the American Influencer Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segarra |first=Edward |title=Bretman Rock, Trixie Mattel and more win at American Influencer Awards: See the winners list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218184445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legal dispute with Evan Young ===
On August 1, 2023, it was reported that Shelesh was one of the highest-paid YouTubers with a net worth of US$16 million.<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> On August 17, 2023, Evan Young filed a lawsuit against Shelesh for [[breach of contract]] and financial misdoings in relation to content produced by Channel Red, their joint company. He accused her of not paying him for work he did for Channel Red.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29">{{Cite web |last=Phillipp |first=Charlotte |date=2023-09-29 |title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Sued by Estranged Husband, Former Collaborator for Breach of Contract |url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011221053/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Messenger |language=en}}</ref> Young also claimed he curated and scripted her content for years.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> Shelesh filed a [[motion to dismiss]] on October 5, 2023, claiming the accusations were "vindictive". In the dismissal, attorneys claimed that not long after filing for divorce, Young locked Shelesh out of several [[YouTube]] channels they managed together, including the main SSSniperWolf channel and her personal channel Little Lia,<ref name="The Messenger_2023-11-09">{{Cite web|title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Pushes for Estranged Husband's Lawsuit to Be Thrown Out|url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109230020/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2023|website=The Messenger|date=2023-11-09|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en|first=Charlotte|last=Phillipp}}</ref> on which she uploads beauty-related content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s next for branded virtual experiences |url=https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Think with Google |language=en-emea |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218185514/https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Conflict with jacksfilms ===
YouTuber [[John Patrick Douglass]], known as jacksfilms, accused Shelesh of profiting from other creators' work through monetizing her reaction videos, while frequently not providing proper credit,<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms alleges SSSniperwolf, one of the highest-paid creators on the platform, 'steals' content: 'Disheartening'|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]]|date=2023-08-01|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Katie|last=Mather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232414/https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|archive-date=2023-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> and characterized her content as rudimentary and not [[Transformative use|transformative]] enough for [[fair use]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> In 2022, he began using the "JJJacksfilms" account to parody Shelesh's videos.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26" /><ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms urges YouTube to "step in" after SSSniperwolf doxxing allegations|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|website=Tubefilter|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233931/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, she made several social media posts accusing him of [[sexism]] and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" />

On October 13, 2023, Shelesh, while filming near Douglass's house, asked her followers if she should pay him a visit, stating that he lives near Shelesh's studio. She showed his house in an Instagram story<ref name="time-alia">{{cite magazine |title=Two YouTubers Fought Over Doxxing Accusation. YouTube Criticized For Slow Response |url=https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404095632/https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> captioned "let's talk like adults",<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26"/><ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25">{{Cite web|title=YouTube demonetizes popular content creator SSSniperwolf after doxxing accusations|url=https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=2023-10-25|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=Cass|last=Marshall|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011608/https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC News_2023-10-20">{{Cite news|title=YouTube demonetizes prominent creator Sssniperwolf's channel following accusations of doxxing fellow creator|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|work=NBC News|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|first1=|last1=Kalhan Rosenblatt|first2=|last2=Angela Yang|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043438/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|url-status=live}}</ref> which was quickly removed, but her followers shared screenshots.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf and JacksFilms Wild YouTuber Drama, Explained|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|website=Kotaku Australia|date=2023-10-26|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-AU|first=Emily|last=Spindler|archive-date=November 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124330/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> Douglass responded by accusing Shelesh of [[doxing]] him,<ref name="time-alia"/> called her actions "creepy, gross, violating",<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-14">{{Cite web|last=Barovic|first=Andrej|title=Jacksfilms says he was doxed by Sssniperwolf after shining light on reaction-style YT content|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126223827/https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked YouTube to [[Legal tender|demonetize]] her.<ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25"/> Douglass's wife expressed safety concerns,<ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18"/><ref name="Insider">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms says a streamer he criticized showed up to his house and doxxed him to her 34 million followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> and the pair contemplated moving.<ref name="Insider_2023-11-05">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms said he was 'strongly considering moving' after getting doxxed by fellow YouTuber to her millions of followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|date=2023-11-05|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh said that she had found the Douglasses' address on [[Google Search|Google]], that she "had no idea how to dox",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Placido |first=Dani Di |date=October 20, 2023 |title=SSSniperwolf Vs. Jacksfilms: YouTube Doxxing Controversy, Explained |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/10/20/sssniperwolf-vs-jacksfilms-the-messy-youtube-controversy-explained/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=}}</ref> that Douglass was "creating drama to pay [the pair's] bills", and that he was a "creep".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Vaishnavi |title=Jacksfilms accuses SSSniperwolf of 'doxxing' him, asks YouTube to demonetize 'dangerous creator' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205081836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelesh discussed seeking a [[restraining order]] against Douglass, whom she called "obsessed" over the matter.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms calls out YouTube hypocrisy as SSsniperwolf remains unbanned after doxxing incident|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 18, YouTube's Twitter account posted "would it be too meta to do a reaction video to a reaction video", which multiple users interpreted as an offhand comment on the situation, causing a backlash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodgson |first=Lindsay |title=People are critcizing YouTube for inaction after Jacksfilms said he was doxxed by a rival creator to her 34 million followers |url=https://www.insider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 19, a [[Change.org]] petition to remove SSSniperWolf from YouTube gathered 13,000 signatures.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-20">{{Cite web|last=Tsiaoussidis|first=Alex|title=Pressure mounts on YouTube to ban SSSniperwolf for doxxing after 'tone deaf' tweet|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, YouTube temporarily demonetized her channel,<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|last=Pequeño IV|first=Antonio|title=YouTube Temporarily Demonetizes SSSniperWolf After Doxxing Controversy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|website=Forbes|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> while expressing disapproval of "[[false balance|both sides]]'" behavior.<ref name="time-alia" /> Multiple YouTubers saw the latter as unfair.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=YouTube finally takes action in SSSniperWolf controversy—and everyone's still furious|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127064546/https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh subsequently apologized to Douglass in a tweet, saying that her actions were "inexcusable" and that she respects YouTube's decision.<ref name="Hindustan Times_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperwolf apologises as YouTube demonetises her over 'doxxing' incident|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She continued to upload videos on her "SSSniperWolf Top Videos" channel, but it was later also demonetized.<ref name="Mein-MMO.de_2023-11-26">{{Cite web|title=31-Jährige verdient kein Geld auf YouTube trotz 7 Millionen Views am Tag, weil sie ungeschriebene Regel brach|url=https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|website=Mein-MMO.de|date=2023-11-26|access-date=2023-11-28|language=de-DE|first=Gerd|last=Schuhmann|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090725/https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="r/JacksFilms_2023-10-23">{{Cite web|author=TeamYouTube|authorlink=YouTube|title=It's not violating YouTube's ban evasion policy if you reupload your videos from a channel that isn't monetized on a monetized channel, right?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|website=Reddit|type=User comment|date=2023-10-23|access-date=2023-11-28|quote=Jumping in to confirm that the ‘SSSniperWolf Top Videos’ channel was also temporarily suspended from YPP per our Creator Responsibility guidelines. Consistent with that policy, we applied the YPP suspension to the creator’s associated channels.|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023171534/https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN Brasil_2023-12-02">{{Cite web|title=Youtuber com mais de 7 milhões de views por dia não ganha um centavo por ter quebrado regra básica|trans-title=Youtuber with more than 7 million views per day doesn't earn a cent due to breaking basic rules|url=https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|website=IGN Brasil|date=2023-12-02|access-date=2023-12-03|language=pt-br|first=Viny|last=Mathias|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014303/https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Shelesh and Evan Young, her partner at the time, bought a house in [[Henderson, Nevada]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wargo |first1=Buck |date=16 August 2019 |title=New Las Vegas mansions draw celebrities |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170032/https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which they sold in 2022,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> after which they moved to [[Mummy Mountain (Arizona)|Mummy Mountain, Arizona]].<ref name="usa-today-2022">{{cite web |last1=Reagor |first1=Catherine |title=Arizona Business Gazette 28 Apr 2022, page BG2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/881677905/?clipping_id=133886038&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg4MTY3NzkwNSwiaWF0IjoxNjk4OTI5MjIyLCJleHAiOjE2OTkwMTU2MjJ9.bCapgMaiWQlxskqhpwu5KhStuuVsOmaSLDUHQRyIPyA |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=USA Today |access-date=2 November 2023 |language=en |date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194837/https://www.newspapers.com/image/881677905/?clipping_id=133886038&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg4MTY3NzkwNSwiaWF0IjoxNjk4OTI5MjIyLCJleHAiOjE2OTkwMTU2MjJ9.bCapgMaiWQlxskqhpwu5KhStuuVsOmaSLDUHQRyIPyA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> In September 2023, they were reported to be legally married,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /><ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" /> though they had separated in September 2022<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> and filed for divorce in late 2022.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" />

== Reception ==
In a review of her main channel, Kennedy Unthank from [[:Focus on the Family#Pluggedin.com|''Plugged In'']] commended her for seeking to "make people laugh through daily uploads" and the quantity of available videos. However, Unthank voiced concern that she "may be profiting from someone else’s work" with her reaction videos through YouTube's monetization system. According to Unthank, while some of her reactions provide additional insight or have a [[Transformative use|transformative]] nature, many of her videos did not offer anything substantial over the original clip that was being reacted to.<ref name="Plugged In">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|website=Plugged In|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|date=2023-08-25|first=Kennedy|last=Unthank|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217043741/https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Linguist [[John McWhorter]] of the ''New York Times'' commented on her use of [[African-American English|Black English]] words and idioms, using her language as an example of "effortless infusion of Black English expressions".<ref name="The New York Times_2021-10-08">{{Cite news|title=Opinion {{!}} Cultural Appropriation Can Be Beautiful|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|work=The New York Times|date=2021-10-08|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|first=John|last=McWhorter|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053232/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Works cited ===
{{reflist}}

=== Video sources ===
{{reflist|group=video}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|u=SSSniperWolf|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
* {{YouTube|h=sssniperwolftopvideos|SSSniperWolf Top Videos|suffix=}}
* {{YouTube|h=LittleLiaWolf|"Little Lia"|suffix=}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7238352|Alia Shelesh}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|Video games}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:English YouTubers]]
[[Category:Commentary YouTubers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:English people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Fullscreen (company) people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Henderson, Nevada]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2011]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Liverpool]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Nevada]]

Asimina triloba

2024-10-20T02:35:27Z

Drushrush: /* Cultivation */

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{about|the common pawpaw of eastern North America|the unrelated tropical papaya fruit often called 'papaw' or 'pawpaw'|Carica papaya|other uses|Paw Paw (disambiguation)}}
{{use mdy dates |date=September 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Asimina_triloba3.jpg
| image_caption = In fruit
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{Cite journal |year=2018 |title=''Asimina triloba'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |volume=208 |at=e.T135958357A135958359. |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T135958357A135958359.en |s2cid=242070317|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|status2 = G5
|status2_system = TNC
|status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.148616/Asimina_triloba |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref>
| genus = Asimina
| species = triloba
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Michel Félix Dunal|Dunal]]
| range_map = Asimina triloba range map 1.png
| range_map_caption = Natural range
}}

'''''Asimina triloba''''', the '''American papaw''', '''pawpaw''', '''paw paw''', or '''paw-paw''', among many regional names, is a small [[deciduous tree]] native to the eastern United States and southern [[Ontario]], Canada, producing a large, yellowish-green to brown [[fruit]].<ref name="KSU">{{Cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Snake C. |last2=Layne |first2=Desmond R. |date=2019 |title=Pawpaw Description and Nutritional Information |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/pawpaw-description-and-nutritional-information/ |access-date=30 December 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230230839/https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/pawpaw-description-and-nutritional-information/ |publisher=Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension Program}}</ref><ref name="ncsu">{{Cite web |title=''Asimina triloba'' |publisher=College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/asimina-triloba/ |access-date=2018-12-19 |url-status=live |archive-date=2018-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406224241/https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/asimina-triloba/}}</ref><ref name="layne">{{Cite web |last=Layne |first=DR |date=1998-02-24 |title=Pawpaw |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/pawpaw.html |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190711221948/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/pawpaw.html |archive-date=2019-07-11 |access-date=2018-12-19 |publisher=NewCrop Factsheet, Purdue University}}</ref> ''Asimina'' is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family [[Annonaceae]], and ''Asimina triloba'' has the most northern range of all.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Hongwen |last2=Layne |first2=Desmond |last3=Kubisiak |first3=Thomas |date=July 2000 |title=RAPD Inheritance and Diversity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) |journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science |volume=125 |issue=4 |pages=454–459 |doi=10.21273/JASHS.125.4.454 |url=https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/125/4/article-p454.xml|doi-access=free }}</ref> Well-known tropical fruits of different genera in family Annonaceae include the [[custard-apple]], [[cherimoya]], [[Sugar-apple|sweetsop]], [[Cananga odorata|ylang-ylang]], and [[soursop]].

The pawpaw is a [[cloning|patch-forming (clonal)]] [[understory]] tree of hardwood forests, which is found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and also hilly upland habitat.<ref name="nc">{{Cite web |title=Native Pawpaw Tree |url=https://caldwell.ces.ncsu.edu/2017/09/native-pawpaw-tree/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=North Carolina State University|date=September 6, 2017 }}</ref> It has large, simple leaves with drip tips, more characteristic of plants in [[tropical rainforest]]s than within this species' [[temperate climate|temperate]] range.<ref name="illinois">{{Cite web |last=Pankau |first=Ryan |title=Pawpaw |website=Illinois Extension Service |date=March 28, 2018 |publisher=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |url=https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/garden-scoop/2018-03-28-pawpaw |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> Pawpaw fruits are the largest edible fruit [[Indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] to the United States<ref name="purdue" /><ref name="nps">{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Elizabeth |date=21 September 2021 |title=Pawpaw: Small Tree, Big Impact |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/pawpaw.htm |access-date=16 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> (not counting [[squash (fruit)|squashes]], which are typically considered [[vegetable]]s rather than fruit for culinary purposes, although in [[botany]] they are classified as fruit).<ref name="KSU" />

Pawpaw fruits are sweet, with a [[custard]]-like texture, and a flavor somewhat similar to [[banana]], [[mango]], and [[pineapple]]. They are commonly eaten raw, but are also used to make ice cream and baked desserts. However, the bark, leaves, fruit, and seeds contain the potent [[neurotoxin]] [[annonacin]].<ref name="toxic">{{Cite journal |last1=Avalos |first1=J |last2=Rupprecht |first2=J. K. |last3=McLaughlin |first3=J. L. |last4=Rodriguez |first4=E |year=1993 |title=Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae) |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=33–5 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb04533.x |pmid=8365150 |s2cid=41590523}}</ref>

==Names==

[[File:Pawpaw flowers parts.jpg|thumb|Flower parts and stages (female at bottom, pollen-rich male at right)]]
[[File:Ripe fruit of Asimina triloba.jpg|thumb|Ripe fruit of ''Asimina triloba'', cut open to reveal the large seeds]]
This plant's [[binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] is ''Asimina triloba.'' The genus name ''Asimina'' is adapted from the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] (probably [[Miami-Illinois language|Miami-Illinois]]<ref name="Chamberlain">{{Cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Alexander F. |author-link=Alexander Francis Chamberlain |date=1 December 1902 |title=Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian. |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |publisher=American Folklore Society |volume=15 |issue=59 |pages=240–267 |doi=10.2307/533199 |issn=0021-8715 |jstor=533199}}</ref>) name {{lang|mia|assimin}} or {{lang|mia|rassimin}}<ref name="Werthner">{{Cite book |last=Werthner |first=William B. |title=Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1935 |location=New York |pages=xviii + 398 pp}}</ref> combining the root terms rassi= "divided lengthwise into equal parts" and min= "seed, fruit, nut, berry, etc."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Alexander F. |date=October 1902 |title=Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/533199 |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=15 |issue=59 |pages=240–267 |doi=10.2307/533199 |jstor=533199 |issn=0021-8715}}</ref> through the [[French colonization of the Americas|French colonial]] {{lang|fr|asiminier}}.<ref name="Sargent">{{Cite book |last=Sargent |first=Charles Sprague |title=Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company: The Riverside Press Cambridge |year=1933 |location=Boston and New York |pages=xxvi + 910}}</ref> The specific epithet ''triloba'' in the species' scientific name refers to its lobed fruits (three lobes, "fructibus trifidus," in Linnaeus' original description).<ref name="Linnaeus">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Species Plantarum |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |year=1753 |location=Holmiae |pages=1200}}</ref>

The common name of this species is variously spelled pawpaw, paw paw, paw-paw, and papaw. It probably derives from the Spanish ''[[papaya]]'', an American tropical and subtropical fruit (''Carica papaya'') sometimes also called "papaw",<ref>{{OEtymD|papaya|accessdate=2012-10-28}}</ref> perhaps because of the superficial similarity of their fruits and the fact that both have very large leaves. The name pawpaw or papaw, first recorded in print in English in 1598, originally meant the giant herb ''Carica papaya'' or its fruit (as it still commonly does in many English-speaking communities, including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa). Daniel F. Austin's ''Florida Ethnobotany''<ref>CRC Press, 2004, p.122.</ref> states that:

<blockquote>The original "papaw" ... is ''Carica papaya''. By 1598, English-speaking people in the Caribbean were calling these plants "pawpaws" or "papaws" ... [yet later, when English-speakers settled in] the temperate Americas, they found another tree with a similarly aromatic, sweet fruit. It reminded them of the "papaya", which had already become "papaw", so that is what they called these different plants ... By 1760, the names "papaw" and "pawpaw" were being applied to ''A. triloba''.</blockquote>

Yet ''A. triloba'' has had numerous local common names, many of which compare it to a banana rather than to ''Carica papaya''. These include wild banana, prairie banana, Indiana banana, [[Hoosier]] banana, West Virginia banana, Kansas banana, Kentucky banana, Michigan banana, Missouri banana, [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] banana, [[Ozarks|Ozark]] banana, Indian banana, banango, and the poor man's banana, as well as American custard apple, ''asimoya'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 1996 |title=The Asimoya |url=http://rfcarchives.org.au/Next/Fruits/CustardApple/Asimoya11-96.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329063352/http://rfcarchives.org.au/Next/Fruits/CustardApple/Asimoya11-96.htm |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2017 |publisher=The Archives of the Rare Fruit Council of Australia}}</ref> [[Quaker]] delight, and hillbilly mango.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schweitzer |first=Ally |date=15 September 2017 |title=This Once-Obscure Fruit Is On Its Way To Becoming PawPaw-Pawpular |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/15/550985844/this-once-obscure-fruit-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-pawpaw-pawpular |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405152933/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/15/550985844/this-once-obscure-fruit-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-pawpaw-pawpular |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=NPR }}</ref>

Several tribes of Native Americans have terms for the pawpaw such as {{lang|paw|riwahárikstikuc}} ([[Pawnee language|Pawnee]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Indian Studies Research Institute |website=zia.aisri.indiana.edu |url=http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213143503/http://zia.aisri.indiana.edu/~dictsearch/ |archive-date=2018-12-13 |access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref> {{lang|ksk|tózhaⁿ hu}} ([[Kansa language|Kansa]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=English to Kanza Dictionary |website=kawnation.com |url=http://www.kawnation.com/WebKanza/LangResources/nglshknzdctnry.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011115616/http://www.kawnation.com/WebKanza/LangResources/nglshknzdctnry.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref> and {{lang|cho|umbi}} ([[Choctaw language|Choctaw]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Byington |first=Cyrus |title=A dictionary of the Choctaw language |publisher=United States Government Printing office |year=1915 |isbn=1566321085 |oclc=53387982 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/choctawlanguag00byinrich/page/359 359] |url=https://archive.org/details/choctawlanguag00byinrich |access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref>

==Description==
{{stack|[[File:Pawpaw Flowers.jpg|thumb|Pawpaw produces flowers before its leaves emerge.]]}}
''A. triloba'' is a large [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to a height of {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}}, rarely as tall as {{convert|45|ft|m|abbr=on}}, with trunks {{convert|8|-|12|in|cm|abbr=on}} or more in diameter. The large leaves of pawpaw trees are clustered symmetrically at the ends of the branches, giving a distinctive imbricated appearance to the tree's foliage.<ref name=Werthner/><ref name="Keeler" />

The [[leaf|leaves]] of the species are simple, alternate and spirally arranged, entire, [[deciduous]], [[lanceolate|obovate-lanceolate]], {{convert|10|-|12|in|cm|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|4|-|5|in|cm|abbr=on}} broad, and wedge-shaped at the base, with an acute apex and an entire margin, with the midrib and primary veins prominent. The [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] are short and stout, with a prominent adaxial groove. Stipules are lacking. The expanding leaves are conduplicate, green, covered with rusty tomentum beneath, and hairy above; when fully grown they are smooth, dark green above, and paler beneath. When bruised, the leaves have a disagreeable odor similar to a green [[bell pepper]]. In autumn, the leaves are a rusty yellow, allowing pawpaw groves to be spotted from a long distance.<ref name="KSU" /><ref name=Werthner/><ref name="Keeler">{{Cite book |last=Keeler |first=Harriet L. |url=https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog |title=Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1900 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog/page/n47 20]–23 |access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref>

Pawpaw [[flower]]s are [[Perfect flower|perfect]] and [[protogynous]],<ref name=lagrangetramer1985>{{cite journal |last1=LaGrange |first1=Renee L |last2=Tramer |first2=Elliot J|title=Geographic Variation in Size and Reproductive Success in the Paw Paw (''Asimina triloba'') |journal=Ohio Journal of Science |date=1985 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=40–45 |url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/23052/V085N1_040.pdf?sequence=1&is|s2cid=5658221|access-date=15 July 2024|via=The Ohio State University Libraries Knowledge Bank}}</ref> about {{convert|1|-|2|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} across, rich red-purple or maroon when mature, with three sepals and six petals. They are borne singly on stout, hairy, axillary [[peduncle (botany)|peduncles]]. The flowers are produced in early spring at the same time as or slightly before the new leaves appear, and have a faint fetid or yeasty smell.<ref name="KSU" /><ref name=Werthner/><ref name=Keeler/><ref name="Georgia">{{Cite web |last1=Krewer |first1=Gerard W. |last2=Crocker |first2=Thomas F. |last3=Bertrand |first3=Paul F. |last4=Horton |first4=Dan L. |date=2015-02-20 |title=Minor Fruits and Nuts in Georgia - Pawpaw, Bulletin 992 |url=http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B992#title14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020040956/http://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.cfm?number=B992#title14 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |access-date=2016-10-19 |publisher=University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Athens, GA |orig-year=2012}}</ref>

The [[fruit]] of the pawpaw is a large, yellowish-green to brown [[Berry (botany)|berry]], {{convert|2|-|6|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|-|3|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} broad, weighing from {{convert|0.7|–|18|oz|g|abbr=on}}, containing several brown or black [[seed]]s {{convert|1/2|-|1|in|mm|round=5|abbr=on}} in diameter embedded in the soft, edible fruit pulp. The conspicuous fruits begin developing after the plants flower; they are initially green, maturing by September or October to green, yellowish green, or brown. When mature, the heavy fruits bend the weak branches down. Full ripening often happens only after the fruit falls naturally, thus signifying a [[seed dispersal]] strategy aimed at ground-based, rather than [[arboreal locomotion|arboreal]], mammals.<ref name="KSU" /><ref name=Werthner/><ref name=Keeler/><ref name=Barlow2001 />

Other characteristics:
* Calyx: Sepals three, valvate in bud, ovate, acuminate, pale green, downy<ref name=Werthner/><ref name=Keeler/>
* Corolla: Petals six, in two rows, imbricate in the bud; inner row acute, erect, nectariferous; outer row broadly ovate, reflexed at maturity; petals at first are green, then brown, and finally become dull purple or maroon and conspicuously veiny<ref name=Werthner/><ref name=Keeler/>
* Stamens: Indefinite, densely packed on the globular receptacle; filaments short; anthers extrorse, two-celled, opening longitudinally<ref name=Keeler/>
* Pollen: Shed as permanent tetrads<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.</ref>
* Pistils: Several, on the summit of the receptacle, projecting from the mass of stamens; ovary one-celled; stigma sessile; ovules many<ref name=Keeler/>
* Branchlets: Light brown, tinged with red, marked by shallow grooves<ref name=Keeler/>
* Winter buds: Small, of two kinds, the leaf buds pointed and closely appressed to the twigs, and the flower buds round, brown, and fuzzy<ref name=Werthner/>
* Bark: Light gray, sometimes blotched with lighter gray spots, sometimes covered with small excrescences, divided by shallow fissures; inner bark tough, fibrous; bark with a very disagreeable odor when bruised<ref name=Werthner/><ref name=Keeler/>
* Wood: Pale, greenish yellow, sapwood lighter; light, soft, coarse-grained and spongy with a [[specific gravity]] of 0.3969 and a density of {{convert|24.74|lb/cuft|kg/m3}}<ref name=Werthner/><ref name=Keeler/>
* Longevity of fruit production: Undetermined<ref name="Cantaluppi">{{Cite journal |last=Cantaluppi |first=C. J. |date=2016-06-01 |title=The Pawpaw: An Emerging Specialty Crop |url=https://www.nacaa.com/journal/index.php?jid=582 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the NACAA |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=2158-9429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134234/https://www.nacaa.com/journal/index.php?jid=582 |archive-date=2018-12-19 |access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref>

== Range and ecology ==

''Asimina triloba'' is a member of the [[Annonaceae]] family, commonly referred to as the "custard-apple" or "soursop" family. Annonaceae are a diverse group comprising the single largest family of the order [[Magnoliales]]. They are a tropical family consisting of 112 accepted genera with about 2,200 species spread primarily across South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Simpson, Michael G |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1322908222 |title=Plant Systematics |date=October 15, 2019 |isbn=978-0-12-812628-8 |oclc=1322908222|publisher=Academic Press|location=Amsterdam}}</ref>

The pawpaw is an exception to this pattern, as it is the most temperate member of its family. Its range extends as far north as the southern portion of [[Ontario, Canada]]. Within the United States, pawpaw is native to the eastern, southern, and midwestern states, ranging from [[New York (state)|New York]] westward to southeastern [[Nebraska]], southward to eastern [[Texas]] and the panhandle of [[Florida]].<ref name="KSU" /><ref name="FNA A. triloba">{{Cite book |last=Kral |first=Robert |title=Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-511246-7 |series=[[Flora of North America]] |volume=3 |location=New York, NY |chapter=Annonaceae |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220001231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=''Asimina triloba'' (L.) Dunal |url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ASTR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427025037/https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ASTR |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Plants Database, Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> The tree is commonly found in the wild within or along the slopes of [[floodplain]]s and shady, rich bottomlands,<ref name="Modeling the geographic distributio">{{Cite journal |last=Tulowiecki |first=Stephen J |date=2021 |title=Modeling the geographic distribution of pawpaw (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) in a portion of its northern range limits, western New York State, USA |journal=Plant Ecology |volume=222 |issue=2 |pages=193–208 |doi=10.1007/s11258-020-01098-x|bibcode=2021PlEco.222..193T |s2cid=228809757 }}</ref> but it requires somewhat elevated slopes because it has a deep-reaching [[taproot]].

=== Hybridization with other ''Asimina'' species ===
The common pawpaw is the largest and most well known of the 13 species of the ''[[Asimina]]'' genus in North America. Of those 13, 11 prefer very warm weather and have ranges rarely extending northward of Florida or coastal Alabama. Their ranges do not overlap with ''Asimina triloba''.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

One southern USA species, ''[[Asimina parviflora]]'', does overlap in range with pawpaw. This species is smaller than pawpaw in both its flower and its woody growth. ''A. parviflora'' is more shrublike, rarely growing even a third as tall as pawpaw. Genomically verified hybrids of ''A. triloba'' and ''A. parviflora'' have been classified as ''[[Asimina piedmontana]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horn |first=Charles N. |date=December 2015 |title=A New Hybrid of ''Asimina'' (Annonaceae) Based on Morphological and Ecological Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2179/15-067 |journal=Castanea |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=262–272 |doi=10.2179/15-067 |s2cid=85661787 |issn=0008-7475}}</ref>

===Pollination===
{{stack|[[File:Pawpaw flowers insect visitors not pollinators.jpg|thumb|Downward-hanging pawpaw flowers attract many kinds of insects that are not effective cross-pollinators. Female flower stage at left; male at right.|right|upright=1.75]]}}
Pawpaw are [[Self-incompatibility|self-incompatible]], meaning pollen cannot fertilize flowers on the same plant.<ref name=":0" /> This, coupled with the pawpaw's tendency to form clonal patches can reduce fertilization success. A single patch consisting of many stems may therefore produce no fruit if all stems are genetically identical. Fruitless pawpaw patches have been documented in Ohio.<ref name=lagrangetramer1985/>

The floral scent of ''Asimina triloba'' has been described as "yeasty", which is one of several features that signify a "beetle [[pollination syndrome]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodrich |first=Katherine R |display-authors=etal |date=January 2006 |title=When Flowers Smell Fermented: The Chemistry and Ontogeny of Yeasty Floral Scent in Pawpaw (''Asimina triloba'': Annonaceae) |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=33–46 |doi=10.1086/498351|s2cid=2309906 }}</ref> Other floral features of pawpaw indicative of beetle pollination include petals that curve over the downward-pointing flower center, along with food-rich fleshy bases of the inner whorl of petals. A "pollination chamber" is thereby created at a depth that only small beetles can access during the initial female-receptive stage of floral bloom. As with other well-studied species of Annonaceae, the delay in the shift from female to male floral stage offers beetles a secure, and possibly [[thermogenic]], residence in which not only to feed but also to mate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thein |first1=Leonard B |last2=Azuma |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Kawano |first3=Shoichi |date=November 2000 |title=New Perspectives on the Pollination Biology of Basal Angiosperms |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=161 |issue=S6 |pages=S225–S235 |doi=10.1086/317575|s2cid=84852646 }}</ref> Receptive [[stigma (botany)|stigmas]] at their arrival, followed by pollen-shedding [[stamens]] during pollinator departure, are regarded as an early form of [[mutualism (biology)|mutualism]] evolved between plants and insects that is still dominant in the most ancient lineages of flowering plants, including the [[Magnoliids]] (of which [[Annonaceae]] is the most species-rich taxonomic family).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gottsberger |first1=Gerhard |last2=Silberbauer-Gottsberger |first2=Ilse |title=Basal Angiosperms and Beetle Pollination |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299980423 |access-date=2022-03-31 |publisher=XI congreso latinoamericano de botánica e LXV congresso nacional de botânica (2014)}}</ref>

{{stack|[[File:Boone-may-16-beetle.jpg|thumb|''[[Glischrochilus quadrisignatus]]'' ("Four-spotted sap beetle") is one of two tiny beetle species documented deep inside pawpaw flowers in Michigan.<ref name=survey>{{Cite web |last=Barlow |first=Connie |title=Pawpaw Ecological Survey in Michigan (with background information and excerpts of scholarly papers) |url=http://www.torreyaguardians.org/pawpaw-ecological-michigan.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Torreya Guardians}}</ref>]]}}
Beetles are the dominant form of pollinator ascribed for genera and species within the Annonaceae family. However, two species of genus ''Asimina'' (''Asimina triloba'' and ''[[Asimina parviflora]]'') bear a floral character that has given rise to an alternative hypothesis that carrion or dung flies are their effective pollinators. That floral characteristic is the dark maroon color of the petals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gottsberger |first=Gerhard |date=2008 |title=Pollination and Evolution in Neotropical Annonaceae |journal=Plant Species Biology |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=143–152 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-1984.1999.00018.x}}</ref><ref name="saunders">{{Cite journal |last=Saunders |first=Richard MK |date=2012 |title=The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=169 |pages=222–244 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01208.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Hence, while no scholarly papers have documented carrion or dung flies as effective pollinators in field observations, the strength of this hypothesis has led to placement of carrion during the bloom time in pawpaw orchards by some horticultural growers.<ref name="illinois" /><ref name="moore">{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Andrew |title=Pawpaw: In Search of America's Forgotten Fruit |date=2015 |publisher=Chelsea Green |isbn=978-1-60358-596-5 |location=Vermont |page=4}}</ref>

Professional papers on genus ''Asimina'' and its species have warned of the difficulties in discerning whether insects observed on or collected from flowers are effective pollinators or merely casual and thus opportunistic visitors.<ref name=saunders/><ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal |last=Kral |first=Robert |date=October 1960 |title=A Revision of Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2805119 |journal=Brittonia |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=233–278 |doi=10.2307/2805119|jstor=2805119 |bibcode=1960Britt..12..233K |s2cid=35766955 }}</ref><ref name="Visitor or vector? The extent of ro">{{Cite journal |last1=Sayers |first1=Thomas DJ |last2=Steinbauer |first2=Martin J |last3=Miller |first3=Rebecca E |date=April 2019 |title=Visitor or vector? The extent of rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) pollination and floral interactions |journal=Arthropod-Plant Interactions |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=685–701 |doi=10.1007/s11829-019-09698-9|bibcode=2019APInt..13..685S |s2cid=117745469 }}</ref>

A [[citizen science]] project in southern [[Michigan]] utilized [[natural history]] forms of observation, along with video and photo documentation, during a "pawpaw pollinator watch" in May 2021.<ref name=survey /> Two species of tiny [[sap beetle]] were reported as the most abundant and the most consistently present insect types at depth within the flowers, and thus as the most likely effective pollinators. The two species are ''[[Glischrochilus quadrisignatus]]'' and ''[[Stelidota geminata]]''. Both are in the taxonomic family [[sap beetle|Nitidulidae]]. Nitidulid beetles are described by [[Clemson University]] as likely "night flying" pollinators of pawpaw.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pawpaw Factsheet |url=https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/pawpaw/ |website=Clemson Cooperative Extension |publisher=Clemson University |access-date=2023-05-06 }}</ref> Larvae and adult beetle stages of ''Glischrochilus quadrisignatus'' were also documented by the citizen project on the ground-level side of rotting fruit in a pawpaw orchard in Michigan following the fruit harvest.<ref name=survey />

===Seed dispersal===

Until the expansion of humans into North America at the end of the [[Pleistocene]], dispersal of pawpaw seeds would primarily have occurred via the dung of certain [[megafauna]] (such as [[mastodon]]s, [[mammoth]]s, and [[giant ground sloth]]s). <ref name="Anachronistic">{{Cite web |last=Barlow |first=Connie |date=2001 |title=Anachronistic Fruits and the Ghosts Who Haunt Them |url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/618.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212155715/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/618.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2013 |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=Harvard University Arboretum}}</ref> The fruit of pawpaw is thus recognized as having [[coevolution|coevolved]] with large mammals serving as long-distance seed dispersers.<ref name="Anachronistic" /><ref>Janzen, Daniel H., and Paul S. Martin. "Neotropical anachronisms: the fruits the gomphotheres ate." Science 215, no. 4528 (1982): 19-27.</ref><ref>Cook, Robert E. "Attractions of the flesh." Natural History New York, NY 91, no. 1 (1982): 20-24.</ref>

The [[Evolutionary anachronism#Megafaunal dispersal syndrome|megafaunal dispersal syndrome]] is a common feature of some plants native to the Western Hemisphere, where a large proportion of [[megafauna]] went extinct near the end of the glacial episodes. Such fruits are now regarded as [[evolutionary anachronisms]].<ref name=Barlow2001 /> Their anatomical features, such as seeds too big for today's fruit eaters to swallow and then defecate, means they are no longer well adapted for current ecological conditions.<ref name="Janzen">{{cite journal |last1=Janzen |first1=D. H. |last2=Martin |first2=P. S. |title=Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres Ate |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |volume=215 |issue=4528 |year=1982 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.215.4528.19 |pmid=17790450 |bibcode=1982Sci...215...19J |pages=19–27 |s2cid=19296719 |url=https://commonnaturalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/janzen-and-martin-1982.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Pawpaw ripe fruit green to brown.jpg|thumb|The fruit of pawpaw tends to remain green or become blotched with brown at peak ripeness.|upright 1.50]]

Another indicator of dispersal adaptation for megafauna is that pawpaw fruit (wild types and most cultivars) tend to remain green or become blotched with brown when at peak ripeness. Mammals (other than [[primates]]) rely on [[olfactory system|olfactory]] rather than visual clues for discerning ripe fruit, so fruit color is no signal of ripeness for large mammals. An advantage of maintaining green fruit skin throughout the ripening process is that [[photosynthesis]] can continue during this time.<ref name=Barlow2001>{{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=Connie |title=The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners and Other Ecological Anachronisms |date=2001 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-00551-2 |pages=51–69}}</ref>

Following the [[extinction]] of much of the ice age megafauna, [[bears]] would have continued dispersing pawpaw seeds in their dung. Hand carrying of fruit and seeds by humans expanding from Asia into North America would have extended the range of long-distance seed dispersal.<ref name="Modeling the geographic distributio"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abrams |first1=Marc D |last2=Nowacki |first2=Gregory J |date=2008 |title=Native Americans as active and passive promoters of mast and fruit trees in the eastern USA |journal=The Holocene |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1123–1137 |doi=10.1177/0959683608095581 |bibcode=2008Holoc..18.1123A |s2cid=128836416 |url=http://php.scripts.psu.edu/users/a/g/agl/AbramsNowacki%20Holocene.pdf |access-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219113313/http://php.scripts.psu.edu/users/a/g/agl/AbramsNowacki%20Holocene.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shipley |first=Jonathan |date=26 April 2022 |title=The revival of a forgotten American fruit |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220425-the-revival-of-a-forgotten-american-fruit |journal=BBC Travel |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wykoff |first=M William |date=March 2009 |title=On the Natural Distribution of Pawpaw in the Northeast |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50317044/Pawpaw_in_NE_-_final_version_2-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1648835223&Signature=dp9oUQSLuz8TCo7FiqUg8Ep8m~8sA6iUCf~ixn1eeCxiLX~JwBQ8bchpKanOA0KfVTpn9-47VXeV9HI0smBet2si-9-4qAQTkk22zVROTgiy2MUjmJJB0M-cHclQFmI3jNsyHrQQ9U-BjtpiSS4brFfxRDfJdzGBFZrxYtNpc55y~YyqABdOcQwBy0NIloRceG0lvKY~Hd5yPwPM1LA~TJkWdSuReFP015inkLsy3jOkDsLAtyGX4T7qbZyYD-vUfQq5Zv-I2G6i7Vr-XOc9faUmjEeqyldSh27ff-osPbwm4x1su~smJElHVC8qp1m9MUOTFE8V~e1148emC7hY5g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |journal=The Nutshell |pages=23–32 |access-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401165724/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50317044/Pawpaw_in_NE_-_final_version_2-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1648835223&Signature=dp9oUQSLuz8TCo7FiqUg8Ep8m~8sA6iUCf~ixn1eeCxiLX~JwBQ8bchpKanOA0KfVTpn9-47VXeV9HI0smBet2si-9-4qAQTkk22zVROTgiy2MUjmJJB0M-cHclQFmI3jNsyHrQQ9U-BjtpiSS4brFfxRDfJdzGBFZrxYtNpc55y~YyqABdOcQwBy0NIloRceG0lvKY~Hd5yPwPM1LA~TJkWdSuReFP015inkLsy3jOkDsLAtyGX4T7qbZyYD-vUfQq5Zv-I2G6i7Vr-XOc9faUmjEeqyldSh27ff-osPbwm4x1su~smJElHVC8qp1m9MUOTFE8V~e1148emC7hY5g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="cuerrier" /> Humans intentionally continue this role today via [[horticulture|horticultural]] plantings, along with [[Rewilding (conservation biology)#Rewilding plants|wild plantings]] as far north as Massachusetts,<ref name=harvard>{{cite journal |last1=Faber |first1=Sarah W |title=Pawpaws to the People! |journal=Harvard Crimson |date=6 October 2022 |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/10/6/pawpaws-make-a-comeback/}}</ref><ref name=Ruegsegger>{{cite web |last1=Ruegsegger |first1=Ted |title=My Notes on Pawpaw |url=https://toyrus.ngrok.io/~ted/pawpaws/ |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> Pennsylvania,<ref name="Pittsburgh">{{cite web |title=Pawpaw tasting parties aim to educate on Zebra Swallowtail habitat restoration (2022) |url=https://www.growpittsburgh.org/paw-paw-tasting-parties-aim-to-educate-on-zebra-swallowtail-habitat-restoration/ |website=Grow Pittsburgh |date=September 2022 |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=marsden>{{cite web |last1=Marsden |first1=Gabrielle |title=Pittsburgh Pawpaw Pathways for Zebra Swallowtail Trails |url=https://westernpa.wildones.org/gabrielle-marsden-swallowtail-butterfly/ |website=Wild Ones: Western Pennsylvania Area Chapter |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501141035/https://westernpa.wildones.org/gabrielle-marsden-swallowtail-butterfly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Michigan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barlow |first1=Connie |title=Pawpaw, ''Asimina triloba'', Habitat: Information for Choosing Sites for Wild-Planting Seeds |url=http://www.torreyaguardians.org/pawpaw-habitat.html |website=TorreyaGuardians |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> Small [[mammal]]s, including [[raccoons]], [[gray foxes]], [[opossums]], and [[squirrels]], assist in local movements of seeds.<ref name="fire">[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/asitri/all.html Asimina triloba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628001600/http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/asitri/all.html |date=2011-06-28 }}, Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory</ref>

===Interactions with herbivores===

[[File:Pittsburgh pawpaw planting for zebra swallowtail butterfly.jpg|thumb|Wild-planting of pawpaw, ''Asimina triloba'', is occurring in Pittsburgh for recovering a butterfly whose caterpillars eat only pawpaw leaves.<ref name=marsden />]]

Pawpaw defends against [[herbivory]] by producing strong-smelling natural [[toxins]] known as [[acetogenin]]s.<ref name="Sampson">B. J. Sampson, J. L. McLaughlin, D. E. Wedge. 2003. PawPaw Extract as a Botanical Insecticide, 2002. Arthropod Management Tests, vol.28, p. L.</ref> Pawpaw leaves, twigs, and bark are therefore seldom consumed by [[rabbit]]s, [[deer]], or goats,<ref name=CRFG/> nor by insects.<ref name="KSU" /> However, [[mule]]s have been seen eating pawpaw leaves in [[Maryland]].<ref name="Bilton">{{Cite web |last=Bilton |first=Kathy |title=Pawpaws: A paw for you and a paw for me |url=http://www.fred.net/kathy/pawpaws.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718184434/http://www.fred.net/kathy/pawpaws.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

Larvae of the [[zebra swallowtail]] (''Eurytides marcellus''), a [[Lepidoptera|butterfly]], feed exclusively on young leaves of ''A. triloba'' and various other pawpaw (''[[Asimina]]'') species, but do not occur in great numbers on the plants.<ref name=CRFG/> Chemicals consumed by the caterpillars confer protection throughout the butterflies' lives, as trace amounts of acetogenins remain present, making them unpalatable to birds and other predators.<ref name="Zebra">{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=John M. |last2=Madigosky |first2=Stephen R. |last3=Gu |first3=Zhe-ming |last4=Zhou |first4=Dawei |last5=Wu |first5=Jinn |last6=McLaughlin |first6=Jerry L. |date=January 1999 |title=Chemical defense in the zebra swallowtail butterfly, ''Eurytides marcellus'', involving annonaceous acetogenins |journal=[[Journal of Natural Products]] |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |doi=10.1021/np980308s |pmid=9917274}}</ref> A partially citizen-led project in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] is working on restoring pawpaw for the purpose of encouraging return of the zebra swallowtail as well as the general restoration of riparian areas.<ref name=marsden /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marsden |first1=Gabrielle |title=Plant native pawpaws to bring the butterflies back |journal=The Homepage - Hazelton Initiative |date=April 2021 |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=16 |url=https://www.hazelwoodinitiative.org/_files/ugd/d30b17_9121337ee13e480abd8f45d276856879.pdf#page=16 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>

In June 2024 a zebra swallowtail was documented laying eggs on a backyard pawpaw plant in Pittsburgh. This was the first time that this butterfly species was seen there since industrialization and river slope destruction had decimated its plant host. A local news editorial wrote, "The return of the zebra swallowtail, after 87 years, is a huge success for naturalists, conservationists and native tree lovers.... Organizations like Grow Pittsburgh, Tree Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and dedicated chat groups for Pittsburgh conservationists made the zebra swallowtail butterfly’s restoration possible."<ref name="Pittsburgh-Post-2024">{{cite news |title=Editorial: The return of a long-lost butterfly (and a nearly forgotten fruit) to Pittsburgh |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/editorials/2024/09/23/zebra-swallowtail-butterfly-pawpaw-pittsburgh-conservation-success/stories/202409230001 |agency=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

Other insects that have evolved the ability to consume pawpaws include ''[[Talponia plummeriana]]'', the pawpaw peduncle borer, whose larvae can be found in flowers, and ''[[Omphalocera munroei]]'', the asimina webworm, whose larvae mostly feed upon leaves.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ames |first=Guy K. |date=January 8, 2018 |title=Pawpaw – A "Tropical" Fruit for Temperate Climates |url=https://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2018/01/pawpaw-a-tropical-fruit/ |magazine=Small Farms Quarterly |publisher=Cornell Small Farms Program |access-date=July 11, 2022}}</ref>

===Patch-forming clonal growth===

[[File:Pawpaw patch shade 2.jpg|thumb|All the stems in view are part of a wild pawpaw patch in Michigan.]]
[[File:Clonal propagation of wild pawpaw in Michigan.jpg|thumb|Pawpaw forms wild patches by growing shallow outward stems.|upright 1.00]]

Pawpaw is well suited to life as an [[understory]] tree. Its large seed enables significant below-ground growth before the above-ground growth needs to access sunlight for photosynthesis. As well, the species is so shade-adapted that propagation of seedlings in nursery and landscape settings may fail if the emerging plants are not protected from direct sunlight.<ref name="kysu-guide" />

Patch-forming clonal growth is achieved by way of shallow, horizontally spreading stems ([[rhizomes]]). By retaining these interconnections, photosynthates can be shared among the stems ([[ramets]]). Stems that access sunlight can grow as tall as 30 feet and will bear the most fruit. Stems that develop under canopy shade tend to curve and bend in quest of sunlight patches, with a greater density of small stems than where the tallest stems have captured the canopy positions.<ref name=hosaka2008>{{Cite journal |last1=Hosaka |first1=Naomi |last2=Kachi |first2=Naoki |last3=Kudoh |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Stuefer |first4=Josef F. |last5=Whigham |first5=Dennis F. |date=2007-11-03 |title=Patch structure and ramet demography of the clonal tree, Asimina triloba, under gap and closed-canopy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9372-z |journal=Plant Ecology |volume=197 |issue=2 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1007/s11258-007-9372-z |s2cid=7969684 |issn=1385-0237}}</ref>

Pawpaws are not the first to colonize a disturbed site, but because they are capable of growing in deep shade, they can establish from seed beneath mature deciduous trees and then spread into a subcanopy patch. They may even become dominant through time by depriving native [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] trees from re-establishing via seed in a [[treefall gap]], owing to the dense shade within a pawpaw patch. Under such circumstances, the pawpaw subcanopy becomes the forest canopy, albeit at a height half as high as the usual canopy of native trees.<ref name="fire" /><ref name="miller2019">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Kathryn M |last2=McGill |first2=Brian J |title=Compounding human stressors cause major regeneration debt in over half of eastern US forests |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=4 March 2019 |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1355–1366 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13375 |s2cid=92796991 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019JApEc..56.1355M }}</ref> Accessing full sunlight, the patch is then capable of producing more fruit.<ref name=survey />

=== Shifting dynamics ===
Pawpaw is predominantly a lowland species associated with moist but well-drained soils. Recently it has been colonizing drier upland forests.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Elizabeth |date=21 September 2021 |title=Pawpaw: Small Tree, Big Impact |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/pawpaw.htm |website=National Park Service}}</ref>

Upslope expansion has been attributed to a lessening of human-set fires within forested habitats of the eastern United States. Unlike common canopy trees such as [[Quercus|oaks]] and [[Pinus|pines]], pawpaw has no resistance against ground fires. So a reduction in fires has enabled pawpaw, as well as other shade-adapted native trees (including [[American beech]] and [[striped maple]]), to become more common.<ref name=":0" /> As well, because toxins in the bark, twigs, and leaves of pawpaw repel herbivory, forests browsed by overpopulated deer offer pawpaw even more competitive advantages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kain |first1=Morgan |last2=Battaglia |first2=Loretta |last3=Royo |first3=Alejandro |last4=Carson |first4=Walter P. |date=July 2011 |title=Over-browsing in Pennsylvania creates a depauperate forest dominated by an understory tree: Results from a 60-year-old deer exclosure |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/torrey-d-11-00018.1 |journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=322–326 |doi=10.3159/torrey-d-11-00018.1 |s2cid=85648031 |issn=1095-5674}}</ref>

Pawpaw exhibits a high tolerance for intense shading, even compared with other shade-adapted species such as striped maple.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slater |first1=Mitchell |last2=Anderson |first2=Roger C. |last3=Juliano |first3=Steven A. |date=2022 |title=Does the photosynthetic response of ''Asimina triloba'' to low light contribute to its competitive advantage in forest understories compared with ''Acer saccharum'' and ''Fraxinus quadrangulata''? |journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society|volume=150 |issue=2 |doi=10.3159/TORREY-D-22-00003.1 |s2cid=258815630 }}</ref> Pawpaw leaves cast very heavy shade, and this chokes out seedlings and saplings of most canopy species (though not native spring herbs that benefit from the late-leafing habit of pawpaw).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sipe |first=Timothy W |date=2023 |title=Light attenuation by pawpaw (Asimina triloba L.) in a midwestern upland forest |journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society|volume=150 |issue=2 |doi=10.3159/TORREY-D-22-00016.1 |s2cid=258811471 }}</ref> This helps pawpaw outcompete rival species and is a contributor to its increased abundance in forests across its range.

==Conservation==
[[File:Stems of pawpaw at a wild patch in Michigan.jpg|thumb|Stems of pawpaw at a wild patch in Michigan in early spring]]
[[File:Spring herbs beneath pawpaw Michigan.jpg|thumb|Spring herbs flourish in a wild pawpaw patch because pawpaw leaves are slow to emerge.]]
On a global (range-wide) scale, the common pawpaw (''A. triloba'') has a [[GRANK|NatureServe global conservation rank]] of G5 (very common). The species is, however, listed for conservation concern in the northernmost parts of its range, owing to the happenstance of where governmental boundaries exist. In the United States, the species has an N5 (very common), but is considered a [[threatened species]] in New York,<ref>{{cite web |title=193.3 Protected native plants |url=https://govt.westlaw.com/nycrr/Document/I21efe775c22211ddb7c8fb397c5bd26b?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=%28sc.Default%29 |website=Westlaw |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> and an [[endangered species]] in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern (New Jersey) |url=https://nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/docs/njplantlist.pdf |publisher=New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> In [[Canada]], where the species is found only in portions of southern [[Ontario]],<ref name="cuerrier">{{cite web |last1=Cuerrier |first1=Alain |title=Pawpaw |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pawpaw |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> it has a rank of N3 (vulnerable), and a [[SRANK|NatureServe subnational conservation rank]] of S3 (vulnerable) in Ontario. The [[Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] has given the species a general status of "Sensitive", and its populations there are monitored.

In areas in which [[white-tailed deer|deer]] populations are dense, pawpaws appear to be becoming more abundant locally, since the deer avoid them but consume seedlings of most other [[woody plant]]s.<ref name=Bilton /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slater |first1=Mitchell A |last2=Anderson |first2=Rogers C |date=2014 |title=Intensive Selective Deer Browsing Favors Success of Asimina triloba (Paw Paw) a Native Tree Species |journal=Natural Areas Journal |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=178–187 |doi=10.3375/043.034.0207|s2cid=52834948 }}</ref>

=== Disease ===
The genus ''Asimina'' exists on only one continent, North America.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Little |first=Elbert |title=Atlas of United States Trees |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |year=1978}}</ref> This gives the pawpaw a distinct advantage in the modern world of transcontinental commerce. In contrast to North American tree genera whose ranges extend into Europe or Asia (notably, [[chestnut]] and [[elm]]), global [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade is therefore unlikely to introduce diseases that could decimate pawpaw.

As for native disease, the pawpaw fares very well. There are no known disease agents (including insects) that are especially damaging. Consequently, planting of pawpaw for landscaping or fruit production requires little to no attention to disease management.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Snake C. |last2=Layne |first2=Desmond R. |date=1997 |title=Cooking with Pawpaws |url=https://www.kysu.edu/academics/college-acs/school-of-ace/pawpaw/pawpaw-description-and-nutritional-information.php |website=Kentucky State University}}</ref>

===Habitat restoration===
Pawpaws are sometimes included in [[restoration ecology|ecological restoration plantings]], as they have many characteristics that make them ideal for repair of [[riparian]] ecosystems. The tree's fondness of wet soil and tendency to multiply clonally to form dense and well-rooted thickets can protect against [[erosion]] and runoff.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Robles-Diaz-de-Leon |first1=Luisa Fernanda |last2=Nava-Tudela |first2=Alfredo |date=1998 |title=Playing with ''Asimina triloba'' (pawpaw): A species to consider when enhancing riparian forest buffer systems with non-timber products |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=112 |issue=2–3 |pages=169–193|doi=10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00078-7 |bibcode=1998EcMod.112..169F }}</ref> As a native species, pawpaw can be planted on river slopes for erosion control, as [[introduced species]] formerly used in the eastern United States for this purpose (such as [[bamboo]] and [[Lonicera maackii|Amur honeysuckle]]) are now discouraged or prohibited because of their [[invasive species|invasiveness]]. The nonexistent commercial demand of pawpaw timber also protects trees used for ecological reasons from potential future harvest.<ref name=":2" />

In the eastern United States, where large [[predation|predators]] are almost entirely lacking, pawpaw is one of the few native subcanopy trees whose bark and leaves are too poisonous for deer to browse. It is therefore a viable species for forest understory restoration in areas where fragmented landscapes, dwellings, and parks status preclude hunting as a population control.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal|last1=Miller |first1=Kathryn M |title=Overabundant deer and invasive plants drive widespread regeneration debt in eastern United States national parks |journal=Ecological Applications |date=March 2023 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=e2837 |doi=10.1002/eap.2837 |pmid=36890590 |s2cid=257425694 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023EcoAp..33E2837M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slater |first1=Mitchell A |last2=Anderson |first2=Roger C |title=Intensive Selective Deer Browsing Favors Success of ''Asimina triloba'' (Paw Paw) a Native Tree Species |journal=Natural Areas Journal |date=April 2014 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=178–187 |doi=10.3375/043.034.0207 |s2cid=52834948 |url=https://biology.illinoisstate.edu/rcander/documents/SlaterAnderson.pdf}}</ref>

==Human uses==

===Uses other than food===
The tough, fibrous inner bark of the pawpaw has traditionally been used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] and [[settler]]s in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] for making [[rope]]s, [[fishing net]]s, and [[mat]]s,<ref name=Werthner/><ref name=Bilton /> and for stringing fish.<ref name="Sargent" /> Because the exotic [[emerald ash borer]] beetle is destroying [[Fraxinus nigra|black ash]] trees (''Fraxinus nigra'') in its native range, a basketmaker in Michigan whose ancestors traditionally used this northern species of ash has begun planting pawpaw seeds as a potential fiber replacement.<ref name=basket>{{Cite news |last=House |first=Kelly |date=3 May 2021 |title=As northern Michigan warms, scientists bring tree seedlings from the south |work=Michigan Bridge |url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/northern-michigan-warms-scientists-bring-tree-seedlings-south |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504180229/https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/northern-michigan-warms-scientists-bring-tree-seedlings-south |archive-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> The planting is occurring several hundred miles north of pawpaw's historically native range, so it is an example of [[assisted migration]] of a plant in a time of rapid [[climate change]].

Pawpaw logs have been used for [[split-rail fence]]s in [[Arkansas]].<ref name=Werthner/> The hard, brown, shiny lima-bean-sized seeds were sometimes carried as [[Touch piece|pocket pieces]] in Ohio.<ref name=Werthner/> Due to the presence of acetogenins, the leaves, twigs, and bark of pawpaw trees can be used to make an organic [[insecticide]].<ref name="Sampson" />

===Edible fruit===
[[Image:Asimina triloba red fern farm.jpg|thumb|''A. triloba'' is often called wild banana, Indiana banana, or prairie banana because of its banana-like creamy texture and flavor.]]
{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Paw paw, raw with skin
| protein = 1.2 g
| fat = 1.2 g
| carbs = 18.8 g
| fiber = 2.6 g
| calcium_mg = 63
| iron_mg = 7
| magnesium_mg = 113
| phosphorus_mg = 47
| potassium_mg = 345
| zinc_mg = 0.9
| manganese_mg = 2.6
| vitC_mg = 18.3
| thiamin_mg = 0.01
| riboflavin_mg = 0.09
| niacin_mg = 1.1
| vitA_ug = 87
| note = [https://www.kysu.edu/academics/college-acs/school-of-ace/pawpaw/pawpaw-description-and-nutritional-information.php Analysis from Kentucky State University Pawpaw Program]
}}

The earliest documented mention of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|de Soto]] expedition, who found [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] east of the [[Mississippi River]] cultivating what some have identified as the pawpaw.<ref name=Moore/> The tree's scientific name (''Asimina triloba'') comes from the [[Powhatan]] word Assimina, which a Jamestown settler transcribed in 1612 as "wheat plum".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-01 |title=Way Down Yonder in the Paw-Paw Patch |url=https://gardens.si.edu/learn/blog/way-down-yonder-in-the-paw-paw-patch/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Smithsonian Gardens |language=en}}</ref> The [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] consumed pawpaws during their travels.<ref name="Moore">{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3BOCgAAQBAJ |title=Pawpaw: In Search of America's Forgotten Fruit |date=2015 |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing |isbn=9781603585965 |location=White River Junction, Vermont |access-date=November 28, 2020}}</ref> [[Thomas Jefferson]] planted it at [[Monticello]], his plantation in [[Virginia]].<ref name=Moore/> Legend has it that chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite [[dessert]] of [[George Washington]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Akshay |date=September 10, 2015 |title=Rediscovering The Pawpaw |url=https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/forkopolisblog/rediscovering-the-pawpaw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012165400/http://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/forkopolisblog/rediscovering-the-pawpaw/ |archive-date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=cincinnatimagazine.com}}</ref>

Historically, the pawpaw was a commonly-eaten fruit throughout its native range. With the advent of motor travel and refrigeration, it has been used less commonly to the point of obscurity in favor of other commercial fruits.

As described by [[horticulture|horticulturist]] Barbara Damrosch, the fruit of the pawpaw "looks a bit like mango, but with pale yellow, custardy, spoonable flesh and black, easy-to-remove seeds."<ref name="Damrosch">{{Cite news |last=Damrosch |first=Barbara |date=8 Sep 2011 |title=Return of the Native? Pawpaws' Proponents |work=The Washington Post (Local Living, p.9)}}</ref> Wild-collected pawpaw fruits ripen in late August to mid-September through most of their range, but a month later near their northward limit.<ref name="boone">{{cite news |last1=Kane |first1=Roni |title='Nothing as dramatic as the pawpaw': Ann Arbor pawpaw farmer Marc Boone retraces memories through orchard |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/news/ann-arbor/nothing-as-dramatic-as-the-pawpaw-ann-arbor-pawpaw-farmer-marc-boone-retraces-memories-through-orchard/ |publisher=Michigan Daily |date=26 October 2022}}</ref> They have long been a favorite treat throughout the tree's extensive native range in eastern North America, and on occasion are sold locally at [[farmers' market]]s.<ref name="KSU" /><ref name="boone" /><ref name="Damrosch" />

Pawpaw fruits have a sweet, custard-like flavor somewhat similar to [[banana]], [[mango]], and [[cantaloupe]],<ref name="KSU" /><ref name=Werthner/> varying significantly by source or cultivar,<ref name="KSU" /> with more [[protein]] than most fruits.<ref name="KSU" /> Nineteenth-century American agronomist [[Edward Lewis Sturtevant|E. Lewis Sturtevant]] described pawpaws as "a natural custard, too luscious for the relish of most people."<ref name=Bilton /> Ohio botanist William B. Werthner wrote,  "The fruit ... has a tangy wild-wood flavor peculiarly its own. It is sweet, yet rather cloying to the taste and a wee bit puckery – only a boy can eat more than one at a time."<ref name=Werthner/>

Fresh fruits of the pawpaw are commonly eaten raw, either chilled or at room temperature. However, they can be [[shelf life|kept]] only 2–3 days at room temperature, or about a week if refrigerated.<ref name=Georgia/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Locals explore the culinary potential of pawpaw |date=October 9, 2021 |url=https://mountainx.com/food/locals-explore-the-culinary-potential-of-pawpaw/}}</ref> This short shelf-life and difficulty shipping whole are a primary barrier to the success of pawpaw as a commercial fruit. The easily-bruised pawpaw fruits do not ship well unless frozen.<ref name="KSU" /><ref name="Damrosch" /> Where pawpaws grow, the fruit pulp is also used locally in baked dessert recipes, with pawpaw substituted with volumetric equivalency in many banana-based recipes. The sweet and creamy fruit is commonly mixed into [[ice cream]]<ref name=Georgia/> or blended into [[pancake]]s and other breads.<ref name=Georgia/>


====Nutrition====

According to a report from the KSU Pawpaw Program (right table), raw pawpaw (with skin) is 19% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], 1% [[fat]], and 79% water (estimated). In a 100-g reference amount, the raw fruit provides 80 [[Calories]] and is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]] (22% DV), [[magnesium]] (32% DV), [[iron]] (54% DV), and [[manganese]] (124% DV). The fruit also contains a moderate amount of [[vitamin A]] (11% DV).

Pawpaw fruit is very rich in many minerals and micronutrients compared to most other fruits; apples, oranges, bananas, etc.<ref name=":1" />

==== Phytochemicals ====
Pawpaw pulp contains [[phenolic acid]]s and [[flavonol]]s, particularly [[epicatechin]]s and [[procyanidin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal|last1=Brannan |first1=Robert G |title=Phytochemical analysis of ten varieties of pawpaw (''Asimina triloba'' [L.] Dunal) fruit pulp |journal=Food Chemistry |date=February 2015 |volume=158 |pages=656–661 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.018 |pmid=25172760 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Grant G |last2=Brannan |first2=Robert G |title=An Evaluation of Antioxidant Compounds, Reducing Potential, and Radical Scavenging of Pawpaw ( ''Asimina tribloba'' ) Fruit Pulp from Different Stages of Ripeness |journal=Food Science and Technology |date=2009 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=275–279 |doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2008.05.006 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2008.05.006}}</ref> [[Phytochemical]] [[extract]]s of the bark, leaves, twigs, and seeds contain [[acetogenin]]s, including the [[neurotoxin]] [[annonacin]], as well as other phytochemicals.<ref name="neurotoxic">{{Cite journal |last1=Potts |first1=L. F. |last2=Luzzio |first2=F. A. |last3=Smith |first3=S. C. |last4=Hetman |first4=M. |last5=Champy |first5=P. |last6=Litvan |first6=I. |year=2012 |title=Annonacin in Asimina triloba fruit: Implication for neurotoxicity |url=https://neurosciences.ucsd.edu/centers/movement-disorders/Documents/Litvan%20Article%20Annonacin.pdf |url-status=live |journal=NeuroToxicology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=53–8 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2011.10.009 |pmid=22130466 |bibcode=2012NeuTx..33...53P |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044035/https://neurosciences.ucsd.edu/centers/movement-disorders/Documents/Litvan%20Article%20Annonacin.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-05 |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Eun Jung |last2=Suh |first2=Kyung Mi |last3=Kim |first3=Dal Hwan |last4=Jung |first4=Eun Joo |last5=Seo |first5=Chang Seob |last6=Son |first6=Jong Keun |last7=Woo |first7=Mi Hee |last8=McLaughlin |first8=Jerry L. |date=February 2005 |title=Asimitrin and 4-hydroxytrilobin, new bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of ''Asimina triloba'' possessing a bis-tetrahydrofuran ring |journal=[[Journal of Natural Products]] |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=194–197 |doi=10.1021/np040184l |pmid=15730242}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Geng-Xian |first2=Laura R. |last2=Miesbauer |last3=Smith |first3=David L. |last4=McLaughlin |first4=Jerry L. |date=June 1994 |title=Asimin, asiminacin, and asiminecin: novel highly cytotoxic asimicin isomers from ''Asimina triloba'' |journal=[[Journal of Medicinal Chemistry]] |volume=37 |issue=13 |pages=1971–1976 |doi=10.1021/jm00039a009 |pmid=8027979}}</ref>

==== Cultivars ====
Over the years, a variety of cultivars of ''A. triloba'' have been developed or discovered,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sorten der Indianerbanane |url=https://www.pawpawschule.de/deutsch-1/sorten-der-indianerbanane/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610154306/https://www.pawpawschule.de/deutsch-1/sorten-der-indianerbanane/ |archive-date=2020-06-10 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Florians Pawpawschule - Asimina triloba |language=de}}</ref> although some have been lost and are no longer available commercially.<ref name=Moore/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table 3. Pawpaw Cultivars |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/table-3-pawpaw-cultivars/ |website=pawpaw.kysu.edu |publisher=Kentucky State University}}</ref><ref name="kysu-cultiv2009">{{Cite web |last1=Pomper |first1=Kirk W. |last2=Crabtree |first2=Sheri B. |last3=Lowe |first3=Jeremiah D. |date=January 21, 2009 |title=2009 Pawpaw Cultivars and Grafted Tree Sources |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/2009-pawpaw-cultivars-and-grafted-tree-sources/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922044507/https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/2009-pawpaw-cultivars-and-grafted-tree-sources/ |archive-date=September 22, 2019 |access-date=September 22, 2019 |website=[[Kentucky State University]]}}</ref> Most named cultivars derive from the northern parts of the species range.<ref name="kysu-guide">{{cite web |display-authors=etal |last1=Jones |first1=Snake C |title=Pawpaw Planting Guide |url=https://www.kysu.edu/academics/college-acs/school-of-ace/pawpaw/pawpaw-planting-guide.php |website=kysu.edu |publisher=Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension Program |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>

[[Kentucky State University]] (KSU) has a pawpaw research program<ref> [https://www.kysu.edu/academics/college-acs/school-of-ace/pawpaw/index.php Kentucky State University | Pawpaw]</ref> which seeks to develop methods and varieties to increase the viability of the pawpaw to be grown as a commercial fruit crop.

The named varieties producing large fruit and performing well in Kentucky per research trials are 'NC-1', 'Overleese', 'Potomac', 'Shenandoah', 'Sunflower', 'Susquehanna', 'Wabash', KSU-'Atwood', KSU-'Benson', and KSU-'Chappell'.<ref name="ccd-cp-14">{{Cite web |last1=Kaiser |first1=Cheryl |last2=Ernst |first2=Matt |date=July 2018 |title=Pawpaw |url=http://www.uky.edu/ccd/sites/www.uky.edu.ccd/files/pawpaw.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715075104/http://www.uky.edu/ccd/sites/www.uky.edu.ccd/files/pawpaw.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-15 |access-date=2019-09-22 |publisher=University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Cooperative Extension Service}}</ref>

====Research====
[[Kentucky State University]] (KSU) has the only full-time pawpaw research program in the world; it was started in 1990 with the aim of developing pawpaw as a new tree-fruit crop for Kentucky. Pawpaw is the largest edible native fruit in North America and has very few diseases compared to other orchard crops. KSU is the site of the USDA [[National Clonal Germplasm Repository]] for ''Asimina'' species and the pawpaw orchards at KSU contain over 1,700 trees. Research activities include germplasm collection and variety trials, and efforts are directed towards improving propagation, understanding fruit ripening and storage, and developing orchard management practices. Cultivation is best in [[hardiness zone]]s 5-9 and trees take 7–8 years from seedling to fruiting. KSU has created the three cultivars KSU-'Atwood', KSU-'Benson', and KSU-'Chappell', with foci on better flavors, higher yields, vigorous plants, and low seed-to-pulp ratios.<ref name="purdue">{{Cite web |last1=Pomper |first1=Kirk W. |last2=Layne |first2=Desmond R. |last3=Peterson |first3=R. Neal |date=1999 |title=The Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-353.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414071607/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-353.html |archive-date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2019-09-26 |website=hort.purdue.edu}}</ref><ref name="kysu-propagation" /><ref name="ccd-cp-14" /><ref name="kysu-cultiv2009" /><ref name="germplasm">{{Cite web |title=USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for ''Asimina spp.'' at KSU, Slide 4 |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/usda-national-clonal-germplasm-repository-for-asimina-spp-at-ksu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926210916/https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/usda-national-clonal-germplasm-repository-for-asimina-spp-at-ksu/ |archive-date=2019-09-26 |access-date=2019-09-26 |website=Kentucky State University}}</ref><ref name="kysupawpaw">{{Cite web |title=PawPaw |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921190116/https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/ |archive-date=2019-09-21 |access-date=2019-09-22 |website=Kentucky State University}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Pawpaw cultivars at Marc Boone orchard in Michigan.jpg|thumb|A row of pawpaw cultivars in a Michigan orchard. (A tall sugar maple and evergreen conifers in background.)]]

Cultivation is best in [[hardiness zone]]s 5-9<ref name="purdue" /> and trees take 7–8 years from seedling to fruiting. Cross-[[pollination]] of at least two different [[genotype|genetic varieties]] of the plant is recommended.<ref name="KSU" /> Scholarly research is insufficient for horticulturalists to adopt best methods for attracting insect pollinators, as effective pollinators have not yet been distinguished from casual insect visitors.<ref name=saunders/><ref name="jstor.org" /><ref name="Visitor or vector? The extent of ro" /> Therefore, some growers resort to hand pollination or use [[pollinator]] attractants, such as spraying fish emulsion or hanging chicken necks or other meat near the open flowers to attract carrion-feeding beetles.<ref name="illinois" /><ref name="moore" />

Pawpaws have not been cultivated for their fruits on the scale of [[apple]]s or [[peach]]es, primarily because pawpaw fruits ripen to the point of [[Fermentation (food)|fermentation]] soon after they are picked, and only frozen fruit stores or ships well. Other methods of preservation include [[Dried fruit|dehydration]], production of [[Fruit preserves#Jam|jams]] or [[Fruit preserves#Jelly|jellies]], and pressure [[Canning (food preservation method)|canning]] (using the numerical values for bananas). Methods of separating seeds from the pulp are still in the experimental phase. Mechanical methods are most efficient, but any splitting or injury of seeds can contaminate the remaining pulp with seed poisons.<ref name=tran2021>{{cite journal |display-authors=etal |last1=Tran |first1=Kevin |title=Annonacin and Squamocin Contents of Pawpaw (''Asimina triloba'') and Marolo (''Annona crassiflora'') Fruits and Atemoya (''A. squamosa'' × ''A. cherimola'') Seeds |journal=Biological Trace Element Research |date=June 2021 |volume=199 |issue=6 |pages=2320–2329 |doi=10.1007/s12011-020-02320-7 |pmid=32761515 |bibcode=2021BTER..199.2320T |s2cid=220980817 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02320-7}}</ref>

Commercial pawpaw production tends to be less intensive than other fruit trees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asimina triloba - Plant Finder |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b500 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> Pawpaw requires very little pesticide/herbicide, even when planted as a [[monoculture]]. Because of its long taproot, pawpaw grows well even in drier upland plantings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Kuan-Ming |last2=Guan |first2=Zhengfei |last3=Hammami |first3=AbdelMalek |date=October 2022 |title=The U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Industry: An Overview of Production and Trade |journal=Agriculture |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1719 |doi=10.3390/agriculture12101719 |issn=2077-0472 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Cultivation of pawpaws for fruit production has attracted interest, particularly among [[organic farming|organic growers]], as a fruit with few to no pests that can successfully be grown in its native environment without [[pesticide]]s. The commercial cultivation and harvesting of pawpaws is strongest in southeastern Ohio<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 15th Annual Ohio Pawpaw Festival |url=http://www.ohiopawpawfest.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731084314/http://www.ohiopawpawfest.com/ |archive-date=2013-07-31 |access-date=2013-08-09 |publisher=Ohio Pawpaw Festival}}</ref> and also being explored in Kentucky<ref name="KSU" /> and Maryland,<ref name=Bilton /> as well as various areas outside the species' native range, including [[California]],<ref name="CRFG">{{Cite web |title=Pawpaw |url=http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pawpaw.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720235418/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pawpaw.html |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2011 |publisher=California Rare Fruit Growers}}</ref> the [[Pacific Northwest]],<ref name="CRFG" /> and [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="Damrosch" /> In [[New York (state)|New York state]], due to climate change's impact on traditional fruit crops, such as apples and peaches, farmers are looking to pawpaw as a new commercial crop.<ref name=Phillips2024>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Anna |date=2024-10-18 |title=This American Fruit Could Outcompete Apples and Peaches on a Hotter Planet |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/10/18/pawpaw-trees-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> 

Changing perspectives of the general population towards a healthier and environmentally conscious diet has led to increased interest in the pawpaw as food in recent years. Using pawpaw puree as a substitute for other sweeteners and creamers adds micronutrients such as iron and manganese while typically reducing the total sugar content as well as glycemic index of most recipes. If done correctly this will not negatively impact the quality of baked goods or desserts. In a study conducted using pawpaw puree in muffins, the pawpaw muffins were preferred in the blind taste test over the control (sugar) and other sweeteners (apple puree).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Templeton |first1=Susan B. |last2=Marlette |first2=Martha |last3=Pomper |first3=Kirk W. |last4=Jones |first4=Snake C. |date=2003-01-01 |title=Favorable Taste Ratings for Several Pawpaw Products |url=https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/13/3/article-p445.xml |journal=HortTechnology |language=en-US |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=445–448 |doi=10.21273/HORTTECH.13.3.0445 |issn=1943-7714|doi-access=free }}</ref> Frozen pawpaw pulp is used in ice cream and smoothies, and some craft brewers use the fruit in sour beers and meads.<ref name=Phillips2024/> The pawpaw is also used for [[landscaping]] due to its distinctive growth habit, the appeal of its fresh fruit, and its relatively low maintenance needs once established.<ref name=Georgia/>

As of 2024, global weather changes have led to the loss of many American apple and peach crops due to cold weather, making Pawpaw farming an increasingly favorable alternative because of its resilience to weather fluctuations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=This American fruit could outcompete apples and peaches on a hotter planet |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/american-fruit-could-outcompete-apples-171420874.html |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Propagation==
[[File:Pawpaw rooting examples 3 photos.jpg|thumb|Pawpaw seeds require deep planting. Otherwise, the extending taproot will push the seed up above the soil (photo upper left).|upright 1.50]]

Trees are easily grown from seed. Seeds should not be permitted to dry, as they lose viability if they dehydrate to 5% moisture.<ref name="propagation">{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Propagation of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237403049 |access-date=17 May 2016 |publisher=International Plant Propagators' Society. Combined Proceedings of Annual Meetings}}</ref> The seeds need to be [[Stratification (botany)|stratified]] by moist cold storage for 60–100 days at {{convert|35-45|F|C}} (some publications suggest 90–120 days).<ref name="propagation" /><ref name="kysu-propagation">{{Cite web |title=Chapter: Propagation, The Pawpaw M. Brett Callaway. Originally published as a booklet in 1990 by Kentucky State University, edited and converted to web format in 1998 by Snake C. Jones |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/pawpaw/propagation/ |website=pawpaw.kysu.edu |publisher=[[Kentucky State University]]}}</ref><ref name="ccd-cp-14" /> They will lose their viability if stored for three years or more; some seeds survive if stored for two years. Germination is [[hypogeal germination|hypogeal]]. This means that the [[cotyledons]] remain within the seed coat, acting as a food store for early growth until the [[plumule]] emerges from the soil on the [[epicotyl]], or true stem. Because the large seeds contain enough energy to produce a long taproot prior to seeking photosynthetic opportunities above ground, the seed itself will be pushed upward and into the air if shallow planted in standard pots.

Given the 6 to 7 year maturity time and relatively poor success rates for dispersal and germination, it often requires 7 to 10 years for a sapling-to-sapling life cycle to occur for a given individual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asimina triloba 'Sunflower' (Sunflower Pawpaw) {{!}} North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/asimina-triloba-sunflower/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu}}</ref>

[[Vegetative reproduction#Artificial vegetative propagation|Propagation using cuttings]] has generally not been successful.<ref name="propagation" /><ref name="kysu-propagation" />

Desirable [[cultivar]]s are propagated by [[chip budding]] or whip [[grafting]] onto a root stock. Pawpaw seeds do not grow "true to type" — each individual seed in a fruit is genetically different from the others and from its parent tree. Purchased cultivars do not produce seeds true to type, either, which is why cultivars are all grafted trees. Root sucker seedlings, however, are all genetically identical to their host.<ref name="kysu-propagation" /><ref name="ccd-cp-14" />

Commercial nurseries usually ship grafted cultivars in containers. Other nurseries, such as the Kentucky Division of Forestry, ship bareroot seedlings for reforestation projects and area homeowners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Nurseries and Tree Seedlings - Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet |url=https://eec.ky.gov/Natural-Resources/Forestry/state-nuseries-and-tree-seedlings/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924184155/https://eec.ky.gov/Natural-Resources/Forestry/state-nuseries-and-tree-seedlings/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2019-09-24 |access-date=2019-09-22 |website=eec.ky.gov}}</ref><ref name="ccd-cp-14" /><ref name="uky">{{cite web |last1=University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service |title=''Asimina triloba'' (Pawpaw) |url=https://eec.ky.gov/Natural-Resources/Forestry/state-nuseries-and-tree-seedlings/Documents/Pawpaw.pdf |publisher=State of Kentucky |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

Harvesting small stems within a wild pawpaw patch is usually unsuccessful because most are clones of (and still connected to) adjacent stems and therefore lack fully developed roots.<ref name="kysu-propagation" /><ref name="ccd-cp-14" />

==Cultural significance==

===Old song===
A traditional [[American folk music|American folk song]] portrays wild harvesting of pawpaws; Arty Schronce of the Georgia Department of Agriculture gives these lyrics:<ref name=Georgia/>

{{poemquote|
Where, oh where is dear little Nellie?
Where, oh where is dear little Nellie?
Where, oh where is dear little Nellie?
Way down yonder in the pawpaw patch

Pickin' up pawpaws, puttin' 'em in your pocket
Pickin' up pawpaws, puttin' 'em in your pocket
Pickin' up pawpaws, puttin' 'em in your pocket
Way down yonder in the pawpaw patch}}

He notes that "picking up pawpaws" refers to gathering the ripe, fallen fruit from beneath the trees, and that the "pocket" in the song is that of an [[apron]] or similar tie-on pocket, not a modern [[trousers|pants]] or [[Jeans|blue-jeans]] pocket, into which pawpaws would hardly fit.<ref name=Georgia/> A "pawpaw patch" refers to the plant's characteristic patch-forming clonal growth habit.

===Place names===
The pawpaw is the basis for various place and school names in the United States, almost all using the older spelling variant "paw paw".
* The [[Paw Paw Tunnel]] on the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]] in [[Maryland]] is a 3118-foot (950-m) canal tunnel completed in 1850 to bypass about 5 miles of the 6-mile-long [[Paw Paw Tunnel|Paw Paw Bends]] of the [[Potomac River]] near the town of [[Paw Paw, West Virginia]], all ultimately named after the pawpaw tree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paw Paw Tunnel |url=http://www.pawpawwv.com/local-attractions/paw-paw-tunnel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006175828/http://pawpawwv.com/local-attractions/paw-paw-tunnel |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=15 July 2011 |publisher=Town of Paw Paw, West Virginia}}</ref>
* In Michigan, the [[Paw Paw River]] is named for the pawpaw trees that grew along its banks. [[Paw Paw Lake]] and Little Paw Paw Lake are both tributaries to the river. The town of [[Paw Paw, Michigan]], is located at the junction of two branches of the Paw Paw River. The [[Paw Paw Railroad]] (1857–1887) operated a 4-mile (6.4-km) rail line between Lawton and Paw Paw, in Van Buren County, Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRHX - Railroad History Time Line - 1860 |url=http://www.michiganrailroads.com/RRHX/Timeline/1860s/TimeLine1860sBackUp.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723193351/http://www.michiganrailroads.com/RRHX/Timeline/1860s/TimeLine1860sBackUp.htm |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=6 August 2011 |publisher=RRHX: Railroad History of Michigan}}</ref>
* The village of [[Paw Paw, Illinois]], was named after a nearby grove of pawpaw trees.<ref>Zeimetz, Lisa. "[http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/PDFs/223373.pdf Stephen Wright House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921175517/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/PDFs/223373.pdf |date=2019-09-21 }}," ([[PDF]]), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1 April 2005, HAARGIS Database, ''Illinois Historic Preservation Agency''. Retrieved September 21, 2019.</ref>
* The community of [[Paw Paw, Indiana]], in Miami County, and [[Paw Paw Township, DeKalb County, Illinois|Paw Paw Township]] in DeKalb County and [[Paw Paw Township, Wabash County, Indiana|Paw Paw Township]] in Wabash County are all named after groves of native pawpaw trees.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GETWAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Miami County, Indiana: From the Earliest Time to the Present |publisher=Brant & Fuller |year=1887 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GETWAAAAMAAJ/page/n509 536] |quote=paw-paw.}}</ref>
* [[Paw Paw, Kentucky]], a community in easternmost Kentucky, was named after the native fruit tree.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hess |first=Cameron M. Ludwick & Blair Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9_NBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=My Old Kentucky Road Trip: Historic Destinations & Natural Wonders |date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-62619-816-6 |page=168}}</ref>
* The (now empty) town of [[Paw Paw, Missouri]], was named after the trees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sullivan County, Missouri Place Names, 1928-1945 | The State Historical Society of Missouri |url=https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_sullivan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921182949/https://collections.shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_sullivan.html |archive-date=2019-09-21 |access-date=2019-09-21 |website=collections.shsmo.org}}</ref>

===Art===
[[File:Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Audubon).jpg|thumb|Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Audubon), with a background of pawpaw foliage and fruits]]
* Nineteenth-century [[naturalist]] and [[artist|painter]] [[John James Audubon]] included pawpaw foliage and fruits in the background of his illustration of the [[yellow-billed cuckoo]] (''Coccyzus americanus'') in his classic work, ''[[The Birds of America]]'' (1827–1838).
* Pawpaw fruits and a pawpaw leaf are featured in the painting [[:File:'Still-life with Paw Paws' Edward Edmondson, Jr., Dayton Art Institute.JPG|''Still Life with Pawpaws'']] (''circa'' 1870–1875) by [[Edward Edmondson, Jr.]] (1830–1884), at the [[Dayton Art Institute]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]].
* The Paw Paw is mentioned in the song "Bear Necessities" from the movie "The Jungle Book" : "Now when you pick a paw-paw or a prickly pear And you prick a raw paw, well, next time beware Don't pick the prickly pear by the paw When you pick a pear try to use the claw But you don't need to use the claw When you pick a pear of the big paw-paw Have I given you a clue?" However, neither pawpaws nor prickly pears are found in India, where the film takes place.

===Other===
* The third Thursday in September has been designated as National Pawpaw Day by the [[National Day Calendar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL PAWPAW DAY - Third Thursday in September |date=August 2, 2019 |url=https://nationaldaycalendar.com/national-pawpaw-day-third-thursday-in-september/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921190019/https://nationaldaycalendar.com/national-pawpaw-day-third-thursday-in-september/ |archive-date=2019-09-21 |access-date=2019-09-21 |publisher=[[National Day Calendar]]}}</ref> It was announced on September 19, 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Thursday Thing Program |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/cooperative-extension/third-thursday-thing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921190018/https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/cooperative-extension/third-thursday-thing/ |archive-date=2019-09-21 |access-date=2019-09-21 |website=kysu.edu |publisher=Kentucky State University}}</ref> at Kentucky State University's monthly sustainable agriculture workshop, the Third Thursday Thing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 'Third Thursday Thing': Eleven Years and Going Strong |url=https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/organic-agriculture-working-group/the-third-thursday-thing-eleven-years-and-going-strong/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921190017/https://kysu.edu/academics/cafsss/organic-agriculture-working-group/the-third-thursday-thing-eleven-years-and-going-strong/ |archive-date=2019-09-21 |access-date=2019-09-21 |website=kysu.edu |publisher=Kentucky State University}}</ref>
* The pawpaw was designated as Ohio's state native fruit in 2009.<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] [http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/gp5.082 5.082] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906121236/http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/gp5.082 |date=2010-09-06 }}</ref>
* Since 1999, the Ohio Pawpaw Growers' Association has sponsored an annual [[Pawpaw Festival|Ohio Pawpaw Festival]] at Lake Snowden, near [[Albany, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ohio Pawpaw Festival |url=https://ohiopawpawfest.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104140941/https://ohiopawpawfest.com/ |archive-date=2020-01-04 |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=ohiopawpawfest.com}}</ref>
* Since 2012, Delaware's [[Alapocas Run State Park]] has hosted an annual Pawpaw Folk Festival featuring tastings of the fruit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=Pawpaw Folk Festival set for Aug. 20 at the Blue Ball Barn |url=http://news.delaware.gov/2016/08/15/pawpaw-folk-festival-set-for-aug-20-at-the-blue-ball-barn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202225252/http://news.delaware.gov/2016/08/15/pawpaw-folk-festival-set-for-aug-20-at-the-blue-ball-barn/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>
* The larva of the [[Pawpaw sphinx]] moth feeds on pawpaw leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Horace R. |last2=Hodges |first2=Ronald W. |date=1971-07-23 |title=The Moths of America North of Mexico, including Greenland. Fascicle 21 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3670112 |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=129 |doi=10.2307/3670112 |jstor=3670112 |issn=0038-4909}}</ref>
* Since 2019, the pawpaw has been the official state fruit tree of [[Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missouri Revisor of Statutes - Revised Statutes of Missouri, RSMo, Missouri Law, MO Law, Joint Committee on Legislative Research |url=https://revisor.mo.gov/main/ViewChapter.aspx?chapter=10 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=revisor.mo.gov}}</ref>
* The endangered [[Missouri French|Missouri variety of French]] is known by outsiders and some native speakers as "Paw-Paw French."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|by=no}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Andrew |title=Pawpaw: In Search of America's Forgotten Fruit |publisher=[[Chelsea Green Publishing]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1603585972}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [https://www.kysu.edu/academics/college-acs/school-of-ace/pawpaw/pawpaw-faq-and-contact-information.php Kentucky State University Pawpaw Program]
* [https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/09/29/140894570/the-pawpaw-foraging-for-americas-forgotten-fruit The Pawpaw: Foraging For America's Forgotten Fruit'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q948827}}

[[Category:Asimina|triloba]]
[[Category:Crops originating from North America]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in North America]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Trees of Northern America]]
[[Category:Trees of the Eastern United States]]

Another Voice

2024-09-07T20:50:22Z

Drushrush:

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Another Voice
| type = [[Studio album]]
| artist = [[Agnostic Front]]
| cover = Afront_anothervoice.jpg
| alt =
| released = November 22, 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Hardcore punk]], [[crossover thrash]]
| length = 27:43
| label = [[Nuclear Blast]]
| producer = [[Zeuss]], [[Jamey Jasta]]
| prev_title = [[Dead Yuppies]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Warriors (Agnostic Front album)|Warriors]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r724430|first=Eduardo|last=Rivaldavia}}</ref>
| rev2 =
| rev2Score =
}}
'''''Another Voice''''' is the eighth full-length studio album from [[New York hardcore]] band [[Agnostic Front]]. It was released in November 2004 on [[Nuclear Blast Records]] (January 2005 in the US) and follows 2002's split album with Discipline, ''Working Class Heroes''. It was the first recording on the label and was co-produced by [[Jamey Jasta]] of the band [[Hatebreed]]. It features many guest vocal spots. 2006 saw the release of another live album, ''Live at CBGB – 25 Years of Blood, Honor and Truth''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AGNOSTIC FRONT 'Another Voice' Album Review |url=https://lambgoat.com/albums/1559/agnostic-front-another-voice/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=lambgoat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guard |first=Old |date=2005-01-08 |title=Agnostic Front – Another Voice Review |url=https://yourlastrites.com/2005/01/08/agnostic-front-another-voice-review/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Last Rites |language=en-US}}</ref>

This album marks the comeback to the [[crossover thrash]] sound, that they played in the 1980s.

==Track listing==
All tracks written by Agnostic Front.
{{tracklist
| total_length = 27:43
| title1 = Still Here
| note1 = feat. [[Karl Buechner]]
| length1 = 2:25
| title2 = All Is Not Forgotten
| length2 = 1:54
| title3 = Fall of the Parasite
| length3 = 1:16
| title4 = Pride, Faith, Respect
| length4 = 1:36
| title5 = So Pure to Me
| length5 = 2:00
| title6 = Dedication
| length6 = 2:46
| title7 = Peace
| note7 = feat. [[Jamey Jasta]]
| length7 = 2:19
| title8 = Take Me Back
| length8 = 1:35
| title9 = Hardcore! (The Definition)
| length9 = 2:19
| title10 = Casualty of the Times
| length10 = 2:05
| title11 = No One Hears You
| length11 = 1:38
| title12 = I Live It
| length12 = 2:11
| title13 = It's for Life
| length13 = 1:37
| title14 = Another Voice
| note14 = feat. [[Scott Vogel]]
| length14 = 4:32
}}

==Personnel==
;Agnostic Front
* [[Roger Miret]] – vocals
* Vinnie Stigma – lead guitar
* Matt Henderson – rhythm guitar
* Mike Gallo – bass
* Steve Gallo – drums
;Production
* Billy Siegel – additional guitars
* [[Karl Buechner]] ([[Earth Crisis]], Freya) – backing vocals
* Armand Crump – backing vocals
* Brian Darwas – backing vocals
* Lenny DiSclafani – backing vocals
* Josh Grden – backing vocals
* Joe Harrington – backing vocals
* Henry Hurteau – backing vocals
* Ian Larrabee – backing vocals
* Ivan Murillo – backing vocals
* Matt Pike – backing vocals
* John O'Grady – backing vocals
* Jamey Jasta ([[Hatebreed]]) – backing vocals
* Paul Romanko ([[Shadows Fall]]) – backing vocals
* Brian Schmidt – backing vocals
* [[Scott Vogel]] ([[Terror (band)|Terror]]) – backing vocals
* Produced by Zeuss and [[Jamey Jasta]]
* Engineered by Zeuss and Dean Baltulonis
* Mastered by Alan Douches

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061106074916/http://www.nuclearblastusa.com/bands/agnosticfront/another.html Nuclear Blast Records album page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19981207003904/http://agnosticfront.com/ Agnostic Front official website]
{{Agnostic Front}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 albums]]
[[Category:Agnostic Front albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Chris "Zeuss" Harris]]

Another Voice

2024-09-07T20:49:55Z

Drushrush:

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Another Voice
| type = [[Studio album]]
| artist = [[Agnostic Front]]
| cover = Afront_anothervoice.jpg
| alt =
| released = November 22, 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Hardcore punk]], [[crossover thrash]]
| length = 27:43
| label = [[Nuclear Blast]]
| producer = [[Zeuss]], [[Jamey Jasta]]
| prev_title = [[Dead Yuppies]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Warriors (Agnostic Front album)|Warriors]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r724430|first=Eduardo|last=Rivaldavia}}</ref>
| rev2 =
| rev2Score =
}}
'''''Another Voice''''' is the eighth full-length studio album from [[New York hardcore]] band [[Agnostic Front]]. It was released in November 2004 on [[Nuclear Blast Records]] (January 2005 in the US) and follows 2002's split album with Discipline, ''Working Class Heroes''. It was the first recording on the label and was co-produced by [[Jamey Jasta]] of the band [[Hatebreed]]. It features many guest vocal spots. 2006 saw the release of another live album, ''Live at CBGB – 25 Years of Blood, Honor and Truth''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AGNOSTIC FRONT 'Another Voice' Album Review |url=https://lambgoat.com/albums/1559/agnostic-front-another-voice/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=lambgoat.com |language=en}}</ref>

This album marks the comeback to the [[crossover thrash]] sound, that they played in the 1980s.

==Track listing==
All tracks written by Agnostic Front.
{{tracklist
| total_length = 27:43
| title1 = Still Here
| note1 = feat. [[Karl Buechner]]
| length1 = 2:25
| title2 = All Is Not Forgotten
| length2 = 1:54
| title3 = Fall of the Parasite
| length3 = 1:16
| title4 = Pride, Faith, Respect
| length4 = 1:36
| title5 = So Pure to Me
| length5 = 2:00
| title6 = Dedication
| length6 = 2:46
| title7 = Peace
| note7 = feat. [[Jamey Jasta]]
| length7 = 2:19
| title8 = Take Me Back
| length8 = 1:35
| title9 = Hardcore! (The Definition)
| length9 = 2:19
| title10 = Casualty of the Times
| length10 = 2:05
| title11 = No One Hears You
| length11 = 1:38
| title12 = I Live It
| length12 = 2:11
| title13 = It's for Life
| length13 = 1:37
| title14 = Another Voice
| note14 = feat. [[Scott Vogel]]
| length14 = 4:32
}}

==Personnel==
;Agnostic Front
* [[Roger Miret]] – vocals
* Vinnie Stigma – lead guitar
* Matt Henderson – rhythm guitar
* Mike Gallo – bass
* Steve Gallo – drums
;Production
* Billy Siegel – additional guitars
* [[Karl Buechner]] ([[Earth Crisis]], Freya) – backing vocals
* Armand Crump – backing vocals
* Brian Darwas – backing vocals
* Lenny DiSclafani – backing vocals
* Josh Grden – backing vocals
* Joe Harrington – backing vocals
* Henry Hurteau – backing vocals
* Ian Larrabee – backing vocals
* Ivan Murillo – backing vocals
* Matt Pike – backing vocals
* John O'Grady – backing vocals
* Jamey Jasta ([[Hatebreed]]) – backing vocals
* Paul Romanko ([[Shadows Fall]]) – backing vocals
* Brian Schmidt – backing vocals
* [[Scott Vogel]] ([[Terror (band)|Terror]]) – backing vocals
* Produced by Zeuss and [[Jamey Jasta]]
* Engineered by Zeuss and Dean Baltulonis
* Mastered by Alan Douches

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061106074916/http://www.nuclearblastusa.com/bands/agnosticfront/another.html Nuclear Blast Records album page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19981207003904/http://agnosticfront.com/ Agnostic Front official website]
{{Agnostic Front}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 albums]]
[[Category:Agnostic Front albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Chris "Zeuss" Harris]]

Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs

2024-09-07T20:47:42Z

Drushrush: Listing :Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic.

<noinclude>
{{topic|Albums}}
{{topic|Songs}}
{{deletionlist|Albums and songs}}
;Related deletion sorting:
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Music|Music]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Bands and musicians|Bands and musicians]]
</noinclude>

==Albums and songs==

{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Boredom_and_Joy}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/This Time of Year (song)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skye (song)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hurry Up Tomorrow}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Situation (A Little Sound and Sugababes song)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Nanhai_Chao}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National Anthem of the Republic of the Rif}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Article 14}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Australia (Mango album)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Voilà (album)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Publius Enigma (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Galactic_Theme}}

==Album and song proposed deletions==

----
<div class="references-small">
''for occasional archiving''
</div>

[[Category:Wikipedia deletion sorting|Albums]]
[[Category:WikiProject Albums|Deletion]]
[[Category:WikiProject Songs|Deletion]]

User talk:Waliy sherpa

2024-09-07T20:47:41Z

Drushrush: Notification: listing of :Volume 5: Anatomic at WP:Articles for deletion.

==Welcome== Hello '''{{PAGENAME}}''' and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to [[Wikipedia]]! I'm glad you've chosen to join us. This is a great project with lots of dedicated people, which might seem intimidating at times, but don't let anything discourage you. [[Be bold!]], explore, and contribute. Try to [[be civil]] by following [[WP:SR|simple guidelines]] and signing your talk comments with <nowiki> ~~~~ </nowiki> but never forget that one of our central tenets is to [[Wikipedia:Ignore all rules|ignore all rules]]. If you want to learn more, [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] is the place to go, but eventually the following links might also come in handy: [[Wikipedia:Help|Help]] [[Wikipedia:FAQ|FAQ]] [[Wikipedia:Glossary|Glossary]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] Float around until you find something that tickles your fancy. One easy way to do this is to hit the [[Special:Random|random page]] button in the navigation bar to the left. Additionally, the [[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Community Portal]] offers a more structured way to become acquainted with the many great committees and groups that focus on specific tasks. My personal favorite stomping grounds are [[Wikipedia:Translation into English]] as well as the [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|cleanup]], [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee|welcoming]], and [[Wikipedia:Counter Vandalism Unit|counter-vandalism]] committees. Finally, the Wikimedia Foundation has several other wiki [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects projects] that you might enjoy. If you have any more questions, always feel free to '''ask me anything''' on [[User_talk:Draeco|my talk page]]. Again, welcome! -- [[User:Draeco|Draeco]] 05:28, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

== Tung-ting tea and Dong Ding ==

   Please see my contrib at [[Talk:Tung-ting_tea#Redirect_to_Dong_Ding]], thanks. --[[User:Jerzy|Jerzy]]•[[User talk:Jerzy|t]] 06:04, 19 January 2016 (UTC) 

== Editing News #1—2017 ==

''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]''

<div style="float:right;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;">
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center|alt=VisualEditor]]'''Did you know?'''
<div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;">

Did you know that you can review your changes visually?

[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - visual diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes to an article. Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|245x245px]]When you are finished editing the page, type your edit summary and then choose "{{int:visualeditor-savedialog-label-review}}".
In visual mode, you will see additions, removals, new links, and formatting highlighted. Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side.

[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected.|center|frameless|220x220px]]

Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs.

[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - wikitext diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display.|center|frameless|245x245px]]

The wikitext diff is the same diff tool that is used in the wikitext editors and in the page history.

You can read and help translate [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.
</div></div>

Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[:mw:2017_wikitext_editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]] which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and adding [[:mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the new visual diff tool]]. Their workboard is available [[:phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the work finished each week at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor as a [[:mw:Beta Features|beta feature]], and improving the visual diff tool.

=== Recent changes ===

A '''new wikitext editing mode''' is available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices. The [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools. Go to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures]] to enable the {{int:Visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-label}}.

A new '''[[:mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' is available in VisualEditor's visual mode. You can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs. More features will be added to this later. In the future, this tool may be integrated into other MediaWiki components. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143350]

The team have added [[:mw:Editing/Projects/Columns_for_references|multi-column support for lists of footnotes]]. The <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> block can automatically display long lists of references in columns on wide screens. This makes footnotes easier to read. You can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597]

Other changes:
* You can now use your web browser's function to switch typing direction in the new wikitext mode. This is particularly helpful for RTL language users like Urdu or Hebrew who have to write JavaScript or CSS. You can use Command+Shift+X or Control+Shift+X to trigger this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153356]
* The way to switch between the visual editing mode and the wikitext editing mode is now consistent. There is a drop-down menu that shows the two options. This is now the same in desktop and mobile web editing, and inside things that embed editing, such as Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116417]
* The {{int:visualeditor-categories-tool}} item has been moved to the top of the {{int:visualeditor-pagemenu-tooltip}} menu (from clicking on the [[File:VisualEditor - Icon - Menu.svg|alt="hamburger"|24x24px]] icon) for quicker access. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74399] There is also now a "Templates used on this page" feature there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149009]
* You can now create <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> tags (sometimes used as <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code>) for chemical formulas inside the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153365]
* Tables can be set as collapsed or un-collapsed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157989]
* The {{int:visualeditor-specialcharacter-button-tooltip}} menu now includes characters for Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and angle quotation marks (‹› and ⟨⟩) . The team thanks the volunteer developer, [[:S:en:User:Tpt|Tpt]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108626]
* A bug caused some section edit conflicts to blank the rest of the page. This has been fixed. The team are sorry for the disruption. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154217]
* There is a new keyboard shortcut for citations: <code>Control</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>K</code> on a PC, or <code>Command</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>K</code> on a Mac. It is based on the keyboard shortcut for making links, which is <code>Control</code>+<code>K</code> on a PC or <code>Command</code>+<code>K</code> on a Mac. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T99299]

=== Future changes ===
* The VisualEditor team is working with the Community Tech team on a syntax highlighting tool. It will highlight matching pairs of <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags and other types of wikitext syntax. You will be able to turn it on and off. It will first become available in VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode, maybe late in 2017. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246]
* The kind of button used to {{int:Showpreview}}, {{int:showdiff}}, and finish an edit will change in all WMF-supported wikitext editors. The new buttons will use [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]]. The buttons will be larger, brighter, and easier to read. The labels will remain the same. You can test the new button by editing a page and adding <code>&ooui=1</code> to the end of the URL, like this: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=edit&ooui=1 The old appearance will no longer be possible, even with local CSS changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849]
* The [[:mw:File:Edit_toolbar_-_2.png|outdated 2006 wikitext editor]] will be removed later this year. It is used by approximately 0.03% of active editors. See [[:mw:Editor|a list of editing tools on mediawiki.org]] if you are uncertain which one you use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856]

If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 19:18, 9 May 2017 (UTC)


== ArbCom 2017 election voter message ==

{{Ivmbox|Hello, Waliy sherpa. Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2017|2017 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]] is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration|Wikipedia arbitration process]]. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose [[WP:BAN|site bans]], [[WP:TBAN|topic bans]], editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy|arbitration policy]] describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2017 election, please review [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2017/Candidates|the candidates]] and submit your choices on the '''[[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|voting page]]'''. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
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== Editing News #1—2018 ==

''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/Feburary|Read this in another language]] • [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for the English Wikipedia]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for the multilingual edition]]''
<div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;">
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]]
'''Did you know?'''<div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;">
Did you know that you can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]] on any page?

[[File:Wikitext diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display|center|frameless|250px]]

Sometimes, it is hard to see important changes in a wikitext diff. This screenshot of a wikitext diff (click to enlarge) shows that the paragraphs have been rearranged, but it does not highlight the removal of a word or the addition of a new sentence.

If you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the Beta Feature]] for "{{Int:visualeditor-preference-visualdiffpage-label}}", you will have a new option. It will give you a new box at the top of every diff page. This box will let you choose either diff system on any edit.

[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected|center|frameless|200px]]
Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs.

In the visual diff, additions, removals, new links, and formatting changes will be highlighted. Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side.

[[File:Visual diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes to an article. Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|250px]]

This screenshot shows the same edit as the wikitext diff. The visual diff highlights the removal of one word and the addition of a new sentence. An arrow indicates that the paragraph changed location.

You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.
</div></div>

Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|the last newsletter]], the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]], which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and improving [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]]. Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the work finished each week at [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[mw:Editing team/Current priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor, and improving the visual diff tool.

===Recent changes===
*The '''[[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]''' is [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|available as a Beta Feature]] on desktop devices. It has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools. The team have been comparing the performance of different editing environments. They have studied how long it takes to open the page and start typing. The study uses data for more than one million edits during December and January. Some changes have been made to improve the speed of the 2017 wikitext editor and the visual editor. Recently, the 2017 wikitext editor opened fastest for most edits, and the 2010 WikiEditor was fastest for some edits. More information will be posted at [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Editing performance]].
*The '''[[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' was developed for the visual editor. It is now available to all users of the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. When you review your changes, you can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs. You can also [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the new Beta Feature]] for "Visual diffs". The Beta Feature lets you use the visual diff tool to view other people's edits on page histories and [[Special:RecentChanges]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167508]
*[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|'''Wikitext syntax highlighting''']] is available as a Beta Feature for both [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor]] and the 2010 wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246]
*The [[mw:Citoid|citoid service]] automatically translates URLs, DOIs, ISBNs, and PubMed id numbers into wikitext citation templates. This tool has been used at the English Wikipedia for a long time. It is very popular and useful to editors, although it can be tricky for admins to set up. Other wikis can have this service, too. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|read the instructions]]. You can [[phab:T127354|ask the team to help you enable citoid at your wiki]].

===Let's work together===
*The team is planning a presentation about editing tools for an upcoming [[m:Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meetings|Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meeting]].
*Wikibooks, Wikiversity, and other communities may have the visual editor made available by default to contributors. If your community wants this, then please contact [[mw:User talk:Deskana (WMF)|Dan Garry]].
*The <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> block can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Projects/Columns for references|automatically display long lists of references in columns]] on wide screens. This makes footnotes easier to read. This has already been enabled at the English Wikipedia. If you want columns for a long list of footnotes on this wiki, you can use either <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> or the plain (no parameters) <code><nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki></code> template. If you edit a different wiki, you can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597]
*If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. Thank you!

—[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 23:14, 28 February 2018 (UTC)


== Editing News #2—2018 ==

''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]] • [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor#Newsletter|Subscription list on the English Wikipedia]]''

<div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;">
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]]
'''Did you know?'''
<div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;">

Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device?
[[File:Mobile editing watchlist star editing pencil.png|alt= Screenshot showing the location of the pencil icon|center|frameless|250px]]

Tap on the pencil icon to start editing. The page will probably open in the wikitext editor.

You will see another pencil icon in the toolbar. Tap on that pencil icon to the switch between visual editing and wikitext editing.

[[File:Visual editing mobile switch wikitext.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]]

Remember to publish your changes when you're done.

You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.
</div></div>

Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has wrapped up most of their work on the [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] and [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]]. The team has begun investigating the needs of editors who use mobile devices. Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]]. Their [[mw:Wikimedia Audiences/2018-19 Q2 Goals#Contributors|current priorities]] are fixing bugs and improving mobile editing.

=== Recent changes ===
* The Editing team has published an [[mw:Mobile editing using the visual editor report|initial report about mobile editing]].
* The Editing team has begun a design study of visual editing on the mobile website. New editors have trouble doing basic tasks on a smartphone, such as adding links to Wikipedia articles. You can [[:c:File:Visual Editor Heuristic - Results.pdf|read the report]].
* The Reading team is working on a [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|separate mobile-based contributions project]].
* The 2006 wikitext editor is [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Removal of the 2006 wikitext editor|no longer supported]]. If you used [[:File:Edit toolbar - 2.png|that toolbar]], then you will no longer see any toolbar. You may choose another editing tool in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|editing preferences]], [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|local gadgets]], or [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]].
* The Editing team described the history and status of [[mw:Extension:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] in [[m:Wikimedia monthly activities meetings/2018-03|this recorded public presentation]] (starting at 29 minutes, 30 seconds).
* The Language team released [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version of Content Translation]] (CX2) last month, on [[foundationsite:2018/09/30/international-translation-day/|International Translation Day]]. It integrates the visual editor to support templates, tables, and images. It also produces better wikitext when the translated article is published. [https://wikimediafoundation.org/2018/09/30/content-translation-version-two/]

=== Let's work together ===
* The Editing team wants to improve visual editing on the mobile website. Please [[mw:Visual-based mobile editing/Ideas/October 2018|read their ideas]] and tell the team what you think would help editors who use the mobile site. 
* The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins next week.
* If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Whatamidoing_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}

— [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 17:12, 1 November 2018 (UTC)


== Editing News #1—July 2019 ==

''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]''

<div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;">
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]]
<big>'''Did you know?'''</big>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;">

Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device?

Every article has a pencil icon at the top. Tap on the pencil icon [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|frameless|16x16px]] to start editing.

'''<big>Edit Cards</big>'''

[[File:EditCards-v.20.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]]

This is what the new '''Edit Cards for editing links''' in the mobile visual editor look like. You can try the prototype here: '''[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].'''
</div></div>

Welcome back to the [[mw:Editing|Editing]] newsletter.

Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|the last newsletter]], the team has released two new features for the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|mobile visual editor]] and has started developing three more. All of this work is part of the team's goal to [[metawiki:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2018-2019/Audiences#Outcome 3: Mobile Contribution|make editing on mobile web simpler.]]

Before talking about the team's recent releases, we have a question for you:

'''Are you willing to try a new way to add and change links?'''

If you are interested, we would value your input! You can try this new link tool in the mobile visual editor on a separate wiki.

''Follow these instructions and share your experience:''

'''[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].'''

=== Recent releases ===
The mobile visual editor is a simpler editing tool, for smartphones and tablets using the [[Mw:Reading/Web/Mobile#About|mobile site]]. The Editing team has recently launched two new features to improve the mobile visual editor:

# [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|Section editing]]
#* The purpose is to help contributors focus on their edits.
#* The team studied this with an A/B test. [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing#16 June 2019|This test showed]] that contributors who could use section editing were '''1% more likely to publish''' the edits they started than people with only full-page editing.
# [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#March 1, 2019|Loading overlay]]
#* The purpose is to smooth the transition between reading and editing.

Section editing and the new loading overlay are '''now available to everyone''' using the mobile visual editor.

=== New and active projects ===
This is a list of our most active projects. [[mw:Help:Watching pages|Watch]] these pages to learn about project updates and to share your input on new designs, prototypes and research findings.

*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit cards]]: This is a clearer way to add and edit links, citations, images, templates, etc. in articles. You can try this feature now. ''Go here to see how:'' [[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲''Try Edit Cards'']]''.''
*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Mobile toolbar refresh]]: This project will learn if contributors are more successful when the editing tools are easier to recognize.
*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|Mobile visual editor availability]]: This A/B test asks: ''Are newer contributors more successful if they use the mobile visual editor?'' We are collaborating with [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default#26 June 2019 %E2%80%93 Participating wikis and test start date|20 Wikipedias]] to answer this question.
*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Usability improvements|Usability improvements]]: This project will make the mobile visual editor easier to use. The goal is to let contributors stay focused on editing and to feel more confident in the editing tools.

=== Looking ahead ===

* '''Wikimania:''' Several members of the Editing Team will be attending [https://wikimania2019.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Wikimania] in August 2019. They will lead a session about mobile editing in the [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|Community Growth space]]. Talk to them about how editing can be improved.
* '''Talk Pages:''' In the coming months, the Editing Team will begin [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|improving talk pages]] and communication on the wikis.

=== Learning more ===
The [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|VisualEditor on mobile]] is a good place to learn more about the projects we are working on. The team wants to talk with you about anything related to editing. If you have something to say or ask, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]].

[[mw:User:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) and [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 21:25, 15 July 2019 (UTC)


== Editing News #2 – Mobile editing and talk pages – October 2019 ==

[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]

Inside this newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] talks about their work on the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]], on [[mw:Talk pages project|the new talk pages project]], and at [[wikimania:|Wikimania 2019]].

=== Help ===
'''What talk page interactions do you remember?''' Is it a story about how someone helped you to learn something new? Is it a story about how someone helped you get involved in a group? Something else? Whatever your story is, we want to hear it!

Please tell us a story about how you used a talk page. Please share a link to a memorable discussion, or describe it on the '''[[mw:Topic:V8d91yh8gcg404dj|talk page for this project]]'''. The team would value your examples. These examples will help everyone develop a shared understanding of what this project should support and encourage.

=== Talk Pages ===
The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk Pages Consultation]] was a global consultation to define better tools for wiki communication. From February through June 2019, more than 500 volunteers on 20 wikis, across 15 languages and multiple projects, came together with members of the Foundation to create a product direction for a set of discussion tools. The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Phase 2 report|Phase 2 Report]] of the Talk Page Consultation was published in August. It summarizes the product direction the team has started to work on, which you can read more about here: [[mw:Talk pages project|Talk Page Project project page]].

The team needs and wants your help at this early stage. They are starting to develop the first idea. Please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|'''"Getting involved"''']] section of the project page, if you would like to hear about opportunities to participate.

=== Mobile visual editor ===
The Editing team is trying to make it simpler to edit on mobile devices. The team is changing the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|visual editor on mobile]]. If you have something to say about editing on a mobile device, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]].

==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit Cards]] ====
[[File:Edit Cards-before-v3-comparison.png|thumb|486x486px|What happens when you click on a link. The new Edit Card is bigger and has more options for editing links.]]

* On 3 September, the Editing team released [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|version 3 of Edit Cards]]. Anyone could use the new version in the mobile visual editor.
* There is an [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|updated design]] on the Edit Card for adding and modifying links. There is also a new, [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#2 September 2019 - v3 deployment timing|combined workflow for editing a link's display text and target]].
* Feedback: You can try the new Edit Cards by opening the mobile visual editor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[:mw:Topic:V5rg0cqmikpubmjj|Edit cards talk page]].

==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Toolbar]] ====
[[File:Toolbar-comparison-v1.png|thumb|486x486px|The editing toolbar is changing in the mobile visual editor. The old system had two different toolbars. Now, all the buttons are together. [[:mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Tell the team what you think about the new toolbar]].]]

* In September, the Editing team updated the mobile visual editor's editing toolbar. Anyone could see these changes in the mobile visual editor.
** One toolbar: All of the editing tools are located in one toolbar. Previously, the toolbar changed when you clicked on different things.
**New navigation: The buttons for moving forward and backward in the edit flow have changed.
**Seamless switching: an [[phab:T228159|improved workflow]] for switching between the visual and wikitext modes.
* Feedback: You can try the refreshed toolbar by opening the mobile VisualEditor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Toolbar feedback talk page]].

=== Wikimania ===
The Editing Team attended [[wmania:2019:Program|Wikimania 2019]] in Sweden. They led a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|the mobile visual editor]] and a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/After Flow: A new direction for improving talk pages|the new talk pages project]]. They tested [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh#v1 prototype|two]] new [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#v3 prototype|features]] in the mobile visual editor with contributors. You can read more about what the team did and learned in [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#Wikimania Stockholm: Overview|the team's report on Wikimania 2019]].

=== Looking ahead ===

*'''Talk Pages Project''': The team is thinking about the first set of proposed changes. The team will be working with a few communities to pilot those changes. The best way to stay informed is by adding your username to the list on the project page: [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|'''Getting involved''']].
*'''Testing the mobile visual editor as the default''': The Editing team plans to post results before the end of the calendar year. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|'''VisualEditor as mobile default project page''']].
*'''Measuring the impact of Edit Cards''': The Editing team hopes to share results in November. This study asks whether the project helped editors add links and citations. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|'''Edit Cards project page''']].

– [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 16:51, 17 October 2019 (UTC)


== Editing news 2020 #1 – Discussion tools ==

[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/April|Read this in another language]] • [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list]]

[[File:TalkPages-Reply-v1.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Screenshot showing what the Reply tool looks like|This early version of the Reply tool automatically signs and indents comments.]]

The [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] has been working on [[mw:Talk pages project|the talk pages project]]. The goal of the talk pages project is to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. This project is the result of the [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019]].

[[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Reply tool improved with edit tool buttons|In a future update, the team plans to test a tool for easily linking to another user's name, a rich-text editing option, and other tools.]]

The team is building a [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|new tool for replying]] to comments now. This early version can sign and indent comments automatically. Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20version%201.0|test the new Reply tool]].

*On 31 March 2020, the new {{Int:discussiontools-replylink}} tool was offered as a [[mw:Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] editors at four Wikipedias: [[w:ar:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Arabic]], [[w:nl:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Dutch]], [[w:fr:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|French]], and [[w:hu:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Hungarian]]. If your community also wants early access to the new tool, contact [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]].
*The team is planning some upcoming changes. Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|review the proposed design]] and share your thoughts on the talk page. The team will test features such as:
**an easy way to mention another editor ("pinging"),
**a rich-text visual editing option, and
**other features identified through user testing or recommended by editors.

To hear more about Editing Team updates, please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Get involved|"Get involved"]] section of the project page. You can also watch [[File:MediaWiki Vector skin blue star watchlist icon.svg|frameless|16px]] these pages: [[mw:Talk pages project|the main project page]], [[mw:Talk pages project/Updates|Updates]], [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|Replying]], and [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing|User testing]].

– [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 15:46, 13 April 2020 (UTC)


== Editing news 2020 #2 – Quick updates ==

[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/June|Read this in another language]] • [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list]]

[[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|alt=Mockup of the new reply feature, showing new editing tools|thumb|400x400px|The new features include a toolbar. [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/replying|What do you think should be in the toolbar?]]]]

This edition of the [[mw:Editing|Editing]] newsletter includes information the [[Wikipedia:Talk pages project]], an effort to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. The [[mw:Talk pages project|central project page is on MediaWiki.org.]]

* [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]]: This is available as a Beta Feature at the four partner wikis (Arabic, Dutch, French, and Hungarian Wikipedias). The Beta Feature will get [[mw:Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|new features]] soon. The new features include writing comments in a new visual editing mode and pinging other users by typing <code>@</code>. You can [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20tool%20version%202.0|test the new features]] on the [[mw:Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]]. Some other wikis will have a chance to try the Beta Feature in the coming months.
* [[mw:New requirements for user signatures|New requirements for user signatures]]: Soon, users will not be able to save invalid custom signatures in [[Special:Preferences]]. This will reduce signature spoofing, prevent page corruption, and make new talk page tools more reliable. Most editors will not be affected.
* [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New discussion tool]]: The Editing team is beginning work on a simpler process for starting new discussions. You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion#Design|see the initial design on the project page]].
* [[m:Research:Usage of talk pages|Research on the use of talk pages]]: The Editing team worked with the [[mw:Wikimedia research|Wikimedia research team]] to study how talk pages help editors improve articles. We learned that new editors who use talk pages make more edits to the main namespace than new editors who don't use talk pages.

– [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 18:11, 15 June 2020 (UTC)


== Editing news 2020 #3 ==

[[File:50 million desktop visual editor edits.png|thumb|On 16 March 2020, the '''50 millionth edit''' was made using the visual editor on desktop.|400px]]

Seven years ago this week, the [[mw:Editing team|Editing team]] made the visual editor available by default to all logged-in editors using the desktop site at the English Wikipedia. Here's what happened since its introduction:

* The 50 millionth edit using the visual editor on desktop was made this year. More than 10 million edits have been made here at the English Wikipedia.
* More than 2 million new articles have been created in the visual editor. More than 600,000 of these new articles were created during 2019.
* Almost 5 million edits on the mobile site have been made with the visual editor. Most of these edits have been made since the Editing team started improving the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]] in 2018.
* The proportion of all edits made using the visual editor has been increasing every year.
* Editors have made more than 7 million edits in the 2017 wikitext editor, including starting 600,000 new articles in it. The [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] is VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable it in your preferences]].
* On 17 November 2019, the [https://discuss-space.wmflabs.org/t/first-edit-made-to-wikipedia-from-outer-space/2254 first edit from outer space] was made in the mobile visual editor.
* In 2019, 35% of the edits by newcomers, and half of their first edits, were made using the visual editor. This percentage has been increasing every year since the tool became available.

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 02:06, 3 July 2020 (UTC)


== Removal from newsletter subscription list ==

Hello,

It looks like you haven't edited for a long time, so I'm taking your name off of [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Newsletter]]. If I've guessed wrong, or you come back to Wikipedia in the future, then please feel free to re-add your name, or to put your name on the global list at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter]].

Thanks for your interest in editing.

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 02:56, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

== Nomination of [[:Volume 5: Anatomic]] for deletion ==
<div class="afd-notice">
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0;">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article [[:Volume 5: Anatomic]] is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The article will be discussed at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic]]''' until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.</div> [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 20:47, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic

2024-09-07T20:47:41Z

Drushrush: Creating deletion discussion page for :Volume 5: Anatomic.

===[[:Volume 5: Anatomic]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|?}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Volume 5: Anatomic}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 September 7#{{anchorencode:Volume 5: Anatomic}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1143333222/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Volume 5: Anatomic}})
After checking google I am unable to find proper citations, other than album and CD listing sites, so in my opinion this one does not meet the notability guidelines. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 20:47, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 20:47, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 September 7

2024-09-07T20:47:40Z

Drushrush: Adding :Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic.

{{Recent AfDs}}
<div class="boilerplate metadata vfd" style="background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px">
{| width = "100%"
|-
! width="50%" align="left" | < [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 September 6|September 06]]
! width="50%" align="right" | [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 September 8|September 08]] >
|}
</div>
<div align = "center">'''[[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion|Guide to deletion]]'''</div>
{{Cent}}
{{purge|Purge server cache}}
__TOC__

{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ITT Family Games}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Patch-management}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Theodoric of York, Medieval Barber}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kitty Films}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xenos Books}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martin Shearman}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SoFaygo}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Under the Stars (1993 film)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Socialist Alternative (England, Wales and Scotland)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ProtoShare}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deborah Paul-Enenche}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Law (stochastic processes)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Isoelectric (electric potential)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carleton House Preparatory School}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Schieren}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anikka Albrite}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boredom and Joy}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/État pied-noir}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Genocide of Bosniaks in World War II}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Win Wu YanHong}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ci Sha}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Children in the Nursery}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brett Kincaid}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jason Vukovich}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/This Time of Year (song)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of massacres of Bosniaks}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Bores (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bill Dawes (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bae Youn-kyu}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abdel Latif Fathy}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moza Sultan Al Kaabi}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Harper, Indiana}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Richard Jones (British diplomat) (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dumitru Găleșanu}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miyu Takahashi}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tonye Irims (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AutoMowheelz}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National Cardiac Centre}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cezar D'Mello}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Red Blue}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amit Ulman}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Masters World Series of Indoor Cricket}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ahmadreza Mousavi}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dedy Jaya Siregar}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Turkish Informatics Olympiad}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kande Lansana}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Edmondson}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jakub Rakyta}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Bolgar}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evenk hydroelectric power plant}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mizuki Otake}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alexis Strum (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Fleeting Ends}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2015 Services Air Airbus A310 crash (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Josue España}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Old Newingtonians awarded Imperial and Australian honours}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cultural institutions in Australia}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Archaeosophos}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Kamen Rider Gavv episodes}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Beşkarış Dam}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daigo Tanioka}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ewington, Indiana}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jordan, Daviess County, Indiana}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yogacharya Govindan Nair}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Suborno Isaac Bari}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andreína Álvarez}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of controversies of recent U.S. Presidents}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Virtualization Development}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Giovanni Gallo (politician)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Safavid–Aq Qoyunlu Wars}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smarter Planet}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aleksi Ojala}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IBM Master Inventor}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of landlord Members of Parliament in the United Kingdom}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/North Epirote Insurgency In South Albania}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jon Gibson (Christian musician) (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Heimdall (software)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Richard McDonald (academic)}}

Volume 5: Anatomic

2024-09-07T20:47:40Z

Drushrush: Nominated for deletion; see :Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volume 5: Anatomic.

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Volume 5: Anatomic|timestamp=20240907204740|year=2024|month=September|day=7|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{One source|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Volume 5: Anatomic
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Afro Celt Sound System]]
| cover = V5-Anatomic.jpg
| alt =
| released = October 4, 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[World music]], [[worldbeat]], [[ethnic electronica]]
| length =
| label = [[Real World Records]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Pod (Afro Celt Sound System album)|Pod]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}} <ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r793595|first=Thom|last=Jurek}}</ref>
| rev2 =
| rev2Score =
| noprose = yes
}}
'''''Volume 5: Anatomic''''' is [[Afro Celt Sound System]]'s fifth album, released on October 4, 2005 by [[Real World Records]].

==Track listing==
# "When I Still Needed You"
# "My Secret Bliss"
# "Mojave"
# "Sené (Working The Land)"
# "Beautiful Rain"
# "Anatomic"
# "Mother"
# "Dhol Dogs"
# "Drake"

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Afro Celt Sound System}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 albums|Anatomic]]
[[Category:Afro Celt Sound System albums|Anatomic]]
[[Category:Real World Records albums]]
[[Category:Sequel albums]]

{{2000s-album-stub}}

Anasol (album)

2024-09-07T20:43:32Z

Drushrush:

{{Infobox album
| name = Anasol
| type = studio
| artist = [[Anasol]]
| cover = Anasol(Album).jpg
| alt =
| released = August 30, 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Latin Pop]], [[electropop]]
| length =
| label =
* [[Universal Records]]
* [[Univision Records|Univision]]
| producer = Anasol, Luis Fernando Ochoa, David Cardenas
| prev_title = [[Astros (album)|Astros]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = La Dama Escobar
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Anasol
| type = studio
| single1 = [[Sentimiento (song)|Sentimiento]]
| single1date = 2005
| single2 = [[Nace (song)|Nace]]
| single2date = 2006
}}
}}

{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{AllMusic |first=Alex |last=Henderson |class=album |id=r787344 |label=Anasol – ''Anasol'' > Review}}</ref>
}}

'''''Anasol''''' is the third album by [[Colombian people|Colombian]] [[Pop music|pop]] singer [[Anasol]].

The album was released on August 30, 2005.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Anasol+columbia&pg=PA48 |title=Billboard |date=2005-08-27 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> The album contains 12 songs, including her first hit single "[[Sentimiento (song)|Sentimiento]]", which reached number 31 on the ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' [[Hot Latin Songs]] chart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anasol – Chart History |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/279021/anasol/chart?f=372 |publisher=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]}}</ref>

==Track listing==
All songs written by Anasol Escobar, except where noted.
#"[[Sentimiento (song)|Sentimiento]]" – 4:18
#"[[Nace (song)|Nace]]" – 3:57
#"Sube el Alma" (Escobar, Luis Fernando Ochoa) – 3:30
#"Dame" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:28
#"Sin Miedo a Caer" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:40
#"Amantes Invisibles" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 4:17
#"Voy Volando" – 3:36
#"Buscame" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:36
#"Siluetas" – 3:11
#"Astros" – 3:17
#"Si No Llego" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:54
#"Sentimiento" (Club Mix) – 7:51

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 albums]]
[[Category:Anasol albums]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group albums]]

{{2000s-pop-album-stub}}

Anasol (album)

2024-09-07T20:43:03Z

Drushrush:

{{Infobox album
| name = Anasol
| type = studio
| artist = [[Anasol]]
| cover = Anasol(Album).jpg
| alt =
| released = August 30, 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Latin Pop]], [[electropop]]
| length =
| label =
* [[Universal Records]]
* [[Univision Records|Univision]]
| producer = Anasol, Luis Fernando Ochoa, David Cardenas
| prev_title = [[Astros (album)|Astros]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = La Dama Escobar
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Anasol
| type = studio
| single1 = [[Sentimiento (song)|Sentimiento]]
| single1date = 2005
| single2 = [[Nace (song)|Nace]]
| single2date = 2006
}}
}}

{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{AllMusic |first=Alex |last=Henderson |class=album |id=r787344 |label=Anasol – ''Anasol'' > Review}}</ref>
}}

'''''Anasol''''' is the third album by [[Colombian people|Colombian]] [[Pop music|pop]] singer [[Anasol]].

The album was released on August 30, 2005.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Anasol+columbia&pg=PA48 |title=Billboard |date=2005-08-27 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> The album contains 12 songs, including her first hit single "[[Sentimiento (song)|Sentimiento]]", which reached number 31 on the ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' [[Hot Latin Songs]] chart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anasol – Chart History |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/279021/anasol/chart?f=372 |publisher=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]}}</ref>

==Track listing==
All songs written by Anasol Escobar, except where noted.
#"[[Sentimiento (song)|Sentimiento]]" – 4:18
#"[[Nace (song)|Nace]]" – 3:57
#"Sube el Alma" (Escobar, Luis Fernando Ochoa) – 3:30
#"Dame" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:28
#"Sin Miedo a Caer" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:40
#"Amantes Invisibles" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 4:17
#"Voy Volando" – 3:36
#"Buscame" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:36
#"Siluetas" – 3:11
#"Astros" – 3:17
#"Si No Llego" (Escobar, Ochoa) – 3:54
#"Sentimiento" (Club Mix) – 7:51

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 albums]]
[[Category:Anasol albums]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group albums]]

{{2000s-pop-album-stub}}

SSSniperWolf

2024-09-07T20:27:17Z

Drushrush:

{{Short description|English-American YouTuber (born 1992)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use|us|date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = SSSniperWolf
| image = Alia Shelesh YouTube shorts screenshot.jpg
| caption = SSSniperWolf in 2022
| birth_name = Alia Shelesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|22}}
| nationality = {{flatlist|
* British
* American<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>
}}
| occupation = [[YouTuber]]
| organization =
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2011–present
| module = 
| pseudonym = [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2hFZwNM71iOOCY3guLE7KQ Little Lia]
| channel_name = SSSniperWolf
| channel_url = UCpB959t8iPrxQWj7G6n0ctQ
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reaction video]]s
* [[Video game culture|gaming]] (formerly)
}}
| subscribers = 34.6 million
| views = 25.36 billion
| network =
| associated_acts =
| ruby_year = 
| red_diamond_year = 
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2015
| diamond_button = yes
| diamond_year = 2018
| stats_update = August 25, 2024
}}

'''Alia''' "'''Lia'''" '''Shelesh''' (born {{Birth date|1992|10|22}}), better known as '''SSSniperWolf''', is a British-American YouTuber. She started "SSSniperWolf" YouTube channel in 2013, which rose to prominence in the following years. She was one of the most recognisable [[Internet celebrity|social media personalities]] associated with [[online video game]]s<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Freddie |title=Three Female Pro-Gamers On The Perks Of Online Community |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |website=[[British Vogue]] |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410083130/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |url-status=live }}</ref> until 2017, when she shifted her focus from video game-related content to [[reaction video]]s.


Despite a prominent popularity, Shelesh is also one of the most controversial figures on the platform. In 2023, after receiving criticism for "[[copyright infringement|freebooting]]" [[TikTok]] videos in her reaction content,<ref name="time-alia" /><ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> she was involved in an internet scandal involving allegations that she [[Doxing|doxxed]] YouTuber [[jacksfilms]], resulting in temporary [[YouTuber#YouTuber earnings|demonetization]]. Following this, other allegations about her surfaced.

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and career beginnings ===
Alia Shelesh was born on October 22, 1992 in [[Liverpool]], England.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts">{{cite news |last1=Mboga |first1=Paulette |title=Sssniperwolf's parents: 5 quick facts that you need to know |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |work=Tuko.co.ke |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415083912/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is Turkish through her mother and Greek through her father.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> Her family moved to the United States when she was six, at which age she started playing video games.<ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-06-02">{{Cite web|title=Who is Sssniperwolf's boyfriend? Is she married to Evan Sausage?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-06-02|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205747/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-09-07">{{Cite web|title=Who are Sssniperwolf's brothers? Does she have a half-brother?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-09-07|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205808/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shelesh started uploading videos to her YouTube channel "sexysexysniper",<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband">{{cite news |last1=Mather |first1=Katie |title=YouTuber SSSniperwolf is allegedly being sued by husband, former collaborator 1 year after breakup |url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]] |date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102120220/https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/|archive-date=2023-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="video" name="sss1">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=April 22, 2011 |title=STILL no PSN? WTF? |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221024512/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> consisting of [[Let's Play]]s of games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> This channel was active in 2011<ref group="video" name="sss1" /> and 2012.<ref group="video" name="sss2">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date= July 7, 2012 |title=Caught With Porn in 6th Grade |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708010326/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> She moved to the SSSniperWolf channel in 2013,<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> on which her first video was a compilation of [[Failure#Internet memes and "fail"|fails]] in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref group="video" name="first">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=Jan 25, 2013 |title=BO2 Fails + Funnies #1 |type=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |access-date=November 12, 2023 |publisher=SSSniperWolf |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111233714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |url-status=live }}</ref> She derived her handle from [[Characters of the Metal Gear series#Sniper Wolf|Sniper Wolf]], a character from the ''[[Metal Gear]]'' video game series.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>

=== Rise in prominence and shift to reaction videos ===
In 2016, she featured on ''Day of Doom'', an event that was hosted by [[id Software]].<ref name="Tubefilter_2016-03-25">{{Cite web|title=iJustine, Rob Gronkowski, And More To Compete In Live ''Doom'' Tournament On YouTube Gaming|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=Tubefilter|date=2016-03-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108034221/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Game Informer_2016-03-24">{{Cite magazine|title=Doom Preview - Bethesda Teams With Pro Athletes To Reveal New Doom Multiplayer Footage|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|magazine=Game Informer|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en|first=Mike|last=Futter|date=2016-03-24|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011552/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="VentureBeat_2016-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Bethesda teams YouTube stars with sports athletes in Day of Doom tournament|url=https://venturebeat.com/business/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=VentureBeat|date=2016-03-24|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011623/https://venturebeat.com/games/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she hosted the show [[Fullscreen (company)#Original programs|''Clickbait'']] in which social media influencers competed in unusual challenges.<ref name="Deadline_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait With SSSniperWolf' Game Show With Social Media Stars|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|website=Deadline|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123337/https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait' Game Show Starring SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212234/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.amazon.com">{{Cite web|title=Clickbait with Sssniperwolf|url=https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|website=Amazon Prime Video|date=2017|access-date=2023-11-08|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011553/https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|url-status=live}}</ref> The show aired on the subscription service [[Fullscreen (company)|Fullscreen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fullscreen picks up Znak & Co game show |url=https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062942/https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also made an appearance on ''FANtasies'', an anthology series.<ref name="Deadline_2017-05-25">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen & Wattpad Partner on 'FANtasies' Scripted Anthology Series|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|website=Deadline|date=2017-05-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Denise|last=Petski|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216010310/https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-05-26">{{Cite web|title=New Fullscreen Series Will Bring Wattpad Fan Fiction About Mamrie Hart, Jon Cozart, To Life|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-05-26|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108031208/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2017, the genre of her content changed from entirely gaming-oriented to primarily [[reaction video]]s.<ref name="Tubefilter_2018-12-19">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Creators Going Pro: YouTube Gaming Star SSSniperwolf Has 20 Million Followers, But Still Wonders If This Is What She's Meant To Do |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014322/https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Arizona Republic">{{Cite web |last=Goodykoontz |first=Bill |title=These YouTubers paid millions for Arizona land. Who are SSSniperwolf and Evan Sausage? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216024210/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, her channel grew to over five million subscribers, and she was among the ten entrants in [[Forbes]]' "Top Influencers" list in the "Gaming" category for 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Influencers of 2017: Gaming |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |website=Forbes |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=en |date=Jun 20, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808003511/https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |title=Markiplier named world's most influential gamer |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |website=Polygon |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164012/https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she appeared on an episode of ''[[Fear Factor]]''<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> and on an episode of ''[[List of YouTube Premium original programming|Ultimate Expedition]]''.<ref name="Tubefilter_2017-12-14">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf, Furious Pete To Compete In YouTube Red's 'Ultimate Expedition' (Trailer)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-12-14|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113141146/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EW Ultimate Survival">{{Cite magazine|title='Ultimate Expedition' sneak peek: Chuck Liddell uses an MMA move on Steve-O|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2018-01-16|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194346/https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JMG: Culture, Entertainment & Style_2018-02-20">{{Cite web|title=Celebrities Take 'Ultimate' Challenge with Jukka Hildén on YouTube RED|url=https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|website=JMG|date=2018-02-20|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|first=Jacquari|last=Harris|archive-date=November 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114000414/https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she was nominated in the [[2019 Teen Choice Awards]] in the category "Choice Gamer"<ref name="EW Teen Choice">{{Cite magazine|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2019-08-11|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the "Favorite Esports Star" award in the [[2019 Kids' Choice Sports]].<ref name="Variety_2019-07-12">{{Cite web|title=Dwyane Wade, Megan Rapinoe Win Big at 2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards|url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|website=Variety|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=BreAnna|last=Bell|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520194609/https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paramount_kids_choice_sports">{{Cite web|title=Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Sports 2019 Winners Release|url=https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|website=[[Paramount Global]]|date=2019-07-11|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327005552/https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 and 2020, she won the [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] in the category "favorite gamer".<ref name="Deadline_2019-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards 2019 – Complete Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|website=Deadline|date=2019-03-24|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Anita|last=Bennett|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221604/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter_2020-05-02">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards: LeBron James, 'Endgame' Cast and Slime Featured in Virtual Show|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2020-05-02|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Kimberly|last=Nordyke|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518080641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube ranked Shelesh third on its "US Top Creators" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube names the top 10 most-viewed videos uploaded in 2021 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175130/https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she won the Gaming Influencer of the Year Award at the American Influencer Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segarra |first=Edward |title=Bretman Rock, Trixie Mattel and more win at American Influencer Awards: See the winners list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218184445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legal dispute with Evan Young ===
On August 1, 2023, it was reported that Shelesh was one of the highest-paid YouTubers with a net worth of US$16 million.<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> On August 17, 2023, Evan Young filed a lawsuit against Shelesh for [[breach of contract]] and financial misdoings in relation to content produced by Channel Red, their joint company. He accused her of not paying him for work he did for Channel Red.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29">{{Cite web |last=Phillipp |first=Charlotte |date=2023-09-29 |title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Sued by Estranged Husband, Former Collaborator for Breach of Contract |url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011221053/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Messenger |language=en}}</ref> Young also claimed he curated and scripted her content for years.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> Shelesh filed a [[motion to dismiss]] on October 5, 2023, claiming the accusations were "vindictive". In the dismissal, attorneys claimed that not long after filing for [[divorce]], Young locked Shelesh out of several YouTube channels they managed together, including the main SSSniperWolf channel and her personal channel Little Lia,<ref name="The Messenger_2023-11-09">{{Cite web|title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Pushes for Estranged Husband's Lawsuit to Be Thrown Out|url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109230020/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2023|website=The Messenger|date=2023-11-09|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en|first=Charlotte|last=Phillipp}}</ref> on which she uploads beauty-related content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s next for branded virtual experiences |url=https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Think with Google |language=en-emea |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218185514/https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Conflict with jacksfilms ===
YouTuber [[Jacksfilms|John Patrick Douglass]], known as jacksfilms, accused Shelesh of profiting from other creators' work through monetizing her reaction videos, while frequently not providing proper credit,<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms alleges SSSniperwolf, one of the highest-paid creators on the platform, 'steals' content: 'Disheartening'|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]]|date=2023-08-01|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Katie|last=Mather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232414/https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|archive-date=2023-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> and characterized her content as rudimentary and not [[Transformative use|transformative]] enough for [[fair use]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> In 2022, he began using the "JJJacksfilms" account to parody Shelesh's videos.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26" /><ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms urges YouTube to "step in" after SSSniperwolf doxxing allegations|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|website=Tubefilter|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233931/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, she made several social media posts accusing him of [[sexism]] and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" />

On October 13, 2023, Shelesh, while filming near Douglass's house, asked her followers if she should pay him a visit, stating that he lives near Shelesh's studio. She showed his house in an Instagram story<ref name="time-alia">{{cite magazine |title=Two YouTubers Fought Over Doxxing Accusation. YouTube Criticized For Slow Response |url=https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404095632/https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> captioned "let's talk like adults",<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26"/><ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25">{{Cite web|title=YouTube demonetizes popular content creator SSSniperwolf after doxxing accusations|url=https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=2023-10-25|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=Cass|last=Marshall|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011608/https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC News_2023-10-20">{{Cite news|title=YouTube demonetizes prominent creator Sssniperwolf's channel following accusations of doxxing fellow creator|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|work=NBC News|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|first1=|last1=Kalhan Rosenblatt|first2=|last2=Angela Yang|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043438/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|url-status=live}}</ref> which was quickly removed, but her followers shared screenshots.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf and JacksFilms Wild YouTuber Drama, Explained|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|website=Kotaku Australia|date=2023-10-26|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-AU|first=Emily|last=Spindler|archive-date=November 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124330/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> Douglass responded by accusing Shelesh of [[doxing]] him,<ref name="time-alia"/> called her actions "creepy, gross, violating",<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-14">{{Cite web|last=Barovic|first=Andrej|title=Jacksfilms says he was doxed by Sssniperwolf after shining light on reaction-style YT content|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126223827/https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked YouTube to [[Legal tender|demonetize]] her.<ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25"/> Douglass's wife expressed safety concerns,<ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18"/><ref name="Insider">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms says a streamer he criticized showed up to his house and doxxed him to her 34 million followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> and the pair contemplated moving.<ref name="Insider_2023-11-05">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms said he was 'strongly considering moving' after getting doxxed by fellow YouTuber to her millions of followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|date=2023-11-05|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh said that she had found the Douglasses' address on [[Google Search|Google]], that she "had no idea how to dox",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Placido |first=Dani Di |date=October 20, 2023 |title=SSSniperwolf Vs. Jacksfilms: YouTube Doxxing Controversy, Explained |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/10/20/sssniperwolf-vs-jacksfilms-the-messy-youtube-controversy-explained/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=}}</ref> that Douglass was "creating drama to pay [the pair's] bills", and that he was a "creep".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Vaishnavi |title=Jacksfilms accuses SSSniperwolf of 'doxxing' him, asks YouTube to demonetize 'dangerous creator' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205081836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelesh discussed seeking a [[restraining order]] against Douglass, whom she called "obsessed" over the matter.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms calls out YouTube hypocrisy as SSsniperwolf remains unbanned after doxxing incident|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 18, YouTube's Twitter account posted "would it be too meta to do a reaction video to a reaction video", which multiple users interpreted as an offhand comment on the situation, causing a backlash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodgson |first=Lindsay |title=People are critcizing YouTube for inaction after Jacksfilms said he was doxxed by a rival creator to her 34 million followers |url=https://www.insider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 19, a [[Change.org]] petition to remove SSSniperWolf from YouTube gathered 13,000 signatures.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-20">{{Cite web|last=Tsiaoussidis|first=Alex|title=Pressure mounts on YouTube to ban SSSniperwolf for doxxing after 'tone deaf' tweet|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, YouTube temporarily demonetized her channel,<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|last=Pequeño IV|first=Antonio|title=YouTube Temporarily Demonetizes SSSniperWolf After Doxxing Controversy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|website=Forbes|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> while expressing disapproval of "[[false balance|both sides]]'" behavior.<ref name="time-alia" /> Multiple YouTubers saw the latter as unfair.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=YouTube finally takes action in SSSniperWolf controversy—and everyone's still furious|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127064546/https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh subsequently apologized to Douglass in a tweet, saying that her actions were "inexcusable" and that she respects YouTube's decision.<ref name="Hindustan Times_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperwolf apologises as YouTube demonetises her over 'doxxing' incident|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She continued to upload videos on her "SSSniperWolf Top Videos" channel, but it was later also demonetized.<ref name="Mein-MMO.de_2023-11-26">{{Cite web|title=31-Jährige verdient kein Geld auf YouTube trotz 7 Millionen Views am Tag, weil sie ungeschriebene Regel brach|url=https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|website=Mein-MMO.de|date=2023-11-26|access-date=2023-11-28|language=de-DE|first=Gerd|last=Schuhmann|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090725/https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="r/JacksFilms_2023-10-23">{{Cite web|author=TeamYouTube|authorlink=YouTube|title=It's not violating YouTube's ban evasion policy if you reupload your videos from a channel that isn't monetized on a monetized channel, right?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|website=Reddit|type=User comment|date=2023-10-23|access-date=2023-11-28|quote=Jumping in to confirm that the ‘SSSniperWolf Top Videos’ channel was also temporarily suspended from YPP per our Creator Responsibility guidelines. Consistent with that policy, we applied the YPP suspension to the creator’s associated channels.|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023171534/https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN Brasil_2023-12-02">{{Cite web|title=Youtuber com mais de 7 milhões de views por dia não ganha um centavo por ter quebrado regra básica|trans-title=Youtuber with more than 7 million views per day doesn't earn a cent due to breaking basic rules|url=https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|website=IGN Brasil|date=2023-12-02|access-date=2023-12-03|language=pt-br|first=Viny|last=Mathias|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014303/https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Shelesh and Evan Young, her partner at the time, bought a house in [[Henderson, Nevada]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wargo |first1=Buck |date=16 August 2019 |title=New Las Vegas mansions draw celebrities |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170032/https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which they sold in 2022,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> after which they moved to [[Mummy Mountain (Arizona)|Mummy Mountain, Arizona]].<ref name="usa-today-2022" /><ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> In September 2023, they were reported to be legally married,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /><ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" /> though they had separated in September 2022<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> and filed for divorce in late 2022.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" />

== Reception ==
In a review of her main channel, Kennedy Unthank from [[:Focus on the Family#Pluggedin.com|''Plugged In'']] commended her for seeking to "make people laugh through daily uploads" and the quantity of available videos. However, Unthank voiced concern that she "may be profiting from someone else’s work" with her reaction videos through YouTube's monetization system. According to Unthank, while some of her reactions provide additional insight or have a [[Transformative use|transformative]] nature, many of her videos did not offer anything substantial over the original clip that was being reacted to.<ref name="Plugged In">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|website=Plugged In|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|date=2023-08-25|first=Kennedy|last=Unthank|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217043741/https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Linguist [[John McWhorter]] of the ''New York Times'' commented on her use of [[African-American English|Black English]] words and idioms, using her language as an example of "effortless infusion of Black English expressions".<ref name="The New York Times_2021-10-08">{{Cite news|title=Opinion {{!}} Cultural Appropriation Can Be Beautiful|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|work=The New York Times|date=2021-10-08|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|first=John|last=McWhorter|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053232/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Works cited ===
{{reflist}}

=== Video sources ===
{{reflist|group=video}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|u=SSSniperWolf|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
* {{YouTube|h=sssniperwolftopvideos|SSSniperWolf Top Videos|suffix=}}
* {{YouTube|h=LittleLiaWolf|"Little Lia"|suffix=}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7238352|Alia Shelesh}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|Video games}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:2020s YouTube controversies]]
[[Category:English YouTubers]]
[[Category:Commentary YouTubers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:English people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Fullscreen (company) people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Henderson, Nevada]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2011]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Liverpool]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Nevada]]

SSSniperWolf

2024-09-07T20:25:02Z

Drushrush:

{{Short description|English-American YouTuber (born 1992)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use|us|date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = SSSniperWolf
| image = Alia Shelesh YouTube shorts screenshot.jpg
| caption = SSSniperWolf in 2022
| birth_name = Alia Shelesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|22}}
| nationality = {{flatlist|
* British
* American<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>
}}
| occupation = [[YouTuber]]
| organization =
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2011–present
| module = 
| pseudonym = Little Lia
| channel_name = SSSniperWolf
| channel_url = UCpB959t8iPrxQWj7G6n0ctQ
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reaction video]]s
* [[Video game culture|gaming]] (formerly)
}}
| subscribers = 34.6 million
| views = 25.36 billion
| network =
| associated_acts =
| ruby_year = 
| red_diamond_year = 
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2015
| diamond_button = yes
| diamond_year = 2018
| stats_update = August 25, 2024
}}

'''Alia''' "'''Lia'''" '''Shelesh''' (born {{Birth date|1992|10|22}}), better known as '''SSSniperWolf''', is a British-American YouTuber. She started "SSSniperWolf" YouTube channel in 2013, which rose to prominence in the following years. She was one of the most recognisable [[Internet celebrity|social media personalities]] associated with [[online video game]]s<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Freddie |title=Three Female Pro-Gamers On The Perks Of Online Community |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |website=[[British Vogue]] |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410083130/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |url-status=live }}</ref> until 2017, when she shifted her focus from video game-related content to [[reaction video]]s.


Despite a prominent popularity, Shelesh is also one of the most controversial figures on the platform. In 2023, after receiving criticism for "[[copyright infringement|freebooting]]" [[TikTok]] videos in her reaction content,<ref name="time-alia" /><ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> she was involved in an internet scandal involving allegations that she [[Doxing|doxxed]] YouTuber [[jacksfilms]], resulting in temporary [[YouTuber#YouTuber earnings|demonetization]]. Following this, other allegations about her surfaced.

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and career beginnings ===
Alia Shelesh was born on October 22, 1992 in [[Liverpool]], England.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts">{{cite news |last1=Mboga |first1=Paulette |title=Sssniperwolf's parents: 5 quick facts that you need to know |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |work=Tuko.co.ke |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415083912/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is Turkish through her mother and Greek through her father.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> Her family moved to the United States when she was six, at which age she started playing video games.<ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-06-02">{{Cite web|title=Who is Sssniperwolf's boyfriend? Is she married to Evan Sausage?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-06-02|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205747/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-09-07">{{Cite web|title=Who are Sssniperwolf's brothers? Does she have a half-brother?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-09-07|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205808/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shelesh started uploading videos to her YouTube channel "sexysexysniper",<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband">{{cite news |last1=Mather |first1=Katie |title=YouTuber SSSniperwolf is allegedly being sued by husband, former collaborator 1 year after breakup |url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]] |date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102120220/https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/|archive-date=2023-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="video" name="sss1">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=April 22, 2011 |title=STILL no PSN? WTF? |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221024512/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> consisting of [[Let's Play]]s of games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> This channel was active in 2011<ref group="video" name="sss1" /> and 2012.<ref group="video" name="sss2">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date= July 7, 2012 |title=Caught With Porn in 6th Grade |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708010326/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> She moved to the SSSniperWolf channel in 2013,<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> on which her first video was a compilation of [[Failure#Internet memes and "fail"|fails]] in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref group="video" name="first">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=Jan 25, 2013 |title=BO2 Fails + Funnies #1 |type=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |access-date=November 12, 2023 |publisher=SSSniperWolf |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111233714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |url-status=live }}</ref> She derived her handle from [[Characters of the Metal Gear series#Sniper Wolf|Sniper Wolf]], a character from the ''[[Metal Gear]]'' video game series.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>

=== Rise in prominence and shift to reaction videos ===
In 2016, she featured on ''Day of Doom'', an event that was hosted by [[id Software]].<ref name="Tubefilter_2016-03-25">{{Cite web|title=iJustine, Rob Gronkowski, And More To Compete In Live ''Doom'' Tournament On YouTube Gaming|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=Tubefilter|date=2016-03-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108034221/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Game Informer_2016-03-24">{{Cite magazine|title=Doom Preview - Bethesda Teams With Pro Athletes To Reveal New Doom Multiplayer Footage|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|magazine=Game Informer|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en|first=Mike|last=Futter|date=2016-03-24|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011552/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="VentureBeat_2016-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Bethesda teams YouTube stars with sports athletes in Day of Doom tournament|url=https://venturebeat.com/business/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=VentureBeat|date=2016-03-24|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011623/https://venturebeat.com/games/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she hosted the show [[Fullscreen (company)#Original programs|''Clickbait'']] in which social media influencers competed in unusual challenges.<ref name="Deadline_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait With SSSniperWolf' Game Show With Social Media Stars|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|website=Deadline|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123337/https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait' Game Show Starring SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212234/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.amazon.com">{{Cite web|title=Clickbait with Sssniperwolf|url=https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|website=Amazon Prime Video|date=2017|access-date=2023-11-08|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011553/https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|url-status=live}}</ref> The show aired on the subscription service [[Fullscreen (company)|Fullscreen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fullscreen picks up Znak & Co game show |url=https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062942/https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also made an appearance on ''FANtasies'', an anthology series.<ref name="Deadline_2017-05-25">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen & Wattpad Partner on 'FANtasies' Scripted Anthology Series|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|website=Deadline|date=2017-05-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Denise|last=Petski|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216010310/https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-05-26">{{Cite web|title=New Fullscreen Series Will Bring Wattpad Fan Fiction About Mamrie Hart, Jon Cozart, To Life|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-05-26|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108031208/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2017, the genre of her content changed from entirely gaming-oriented to primarily [[reaction video]]s.<ref name="Tubefilter_2018-12-19">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Creators Going Pro: YouTube Gaming Star SSSniperwolf Has 20 Million Followers, But Still Wonders If This Is What She's Meant To Do |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014322/https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Arizona Republic">{{Cite web |last=Goodykoontz |first=Bill |title=These YouTubers paid millions for Arizona land. Who are SSSniperwolf and Evan Sausage? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216024210/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, her channel grew to over five million subscribers, and she was among the ten entrants in [[Forbes]]' "Top Influencers" list in the "Gaming" category for 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Influencers of 2017: Gaming |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |website=Forbes |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=en |date=Jun 20, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808003511/https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |title=Markiplier named world's most influential gamer |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |website=Polygon |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164012/https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she appeared on an episode of ''[[Fear Factor]]''<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> and on an episode of ''[[List of YouTube Premium original programming|Ultimate Expedition]]''.<ref name="Tubefilter_2017-12-14">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf, Furious Pete To Compete In YouTube Red's 'Ultimate Expedition' (Trailer)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-12-14|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113141146/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EW Ultimate Survival">{{Cite magazine|title='Ultimate Expedition' sneak peek: Chuck Liddell uses an MMA move on Steve-O|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2018-01-16|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194346/https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JMG: Culture, Entertainment & Style_2018-02-20">{{Cite web|title=Celebrities Take 'Ultimate' Challenge with Jukka Hildén on YouTube RED|url=https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|website=JMG|date=2018-02-20|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|first=Jacquari|last=Harris|archive-date=November 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114000414/https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she was nominated in the [[2019 Teen Choice Awards]] in the category "Choice Gamer"<ref name="EW Teen Choice">{{Cite magazine|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2019-08-11|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the "Favorite Esports Star" award in the [[2019 Kids' Choice Sports]].<ref name="Variety_2019-07-12">{{Cite web|title=Dwyane Wade, Megan Rapinoe Win Big at 2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards|url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|website=Variety|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=BreAnna|last=Bell|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520194609/https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paramount_kids_choice_sports">{{Cite web|title=Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Sports 2019 Winners Release|url=https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|website=[[Paramount Global]]|date=2019-07-11|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327005552/https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 and 2020, she won the [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] in the category "favorite gamer".<ref name="Deadline_2019-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards 2019 – Complete Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|website=Deadline|date=2019-03-24|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Anita|last=Bennett|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221604/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter_2020-05-02">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards: LeBron James, 'Endgame' Cast and Slime Featured in Virtual Show|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2020-05-02|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Kimberly|last=Nordyke|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518080641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube ranked Shelesh third on its "US Top Creators" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube names the top 10 most-viewed videos uploaded in 2021 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175130/https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she won the Gaming Influencer of the Year Award at the American Influencer Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segarra |first=Edward |title=Bretman Rock, Trixie Mattel and more win at American Influencer Awards: See the winners list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218184445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legal dispute with Evan Young ===
On August 1, 2023, it was reported that Shelesh was one of the highest-paid YouTubers with a net worth of US$16 million.<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> On August 17, 2023, Evan Young filed a lawsuit against Shelesh for [[breach of contract]] and financial misdoings in relation to content produced by Channel Red, their joint company. He accused her of not paying him for work he did for Channel Red.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29">{{Cite web |last=Phillipp |first=Charlotte |date=2023-09-29 |title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Sued by Estranged Husband, Former Collaborator for Breach of Contract |url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011221053/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Messenger |language=en}}</ref> Young also claimed he curated and scripted her content for years.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> Shelesh filed a [[motion to dismiss]] on October 5, 2023, claiming the accusations were "vindictive". In the dismissal, attorneys claimed that not long after filing for [[divorce]], Young locked Shelesh out of several YouTube channels they managed together, including the main SSSniperWolf channel and her personal channel Little Lia,<ref name="The Messenger_2023-11-09">{{Cite web|title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Pushes for Estranged Husband's Lawsuit to Be Thrown Out|url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109230020/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2023|website=The Messenger|date=2023-11-09|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en|first=Charlotte|last=Phillipp}}</ref> on which she uploads beauty-related content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s next for branded virtual experiences |url=https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Think with Google |language=en-emea |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218185514/https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Conflict with jacksfilms ===
YouTuber [[Jacksfilms|John Patrick Douglass]], known as jacksfilms, accused Shelesh of profiting from other creators' work through monetizing her reaction videos, while frequently not providing proper credit,<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms alleges SSSniperwolf, one of the highest-paid creators on the platform, 'steals' content: 'Disheartening'|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]]|date=2023-08-01|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Katie|last=Mather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232414/https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|archive-date=2023-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> and characterized her content as rudimentary and not [[Transformative use|transformative]] enough for [[fair use]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> In 2022, he began using the "JJJacksfilms" account to parody Shelesh's videos.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26" /><ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms urges YouTube to "step in" after SSSniperwolf doxxing allegations|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|website=Tubefilter|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233931/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, she made several social media posts accusing him of [[sexism]] and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" />

On October 13, 2023, Shelesh, while filming near Douglass's house, asked her followers if she should pay him a visit, stating that he lives near Shelesh's studio. She showed his house in an Instagram story<ref name="time-alia">{{cite magazine |title=Two YouTubers Fought Over Doxxing Accusation. YouTube Criticized For Slow Response |url=https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404095632/https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> captioned "let's talk like adults",<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26"/><ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25">{{Cite web|title=YouTube demonetizes popular content creator SSSniperwolf after doxxing accusations|url=https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=2023-10-25|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=Cass|last=Marshall|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011608/https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC News_2023-10-20">{{Cite news|title=YouTube demonetizes prominent creator Sssniperwolf's channel following accusations of doxxing fellow creator|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|work=NBC News|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|first1=|last1=Kalhan Rosenblatt|first2=|last2=Angela Yang|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043438/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|url-status=live}}</ref> which was quickly removed, but her followers shared screenshots.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf and JacksFilms Wild YouTuber Drama, Explained|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|website=Kotaku Australia|date=2023-10-26|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-AU|first=Emily|last=Spindler|archive-date=November 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124330/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> Douglass responded by accusing Shelesh of [[doxing]] him,<ref name="time-alia"/> called her actions "creepy, gross, violating",<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-14">{{Cite web|last=Barovic|first=Andrej|title=Jacksfilms says he was doxed by Sssniperwolf after shining light on reaction-style YT content|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126223827/https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked YouTube to [[Legal tender|demonetize]] her.<ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25"/> Douglass's wife expressed safety concerns,<ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18"/><ref name="Insider">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms says a streamer he criticized showed up to his house and doxxed him to her 34 million followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> and the pair contemplated moving.<ref name="Insider_2023-11-05">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms said he was 'strongly considering moving' after getting doxxed by fellow YouTuber to her millions of followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|date=2023-11-05|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh said that she had found the Douglasses' address on [[Google Search|Google]], that she "had no idea how to dox",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Placido |first=Dani Di |date=October 20, 2023 |title=SSSniperwolf Vs. Jacksfilms: YouTube Doxxing Controversy, Explained |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/10/20/sssniperwolf-vs-jacksfilms-the-messy-youtube-controversy-explained/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=}}</ref> that Douglass was "creating drama to pay [the pair's] bills", and that he was a "creep".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Vaishnavi |title=Jacksfilms accuses SSSniperwolf of 'doxxing' him, asks YouTube to demonetize 'dangerous creator' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205081836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelesh discussed seeking a [[restraining order]] against Douglass, whom she called "obsessed" over the matter.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms calls out YouTube hypocrisy as SSsniperwolf remains unbanned after doxxing incident|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 18, YouTube's Twitter account posted "would it be too meta to do a reaction video to a reaction video", which multiple users interpreted as an offhand comment on the situation, causing a backlash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodgson |first=Lindsay |title=People are critcizing YouTube for inaction after Jacksfilms said he was doxxed by a rival creator to her 34 million followers |url=https://www.insider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 19, a [[Change.org]] petition to remove SSSniperWolf from YouTube gathered 13,000 signatures.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-20">{{Cite web|last=Tsiaoussidis|first=Alex|title=Pressure mounts on YouTube to ban SSSniperwolf for doxxing after 'tone deaf' tweet|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, YouTube temporarily demonetized her channel,<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|last=Pequeño IV|first=Antonio|title=YouTube Temporarily Demonetizes SSSniperWolf After Doxxing Controversy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|website=Forbes|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> while expressing disapproval of "[[false balance|both sides]]'" behavior.<ref name="time-alia" /> Multiple YouTubers saw the latter as unfair.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=YouTube finally takes action in SSSniperWolf controversy—and everyone's still furious|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127064546/https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh subsequently apologized to Douglass in a tweet, saying that her actions were "inexcusable" and that she respects YouTube's decision.<ref name="Hindustan Times_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperwolf apologises as YouTube demonetises her over 'doxxing' incident|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She continued to upload videos on her "SSSniperWolf Top Videos" channel, but it was later also demonetized.<ref name="Mein-MMO.de_2023-11-26">{{Cite web|title=31-Jährige verdient kein Geld auf YouTube trotz 7 Millionen Views am Tag, weil sie ungeschriebene Regel brach|url=https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|website=Mein-MMO.de|date=2023-11-26|access-date=2023-11-28|language=de-DE|first=Gerd|last=Schuhmann|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090725/https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="r/JacksFilms_2023-10-23">{{Cite web|author=TeamYouTube|authorlink=YouTube|title=It's not violating YouTube's ban evasion policy if you reupload your videos from a channel that isn't monetized on a monetized channel, right?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|website=Reddit|type=User comment|date=2023-10-23|access-date=2023-11-28|quote=Jumping in to confirm that the ‘SSSniperWolf Top Videos’ channel was also temporarily suspended from YPP per our Creator Responsibility guidelines. Consistent with that policy, we applied the YPP suspension to the creator’s associated channels.|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023171534/https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN Brasil_2023-12-02">{{Cite web|title=Youtuber com mais de 7 milhões de views por dia não ganha um centavo por ter quebrado regra básica|trans-title=Youtuber with more than 7 million views per day doesn't earn a cent due to breaking basic rules|url=https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|website=IGN Brasil|date=2023-12-02|access-date=2023-12-03|language=pt-br|first=Viny|last=Mathias|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014303/https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Shelesh and Evan Young, her partner at the time, bought a house in [[Henderson, Nevada]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wargo |first1=Buck |date=16 August 2019 |title=New Las Vegas mansions draw celebrities |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170032/https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which they sold in 2022,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> after which they moved to [[Mummy Mountain (Arizona)|Mummy Mountain, Arizona]].<ref name="usa-today-2022" /><ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> In September 2023, they were reported to be legally married,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /><ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" /> though they had separated in September 2022<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> and filed for divorce in late 2022.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" />

== Reception ==
In a review of her main channel, Kennedy Unthank from [[:Focus on the Family#Pluggedin.com|''Plugged In'']] commended her for seeking to "make people laugh through daily uploads" and the quantity of available videos. However, Unthank voiced concern that she "may be profiting from someone else’s work" with her reaction videos through YouTube's monetization system. According to Unthank, while some of her reactions provide additional insight or have a [[Transformative use|transformative]] nature, many of her videos did not offer anything substantial over the original clip that was being reacted to.<ref name="Plugged In">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|website=Plugged In|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|date=2023-08-25|first=Kennedy|last=Unthank|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217043741/https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Linguist [[John McWhorter]] of the ''New York Times'' commented on her use of [[African-American English|Black English]] words and idioms, using her language as an example of "effortless infusion of Black English expressions".<ref name="The New York Times_2021-10-08">{{Cite news|title=Opinion {{!}} Cultural Appropriation Can Be Beautiful|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|work=The New York Times|date=2021-10-08|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|first=John|last=McWhorter|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053232/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Works cited ===
{{reflist}}

=== Video sources ===
{{reflist|group=video}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|u=SSSniperWolf|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
* {{YouTube|h=sssniperwolftopvideos|SSSniperWolf Top Videos|suffix=}}
* {{YouTube|h=LittleLiaWolf|"Little Lia"|suffix=}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7238352|Alia Shelesh}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|Video games}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:2020s YouTube controversies]]
[[Category:English YouTubers]]
[[Category:Commentary YouTubers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:English people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Fullscreen (company) people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Henderson, Nevada]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2011]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Liverpool]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Nevada]]

SSSniperWolf

2024-09-07T20:22:51Z

Drushrush: Channel Red, LLC was her old company prior to divorce from her partner and husband.

{{Short description|English-American YouTuber (born 1992)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use|us|date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = SSSniperWolf
| image = Alia Shelesh YouTube shorts screenshot.jpg
| caption = SSSniperWolf in 2022
| birth_name = Alia Shelesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|22}}
| nationality = {{flatlist|
* British
* American<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>
}}
| occupation = [[YouTuber]]
| organization =
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2011–present
| module = 
| channel_name = SSSniperWolf
| channel_url = UCpB959t8iPrxQWj7G6n0ctQ
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reaction video]]s
* [[Video game culture|gaming]] (formerly)
}}
| subscribers = 34.6 million
| views = 25.36 billion
| network =
| associated_acts =
| ruby_year = 
| red_diamond_year = 
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2015
| diamond_button = yes
| diamond_year = 2018
| stats_update = August 25, 2024
}}

'''Alia''' "'''Lia'''" '''Shelesh''' (born {{Birth date|1992|10|22}}), better known as '''SSSniperWolf''', is a British-American YouTuber. She started "SSSniperWolf" YouTube channel in 2013, which rose to prominence in the following years. She was one of the most recognisable [[Internet celebrity|social media personalities]] associated with [[online video game]]s<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Freddie |title=Three Female Pro-Gamers On The Perks Of Online Community |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |website=[[British Vogue]] |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410083130/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |url-status=live }}</ref> until 2017, when she shifted her focus from video game-related content to [[reaction video]]s.


Despite a prominent popularity, Shelesh is also one of the most controversial figures on the platform. In 2023, after receiving criticism for "[[copyright infringement|freebooting]]" [[TikTok]] videos in her reaction content,<ref name="time-alia" /><ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> she was involved in an internet scandal involving allegations that she [[Doxing|doxxed]] YouTuber [[jacksfilms]], resulting in temporary [[YouTuber#YouTuber earnings|demonetization]]. Following this, other allegations about her surfaced.

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and career beginnings ===
Alia Shelesh was born on October 22, 1992 in [[Liverpool]], England.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts">{{cite news |last1=Mboga |first1=Paulette |title=Sssniperwolf's parents: 5 quick facts that you need to know |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |work=Tuko.co.ke |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415083912/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is Turkish through her mother and Greek through her father.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> Her family moved to the United States when she was six, at which age she started playing video games.<ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-06-02">{{Cite web|title=Who is Sssniperwolf's boyfriend? Is she married to Evan Sausage?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-06-02|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205747/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-09-07">{{Cite web|title=Who are Sssniperwolf's brothers? Does she have a half-brother?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-09-07|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205808/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shelesh started uploading videos to her YouTube channel "sexysexysniper",<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband">{{cite news |last1=Mather |first1=Katie |title=YouTuber SSSniperwolf is allegedly being sued by husband, former collaborator 1 year after breakup |url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]] |date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102120220/https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/|archive-date=2023-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="video" name="sss1">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=April 22, 2011 |title=STILL no PSN? WTF? |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221024512/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> consisting of [[Let's Play]]s of games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> This channel was active in 2011<ref group="video" name="sss1" /> and 2012.<ref group="video" name="sss2">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date= July 7, 2012 |title=Caught With Porn in 6th Grade |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708010326/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> She moved to the SSSniperWolf channel in 2013,<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> on which her first video was a compilation of [[Failure#Internet memes and "fail"|fails]] in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref group="video" name="first">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=Jan 25, 2013 |title=BO2 Fails + Funnies #1 |type=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |access-date=November 12, 2023 |publisher=SSSniperWolf |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111233714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |url-status=live }}</ref> She derived her handle from [[Characters of the Metal Gear series#Sniper Wolf|Sniper Wolf]], a character from the ''[[Metal Gear]]'' video game series.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>

=== Rise in prominence and shift to reaction videos ===
In 2016, she featured on ''Day of Doom'', an event that was hosted by [[id Software]].<ref name="Tubefilter_2016-03-25">{{Cite web|title=iJustine, Rob Gronkowski, And More To Compete In Live ''Doom'' Tournament On YouTube Gaming|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=Tubefilter|date=2016-03-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108034221/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Game Informer_2016-03-24">{{Cite magazine|title=Doom Preview - Bethesda Teams With Pro Athletes To Reveal New Doom Multiplayer Footage|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|magazine=Game Informer|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en|first=Mike|last=Futter|date=2016-03-24|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011552/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="VentureBeat_2016-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Bethesda teams YouTube stars with sports athletes in Day of Doom tournament|url=https://venturebeat.com/business/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=VentureBeat|date=2016-03-24|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011623/https://venturebeat.com/games/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she hosted the show [[Fullscreen (company)#Original programs|''Clickbait'']] in which social media influencers competed in unusual challenges.<ref name="Deadline_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait With SSSniperWolf' Game Show With Social Media Stars|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|website=Deadline|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123337/https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait' Game Show Starring SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212234/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.amazon.com">{{Cite web|title=Clickbait with Sssniperwolf|url=https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|website=Amazon Prime Video|date=2017|access-date=2023-11-08|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011553/https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|url-status=live}}</ref> The show aired on the subscription service [[Fullscreen (company)|Fullscreen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fullscreen picks up Znak & Co game show |url=https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062942/https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also made an appearance on ''FANtasies'', an anthology series.<ref name="Deadline_2017-05-25">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen & Wattpad Partner on 'FANtasies' Scripted Anthology Series|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|website=Deadline|date=2017-05-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Denise|last=Petski|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216010310/https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-05-26">{{Cite web|title=New Fullscreen Series Will Bring Wattpad Fan Fiction About Mamrie Hart, Jon Cozart, To Life|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-05-26|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108031208/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2017, the genre of her content changed from entirely gaming-oriented to primarily [[reaction video]]s.<ref name="Tubefilter_2018-12-19">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Creators Going Pro: YouTube Gaming Star SSSniperwolf Has 20 Million Followers, But Still Wonders If This Is What She's Meant To Do |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014322/https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Arizona Republic">{{Cite web |last=Goodykoontz |first=Bill |title=These YouTubers paid millions for Arizona land. Who are SSSniperwolf and Evan Sausage? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216024210/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, her channel grew to over five million subscribers, and she was among the ten entrants in [[Forbes]]' "Top Influencers" list in the "Gaming" category for 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Influencers of 2017: Gaming |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |website=Forbes |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=en |date=Jun 20, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808003511/https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |title=Markiplier named world's most influential gamer |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |website=Polygon |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164012/https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she appeared on an episode of ''[[Fear Factor]]''<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> and on an episode of ''[[List of YouTube Premium original programming|Ultimate Expedition]]''.<ref name="Tubefilter_2017-12-14">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf, Furious Pete To Compete In YouTube Red's 'Ultimate Expedition' (Trailer)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-12-14|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113141146/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EW Ultimate Survival">{{Cite magazine|title='Ultimate Expedition' sneak peek: Chuck Liddell uses an MMA move on Steve-O|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2018-01-16|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194346/https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JMG: Culture, Entertainment & Style_2018-02-20">{{Cite web|title=Celebrities Take 'Ultimate' Challenge with Jukka Hildén on YouTube RED|url=https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|website=JMG|date=2018-02-20|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|first=Jacquari|last=Harris|archive-date=November 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114000414/https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she was nominated in the [[2019 Teen Choice Awards]] in the category "Choice Gamer"<ref name="EW Teen Choice">{{Cite magazine|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2019-08-11|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the "Favorite Esports Star" award in the [[2019 Kids' Choice Sports]].<ref name="Variety_2019-07-12">{{Cite web|title=Dwyane Wade, Megan Rapinoe Win Big at 2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards|url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|website=Variety|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=BreAnna|last=Bell|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520194609/https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paramount_kids_choice_sports">{{Cite web|title=Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Sports 2019 Winners Release|url=https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|website=[[Paramount Global]]|date=2019-07-11|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327005552/https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 and 2020, she won the [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] in the category "favorite gamer".<ref name="Deadline_2019-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards 2019 – Complete Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|website=Deadline|date=2019-03-24|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Anita|last=Bennett|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221604/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter_2020-05-02">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards: LeBron James, 'Endgame' Cast and Slime Featured in Virtual Show|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2020-05-02|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Kimberly|last=Nordyke|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518080641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube ranked Shelesh third on its "US Top Creators" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube names the top 10 most-viewed videos uploaded in 2021 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175130/https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she won the Gaming Influencer of the Year Award at the American Influencer Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segarra |first=Edward |title=Bretman Rock, Trixie Mattel and more win at American Influencer Awards: See the winners list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218184445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legal dispute with Evan Young ===
On August 1, 2023, it was reported that Shelesh was one of the highest-paid YouTubers with a net worth of US$16 million.<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> On August 17, 2023, Evan Young filed a lawsuit against Shelesh for [[breach of contract]] and financial misdoings in relation to content produced by Channel Red, their joint company. He accused her of not paying him for work he did for Channel Red.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29">{{Cite web |last=Phillipp |first=Charlotte |date=2023-09-29 |title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Sued by Estranged Husband, Former Collaborator for Breach of Contract |url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011221053/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Messenger |language=en}}</ref> Young also claimed he curated and scripted her content for years.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> Shelesh filed a [[motion to dismiss]] on October 5, 2023, claiming the accusations were "vindictive". In the dismissal, attorneys claimed that not long after filing for [[divorce]], Young locked Shelesh out of several YouTube channels they managed together, including the main SSSniperWolf channel and her personal channel Little Lia,<ref name="The Messenger_2023-11-09">{{Cite web|title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Pushes for Estranged Husband's Lawsuit to Be Thrown Out|url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109230020/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2023|website=The Messenger|date=2023-11-09|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en|first=Charlotte|last=Phillipp}}</ref> on which she uploads beauty-related content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s next for branded virtual experiences |url=https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Think with Google |language=en-emea |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218185514/https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Conflict with jacksfilms ===
YouTuber [[Jacksfilms|John Patrick Douglass]], known as jacksfilms, accused Shelesh of profiting from other creators' work through monetizing her reaction videos, while frequently not providing proper credit,<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms alleges SSSniperwolf, one of the highest-paid creators on the platform, 'steals' content: 'Disheartening'|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]]|date=2023-08-01|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Katie|last=Mather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232414/https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|archive-date=2023-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> and characterized her content as rudimentary and not [[Transformative use|transformative]] enough for [[fair use]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> In 2022, he began using the "JJJacksfilms" account to parody Shelesh's videos.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26" /><ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms urges YouTube to "step in" after SSSniperwolf doxxing allegations|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|website=Tubefilter|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233931/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, she made several social media posts accusing him of [[sexism]] and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" />

On October 13, 2023, Shelesh, while filming near Douglass's house, asked her followers if she should pay him a visit, stating that he lives near Shelesh's studio. She showed his house in an Instagram story<ref name="time-alia">{{cite magazine |title=Two YouTubers Fought Over Doxxing Accusation. YouTube Criticized For Slow Response |url=https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404095632/https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> captioned "let's talk like adults",<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26"/><ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25">{{Cite web|title=YouTube demonetizes popular content creator SSSniperwolf after doxxing accusations|url=https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=2023-10-25|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=Cass|last=Marshall|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011608/https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC News_2023-10-20">{{Cite news|title=YouTube demonetizes prominent creator Sssniperwolf's channel following accusations of doxxing fellow creator|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|work=NBC News|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|first1=|last1=Kalhan Rosenblatt|first2=|last2=Angela Yang|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043438/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|url-status=live}}</ref> which was quickly removed, but her followers shared screenshots.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf and JacksFilms Wild YouTuber Drama, Explained|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|website=Kotaku Australia|date=2023-10-26|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-AU|first=Emily|last=Spindler|archive-date=November 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124330/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> Douglass responded by accusing Shelesh of [[doxing]] him,<ref name="time-alia"/> called her actions "creepy, gross, violating",<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-14">{{Cite web|last=Barovic|first=Andrej|title=Jacksfilms says he was doxed by Sssniperwolf after shining light on reaction-style YT content|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126223827/https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked YouTube to [[Legal tender|demonetize]] her.<ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25"/> Douglass's wife expressed safety concerns,<ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18"/><ref name="Insider">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms says a streamer he criticized showed up to his house and doxxed him to her 34 million followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> and the pair contemplated moving.<ref name="Insider_2023-11-05">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms said he was 'strongly considering moving' after getting doxxed by fellow YouTuber to her millions of followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|date=2023-11-05|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh said that she had found the Douglasses' address on [[Google Search|Google]], that she "had no idea how to dox",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Placido |first=Dani Di |date=October 20, 2023 |title=SSSniperwolf Vs. Jacksfilms: YouTube Doxxing Controversy, Explained |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/10/20/sssniperwolf-vs-jacksfilms-the-messy-youtube-controversy-explained/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=}}</ref> that Douglass was "creating drama to pay [the pair's] bills", and that he was a "creep".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Vaishnavi |title=Jacksfilms accuses SSSniperwolf of 'doxxing' him, asks YouTube to demonetize 'dangerous creator' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205081836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelesh discussed seeking a [[restraining order]] against Douglass, whom she called "obsessed" over the matter.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms calls out YouTube hypocrisy as SSsniperwolf remains unbanned after doxxing incident|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 18, YouTube's Twitter account posted "would it be too meta to do a reaction video to a reaction video", which multiple users interpreted as an offhand comment on the situation, causing a backlash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodgson |first=Lindsay |title=People are critcizing YouTube for inaction after Jacksfilms said he was doxxed by a rival creator to her 34 million followers |url=https://www.insider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 19, a [[Change.org]] petition to remove SSSniperWolf from YouTube gathered 13,000 signatures.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-20">{{Cite web|last=Tsiaoussidis|first=Alex|title=Pressure mounts on YouTube to ban SSSniperwolf for doxxing after 'tone deaf' tweet|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, YouTube temporarily demonetized her channel,<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|last=Pequeño IV|first=Antonio|title=YouTube Temporarily Demonetizes SSSniperWolf After Doxxing Controversy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|website=Forbes|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> while expressing disapproval of "[[false balance|both sides]]'" behavior.<ref name="time-alia" /> Multiple YouTubers saw the latter as unfair.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=YouTube finally takes action in SSSniperWolf controversy—and everyone's still furious|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127064546/https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh subsequently apologized to Douglass in a tweet, saying that her actions were "inexcusable" and that she respects YouTube's decision.<ref name="Hindustan Times_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperwolf apologises as YouTube demonetises her over 'doxxing' incident|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She continued to upload videos on her "SSSniperWolf Top Videos" channel, but it was later also demonetized.<ref name="Mein-MMO.de_2023-11-26">{{Cite web|title=31-Jährige verdient kein Geld auf YouTube trotz 7 Millionen Views am Tag, weil sie ungeschriebene Regel brach|url=https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|website=Mein-MMO.de|date=2023-11-26|access-date=2023-11-28|language=de-DE|first=Gerd|last=Schuhmann|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090725/https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="r/JacksFilms_2023-10-23">{{Cite web|author=TeamYouTube|authorlink=YouTube|title=It's not violating YouTube's ban evasion policy if you reupload your videos from a channel that isn't monetized on a monetized channel, right?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|website=Reddit|type=User comment|date=2023-10-23|access-date=2023-11-28|quote=Jumping in to confirm that the ‘SSSniperWolf Top Videos’ channel was also temporarily suspended from YPP per our Creator Responsibility guidelines. Consistent with that policy, we applied the YPP suspension to the creator’s associated channels.|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023171534/https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN Brasil_2023-12-02">{{Cite web|title=Youtuber com mais de 7 milhões de views por dia não ganha um centavo por ter quebrado regra básica|trans-title=Youtuber with more than 7 million views per day doesn't earn a cent due to breaking basic rules|url=https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|website=IGN Brasil|date=2023-12-02|access-date=2023-12-03|language=pt-br|first=Viny|last=Mathias|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014303/https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Shelesh and Evan Young, her partner at the time, bought a house in [[Henderson, Nevada]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wargo |first1=Buck |date=16 August 2019 |title=New Las Vegas mansions draw celebrities |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170032/https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which they sold in 2022,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> after which they moved to [[Mummy Mountain (Arizona)|Mummy Mountain, Arizona]].<ref name="usa-today-2022" /><ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> In September 2023, they were reported to be legally married,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /><ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" /> though they had separated in September 2022<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> and filed for divorce in late 2022.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" />

== Reception ==
In a review of her main channel, Kennedy Unthank from [[:Focus on the Family#Pluggedin.com|''Plugged In'']] commended her for seeking to "make people laugh through daily uploads" and the quantity of available videos. However, Unthank voiced concern that she "may be profiting from someone else’s work" with her reaction videos through YouTube's monetization system. According to Unthank, while some of her reactions provide additional insight or have a [[Transformative use|transformative]] nature, many of her videos did not offer anything substantial over the original clip that was being reacted to.<ref name="Plugged In">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|website=Plugged In|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|date=2023-08-25|first=Kennedy|last=Unthank|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217043741/https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Linguist [[John McWhorter]] of the ''New York Times'' commented on her use of [[African-American English|Black English]] words and idioms, using her language as an example of "effortless infusion of Black English expressions".<ref name="The New York Times_2021-10-08">{{Cite news|title=Opinion {{!}} Cultural Appropriation Can Be Beautiful|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|work=The New York Times|date=2021-10-08|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|first=John|last=McWhorter|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053232/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Works cited ===
{{reflist}}

=== Video sources ===
{{reflist|group=video}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|u=SSSniperWolf|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
* {{YouTube|h=sssniperwolftopvideos|SSSniperWolf Top Videos|suffix=}}
* {{YouTube|h=LittleLiaWolf|"Little Lia"|suffix=}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7238352|Alia Shelesh}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|Video games}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:2020s YouTube controversies]]
[[Category:English YouTubers]]
[[Category:Commentary YouTubers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:English people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Fullscreen (company) people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Henderson, Nevada]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2011]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Liverpool]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Nevada]]

SSSniperWolf

2024-09-07T20:19:59Z

Drushrush: She is no longer known as sexysexysniper, someone else has that handle now.

{{Short description|English-American YouTuber (born 1992)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use|us|date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = SSSniperWolf
| image = Alia Shelesh YouTube shorts screenshot.jpg
| caption = SSSniperWolf in 2022
| birth_name = Alia Shelesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|22}}
| nationality = {{flatlist|
* British
* American<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>
}}
| occupation = [[YouTuber]]
| organization = Channel Red, LLC.<ref name="usa-today-2022">{{cite web |last1=Reagor |first1=Catherine |title=Arizona Business Gazette 28 Apr 2022, page BG2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/881677905/?clipping_id=133886038&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg4MTY3NzkwNSwiaWF0IjoxNjk4OTI5MjIyLCJleHAiOjE2OTkwMTU2MjJ9.bCapgMaiWQlxskqhpwu5KhStuuVsOmaSLDUHQRyIPyA |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=USA Today |access-date=2 November 2023 |language=en |date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194837/https://www.newspapers.com/image/881677905/?clipping_id=133886038&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg4MTY3NzkwNSwiaWF0IjoxNjk4OTI5MjIyLCJleHAiOjE2OTkwMTU2MjJ9.bCapgMaiWQlxskqhpwu5KhStuuVsOmaSLDUHQRyIPyA |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2011–present
| module = 
| channel_name = SSSniperWolf
| pseudonym =
| channel_url = UCpB959t8iPrxQWj7G6n0ctQ
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reaction video]]s
* [[Video game culture|gaming]] (formerly)
}}
| subscribers = 34.6 million
| views = 25.36 billion
| network =
| associated_acts =
| ruby_year = 
| red_diamond_year = 
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2015
| diamond_button = yes
| diamond_year = 2018
| stats_update = August 25, 2024
}}

'''Alia''' "'''Lia'''" '''Shelesh''' (born {{Birth date|1992|10|22}}), better known as '''SSSniperWolf''', is a British-American YouTuber. She started "SSSniperWolf" YouTube channel in 2013, which rose to prominence in the following years. She was one of the most recognisable [[Internet celebrity|social media personalities]] associated with [[online video game]]s<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Freddie |title=Three Female Pro-Gamers On The Perks Of Online Community |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |website=[[British Vogue]] |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410083130/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |url-status=live }}</ref> until 2017, when she shifted her focus from video game-related content to [[reaction video]]s.


Despite a prominent popularity, Shelesh is also one of the most controversial figures on the platform. In 2023, after receiving criticism for "[[copyright infringement|freebooting]]" [[TikTok]] videos in her reaction content,<ref name="time-alia" /><ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> she was involved in an internet scandal involving allegations that she [[Doxing|doxxed]] YouTuber [[jacksfilms]], resulting in temporary [[YouTuber#YouTuber earnings|demonetization]]. Following this, other allegations about her surfaced.

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and career beginnings ===
Alia Shelesh was born on October 22, 1992 in [[Liverpool]], England.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts">{{cite news |last1=Mboga |first1=Paulette |title=Sssniperwolf's parents: 5 quick facts that you need to know |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |work=Tuko.co.ke |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415083912/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is Turkish through her mother and Greek through her father.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> Her family moved to the United States when she was six, at which age she started playing video games.<ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-06-02">{{Cite web|title=Who is Sssniperwolf's boyfriend? Is she married to Evan Sausage?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-06-02|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205747/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-09-07">{{Cite web|title=Who are Sssniperwolf's brothers? Does she have a half-brother?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-09-07|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205808/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shelesh started uploading videos to her YouTube channel "sexysexysniper",<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband">{{cite news |last1=Mather |first1=Katie |title=YouTuber SSSniperwolf is allegedly being sued by husband, former collaborator 1 year after breakup |url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]] |date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102120220/https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/|archive-date=2023-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="video" name="sss1">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=April 22, 2011 |title=STILL no PSN? WTF? |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221024512/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> consisting of [[Let's Play]]s of games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> This channel was active in 2011<ref group="video" name="sss1" /> and 2012.<ref group="video" name="sss2">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date= July 7, 2012 |title=Caught With Porn in 6th Grade |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708010326/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> She moved to the SSSniperWolf channel in 2013,<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> on which her first video was a compilation of [[Failure#Internet memes and "fail"|fails]] in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref group="video" name="first">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=Jan 25, 2013 |title=BO2 Fails + Funnies #1 |type=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |access-date=November 12, 2023 |publisher=SSSniperWolf |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111233714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |url-status=live }}</ref> She derived her handle from [[Characters of the Metal Gear series#Sniper Wolf|Sniper Wolf]], a character from the ''[[Metal Gear]]'' video game series.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>

=== Rise in prominence and shift to reaction videos ===
In 2016, she featured on ''Day of Doom'', an event that was hosted by [[id Software]].<ref name="Tubefilter_2016-03-25">{{Cite web|title=iJustine, Rob Gronkowski, And More To Compete In Live ''Doom'' Tournament On YouTube Gaming|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=Tubefilter|date=2016-03-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108034221/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Game Informer_2016-03-24">{{Cite magazine|title=Doom Preview - Bethesda Teams With Pro Athletes To Reveal New Doom Multiplayer Footage|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|magazine=Game Informer|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en|first=Mike|last=Futter|date=2016-03-24|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011552/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="VentureBeat_2016-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Bethesda teams YouTube stars with sports athletes in Day of Doom tournament|url=https://venturebeat.com/business/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=VentureBeat|date=2016-03-24|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011623/https://venturebeat.com/games/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she hosted the show [[Fullscreen (company)#Original programs|''Clickbait'']] in which social media influencers competed in unusual challenges.<ref name="Deadline_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait With SSSniperWolf' Game Show With Social Media Stars|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|website=Deadline|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123337/https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait' Game Show Starring SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212234/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.amazon.com">{{Cite web|title=Clickbait with Sssniperwolf|url=https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|website=Amazon Prime Video|date=2017|access-date=2023-11-08|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011553/https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|url-status=live}}</ref> The show aired on the subscription service [[Fullscreen (company)|Fullscreen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fullscreen picks up Znak & Co game show |url=https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062942/https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also made an appearance on ''FANtasies'', an anthology series.<ref name="Deadline_2017-05-25">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen & Wattpad Partner on 'FANtasies' Scripted Anthology Series|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|website=Deadline|date=2017-05-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Denise|last=Petski|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216010310/https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-05-26">{{Cite web|title=New Fullscreen Series Will Bring Wattpad Fan Fiction About Mamrie Hart, Jon Cozart, To Life|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-05-26|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108031208/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2017, the genre of her content changed from entirely gaming-oriented to primarily [[reaction video]]s.<ref name="Tubefilter_2018-12-19">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Creators Going Pro: YouTube Gaming Star SSSniperwolf Has 20 Million Followers, But Still Wonders If This Is What She's Meant To Do |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014322/https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Arizona Republic">{{Cite web |last=Goodykoontz |first=Bill |title=These YouTubers paid millions for Arizona land. Who are SSSniperwolf and Evan Sausage? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216024210/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, her channel grew to over five million subscribers, and she was among the ten entrants in [[Forbes]]' "Top Influencers" list in the "Gaming" category for 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Influencers of 2017: Gaming |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |website=Forbes |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=en |date=Jun 20, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808003511/https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |title=Markiplier named world's most influential gamer |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |website=Polygon |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164012/https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she appeared on an episode of ''[[Fear Factor]]''<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> and on an episode of ''[[List of YouTube Premium original programming|Ultimate Expedition]]''.<ref name="Tubefilter_2017-12-14">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf, Furious Pete To Compete In YouTube Red's 'Ultimate Expedition' (Trailer)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-12-14|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113141146/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EW Ultimate Survival">{{Cite magazine|title='Ultimate Expedition' sneak peek: Chuck Liddell uses an MMA move on Steve-O|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2018-01-16|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194346/https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JMG: Culture, Entertainment & Style_2018-02-20">{{Cite web|title=Celebrities Take 'Ultimate' Challenge with Jukka Hildén on YouTube RED|url=https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|website=JMG|date=2018-02-20|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|first=Jacquari|last=Harris|archive-date=November 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114000414/https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she was nominated in the [[2019 Teen Choice Awards]] in the category "Choice Gamer"<ref name="EW Teen Choice">{{Cite magazine|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2019-08-11|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the "Favorite Esports Star" award in the [[2019 Kids' Choice Sports]].<ref name="Variety_2019-07-12">{{Cite web|title=Dwyane Wade, Megan Rapinoe Win Big at 2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards|url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|website=Variety|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=BreAnna|last=Bell|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520194609/https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paramount_kids_choice_sports">{{Cite web|title=Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Sports 2019 Winners Release|url=https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|website=[[Paramount Global]]|date=2019-07-11|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327005552/https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 and 2020, she won the [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] in the category "favorite gamer".<ref name="Deadline_2019-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards 2019 – Complete Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|website=Deadline|date=2019-03-24|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Anita|last=Bennett|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221604/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter_2020-05-02">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards: LeBron James, 'Endgame' Cast and Slime Featured in Virtual Show|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2020-05-02|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Kimberly|last=Nordyke|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518080641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube ranked Shelesh third on its "US Top Creators" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube names the top 10 most-viewed videos uploaded in 2021 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175130/https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she won the Gaming Influencer of the Year Award at the American Influencer Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segarra |first=Edward |title=Bretman Rock, Trixie Mattel and more win at American Influencer Awards: See the winners list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218184445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legal dispute with Evan Young ===
On August 1, 2023, it was reported that Shelesh was one of the highest-paid YouTubers with a net worth of US$16 million.<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> On August 17, 2023, Evan Young filed a lawsuit against Shelesh for [[breach of contract]] and financial misdoings in relation to content produced by Channel Red, their joint company. He accused her of not paying him for work he did for Channel Red.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29">{{Cite web |last=Phillipp |first=Charlotte |date=2023-09-29 |title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Sued by Estranged Husband, Former Collaborator for Breach of Contract |url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011221053/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Messenger |language=en}}</ref> Young also claimed he curated and scripted her content for years.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> Shelesh filed a [[motion to dismiss]] on October 5, 2023, claiming the accusations were "vindictive". In the dismissal, attorneys claimed that not long after filing for [[divorce]], Young locked Shelesh out of several YouTube channels they managed together, including the main SSSniperWolf channel and her personal channel Little Lia,<ref name="The Messenger_2023-11-09">{{Cite web|title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Pushes for Estranged Husband's Lawsuit to Be Thrown Out|url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109230020/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2023|website=The Messenger|date=2023-11-09|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en|first=Charlotte|last=Phillipp}}</ref> on which she uploads beauty-related content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s next for branded virtual experiences |url=https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Think with Google |language=en-emea |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218185514/https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Conflict with jacksfilms ===
YouTuber [[Jacksfilms|John Patrick Douglass]], known as jacksfilms, accused Shelesh of profiting from other creators' work through monetizing her reaction videos, while frequently not providing proper credit,<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms alleges SSSniperwolf, one of the highest-paid creators on the platform, 'steals' content: 'Disheartening'|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]]|date=2023-08-01|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Katie|last=Mather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232414/https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|archive-date=2023-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> and characterized her content as rudimentary and not [[Transformative use|transformative]] enough for [[fair use]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> In 2022, he began using the "JJJacksfilms" account to parody Shelesh's videos.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26" /><ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms urges YouTube to "step in" after SSSniperwolf doxxing allegations|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|website=Tubefilter|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233931/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, she made several social media posts accusing him of [[sexism]] and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" />

On October 13, 2023, Shelesh, while filming near Douglass's house, asked her followers if she should pay him a visit, stating that he lives near Shelesh's studio. She showed his house in an Instagram story<ref name="time-alia">{{cite magazine |title=Two YouTubers Fought Over Doxxing Accusation. YouTube Criticized For Slow Response |url=https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404095632/https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> captioned "let's talk like adults",<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26"/><ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25">{{Cite web|title=YouTube demonetizes popular content creator SSSniperwolf after doxxing accusations|url=https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=2023-10-25|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=Cass|last=Marshall|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011608/https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC News_2023-10-20">{{Cite news|title=YouTube demonetizes prominent creator Sssniperwolf's channel following accusations of doxxing fellow creator|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|work=NBC News|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|first1=|last1=Kalhan Rosenblatt|first2=|last2=Angela Yang|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043438/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|url-status=live}}</ref> which was quickly removed, but her followers shared screenshots.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf and JacksFilms Wild YouTuber Drama, Explained|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|website=Kotaku Australia|date=2023-10-26|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-AU|first=Emily|last=Spindler|archive-date=November 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124330/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> Douglass responded by accusing Shelesh of [[doxing]] him,<ref name="time-alia"/> called her actions "creepy, gross, violating",<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-14">{{Cite web|last=Barovic|first=Andrej|title=Jacksfilms says he was doxed by Sssniperwolf after shining light on reaction-style YT content|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126223827/https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked YouTube to [[Legal tender|demonetize]] her.<ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25"/> Douglass's wife expressed safety concerns,<ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18"/><ref name="Insider">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms says a streamer he criticized showed up to his house and doxxed him to her 34 million followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> and the pair contemplated moving.<ref name="Insider_2023-11-05">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms said he was 'strongly considering moving' after getting doxxed by fellow YouTuber to her millions of followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|date=2023-11-05|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh said that she had found the Douglasses' address on [[Google Search|Google]], that she "had no idea how to dox",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Placido |first=Dani Di |date=October 20, 2023 |title=SSSniperwolf Vs. Jacksfilms: YouTube Doxxing Controversy, Explained |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/10/20/sssniperwolf-vs-jacksfilms-the-messy-youtube-controversy-explained/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=}}</ref> that Douglass was "creating drama to pay [the pair's] bills", and that he was a "creep".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Vaishnavi |title=Jacksfilms accuses SSSniperwolf of 'doxxing' him, asks YouTube to demonetize 'dangerous creator' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205081836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelesh discussed seeking a [[restraining order]] against Douglass, whom she called "obsessed" over the matter.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms calls out YouTube hypocrisy as SSsniperwolf remains unbanned after doxxing incident|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 18, YouTube's Twitter account posted "would it be too meta to do a reaction video to a reaction video", which multiple users interpreted as an offhand comment on the situation, causing a backlash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodgson |first=Lindsay |title=People are critcizing YouTube for inaction after Jacksfilms said he was doxxed by a rival creator to her 34 million followers |url=https://www.insider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 19, a [[Change.org]] petition to remove SSSniperWolf from YouTube gathered 13,000 signatures.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-20">{{Cite web|last=Tsiaoussidis|first=Alex|title=Pressure mounts on YouTube to ban SSSniperwolf for doxxing after 'tone deaf' tweet|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, YouTube temporarily demonetized her channel,<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|last=Pequeño IV|first=Antonio|title=YouTube Temporarily Demonetizes SSSniperWolf After Doxxing Controversy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|website=Forbes|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> while expressing disapproval of "[[false balance|both sides]]'" behavior.<ref name="time-alia" /> Multiple YouTubers saw the latter as unfair.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=YouTube finally takes action in SSSniperWolf controversy—and everyone's still furious|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127064546/https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh subsequently apologized to Douglass in a tweet, saying that her actions were "inexcusable" and that she respects YouTube's decision.<ref name="Hindustan Times_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperwolf apologises as YouTube demonetises her over 'doxxing' incident|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She continued to upload videos on her "SSSniperWolf Top Videos" channel, but it was later also demonetized.<ref name="Mein-MMO.de_2023-11-26">{{Cite web|title=31-Jährige verdient kein Geld auf YouTube trotz 7 Millionen Views am Tag, weil sie ungeschriebene Regel brach|url=https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|website=Mein-MMO.de|date=2023-11-26|access-date=2023-11-28|language=de-DE|first=Gerd|last=Schuhmann|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090725/https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="r/JacksFilms_2023-10-23">{{Cite web|author=TeamYouTube|authorlink=YouTube|title=It's not violating YouTube's ban evasion policy if you reupload your videos from a channel that isn't monetized on a monetized channel, right?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|website=Reddit|type=User comment|date=2023-10-23|access-date=2023-11-28|quote=Jumping in to confirm that the ‘SSSniperWolf Top Videos’ channel was also temporarily suspended from YPP per our Creator Responsibility guidelines. Consistent with that policy, we applied the YPP suspension to the creator’s associated channels.|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023171534/https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN Brasil_2023-12-02">{{Cite web|title=Youtuber com mais de 7 milhões de views por dia não ganha um centavo por ter quebrado regra básica|trans-title=Youtuber with more than 7 million views per day doesn't earn a cent due to breaking basic rules|url=https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|website=IGN Brasil|date=2023-12-02|access-date=2023-12-03|language=pt-br|first=Viny|last=Mathias|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014303/https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Shelesh and Evan Young, her partner at the time, bought a house in [[Henderson, Nevada]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wargo |first1=Buck |date=16 August 2019 |title=New Las Vegas mansions draw celebrities |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170032/https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which they sold in 2022,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> after which they moved to [[Mummy Mountain (Arizona)|Mummy Mountain, Arizona]].<ref name="usa-today-2022" /><ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> In September 2023, they were reported to be legally married,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /><ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" /> though they had separated in September 2022<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> and filed for divorce in late 2022.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" />

== Reception ==
In a review of her main channel, Kennedy Unthank from [[:Focus on the Family#Pluggedin.com|''Plugged In'']] commended her for seeking to "make people laugh through daily uploads" and the quantity of available videos. However, Unthank voiced concern that she "may be profiting from someone else’s work" with her reaction videos through YouTube's monetization system. According to Unthank, while some of her reactions provide additional insight or have a [[Transformative use|transformative]] nature, many of her videos did not offer anything substantial over the original clip that was being reacted to.<ref name="Plugged In">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|website=Plugged In|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|date=2023-08-25|first=Kennedy|last=Unthank|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217043741/https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Linguist [[John McWhorter]] of the ''New York Times'' commented on her use of [[African-American English|Black English]] words and idioms, using her language as an example of "effortless infusion of Black English expressions".<ref name="The New York Times_2021-10-08">{{Cite news|title=Opinion {{!}} Cultural Appropriation Can Be Beautiful|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|work=The New York Times|date=2021-10-08|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|first=John|last=McWhorter|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053232/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Works cited ===
{{reflist}}

=== Video sources ===
{{reflist|group=video}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|u=SSSniperWolf|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
* {{YouTube|h=sssniperwolftopvideos|SSSniperWolf Top Videos|suffix=}}
* {{YouTube|h=LittleLiaWolf|"Little Lia"|suffix=}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7238352|Alia Shelesh}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|Video games}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:2020s YouTube controversies]]
[[Category:English YouTubers]]
[[Category:Commentary YouTubers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:English people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Fullscreen (company) people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Henderson, Nevada]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2011]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Liverpool]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Nevada]]

SSSniperWolf

2024-09-07T20:18:25Z

Drushrush: summarizing intro. some details are already in the body. We are supposed to only include most important info here

{{Short description|English-American YouTuber (born 1992)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use|us|date=February 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = SSSniperWolf
| image = Alia Shelesh YouTube shorts screenshot.jpg
| caption = SSSniperWolf in 2022
| birth_name = Alia Shelesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|22}}
| nationality = {{flatlist|
* British
* American<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>
}}
| occupation = [[YouTuber]]
| organization = Channel Red, LLC.<ref name="usa-today-2022">{{cite web |last1=Reagor |first1=Catherine |title=Arizona Business Gazette 28 Apr 2022, page BG2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/881677905/?clipping_id=133886038&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg4MTY3NzkwNSwiaWF0IjoxNjk4OTI5MjIyLCJleHAiOjE2OTkwMTU2MjJ9.bCapgMaiWQlxskqhpwu5KhStuuVsOmaSLDUHQRyIPyA |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=USA Today |access-date=2 November 2023 |language=en |date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194837/https://www.newspapers.com/image/881677905/?clipping_id=133886038&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg4MTY3NzkwNSwiaWF0IjoxNjk4OTI5MjIyLCJleHAiOjE2OTkwMTU2MjJ9.bCapgMaiWQlxskqhpwu5KhStuuVsOmaSLDUHQRyIPyA |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2011–present
| module = 
| channel_name = SSSniperWolf
| pseudonym = sexysexysniper
| channel_url = UCpB959t8iPrxQWj7G6n0ctQ
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reaction video]]s
* [[Video game culture|gaming]] (formerly)
}}
| subscribers = 34.6 million
| views = 25.36 billion
| network =
| associated_acts =
| ruby_year = 
| red_diamond_year = 
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2015
| diamond_button = yes
| diamond_year = 2018
| stats_update = August 25, 2024
}}

'''Alia''' "'''Lia'''" '''Shelesh''' (born {{Birth date|1992|10|22}}), better known as '''SSSniperWolf''', is a British-American YouTuber. She started "SSSniperWolf" YouTube channel in 2013, which rose to prominence in the following years. She was one of the most recognisable [[Internet celebrity|social media personalities]] associated with [[online video game]]s<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Freddie |title=Three Female Pro-Gamers On The Perks Of Online Community |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |website=[[British Vogue]] |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410083130/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/pro-gamers-community |url-status=live }}</ref> until 2017, when she shifted her focus from video game-related content to [[reaction video]]s


Despite a prominent popularity, Shelesh is also one of the most controversial figures on the platform. In 2023, after receiving criticism for "[[copyright infringement|freebooting]]" [[TikTok]] videos in her reaction content,<ref name="time-alia" /><ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> she was involved in an internet scandal involving allegations that she [[Doxing|doxxed]] YouTuber [[jacksfilms]], resulting in temporary [[YouTuber#YouTuber earnings|demonetization]]. Following this, other allegations about her surfaced.

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and career beginnings ===
Alia Shelesh was born on October 22, 1992 in [[Liverpool]], England.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts">{{cite news |last1=Mboga |first1=Paulette |title=Sssniperwolf's parents: 5 quick facts that you need to know |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |work=Tuko.co.ke |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415083912/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470348-sssniperwolfs-parents-5-quick-facts-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is Turkish through her mother and Greek through her father.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> Her family moved to the United States when she was six, at which age she started playing video games.<ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-06-02">{{Cite web|title=Who is Sssniperwolf's boyfriend? Is she married to Evan Sausage?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-06-02|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205747/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/456740-who-sssniperwolfs-boyfriend-is-married-evan-sausage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news._2022-09-07">{{Cite web|title=Who are Sssniperwolf's brothers? Does she have a half-brother?|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|website=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2022-09-07|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|first=Simon|last=Ayub|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205808/https://www.tuko.co.ke/facts-lifehacks/celebrity-biographies/470815-who-sssniperwolfs-brothers-a-brother/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shelesh started uploading videos to her YouTube channel "sexysexysniper",<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband">{{cite news |last1=Mather |first1=Katie |title=YouTuber SSSniperwolf is allegedly being sued by husband, former collaborator 1 year after breakup |url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]] |date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102120220/https://www.intheknow.com/post/sssniperwolf-lawsuit-alisa-shelesh-evan-young/|archive-date=2023-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group="video" name="sss1">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=April 22, 2011 |title=STILL no PSN? WTF? |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221024512/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sApZ-cCiAoc&feature=related |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> consisting of [[Let's Play]]s of games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> This channel was active in 2011<ref group="video" name="sss1" /> and 2012.<ref group="video" name="sss2">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date= July 7, 2012 |title=Caught With Porn in 6th Grade |type=Video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708010326/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szikTE4fS04&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |publisher=sexysexysniper |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> She moved to the SSSniperWolf channel in 2013,<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> on which her first video was a compilation of [[Failure#Internet memes and "fail"|fails]] in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref group="video" name="first">{{cite AV media |people=Shelesh, Alia |date=Jan 25, 2013 |title=BO2 Fails + Funnies #1 |type=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |access-date=November 12, 2023 |publisher=SSSniperWolf |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111233714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPff52zYOKg |url-status=live }}</ref> She derived her handle from [[Characters of the Metal Gear series#Sniper Wolf|Sniper Wolf]], a character from the ''[[Metal Gear]]'' video game series.<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/>

=== Rise in prominence and shift to reaction videos ===
In 2016, she featured on ''Day of Doom'', an event that was hosted by [[id Software]].<ref name="Tubefilter_2016-03-25">{{Cite web|title=iJustine, Rob Gronkowski, And More To Compete In Live ''Doom'' Tournament On YouTube Gaming|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=Tubefilter|date=2016-03-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108034221/https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/03/25/ijustine-rob-gronkowski-youtube-gaming-fullscreen-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Game Informer_2016-03-24">{{Cite magazine|title=Doom Preview - Bethesda Teams With Pro Athletes To Reveal New Doom Multiplayer Footage|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|magazine=Game Informer|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en|first=Mike|last=Futter|date=2016-03-24|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011552/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/doom/b/pc/archive/2016/03/24/bethesda-teams-with-pro-athletes-to-reveal-new-doom-multiplayer-footage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="VentureBeat_2016-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Bethesda teams YouTube stars with sports athletes in Day of Doom tournament|url=https://venturebeat.com/business/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|website=VentureBeat|date=2016-03-24|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011623/https://venturebeat.com/games/bethesda-pits-youtube-stars-against-esports-athletes-in-day-of-doom-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she hosted the show [[Fullscreen (company)#Original programs|''Clickbait'']] in which social media influencers competed in unusual challenges.<ref name="Deadline_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait With SSSniperWolf' Game Show With Social Media Stars|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|website=Deadline|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204123337/https://deadline.com/2017/04/clickbait-with-sssniperwolf-game-show-fullscreen-1202073380/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-04-21">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen Picks Up 'Clickbait' Game Show Starring SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-04-21|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212234/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/04/21/fullscreen-clickbait-game-show-sssniperworlf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.amazon.com">{{Cite web|title=Clickbait with Sssniperwolf|url=https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|website=Amazon Prime Video|date=2017|access-date=2023-11-08|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011553/https://www.amazon.com/Season-1/dp/B071F45TGX|url-status=live}}</ref> The show aired on the subscription service [[Fullscreen (company)|Fullscreen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fullscreen picks up Znak & Co game show |url=https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062942/https://realscreen.com/2017/04/24/fullscreen-picks-up-znak-co-game-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also made an appearance on ''FANtasies'', an anthology series.<ref name="Deadline_2017-05-25">{{Cite web|title=Fullscreen & Wattpad Partner on 'FANtasies' Scripted Anthology Series|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|website=Deadline|date=2017-05-25|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Denise|last=Petski|archive-date=December 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216010310/https://deadline.com/2017/05/fullscreen-wattpad-partner-fantasies-scripted-anthology-series-1202102336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tubefilter_2017-05-26">{{Cite web|title=New Fullscreen Series Will Bring Wattpad Fan Fiction About Mamrie Hart, Jon Cozart, To Life|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-05-26|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108031208/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/26/fullscreen-wattpad-fan-fiction-mamrie-hart-jon-cozart/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2017, the genre of her content changed from entirely gaming-oriented to primarily [[reaction video]]s.<ref name="Tubefilter_2018-12-19">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=Creators Going Pro: YouTube Gaming Star SSSniperwolf Has 20 Million Followers, But Still Wonders If This Is What She's Meant To Do |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014322/https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/12/19/creators-going-pro-sssniperwolf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Arizona Republic">{{Cite web |last=Goodykoontz |first=Bill |title=These YouTubers paid millions for Arizona land. Who are SSSniperwolf and Evan Sausage? |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216024210/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2022/04/26/youtubers-sssniperwolf-evan-sausage-paradise-valley-land-sale/7449791001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, her channel grew to over five million subscribers, and she was among the ten entrants in [[Forbes]]' "Top Influencers" list in the "Gaming" category for 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Influencers of 2017: Gaming |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |website=Forbes |access-date=12 November 2023 |language=en |date=Jun 20, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808003511/https://www.forbes.com/top-influencers/2017/gaming/#1810d6c917df |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |title=Markiplier named world's most influential gamer |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |website=Polygon |access-date=12 November 2023 |date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118164012/https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15836482/markiplier-pewdiepie-omgitsfirefoxx-jacksepticeye-influence |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she appeared on an episode of ''[[Fear Factor]]''<ref name="tuko-shelesh-facts"/> and on an episode of ''[[List of YouTube Premium original programming|Ultimate Expedition]]''.<ref name="Tubefilter_2017-12-14">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf, Furious Pete To Compete In YouTube Red's 'Ultimate Expedition' (Trailer)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|website=Tubefilter|date=2017-12-14|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=November 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113141146/https://www.tubefilter.com/2017/12/14/sssniperwolf-furious-pete-youtube-red-ultimate-expedition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EW Ultimate Survival">{{Cite magazine|title='Ultimate Expedition' sneak peek: Chuck Liddell uses an MMA move on Steve-O|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2018-01-16|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194346/https://ew.com/tv/2018/01/16/ultimate-expedition-sneak-peek-watch-chuck-liddell-use-an-mma-move-on-steve-o/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JMG: Culture, Entertainment & Style_2018-02-20">{{Cite web|title=Celebrities Take 'Ultimate' Challenge with Jukka Hildén on YouTube RED|url=https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|website=JMG|date=2018-02-20|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|first=Jacquari|last=Harris|archive-date=November 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114000414/https://jmgmags.com/celebrities-take-ultimate-challenge-jukka-hilden-on-youtube-red/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she was nominated in the [[2019 Teen Choice Awards]] in the category "Choice Gamer"<ref name="EW Teen Choice">{{Cite magazine|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en|date=2019-08-11|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref> and won the "Favorite Esports Star" award in the [[2019 Kids' Choice Sports]].<ref name="Variety_2019-07-12">{{Cite web|title=Dwyane Wade, Megan Rapinoe Win Big at 2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards|url=https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|website=Variety|date=2019-07-12|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=BreAnna|last=Bell|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520194609/https://variety.com/2019/scene/news/dwyane-wade-megan-rapinoe-win-big-at-2019-nickelodeon-kids-choice-sports-awards-1203265665/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paramount_kids_choice_sports">{{Cite web|title=Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Sports 2019 Winners Release|url=https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|website=[[Paramount Global]]|date=2019-07-11|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327005552/https://ir.paramount.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nickelodeons-kids-choice-sports-2019-winners-release|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019 and 2020, she won the [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]] in the category "favorite gamer".<ref name="Deadline_2019-03-24">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards 2019 – Complete Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|website=Deadline|date=2019-03-24|access-date=2023-11-08|language=en-US|first=Anita|last=Bennett|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703221604/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kids-choice-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-1202581442/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hollywood Reporter_2020-05-02">{{Cite web|title=Kids' Choice Awards: LeBron James, 'Endgame' Cast and Slime Featured in Virtual Show|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2020-05-02|access-date=2023-11-12|language=en-US|first=Kimberly|last=Nordyke|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518080641/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kids-choice-awards-lebron-james-endgame-slime-virtual-show-1292990/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube ranked Shelesh third on its "US Top Creators" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube names the top 10 most-viewed videos uploaded in 2021 |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=CNET |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175130/https://www.cnet.com/culture/internet/youtube-names-the-top-10-most-viewed-videos-uploaded-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she won the Gaming Influencer of the Year Award at the American Influencer Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segarra |first=Edward |title=Bretman Rock, Trixie Mattel and more win at American Influencer Awards: See the winners list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218184445/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/11/03/american-influencer-awards-winners-bretman-rock-trixie-mattel-sam-asghari/6257507001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legal dispute with Evan Young ===
On August 1, 2023, it was reported that Shelesh was one of the highest-paid YouTubers with a net worth of US$16 million.<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> On August 17, 2023, Evan Young filed a lawsuit against Shelesh for [[breach of contract]] and financial misdoings in relation to content produced by Channel Red, their joint company. He accused her of not paying him for work he did for Channel Red.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29">{{Cite web |last=Phillipp |first=Charlotte |date=2023-09-29 |title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Sued by Estranged Husband, Former Collaborator for Breach of Contract |url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011221053/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-sued-by-estranged-husband-former-collaborator-for-breach-of-contract |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Messenger |language=en}}</ref> Young also claimed he curated and scripted her content for years.<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> Shelesh filed a [[motion to dismiss]] on October 5, 2023, claiming the accusations were "vindictive". In the dismissal, attorneys claimed that not long after filing for [[divorce]], Young locked Shelesh out of several YouTube channels they managed together, including the main SSSniperWolf channel and her personal channel Little Lia,<ref name="The Messenger_2023-11-09">{{Cite web|title=YouTube Star SSSniperWolf Pushes for Estranged Husband's Lawsuit to Be Thrown Out|url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109230020/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/youtube-star-sssniperwolf-wants-estranged-husband-lawsuit-thrown-out|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2023|website=The Messenger|date=2023-11-09|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en|first=Charlotte|last=Phillipp}}</ref> on which she uploads beauty-related content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What’s next for branded virtual experiences |url=https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Think with Google |language=en-emea |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218185514/https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-emea/future-of-marketing/emerging-technology/branded-virtual-experiences/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Conflict with jacksfilms ===
YouTuber [[Jacksfilms|John Patrick Douglass]], known as jacksfilms, accused Shelesh of profiting from other creators' work through monetizing her reaction videos, while frequently not providing proper credit,<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms alleges SSSniperwolf, one of the highest-paid creators on the platform, 'steals' content: 'Disheartening'|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)#Brands|In The Know]]|date=2023-08-01|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Katie|last=Mather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026232414/https://www.intheknow.com/post/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-stolen-content-freebooting/|archive-date=2023-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> and characterized her content as rudimentary and not [[Transformative use|transformative]] enough for [[fair use]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" /> In 2022, he began using the "JJJacksfilms" account to parody Shelesh's videos.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26" /><ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms urges YouTube to "step in" after SSSniperwolf doxxing allegations|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|website=Tubefilter|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233931/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/18/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-reaction-videos-doxxing-allegations-youtube-drama/|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, she made several social media posts accusing him of [[sexism]] and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="In The Know_2023-08-01-allege-content-steal" />

On October 13, 2023, Shelesh, while filming near Douglass's house, asked her followers if she should pay him a visit, stating that he lives near Shelesh's studio. She showed his house in an Instagram story<ref name="time-alia">{{cite magazine |title=Two YouTubers Fought Over Doxxing Accusation. YouTube Criticized For Slow Response |url=https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404095632/https://time.com/6326625/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-youtube-demonetize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> captioned "let's talk like adults",<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26"/><ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25">{{Cite web|title=YouTube demonetizes popular content creator SSSniperwolf after doxxing accusations|url=https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=2023-10-25|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-US|first=Cass|last=Marshall|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011608/https://www.polygon.com/23930845/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-doxxing-accusations-youtube-reaction-content-explained|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NBC News_2023-10-20">{{Cite news|title=YouTube demonetizes prominent creator Sssniperwolf's channel following accusations of doxxing fellow creator|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|work=NBC News|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|first1=|last1=Kalhan Rosenblatt|first2=|last2=Angela Yang|archive-date=January 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112043438/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/jacksfilms-sssniperwolf-doxxing-allegations-youtube-response-rcna121297|url-status=live}}</ref> which was quickly removed, but her followers shared screenshots.<ref name="Kotaku Australia_2023-10-26">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf and JacksFilms Wild YouTuber Drama, Explained|url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|website=Kotaku Australia|date=2023-10-26|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en-AU|first=Emily|last=Spindler|archive-date=November 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124330/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2023/10/sssniperwolf-jacksfilms-feud-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> Douglass responded by accusing Shelesh of [[doxing]] him,<ref name="time-alia"/> called her actions "creepy, gross, violating",<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-14">{{Cite web|last=Barovic|first=Andrej|title=Jacksfilms says he was doxed by Sssniperwolf after shining light on reaction-style YT content|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-14|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126223827/https://dotesports.com/general/news/jacksfilms-says-he-was-doxed-by-sssniperwolf-after-shining-light-on-reaction-style-yt-content|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked YouTube to [[Legal tender|demonetize]] her.<ref name="Polygon_2023-10-25"/> Douglass's wife expressed safety concerns,<ref name="Tubefilter_2023-10-18"/><ref name="Insider">{{Cite web|title=YouTuber Jacksfilms says a streamer he criticized showed up to his house and doxxed him to her 34 million followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-says-streamer-sssniperwolf-doxxed-him-to-34-million-followers-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref> and the pair contemplated moving.<ref name="Insider_2023-11-05">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms said he was 'strongly considering moving' after getting doxxed by fellow YouTuber to her millions of followers|url=https://www.insider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|website=Insider|access-date=2023-11-10|language=en-US|first=Lindsay|last=Dodgson|date=2023-11-05|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/jacksfilms-considering-moving-after-getting-doxxed-sssniperwolf-youtuber-2023-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh said that she had found the Douglasses' address on [[Google Search|Google]], that she "had no idea how to dox",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Placido |first=Dani Di |date=October 20, 2023 |title=SSSniperwolf Vs. Jacksfilms: YouTube Doxxing Controversy, Explained |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/10/20/sssniperwolf-vs-jacksfilms-the-messy-youtube-controversy-explained/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=}}</ref> that Douglass was "creating drama to pay [the pair's] bills", and that he was a "creep".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arya |first1=Vaishnavi |title=Jacksfilms accuses SSSniperwolf of 'doxxing' him, asks YouTube to demonetize 'dangerous creator' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205081836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/jacksfilms-accuses-sssniperwolf-of-doxxing-him-asks-youtube-to-demonetise-her-101697272666397.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelesh discussed seeking a [[restraining order]] against Douglass, whom she called "obsessed" over the matter.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-18">{{Cite web|title=Jacksfilms calls out YouTube hypocrisy as SSsniperwolf remains unbanned after doxxing incident|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-18|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jacksfilms-calls-out-youtube-hypocrisy-as-sssniperwolf-remains-unbanned-after-doxxing-incident|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 18, YouTube's Twitter account posted "would it be too meta to do a reaction video to a reaction video", which multiple users interpreted as an offhand comment on the situation, causing a backlash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodgson |first=Lindsay |title=People are critcizing YouTube for inaction after Jacksfilms said he was doxxed by a rival creator to her 34 million followers |url=https://www.insider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518011554/https://www.businessinsider.com/people-are-critcizing-youtube-for-inaction-over-jacksfilms-doxxing-2023-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> By October 19, a [[Change.org]] petition to remove SSSniperWolf from YouTube gathered 13,000 signatures.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-20">{{Cite web|last=Tsiaoussidis|first=Alex|title=Pressure mounts on YouTube to ban SSSniperwolf for doxxing after 'tone deaf' tweet|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=March 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324075222/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/pressure-mounts-on-youtube-to-ban-sssniperwolf-for-doxxing-after-tone-deaf-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, YouTube temporarily demonetized her channel,<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|last=Pequeño IV|first=Antonio|title=YouTube Temporarily Demonetizes SSSniperWolf After Doxxing Controversy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|website=Forbes|access-date=2023-11-02|language=en|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217045142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/10/20/youtube-temporarily-demonetizes-sssniperwolf-after-doxxing-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> while expressing disapproval of "[[false balance|both sides]]'" behavior.<ref name="time-alia" /> Multiple YouTubers saw the latter as unfair.<ref name="Dot Esports_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=YouTube finally takes action in SSSniperWolf controversy—and everyone's still furious|url=https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127064546/https://dotesports.com/general/news/youtube-finally-takes-action-in-sssniperwolf-controversy-and-everyones-still-furious|url-status=live}}</ref> Shelesh subsequently apologized to Douglass in a tweet, saying that her actions were "inexcusable" and that she respects YouTube's decision.<ref name="Hindustan Times_2023-10-21">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperwolf apologises as YouTube demonetises her over 'doxxing' incident|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2023-10-21|access-date=2023-11-07|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/sssniperwolf-apologises-as-youtube-demonetises-her-over-doxxing-incident-101697856613645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She continued to upload videos on her "SSSniperWolf Top Videos" channel, but it was later also demonetized.<ref name="Mein-MMO.de_2023-11-26">{{Cite web|title=31-Jährige verdient kein Geld auf YouTube trotz 7 Millionen Views am Tag, weil sie ungeschriebene Regel brach|url=https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|website=Mein-MMO.de|date=2023-11-26|access-date=2023-11-28|language=de-DE|first=Gerd|last=Schuhmann|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203090725/https://mein-mmo.de/youtube-kein-geld-sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="r/JacksFilms_2023-10-23">{{Cite web|author=TeamYouTube|authorlink=YouTube|title=It's not violating YouTube's ban evasion policy if you reupload your videos from a channel that isn't monetized on a monetized channel, right?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|website=Reddit|type=User comment|date=2023-10-23|access-date=2023-11-28|quote=Jumping in to confirm that the ‘SSSniperWolf Top Videos’ channel was also temporarily suspended from YPP per our Creator Responsibility guidelines. Consistent with that policy, we applied the YPP suspension to the creator’s associated channels.|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023171534/https://www.reddit.com/r/JacksFilms/comments/17cz715/comment/k64oem1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN Brasil_2023-12-02">{{Cite web|title=Youtuber com mais de 7 milhões de views por dia não ganha um centavo por ter quebrado regra básica|trans-title=Youtuber with more than 7 million views per day doesn't earn a cent due to breaking basic rules|url=https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|website=IGN Brasil|date=2023-12-02|access-date=2023-12-03|language=pt-br|first=Viny|last=Mathias|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327014303/https://br.ign.com/games/116720/news/youtuber-com-mais-de-7-milhoes-de-views-por-dia-nao-ganha-um-centavo-por-ter-quebrado-regra-basica|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2019, Shelesh and Evan Young, her partner at the time, bought a house in [[Henderson, Nevada]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wargo |first1=Buck |date=16 August 2019 |title=New Las Vegas mansions draw celebrities |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170032/https://www.reviewjournal.com/homes/real-estate-millions/new-las-vegas-mansions-draw-celebrities-1828096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which they sold in 2022,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> after which they moved to [[Mummy Mountain (Arizona)|Mummy Mountain, Arizona]].<ref name="usa-today-2022" /><ref name="The Arizona Republic" /> In September 2023, they were reported to be legally married,<ref name="The Arizona Republic" /><ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" /> though they had separated in September 2022<ref name="In The Know_2023-09-29-sued-by-husband" /> and filed for divorce in late 2022.<ref name="The Messenger_2023-09-29" />

== Reception ==
In a review of her main channel, Kennedy Unthank from [[:Focus on the Family#Pluggedin.com|''Plugged In'']] commended her for seeking to "make people laugh through daily uploads" and the quantity of available videos. However, Unthank voiced concern that she "may be profiting from someone else’s work" with her reaction videos through YouTube's monetization system. According to Unthank, while some of her reactions provide additional insight or have a [[Transformative use|transformative]] nature, many of her videos did not offer anything substantial over the original clip that was being reacted to.<ref name="Plugged In">{{Cite web|title=SSSniperWolf|url=https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|website=Plugged In|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|date=2023-08-25|first=Kennedy|last=Unthank|archive-date=December 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217043741/https://www.pluggedin.com/youtube-reviews/sssniperwolf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Linguist [[John McWhorter]] of the ''New York Times'' commented on her use of [[African-American English|Black English]] words and idioms, using her language as an example of "effortless infusion of Black English expressions".<ref name="The New York Times_2021-10-08">{{Cite news|title=Opinion {{!}} Cultural Appropriation Can Be Beautiful|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|work=The New York Times|date=2021-10-08|access-date=2023-11-21|language=en-US|first=John|last=McWhorter|archive-date=October 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053232/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/opinion/cultural-appropriation-opera.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Works cited ===
{{reflist}}

=== Video sources ===
{{reflist|group=video}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|u=SSSniperWolf|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
* {{YouTube|h=sssniperwolftopvideos|SSSniperWolf Top Videos|suffix=}}
* {{YouTube|h=LittleLiaWolf|"Little Lia"|suffix=}}
* {{IMDb name|nm7238352|Alia Shelesh}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|Video games}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:2020s YouTube controversies]]
[[Category:English YouTubers]]
[[Category:Commentary YouTubers]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:English people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Fullscreen (company) people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Henderson, Nevada]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2011]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Liverpool]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Nevada]]

Draft:Beauty in Black (Netflix Series)

2024-09-07T19:57:24Z

Drushrush: /* Cast */

{{AFC submission|d|nn|u=Drushrush|ns=118|decliner=Bilorv|declinets=20240212233831|ts=20240212230317}} 

{{AFC comment|1=See [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. For an article to exist on an upcoming piece of media (like ''[[Moana 2]]''), it has to be that the number and depth of sources that exist show that the work would be [[WP:N|notable]] even if it were never made. At present, if this series was cancelled or never aired there is no reason it would be notable (it might just be a paragraph in the article [[Tyler Perry]]). — [[User:Bilorv|Bilorv]] ('''[[User talk:Bilorv|talk]]''') 23:38, 12 February 2024 (UTC)}}

----

{{Short description|Netflix drama TV series}}
{{Draft topics|television}}
{{AfC topic|media}}

'''Beauty in Black''' is an upcoming [[Netflix]] drama series created by [[Tyler Perry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2024-02-12 |title=Tyler Perry Strikes First-Look TV Deal With Netflix As Streamer Orders 'Beauty In Black' Drama Series |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/tyler-perry-first-look-tv-deal-netflix-beauty-in-black-drama-series-1235823380/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Michael |date=2024-02-12 |title=Tyler Perry Expands Netflix Deal to Include TV Series; 'Beauty in Black' First Series Ordered |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/tyler-perry-netflix-deal-tv-series-beauty-in-black-1235908429/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Loree |date=2024-02-12 |title=Tyler Perry Expands Netflix Partnership With First-Look Series Deal |url=https://www.thewrap.com/tyler-perry-extends-netflix-deal-new-series-beauty-in-black/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
A deal between Tyler Perry and Netflix was struck in January of 2024 to create the series.<ref name=":1" /> Perry also has other deals in the works with Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Lacey |date=2024-02-12 |title=Tyler Perry Inks First-Look TV Deal at Netflix |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/tyler-perry-inks-first-look-tv-deal-at-netflix-1235822982/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

Beauty in Black is a 16-episode drama series, featuring the intertwined lives of two women, Kimmie and Mallory, navigating disparate challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyler Perry To Develop 16-Ep Netflix Series 'Beauty In Black' As Part Of Ongoing Deal |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/tyler-perry-to-develop-16-ep-netflix-series-beauty-in-black-as-part-of-ongoing-deal/ar-BB1idS1L |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=MSN}}</ref> Perry will write, direct, and produce the series, with Angi Bones and [[Tony Strickland]] also on board as producers for Tyler Perry Studios.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==

* Taylor Polidore Williams as Kimmie
* [[Crystle Stewart]] as Mallory
* Amber Reign Smith as Rain
* [[Ricco Ross]] as Horace
* [[Debbi Morgan]] as Olivia
* [[Richard Lawson (actor)|Richard Lawson]] as Norman
* Steven G. Norfleet as Charles
* Julian Horton as Roy
* Terrell Carter as Varney
* Shannon Wallace as Calvin
* Bryan Tanaka as Ofc. Alex
* Joy Rovaris as Gillian
*Xavier Smalls as Angel
*[[Charles Malik Whitfield]] as Jules
*Tamara "Kee" Kissen as Body
*Ussula O. Robinson as Delinda
*Ashkey Versher as Lena
*George Middlebrook as Ofc. Trackson
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcoming Series Tyler Perry's Beauty in Black Puts Together Gorgeous Cast |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/tyler-perry-beauty-in-black |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Netflix Tudum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iannucci |first=Rebecca |date=2024-04-04 |title=Beauty in Black: Tyler Perry's First Netflix Series Finds Its Leading Ladies — See Full Cast |url=https://tvline.com/casting-news/beauty-in-black-tyler-perry-netflix-series-full-cast-1235196397/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=TVLine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Lynette |date=2024-04-04 |title=‘Tyler Perry’s Beauty in Black’: Netflix Reveals Cast For New Series Under Creator’s First Look Deal |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/tyler-perry-beauty-in-black-netflix-cast-announcement-1235876032/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs

2024-09-07T19:53:55Z

Drushrush: Listing :Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy.

<noinclude>
{{topic|Albums}}
{{topic|Songs}}
{{deletionlist|Albums and songs}}
;Related deletion sorting:
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Music|Music]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Bands and musicians|Bands and musicians]]
</noinclude>

==Albums and songs==

{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Boredom_and_Joy}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/This Time of Year (song)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skye (song)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hurry Up Tomorrow}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Situation (A Little Sound and Sugababes song)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Nanhai_Chao}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/National Anthem of the Republic of the Rif}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Article 14}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Australia (Mango album)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Voilà (album)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Publius Enigma (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Galactic_Theme}}

==Album and song proposed deletions==

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<div class="references-small">
''for occasional archiving''
</div>

[[Category:Wikipedia deletion sorting|Albums]]
[[Category:WikiProject Albums|Deletion]]
[[Category:WikiProject Songs|Deletion]]

User talk:Stephenmcguire900

2024-09-07T19:53:53Z

Drushrush: Notification: listing of :Devouring the Prophecy at WP:Articles for deletion.

==Speedy deletion of [[:Dell Inspiron 1525]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]] A tag has been placed on [[:Dell Inspiron 1525]], requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

{{center|'''''it is not notable enough on its own (only by Inspiron range or series); article written like an advertisement as it mainly talks about the pricing, marketing; references used contain mainly original research by the site owner or article author within the site (no reliable third-party source).'''''}}

Under the [[WP:CSD#General_criteria|criteria for speedy deletion]], articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please [[Wikipedia:Starting an article|see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article]], and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> on the top of the page and leave a note on [[Talk:Dell Inspiron 1525|the article's talk page]] explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|for biographies]], [[WP:WEB|for web sites]], [[WP:BAND|for bands]], or [[WP:CORP|for companies]]. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. [[User:Staka|Staka]] ([[User_talk:Staka|T]]) 20:48, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

==Speedy deletion of [[:Crocodillos]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left]] A tag has been placed on [[:Crocodillos]], requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

{{center|'''''Notability issues; seems like a small family run business that only a small amount of people would know.'''''}}

Under the [[WP:CSD#General_criteria|criteria for speedy deletion]], articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please [[Wikipedia:Starting an article|see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article]], and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> on the top of the page and leave a note on [[Talk:Crocodillos|the article's talk page]] explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|for biographies]], [[WP:WEB|for web sites]], [[WP:BAND|for bands]], or [[WP:CORP|for companies]]. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. [[User:Staka|Staka]] ([[User_talk:Staka|T]]) 20:48, 13 February 2009 (UTC)
== Nomination of [[:Devouring the Prophecy]] for deletion ==
<div class="afd-notice">
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0;">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article [[:Devouring the Prophecy]] is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The article will be discussed at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy]]''' until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.</div> [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 19:53, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy

2024-09-07T19:53:53Z

Drushrush: Creating deletion discussion page for :Devouring the Prophecy.

===[[:Devouring the Prophecy]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|?}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Devouring the Prophecy}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 September 7#{{anchorencode:Devouring the Prophecy}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1231638857/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Devouring the Prophecy}})
After checking google I am unable to find proper citations, other than blogs. From the existing citations 3 are album listings and 1 is a review from a blogger, so in my opinion this one does not meet the notability guidelines. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 19:53, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Albums and songs|list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Drushrush|Drushrush]] ([[User talk:Drushrush|talk]]) 19:53, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 September 7

2024-09-07T19:53:52Z

Drushrush: Adding :Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy.

{{Recent AfDs}}
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{| width = "100%"
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! width="50%" align="right" | [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2024 September 8|September 08]] >
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<div align = "center">'''[[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion|Guide to deletion]]'''</div>
{{Cent}}
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{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Devouring the Prophecy}}
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Faegre Drinker

2024-07-31T18:49:46Z

Drushrush: /* Practice areas */

{{Short description|American law firm}}
{{COI|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox law firm
| name = Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP
| logo = Faegre Drinker logo.svg
| num_attorneys = Over 1,200
| revenue = $954,992,000 (2022)
| key_people = Gina Kastel, Chair
| date_founded =
{{start date|2020|02|01}}
| company_type = [[Limited Liability Partnership]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.faegredrinker.com}}
}}

'''Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath''', also known as '''Faegre Drinker''', is a full-service international [[law firm]] and one of the 100 largest law firms in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP|url=https://www.faegredrinker.com/en/about|access-date=2021-11-10|website=www.faegredrinker.com|language=en}}</ref> Formed in February 2020 by the merger of Faegre Baker Daniels LLP and Drinker Biddle & Reath, the firm provides legal counseling and litigation to a wide range of clients across many practice areas.

Faegre Drinker Consulting, the firm's national advisory and advocacy practice, provides public and private clients with consulting services.

==History==

=== Drinker Biddle & Reath ===
The firm, later known as Drinker, Biddle & Reath, was founded in Philadelphia in 1849 by [[John Christian Bullitt]].

Bullitt would become a civic figure in Philadelphia, serving as a delegate to the [[Pennsylvania Constitution|Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention]] of 1873 and drafting the "Bullitt Bill," which became the Philadelphia City Charter in 1887. He also founded the Fourth Street National Bank in 1886, and in 1871, he oversaw the brokerage firm merger that created Drexel, Morgan & Co., later renamed [[J.P. Morgan & Co.]]

His partner was Samuel Dickson, who joined in 1863. Dickson forged a long relationship between the firm and the [[University of Pennsylvania]], acting as counsel to the university and serving on its board of trustees from 1881 until his death in 1915. Together, Bullitt and Dickson created one of the most successful and lucrative law offices in Philadelphia.

[[Henry Drinker|Henry S. Drinker Jr.]] joined the firm in 1904, became a partner in 1918, and was named counsel to the University of Pennsylvania in 1927. From the 1920s until the 1950s, Drinker was the executive voice of the firm. Thomas Reath joined the firm in 1919. [[Charles J. Biddle (aviator)|Charles J. Biddle]] joined the firm in 1924 as the firm's first lateral partner, bringing from his former firm several clients, including the [[Philadelphia Contributionship]] (the nation's oldest [[property insurance]] company, founded by [[Benjamin Franklin]]) and the [[Philadelphia Savings Fund Society|Philadelphia Saving Fund Society]] (at the time the third-largest savings bank in the United States). Biddle became a partner in 1925 and was a major force at the firm for decades.

At the turn of the 21st century, Drinker Biddle began a series of mergers that raised its national profile. In 1999, it merged with the prominent New Jersey general practice firm of Shanley & Fisher, P.C., with offices in northern New Jersey and, until [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], at [[One World Trade Center (1973-2001)|One World Trade Center]] in New York City. In 2001, Drinker Biddle merged with two more firms: the Philadelphia [[intellectual property]] firm of Seidel, Gonda, Lavorgna & Monaco, and the San Francisco firm of Preuss Shanagher Zvoleff & Zimmer. In 2007, the firm merged with Chicago's Gardner Carton & Douglas, giving Drinker Biddle a stronger presence in the Midwest and adding expertise in health law, employee benefits and executive compensation, hedge funds, and government and regulatory affairs. The Gardner merger also made Drinker Biddle, in terms of number of attorneys, one of the 75 largest law firms in the United States.

===Baker & Daniels===
{{Main|Baker & Daniels}}
In 1863, Hendricks & Hord was founded in [[Indianapolis|Indianapolis, Indiana]], by Oscar Hord, a former Indiana Attorney General and U.S. Senator [[Thomas A. Hendricks]], who later served as governor of Indiana and U.S. vice president under [[Grover Cleveland]]. Following several name changes, the firm became known as [[Baker & Daniels]] in 1888.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Gugin, Linda C.|editor2=St. Clair, James E|title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|year=2006|isbn=0-87195-196-7|pages=158–159|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780871951960}}</ref>

===Faegre & Benson===
{{Main|Faegre & Benson}}
[[Faegre & Benson]] was established in Minneapolis in 1886 as Cobb & Wheelwright, and was the largest law firm in the [[Twin Cities]].

===Faegre Baker Daniels===
On January 1, 2012, Faegre & Benson and Baker & Daniels began business operations as Faegre Baker Daniels LLP.<ref>Press Release - [http://www.faegrebd.com/17601 Faegre Baker Daniels Begins Business Operations] (January 3, 2012).</ref><ref>[[Above the Law (blog)]], [http://abovethelaw.com/2011/10/law-firm-merger-mania-faegre-benson-and-baker-daniels-make-it-official/#more-102821 Law Firm Merger Mania: Faegre & Benson and Baker & Daniels Make It Official] (October 12, 2011).</ref> The combination was presented as a merger of equals: the combined firm had no official "headquarters," and the leaders of each original firm retained a management role. Faegre chair Andrew Humphrey became managing partner of the combined firm, while Baker & Daniels CEO Thomas Froehle Jr. became its chief operating partner.<ref>[http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/10/faegre-baker-daniels.html Faegre & Benson, Baker & Daniels Say Their Merger Is Officially On], Am Law Daily (October 12, 2011).</ref>

Faegre Baker Daniels's first new office opened on July 1, 2013: a [[Silicon Valley]] office in [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]], California, that initially focused on offering intellectual property services. In March 2017, the firm opened a Los Angeles office that offered business, employment, intellectual property, and product liability litigation and consulting.<ref name="LARelease">{{Cite web|url=https://www.faegredrinker.com/en/about/news/2017/3/faegrebd-continues-california-growth-expands-in-los-angeles|title=FaegreBD Continues California Growth, Expands in Los Angeles | News | About | Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP|website=Faegredrinker.com}}</ref>

Faegre Baker Daniels reportedly represented [[USA Gymnastics]] in the [[USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal|investigation of former team doctor Larry Nassar]] and participated in reporting Nassar to the FBI during the summer of 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2018/10/16/aly-raisman-blasts-new-usa-gymnastics-head-for-nassar-ties/|title=It took 4 days for stars to shred USA Gymnastics' new hire to bits|first=Joshua Rhett|last=Miller|date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>

=== Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath ===
In February 2020, Faegre Baker Daniels LLP and Drinker Biddle & Reath merged.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faegre Drinker Biddle|url=https://www.law.com/law-firm-profile/?id=170460&name=Faegre-Drinker-Biddle-&-Reath|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Law.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web|title=Faegre Baker Daniels 150th Anniversary|url=https://www.faegredrinker.com/150timeline/index.html|access-date=June 16, 2021|website=Faegredrinker.com}}</ref>

==Practice areas==
Faegre Drinker has more than 1,200 professionals across the United States, London, and Shanghai. The firm specializes in complex legal matters for clients ranging from startups to multinational corporations. Faegre Drinker also offers lobbying and advocacy services.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.faegredrinker.com}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Law firms of the United States]]

Faegre Drinker

2024-07-31T18:47:32Z

Drushrush:

{{Short description|American law firm}}
{{COI|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox law firm
| name = Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP
| logo = Faegre Drinker logo.svg
| num_attorneys = Over 1,200
| revenue = $954,992,000 (2022)
| key_people = Gina Kastel, Chair
| date_founded =
{{start date|2020|02|01}}
| company_type = [[Limited Liability Partnership]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.faegredrinker.com}}
}}

'''Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath''', also known as '''Faegre Drinker''', is a full-service international [[law firm]] and one of the 100 largest law firms in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About {{!}} Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP|url=https://www.faegredrinker.com/en/about|access-date=2021-11-10|website=www.faegredrinker.com|language=en}}</ref> Formed in February 2020 by the merger of Faegre Baker Daniels LLP and Drinker Biddle & Reath, the firm provides legal counseling and litigation to a wide range of clients across many practice areas.

Faegre Drinker Consulting, the firm's national advisory and advocacy practice, provides public and private clients with consulting services.

==History==

=== Drinker Biddle & Reath ===
The firm, later known as Drinker, Biddle & Reath, was founded in Philadelphia in 1849 by [[John Christian Bullitt]].

Bullitt would become a civic figure in Philadelphia, serving as a delegate to the [[Pennsylvania Constitution|Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention]] of 1873 and drafting the "Bullitt Bill," which became the Philadelphia City Charter in 1887. He also founded the Fourth Street National Bank in 1886, and in 1871, he oversaw the brokerage firm merger that created Drexel, Morgan & Co., later renamed [[J.P. Morgan & Co.]]

His partner was Samuel Dickson, who joined in 1863. Dickson forged a long relationship between the firm and the [[University of Pennsylvania]], acting as counsel to the university and serving on its board of trustees from 1881 until his death in 1915. Together, Bullitt and Dickson created one of the most successful and lucrative law offices in Philadelphia.

[[Henry Drinker|Henry S. Drinker Jr.]] joined the firm in 1904, became a partner in 1918, and was named counsel to the University of Pennsylvania in 1927. From the 1920s until the 1950s, Drinker was the executive voice of the firm. Thomas Reath joined the firm in 1919. [[Charles J. Biddle (aviator)|Charles J. Biddle]] joined the firm in 1924 as the firm's first lateral partner, bringing from his former firm several clients, including the [[Philadelphia Contributionship]] (the nation's oldest [[property insurance]] company, founded by [[Benjamin Franklin]]) and the [[Philadelphia Savings Fund Society|Philadelphia Saving Fund Society]] (at the time the third-largest savings bank in the United States). Biddle became a partner in 1925 and was a major force at the firm for decades.

At the turn of the 21st century, Drinker Biddle began a series of mergers that raised its national profile. In 1999, it merged with the prominent New Jersey general practice firm of Shanley & Fisher, P.C., with offices in northern New Jersey and, until [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], at [[One World Trade Center (1973-2001)|One World Trade Center]] in New York City. In 2001, Drinker Biddle merged with two more firms: the Philadelphia [[intellectual property]] firm of Seidel, Gonda, Lavorgna & Monaco, and the San Francisco firm of Preuss Shanagher Zvoleff & Zimmer. In 2007, the firm merged with Chicago's Gardner Carton & Douglas, giving Drinker Biddle a stronger presence in the Midwest and adding expertise in health law, employee benefits and executive compensation, hedge funds, and government and regulatory affairs. The Gardner merger also made Drinker Biddle, in terms of number of attorneys, one of the 75 largest law firms in the United States.

===Baker & Daniels===
{{Main|Baker & Daniels}}
In 1863, Hendricks & Hord was founded in [[Indianapolis|Indianapolis, Indiana]], by Oscar Hord, a former Indiana Attorney General and U.S. Senator [[Thomas A. Hendricks]], who later served as governor of Indiana and U.S. vice president under [[Grover Cleveland]]. Following several name changes, the firm became known as [[Baker & Daniels]] in 1888.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Gugin, Linda C.|editor2=St. Clair, James E|title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|year=2006|isbn=0-87195-196-7|pages=158–159|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780871951960}}</ref>

===Faegre & Benson===
{{Main|Faegre & Benson}}
[[Faegre & Benson]] was established in Minneapolis in 1886 as Cobb & Wheelwright, and was the largest law firm in the [[Twin Cities]].

===Faegre Baker Daniels===
On January 1, 2012, Faegre & Benson and Baker & Daniels began business operations as Faegre Baker Daniels LLP.<ref>Press Release - [http://www.faegrebd.com/17601 Faegre Baker Daniels Begins Business Operations] (January 3, 2012).</ref><ref>[[Above the Law (blog)]], [http://abovethelaw.com/2011/10/law-firm-merger-mania-faegre-benson-and-baker-daniels-make-it-official/#more-102821 Law Firm Merger Mania: Faegre & Benson and Baker & Daniels Make It Official] (October 12, 2011).</ref> The combination was presented as a merger of equals: the combined firm had no official "headquarters," and the leaders of each original firm retained a management role. Faegre chair Andrew Humphrey became managing partner of the combined firm, while Baker & Daniels CEO Thomas Froehle Jr. became its chief operating partner.<ref>[http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/10/faegre-baker-daniels.html Faegre & Benson, Baker & Daniels Say Their Merger Is Officially On], Am Law Daily (October 12, 2011).</ref>

Faegre Baker Daniels's first new office opened on July 1, 2013: a [[Silicon Valley]] office in [[East Palo Alto, California|East Palo Alto]], California, that initially focused on offering intellectual property services. In March 2017, the firm opened a Los Angeles office that offered business, employment, intellectual property, and product liability litigation and consulting.<ref name="LARelease">{{Cite web|url=https://www.faegredrinker.com/en/about/news/2017/3/faegrebd-continues-california-growth-expands-in-los-angeles|title=FaegreBD Continues California Growth, Expands in Los Angeles | News | About | Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP|website=Faegredrinker.com}}</ref>

Faegre Baker Daniels reportedly represented [[USA Gymnastics]] in the [[USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal|investigation of former team doctor Larry Nassar]] and participated in reporting Nassar to the FBI during the summer of 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2018/10/16/aly-raisman-blasts-new-usa-gymnastics-head-for-nassar-ties/|title=It took 4 days for stars to shred USA Gymnastics' new hire to bits|first=Joshua Rhett|last=Miller|date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>

=== Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath ===
In February 2020, Faegre Baker Daniels LLP and Drinker Biddle & Reath merged.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faegre Drinker Biddle|url=https://www.law.com/law-firm-profile/?id=170460&name=Faegre-Drinker-Biddle-&-Reath|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Law.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web|title=Faegre Baker Daniels 150th Anniversary|url=https://www.faegredrinker.com/150timeline/index.html|access-date=June 16, 2021|website=Faegredrinker.com}}</ref>

==Practice areas==
Faegre Drinker has more than 1,200 professionals across the United States, London, and Shanghai. The firm specializes in complex legal matters for clients ranging from startups to multinational corporations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.faegredrinker.com}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Law firms of the United States]]

DLA Piper

2024-07-31T18:32:20Z

Drushrush: /* Offices */

{{Short description|Multinational law firm}}
{{advert|date=February 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox law firm
| firm_name = DLA Piper
| firm_logo = [[File:DLA Piper logo.svg|200px]]
| headquarters =
| num_attorneys = 4,255 (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| num_employees = 
| practice_areas = Arbitration, Banking, Competition and Trade, Corporate Crime, Corporate Finance, Employment, Energy, Government Affairs, Hospitality and Leisure, Insurance, Intellectual Property, Litigation, Mergers and Acquisitions, Pensions, Private Equity, Real Estate, Restructuring, Securities, Tax, Technology
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Simon Levine<ref name=abouten>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dlapiper.com/en/about-us|title=About us|website=DLA Piper|access-date=2023-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref name=reuters22>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/dla-piper-elects-deal-lawyer-mega-firms-new-global-co-chair-2022-03-09/|title=DLA Piper elects deal lawyer as mega firm's new global co-chair|website=Reuters|access-date=2023-02-27|language=en}}</ref>|(Global Co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Frank Ryan<ref name=abouten /><ref name=reuters22 />|(Global Co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Jon Hayes<ref name=abouten /><ref name=reuters22 />|(Global Co-[[Chairperson|Chair]])}}
| revenue = US$3.68 billion (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| profit_per_equity_partner = US$2.8 million (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| date_founded = First parent firm founded 1764; current organization dates to 2005 (by merger)
| founder =
| company_type = [[Swiss Verein]] (2 [[Limited liability partnership|LLPs]])
| firm_slogan =
| homepage = [http://www.dlapiper.com/home.aspx dlapiper.com]
| dissolved = 
}}

'''DLA Piper''' is a [[law firm]] with offices in over 40 countries across the Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. <ref name=facts>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlapiper.com/global/about/facts/ |title=Facts and Figures |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=DLA Piper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160816/http://www.dlapiper.com/global/about/facts/ |archive-date=10 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2021, it was the [[List of largest United States-based law firms by head count|third largest law firm in the United States]] by revenue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Ashby|title=Latham & Watkins Tops the AmLaw 100 For the First Time|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/04/27/latham-watkins-tops-the-amlaw-100-for-the-first-time/|access-date=9 September 2015|work=WSJ Law Blog|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

Founded in 2005 through the merger between three law firms: [[San Diego]]-based ''Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich LLP'', [[Baltimore]]-based ''Piper Rudnick LLP'' and [[United Kingdom]]-based '''''DLA LLP'''''. DLA Piper is composed of two partnerships operating under a shared global board and structured as a [[Swiss Verein]].<ref name=board>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlapiper.com/en/uk/aboutus/|title=Firm Leadership|access-date=30 September 2010|publisher=DLA Piper}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
DLA Piper's origins can be traced back to four law firms: Dibb Lupton Broomhead, Alsop Stevens, Piper & Marbury, and Rudnick & Wolfe.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/64443/LUPTON,%20CHARLES%20ROGER |title=CWGC – Casualty Details: Lupton, Charles Roger |work=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |year=2013 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravetz|first1=Alison|title=Model Estate (Routledge Revivals): Planned Housing at Quarry Hill, Leeds|date=13 September 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaAAAAQBAJ&q=Ravetz++Alison++sir+charles+Lupton&pg=PT127|publisher=Routledge, 13 Sep. 2013 - Architecture|isbn=9781135007102|access-date=17 October 2017|quote=...the Lupton family (more particularly, probably, Sir Charles Lupton, Lord Mayor in 1915)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollonfriday.com/InsideInfo/CityFirms/tabid/68/Id/29/Default.aspx |title=UK City Firms : DLA Piper (London) |work=rollonfriday.com |year=2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729121335/http://rollonfriday.com/InsideInfo/CityFirms/tabid/68/id/29/Default.aspx |archive-date=29 July 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Dibb Lupton Broomhead was a UK law firm that was formed in 1988 after the merger of Dibb Lupton and Broomhead & Neals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/yorkshire-lawyer-sir-nigel-knowles-took-on-the-world-and-won-5f6c2hfb088|title=Yorkshire lawyer Sir Nigel Knowles took on the world and won|website=The Times UK|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 1996, the firm merged with the Liverpool-based law firm, Alsop Wilkinson, and became Dibb Lupton Alsop (DLA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyer.com/issues/7-october-1996/dibb-lupton-alsop-gets-seal-of-approval/|title=Dibb Lupton Alsop gets seal of approval|website=TheLawyer.com|date=8 October 1996 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the United States, Piper & Marbury was founded in Baltimore, Maryland, and merged with [[Chicago]]-based Rudnick & Wolfe in 1999 to form Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe.<ref>{{Cite news |last1= |first1= |date=November 1999 |title=2 Big U.S. Law Firms Announce Merger |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/01/business/2-big-us-law-firms-announce-merger.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

===Formation and growth (2005–2010)===
DLA Piper was formed in 2005 after a merger between DLA, Piper Rudnick, and Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/nigel-knowles-tours-uk-to-drum-up-support-for-%E2%80%98dla-piper-rudnick%E2%80%99/111296.article|title=Nigel Knowles tours UK to drum up support for 'DLA Piper Rudnick'|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=26 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/3485153|title=The bigger the better? The merger between DLA and Piper Rudnick creates a new global giant|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Economist|date=9 December 2004}}</ref> The merger created one of the largest law firms in the world at the time and the largest firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2004/12/06/piper-rudnick-to-merge-with-big-british-firm/5d525be5-e238-42c9-bf1e-61c8ace4ca6e/|title=Piper Rudnick to Merge With Big British Firm|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2006 the firm's name was shortened from DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP to DLA Piper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/09/04/daily12.html|title=Law firm shortens name to DLA Piper|website=BizJournals.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2005, DLA Piper launched New Perimeter, an international pro bono initiative that provides legal assistance in underserved regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyermag.com/au/news/general/dla-piper-taps-partner-counsel-to-spearhead-international-pro-bono-initiative/323205|title=DLA Piper taps partner, counsel to spearhead international pro bono initiative|website=TheLawyerMag.zom|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Throughout this period, the firm continued to open offices in [[Mexico City]] and [[São Paulo]], as well as expanding its presence in [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Asia-Pacific]].<ref name=thelaw14212>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-launches-in-mexico-city-with-thompson-and-knight-team/1011396.article|title=DLA Piper launches in Mexico City with Thompson & Knight team|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=14 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="thelaw71209">{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-restructuring-to-dramatically-scale-back-gulf-presence/1002873.article|title=DLA restructuring to dramatically scale back Gulf presence |access-date=2 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=7 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-looks-to-bucharest-for-full-cee-coverage/128600.article|title=DLA Piper looks to Bucharest for full CEE coverage|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=17 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-sets-150-lawyer-target-for-germany-offices/127947.article|title=DLA Piper sets 150-lawyer target for Germany offices|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=20 August 2007}}</ref> The firm also grew in the [[Australasia]]n region through a series of mergers and acquisitions, including an exclusive alliance with Australian firm Phillips Fox in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Phillips Fox Global Alliance Official|url = http://practicesource.com/phillips-fox-global-alliance-official/|website = Practice Source|accessdate = 2015-10-21|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-finalises-aussie-alliance/119787.article|title=DLA Piper finalises Aussie alliance|access-date=2 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=4 May 2006}}</ref> Also in 2006, DLA Piper expanded its Middle Eastern presence by opening an outpost in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/74197/leaps-bounds-notable-firm-news-|title=Leaps & Bounds: Notable Firm News|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> later opening an office in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wam.ae/en/details/1395228169338|title=Legal Giant DLA Piper opens permanent office in UAE|website=Emirates News Agency|date=13 August 2008 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

In 2008, DLA Piper opened an office in [[Kuwait]] as a joint venture with Kuwaiti law firm Al Wagayan, Al Awadhi & Al Saif to provide legal services to international and local clients operating under the DLA Piper Kuwait [[moniker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/72431/leaps-bounds-this-week-s-major-lateral-hires|title=Leaps & Bounds: This Week's Major Lateral Hires|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In the US, the firm expanded into markets such as [[Houston]], Texas, where it opened a practice focused on energy law in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/62466/energy-practice-dla-piper|title=Energy Practice: DLA Piper|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

===Recent developments (2010–present)===
In 2010, DLA Piper entered into an cooperative agreement with Brazilian firm Campos Mello Avogados, located in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/152678/dla-piper-joins-forces-with-brazilian-firm|title=DLA Piper Joins Forces With Brazilian Firm|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2011, DLA Phillips Fox (Australia) integrated with DLA Piper to become DLA Piper Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DLA Piper and DLA Phillips Fox to fully integrate|url = http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/the-new-lawyer/law-firms/13641-dla-piper-and-dla-phillips-fox-to-fully-integrate|website = lawyersweekly.com.au| date=March 2011 |accessdate = 2015-10-21}}</ref> DLA Phillips Fox (New Zealand) followed suit, becoming become DLA Piper New Zealand in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyermag.com/au/news/general/dla-piper-makes-new-zealand-debut/197919|title=DLA Piper makes New Zealand debut|website=The Lawyer Mag|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
By February 2012, DLA became the largest firm in the world by headcount with over 4,000 attorneys,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/308205/dla-piper-tops-the-list-of-megafirms|title=DLA Piper Tops The List Of Megafirms|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> and opened an office in [[Paris]] through a partnership with Frieh Bouhenic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/383730/no-big-us-firm-mergers-on-the-horizon-experts-say|title=No Big US Firm Mergers On The Horizon, Experts Say|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

In 2013-2014, the firm expanded to [[Seoul]], [[Indonesia]], [[Namibia]], [[Algeria]] and [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/563819/global-20-dla-piper|title=Global 20: DLA Piper|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.dlapiper.com/Press-Releases/DLA-Piper-opens-Korea-office-572.aspx|title=News - DLA Piper Global Law Firm|website=DLA Piper|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2016/08/17/dla-piper-calls-time-on-indonesia-alliance/|title=DLA Piper calls time on Indonesia alliance|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globallegalpost.com/news/dla-adds-three-member-firms-in-africa-98701073|title=DLA adds three member firms in Africa|website=The Global Legal Post|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2014, it named Simon Levine managing partner, Global co-Chair and Global co-CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2021/02/08/dla-piper-extends-managing-partner-term-due-to-covid-19-uncertainty/|title=DLA Piper Extends Managing Partner Term Due to COVID-19 Uncertainty|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> His term was extended through 2024 to align with the appointment of Frank Ryan as Americas Chair, Global co-Chair and Global co-CEO in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/dla-pipers-new-chair-wants-his-giant-firm-to-get-even-bigger|title=DLA Piper's New Chair Wants His Giant Firm to Get Even Bigger|website=Bloomberg Law|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2015, DLA Piper opened its [[Dublin]] office,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessplus.ie/jobs/dla-piper-officially-opens-dublin-office/|title=DLA Piper Officially Opens Dublin Office|website=BusinessPlus.ie|date=15 May 2019 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> later opening an office in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelatinamericanlawyer.com/dla-piper-launches-in-puerto-rico/|title=DLA Piper launches in Puerto Rico|website=The Latin American Lawyer|date=19 July 2016 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> The Portuguese firm ABBC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2017/03/07/dla-piper-combines-with-portuguese-ally-abbc/|title=DLA Piper combines with Portuguese alliance firm|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> and the Danish firm LETT joined DLA Piper in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2017/03/31/dla-continues-nordic-growth-via-tie-up-with-150-lawyer-denmark-firm/|title=DLA Piper continues Nordic growth via tie-up with 150-lawyer Denmark firm|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2023, DLA Piper entered into the digital space and launched TOKO, a blockchain-based tokenisation platform with its Aldersgate Digital Ledger Solutions (DLS) group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=artificiallawyer |date=2020-11-06 |title=DLA Piper Launches TOKO Tokenisation Engine |url=https://www.artificiallawyer.com/2020/11/06/dla-piper-launches-toko-tokenisation-engine/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Artificial Lawyer |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Offices ==
DLA Piper has 80 offices in more than 40 countries across the Americas, Asia Pacific, [[Australasia]], Europe, Africa and the Middle East.<ref>http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/298c657a-beef-4bb1-9726-f98745ea1c86/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/12d97ceb-3e2d-4044-b538-16a084843bbd/Key_Facts_Document_.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''DLA Piper New Zealand''' is in [[New Zealand]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = DLA Piper becomes first global business law firm in New Zealand {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/news/dla-piper-becomes-first-global-business-law-firm-new-zealand|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150805074701/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/news/dla-piper-becomes-first-global-business-law-firm-new-zealand|archive-date = 5 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Leads the Way For DLA Piper Partner Promotions |url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2024/04/25/us-leads-the-way-in-dla-piper-partner-promotions/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Law.com International |language=en-gb}}</ref> with offices in Auckland and [[Wellington]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Contact Us {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/contact-us|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160122232623/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/contact-us|archive-date = 22 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> DLA Piper New Zealand provides counsel to private and public companies, central and local government entities, charities and other organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = About us {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/about-us|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150813043350/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/about-us/|archive-date = 13 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Political contributions ==
DLA Piper employees were the twelfth-largest donor to President Barack Obama's [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|2012 re-election campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/contrib.php?cycle=2012&id=N00009638|title=Top Contributors|work=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> According to [[OpenSecrets]], DLA Piper employees donated $2.19 million to federal candidates during the 2012 election cycle, 73% to Democrats.<ref name=topcontributors>{{cite web|title=Lawyers & Lobbyists: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates, Parties, and Outside Groups|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?ind=K&Bkdn=DemRep&cycle=2012|website=[[OpenSecrets]]|publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> By comparison, during that same period [[Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld]] employees donated $2.56 million, 66% to Democrats,<ref name=topcontributors/> while oil conglomerate [[ExxonMobil]] employees donated $2.66 million, 88% to Republicans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy/Natural Resources: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates, Parties, and Outside Groups|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?ind=E&Bkdn=DemRep&cycle=2012|website=[[OpenSecrets]] |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> Since 1990, DLA Piper has contributed $16.97 million to federal campaigns, and spent over $1 million on lobbying since 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organizations: DLA Piper|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000021569&cycle=A|website=[[OpenSecrets]] |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2010, DLA Piper represented [[Paul Ceglia]] in his claim that he hired [[Mark Zuckerberg]] to create a website that became [[Facebook]] and that under the agreement, Ceglia was entitled to ownership of 84 percent of Facebook, then worth multiple billions of dollars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/18/technology/18facebook.html?pagewanted=all|title=Abrupt Turn as Facebook Battles Suit|access-date=20 October 2014|work=The New York Times|date=17 April 2011}}</ref> Zuckerberg and Facebook responded that Ceglia had hired Zuckerberg to work on an unrelated site, but Ceglia had fraudulently altered that contract to make it appear to cover Facebook. A DLA Piper attorney told the ''Wall Street Journal'' that although he had not seen the original document, he had "absolutely 100% confidence that [Mr. Ceglia's] agreement is authentic."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703385404576258660250753064|title=Fight Over Facebook Origins Escalates|access-date=21 October 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 April 2011}}</ref> Ceglia's document was later found to be fraudulent, and in 2014, Facebook and Zuckerberg sued DLA Piper and others, claiming Ceglia's lawyers "knew or should have known that the [initial] lawsuit was a fraud."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://recode.net/2014/10/20/facebook-sues-lawyers-of-discredited-co-founder-paul-ceglia/|title=Facebook Sues Lawyers of Discredited "Co-Founder" Paul Ceglia |access-date=21 October 2014|work=re/code|date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The suit was later dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flaherty |first=Scott |date=2015-12-29 |title=New York Court Nixes Facebook Suit Against DLA Piper, Milberg|url=http://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202745932454/New-York-Court-Nixes-Facebook-Suit-Against-DLA-Piper-Milberg |newspaper=American Lawyer |access-date=2016-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2015-12-29 |title=Business roundup: DuPont to cut 1,700 jobs in Delaware |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/dupont-will-cut-28-percent-of-its-workforce-in-delaware/2015/12/29/f64bcfda-ae37-11e5-b711-1998289ffcea_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2016-01-11}}</ref>

In June 2020, [[Squire Patton Boggs]] filed ''Ferrellgas Partners LP et al. v. DLA Piper LLP US'' in Kansas,<ref>[https://www.law360.com/articles/1283756/dla-piper-accused-of-double-crossing-propane-client "DLA Piper Accused of Double-Crossing Propane Client, by Morgan Conley] ''Law360'' June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref> on behalf of former firm client [[Ferrellgas]], for a breach of fiduciary duty.<ref>[https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/wake-up-call-errant-e-mail-gets-dla-piper-accused-of-double-dealing "Wake Up Call: DLA Piper Accused of 'Double-Dealing'"] by Rick Mitchell, ''Bloomberg Law'', June 18, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2020/06/17/suit-against-dla-piper-says-firms-mistaken-email-revealed-double-dealing/ "Suit Against DLA Piper Says Firm's Mistaken Email Revealed 'Double Dealing'"] by Dylan Jackson, ''American Lawyer'', June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref>

==Notable attorneys, advisors and staff==
* [[José María Aznar]], former [[Prime Minister of Spain]], has been senior adviser to DLA Piper's Global Board since 2013<ref>{{cite news |last=Benoit |first=Angeline |date=2013-05-24 |title=DLA Piper Hires Former Spain PM Jose Maria Aznar as Adviser |newspaper=Bloomberg }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Tom |date=2015-06-03 |title=DLA builds LatAm presence with Colombia pact as firm hopes to leverage Spanish relationships |url=http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/4243-dla-builds-latam-presence-with-colombia-pact-as-firm-hopes-to-build-on-spanish-relationships |newspaper=Legal Business |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120225353/http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/4243-dla-builds-latam-presence-with-colombia-pact-as-firm-hopes-to-build-on-spanish-relationships |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[James Blanchard]], former [[Governor of Michigan]] and former [[U.S. Ambassador to Canada]], has been partner since 1996<ref>{{cite news |last=Kozlowski |first=Kim |date=2015-09-10 |title=Blanchard gives MSU $1M for public service program |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2015/09/10/michigan-state-university-gift-blanchard/72001498/ |newspaper=The Detroit News |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Michael Castle]], former [[Governor of Delaware]], has been a partner at DLA Piper since 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/05/churn5311.html|title=The Churn: Lateral Moves and Promotions in The Am Law 200|access-date=19 July 2012|work=The AmLaw Daily|date=3 May 2011}}</ref>
* [[Saxby Chambliss]], former US Senator, has been partner since 2015<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Megan |date=2015-01-08 |title=Ex-senator Chambliss heads to DLA Piper |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/228887-chambliss-heads-to-dla-piper/ |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Bart Chilton]], former US Commodity Futures Trading Commissioner, was senior policy adviser from 2014 to 2017<ref>{{cite news |last=Gershman |first=Jacob |date=2014-04-14 |title=Ex-CFTC Commissioner Bart Chilton to Join DLA Piper as Policy Adviser |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/04/14/ex-cftc-commissioner-bart-chilton-to-join-dla-piper-as-policy-adviser/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Former CFTC Commissioner Chilton Leaves DLA Piper |url=http://www.profit-loss.com/articles/news/people/former-cftc-commissioner-chilton-leaves-dla-piper |newspaper=Profit & Loss |access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref>
* [[Timothy Clement-Jones, Baron Clement-Jones]], [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[peerage|Peer]] and former spokesman for the Creative Industries in the [[House of Lords]]
* Sir [[Nigel Knowles]] was managing partner from 1996 to 2015 and global co-chairman from 2015 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hays |first=Kali |date=2016-03-03 |title=DLA Madrid Partner Gets Global Role Left By Long-Time Chair |url=http://www.law360.com/articles/766795/dla-madrid-partner-gets-global-role-left-by-long-time-chair |newspaper=Law360 |access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref>
* [[Ray LaHood]], former secretary of the Department of Transportation, has been senior policy adviser since 2014<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Jennifer |date=2014-01-22 |title=Former Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood Heads to DLA Piper |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/01/22/former-transportation-secretary-ray-lahood-heads-to-dla-piper/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* Former US Senator [[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]] was DLA Piper's chairman between 2003 and 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/12/04/dla-piper-the-firm-behind-the-mitchell-report/|title=DLA Piper: The Firm Behind the Mitchell Report|access-date=25 October 2010|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=4 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/22/AR2009112202106.html|title=Palestinians looking to American-style housing developments, financing|access-date=25 October 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 November 2009|first=Howard|last=Schneider}}</ref> As of 2012, he is chairman ''emeritus''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Strahler |first=Steven |date=2012-05-19 |title=At DLA Piper, a global portfolio |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120519/ISSUE01/305199978/at-dla-piper-a-global-portfolio |newspaper=Crain's Chicago Business |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>

==Notable former employees==
* [[Dick Armey]], former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from Texas's {{ushr|Texas|26|26th congressional district}} (1985–2003) and [[Party Leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Majority Leader]] (1995–2003)
* [[Rudi M. Brewster]], former judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of California]]
* [[Peter Bynoe]], attorney and businessman who co-owned the [[Denver Nuggets]]
* [[Tom Daschle]], former [[US Senator]] and US [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]]; policy adviser at DLA Piper, from December 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-daschle/gIQAoBBd9O_topic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214023507/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-daschle/gIQAoBBd9O_topic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2012|title=Tom Daschle|access-date=3 July 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> to October 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vanden Dolder |first=Tess |date=2014-10-28 |title=K Street: Tom Daschle Leaves DLA Piper to Start His Own Policy Advisory Group |url=http://dcinno.streetwise.co/all-series/k-street-tom-daschle-leaves-dla-piper-to-start-his-own-policy-advisory-group/ |newspaper=DC Inno |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Steve Davis (scientist)|Steven J. Davis]], earth system scientist at the [[University of California, Irvine]]
* [[Jared Genser]], international human rights attorney
* [[Miriam González Durántez]], partner at DLA Piper, from 2006 to 2011; spouse of former deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom, [[Nick Clegg]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lib-dem-first-lady-miriam-gonzalez-durantez-lands-job-at-us-firm-2376876.html|title=Lib Dem first lady Miriam Gonzalez Durantez lands job at US firm|access-date=19 July 2012|work=The Independent|date=28 October 2011|location=London}}</ref>
* [[A. B. Krongard]], former executive director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and former chairman and CEO of [[Alex. Brown & Sons]]
* [[Jonathan Lisle]], British D.J.
* [[Mel Martinez]], partner and [[lobbyist]] for DLA Piper, after retiring as a U.S. Senator from Florida, during 2009 to 2010;<ref>{{cite web|last=Snyder |first=Jim |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/lobbying-hires/50858-ex-sen-martinez-to-join-dla-piper-as-partner/ |title=Ex-Sen. Martínez to join DLA Piper as partner |date=23 September 2009 |publisher=TheHill.com |access-date=2010-11-03}}</ref> Florida chairman for [[J.P. Morgan Chase & Co]];<ref>Orlando Sentinel (2010). [http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-07-12/business/os-chase-taps-martinez-chairman-20100712_1_statewide-branch-expansion-jpmorgan-chase-dla-piper Mel Martinez to be Fla. chairman for JPMorgan Chase]. Retrieved 9 September 2010.</ref><ref>Florida Trend (2013). [http://www.floridatrend.com/article/15698/senator-mel-martinez-chats-with-florida-trend]. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</ref> co-chair of the [[Bipartisan Policy Center]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/housing |title=Housing Commission | Bipartisan Policy Center |access-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031115517/http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/housing |archive-date=31 October 2011 }} Bipartisan Policy Center's Housing Commission</ref>
* [[Harry Cummings McPherson Jr.]], author, attorney and policymaker who served as counsel and special counsel to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], from 1965 to 1969, and as his chief speechwriter, from 1966 to 1969
* [[Paul Victor Niemeyer]], judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]] and a former judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Maryland]]
* [[Thomas C. Wheeler]], judge of the [[United States Court of Federal Claims]]
* [[Helen Winkelmann]], first female partner, and youngest ever partner in 1988, and current Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand]].
* [[Douglas Emhoff]], [[Second Gentleman of the United States]] and spouse of Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]

==See also==
* [[List of largest United States-based law firms by head count]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dlapiper.com }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171129102435/http://www.dlapiper.co.nz/ Official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215055802/http://lawfuel.com/show-release.asp?ID=20088 DLA Phillips Fox and DLA Piper named International Tax Firm of the Year]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312103215/http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/articles/8F/0C04168F.asp?Type=53&Category=853 Lawyers Weekly article on the DLA alliance]
* [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0803/S00176.htm Article about a recent global survey into capital markets released by DLA Phillips Fox]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080902125750/http://lawyersweekly.com.au/articles/DLA-Phillips-Fox-appoints-first-female-chairperson_z141168.htm Lawyers Weekly article on new chairperson]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211003658/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23176825-17044,00.html The Australian article about a young woman making partner at DLA Phillips Fox]

{{Law firms of the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dla Piper}}
[[Category:Law firms of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Law firms of the United States]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Japan]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Law firms established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Law firms based in London]]
[[Category:Multinational law firms]]

DLA Piper

2024-07-31T18:13:37Z

Drushrush: /* History */

{{Short description|Multinational law firm}}
{{advert|date=February 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox law firm
| firm_name = DLA Piper
| firm_logo = [[File:DLA Piper logo.svg|200px]]
| headquarters =
| num_attorneys = 4,255 (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| num_employees = 
| practice_areas = Arbitration, Banking, Competition and Trade, Corporate Crime, Corporate Finance, Employment, Energy, Government Affairs, Hospitality and Leisure, Insurance, Intellectual Property, Litigation, Mergers and Acquisitions, Pensions, Private Equity, Real Estate, Restructuring, Securities, Tax, Technology
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Simon Levine<ref name=abouten>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dlapiper.com/en/about-us|title=About us|website=DLA Piper|access-date=2023-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref name=reuters22>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/dla-piper-elects-deal-lawyer-mega-firms-new-global-co-chair-2022-03-09/|title=DLA Piper elects deal lawyer as mega firm's new global co-chair|website=Reuters|access-date=2023-02-27|language=en}}</ref>|(Global Co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Frank Ryan<ref name=abouten /><ref name=reuters22 />|(Global Co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Jon Hayes<ref name=abouten /><ref name=reuters22 />|(Global Co-[[Chairperson|Chair]])}}
| revenue = US$3.68 billion (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| profit_per_equity_partner = US$2.8 million (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| date_founded = First parent firm founded 1764; current organization dates to 2005 (by merger)
| founder =
| company_type = [[Swiss Verein]] (2 [[Limited liability partnership|LLPs]])
| firm_slogan =
| homepage = [http://www.dlapiper.com/home.aspx dlapiper.com]
| dissolved = 
}}

'''DLA Piper''' is a [[law firm]] with offices in over 40 countries across the Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. <ref name=facts>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlapiper.com/global/about/facts/ |title=Facts and Figures |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=DLA Piper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160816/http://www.dlapiper.com/global/about/facts/ |archive-date=10 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2021, it was the [[List of largest United States-based law firms by head count|third largest law firm in the United States]] by revenue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Ashby|title=Latham & Watkins Tops the AmLaw 100 For the First Time|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/04/27/latham-watkins-tops-the-amlaw-100-for-the-first-time/|access-date=9 September 2015|work=WSJ Law Blog|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

Founded in 2005 through the merger between three law firms: [[San Diego]]-based ''Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich LLP'', [[Baltimore]]-based ''Piper Rudnick LLP'' and [[United Kingdom]]-based '''''DLA LLP'''''. DLA Piper is composed of two partnerships operating under a shared global board and structured as a [[Swiss Verein]].<ref name=board>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlapiper.com/en/uk/aboutus/|title=Firm Leadership|access-date=30 September 2010|publisher=DLA Piper}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
DLA Piper's origins can be traced back to four law firms: Dibb Lupton Broomhead, Alsop Stevens, Piper & Marbury, and Rudnick & Wolfe.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/64443/LUPTON,%20CHARLES%20ROGER |title=CWGC – Casualty Details: Lupton, Charles Roger |work=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |year=2013 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravetz|first1=Alison|title=Model Estate (Routledge Revivals): Planned Housing at Quarry Hill, Leeds|date=13 September 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaAAAAQBAJ&q=Ravetz++Alison++sir+charles+Lupton&pg=PT127|publisher=Routledge, 13 Sep. 2013 - Architecture|isbn=9781135007102|access-date=17 October 2017|quote=...the Lupton family (more particularly, probably, Sir Charles Lupton, Lord Mayor in 1915)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollonfriday.com/InsideInfo/CityFirms/tabid/68/Id/29/Default.aspx |title=UK City Firms : DLA Piper (London) |work=rollonfriday.com |year=2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729121335/http://rollonfriday.com/InsideInfo/CityFirms/tabid/68/id/29/Default.aspx |archive-date=29 July 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Dibb Lupton Broomhead was a UK law firm that was formed in 1988 after the merger of Dibb Lupton and Broomhead & Neals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/yorkshire-lawyer-sir-nigel-knowles-took-on-the-world-and-won-5f6c2hfb088|title=Yorkshire lawyer Sir Nigel Knowles took on the world and won|website=The Times UK|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 1996, the firm merged with the Liverpool-based law firm, Alsop Wilkinson, and became Dibb Lupton Alsop (DLA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyer.com/issues/7-october-1996/dibb-lupton-alsop-gets-seal-of-approval/|title=Dibb Lupton Alsop gets seal of approval|website=TheLawyer.com|date=8 October 1996 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the United States, Piper & Marbury was founded in Baltimore, Maryland, and merged with [[Chicago]]-based Rudnick & Wolfe in 1999 to form Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe.<ref>{{Cite news |last1= |first1= |date=November 1999 |title=2 Big U.S. Law Firms Announce Merger |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/01/business/2-big-us-law-firms-announce-merger.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

===Formation and growth (2005–2010)===
DLA Piper was formed in 2005 after a merger between DLA, Piper Rudnick, and Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/nigel-knowles-tours-uk-to-drum-up-support-for-%E2%80%98dla-piper-rudnick%E2%80%99/111296.article|title=Nigel Knowles tours UK to drum up support for 'DLA Piper Rudnick'|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=26 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/3485153|title=The bigger the better? The merger between DLA and Piper Rudnick creates a new global giant|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Economist|date=9 December 2004}}</ref> The merger created one of the largest law firms in the world at the time and the largest firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2004/12/06/piper-rudnick-to-merge-with-big-british-firm/5d525be5-e238-42c9-bf1e-61c8ace4ca6e/|title=Piper Rudnick to Merge With Big British Firm|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2006 the firm's name was shortened from DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP to DLA Piper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/09/04/daily12.html|title=Law firm shortens name to DLA Piper|website=BizJournals.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2005, DLA Piper launched New Perimeter, an international pro bono initiative that provides legal assistance in underserved regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyermag.com/au/news/general/dla-piper-taps-partner-counsel-to-spearhead-international-pro-bono-initiative/323205|title=DLA Piper taps partner, counsel to spearhead international pro bono initiative|website=TheLawyerMag.zom|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Throughout this period, the firm continued to open offices in [[Mexico City]] and [[São Paulo]], as well as expanding its presence in [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Asia-Pacific]].<ref name=thelaw14212>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-launches-in-mexico-city-with-thompson-and-knight-team/1011396.article|title=DLA Piper launches in Mexico City with Thompson & Knight team|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=14 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="thelaw71209">{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-restructuring-to-dramatically-scale-back-gulf-presence/1002873.article|title=DLA restructuring to dramatically scale back Gulf presence |access-date=2 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=7 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-looks-to-bucharest-for-full-cee-coverage/128600.article|title=DLA Piper looks to Bucharest for full CEE coverage|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=17 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-sets-150-lawyer-target-for-germany-offices/127947.article|title=DLA Piper sets 150-lawyer target for Germany offices|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=20 August 2007}}</ref> The firm also grew in the [[Australasia]]n region through a series of mergers and acquisitions, including an exclusive alliance with Australian firm Phillips Fox in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Phillips Fox Global Alliance Official|url = http://practicesource.com/phillips-fox-global-alliance-official/|website = Practice Source|accessdate = 2015-10-21|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-finalises-aussie-alliance/119787.article|title=DLA Piper finalises Aussie alliance|access-date=2 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=4 May 2006}}</ref> Also in 2006, DLA Piper expanded its Middle Eastern presence by opening an outpost in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/74197/leaps-bounds-notable-firm-news-|title=Leaps & Bounds: Notable Firm News|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> later opening an office in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wam.ae/en/details/1395228169338|title=Legal Giant DLA Piper opens permanent office in UAE|website=Emirates News Agency|date=13 August 2008 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

In 2008, DLA Piper opened an office in [[Kuwait]] as a joint venture with Kuwaiti law firm Al Wagayan, Al Awadhi & Al Saif to provide legal services to international and local clients operating under the DLA Piper Kuwait [[moniker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/72431/leaps-bounds-this-week-s-major-lateral-hires|title=Leaps & Bounds: This Week's Major Lateral Hires|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In the US, the firm expanded into markets such as [[Houston]], Texas, where it opened a practice focused on energy law in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/62466/energy-practice-dla-piper|title=Energy Practice: DLA Piper|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

===Recent developments (2010–present)===
In 2010, DLA Piper entered into an cooperative agreement with Brazilian firm Campos Mello Avogados, located in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/152678/dla-piper-joins-forces-with-brazilian-firm|title=DLA Piper Joins Forces With Brazilian Firm|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2011, DLA Phillips Fox (Australia) integrated with DLA Piper to become DLA Piper Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DLA Piper and DLA Phillips Fox to fully integrate|url = http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/the-new-lawyer/law-firms/13641-dla-piper-and-dla-phillips-fox-to-fully-integrate|website = lawyersweekly.com.au| date=March 2011 |accessdate = 2015-10-21}}</ref> DLA Phillips Fox (New Zealand) followed suit, becoming become DLA Piper New Zealand in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyermag.com/au/news/general/dla-piper-makes-new-zealand-debut/197919|title=DLA Piper makes New Zealand debut|website=The Lawyer Mag|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
By February 2012, DLA became the largest firm in the world by headcount with over 4,000 attorneys,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/308205/dla-piper-tops-the-list-of-megafirms|title=DLA Piper Tops The List Of Megafirms|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> and opened an office in [[Paris]] through a partnership with Frieh Bouhenic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/383730/no-big-us-firm-mergers-on-the-horizon-experts-say|title=No Big US Firm Mergers On The Horizon, Experts Say|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

In 2013-2014, the firm expanded to [[Seoul]], [[Indonesia]], [[Namibia]], [[Algeria]] and [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/563819/global-20-dla-piper|title=Global 20: DLA Piper|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.dlapiper.com/Press-Releases/DLA-Piper-opens-Korea-office-572.aspx|title=News - DLA Piper Global Law Firm|website=DLA Piper|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2016/08/17/dla-piper-calls-time-on-indonesia-alliance/|title=DLA Piper calls time on Indonesia alliance|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globallegalpost.com/news/dla-adds-three-member-firms-in-africa-98701073|title=DLA adds three member firms in Africa|website=The Global Legal Post|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2014, it named Simon Levine managing partner, Global co-Chair and Global co-CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2021/02/08/dla-piper-extends-managing-partner-term-due-to-covid-19-uncertainty/|title=DLA Piper Extends Managing Partner Term Due to COVID-19 Uncertainty|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> His term was extended through 2024 to align with the appointment of Frank Ryan as Americas Chair, Global co-Chair and Global co-CEO in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/dla-pipers-new-chair-wants-his-giant-firm-to-get-even-bigger|title=DLA Piper's New Chair Wants His Giant Firm to Get Even Bigger|website=Bloomberg Law|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2015, DLA Piper opened its [[Dublin]] office,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessplus.ie/jobs/dla-piper-officially-opens-dublin-office/|title=DLA Piper Officially Opens Dublin Office|website=BusinessPlus.ie|date=15 May 2019 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> later opening an office in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelatinamericanlawyer.com/dla-piper-launches-in-puerto-rico/|title=DLA Piper launches in Puerto Rico|website=The Latin American Lawyer|date=19 July 2016 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> The Portuguese firm ABBC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2017/03/07/dla-piper-combines-with-portuguese-ally-abbc/|title=DLA Piper combines with Portuguese alliance firm|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> and the Danish firm LETT joined DLA Piper in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2017/03/31/dla-continues-nordic-growth-via-tie-up-with-150-lawyer-denmark-firm/|title=DLA Piper continues Nordic growth via tie-up with 150-lawyer Denmark firm|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2023, DLA Piper entered into the digital space and launched TOKO, a blockchain-based tokenisation platform with its Aldersgate Digital Ledger Solutions (DLS) group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=artificiallawyer |date=2020-11-06 |title=DLA Piper Launches TOKO Tokenisation Engine |url=https://www.artificiallawyer.com/2020/11/06/dla-piper-launches-toko-tokenisation-engine/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Artificial Lawyer |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Offices ==
DLA Piper has 80 offices in more than 40 countries across the Americas, Asia Pacific, [[Australasia]], Europe, Africa and the Middle East.<ref>http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/298c657a-beef-4bb1-9726-f98745ea1c86/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/12d97ceb-3e2d-4044-b538-16a084843bbd/Key_Facts_Document_.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''DLA Piper New Zealand''' is the first global, business [[law firm]] operating in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = DLA Piper becomes first global business law firm in New Zealand {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/news/dla-piper-becomes-first-global-business-law-firm-new-zealand|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150805074701/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/news/dla-piper-becomes-first-global-business-law-firm-new-zealand|archive-date = 5 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} with offices in Auckland and [[Wellington]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Contact Us {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/contact-us|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160122232623/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/contact-us|archive-date = 22 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> DLA Piper New Zealand provides counsel to private and public companies, central and local government entities, charities and other organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = About us {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/about-us|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150813043350/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/about-us/|archive-date = 13 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Political contributions ==
DLA Piper employees were the twelfth-largest donor to President Barack Obama's [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|2012 re-election campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/contrib.php?cycle=2012&id=N00009638|title=Top Contributors|work=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> According to [[OpenSecrets]], DLA Piper employees donated $2.19 million to federal candidates during the 2012 election cycle, 73% to Democrats.<ref name=topcontributors>{{cite web|title=Lawyers & Lobbyists: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates, Parties, and Outside Groups|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?ind=K&Bkdn=DemRep&cycle=2012|website=[[OpenSecrets]]|publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> By comparison, during that same period [[Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld]] employees donated $2.56 million, 66% to Democrats,<ref name=topcontributors/> while oil conglomerate [[ExxonMobil]] employees donated $2.66 million, 88% to Republicans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy/Natural Resources: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates, Parties, and Outside Groups|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?ind=E&Bkdn=DemRep&cycle=2012|website=[[OpenSecrets]] |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> Since 1990, DLA Piper has contributed $16.97 million to federal campaigns, and spent over $1 million on lobbying since 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organizations: DLA Piper|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000021569&cycle=A|website=[[OpenSecrets]] |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2010, DLA Piper represented [[Paul Ceglia]] in his claim that he hired [[Mark Zuckerberg]] to create a website that became [[Facebook]] and that under the agreement, Ceglia was entitled to ownership of 84 percent of Facebook, then worth multiple billions of dollars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/18/technology/18facebook.html?pagewanted=all|title=Abrupt Turn as Facebook Battles Suit|access-date=20 October 2014|work=The New York Times|date=17 April 2011}}</ref> Zuckerberg and Facebook responded that Ceglia had hired Zuckerberg to work on an unrelated site, but Ceglia had fraudulently altered that contract to make it appear to cover Facebook. A DLA Piper attorney told the ''Wall Street Journal'' that although he had not seen the original document, he had "absolutely 100% confidence that [Mr. Ceglia's] agreement is authentic."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703385404576258660250753064|title=Fight Over Facebook Origins Escalates|access-date=21 October 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 April 2011}}</ref> Ceglia's document was later found to be fraudulent, and in 2014, Facebook and Zuckerberg sued DLA Piper and others, claiming Ceglia's lawyers "knew or should have known that the [initial] lawsuit was a fraud."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://recode.net/2014/10/20/facebook-sues-lawyers-of-discredited-co-founder-paul-ceglia/|title=Facebook Sues Lawyers of Discredited "Co-Founder" Paul Ceglia |access-date=21 October 2014|work=re/code|date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The suit was later dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flaherty |first=Scott |date=2015-12-29 |title=New York Court Nixes Facebook Suit Against DLA Piper, Milberg|url=http://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202745932454/New-York-Court-Nixes-Facebook-Suit-Against-DLA-Piper-Milberg |newspaper=American Lawyer |access-date=2016-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2015-12-29 |title=Business roundup: DuPont to cut 1,700 jobs in Delaware |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/dupont-will-cut-28-percent-of-its-workforce-in-delaware/2015/12/29/f64bcfda-ae37-11e5-b711-1998289ffcea_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2016-01-11}}</ref>

In June 2020, [[Squire Patton Boggs]] filed ''Ferrellgas Partners LP et al. v. DLA Piper LLP US'' in Kansas,<ref>[https://www.law360.com/articles/1283756/dla-piper-accused-of-double-crossing-propane-client "DLA Piper Accused of Double-Crossing Propane Client, by Morgan Conley] ''Law360'' June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref> on behalf of former firm client [[Ferrellgas]], for a breach of fiduciary duty.<ref>[https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/wake-up-call-errant-e-mail-gets-dla-piper-accused-of-double-dealing "Wake Up Call: DLA Piper Accused of 'Double-Dealing'"] by Rick Mitchell, ''Bloomberg Law'', June 18, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2020/06/17/suit-against-dla-piper-says-firms-mistaken-email-revealed-double-dealing/ "Suit Against DLA Piper Says Firm's Mistaken Email Revealed 'Double Dealing'"] by Dylan Jackson, ''American Lawyer'', June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref>

==Notable attorneys, advisors and staff==
* [[José María Aznar]], former [[Prime Minister of Spain]], has been senior adviser to DLA Piper's Global Board since 2013<ref>{{cite news |last=Benoit |first=Angeline |date=2013-05-24 |title=DLA Piper Hires Former Spain PM Jose Maria Aznar as Adviser |newspaper=Bloomberg }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Tom |date=2015-06-03 |title=DLA builds LatAm presence with Colombia pact as firm hopes to leverage Spanish relationships |url=http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/4243-dla-builds-latam-presence-with-colombia-pact-as-firm-hopes-to-build-on-spanish-relationships |newspaper=Legal Business |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120225353/http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/4243-dla-builds-latam-presence-with-colombia-pact-as-firm-hopes-to-build-on-spanish-relationships |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[James Blanchard]], former [[Governor of Michigan]] and former [[U.S. Ambassador to Canada]], has been partner since 1996<ref>{{cite news |last=Kozlowski |first=Kim |date=2015-09-10 |title=Blanchard gives MSU $1M for public service program |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2015/09/10/michigan-state-university-gift-blanchard/72001498/ |newspaper=The Detroit News |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Michael Castle]], former [[Governor of Delaware]], has been a partner at DLA Piper since 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/05/churn5311.html|title=The Churn: Lateral Moves and Promotions in The Am Law 200|access-date=19 July 2012|work=The AmLaw Daily|date=3 May 2011}}</ref>
* [[Saxby Chambliss]], former US Senator, has been partner since 2015<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Megan |date=2015-01-08 |title=Ex-senator Chambliss heads to DLA Piper |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/228887-chambliss-heads-to-dla-piper/ |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Bart Chilton]], former US Commodity Futures Trading Commissioner, was senior policy adviser from 2014 to 2017<ref>{{cite news |last=Gershman |first=Jacob |date=2014-04-14 |title=Ex-CFTC Commissioner Bart Chilton to Join DLA Piper as Policy Adviser |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/04/14/ex-cftc-commissioner-bart-chilton-to-join-dla-piper-as-policy-adviser/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Former CFTC Commissioner Chilton Leaves DLA Piper |url=http://www.profit-loss.com/articles/news/people/former-cftc-commissioner-chilton-leaves-dla-piper |newspaper=Profit & Loss |access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref>
* [[Timothy Clement-Jones, Baron Clement-Jones]], [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[peerage|Peer]] and former spokesman for the Creative Industries in the [[House of Lords]]
* Sir [[Nigel Knowles]] was managing partner from 1996 to 2015 and global co-chairman from 2015 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hays |first=Kali |date=2016-03-03 |title=DLA Madrid Partner Gets Global Role Left By Long-Time Chair |url=http://www.law360.com/articles/766795/dla-madrid-partner-gets-global-role-left-by-long-time-chair |newspaper=Law360 |access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref>
* [[Ray LaHood]], former secretary of the Department of Transportation, has been senior policy adviser since 2014<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Jennifer |date=2014-01-22 |title=Former Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood Heads to DLA Piper |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/01/22/former-transportation-secretary-ray-lahood-heads-to-dla-piper/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* Former US Senator [[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]] was DLA Piper's chairman between 2003 and 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/12/04/dla-piper-the-firm-behind-the-mitchell-report/|title=DLA Piper: The Firm Behind the Mitchell Report|access-date=25 October 2010|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=4 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/22/AR2009112202106.html|title=Palestinians looking to American-style housing developments, financing|access-date=25 October 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 November 2009|first=Howard|last=Schneider}}</ref> As of 2012, he is chairman ''emeritus''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Strahler |first=Steven |date=2012-05-19 |title=At DLA Piper, a global portfolio |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120519/ISSUE01/305199978/at-dla-piper-a-global-portfolio |newspaper=Crain's Chicago Business |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>

==Notable former employees==
* [[Dick Armey]], former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from Texas's {{ushr|Texas|26|26th congressional district}} (1985–2003) and [[Party Leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Majority Leader]] (1995–2003)
* [[Rudi M. Brewster]], former judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of California]]
* [[Peter Bynoe]], attorney and businessman who co-owned the [[Denver Nuggets]]
* [[Tom Daschle]], former [[US Senator]] and US [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]]; policy adviser at DLA Piper, from December 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-daschle/gIQAoBBd9O_topic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214023507/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-daschle/gIQAoBBd9O_topic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2012|title=Tom Daschle|access-date=3 July 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> to October 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vanden Dolder |first=Tess |date=2014-10-28 |title=K Street: Tom Daschle Leaves DLA Piper to Start His Own Policy Advisory Group |url=http://dcinno.streetwise.co/all-series/k-street-tom-daschle-leaves-dla-piper-to-start-his-own-policy-advisory-group/ |newspaper=DC Inno |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Steve Davis (scientist)|Steven J. Davis]], earth system scientist at the [[University of California, Irvine]]
* [[Jared Genser]], international human rights attorney
* [[Miriam González Durántez]], partner at DLA Piper, from 2006 to 2011; spouse of former deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom, [[Nick Clegg]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lib-dem-first-lady-miriam-gonzalez-durantez-lands-job-at-us-firm-2376876.html|title=Lib Dem first lady Miriam Gonzalez Durantez lands job at US firm|access-date=19 July 2012|work=The Independent|date=28 October 2011|location=London}}</ref>
* [[A. B. Krongard]], former executive director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and former chairman and CEO of [[Alex. Brown & Sons]]
* [[Jonathan Lisle]], British D.J.
* [[Mel Martinez]], partner and [[lobbyist]] for DLA Piper, after retiring as a U.S. Senator from Florida, during 2009 to 2010;<ref>{{cite web|last=Snyder |first=Jim |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/lobbying-hires/50858-ex-sen-martinez-to-join-dla-piper-as-partner/ |title=Ex-Sen. Martínez to join DLA Piper as partner |date=23 September 2009 |publisher=TheHill.com |access-date=2010-11-03}}</ref> Florida chairman for [[J.P. Morgan Chase & Co]];<ref>Orlando Sentinel (2010). [http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-07-12/business/os-chase-taps-martinez-chairman-20100712_1_statewide-branch-expansion-jpmorgan-chase-dla-piper Mel Martinez to be Fla. chairman for JPMorgan Chase]. Retrieved 9 September 2010.</ref><ref>Florida Trend (2013). [http://www.floridatrend.com/article/15698/senator-mel-martinez-chats-with-florida-trend]. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</ref> co-chair of the [[Bipartisan Policy Center]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/housing |title=Housing Commission | Bipartisan Policy Center |access-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031115517/http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/housing |archive-date=31 October 2011 }} Bipartisan Policy Center's Housing Commission</ref>
* [[Harry Cummings McPherson Jr.]], author, attorney and policymaker who served as counsel and special counsel to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], from 1965 to 1969, and as his chief speechwriter, from 1966 to 1969
* [[Paul Victor Niemeyer]], judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]] and a former judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Maryland]]
* [[Thomas C. Wheeler]], judge of the [[United States Court of Federal Claims]]
* [[Helen Winkelmann]], first female partner, and youngest ever partner in 1988, and current Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand]].
* [[Douglas Emhoff]], [[Second Gentleman of the United States]] and spouse of Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]

==See also==
* [[List of largest United States-based law firms by head count]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dlapiper.com }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171129102435/http://www.dlapiper.co.nz/ Official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215055802/http://lawfuel.com/show-release.asp?ID=20088 DLA Phillips Fox and DLA Piper named International Tax Firm of the Year]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312103215/http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/articles/8F/0C04168F.asp?Type=53&Category=853 Lawyers Weekly article on the DLA alliance]
* [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0803/S00176.htm Article about a recent global survey into capital markets released by DLA Phillips Fox]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080902125750/http://lawyersweekly.com.au/articles/DLA-Phillips-Fox-appoints-first-female-chairperson_z141168.htm Lawyers Weekly article on new chairperson]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211003658/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23176825-17044,00.html The Australian article about a young woman making partner at DLA Phillips Fox]

{{Law firms of the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dla Piper}}
[[Category:Law firms of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Law firms of the United States]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Japan]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Law firms established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Law firms based in London]]
[[Category:Multinational law firms]]

DLA Piper

2024-07-31T18:10:17Z

Drushrush: rewritten

{{Short description|Multinational law firm}}
{{advert|date=February 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox law firm
| firm_name = DLA Piper
| firm_logo = [[File:DLA Piper logo.svg|200px]]
| headquarters =
| num_attorneys = 4,255 (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| num_employees = 
| practice_areas = Arbitration, Banking, Competition and Trade, Corporate Crime, Corporate Finance, Employment, Energy, Government Affairs, Hospitality and Leisure, Insurance, Intellectual Property, Litigation, Mergers and Acquisitions, Pensions, Private Equity, Real Estate, Restructuring, Securities, Tax, Technology
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Simon Levine<ref name=abouten>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dlapiper.com/en/about-us|title=About us|website=DLA Piper|access-date=2023-02-27|language=en}}</ref><ref name=reuters22>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/dla-piper-elects-deal-lawyer-mega-firms-new-global-co-chair-2022-03-09/|title=DLA Piper elects deal lawyer as mega firm's new global co-chair|website=Reuters|access-date=2023-02-27|language=en}}</ref>|(Global Co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Frank Ryan<ref name=abouten /><ref name=reuters22 />|(Global Co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Jon Hayes<ref name=abouten /><ref name=reuters22 />|(Global Co-[[Chairperson|Chair]])}}
| revenue = US$3.68 billion (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| profit_per_equity_partner = US$2.8 million (2022)<ref name=amlaw1213>{{cite news|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2023/03/14/scale-cant-be-overstated-dla-piper-posts-6-revenue-gain-in-2022/ |title='Scale Can't Be Overstated': DLA Piper Posts 6% Revenue Gain in 2022 |website=Law.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>
| date_founded = First parent firm founded 1764; current organization dates to 2005 (by merger)
| founder =
| company_type = [[Swiss Verein]] (2 [[Limited liability partnership|LLPs]])
| firm_slogan =
| homepage = [http://www.dlapiper.com/home.aspx dlapiper.com]
| dissolved = 
}}

'''DLA Piper''' is a [[law firm]] with offices in over 40 countries across the Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. <ref name=facts>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlapiper.com/global/about/facts/ |title=Facts and Figures |access-date=4 May 2011 |publisher=DLA Piper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160816/http://www.dlapiper.com/global/about/facts/ |archive-date=10 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2021, it was the [[List of largest United States-based law firms by head count|third largest law firm in the United States]] by revenue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Ashby|title=Latham & Watkins Tops the AmLaw 100 For the First Time|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/04/27/latham-watkins-tops-the-amlaw-100-for-the-first-time/|access-date=9 September 2015|work=WSJ Law Blog|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

Founded in 2005 through the merger between three law firms: [[San Diego]]-based ''Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich LLP'', [[Baltimore]]-based ''Piper Rudnick LLP'' and [[United Kingdom]]-based '''''DLA LLP'''''. DLA Piper is composed of two partnerships operating under a shared global board and structured as a [[Swiss Verein]].<ref name=board>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlapiper.com/en/uk/aboutus/|title=Firm Leadership|access-date=30 September 2010|publisher=DLA Piper}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
DLA Piper's origins can be traced back to four law firms: Dibb Lupton Broomhead, Alsop Stevens, Piper & Marbury, and Rudnick & Wolfe.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/64443/LUPTON,%20CHARLES%20ROGER |title=CWGC – Casualty Details: Lupton, Charles Roger |work=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |year=2013 |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ravetz|first1=Alison|title=Model Estate (Routledge Revivals): Planned Housing at Quarry Hill, Leeds|date=13 September 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaAAAAQBAJ&q=Ravetz++Alison++sir+charles+Lupton&pg=PT127|publisher=Routledge, 13 Sep. 2013 - Architecture|isbn=9781135007102|access-date=17 October 2017|quote=...the Lupton family (more particularly, probably, Sir Charles Lupton, Lord Mayor in 1915)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollonfriday.com/InsideInfo/CityFirms/tabid/68/Id/29/Default.aspx |title=UK City Firms : DLA Piper (London) |work=rollonfriday.com |year=2013 |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729121335/http://rollonfriday.com/InsideInfo/CityFirms/tabid/68/id/29/Default.aspx |archive-date=29 July 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Dibb Lupton Broomhead was a UK law firm that was formed in 1988 after the merger of Dibb Lupton and Broomhead & Neals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/yorkshire-lawyer-sir-nigel-knowles-took-on-the-world-and-won-5f6c2hfb088|title=Yorkshire lawyer Sir Nigel Knowles took on the world and won|website=The Times UK|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 1996, the firm merged with the Liverpool-based law firm, Alsop Wilkinson, and became Dibb Lupton Alsop (DLA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyer.com/issues/7-october-1996/dibb-lupton-alsop-gets-seal-of-approval/|title=Dibb Lupton Alsop gets seal of approval|website=TheLawyer.com|date=8 October 1996 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the United States, Piper & Marbury was founded in Baltimore, Maryland, and merged with [[Chicago]]-based Rudnick & Wolfe in 1999 to form Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/01/business/2-big-us-law-firms-announce-merger.html|title=2 Big U.S. Law Firms Announce Merger|work=The New York Times |date=November 1999 |access-date=2023-06-26 |last1=News |first1=Bloomberg }}</ref>

===Formation and growth (2005–2010)===
DLA Piper was formed in 2005 after a merger between DLA, Piper Rudnick, and Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/nigel-knowles-tours-uk-to-drum-up-support-for-%E2%80%98dla-piper-rudnick%E2%80%99/111296.article|title=Nigel Knowles tours UK to drum up support for 'DLA Piper Rudnick'|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=26 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/3485153|title=The bigger the better? The merger between DLA and Piper Rudnick creates a new global giant|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Economist|date=9 December 2004}}</ref> The merger created one of the largest law firms in the world at the time and the largest firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2004/12/06/piper-rudnick-to-merge-with-big-british-firm/5d525be5-e238-42c9-bf1e-61c8ace4ca6e/|title=Piper Rudnick to Merge With Big British Firm|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2006 the firm's name was shortened from DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US LLP to DLA Piper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/09/04/daily12.html|title=Law firm shortens name to DLA Piper|website=BizJournals.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2005, DLA Piper launched New Perimeter, an international pro bono initiative that provides legal assistance in underserved regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyermag.com/au/news/general/dla-piper-taps-partner-counsel-to-spearhead-international-pro-bono-initiative/323205|title=DLA Piper taps partner, counsel to spearhead international pro bono initiative|website=TheLawyerMag.zom|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

Throughout this period, the firm continued to open offices in [[Mexico City]] and [[São Paulo]], as well as expanding its presence in [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Asia-Pacific]].<ref name=thelaw14212>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-launches-in-mexico-city-with-thompson-and-knight-team/1011396.article|title=DLA Piper launches in Mexico City with Thompson & Knight team|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=14 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="thelaw71209">{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-restructuring-to-dramatically-scale-back-gulf-presence/1002873.article|title=DLA restructuring to dramatically scale back Gulf presence |access-date=2 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=7 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-looks-to-bucharest-for-full-cee-coverage/128600.article|title=DLA Piper looks to Bucharest for full CEE coverage|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=17 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-sets-150-lawyer-target-for-germany-offices/127947.article|title=DLA Piper sets 150-lawyer target for Germany offices|access-date=3 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=20 August 2007}}</ref> The firm also grew in the [[Australasia]]n region through a series of mergers and acquisitions, including an exclusive alliance with Australian firm Phillips Fox in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Phillips Fox Global Alliance Official|url = http://practicesource.com/phillips-fox-global-alliance-official/|website = Practice Source|accessdate = 2015-10-21|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/dla-piper-finalises-aussie-alliance/119787.article|title=DLA Piper finalises Aussie alliance|access-date=2 July 2012|work=The Lawyer|date=4 May 2006}}</ref> Also in 2006, DLA Piper expanded its Middle Eastern presence by opening an outpost in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/74197/leaps-bounds-notable-firm-news-|title=Leaps & Bounds: Notable Firm News|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> later opening an office in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wam.ae/en/details/1395228169338|title=Legal Giant DLA Piper opens permanent office in UAE|website=Emirates News Agency|date=13 August 2008 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

In 2008, DLA Piper opened an office in [[Kuwait]] as a joint venture with Kuwaiti law firm Al Wagayan, Al Awadhi & Al Saif to provide legal services to international and local clients operating under the DLA Piper Kuwait [[moniker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/72431/leaps-bounds-this-week-s-major-lateral-hires|title=Leaps & Bounds: This Week's Major Lateral Hires|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In the US, the firm expanded into markets such as [[Houston]], Texas, where it opened a practice focused on energy law in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/62466/energy-practice-dla-piper|title=Energy Practice: DLA Piper|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

===Recent developments (2010–present)===
In 2010, DLA Piper entered into an cooperative agreement with Brazilian firm Campos Mello Avogados, located in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/152678/dla-piper-joins-forces-with-brazilian-firm|title=DLA Piper Joins Forces With Brazilian Firm|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2011, DLA Phillips Fox (Australia) integrated with DLA Piper to become DLA Piper Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DLA Piper and DLA Phillips Fox to fully integrate|url = http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/the-new-lawyer/law-firms/13641-dla-piper-and-dla-phillips-fox-to-fully-integrate|website = lawyersweekly.com.au| date=March 2011 |accessdate = 2015-10-21}}</ref> DLA Phillips Fox (New Zealand) followed suit, becoming become DLA Piper New Zealand in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyermag.com/au/news/general/dla-piper-makes-new-zealand-debut/197919|title=DLA Piper makes New Zealand debut|website=The Lawyer Mag|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
By February 2012, DLA became the largest firm in the world by headcount with over 4,000 attorneys,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/308205/dla-piper-tops-the-list-of-megafirms|title=DLA Piper Tops The List Of Megafirms|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> and opened an office in [[Paris]] through a partnership with Frieh Bouhenic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/383730/no-big-us-firm-mergers-on-the-horizon-experts-say|title=No Big US Firm Mergers On The Horizon, Experts Say|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

In 2013-2014, the firm expanded to [[Seoul]], [[Indonesia]], [[Namibia]], [[Algeria]] and [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/563819/global-20-dla-piper|title=Global 20: DLA Piper|website=Law360|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.dlapiper.com/Press-Releases/DLA-Piper-opens-Korea-office-572.aspx|title=News - DLA Piper Global Law Firm|website=DLA Piper|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2016/08/17/dla-piper-calls-time-on-indonesia-alliance/|title=DLA Piper calls time on Indonesia alliance|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globallegalpost.com/news/dla-adds-three-member-firms-in-africa-98701073|title=DLA adds three member firms in Africa|website=The Global Legal Post|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2014, it named Simon Levine managing partner, Global co-Chair and Global co-CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2021/02/08/dla-piper-extends-managing-partner-term-due-to-covid-19-uncertainty/|title=DLA Piper Extends Managing Partner Term Due to COVID-19 Uncertainty|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> His term was extended through 2024 to align with the appointment of Frank Ryan as Americas Chair, Global co-Chair and Global co-CEO in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/dla-pipers-new-chair-wants-his-giant-firm-to-get-even-bigger|title=DLA Piper's New Chair Wants His Giant Firm to Get Even Bigger|website=Bloomberg Law|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
In 2015, DLA Piper opened its [[Dublin]] office,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessplus.ie/jobs/dla-piper-officially-opens-dublin-office/|title=DLA Piper Officially Opens Dublin Office|website=BusinessPlus.ie|date=15 May 2019 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> later opening an office in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelatinamericanlawyer.com/dla-piper-launches-in-puerto-rico/|title=DLA Piper launches in Puerto Rico|website=The Latin American Lawyer|date=19 July 2016 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> The Portuguese firm ABBC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2017/03/07/dla-piper-combines-with-portuguese-ally-abbc/|title=DLA Piper combines with Portuguese alliance firm|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> and the Danish firm LETT joined DLA Piper in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.com/international-edition/2017/03/31/dla-continues-nordic-growth-via-tie-up-with-150-lawyer-denmark-firm/|title=DLA Piper continues Nordic growth via tie-up with 150-lawyer Denmark firm|website=Law.com|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> In 2023, DLA Piper entered into the digital space and launched TOKO, a blockchain-based tokenisation platform with its Aldersgate Digital Ledger Solutions (DLS) group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=artificiallawyer |date=2020-11-06 |title=DLA Piper Launches TOKO Tokenisation Engine |url=https://www.artificiallawyer.com/2020/11/06/dla-piper-launches-toko-tokenisation-engine/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Artificial Lawyer |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Offices ==
DLA Piper has 80 offices in more than 40 countries across the Americas, Asia Pacific, [[Australasia]], Europe, Africa and the Middle East.<ref>http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/298c657a-beef-4bb1-9726-f98745ea1c86/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/12d97ceb-3e2d-4044-b538-16a084843bbd/Key_Facts_Document_.pdf{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''DLA Piper New Zealand''' is the first global, business [[law firm]] operating in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = DLA Piper becomes first global business law firm in New Zealand {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/news/dla-piper-becomes-first-global-business-law-firm-new-zealand|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150805074701/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/news/dla-piper-becomes-first-global-business-law-firm-new-zealand|archive-date = 5 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} with offices in Auckland and [[Wellington]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Contact Us {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/contact-us|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160122232623/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/contact-us|archive-date = 22 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> DLA Piper New Zealand provides counsel to private and public companies, central and local government entities, charities and other organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = About us {{!}} DLA Piper|url = https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/about-us|website = dlapiper.co.nz|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150813043350/https://www.dlapiper.co.nz/about-us/|archive-date = 13 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Political contributions ==
DLA Piper employees were the twelfth-largest donor to President Barack Obama's [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|2012 re-election campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/pres12/contrib.php?cycle=2012&id=N00009638|title=Top Contributors|work=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> According to [[OpenSecrets]], DLA Piper employees donated $2.19 million to federal candidates during the 2012 election cycle, 73% to Democrats.<ref name=topcontributors>{{cite web|title=Lawyers & Lobbyists: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates, Parties, and Outside Groups|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?ind=K&Bkdn=DemRep&cycle=2012|website=[[OpenSecrets]]|publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> By comparison, during that same period [[Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld]] employees donated $2.56 million, 66% to Democrats,<ref name=topcontributors/> while oil conglomerate [[ExxonMobil]] employees donated $2.66 million, 88% to Republicans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy/Natural Resources: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates, Parties, and Outside Groups|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?ind=E&Bkdn=DemRep&cycle=2012|website=[[OpenSecrets]] |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> Since 1990, DLA Piper has contributed $16.97 million to federal campaigns, and spent over $1 million on lobbying since 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organizations: DLA Piper|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000021569&cycle=A|website=[[OpenSecrets]] |publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2010, DLA Piper represented [[Paul Ceglia]] in his claim that he hired [[Mark Zuckerberg]] to create a website that became [[Facebook]] and that under the agreement, Ceglia was entitled to ownership of 84 percent of Facebook, then worth multiple billions of dollars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/18/technology/18facebook.html?pagewanted=all|title=Abrupt Turn as Facebook Battles Suit|access-date=20 October 2014|work=The New York Times|date=17 April 2011}}</ref> Zuckerberg and Facebook responded that Ceglia had hired Zuckerberg to work on an unrelated site, but Ceglia had fraudulently altered that contract to make it appear to cover Facebook. A DLA Piper attorney told the ''Wall Street Journal'' that although he had not seen the original document, he had "absolutely 100% confidence that [Mr. Ceglia's] agreement is authentic."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703385404576258660250753064|title=Fight Over Facebook Origins Escalates|access-date=21 October 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=13 April 2011}}</ref> Ceglia's document was later found to be fraudulent, and in 2014, Facebook and Zuckerberg sued DLA Piper and others, claiming Ceglia's lawyers "knew or should have known that the [initial] lawsuit was a fraud."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://recode.net/2014/10/20/facebook-sues-lawyers-of-discredited-co-founder-paul-ceglia/|title=Facebook Sues Lawyers of Discredited "Co-Founder" Paul Ceglia |access-date=21 October 2014|work=re/code|date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The suit was later dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flaherty |first=Scott |date=2015-12-29 |title=New York Court Nixes Facebook Suit Against DLA Piper, Milberg|url=http://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202745932454/New-York-Court-Nixes-Facebook-Suit-Against-DLA-Piper-Milberg |newspaper=American Lawyer |access-date=2016-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2015-12-29 |title=Business roundup: DuPont to cut 1,700 jobs in Delaware |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/dupont-will-cut-28-percent-of-its-workforce-in-delaware/2015/12/29/f64bcfda-ae37-11e5-b711-1998289ffcea_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2016-01-11}}</ref>

In June 2020, [[Squire Patton Boggs]] filed ''Ferrellgas Partners LP et al. v. DLA Piper LLP US'' in Kansas,<ref>[https://www.law360.com/articles/1283756/dla-piper-accused-of-double-crossing-propane-client "DLA Piper Accused of Double-Crossing Propane Client, by Morgan Conley] ''Law360'' June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref> on behalf of former firm client [[Ferrellgas]], for a breach of fiduciary duty.<ref>[https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/wake-up-call-errant-e-mail-gets-dla-piper-accused-of-double-dealing "Wake Up Call: DLA Piper Accused of 'Double-Dealing'"] by Rick Mitchell, ''Bloomberg Law'', June 18, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2020/06/17/suit-against-dla-piper-says-firms-mistaken-email-revealed-double-dealing/ "Suit Against DLA Piper Says Firm's Mistaken Email Revealed 'Double Dealing'"] by Dylan Jackson, ''American Lawyer'', June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</ref>

==Notable attorneys, advisors and staff==
* [[José María Aznar]], former [[Prime Minister of Spain]], has been senior adviser to DLA Piper's Global Board since 2013<ref>{{cite news |last=Benoit |first=Angeline |date=2013-05-24 |title=DLA Piper Hires Former Spain PM Jose Maria Aznar as Adviser |newspaper=Bloomberg }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Tom |date=2015-06-03 |title=DLA builds LatAm presence with Colombia pact as firm hopes to leverage Spanish relationships |url=http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/4243-dla-builds-latam-presence-with-colombia-pact-as-firm-hopes-to-build-on-spanish-relationships |newspaper=Legal Business |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120225353/http://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/index.php/lb-blog-view/4243-dla-builds-latam-presence-with-colombia-pact-as-firm-hopes-to-build-on-spanish-relationships |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[James Blanchard]], former [[Governor of Michigan]] and former [[U.S. Ambassador to Canada]], has been partner since 1996<ref>{{cite news |last=Kozlowski |first=Kim |date=2015-09-10 |title=Blanchard gives MSU $1M for public service program |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2015/09/10/michigan-state-university-gift-blanchard/72001498/ |newspaper=The Detroit News |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Michael Castle]], former [[Governor of Delaware]], has been a partner at DLA Piper since 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/05/churn5311.html|title=The Churn: Lateral Moves and Promotions in The Am Law 200|access-date=19 July 2012|work=The AmLaw Daily|date=3 May 2011}}</ref>
* [[Saxby Chambliss]], former US Senator, has been partner since 2015<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Megan |date=2015-01-08 |title=Ex-senator Chambliss heads to DLA Piper |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/228887-chambliss-heads-to-dla-piper/ |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Bart Chilton]], former US Commodity Futures Trading Commissioner, was senior policy adviser from 2014 to 2017<ref>{{cite news |last=Gershman |first=Jacob |date=2014-04-14 |title=Ex-CFTC Commissioner Bart Chilton to Join DLA Piper as Policy Adviser |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/04/14/ex-cftc-commissioner-bart-chilton-to-join-dla-piper-as-policy-adviser/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Former CFTC Commissioner Chilton Leaves DLA Piper |url=http://www.profit-loss.com/articles/news/people/former-cftc-commissioner-chilton-leaves-dla-piper |newspaper=Profit & Loss |access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref>
* [[Timothy Clement-Jones, Baron Clement-Jones]], [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[peerage|Peer]] and former spokesman for the Creative Industries in the [[House of Lords]]
* Sir [[Nigel Knowles]] was managing partner from 1996 to 2015 and global co-chairman from 2015 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hays |first=Kali |date=2016-03-03 |title=DLA Madrid Partner Gets Global Role Left By Long-Time Chair |url=http://www.law360.com/articles/766795/dla-madrid-partner-gets-global-role-left-by-long-time-chair |newspaper=Law360 |access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref>
* [[Ray LaHood]], former secretary of the Department of Transportation, has been senior policy adviser since 2014<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Jennifer |date=2014-01-22 |title=Former Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood Heads to DLA Piper |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/01/22/former-transportation-secretary-ray-lahood-heads-to-dla-piper/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* Former US Senator [[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]] was DLA Piper's chairman between 2003 and 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/12/04/dla-piper-the-firm-behind-the-mitchell-report/|title=DLA Piper: The Firm Behind the Mitchell Report|access-date=25 October 2010|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=4 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/22/AR2009112202106.html|title=Palestinians looking to American-style housing developments, financing|access-date=25 October 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 November 2009|first=Howard|last=Schneider}}</ref> As of 2012, he is chairman ''emeritus''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Strahler |first=Steven |date=2012-05-19 |title=At DLA Piper, a global portfolio |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120519/ISSUE01/305199978/at-dla-piper-a-global-portfolio |newspaper=Crain's Chicago Business |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>

==Notable former employees==
* [[Dick Armey]], former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from Texas's {{ushr|Texas|26|26th congressional district}} (1985–2003) and [[Party Leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Majority Leader]] (1995–2003)
* [[Rudi M. Brewster]], former judge of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of California]]
* [[Peter Bynoe]], attorney and businessman who co-owned the [[Denver Nuggets]]
* [[Tom Daschle]], former [[US Senator]] and US [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]]; policy adviser at DLA Piper, from December 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-daschle/gIQAoBBd9O_topic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214023507/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/tom-daschle/gIQAoBBd9O_topic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2012|title=Tom Daschle|access-date=3 July 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> to October 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vanden Dolder |first=Tess |date=2014-10-28 |title=K Street: Tom Daschle Leaves DLA Piper to Start His Own Policy Advisory Group |url=http://dcinno.streetwise.co/all-series/k-street-tom-daschle-leaves-dla-piper-to-start-his-own-policy-advisory-group/ |newspaper=DC Inno |access-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>
* [[Steve Davis (scientist)|Steven J. Davis]], earth system scientist at the [[University of California, Irvine]]
* [[Jared Genser]], international human rights attorney
* [[Miriam González Durántez]], partner at DLA Piper, from 2006 to 2011; spouse of former deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom, [[Nick Clegg]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lib-dem-first-lady-miriam-gonzalez-durantez-lands-job-at-us-firm-2376876.html|title=Lib Dem first lady Miriam Gonzalez Durantez lands job at US firm|access-date=19 July 2012|work=The Independent|date=28 October 2011|location=London}}</ref>
* [[A. B. Krongard]], former executive director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and former chairman and CEO of [[Alex. Brown & Sons]]
* [[Jonathan Lisle]], British D.J.
* [[Mel Martinez]], partner and [[lobbyist]] for DLA Piper, after retiring as a U.S. Senator from Florida, during 2009 to 2010;<ref>{{cite web|last=Snyder |first=Jim |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/lobbying-hires/50858-ex-sen-martinez-to-join-dla-piper-as-partner/ |title=Ex-Sen. Martínez to join DLA Piper as partner |date=23 September 2009 |publisher=TheHill.com |access-date=2010-11-03}}</ref> Florida chairman for [[J.P. Morgan Chase & Co]];<ref>Orlando Sentinel (2010). [http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-07-12/business/os-chase-taps-martinez-chairman-20100712_1_statewide-branch-expansion-jpmorgan-chase-dla-piper Mel Martinez to be Fla. chairman for JPMorgan Chase]. Retrieved 9 September 2010.</ref><ref>Florida Trend (2013). [http://www.floridatrend.com/article/15698/senator-mel-martinez-chats-with-florida-trend]. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</ref> co-chair of the [[Bipartisan Policy Center]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/housing |title=Housing Commission | Bipartisan Policy Center |access-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031115517/http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/projects/housing |archive-date=31 October 2011 }} Bipartisan Policy Center's Housing Commission</ref>
* [[Harry Cummings McPherson Jr.]], author, attorney and policymaker who served as counsel and special counsel to President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], from 1965 to 1969, and as his chief speechwriter, from 1966 to 1969
* [[Paul Victor Niemeyer]], judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]] and a former judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Maryland]]
* [[Thomas C. Wheeler]], judge of the [[United States Court of Federal Claims]]
* [[Helen Winkelmann]], first female partner, and youngest ever partner in 1988, and current Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand]].
* [[Douglas Emhoff]], [[Second Gentleman of the United States]] and spouse of Vice President [[Kamala Harris]]

==See also==
* [[List of largest United States-based law firms by head count]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dlapiper.com }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171129102435/http://www.dlapiper.co.nz/ Official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215055802/http://lawfuel.com/show-release.asp?ID=20088 DLA Phillips Fox and DLA Piper named International Tax Firm of the Year]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312103215/http://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/articles/8F/0C04168F.asp?Type=53&Category=853 Lawyers Weekly article on the DLA alliance]
* [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU0803/S00176.htm Article about a recent global survey into capital markets released by DLA Phillips Fox]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080902125750/http://lawyersweekly.com.au/articles/DLA-Phillips-Fox-appoints-first-female-chairperson_z141168.htm Lawyers Weekly article on new chairperson]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080211003658/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23176825-17044,00.html The Australian article about a young woman making partner at DLA Phillips Fox]

{{Law firms of the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dla Piper}}
[[Category:Law firms of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Law firms of the United States]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Japan]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Law firms established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Law firms based in London]]
[[Category:Multinational law firms]]

Bagauda, Nepal

2024-07-31T18:00:40Z

Drushrush:

{{About||the genus of thread-legged bugs|Bagauda (bug)|the Ancient Roman peasants|Bagaudae}}
{{Infobox settlement


|name = Bagauda
|other_name =
|native_name = बगौडा
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Village development committee (Nepal)|Village development committee]]
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map = 
|mapsize = 300px
|map_caption = Map of the village development committees in Chitwan District
|pushpin_map = Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nepal

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Nepal}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Nepal|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Bagmati Province]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Nepal|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Chitwan District]]
|
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|unit_pref = 
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 

|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 10,913
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_blank1_title = Ethnicities

|timezone = [[Nepal Time]]
|utc_offset = +5:45
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|27.44|84.31|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =

|postal_code_type = 
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Bagauda ''' is a former [[Village development committee (Nepal)|village development committee]] and now a part of nMadi Municipality in [[Chitwan District]] in [[Bagmati Province]] of southern [[Nepal]]. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 10,913 people (4,856 male; 6,057 female) living in 2,532 individual households.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal |title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Village Development Committee/Municipality) |url=http://mofald.gov.np/mofald/userfiles/docs_206.pdf |accessdate=14 July 2020 |page=55 |date=2012}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Chitwan District}}

[[Category:Populated places in Chitwan District]]

{{Chitwan-geo-stub}}

Illinois River (Oregon)

2024-07-31T17:51:58Z

Drushrush:

{{Other places3|Illinois River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}

{{Infobox river
| name = Illinois River
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology = The [[U.S. state]] of [[Illinois]], the birthplace of three brothers named Althouse who emigrated to Oregon and mined for gold along Althouse Creek and the Illinois River<ref name="McArthur">{{cite book|last=McArthur|first=Lewis A.|last2=McArthur|first2=Lewis L.|title=Oregon Geographic Names|edition=seventh|publisher = [[Oregon Historical Society|Oregon Historical Society Press]]|year=2003|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|page=495|isbn=0-87595-277-1}}</ref>

| image = Green wall.JPG
| image_caption = Rafting the Green Wall Rapids on the Illinois River
| image_size = 300
| map =
| map_size = 300
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = USA Oregon
| pushpin_map_size = 300
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth of the Illinois River in [[Oregon]]

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[United States]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Oregon]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = County
| subdivision_name4 = [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine]] and [[Curry County, Oregon|Curry]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|56|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="Wild and Scenic"/>{{refn|group="Note"|The distance between the source and the upstream boundary of the Wild and Scenic section, which begins at river mile (RM) 50.4 (river kilometer 81.1) and ends at the mouth, is an estimate based on map scale and ruler.}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= near [[Kerby, Oregon|Kerby]], {{convert|50.3|mi|km}} from the mouth<ref name="gauge">{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14377100.2007.pdf|format=PDF|title=Water-Data Report 2007: 14377100 Illinois River near Kerby, OR|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
| discharge1_min = {{convert|121|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|1262|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="gauge">{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2007/pdfs/14377100.2007.pdf|format=PDF|title=Water-Data Report 2007: 14377100 Illinois River near Kerby, OR|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>
| discharge1_max = {{convert|92200|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}

| source1 = Confluence of East Fork Illinois River and West Fork Illinois River
| source1_location = near [[Cave Junction, Oregon|Cave Junction]], [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine County]], [[Oregon]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|42|09|35|N|123|39|33|W|display=inline}}<ref name="gnis"/>
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1271|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="source">Source elevation derived from [[Google Earth]] search using Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) source coordinates.</ref>
| mouth = [[Rogue River (Oregon)|Rogue River]]
| mouth_location = [[Agness, Oregon|Agness]], [[Curry County, Oregon|Curry County]], [[Oregon]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|42|33|00|N|124|03|58|W|display=inline,title}}<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|id=1143993|name=Illinois River|entrydate= 28 Nov 1980|accessdate=20 May 2009}}</ref>
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|102|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="gnis"/>
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|983|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Hickman|first=O. Eugene|title=Potential Natural (Historic?) Vegetation of the Central Illinois River Valley|publisher=[[Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife]]|url=https://nrimp.dfw.state.or.us/DataClearinghouse/default.aspx?pn=viewrecord&XMLname=652.xml|access-date=22 May 2009}} The document is Appendix E of the [https://nrimp.dfw.state.or.us/web%20stores/data%20libraries/files/SWCD/SWCD_652_2_Illinois%20Appendices.zip Illinois Appendices] in zipped PDF format.</ref>
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = nwsr
| designation1_type = Wild, Scenic, Recreational
| designation1_date = October 19, 1984
| designation1_number =
}}
}}

The '''Illinois River''' is a tributary, about {{convert|56|mi|km}} long, of the [[Rogue River (Oregon)|Rogue River]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Oregon]]. It drains part of the [[Klamath Mountains]] in northern [[California]] and southwestern Oregon. The river's [[main stem]] begins at the confluence of its east and west forks near [[Cave Junction, Oregon|Cave Junction]] in southern [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine County]]. Its [[drainage basin]] includes Sucker Creek, which rises in the [[Red Buttes Wilderness]], near Whiskey Peak on the California state line. The main stem flows generally northwest in a winding course past [[Kerby, Oregon|Kerby]] and through the [[Siskiyou National Forest]] and [[Kalmiopsis Wilderness]]. It joins the Rogue River from the south at [[Agness, Oregon|Agness]] on the [[Curry County, Oregon|Curry]]–Josephine county line, {{convert|27|mi|km}} from the [[Pacific Ocean]].

The river's lower {{convert|50.4|mi|km}}, from where it enters the [[Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest]] downstream from Kerby to its confluence with the Rogue River, were designated [[National Wild and Scenic River|Wild and Scenic]] in 1984. Of this, {{convert|28.7|mi|km}} is protected as wild, {{convert|17.9|mi|km}} as scenic, and {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} as recreational.<ref name = "Wild and Scenic">{{cite web|title=Illinois River, Oregon|publisher=National Wild and Scenic Rivers System|url=http://www.rivers.gov/rivers/illinois.php|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref>

==Tributaries==
Sucker Creek is named after the state of Illinois, one of whose nicknames is [[List of Illinois state symbols|the Sucker State]]. Miners from Illinois named the creek.<ref>{{cite news|title=Since You Asked: Sucker Creek got its name from Illinois|url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110817/NEWS/108170333/-1/NEWSLETTER100|newspaper=[[Mail Tribune]]|publisher=[[Dow Jones Local Media Group]]|location=[[Medford, Oregon]]|date=17 August 2011|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref> In 2011, the [[United States Forest Service]] worked on a project to improve the creek.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sucker Creek Restoration Project|url=http://kdrv.com/news/local/220586|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327110249/http://kdrv.com/news/local/220586|archive-date=27 March 2012|publisher=[[KDRV|KDRV News]] (Medford, Oregon)|author=Krashesky, Kaylin}}</ref> The project is a fishery rehabilitation project.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fattig|first=Paul|title=S. Ore. project to restore salmon fishery|url=http://www.bendbulletin.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110811/NEWS0107/108110400/1009/NEWS01&nav_category=NEWS01|newspaper=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|The Bulletin]]|publisher=[[Western Communications]]|location=[[Bend, Oregon]]|date=11 August 2011|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

==Rafting and kayaking==
[[File:Illinois River Rafters.jpg|thumb|left|Illinois River Rafters]]

The Illinois River is "a wilderness river that tests both the skill and strength of boaters".<ref name="Soggy">{{cite book|last=Giordano|first=Pete|year=2004|title=Soggy Sneakers: A Paddler's Guide to Oregon's Rivers|edition=fourth|location=[[Seattle]]|publisher=[[The Mountaineers (club)#Moutaineers Books|Mountaineers Books]]|pages=122–24|isbn=978-0-89886-815-9}}</ref> For the {{convert|31|mi|km|adj=on}} run along the Wild and Scenic part of the river between upper Oak Flat near Kerby and lower Oak Flat, boaters are far from trails and roads.<ref name="Soggy"/> In fact, it is "the most inaccessible river canyon in the lower 48 states..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kalmiopsiswild.org/explore-kalmiopsis-wildlands/the-rivers/national-wild-and-scenic-illinoi-river/|title=Oregon's National Wild and Scenic Illinois River|publisher=KalmiopsisWild and Friends of the Kalmiopsis|access-date=3 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005529/http://kalmiopsiswild.org/explore-kalmiopsis-wildlands/the-rivers/national-wild-and-scenic-illinoi-river/|archive-date=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with sections that are inaccessible, even by trail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cacreeks.com/illinois.htm|title=Illinois River in Oregon|publisher=CAcreeks|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>{{refn|group="Note"|Due to the ruggedness of the canyon, the Illinois River Trail (the path of which run 27 miles somewhat near the Illinois River) never actually reaches the riverbank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonhiking.com/oregon-adventures/100-hikes-on-the-oregon-coast/south-coast-hikes/illinois-river-hike|title=Illinois River|last=Sullivan|first=William L.|publisher=Navillus Press|location=[[Eugene, Oregon]]|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>}} Depending on the water flow, this stretch of the river has eight [[International Scale of River Difficulty|class IV to IV+]] rapids. Green Wall, a class V, "is considerably more difficult and longer than the others"<ref name="Soggy"/> and below it lie {{convert|3|mi|km}} of difficult rapids. The river is generally run by [[rafting|raft]] or [[kayak]] during the rainy season, October through April.<ref name="Soggy"/> At flows below {{convert|800|cuft/s|m3/s}}, boating is difficult because of exposed rocks, and flows above {{convert|3000|cuft/s|m3/s}} "turn the river into boiling holes and rapids."<ref name="Soggy"/> A heavy rain can turn an ordinary trip into a high-water nightmare.<ref name="Soggy"/>

Permits from the U.S. Forest Service are required (year round) for river trips on the Wild Section of the river (between Briggs Creek and Nancy Creek) and groups are limited to no more than twelve. However, the permits for non-commercial groups are free and are self issued [[24/7 service|24/7]], but the permit must also be deposited at Oak Flat to verify the safe completion of the trip.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/River/detail/id/1517|title=Illinois - 2 - Miami Bar to Oak Flat (31 miles)|publisher=American Whitewater|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref> Since there is no dam on the Illinois River, river flows are highly dependent upon weather conditions. Changing weather can often result in water levels being too high or too low for safe and successful navigation. Furthermore, since water levels can rise rapidly, potential bad weather can also be the cause for cancelled or postponed trips.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c-w-r.com/rivers/illinois-river.html|title=Rafting the Illinois River in Oregon|publisher=California Whitewater Rafting|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>{{refn|group="Note"|In March 1998, a flash flood on the Illinois River resulted in the death of two rafters and required the helicopter rescue of ten others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonkayaking.net/passages/illinois.html|title=Illinois Flood|last=Griffin|first=John|last2=Brinkman|first2=Jonathan|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|publisher=[[Advance Publications]]|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|date=22 March 1998|access-date=3 May 2013}} Reposted by oregonkayaking.net.</ref>}} Nevertheless, even under acceptable conditions, the Illinois River can still cause casualties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonkayaking.net/passages/erich_fleischman.html|title=Erich Fleischman|last=Quinn|first=Beth|publisher=oregonkayaking.net|date=10 May 2005|access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of longest streams of Oregon]]
* [[List of rivers of Oregon]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{GeoGroup}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Illinois River (Oregon)}}
* The coordinates for the Illinois River source are {{coord|42.159835|-123.659235|type:river_source:gnis-1143993_region:US-OR|name=Illinois River source}}, and for the mouth they are {{coord|42.5501086|-124.0661995|type:river_source:gnis-1143993_region:US-OR|name=Illinois River mouth}}.

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Oregon]]
[[Category:Rogue River (Oregon)]]
[[Category:Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States]]
[[Category:Rivers of Curry County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Rivers of Josephine County, Oregon]]

Judicial Service Commission (Sri Lanka)

2024-07-31T17:48:48Z

Drushrush: /* Membership */

{{refimprove|date=October 2018}}
The '''Judicial Service Commission''' ('''JSC''') of [[Sri Lanka]] is established under Article 112 of the [[Constitution of Sri Lanka]]. The first commission was established in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Chapter_15_Amd.html |title=CHAPTER XV - THE JUDICIARY, Constitution of Sri Lanka |access-date=2017-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215001731/http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Chapter_15_Amd.html |archive-date=2017-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jsc.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en The First Members], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019091817/http://www.jsc.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en |date=2013-10-19 }}</ref>

==Role==
The Key functions of the JSC are:

*Appointment, transfer, dismissal and disciplinary control of judicial officers (District Judges and [[Magistrate]]s).
*Appointment of scheduled public officers ([[Registrar (law)|registrar]] of the supreme court, [[Public finance|fiscal]], etc.).

==Membership==
The commission is made up of the [[Chief Justice of Sri Lanka|Chief Justice]] who is the Chairman, and two Judges of the [[Supreme Court of Sri Lanka]] appointed by the President of the Republic. Current membership of the JSC is as follows:

* Justice Jayantha Jayasuriya (C.J) - Chairman/Chief Justice
* Justice Bhuwaneka Aluwihare - Judge of the Supreme Court
* Justice [[Sisira de Abrew]] - Judge of the Supreme Court

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jsc.gov.lk Judicial Service Commission of Sri Lanka]

[[Category:Law of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Statutory boards of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Judiciary of Sri Lanka]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:19:32Z

Drushrush: /* Increased chance of obesity */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===

==== Sleep and PTSD ====
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

==== Dreams and Trauma ====
Research has explored the link between stress, trauma, and dreams. Studies on people who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic found increased dream activity, often related to past traumatic events rather than the pandemic itself. This suggests that significant stress can trigger vivid or disturbing dreams, even if the current situation isn't directly traumatic.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. This common type of PTSD dream involves reliving a traumatic event, often accompanied by intense emotions like fear, anger, or anxiety upon waking.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Occupational stress can arise from various factors. Work schedules, time commitments, lack of support, and workplace conflicts are common contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Stress and sleep deprivation can negatively impact daily life. These factors often lead to decreased work performance, increased absenteeism, and a higher risk of illness. People who consistently lack sleep are more susceptible to heart disease, diabetes, and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

To combat these problems, individuals and employers can take steps to reduce stress and improve sleep. Employers can create healthier work environments by managing workloads, setting clear expectations, and fostering a supportive atmosphere. Employees can benefit from stress management techniques like cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-care practices. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
When people are stressed, their bodies release a hormone called cortisol. This can increase appetite and cravings for unhealthy foods, like sugary or fatty snacks. Stress also makes it harder to control eating habits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

Not getting enough sleep can also contribute to weight gain. It messes with the body's hormones that control hunger and fullness. When you're tired, you're more likely to feel hungry and less likely to burn calories through exercise.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref>

Stress and lack of sleep often go together and can make it much easier to gain weight.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:15:36Z

Drushrush: /* Risk factors and interventions */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===

==== Sleep and PTSD ====
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

==== Dreams and Trauma ====
Research has explored the link between stress, trauma, and dreams. Studies on people who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic found increased dream activity, often related to past traumatic events rather than the pandemic itself. This suggests that significant stress can trigger vivid or disturbing dreams, even if the current situation isn't directly traumatic.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. This common type of PTSD dream involves reliving a traumatic event, often accompanied by intense emotions like fear, anger, or anxiety upon waking.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Occupational stress can arise from various factors. Work schedules, time commitments, lack of support, and workplace conflicts are common contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Stress and sleep deprivation can negatively impact daily life. These factors often lead to decreased work performance, increased absenteeism, and a higher risk of illness. People who consistently lack sleep are more susceptible to heart disease, diabetes, and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

To combat these problems, individuals and employers can take steps to reduce stress and improve sleep. Employers can create healthier work environments by managing workloads, setting clear expectations, and fostering a supportive atmosphere. Employees can benefit from stress management techniques like cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-care practices. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:13:47Z

Drushrush: /* Risk factors and interventions */ rewritting, will add more

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===

==== Sleep and PTSD ====
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

==== Dreams and Trauma ====
Research has explored the link between stress, trauma, and dreams. Studies on people who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic found increased dream activity, often related to past traumatic events rather than the pandemic itself. This suggests that significant stress can trigger vivid or disturbing dreams, even if the current situation isn't directly traumatic.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. This common type of PTSD dream involves reliving a traumatic event, often accompanied by intense emotions like fear, anger, or anxiety upon waking.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Occupational stress can arise from various factors. Work schedules, time commitments, lack of support, and workplace conflicts are common contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Stress and sleep deprivation can negatively impact daily life. These factors often lead to decreased work performance, increased absenteeism, and a higher risk of illness. People who consistently lack sleep are more susceptible to heart disease, diabetes, and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:11:32Z

Drushrush: /* Sleep and PTSD */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===

==== Sleep and PTSD ====
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

==== Dreams and Trauma ====
Research has explored the link between stress, trauma, and dreams. Studies on people who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic found increased dream activity, often related to past traumatic events rather than the pandemic itself. This suggests that significant stress can trigger vivid or disturbing dreams, even if the current situation isn't directly traumatic.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. This common type of PTSD dream involves reliving a traumatic event, often accompanied by intense emotions like fear, anger, or anxiety upon waking.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Occupational stress can arise from various factors. Work schedules, time commitments, lack of support, and workplace conflicts are common contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:09:52Z

Drushrush: /* PTSD */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===

==== Sleep and PTSD ====
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

==== Dreams and Trauma ====
One month after the coronavirus outbreak, a study determined a frequency of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms among inhabitants of Wuhan and its surrounding villages. To better understand this phenomenon, a study was conducted in Canada after a two-month state of emergency was declared (2020). Many subjects began to have dreams highlighting deep-rooted trauma, like early childhood experiences, however not one subject described the pandemic as traumatic, simply stressful. The dream content was especially interesting because it had little to no relation to the pandemic; this study was consistent with others questioning the reemergence of PTSD when faced with a new stressor.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. This common type of PTSD dream involves reliving a traumatic event, often accompanied by intense emotions like fear, anger, or anxiety upon waking.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Occupational stress can arise from various factors. Work schedules, time commitments, lack of support, and workplace conflicts are common contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:08:42Z

Drushrush: /* PTSD */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

One month after the coronavirus outbreak, a study determined a frequency of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms among inhabitants of Wuhan and its surrounding villages. To better understand this phenomenon, a study was conducted in Canada after a two-month state of emergency was declared (2020). Many subjects began to have dreams highlighting deep-rooted trauma, like early childhood experiences, however not one subject described the pandemic as traumatic, simply stressful. The dream content was especially interesting because it had little to no relation to the pandemic; this study was consistent with others questioning the reemergence of PTSD when faced with a new stressor.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. This common type of PTSD dream involves reliving a traumatic event, often accompanied by intense emotions like fear, anger, or anxiety upon waking.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Occupational stress can arise from various factors. Work schedules, time commitments, lack of support, and workplace conflicts are common contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:06:09Z

Drushrush: /* Development of occupational stress */ rewritten and made it readable

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

One month after the coronavirus outbreak, a study determined a frequency of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms among inhabitants of Wuhan and its surrounding villages. To better understand this phenomenon, a study was conducted in Canada after a two-month state of emergency was declared (2020). Many subjects began to have dreams highlighting deep-rooted trauma, like early childhood experiences, however not one subject described the pandemic as traumatic, simply stressful. The dream content was especially interesting because it had little to no relation to the pandemic; this study was consistent with others questioning the reemergence of PTSD when faced with a new stressor.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. The classic "PTSD dream" can be used as a lens to understand the effect of waking stress on one's sleep. A PTSD dream occurs often and is a replay of a traumatic event. The person is woken up in sweats, shaking; fear, anxiety, anger, etc. are all induced.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Occupational stress can arise from various factors. Work schedules, time commitments, lack of support, and workplace conflicts are common contributors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:04:53Z

Drushrush: /* Development of occupational stress */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

One month after the coronavirus outbreak, a study determined a frequency of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms among inhabitants of Wuhan and its surrounding villages. To better understand this phenomenon, a study was conducted in Canada after a two-month state of emergency was declared (2020). Many subjects began to have dreams highlighting deep-rooted trauma, like early childhood experiences, however not one subject described the pandemic as traumatic, simply stressful. The dream content was especially interesting because it had little to no relation to the pandemic; this study was consistent with others questioning the reemergence of PTSD when faced with a new stressor.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. The classic "PTSD dream" can be used as a lens to understand the effect of waking stress on one's sleep. A PTSD dream occurs often and is a replay of a traumatic event. The person is woken up in sweats, shaking; fear, anxiety, anger, etc. are all induced.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Many factors contribute to the development of [[occupational stress]] in one's life. Some of these factors include job scheduling, time commitment, lack of support, and conflicts within the workplace. Depending on the field in which people are employed, the demands of the job vary greatly. Some occupations demand at least 40 hours a week from an employee. This commitment, combined with other personal responsibilities, often leaves individuals little time for themselves, which elevates stress levels. When individuals have irregular work schedules, such as working at different times from week to week their regular day-to-day schedule is interrupted. This not only adds stress to their daily life but also influences an individual's circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is especially interrupted when individuals work night shifts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> Job demands vary widely across different occupations. Many jobs require at least 40-hour workweeks, leaving limited personal time. Irregular schedules, especially night shifts, disrupt daily routines and interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:03:34Z

Drushrush: /* Development of occupational stress */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

One month after the coronavirus outbreak, a study determined a frequency of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms among inhabitants of Wuhan and its surrounding villages. To better understand this phenomenon, a study was conducted in Canada after a two-month state of emergency was declared (2020). Many subjects began to have dreams highlighting deep-rooted trauma, like early childhood experiences, however not one subject described the pandemic as traumatic, simply stressful. The dream content was especially interesting because it had little to no relation to the pandemic; this study was consistent with others questioning the reemergence of PTSD when faced with a new stressor.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. The classic "PTSD dream" can be used as a lens to understand the effect of waking stress on one's sleep. A PTSD dream occurs often and is a replay of a traumatic event. The person is woken up in sweats, shaking; fear, anxiety, anger, etc. are all induced.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Many factors contribute to the development of [[occupational stress]] in one's life. Some of these factors include job scheduling, time commitment, lack of support, and conflicts within the workplace. Depending on the field in which people are employed, the demands of the job vary greatly. Some occupations demand at least 40 hours a week from an employee. This commitment, combined with other personal responsibilities, often leaves individuals little time for themselves, which elevates stress levels. When individuals have irregular work schedules, such as working at different times from week to week their regular day-to-day schedule is interrupted. This not only adds stress to their daily life but also influences an individual's circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is especially interrupted when individuals work night shifts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> When faced with this challenge the body is not only stressed but must also adapt to new environmental factors. For instance, this would require the body to be more alert during late night hours as opposed to entering a relaxed state, as the average circadian rhythm would support.

Employees often experience stress due to insufficient support and recognition from supervisors. This can lead to increased workload, uncertainty, and job dissatisfaction. Clear expectations and supportive leadership are crucial for employee well-being.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:02:58Z

Drushrush: /* Development of occupational stress */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

One month after the coronavirus outbreak, a study determined a frequency of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms among inhabitants of Wuhan and its surrounding villages. To better understand this phenomenon, a study was conducted in Canada after a two-month state of emergency was declared (2020). Many subjects began to have dreams highlighting deep-rooted trauma, like early childhood experiences, however not one subject described the pandemic as traumatic, simply stressful. The dream content was especially interesting because it had little to no relation to the pandemic; this study was consistent with others questioning the reemergence of PTSD when faced with a new stressor.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. The classic "PTSD dream" can be used as a lens to understand the effect of waking stress on one's sleep. A PTSD dream occurs often and is a replay of a traumatic event. The person is woken up in sweats, shaking; fear, anxiety, anger, etc. are all induced.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Many factors contribute to the development of [[occupational stress]] in one's life. Some of these factors include job scheduling, time commitment, lack of support, and conflicts within the workplace. Depending on the field in which people are employed, the demands of the job vary greatly. Some occupations demand at least 40 hours a week from an employee. This commitment, combined with other personal responsibilities, often leaves individuals little time for themselves, which elevates stress levels. When individuals have irregular work schedules, such as working at different times from week to week their regular day-to-day schedule is interrupted. This not only adds stress to their daily life but also influences an individual's circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is especially interrupted when individuals work night shifts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> When faced with this challenge the body is not only stressed but must also adapt to new environmental factors. For instance, this would require the body to be more alert during late night hours as opposed to entering a relaxed state, as the average circadian rhythm would support.

Another main contributor to the development of occupational stress in employees is a feeling of a lack of support and recognition from superiors. When employees are not supported by their superiors, employees are more likely to experience stress related to their work responsibilities. Often employees dedicate extra time to perfect their work to achieve the desired validation they seek from superiors. When employees are not recognized and supported by their superiors, feelings of uncertainty begin to grow and overwhelm the individual. Additionally, when the responsibilities and expectations of an employee are not clearly understood this often leaves the employee questioning their place in the work environment.

Workplace conflicts, particularly those involving power imbalances, are significant stressors. These conflicts create hostile work environments, impacting employee morale, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Sexual harassment is a severe form of workplace conflict with devastating consequences.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Psychological stress and sleep

2024-07-31T10:01:02Z

Drushrush: /* Stress/sleep cycle */

{{short description|Effects of stress on sleep patterns}}
{{technical|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Statue of the Tired Man.JPG|alt=Stature of distressed/ tired man|thumb|upright=1.2|Tired man]]
'''Sleep''' is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered [[consciousness]], relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all [[voluntary muscle]]s during [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferri |first1=R. |last2=Manconi |first2=M. |last3=Plazzi |first3=G. |last4=Bruni |first4=O. |last5=Vandi |first5=S. |last6=Montagna |first6=P. |last7=Zucconi |first7=M. |year=2008 |title=A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00631.x |pmid=18275559 |doi-access = }}</ref> and reduced interactions with surroundings.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|title=Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep|date=2017|publisher=Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011011207/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An essential aspect of sleep is that it provides the human body with a period of reduced functioning that allows for the systems throughout the body to be repaired. This time allows for the body to recharge and return to a phase of optimal functioning. It is recommended that adults get 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. Sleep is regulated by an internal process known as the [[circadian rhythm]]. This 24-hour cycle regulates periods of alertness and tiredness that an individual experiences.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep# |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> The correlation between [[psychological stress]] and sleep is complex and not fully understood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Araki|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Suemaru|first2=Katsuya|last3=Li|first3=Bingjin|last4=Cui|first4=Ranji|date=2008-03-01|title=Psychological Stress-induced Changes in Sleep Patterns and Its Generation Mechanism|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|language=en|volume=128|issue=3|pages=405–411|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.405|pmid=18311060|issn=0031-6903|doi-access=free}}</ref> In fact, many studies have found a bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep. This means that sleep quality can affect stress levels, and stress levels can affect sleep quality. Sleep change depends on the type of stressor, sleep perception, related psychiatric conditions, environmental factors, and physiological limits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Schumacher|first1=Sarah|last2=Niemeyer|first2=Helen|last3=Engel|first3=Sinha|last4=Cwik|first4=Jan Christopher|last5=Knaevelsrud|first5=Christine|date=2018-12-01|title=Psychotherapeutic treatment and HPA axis regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=98|pages=186–201|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.006|pmid=30193225|s2cid=52172992|issn=0306-4530}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Rezaie|first1=Leeba|last2=Fobian|first2=Aaron D.|last3=McCall|first3=William Vaughn|last4=Khazaie|first4=Habibolah|date=2018-08-01|title=Paradoxical insomnia and subjective–objective sleep discrepancy: A review|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=40|pages=196–202|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.002|pmid=29402512|s2cid=46765273|issn=1087-0792}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Stress/sleep cycle ==
It is critical that we receive an adequate amount of sleep each night. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people 18–60 years old need 7 or more hours of sleep per night. The majority of college students fall in this age range. While sleep is critical, many college students do not reach this threshold amount of sleep, and subsequently face detrimental effects. However, it is clear that stress and sleep in college students are interrelated, instead of one only affecting the other. "Stress and sleep affect each other. Poor sleep can increase stress, otherwise high-stress can also cause sleep disturbances".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herawati |first1=Kusuma |last2=Gayatri |first2=Dewi |title=The correlation between sleep quality and levels of stress among students in Universitas Indonesia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1130862119301445 |journal=Enfermería Clínica |year=2019 |volume=29 |pages=357–361 |publisher=Enfermeria Clinica |doi=10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.044 |s2cid=199389133 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> As stated in a different way, the way stress and sleep are related is bidirectional in nature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Deshira |last2=Boynton |first2=Marcella |last3=Lytle |first3=Leslie |title=Multilevel Analysis Exploring the Links Between Depression, and Sleep Problems Among Two-year College Students |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |journal=Journal of American College Health |year=2017 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2016.1269111 |pmid=27937737 |pmc=5373919 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

== Types of stressors ==
Stressors can be categorized into the Challenge/Hindrance stressor model. Challenge stressors, while unpleasant, allow for growth and achievement such as time pressure in a work context. Hindrance stressors are those that cause unnecessary burdens and do not contribute to achievement such as poor work supervision.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Kimberly A.|last2=Allen|first2=Tammy D.|last3=Henderson|first3=Tyler G.|date=2019-02-01|title=Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=222|pages=145–153|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.009|pmid=30641284|s2cid=58668166|issn=0277-9536}}</ref> Self-reported quality of sleep reduces in relation to more hindrance stressors but not to challenge stressors.

== Sleep quality perception ==
[[Insomnia]] is a common condition affecting up to a fifth of the population in many countries across the world and is often complicated by several psychiatric conditions. [[Paradoxical insomnia]] is the phenomenon of a discrepancy between reported sleep duration and objective measurement of sleep. In some cases, however, the stress and anxiety produced do result in an objective reduction in the quality of sleep.<ref name=":3" />

===Stress factors that lead to a lack of sleep===
Stress, often fueled by overthinking, caffeine, and cortisol, disrupts sleep. Rumination prevents relaxation, while caffeine and cortisol heighten alertness. Sleep deprivation intensifies stress, creating a harmful cycle. This impacts daily function and overall well-being.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Snel |first1=Jan |title=Chapter 6 - Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538178000062 |journal=Progress in Brain Research |volume=190 |pages=105–117 |editor-last=Van Dongen |editor-first=Hans P. A. |series=Human Sleep and Cognition Part II |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2 |access-date=2022-11-15 |last2=Lorist |first2=Monicque M. |pmid=21531247 |isbn=9780444538178 |editor2-last=Kerkhof |editor2-first=Gerard A.}}</ref>

===Increased prevalence of stress for teenagers===
There are consistent stressors in life, some that are good, referred to as eustress, and some that are bad, which are referred to as distress.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wack |first1=Margaret |title=Eustress vs. Distress: Good or Bad? |url=https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/stress/eustress-vs-distress-vs-stress-how-to-know-the-difference/ |website=BetterHelp |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> While these stressors have not necessarily increased over the years, the overall average stress levels have increased as data has shown that the typical high school student today has the same amount of anxiety as a psychiatric patient in the 1950s. The average stress level in the United States—Gen Z adults (5.6 out of 101), millennials (5.7) and Gen Xers (5.2) reported is far above past average levels and is the highest it has been in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STRESS IN AMERICA™ 2021 |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/decision-making-october-2021.pdf |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=apa.org}}</ref> There is also evidence showing that age impacts the correlation between lack of sleep and stress. Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) and Gen Zers (born between 1997 and 2012) report the highest levels of stress out of all the generations, in which 44% of millennials and 48% of Gen Zers report being stressed all or most of the time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitch |first1=Adriana |title=Workplace Stress and the Millennial |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/blog/millennial-survey-blogs/2020/workplace-stress-and-the-millennial.html..html |website=Deloitte |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Correspondingly, younger Americans report getting fewer hours of sleep per night, in which a large portion only sleeps for about 6.5-7.5 hours per night on average.<ref>{{cite web |last1=American Psychological Association |title=Stress and Sleep |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/sleep |website=American Psychological Association |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> These correlating statistics reveal an epidemic that is being created with stress and an increased risk of chronic sleep deprivation. Stress often leads to difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, however, a lack of sleep can also contribute to one's stress levels. This relationship leads to a never-ending cycle of being too stressed to sleep and then being unable to control one's anxieties because of the impacts of a lack of sleep. Unfortunately, this troubling cycle also causes an increased risk for the potential impacts of sleep deprivation and excessive stress, including many physical and mental health issues. These issues can have long-term consequences that may affect one's social life, academic capabilities, and relationships with others.

== Neuropsychiatric mechanisms ==
Sleep can be broadly split into the lighter "rapid eye movement" ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM]]) and deeper "non-rapid eye movement" ([[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|NREM]]).<ref name=":1" /> Changes in sleep phase vary in animal models depending on the stressor but do not alter total sleep duration except for novelty which reduces both REM and NREM. Conditioned fear, for example, reduces REM sleep whereas auditory stimulation increases it.<ref name=":1" />

In humans, models of stress have been closely linked to the context [[Major depressive disorder|depression]]. Changes in sleep patterns in depression are very close to those seen in acutely stressed animals; these changes can be used as a predictor for developing depression. Once again, studies have shown a bidirectional nature between depressive symptoms and lack of sleep due to stress. Long-term/chronic psychosocial stress is known to cause depression symptoms but the effect of [[chronic stress]] on sleep can lead to a ripple effect of further damage including poor emotional stability, lowered attention span and self-control, and worse performance on cognitive tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Early life sleep disruption caused by stressors may affect [[neuroplasticity]] and synaptic connectivity potentially leading to the development of [[mood disorder]]s. This poor sleep may become a stressor itself compounding the phenomenon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Palagini|first1=Laura|last2=Domschke|first2=Katharina|last3=Benedetti|first3=Francesco|last4=Foster|first4=Russell G.|last5=Wulff|first5=Katharina|last6=Riemann|first6=Dieter|date=2019-01-15|title=Developmental pathways towards mood disorders in adult life: Is there a role for sleep disturbances?|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=243|pages=121–132|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.011|pmid=30243192|hdl=11392/2496517 |s2cid=52880889|issn=0165-0327|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cholinergic neurons ===
In animal studies, psychologically stressed rats display an increase in total REM sleep and the average length of REM phase duration (but not the number of cycles). This change is mediated by [[cholinergic neuron]]s as stressed animals' prolonged REM cycles can be reduced by using a cholinergic antagonist ([[atropine]]). One study found that auditory stimulation stressors act similarly by inhibiting the cholinergic reduction of REM sleep.<ref name=":1" /> Chronic mildly stressed rats display a reduction in inhibitory [[GABA receptor]]s in the hypothalamus (increasing the release of stress hormones) and brain stem among others. Within the pedunculopontine tegmentum region, in the brainstem, reduced GABA imbibition of cholinergic neurons acts again in the same way in increasing REM sleep duration.<ref name=":1" />

=== Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ===
The neuroendocrine [[Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis|hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] is a system of hormones that culminates in the release of [[cortisol]] from the [[adrenal gland]]s in response to acute stress and is also seen to regulate sleep patterns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The reduction in GABA receptors in the hypothalamus seen in chronic stress reduces the inhibition of stress hormone release however does not appear to impact sleep patterns after exposure to a stressful social stimulus in animals.<ref name=":1" />

==== Prenatal and childhood stress ====
Chronic maternal stress in pregnancy exposes the fetus to increased levels of [[glucocorticoid]] and inflammatory markers which in turn negatively affects the H-P-A axis and disrupts sleep regulation of the fetus. Up until the age of 2 years, children who have been exposed to prenatal stress have shortened and disorganized sleeping patterns.<ref name=":5" /> During early childhood development, the child's brain is particularly sensitive to adverse events such as family conflict, maternal postnatal depression, or abuse. It is thought that it is via sensitization of the H-P-A axis that an abnormal stress response is developed in response to these events/stressors which in turn causes emotional disorders and later life sleeping disorders.<ref name=":5" />

=== Stress and substance abuse ===
Chronic stress can disrupt the body's stress response system (HPA axis). This imbalance can cause people recovering from alcoholism to relapse.

== Immune mediation ==
Observations have been made that there is an association between stress, sleep, and Interleukin-6 proposing a possible mechanism for sleep changes.

During both chronic and acute phase sleep deprivation, there are increases in the pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] [[Interleukin 6|Interleukin-6]] (IL-6). Not only is IL-6 influenced by the [[circadian rhythm]] but its effectiveness is increased by sleep itself as there is an increase in serum [[Interleukin-6 receptor|IL-6 receptors]] during sleep. After periods of long sleep deprivation, the first post-deprivation sleep shows a marked drop in IL-6 and an increase in [[Slow-wave sleep|slow wave sleep]] / "deep sleep". Similarly [[nap]]ping during the daytime has been shown to decrease IL-6 and reduce tiredness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rohleder|first1=Nicolas|last2=Aringer|first2=Martin|last3=Boentert|first3=Matthias|date=2012|title=Role of interleukin-6 in stress, sleep, and fatigue|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1261|issue=1|pages=88–96|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06634.x|pmid=22823398|bibcode=2012NYASA1261...88R|s2cid=31209474|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> When humans are injected with [[exogenous]] IL-6 they display an increase in fatigue and other [[Sickness behavior|sickness behaviour.]]<ref name=":0" />

This IL-6 increase is also observed during times of increased [[psychological stress]]. In a laboratory setting, individuals exposed to psychological stressors have had raised IL-6 (an acute-phase protein [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]) measured especially in those who displayed anger or anxiety in response to the stressful stimulus.<ref name=":0" /> Just as the human body responds to inflammation-inducing illness with increased fatigue or reduced sleep quality, so too does it respond to psychological stress with a sickness behavior of tiredness and poor sleep quality. While sleep is important for recovery from stress, as, with an inflammatory illness, continuous and long-term increases of inflammatory markers with its associated behaviors may be considered maladaptive and be linked to long-term inefficient sleep.<ref name=":0" />

== Military context ==
Since the [[American Civil War]], there have been multiple "war syndromes" reported such as 'irritable heart', 'effort syndrome' and '[[Gulf War syndrome|Gulf War Syndrome]]'. Thought to be discrete and different from [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)]], these war syndromes have a range of physical symptoms but commonly feature sleep disturbances, tiredness, poor concentration, and [[nightmare]]s. The historic picture is unclear due to poor contemporary understanding of psychological illness and, in more modern conflicts, gathering data has been difficult due to operational priorities; no cause has been identified that is not connected to psychological stress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hyams|first=Kenneth C.|date=1996-09-01|title=War Syndromes and Their Evaluation: From the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=398–405|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-125-5-199609010-00007|issn=0003-4819|pmid=8702091|s2cid=24433771}}</ref>

=== PTSD ===
Sleep is often a core focus for both diagnosis and management of PTSD with 70% of PTSD patients reporting insomnia or sleep disturbances.<ref name=":3" /> When studied against controls, however, little difference was measured in the quality of sleep suggesting paradoxical insomnia along with physiological H-P-A axis involvement and "[[Fight-or-flight response|fight or flight responses"]]. It is on this basis that [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]], a non-pharmacological therapy, is justified along with pharmacological intervention.<ref name=":3" />

One month after the coronavirus outbreak, a study determined a frequency of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms among inhabitants of Wuhan and its surrounding villages. To better understand this phenomenon, a study was conducted in Canada after a two-month state of emergency was declared (2020). Many subjects began to have dreams highlighting deep-rooted trauma, like early childhood experiences, however not one subject described the pandemic as traumatic, simply stressful. The dream content was especially interesting because it had little to no relation to the pandemic; this study was consistent with others questioning the reemergence of PTSD when faced with a new stressor.

Stress and trauma can lead to vivid dreams. The classic "PTSD dream" can be used as a lens to understand the effect of waking stress on one's sleep. A PTSD dream occurs often and is a replay of a traumatic event. The person is woken up in sweats, shaking; fear, anxiety, anger, etc. are all induced.

== Occupational context ==
One of the greatest factors affecting the stress and sleep of humans is their commitment to their jobs. In our society, one's employment schedule often dictates their sleep schedule. The bidirectional relationship between stress and sleep is also scientifically supported in terms of employment. When an employee does not get quality sleep, this often leads to poor performance at work and a greater chance of experiencing stress related to work. Similarly, when a person is experiencing occupational stress, their sleep is almost immediately negatively influenced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soomi |last2=Jackson |first2=Chandra |last3=Robbins |first3=Rebecca |last4=Buxton |first4=Orfeu |title=Sleep Health and the Workplace |date=2019 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=San Diego, CA |pages=457–471, 508 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2308246788 |access-date=5 December 2021|id={{ProQuest|2308246788}} }}</ref> When individuals experience high levels of stress and insufficient amounts of sleep their mental and physical health is jeopardized.

===Development of occupational stress===
Many factors contribute to the development of [[occupational stress]] in one's life. Some of these factors include job scheduling, time commitment, lack of support, and conflicts within the workplace. Depending on the field in which people are employed, the demands of the job vary greatly. Some occupations demand at least 40 hours a week from an employee. This commitment, combined with other personal responsibilities, often leaves individuals little time for themselves, which elevates stress levels. When individuals have irregular work schedules, such as working at different times from week to week their regular day-to-day schedule is interrupted. This not only adds stress to their daily life but also influences an individual's circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is especially interrupted when individuals work night shifts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=S.-H. |title=The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality, and self-perceived health status. |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=604–612 |doi=10.1111/jonm.12020 |pmid=25041800 |doi-access=free }}accessed 5 December 2021</ref> When faced with this challenge the body is not only stressed but must also adapt to new environmental factors. For instance, this would require the body to be more alert during late night hours as opposed to entering a relaxed state, as the average circadian rhythm would support.

Another main contributor to the development of occupational stress in employees is a feeling of a lack of support and recognition from superiors. When employees are not supported by their superiors, employees are more likely to experience stress related to their work responsibilities. Often employees dedicate extra time to perfect their work to achieve the desired validation they seek from superiors. When employees are not recognized and supported by their superiors, feelings of uncertainty begin to grow and overwhelm the individual. Additionally, when the responsibilities and expectations of an employee are not clearly understood this often leaves the employee questioning their place in the work environment.

Finally, conflicts within the workplace have been named as a major stressor when it comes to employment. When conflicts arise in the workplace the unsafe environment raises the employee's stress level and often produces an extreme emotional response. Furthermore, these anxiety-inducing conflicts lead employees to dread coming to work each day. These matters distract individuals and influence their overall productivity. It is important to note that these conflicts often revolve around a difference in power between the parties involved. Instances of sexual harassment within the work environment are the most prevalent and cause unnecessary amounts of stress.

===Risk factors and interventions ===
Combining high levels of stress and a lack of sleep affects the day-to-day life of humans. For example, work performance often suffers under these conditions. Individuals suffering from stress and sleep deprivation also tend to have higher levels of absenteeism and take a greater number of sick days compared to their peers. When adequate amounts of sleep are not obtained, individuals are at a greater risk for developing heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, muscle pain, headaches, and a series of mental health problems. There is a strong association between lack of sleep and increased irritability, depression, and anxiety disorders. The working memory of individuals experiencing sleep deprivation is also affected.

There are various methods and practices that individuals can engage in to lower their levels of stress and optimize their sleep. Employers should address possible stressors within the work environment. Employers need to monitor the workloads and schedules of their employees to minimize burnout, but more importantly to prioritize the health of their workers. Providing training and clearly stating the expectations of an employee will help employees to better understand their role in the workplace. By building a positive work environment, employees will feel supported by their superiors and experience less stress in their daily life. An essential first step for employees is to acknowledge the stressor in their life. On an individual basis, employees experiencing high levels of stress and restlessness can engage in cognitive-behavioral interventions to manage their stress. Practicing simple self-care routines and setting aside time for the things that one enjoys will aid in minimizing the levels of stress that employees experience.

==Performance and attention context==
While stress and sleep greatly impact each other, their effect permeates into many more aspects of daily life. One specific concern is the harmful effects on cognitive performance and attention span. In addition, sleep deprivation can cause a change in perceptions as well. Being sleep-deprived for 24 hours leads to a dramatic decrease in cognitive performance tests similar to college exams, and causes individuals to have false perceptions about their performance. Hence, sleep-deprived individuals are cognitively performing worse but are not aware of it. In addition to cognitive performance, sleep deprivation can cause a decreased attention span on specific tasks at hand. This has further implications such as making more mistakes or not being as efficient. It can become a cycle of high stress, poor sleep, and lack of attention when these three things are intermixed.

==Short-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
Both excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause physical health impacts that may affect a person short-term or long-term. These impacts range in severity and it is important to be aware of the increased risk of health issues that may arise due to the stress-sleep cycle. Many of the physical impacts of stress overlap with the physical impacts of sleep deprivation, including short-term impacts like fatigue and headaches, and long-term impacts like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo Clinic Staff |title=How Stress Affects Your Body and Behavior |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/stress-symptoms/art-20050987 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> Fatigue is a clear side effect of sleep deprivation, however, when combined with excessive stress, the feeling of fatigue can become overwhelming because one's body is having to work harder and is under more pressure which causes a person to feel further fatigued. Headaches are another short-term impact that occurs often for those who are feeling excessive levels of stress since stress often triggers a fight or flight response which can create tension headaches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stress Headaches: Causes and Prevention Tips |url=https://www.excedrin.com/headaches/causes/stress-headaches/ |website=Excedrin: The Headache Expert |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> When lack of sleep and excessive stress combine, the impacts of fatigue and headaches greatly increase. Although these impacts are both short-term, they can last for days, weeks, or even months if the stress continues to overwhelm a person and cause them to struggle to fall and stay asleep.

==Long-term physical health impacts of stress and sleep deprivation==
===Cardiovascular impacts===
Long-term effects can result from years of persistent feelings of excessive levels of stress and consequently getting a consistent lack of sleep. Excessive stress and sleep deprivation can cause cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. In a study focusing on the impacts of chronic stress on the heart, it was found that during times of chronic stress, the body hyperactivates the sympathetic nervous system which leads to changes in heart rate variability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hye-Geum |last2=Cheon |first2=Eun-Jin |last3=Bai |first3=Dai-Seg |last4=Lee |first4=Young Hwan |last5=Koo |first5=Bon-Hoon |title=Stress ad Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature |year=2018 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=235–245 |journal=Psychiatry Investigation |doi=10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 |pmid=29486547 |pmc=5900369 }}</ref> Due to these changes in heart rate variability, which can harm the capabilities and strength of the heart, the risk of heart disease greatly increases due to elevated blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Prolongation of this stress on the body can cause plaque buildup in the artery walls which impedes blood flow and results in a much higher likelihood of major cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=C.I.S |title=How Does Stress Affect Your Heart |url=https://www.cardio.com/blog/how-does-stress-affect-your-heart. |website=Cardiovascular Institute of the South |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Sleep also adds to these cardiovascular impacts because blood pressure normally decreases during sleep. As a result, someone with a consistent lack of sleep has higher blood pressure levels for longer periods of time. In a study that was conducted to find the correlation between sleep deprivation and cardiovascular issues, it was found that one hour less of sleep each night increased the risk of calcium build-up in the arteries by 33%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=C. C |title=Why You Need to Get Enough Sleep for a Healthy Heart |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/for-a-healthy-heart-get-enough-sleep/ |website=Cleveland Clinic |date=2 November 2020 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Calcium buildup in the arteries is a major cause of plaque buildup, which was also mentioned as highly affected by increased stress levels. When combined, excessive stress and sleep deprivation cause a much larger increase in plaque buildup which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. When someone is constantly feeling stressed throughout their day and then struggles to fall and stay asleep due to stress and anxiety, it creates a continued cycle of strain on the heart.

===Increased chance of obesity===
Another long-term effect that creates a combined risk is the effect of excessive stress and sleep deprivation on obesity. While short-term stress may cause people to lose their appetite, chronic stress causes the release of cortisol which increases a person's appetite. Many effects from stress cause people to overeat, including a lack of self-regulation during stressful times, a want for "comfort food" which is often high in sugar, fat, and calories, and cortisol's promotion of eating and fat deposition. These all cause stressful times to have many physiological and behavioral impacts on one's diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomiyama |first1=A. Janet |title=Stress and Obesity |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |year=2019 |volume=70 |pages=703–718 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 |pmid=29927688 |s2cid=49340140 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been shown to decrease glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increase hunger and appetite, all of which impact one's diet and what foods they prefer. These hormonal changes often cause an increase in caloric intake and decrease the energy for many physical activities which combine to increase the likelihood of obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beccuti |first1=Guglielmo |last2=Pannain |first2=Silvana |title=Sleep and Obesity |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |year=2011 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=402–412 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283479109 |pmid=21659802 |pmc=3632337 }}</ref> The many impacts of increasing stress levels and sleep deprivation show that there are many factors that can cause overall weight gain which may lead to obesity. It is important to note that many of these effects are more impactful after long-term chronic stress and sleep deprivation, however, since sleep deprivation and stress often coincide, it leads to a much greater chance of developing these harmful physical health impacts. Since both sleep deprivation and stress have similar impacts on one's body, the overall likelihood of serious health issues increases.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Psychological stress]]

Stange Law Firm

2024-07-31T09:40:47Z

Drushrush: added logo

{{notability|1=Companies|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox law firm|name=Stange Law Firm|logo=File:Stange_Law_Firm_Logo.jpg|headquarters=Clayton, Missouri|num_offices=25|num_attorneys=48|key_people=Kelly Davidzuk (Managing Partner), Chad Hager (General Counsel and Partner), Tina Cox (Partner), Andrew Rankin (Partner)<ref>[https://www.stangelawfirm.com/our-professionals/partners/ "The Partners at Stange Law Firm, PC" Stange Law Firm]</ref>|date_founded=2007|founder=Kirk Stange (Founding Partner and President)|website={{URL|stangelawfrim.com}}}}
'''Stange Law Firm, PC''' is an American multi-state divorce and family law firm. It was founded in 2007 in Clayton, Missouri with Kirk Stange being a Founding Partner and the President.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=St. Louis County Native Kirk Stange Is Building One of the Biggest Family Law Firms in the United States |url=https://www.riverfronttimes.com/contributor-news/st-louis-county-native-kirk-stange-is-building-one-of-the-biggest-family-law-firm-in-the-united-states-42086777 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Riverfront Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Kirk Stange: Legal Entrepreneurship and Building a Legal Empire – Grit Daily News |url=https://gritdaily.com/kirk-stange-legal-entrepreneurship/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-03 |title=The Largest Family Law Firms Redefining Family Advocacy in the United States |url=https://knewz.com/the-largest-family-law-firms-redefining-family-advocacy-in-the-united-states/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Knewz |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Building a Multi-State Legal Practice: The Stange Law Firm Story |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/building-a-multi-state-legal-practice-the-stange-law-firm-story/ar-BB1mfogA |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=MSN}}</ref> It is currently the second-largest family [[law firm]] in the United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Premiere 24 Family Law Companies To Consider |url=https://www.inven.ai/company-lists/top-24-family-law-companies |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.inven.ai |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Stange Law Firm was founded in [[Clayton, Missouri]] in 2007 with Kirk Stange being a Founding Partner and President.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

For his work with the firm, Stange was named to several lists, including Super Lawyers for Family Law, Missouri Lawyers Media's Weekly POWER List, Lead Counsel Rated for Divorce and [[Family law]] and NAFLA's Top 10 Attorneys for Family Law.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=How the Stange Law Firm Went from a Family Business to a Multi-State Family Law Firm – Grit Daily News |url=https://gritdaily.com/stange-law-firm-multi-state-family-law-firm/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>He has also been invited as a speaker by organizations such as the Missouri Bar, the National Business Institute, and the Eighth Circuit Judicial Conference.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-12 |title=The POWER List 2023: Kirk C. Stange |url=https://molawyersmedia.com/2023/10/12/the-power-list-2023-kirk-c-stange/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Information and Products by this Speaker – Kirk C. Stange {{!}} |url=https://mobarcle.mobar.org/speaker/kirk-stange-521350 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=mobarcle.mobar.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-06 |title=How Kirk Stange Made His Firm Grow From a Small Business to a Multi-State Enterprise |url=https://greyjournal.net/greygang/founder-1-on-1/how-kirk-stange-made-his-firm-grow-from-a-small-business-to-a-multi-state-enterprise/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=GREY Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>Stange is also a published author, contributing to the legal treatises ''Strategies for Family Law'' and ''Strategies for Military Family Law'' and being the sole author of the book ''Prenuptial Agreements Line by Line.''<ref name=":0" />

In a featured piece on the rights of unmarried fathers, the ''St. Louis Post Dispatch'' reported on a seminar held by Stange Law Firm where they offered food and a power point presentation on the legal rights of unmarried fathers and child support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=asultan@post-dispatch.com < 314-340-8300 |first=AISHA SULTAN • |date=2009-09-05 |title=A baby daddy is no daddy in the eyes of the law Dirty Laundry • Unmarried fathers-to-be need to file suit to ensure parental rights. |url=https://www.stltoday.com/life-entertainment/a-baby-daddy-is-no-daddy-in-the-eyes-of-the-law-dirty-laundry-unmarried/article_fa5d3e84-2d0e-51e7-a426-9bb9a80f9b63.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2017 Stange Law Firm and [[Maryville University]] co-sponsored the [[Great Forest Park Balloon Race]] in St. Louis.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-08-02 |title=Maryville to Sponsor Great Forest Park Balloon Race |url=https://www.maryville.edu/mpress/great-forest-park-balloon-race/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=maryville.edu |language=en}}</ref>Stange Law Firm also helped sponsor the 4th Annual Edward Jones – Old Newsboys Charity Polo Match in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=Old Newsboys Charity Polo Match taking place on Saturday, October 1 |url=https://www.ksdk.com/article/entertainment/television/show-me-st-louis/old-newsboys-charity-polo-match-taking-place-on-saturday-october-1/63-b5a8dbfb-016f-4815-8e98-b177aa253581 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=ksdk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024 Stange Law Firm established offices in [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]], Iowa and [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], Indiana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />In addition to these, the firm currently has offices in [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Nebraska]], [[Indiana]] and [[Iowa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Law Firm Real Estate Report - Law360 Real Estate Authority |url=https://www.law360.com/real-estate-authority/articles/1849937/law-firm-real-estate-report |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref>

In total, it has established 25 offices in 7 states.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Law firms]]
[[Category:Law firms of the United States]]
[[Category:Law firms established in 2007]]

Stange Law Firm

2024-07-31T09:29:45Z

Drushrush:

{{notability|1=Companies|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox law firm|name=Stange Law Firm|headquarters=Clayton, Missouri|num_offices=25|num_attorneys=48|key_people=Kelly Davidzuk (Managing Partner), Chad Hager (General Counsel and Partner), Tina Cox (Partner), Andrew Rankin (Partner)<ref>[https://www.stangelawfirm.com/our-professionals/partners/ "The Partners at Stange Law Firm, PC" Stange Law Firm]</ref>|date_founded=2007|founder=Kirk Stange (Founding Partner and President)|website={{URL|stangelawfrim.com}}}}
'''Stange Law Firm, PC''' is an American multi-state divorce and family law firm. It was founded in 2007 in Clayton, Missouri with Kirk Stange being a Founding Partner and the President.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=St. Louis County Native Kirk Stange Is Building One of the Biggest Family Law Firms in the United States |url=https://www.riverfronttimes.com/contributor-news/st-louis-county-native-kirk-stange-is-building-one-of-the-biggest-family-law-firm-in-the-united-states-42086777 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Riverfront Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Kirk Stange: Legal Entrepreneurship and Building a Legal Empire – Grit Daily News |url=https://gritdaily.com/kirk-stange-legal-entrepreneurship/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-03 |title=The Largest Family Law Firms Redefining Family Advocacy in the United States |url=https://knewz.com/the-largest-family-law-firms-redefining-family-advocacy-in-the-united-states/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Knewz |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Building a Multi-State Legal Practice: The Stange Law Firm Story |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/building-a-multi-state-legal-practice-the-stange-law-firm-story/ar-BB1mfogA |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=MSN}}</ref> It is currently the second-largest family [[law firm]] in the United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Premiere 24 Family Law Companies To Consider |url=https://www.inven.ai/company-lists/top-24-family-law-companies |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.inven.ai |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Stange Law Firm was founded in [[Clayton, Missouri]] in 2007 with Kirk Stange being a Founding Partner and President.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

For his work with the firm, Stange was named to several lists, including Super Lawyers for Family Law, Missouri Lawyers Media's Weekly POWER List, Lead Counsel Rated for Divorce and [[Family law]] and NAFLA's Top 10 Attorneys for Family Law.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=How the Stange Law Firm Went from a Family Business to a Multi-State Family Law Firm – Grit Daily News |url=https://gritdaily.com/stange-law-firm-multi-state-family-law-firm/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>He has also been invited as a speaker by organizations such as the Missouri Bar, the National Business Institute, and the Eighth Circuit Judicial Conference.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-12 |title=The POWER List 2023: Kirk C. Stange |url=https://molawyersmedia.com/2023/10/12/the-power-list-2023-kirk-c-stange/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Information and Products by this Speaker – Kirk C. Stange {{!}} |url=https://mobarcle.mobar.org/speaker/kirk-stange-521350 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=mobarcle.mobar.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-06 |title=How Kirk Stange Made His Firm Grow From a Small Business to a Multi-State Enterprise |url=https://greyjournal.net/greygang/founder-1-on-1/how-kirk-stange-made-his-firm-grow-from-a-small-business-to-a-multi-state-enterprise/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=GREY Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>Stange is also a published author, contributing to the legal treatises ''Strategies for Family Law'' and ''Strategies for Military Family Law'' and being the sole author of the book ''Prenuptial Agreements Line by Line.''<ref name=":0" />

In a featured piece on the rights of unmarried fathers, the ''St. Louis Post Dispatch'' reported on a seminar held by Stange Law Firm where they offered food and a power point presentation on the legal rights of unmarried fathers and child support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=asultan@post-dispatch.com < 314-340-8300 |first=AISHA SULTAN • |date=2009-09-05 |title=A baby daddy is no daddy in the eyes of the law Dirty Laundry • Unmarried fathers-to-be need to file suit to ensure parental rights. |url=https://www.stltoday.com/life-entertainment/a-baby-daddy-is-no-daddy-in-the-eyes-of-the-law-dirty-laundry-unmarried/article_fa5d3e84-2d0e-51e7-a426-9bb9a80f9b63.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2017 Stange Law Firm and [[Maryville University]] co-sponsored the [[Great Forest Park Balloon Race]] in St. Louis.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-08-02 |title=Maryville to Sponsor Great Forest Park Balloon Race |url=https://www.maryville.edu/mpress/great-forest-park-balloon-race/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=maryville.edu |language=en}}</ref>Stange Law Firm also helped sponsor the 4th Annual Edward Jones – Old Newsboys Charity Polo Match in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=Old Newsboys Charity Polo Match taking place on Saturday, October 1 |url=https://www.ksdk.com/article/entertainment/television/show-me-st-louis/old-newsboys-charity-polo-match-taking-place-on-saturday-october-1/63-b5a8dbfb-016f-4815-8e98-b177aa253581 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=ksdk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024 Stange Law Firm established offices in [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]], Iowa and [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], Indiana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />In addition to these, the firm currently has offices in [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Nebraska]], [[Indiana]] and [[Iowa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Law Firm Real Estate Report - Law360 Real Estate Authority |url=https://www.law360.com/real-estate-authority/articles/1849937/law-firm-real-estate-report |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref>

In total, it has established 25 offices in 7 states.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Law firms]]
[[Category:Law firms of the United States]]
[[Category:Law firms established in 2007]]