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<p>E gitu: /* Culture */</p> <hr /> <div>{{featured article}}<br /> {{India state infobox|<br /> state_name=Tamil Nadu |<br /> image_map=IndiaTamilNadu.png |<br /> capital=[[Chennai]] |<br /> latd = 13.09|longd=80.27|<br /> largest_city=[[Chennai]]|<br /> abbreviation=IN-TN |<br /> official_languages=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|<br /> legislature_type=Unicameral |<br /> legislature_strength=235 |<br /> governor_name=[[Surjith Singh Barnala]] |<br /> chief_minister=[[J Jayalalithaa]] |<br /> established_date=[[1967-07-18]]&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; |<br /> area=130,058 |<br /> area_rank=11 |<br /> area_magnitude=11 |<br /> population_year=2001 |<br /> population=62,110,839 |<br /> population_rank=6 |<br /> population_density=478 |<br /> districts=30 |<br /> website=tn.gov.in |<br /> seal=[[image:Tnlogo.png|center|Seal of Tamil Nadu Government]] |<br /> footnotes=&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; Established in 1773, renamed Tamil Nadu on July 18th 1967[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm] | <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tamil Nadu''' (தமிழ் நாடு, &quot;[[Motherland|Land]] of the [[Tamil people|Tamils]]&quot;) is a [[States and territories of India|state]] at the southern tip of [[India]]. The bordering states/territories are [[Pondicherry]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The island nation of [[Sri Lanka]], which has a significant Tamil minority, lies off the southeast coast.<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu is the second most industrialized state in India. Unlike most other parts of the country, Tamil Nadu gets its rainfall largely from the &quot;North-East monsoon&quot; in the months of October-December.<br /> There is a long standing dispute with [[Karnataka]] over the matter of water from the [[Kaveri River]]. The river flows south from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu, and both regions draw on water from the river, prompting concerns over whether the upper [[riparian]] Karnataka has released its fair share of river water to the lower riparian Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> [[Chennai]], which [[Indian renaming controversy|was known until]] [[1996]] as Madras, is the 4th largest city of India and the state capital. Also known as the auto capital of India, [[Chennai]] is the home of [[Marina Beach]], the second longest beach in the world. [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Tirunelveli]] are other large cities of Tamil Nadu. <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu's recorded history dates back about 6000 years and the origin of its people is closely tied to the debates of the [[Aryan invasion theory]]. Those who uphold this theory favour the view that the Tamils belong to the [[Dravidian race]] and were part of the early [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] settlers. But recent historical evidence<br /> questions the Aryan invasion theory.<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu was constituted by various kingdoms such as that of the [[Pallava]], [[Chera]], the '''[[Chola Empire]]''' and the [[Pandya]].<br /> <br /> The history of the '''Pandyan kingdom''' dates as early as [[6th century BC]]. [[Madurai]] was founded by the first Pandyan king [[Kulasekara]]. The Pandyas excelled in trade and learning. They controlled the present districts of [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], and part of south Kerala. The Pandyas had trading contacts with [[Greece]] and [[Roman commerce|Rome]] and were powerful in their own right, though they were subjugated during various periods by the Pallavas and Cholas.<br /> <br /> The kingdom of the '''Cheras''' comprised of the modern state of [[Kerala]], along the western or [[Malabar Coast]] of southern India. Their proximity to the sea favoured trade with Africa. This region <br /> still boasts of a few Jewish settlers and people of Arab origin. Many Maronite Christians and Syrian Catholics still live in the region.<br /> <br /> ===1st to 9th centuries===<br /> The early '''Cholas''' reigned between [[1st century|1st]] and [[4th century|4th centuries]] A.D. The first and the most famous king of this period was [[Karikalan]], who built the ''[[Kallanai]]'' (''kall'' - stone, ''anai'' - bund), a dam across the [[Kaveri River]], which is considered to be an engineering marvel of that time. The Cholas occupied the present [[Thanjavur]] and [[Tiruchirapalli]] districts and excelled in military exploits. In the height of their glory, the Chola kings had spread their influence as far as Ceylon (SriLanka) in the south and hundreds of kilometers across the northern region. As is common amongst the Tamil kings, the Cholas revelled in building magnificent temples. Brahadeswarer's Temple or more popularly called as the Big temple in Tanjore (Thanjavur)is a classical example of the magnificent architecture of the Chola kingdom.<br /> <br /> Around A.D. 580, the [[Pallava]]s, great temple builders, emerged into prominence and dominated the south for another 150 years. They ruled a large portion of Tamil Nadu with [[Kanchipuram]] as their base. They subjugated the Cholas and reigned as far as [[Sri Lanka]]. Among the greatest Pallava rulers were [[Mahendravarman_l|Mahendravarman I]] and his son [[Narasimhavarman]]. [[Dravidian architecture]] reached its epitome during Pallava rule. The last great Pallava King was Rajasimha, whose death in A.D. 728 ended the glorious days of the Pallavas. Though his successors ruled over smaller territories, the rise of later Cholas ended Pallava domination. The last independent Pallava king [[Aparajitha]] was defeated by [[Aditya Chola]] towards the end of the [[9th century]].<br /> <br /> === 9th to 13th centuries ===<br /> <br /> The Medieval '''Cholas''' again rose to power by the [[9th century]]. Under [[Rajaraja Chola]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]], the Cholas rose as a notable power in [[Asia]]. The '''[[Chola]] Empire''' stretched as far as the Himalaya Mountains and [[West Bengal]]. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular [[South India]], and annexed parts of [[Sri Lanka]] by defeating the Pandyas. Rajendra Chola went beyond, occupying coastal [[Burma]], the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Sumatra]], [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Malaya]] in South East Asia and [[Pegu]] islands with his fleet of ships. He defeated Mahipala, the king of [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]], and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]. Chola armies exacted tribute from Thailand and Cambodia. The power of the Cholas declined around the [[13th century]]. The Cholas were the first Indian empire to engage in naval conquest overseas.<br /> <br /> === [[14th century]] ===<br /> <br /> With the decline of the Cholas, the Pandyas rose to prominence once again in the early [[14th century]]. This was short lived -- they were soon subdued by Muslim [[Khilji]] invaders from the north in [[1316]]. The city of [[Madurai]] was ransacked and completely destroyed. The invasion weakened both the Cholas and Pandyas and led to the establishment of [[Bahmani]] Kingdom in the northern Deccan.<br /> <br /> This 14th century invasion caused a retaliatory reaction from the Hindus, who rallied to build a strong new kingdom, called the [[Vijayanagara empire]]. It absorbed all strongholds of Cholas and other local Hindu rulers to check the Muslims. Governors called [[Nayak]]s were engaged to run different territories of the empire. With [[Hampi]] as the Capital, Vijayanagar Empire was the most prosperous dynasty in the south. But by [[1564]] the empire came to an end at the hands of [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan sultans]] in the [[battle of Talikota]]. The empire was split into many parts and was given to the Nayaks to rule. Tamil Country under the Telugu Nayaks was peaceful and prosperous. The Nayaks of [[Madurai]] and [[Thanjavur]] were most prominent of them all. They reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country. <br /> <br /> === 17th century ===<br /> <br /> Around [[1609]], the [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] established a settlement in [[Pulicat]]. In [[1639]], the [[Kingdom of England|British]], under the [[British East India Company]], established a settlement further south, in present day Chennai. The British used petty quarrels among the provincial rulers ([[divide and rule]]) to expand their sphere of influence.<br /> <br /> The British fought with the various [[Europe]]an powers, notably the [[France|French]] at [[Vandavasi]] (Wandiwash) in [[1760]], and the [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] at [[Tharangambadi]] (Tranquebar), driving the Dutch away entirely, and reducing the French dominions in India to [[Pondicherry]]. The British also fought four [[war]]s with the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] under [[Hyder Ali]] and later his son [[Tipu Sultan]], which led to their eventual domination of India's south. They consolidated southern India into the [[Madras Presidency]].<br /> <br /> Some notable Chieftains or Poligars who fought the British East India Company as it was expanding, were [[Veerapandya Kattabomman]], [[Maruthus]] and [[Pulithevan]].<br /> <br /> === 20th century ===<br /> <br /> When India became independent in [[1947]], [[Madras Presidency]] became Madras State, comprising of present day Tamil Nadu, coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]], northern [[Kerala]], and the southwest coast of [[Karnataka]]. <br /> <br /> The state was subsequently split up along [[linguistics|linguistic]] lines. In [[1953]] the northern districts formed [[Andhra State]], later [[Andhra Pradesh]], and Bellary district was split between Andhra and Mysore states. Under the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of [[1956]], Madras State lost its western coastal districts. [[South Kanara]] District was ceded to [[Mysore state]], and [[Malabar District]] became the northern half of the new [[Malayalam]]-speaking state of [[Kerala]]. The predominantly Tamil-speaking [[Kanyakumari District]], formerly part of the state of [[Travancore-Cochin]], was transferred to Madras. In [[1968]], Madras State was renamed ''[[Tamil Nadu]]'', partly to resist the imposition of [[Hindi]] as a national language by the Central Government.<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu had a [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]] until [[1986]], when it was replaced with a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]], like most other states in India.<br /> <br /> * Number of [[Lok Sabha]] [[Constituency|Constituencies]] : 39<br /> * Number of Assembly Constituencies : 234<br /> <br /> [[List of political parties in India|Regional parties]] have dominated state politics since [[1967]].<br /> One of the earliest regional parties was the South Indian Welfare Association, which was founded in [[1916]]. It came to be known as the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] after the name of its English-language daily, ''Justice''. <br /> <br /> [[E.V. Ramasami Naicker]], popularly known as &quot;Periyar&quot;, renamed the party [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] in [[1944]]. DK was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called [[Dravida Nadu]]. However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and [[Annadurai|C.N. Annadurai]], the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].The DMK decided to enter into politics in [[1956]]. Nineteenth century Western scholars thought that Dravidian speakers were earlier inhabitants of India than the speakers of the [[Indo-Aryan]] languages in the north of the country. It was supposed that the generally darker-skinned Dravidians constituted a distinct [[race]]. This notion corresponded to [[master race|racial hierarchies]] of the time according to which darker skinned peoples were more primitive than light-skinned [[whites]]. Accordingly, Dravidians were envisaged as primitive early inhabitants of India who had been partially displaced and subordinated by more advanced [[Aryans]]. <br /> <br /> This concept has affected thinking in India about racial and regional differences and has informed aspects of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] nationalism, which has at times appropriated the claim that Dravidians are the earliest inhabitants of India in order to argue that other populations were oppressive interlopers from which Dravidians should liberate themselves. The discovery of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] in the 1920s, which was attributed to the displaced Dravidians of the north, further fuelled such Dravidianist ideas since it implied that the Indo-Aryans were uncivilised barbarians rather than a &quot;superior race&quot;.<br /> <br /> Nehru's grant of a seperate state essentially forced Tamil nationalism off stage. Instead Tamil regional parties now fight for access to the centra and between each other. The [[Anti-Hindi agitations]] in mid-[[1960s]] made the DMK more popular and more powerful in the state. The DMK routed the [[Congress Party]] in the [[1967]] elections and took control of the state government, ending Congress's stronghold in Tamil Nadu. [[M Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]] became the party's leader after the death of Annadurai in [[1969]].<br /> <br /> Karunanidhi's leadership was soon challenged by [[MG Ramachandran|M.G. Ramachandran]], popularly known as MGR. in [[1972]], he split from DMK and formed the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). He was the [[Chief Minister]] of the state from [[1977]] until his death in [[1987]]. After the death of MGR, the party split again into two factions, one led by [[Janaki Ramachandran]], wife of MGR, and the other led by [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. After the defeat of AIADMK in [[1989]] assembly polls, both factions were merged and Jayalalithaa took control of the party. She was elected as the General Secretary of the unified AIADMK.<br /> There have been splits in both the DMK and the AIADMK, but since [[1967]] one of those two parties has held power in the state. Currently, the leader of the AIADMK, J. Jayalilathaa, is the Chief Minister of the state.<br /> ''[[:Category:Indian political parties-Tamil Nadu|List of political parties in the state]]''<br /> ''[[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]''<br /> <br /> == Population ==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu's population stood at 62,110,839 as of 00.00 hours of March 1, 2001. It is the sixth most populous State of the Indian Union behind Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. The State accounts for 6.05% of the country's population. Its population density at 478 persons per square kilometre, up from 429 in 1991, and much higher than the all-India density of 324, makes it the eleventh most densely populated State (1991 rank:10) [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1809/18090930.htm]. Approximately 47% of Tamil Nadu's population live in urban areas, one of the highest percentages in India[http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1162466.cms].<br /> <br /> During the decade 1991-2001, Tamil Nadu reported the second lowest decadal growth in population after Kerala, among the group of States with population exceeding 20 million in 2001. While Kerala's population grew by 9.42% between 1991 and 2001, Tamil Nadu's grew by 11.19%. In fact, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Orissa are the only three States in this group to have shown a decline in decadal percentage change in population in every decade since 1971.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Tamil Civilization is one of the oldest in the World. Unique cultural features, like Tanjore paintings, Bharatanatyam and Tamil architecture, give Tamil Nadu a heritage to be proud of. Tamil Chola kings conquered lands as far North as the Himalayas, and as far East as [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]. The world's oldest dam was built across the Kaveri river in Tamil Nadu by King Karikala Chola. Today, the rapidly increasing IT boom in Tamil Nadu cities like Chennai and Coimbatore makes Tamil Nadu the economic hotspot of India. Today, the Tamil Indians preserve their Tamil culture, while being proud Indians and active global citizens.<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of [[literature]], [[music]] and [[dance]] which continue to flourish today. It is one of the most progressive and industrialized states in India. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the official language of Tamil Nadu (as well as one of the official languages of India). <br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu is also home to the large Tamil film industry, producing a huge number of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films each year. [[Chennai]] has often been referred to as [[Kollywood]], a conflation of [[Hollywood]] and [[Kodambakkam]] (the section of [[Chennai]] that houses the cinema related facilities). <br /> <br /> [[Image:Kolam outside a house in tamil nadu.jpg|thumb|Festivals in Tamil Nadu starts with traditional [[kolam]]]]<br /> [[Pongal]], a four-day harvest festival, is the most celebrated festival of Tamil Nadu. It is then followed in importance by [[Diwali]]. [[Tamil New Year]], which generally falls on either April 14 or 15 of the English calendar, is another event of celebration. The first month in the tamil calendar is ''Chittirai''. Apart from these, other national festivals like [[Dasara]], [[Holi]] and [[Vinayaka Chathurthi]] are also celebrated. <br /> <br /> In addition the Velankanni Church and The Nagore mosque stand testimony to the secular and multi-religious nature of the state.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Mahindra city.JPG|right|thumbnail|[[Mahindra city]], [[Chennai]], India's first Corporate Special Economic Zone]]<br /> <br /> Possessing the third largest economy (2004-2005) among states in India, Tamil Nadu is also the second most industrialised state next to Maharastra. [http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/scores.xls] It ranks second in per capita income (2004-2005) among large states. It ranks third in foreign direct investment approvals (cumulative 1991-2002) of Rs.22,582.64 [[crore]] ($5 Billion USD), next only to Maharashtra (Rs.36,602.41 Crore ($8,100 million)) and Delhi (Rs.30,303.79 Crore ($6.7 Billion USD). The State's investment constitutes 9.12% of the total FDI in the country [http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042211030100.htm]. Unlike many other states, the economic resources are quite spread out, rather than concentrated in a small industrialised area.<br /> <br /> <br /> According to the 2001 Census, Tamil Nadu has the highest level of urbanization (43.86%) in India, accounting for 6% of India’s total population and 9.6% of the urban population. Tamil Nadu has a network of about 110 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure[http://www.tidelpark.com/][http://www.itpchennai.com/]. Also, the state government is promoting other industrial parks like Rubber Park, Apparel Parks, Floriculture Park, TICEL Park for Biotechnology [http://www.ticelbiopark.com/], Siruseri IT Park, and Agro Export Zones among others.<br /> <br /> <br /> The Tamil Nadu state government owns the [[Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers]] (TNPL)[http://www.tnpl.co.in/], the world's biggest [[bagasse]] based Paper mills in [[Karur]] as well as the world's sixth largest manufacturer of watches together with [[TATA]], under the brandname of &quot;Titan&quot; [http://www.tata.com/titan/]. 55% of all wind-generated electricity in India is created by windmills in Tamil Nadu. Renowned Danish wind power company [[NEG Micon]] has established its manufacturing unit in Chennai.[http://www.vestas.com/dk/Home/index.asp] <br /> Tamilnadu is leading producer of Cement in India, it is the home for leading cement brands in the country such as Chettinad cements(Karur), [[Dalmia]] cements(Dalmiapuram), Ramco cements (Madras cement ltd.,), etc.,<br /> <br /> <br /> Annual Plan outlays have increased by a record 75% from Rs.5,200 crore ($1.1 Billion USD) in 2001-2 to Rs.9,100 crore ($2 Billion USD) in 2005-6. <br /> <br /> ===Textiles===<br /> <br /> The textile industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy by providing direct employment to an estimated 35 million people, and thereby contributing 4% of GDP and 35% of Gross Export Earnings. The textile sector contributes to 14% of the manufacturing sector. The city of [[Tirupur]], in Tamil Nadu is the largest garment exporter in India and sometimes referred to as [[Textile valley of India]]. In 2004, the export turnover from the town was more than Rs 5,000 Crore ($1,100 million USD). Some 7,000 garment units in the town provides employment opportunity to 1 million people. 56% of India's total knitwear exports come from Tirupur. The Export Import Policy of 2002-2007 acknowledges Tirupur for its contribution to the export efforts. Next to Tirupur, the city of [[Karur]] generates around $300 million USD a year in foreign exchange through home textile exports such as bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens and wall hangings.<br /> [http://in.rediff.com/money/2005/feb/15bspec.htm].<br /> <br /> ===Industry &amp; Manufacturing=== <br /> <br /> Many heavy engineering and manufacturing-based companies are centered around the suburbs of Chennai (nicknamed, &quot;The Detroit of India&quot;). Chennai boasts the presence of global vehicle manufacturing giants like [[Ford]], [[Caterpillar Inc.]], [[Hyundai]], [[BMW]] and [[Mitsubishi]] as well as indigenous companies like [[Madras Rubber Factory|MRF]], [[TI Cycles of India|TI cycles]] of India, [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Royal Enfield]], [[TAFE]](Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited) and [[TVS]]. Everything from automobiles, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorbikes and heavy vehicles are manufactured here.[[Karur]] is known for its bus body building industries where most of the buses used in south India are manufactured.<br /> <br /> The [[Kalpakkam]] Nuclear Power Plant, [[Neyveli]] Lignite Power Plant,[[Vriddachalam]] Ceramics and the [[Narimanam]] Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. As of 2005, Tamil Nadu is one of the few Indian states with surplus power electricity, enabling the electrical authority to sell it to neighbouring states. India's leading steel producer [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]] has a steel plant in Salem, Tamilnadu [http://www.sail.co.in/plant_special_salem.asp].<br /> <br /> Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu. Companies like [[Nokia]], Flextronics and [[Foxconn]] have chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100702790400.htm]. [[Ericsson]] also has an R&amp;D facility in Chennai.<br /> <br /> The town of [[Sivakasi]] is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, and safety matches. It was fondly called as ''Kutty Japan'' or &quot;little [[Japan]]&quot; by Mr.[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. It contributes to 80% of India's production of safety matches as well as 90% of India's total fireworks production. Sivakasi provides over 60% of India's total offset printing solutions and ranks as one of the highest taxpaying towns in India. Sivakasi also is a 100% employed town, putting it in the company of very few towns in India.<br /> <br /> ===Agriculture===<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state, while its advances in other fields launched the state into competition with other areas. Even so, Tamil Nadu is a leading producer of agricultural products in India. Tamil Nadu agriculture is heavily dependent on the river water and Monsoon rains. The perennial rivers are Palar, Cheyyar, Ponnaiyar, [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], Meyar, [[Bhavani]], Amaravati, [[Vaigai]], Chittar &amp; [[Tamaraparani]]. Non-perennial rivers include the Vellar, Noyal, Suruli, Gundar, Vaipar, Valparai and Varshali. <br /> Tamil Nadu is also the leading producer of Kambu, Cholam, Rye, ground nuts, oil, seeds and sugar cane in India. <br /> At present Tamil Nadu is India's second biggest producer of rice, next to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] where there is perennial source of irrigation.[http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/agriculture.htm].<br /> Tamil Nadu is the home to [[M. S. Swaminathan|Dr. M.S. Swaminathan]], known as the &quot;father of the [[Green Revolution]]&quot; in India. [http://www.mssrf.org/index.htm]. The town of Namakkal is also known as the Poulty hub of India.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Software===<br /> <br /> Chennai is the second leading Software exporter in India, after Bangalore. India's largest IT park is housed at Chennai. Software exports from Tamil Nadu rose from Rs.7,600 Crore ($1,600 million) in 2003-04 to Rs.11,000 Crore ($2.4 Billion USD) in 2004-05. [http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/20/stories/2005062013350700.htm]. Chennai is a hub for e-publishing, as there are 47 e-publishing units registered with the STPI in Chennai and 25 in Bangalore. Companies such as [[TCS]], [[Satyam]], [[Infosys]], [[Cognizant Technology Solutions]], [[Covansys]], [[Ford Information Technology]], [[Xansa]], [[Verizon]], [[iSoft]], [[iNautix]], [[Electronic Data Systems]] and many others have offices in Chennai. Infosys Technologies has set up India's largest software development centre to house 25,000 software professionals at an estimated investment of Rs 1,250 Crore ($270 million USD) in Chennai [http://in.rediff.com/money/2004/feb/26infosys.htm]. India's largest IT park is housed at Chennai, jointly made by Ascendas India Ltd, a Singapore-based company engaged in providing business space solutions, and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO)[http://www.elcot.com/itnews/apr05/nie020405.htm].<br /> <br /> '''Businees Process Outsourcing Services'''<br /> <br /> Chennai is now emerging as the most preferred destination for high-end BPOs in financial services, healthcare and other back-office services for multinational companies. Companies like [[Congruent Solutions]] (back-end services for California-based retirement funds), [[Secova eServices]] (HR service provider for US clients), [[Lason India]] (data processing for healthcare and financial services clients in the US) and [[OfficeTiger]] (outsourcing of creative works) have set up centres here to take advantage of Chennai's &quot;quality talent pool and infrastructure&quot;. [[Stanchart]], [[eServe]] (Citibank),[[ABN AMRO]] and [[World Bank]] have also chosen the city for their back-office functions. [http://www.elcot.com/itnews/mar05/net010305.htm]<br /> <br /> '''Knowledge Process Oursourcing'''<br /> <br /> Chennai is also the preferred destination for companies outsourcing their high end knowledge intensive operations. Testimony to this is the presence of major market research companies such as Frost &amp; sullivan and equity research companies such as Irevna in Chennai. This is the next high growth area that Chennai is witnessing<br /> <br /> ==E-Governance==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state in [[E-Governance]] initiatives in India. A large part of the government records like land ownership records are already digitised and all major offices of the state government like land registration offices, and transport offices have been computerized, thereby improving the quality of service and transparency in operations.<br /> <br /> ==Social development==<br /> <br /> The Dravidian movement, which began in Tamil Nadu, claimed to uplift the socially repressed classes, but drew its main support from the middle castes. Educating the people and eradicating superstitions were some of their objectives. They had a commitment to social justice which led to the expansion of reservation for the middle castes (or other backward classes - OBCs) and the lower castes and tribes (the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes). Today many of India's premier educational institutions such as IIT-Madras, Chennai; Anna University; Chennai; Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai; Regional Engineering College, Trichy; Chennai Medical College, Chennai and TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore are some of the many premier instituions of the state. Tamil Nadu has also performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during the decade 1991-2001. The State's literacy rate increased from 62.66% in 1991 to 73.47% in 2001.[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1809/18090930.htm]<br /> <br /> The Mid day Meal Program in Tamil Nadu program, initiated by Kamarajar [[Kamaraj]], was expanded considerably during the rule of the AIADMK in 1983. It feeds over a fifth of the state's population. The other event is &quot;Entry in Vaikkom Temple&quot;<br /> <br /> Magsaysay Award winner from Tamil Nadu<br /> * [[Aruna Roy]], Chennai <br /> * [[Jockin Arputham]], Mumbai <br /> * [[V Shanta|Dr. V Shanta]], Chennai<br /> * [[M. S. Swaminathan|Dr. M.S. Swaminathan]], Chennai<br /> * [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]], Madurai<br /> * [[T.N. Seshan]], Chennai<br /> <br /> ==Districts==<br /> ''Main article: [[Districts of Tamil Nadu]]''<br /> <br /> There are 30 Districts in Tamil Nadu, with Krishnagiri District being the 30th with headquarters at Krishnagiri, by bifurcating the Dharmapuri district<br /> &lt;table&gt;<br /> &lt;tr&gt;<br /> &lt;td width=30%&gt;<br /> *[[Chennai]]<br /> *[[Coimbatore]]<br /> *[[Cuddalore]]<br /> *[[Dharmapuri]]<br /> *[[Dindigul]]<br /> *[[Erode District|Erode]]<br /> *[[Kanchipuram]]<br /> *[[Kanyakumari]]<br /> *[[Karur]]<br /> *[[Krishnagiri]]<br /> *[[Madurai]]<br /> *[[Nagapattinam]]<br /> *[[Namakkal]]<br /> *[[Perambalur]]<br /> *[[Pudukkottai]]<br /> *[[Ramanathapuram]]<br /> *[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]<br /> *[[Sivaganga]]<br /> *[[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]]<br /> *[[The Nilgiris]]<br /> *[[Theni]]<br /> *[[Thoothukudi]]<br /> *[[Tiruchirapalli]]<br /> *[[Tirunelveli]]<br /> *[[Tiruvallur]]<br /> *[[Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> *[[Tiruvarur]]<br /> *[[Vellore]]<br /> *[[Viluppuram]]<br /> *[[Virudhunagar]]<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:right&quot;&gt;[[Image:TamilNaduDistricts.png]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tourism==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Uthirakosamangai temple.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A view of temple tank and gopuram at Uthirakosamangai temple in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India.]]<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu is a land of varied beauty. It is mostly famous for its numerous [[Hindu]] temples based on the [[Dravidian architecture]]. The temples are of a distinct style which is famous for its towering [[Gopuram]]. Popular temple towns include [[Madurai]], [[Trichy]], [[Tanjore]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Palani]], [[Swamithoppe]], [[Tiruvallur]] and [[Mahabalipuram]]. The most famous temple is the [[Brahadeeswara temple]] in [[Thanjavur]] that is about 1000 years old and is on the [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Site]] list. Tamil Nadu also has the [[Navagraha temples]] that are a popular pilgrim circuit. [[Kanyakumari]], the southern most tip of peninsular India, is famous for its distinct and beautiful sunrise, Vivekanda Rock Memorial on the mid-sea, [[Thiruvalluvar]] statue and has some very green hilly landscape and picture-postcard perfect sceneries around the district and [[Nagercoil]]. Hill stations like [[Kodaikanal]] and [[Nilgiris]] boast some of the stunning landscapes in India. The Nilgiris also has one of the two mountain Railways in India and is being evaluated for the [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Site]] list. The [[Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary]] located in [[Gudalur]] near the border of Karnataka known for its elephants, tigers and deer and the Pitchavaram [[Mangrove]] forests located in [[Chidambaram]] are two of the many eco-tourism spots of importance.<br /> <br /> ==Famous Tamilians of Modern era==<br /> '''Politics'''<br /> *[[Thanthai Periyar]]-Founder of Dravida kazhagam<br /> *[[Kamaraj]] - Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1954-63). former President of Indian National Congress<br /> *[[C.N.Annadurai]]- Founding leader of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1949-69); Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (1967-69)<br /> * E.V. Ramasami Naicker (Periyar) - Founding leader of Self Respect Association (1925-38) and Dravidar Kazhagam (1944-73) &lt;!-- Need more info --&gt;<br /> * Dr. [[C Subramaniam]] Bharat Ratna - Political founder of India's [[Green Revolution]]<br /> * [[C. Rajagopalachari]] - The second [[Governor-General]] of independent India, and later, [[Chief Ministers of India|Chief Minister]]<br /> * [[M.G. Ramachandran (MGR)]] - filmstar and founding leader of the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), later renamed the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIDADMK); Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, 1977-87; of Malayali ancestry; nevertheless became the most popular political leader in post-independence Tamil Nadu and an important figure in Tamil popular culture<br /> * [[M. Karunanidhi]] - leader of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (1969-now); Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, 1969-76, 1988-89, 1996-2001<br /> * [[Sellapan Ramanathan]] - The sixth and current [[President of Singapore]]<br /> * [[P. Chidambaram]] - Present [[Finance Minister]] of India<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Science'''<br /> *[[Sir]] [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]] - [[Nobel Laureate]], in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], for his contributions to the [[Raman Effect]]<br /> * [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] - [[Nobel Laureate]], in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], for his contributions to [[Chandrasekhar limit]] ([[astrophysics]])<br /> * Dr APJ [[Abdul Kalam]] - [[President of India]] ([[2005]])<br /> * Dr R. Chidambaram, &quot;Principal scientific advisor&quot; to the government of India and former director of DAE, was a key person in India's nuclear tests.<br /> * Dr S. Kasturirangan, Former director of &quot;ISRO&quot; and present director of National institute of advanced studies (NIAS).<br /> * Dr. [[Sivathanu Pillai]] - Head of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO)<br /> * Dr. [[M. S. Swaminathan]] (Agricultural Scientist) - Scientific founder of India's Green Revolution<br /> * [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] - formerly a [[child prodigy]], he later became known as one of the world's greatest [[mathematician]]s<br /> <br /> '''Sports'''<br /> * [[Viswanathan Anand]] - [[Chess]] [[International Grandmaster|Grandmaster]]<br /> * [[Narain Karthikeyan]] - Only Indian to enter [[Formula One]] [[car racing]]<br /> * [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] - Professional [[tennis]] player<br /> * [[Vijay Amritraj]] - International Tennis Champion, Commentator, Film producer &amp; Actor<br /> * [[Ramesh Krishnan]] - Professional [[tennis]] player<br /> * [[Krishnamachari Srikanth]] - Cricket player and former Indian Team's Captain<br /> * [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]] - ex-Indian Cricket Captain and Test umpire <br /> * [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] - Cricketer <br /> * [[Nasser Hussain]] - former English Cricket Captain <br /> * [[Murugan Thiruchelvam]] - chess player <br /> * [[Dhanraj Pillay]] - Hockey player and Indian Team's captain<br /> <br /> '''Industrialists'''<br /> * [[Shiv Nadar]] - 126th richest person in the world with an estimated personal net worth $3.7 billion. Founder and Chairman of [[Hindustan Computers Ltd.|HCL group]]<br /> * [[M A Chidambaram]] - Industrialist <br /> * [[Indra Nooyi]] - CFO of PepsiCo US <br /> * [[S. Ramadorai]] - CEO of Tata Consultancy Services <br /> * [[R. Chidambaram]] - Scientific Adviser to Prime Minister; ex-Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission <br /> * [[S Dhanabalan]] - Chairman, DBS Bank (Singapore) <br /> * [[J.Y.Pillay]] - Chairman, Singapore Exchange (stock market) <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Arts'''<br /> * [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]] - Noted [[List of Carnatic singers|Carnatic singer]], who had uniqueness of singing in [[UNESCO]] dias.<br /> * [[Subramanya Bharathy]] - Renowned [[poet]], considered the founding figure of modern Tamil poetry; associated with the [[Indian independence movement]]; his poetry and journalistic contributions provided arguments for changing caste relations or dissolving caste boundaries, women's empowerment, improvement of the life conditions of the poor<br /> * Dr. M.S. Udhayamoorthy - Noted [[social worker]], businessman, writer and close friend of arignar Annadurai <br /> * [[Ilayaraaja]] - Film music [[composer]]; composed scores for over 840 films<br /> * [[Sivaji Ganesan]] - [[Actor]] and [[politician]]<br /> * [[Maniratnam]] - Film [[Director]], directed around 17 films including [[Nayagan]], [[Roja]], [[Iruvar]], [[Kannathil Muthamittal]], etc<br /> * [[A. R. Rahman]] - Film Music [[Composer]], one of the talented music directors in India.<br /> * [[Kamal Hasan]] - [[Actor]]<br /> <br /> * [[Bala Pillai]]- Inventor/Producer/Ceo, Thinker, Inventor of Tamil Mind Colonies<br /> <br /> '''Administrators'''<br /> * B. Sivaraman, former Cabinet Secretary<br /> * M.M. Rajendran, former Chief Secretary, Tamil Nadu (1988-91) and former Governor of Orissa (1999-2004)<br /> <br /> '''Cultural icons'''<br /> * Veena Dhanammal <br /> * Rukmini Devi Arundale <br /> * M.S. Subbulakshmi Bharat Ratna awardee <br /> * D. K. Pattammal <br /> * Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, <br /> * Medha Hari, Bharatanatyam dancer <br /> * Bala Murali Krishna<br /> <br /> '''Nobel laureates'''<br /> * Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman <br /> * Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar <br /> <br /> '''Religious'''<br /> * [[Shankaracharya of Kanchi]], Hindu Seer &amp; Spiritual preceptor <br /> <br /> '''Others'''<br /> *[[Velupillai Prabhakaran]] - Leader of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) in [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> * Varadharajan Mudaliar, known as Vardha Bhai; former prominent underworld kingpin <br /> * [[Veerappan]], Sandalwood smuggler and forest brigand<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/scores.xls Tamil Nadu ranks 4th in India as best state.<br /> * http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/bang.xls by indiatoday<br /> * [http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/tamilnad/index.html Tamil Nadu Portal on The Indian Analyst] Detailed information, index of News, Analysis, and Opinion from many sources<br /> <br /> {{India}}<br /> {{Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:States and territories of India]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu|*]]<br /> <br /> [[da:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[de:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[et:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[es:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[fr:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[gu:તમિલનાડૂ]]<br /> [[hi:तमिलनाडू]]<br /> [[kn:ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು]]<br /> [[ka:ტამილნადუ]]<br /> [[ks:तमिलनाडु]]<br /> [[lt:Tamilnadas]]<br /> [[mr:तामीळनाडू]]<br /> [[nl:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[ja:タミル・ナードゥ州]]<br /> [[no:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[nn:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[pt:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[ru:Тамилнад]]<br /> [[sa:तमिलनाडु]]<br /> [[simple:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[fi:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[sv:Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[ta:தமிழ் நாடு]]<br /> [[te:తమిళనాడు]]<br /> [[zh:泰米尔纳德邦]]</div>

E gitu https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narain_Karthikeyan&diff=36932745 2006-01-27T12:07:24Z

<p>E gitu: /* Early career */</p> <hr /> <div>{| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> | [[Image:Narain Karthikeyan.jpg|thumb|220px|Karthikeyan at the [[2005 United States Grand Prix]]]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> {{F1 driver|<br /> Name = Narain Karthikeyan |<br /> Car number = 19 |<br /> Team = [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] |<br /> Races = 16 |<br /> Championships = 0 |<br /> Wins = 0 |<br /> Podiums = 0 |<br /> Poles = 0 |<br /> Fastest laps = 0 |<br /> First race = [[2005 Australian Grand Prix]] |<br /> First win = - |<br /> Last season = 2005 |<br /> Last position = 18th (5 pts) |<br /> }}<br /> |}<br /> '''Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan''' (born [[January 14]], [[1977]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]) is a [[Formula One]] driver. He made his debut in [[2005]] with the [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] team. He is currently a [[Williams F1]] test driver.<br /> He is often given the title of &quot;The Fastest Indian in the World&quot;. <br /> <br /> ==Early career==<br /> Karthikeyan was born in Coimbatore,Tamilnadu and belongs to the PSG group,coimbatore which hails a lot of Racing people.Karthikeyan's interest in motorsport began at an early age, as his father was a former Indian national [[Rallying| rally]] champion. With the ambition of becoming India's first Formula One driver, Karthikeyan finished on the podium in his first ever race, at Sriperumpudur. He then went onto the Elf Winfield Racing School in [[France]], showing his talent by becoming a semi-finalist in the Pilote Elf Competition for Formula Renault cars in [[1992]]. He returned to India to race in Formula Maruti for the [[1993]] season, and in the same year, he also competed in the Formula Vauxhall Junior championship in [[Great Britain]]. This gave him valuable experience in [[Europe|European]] racing, and he was keen to return for the following year.<br /> <br /> In [[1994]], he returned to the [[United Kingdom|UK]], racing in the Formula Ford Zetec series as the number two works Vector driver for the Foundation Racing team. The highlight of the season was a podium finish in a support race for the [[Portuguese Grand Prix]] held at [[Estoril]]. Karthikeyan also took part in the British Formula Ford Winter Series, and became the first Indian to win any championship in Europe. <br /> <br /> [[1995]] saw Karthikeyan graduate to the Formula [[Asia]] Championship for just four races. However, he showed pace immediately and was able to finish second in the race at [[Shah Alam]], [[Malaysia]]. In [[1996]], he had a full season in the series and became the first Indian and the first Asian to win the Formula Asia International series. He moved back to Britain in [[1997]] to compete in the British Formula Opel Championship, taking a [[pole position]] and win at [[Donington Park]] and finishing sixth in the overall points standings.<br /> <br /> In [[1998]], Karthikeyan made his debut in the British [[Formula Three|Formula 3]] Championship with the Carlin Motorsport team. Competing in only 10 rounds, he managed two 3rd place finishes in the final two races of the season, at [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|Spa-Francorchamps]] and [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]], to finish 12th overall. He continued in the championship for [[1999]], finishing on the podium 5 times, including two wins at [[Brands Hatch]]. His season also included two pole positions, three fastest laps and two lap records, helping him to 6th in the championship out of 30 drivers. He also competed in the [[Macau]] Grand Prix, qualifying in 6th position and finishing 6th in the second race. Continuing his drive in the British F3 Championship in [[2000]], he finished 4th overall in the standings, and also took pole position and fastest laps in the Macau Grand Prix. He also won both the International F3 race at Spa-Francorchamps and the [[Korea]]n Super Prix.<br /> <br /> Karthikeyan started [[2001]] in the Formula Nippon F3000 Championship, finishing the year amongst the top ten. In the same year, he became the first Indian to ever drive an F1 car, testing for the [[Jaguar Racing]] team at Silverstone on [[June 14]]. Impressed with his performance, he was then offered a test drive in the [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Honda]] EJ11 at Silverstone in [[September 2001|September]]. Karthikeyan again tested for Jordan, at [[Mugello]] in [[Italy]] on [[October 5]], finishing just half a second off the pace off Jordan's lead driver [[Jean Alesi]].<br /> <br /> In [[2002]], he moved into the Telefonica World Series with Team Tata RC Motorsport, taking a pole position and setting the fastest non-F1 lap time at the [[Interlagos]] Circuit in [[Brazil]]. Moving to the World Series by [[Nissan]] in [[2003]], Karthikeyan won two races and took three other podium positions on his way to 4th overall in the championship. These results earned him other Formula One test drive, this time with the [[Minardi]] team. He was offered a race drive for the [[2004 Formula One season|2004 season]], but was unable to raise the necessary sponsorship funds to seal the deal. During the year, he also married his wife Pavarna.<br /> <br /> He continued in the Nissan World Series in [[2004]], taking wins in [[Valencia]], [[Spain]] and [[Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours|Magny-Cours]], [[France]].<br /> <br /> === Timeline ===<br /> * 2004: Formula Nissan World Series, 6th (RC)<br /> * 2003: Formula Nissan World Series, 4th (Carlin)<br /> * 2002: Formula Nissan World Series, 9th (RC)<br /> * 2001: Formula Nippon, 14th (Impul)<br /> * 2000: British Formula 3, 4th (Stewart)<br /> * 1999: British Formula 3, 6th (Carlin)<br /> * 1998: British Formula 3, 12th (Carlin)<br /> * 1997: British Formula Vauxhall, 8th<br /> * 1996: Formula Asia, Champion<br /> * 1995: Formula Asia (4 races)<br /> * 1994: British Formula Ford Winter Series, Champion<br /> * 1993: Indian Formula Maruti + British Formula Vauxhall Junior<br /> <br /> Teams: [http://www.carlin.co.uk/ Carlin Motorsport], [http://www.rcmotorsport.it/ RC Motorsport], [http://www.impul.co.jp/ Team Impul]<br /> <br /> Championships: [[British Formula Three Championship|British Formula 3]], [[Formula Nippon]], [[Formula Nissan]] (now merged as [[Formula Renault]])<br /> <br /> ==Formula One career==<br /> [[Image:Karthikeyan (Jordan) locking brakes in qualifying at USGP 2005.jpg|thumb|350px|Karthikeyan locking his brakes during qualifying at the [[2005 United States Grand Prix]]]]<br /> On [[February 1]], [[2005]], Karthikeyan announced that he has signed the preliminary deal with [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]] [[Formula One]] team and said that he will be their main driver for the [[2005 Formula One season]], thus making him India's first Formula One racing driver. His partner is the Portuguese driver, [[Tiago Monteiro]]. Karthikeyan completed the necessary testing distance of 300km in an [[Formula One cars|F1 car]] in order to gain his superlicense at the [[Silverstone Circuit]] on [[February 10]]. Both rookies are considered &quot;paying drivers&quot;, i.e. drivers selected not necessarily because of their talent.<br /> <br /> In his first race, the [[2005 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]], Karthikeyan qualified in 12th position, mainly thanks to the changeable [[weather]] conditions, but still over 3 seconds faster than Monteiro. After a poor start which saw him drop to 18th place by the end of the first lap, Karthikeyan finished in 15th, two laps behind winner [[Giancarlo Fisichella]], and nearly a full minute ahead of Monteiro. He achieved his first points in the [[2005 United States Grand Prix]] under farcical circumstances as all but three teams pulled out due to an argument over tyre safety. Karthikeyan finished 4th, beating only the drivers in Formula One's traditional backmarker team, [[Minardi]]. Besides the controversial USGP, Karthikeyan's highest finish was 11th place.<br /> <br /> In a unlucky end to his 2005 season, Karthikeyan crashed his Jordan into a wall at the [[Chinese Grand Prix]] in [[Shanghai]]. Fortunately, he escaped unscathed, able to provide an interview right afterwards.<br /> <br /> Because the Jordan team was taken over and renamed Midland for the [[2006]] season, the management change prompted some doubt over Karthikeyan's future at the team. Near the end of [[2005]], Karthikeyan announced he would not be driving for Midland the following year due to their demand that he pay as much as [[USD]]11.7 million to secure his seat on the team. &quot;There is no way I can raise the kind of money,&quot; he said. He mentioned that &quot;[a]nyway, being a test driver in a good car will allow me to showcase my skills better.&quot;<br /> On December 8th, 2005, Karthikeyan tested for Williams at Spain and finished a respectable 5th, outpacing the confirmed Williams second driver, Nico Rosberg in the FW27C chassis, who finished 9th. <br /> On January 27th, 2006, Williams confirmed Narain as their fourth driver&lt;ref&gt;[http://newsonf1.net/2006/news/01/jan27w.htm Karthikeyan signs with Williams as test driver]&lt;/ref&gt;. He will perform testing duties for the team alongside [[Alexander Wurz]] who was confirmed earlier as the team's third driver.<br /> <br /> Narain Karthikeyan says he has been blown away with the difference between F1's stragglers and a top flight team.<br /> <br /> After spending his rookie year with Midland owned Jordan, the 28-year-old Indian made his test debut for former title winner Williams at Jerez last Tuesday.<br /> <br /> Karthikeyan told the Indian media that the difference between the two cars was 'huge'.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Alex Yoong]] (First Malaysian/Chinese Formula One driver)<br /> * [[Zsolt Baumgartner]] (First Hungarian Formula One driver)<br /> * [[Karun Chandok]] (A1 GP racing driver from India)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *&quot;Indian ace Karthikeyan out next season&quot;. (Nov. 10, 2005). ''[[New Straits Times]]'', p. 42.<br /> [http://newsonf1.net/2006/news/01/jan27w.htm Karthikeyan signs with Williams as test driver]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.narainracing.com/ The official website for Narain Karthikeyan]<br /> * [http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Narain_Karthikeyan Narain Karthikeyan profile and statistics]<br /> * [http://www.mad4f1.com/season-2005/teams-drivers/narain-karthikeyan.htm Profile of Karthikeyan on mad4f1.com]<br /> * [http://www.sportsindia.in/indian-sports/indian-players/formula-one/narain-karthikeyan/ Sports India page on Narain Karthikeyan]<br /> * [http://narainracing.blogspot.com/ Blog on Narain Karthikeyan]<br /> <br /> {{Formula_One_teams}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1977 births|Karthikeyan, Narain]]<br /> [[Category:Indian racecar drivers|Karthikeyan, Narain]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Formula One drivers|Karthikeyan, Narain]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil people|Karthikeyan, Narain]]<br /> <br /> [[de:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[et:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[es:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[fr:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[hi:नारायण कार्तिकेयन]]<br /> [[it:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[nl:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[ja:ナレイン・カーティケヤン]]<br /> [[pl:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[pt:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[fi:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[sv:Narain Karthikeyan]]<br /> [[ta:நாராயண் கார்த்திகேயன்]]<br /> [[zh:纳拉因·卡蒂凯扬]]</div>

E gitu https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Balachander&diff=36931078 2006-01-27T11:46:39Z

<p>E gitu: /* Award wining films */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:balachander.jpg|right|thumb| K.Balachander]]<br /> '''K. Balachander''' is a [[film director|director]], [[writer]], and [[Film producer|producer]] from [[Tamil Nadu]].<br /> He was born in [[1930]] in [[Nannilam]], [[Thanjavur]], [[India]]. Throughout his career, he has encouraged growth in the [[Kollywood| Tamil film industry]] in [[South India]], and introduced many successful actors, such as [[Kamal Hassan]] and [[Rajni Kanth]]. He is a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] award.<br /> <br /> == Landmark films ==<br /> * Ethiroli<br /> * Moonru Mudichu<br /> * 47 Natkal<br /> * Oru Veedu Iru Vaasal<br /> * Paathalae Paravasam<br /> * Kalki<br /> * Azhagan<br /> * Vaaname Ellai<br /> * Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal<br /> * [[Sindhu Bhairavi]]<br /> * Unnaal Mudiyum Thambi<br /> * Punnagai Mannan<br /> * Varumayin Niram Sivappu<br /> * [[Achamillai, Achamillai]]<br /> * [[Thanneer, Thanneer]]<br /> * Ninaithalae Innikkum<br /> * Thillu Mullu<br /> * Manmadha Leelai<br /> * Avargal (1977)<br /> * Aval Oru Thodargathai<br /> * [[Apoorva Raagangal]]<br /> * Arangetram<br /> * Punnagai<br /> * Nootrukku Nooru<br /> * [[Iru Kodugal]]<br /> * Navagiraham<br /> * Mezhuguvarthy<br /> * Naanal<br /> * Servar Sundaram<br /> * Major Chandrakanth<br /> * Neerkkumuzhi (1965)<br /> * Ethir Neechal<br /> <br /> == Award wining films ==<br /> <br /> Four of his films won &quot;Best Regional film&quot; awards at the [[Indian National Film Awards]].<br /> <br /> * [[Iru Kodigal]]<br /> * [[Apoorva Raagangal]]<br /> * [[Thanneer, Thanneer]]<br /> * [[Achamillai, Achamillai]]<br /> <br /> He again joined with kamahassan to do punnagai mannan.It is a movie which one should not have missed in his life time.He depicts a Suicide scene where kamahassan and rekha fall off from the top of Chalakudi falls(This was later called as Punnagai mannan falls).This movie was a bit contraversial as it contained some pro-LTTE dialogues in it.<br /> <br /> When we hear from the legends of rajinikanth and kamahassan,they always say proud of their mentor.They say he is a very good actor too.He has the habit of foreplaying the scenes to the artists.One close friend of balachander is [[Nagesh]]<br /> <br /> ==External link==<br /> <br /> * {{imdb name|id=0049335|name=K. Balachander}}<br /> <br /> {{India-bio-stub}}<br /> {{film-bio-stub}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Padma Shri awardees|Balachander, K.]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil people]]<br /> <br /> [[ta:கே. பாலசந்தர்]]</div>

E gitu https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coimbatore&diff=36927400 2006-01-27T10:57:54Z

<p>E gitu: /* Universities and colleges */</p> <hr /> <div>{{India city infobox |<br /> native_name=Coimbatore |<br /> image_map=WikiprojectIndiacities_coimbatore.png |<br /> latd = 11.01|longd=76.96|<br /> state_name=Tamil Nadu |<br /> district=[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] |<br /> leader_title=Mayor |<br /> leader_name= T. Malaravan |<br /> altitude=411.2 |<br /> population_as_of = 2004 | <br /> population_total = 1,446,000{{fact}} | <br /> population_density = 105.60 |<br /> area_magnitude= |<br /> area_total=105.5 |<br /> area_telephone=91-(0)422|<br /> postal_code= 641001 |<br /> vehicle_code_range= TN 37, TN 38 |<br /> footnotes = | <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Coimbatore''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கோயம்புத்தூர்; [[Hindi]]: कोयंबटूर; [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: േകായമ്പത്തൂ൪) is one of the major industrial cities in South India and is second largest city in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India|South India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of '''Coimbatore District'''. The [[Nilgiri|Nilgiri's]] [[Biosphere Reserve|biosphere reserve]] is an hour's drive from Coimbatore. The nearest major cities are [[Chennai]] 500 km, [[Bangalore]] 335 km and, [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] 250 km. Coimbatore city is well connected by rail, road and air.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Coimbatore [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tamilnadu/coimbatore.htm] is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather, friendly culture and hospitality (Coimbatore is called City of Hospitality). There is a significant minority of people of North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore, giving it a cosmopolitan outlook. People here are highly enterprising and industrious, which is one of the reasons cited for its phenomenal industrial growth.<br /> <br /> Languages spoken: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]],[[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. Tamil spoken here is called [[Kongu Tamil]].<br /> <br /> Pollachi, a vibrant and fast expanding town, 40km from Coimbatore, was known to the Romans of Caesar's day for its amazing spices, as is evidenced by numerous Roman coins from that epoch unearthed in Coimbatore district.<br /> <br /> == Local Websites ==<br /> <br /> http://www.kovaionline.com | http://www.kovainews.com | http://www.coimbatoreinfo.com | http://www.kovaijobs.com<br /> <br /> ==Industry==<br /> [[Sir Robert Stanes]], [[P.S.G &amp; Sons Charities]], [[G. D. Naidu]], [[Nachimuthu Gounder]] are some of the great people responsible for the industrial revolution in Coimbatore. Coimbatore is known as ''Manchester of South India'' and is a leading producer of Textile Yarn and Machinery.<br /> <br /> Coimbatore is a busy city with a good business infrastructure, ([[telecom]], [[electrical power|power]], [[roads]], [[airport]], [[Rail transport|rail]], highly skilled manpower and less [[pollution]]). Coimbatore is a major city on the road and rail routes connecting three states - [[Karnataka]], [[Tamilnadu]] and [[Kerala]]. Leading Indian banks have branches in Coimbatore. The city is rated among the top ten places to do business in India by ''Business Today''. Coimbatore is now developing into a major poultry hub in India. Major poultry industries are concentrated around [http://www.coimbatore.com/palladam/abtpal.htm Palladam], Pongalur and [http://www.coimbatore.com/udumalpet/about.htm Udumalpet]. <br /> <br /> The city also has number of speciality hospitals and is developing into a healthcare centre. Its also the home of Corpus Labs.<br /> <br /> '''Major industries'''<br /> *[[Textiles]]<br /> *[[Textile Machinery]] <br /> *[[Wet grinder]]s<br /> *[[Auto ancillary]]<br /> *[[Automobile R&amp;D]]<br /> *[[Motor pumps]]<br /> *[[Knits|Knitwear]] <br /> *[[Jewelry]]<br /> *Poultry<br /> *Engineering and Allied Industries<br /> *[[BPO]] and [[Information Technology|IT]]<br /> <br /> The software and outsourcing industry in Coimbatore has been growing at a rapid pace in recent years. The major advantage of Coimbatore is its skilled knowledge pool. There are about 10 top notch engineering colleges in and around the city, which churn out more than 2000 engineers every year. As early as 1998, KG Information Systems Private Limited (KGISL) [[http://www.kgisl.com]] played a pioneering role in setting up the first large-scale medical transcription facility at KG Campus, Saravanampatti, 12Km from Coimbatore. In 2005, KG's MT operations was acquired by the Manila-based SPi Technologies, a world leader in online content publishing.<br /> <br /> Since then, IT companies elsewhere are showing great interest to leverage this skilled society by starting their operations here. Recently US majors [[Cognizant]] and [[Spheris]] have launched their operations at the 100,000 ft² (9,000 m²) STPI-IT Park [http://www.kct.ac.in/stpi/stpi.html] located inside the KCT campus. Pradot Technologies and 365 media are others to name some. The outsourcing industry of the city is set to touch $100 million by this year. The Tamilnadu government has plans to develop an IT park here in a couple of months. Other advantages of Coimbatore include its lowest [[attrition]] rate, which is the biggest issue of software companies in India.<br /> *Agriculture<br /> <br /> *[[Motor Sports]]<br /> Coimbatore is no doubt the motor sports hub of India, with several national champions, designers, and tuners coming from this city. Also this city has a motor sport tradition of over 50 years. The Gem of the lot is none but Narain Karthikeyan. Other Notables from this city are:<br /> <br /> *7 Time National Rally Champ N. Leelakrishnan<br /> *4 Time National Rally Champ Naren Kumar<br /> *3 Times National F3 Grand Prix winner J. Anand<br /> *R. Gopinath, F3 National Champion and Founder of SpitFire Motorsports <br /> *Car Constructor and National Champion, the late S. Karivardhan <br /> *B. Vijay Kumar&amp;mdash;yesteryears Fiat Champion and Kari Speedway &amp; LG sports founder<br /> *G.R.Karthikeyan&amp;mdash;seven times South India Rally winner<br /> <br /> Today the motor sports people in the city work closely with various other companies in India and Worldwide offering their expertise. <br /> <br /> *[[Hosiery]]: [[Tirupur]] in Coimbatore district is famous for its hosiery products. Tiruppur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery, knitted garments, casual wear and sports wear. Tiruppur is an important trade center of India and is a major source of foreign exchange because of its exports. The city accounts for 90% of India's cotton knitwear export, worth an estimated US$1,000,000,000. Tiruppur is a traditional centre for [[cotton gin]]ing.<br /> <br /> ==People and culture==<br /> The people of Coimbatore are known for their hospitality and are well educated and polite. The city is a multicultural society with lot of Telugu and Malayalam speaking people. Also Kannadigas, Rajasthanis, and Gujrathis are found in large numbers. <br /> <br /> Coimbatore has been a major center for higher education from the early 1900s. Coimbatore has an Agricultural University, several Government and private engineering colleges, two medical colleges and a number of science and arts colleges. The most famous is the P.S.G College of Technology whose annual Design Data Book is the engineering industry's bible.<br /> <br /> The major food is [[rice]] based south Indian dishes (often spicy) like Boiled Rice, [[Idly]], [[Dosa]], [[Pongal]] etc. North Indian foods like [[Chappathi]], [[Roti]], [[Biriyani]], [[Naan]] are also available in most restaurants and eateries. Coimbatore also has several Chinese restaurants, continental food restaurants and [[fast food]] restaurants.<br /> <br /> The major religion is [[Hinduism]], though [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]] are also prominent here. The headquarters of Isha Foundation [http://www.ishafoundation.org] (Founded by Sadguru Jaggi Vasudev) is situated in the nearby Velliangiri Hill. Various meditation centers like the Osho meditation center and the meditation center of Swami Satchidhananda, of Lotus temple fame, are also present.<br /> <br /> Cinema, shopping and go-carting are popular recreational activities. There is a golf club at Pollachi road (exactly at Chettipalayam). The Kari Motor Highway is a racing heaven for autosport enthusiasts. There are two go-carting centers, one in Thudiyalur and another on Avanashi Road. Then there is Kasturi Srinivasan Cultural Center which exhibits rare arts and also has a Textile Museum.<br /> <br /> ==Universities and colleges==<br /> [[Image:tnagri_varsity.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore]]<br /> * [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] (TNAU) [http://www.tnau.ac.in/]<br /> * [[Bharathiar University]] [http://www.b-u.ac.in]<br /> * [[Avinashilingam Deemed University]]<br /> * [[Government College of Technology]]<br /> * [[PSG College of Technology]] [http://www.psgtech.edu/]<br /> * [[Coimbatore Institute of Technology]]<br /> * [[Kumaraguru College of Technology]](KCT) <br /> * [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]<br /> * [[Sri Krishna College of Engineering &amp; Technology]] (SKCET) [http://www.skcet.ac.in/]<br /> * [[Park College of Engineering &amp; Technology]] (PCET) [http://www.pcet.ac.in/]<br /> * [[Government Law College, Coimbatore]]<br /> * [[PSG College of Arts and Science]] (PSG CAS) [http://www.psgarts.net]<br /> * KonguNadu Arts and Science College [http://www.mafoi.com]<br /> * [[V.L.B Janakiammal College of Engineering and Technology]]<br /> * Forest College University<br /> * PSGR Krishnammal College for Women [http://www.coimbatore.net/education/krishnamalcollege.html]<br /> * [[Sri RamaKrishna Mission Vidyalaya]][Contains 16 institutions][Founded by Gandhiji] <br /> <br /> * [[Maharaja Engineering College]] (MEC) [http://www.coimbatore.com/schoolsandcolleges/college/maharajaengg.htm]<br /> There are numerous other colleges. Coimbatore is particularly famous for its engineering colleges.<br /> Students from all over Tamil Nadu come to Coimbatore to pursue their higher education. There is also a growing number of students from neighbouring states, as well as foreign exchange students.<br /> <br /> ==Famous people from Coimbatore==<br /> *Shri.Tirupur Kumaran, [[Freedom Fighter]] Indian National Congress freedom fighter.<br /> <br /> *Mr.P.S.Govindaswamy Naidu, [[Charities]] Founder P.S.G. &amp; Sons Charities<br /> <br /> *Sir Robert Stanes, [[entrepreneur]] First Textile Mill in City and founder of Notable Charities &amp; Industries<br /> <br /> *[[Dheeran Chinnamalai]], Kongu prince, who fought for Independence of India.<br /> <br /> *[[G. D. Naidu]], who contributed in electronics, mechanical, agricultural and automobile engineering. <br /> <br /> *[[B.Jayachandran]], Automobile Technocrat,designed and manufactured India's first indegeniously developed Diesel Engines for Cars.<br /> <br /> *[[Mrs. Nandini Rajendran]], renowned Social Worker of South India, Ex Honorary Chairperson, TamilNadu Social Welfare Board.<br /> <br /> *[[Nachimuthu Gounder]] and family who started transportation and agriculture based industries.<br /> <br /> *[[Cavalier G K Devarajulu (GKD)]], founder of LMW &amp; Lakshmi Group<br /> <br /> *[[G.K.Sundaram]], Industrialist<br /> <br /> *[[Dr. B.K.Krishnaraj Vanavarayar]], Industrialist<br /> <br /> *[[Dr.N.Mahalingam]], Industrialist/philosopher<br /> <br /> *[[Dr G Bakthavathsalam]], Padma Shri Awardee (2005), Chairman, KG Hospital [[http://www.kghospital.org]]<br /> <br /> *M.P. Periasamy Thooran [http://www.geocities.com/promiserani2/co1061.html] [http://www.geocities.com/pthooran/] [http://entertainment.vsnl.com/thooran/Thooran_Biography.html], Tamil poet<br /> <br /> *[[Nirupama Vaidyanathan]], tennis player<br /> <br /> *[[Adam Sinclair]], Olympic hockey player<br /> <br /> *[[S.Karivardhan]], [[motor sport]] pioneer of India <br /> <br /> *Mr.Sriramulu Naidu, [[film studio]] founder <br /> <br /> *[[Narain Karthikeyan]], the first Indian on the [[Formula 1]] circuit <br /> <br /> *[[Sivakumar]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]] cinema actor <br /> <br /> *[[SathyaRaj]], Tamil cinema actor <br /> <br /> *[[Raghuvaran]], Tamil cinema actor <br /> <br /> *[[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Tamil cinema actor <br /> <br /> *[[Suriya]] cine actor son of Sivakumar<br /> <br /> *[[BakyaRaj]], Tamil cine actor, cinema director, writer, publisher<br /> <br /> *[[Dr.A.Velumani]], A Scientist, entrepreneur and writer.<br /> <br /> *[[Dr. Vasantha Kumar ]], A Academician, Entrepreneur, Industrialist.<br /> <br /> *[[Mr. Bharanidharan ]], A Growing Entrepreneur.<br /> <br /> ==Flora and fauna==<br /> <br /> The [[Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary]] [http://www.webindia123.com/tamilnadu/Tourism/coimba.htm] is situated at an altitude of 1,400 metres in the [[Western Ghats]] near Pollachi, about 90 km from Coimbatore. The Anamalai wildlife sanctuary covers an area of 958 km². Animals like the [[tiger]], [[elephant]], [[Nilgiri Tahr]], [[sloth bear]], black headed [[oriole]] can be seen here.<br /> Coimbatore also enjoys close proximity with the Mudumalai Wildlife sanctuary (renowned for its elephant rides) and the famed Silent Valley National Park, which is a birdwatchers' paradise.<br /> <br /> ==Tourist spots== <br /> <br /> The major tourist spots are <br /> *Perur Temple[http://www.covai.com/temples/perur.htm] <br /> *Then Tirumalai, Sirumugai, Mettupalayam [http://www.thenthirumalai.com/temple.htm]<br /> *Kovai Kutralam <br /> *[[Marudamalai|Marudhamalai Murugan Temple]]<br /> *Top Slip (wildlife sanctuary) <br /> *Coonor (hill station)<br /> *Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary and <br /> *[[Ootacamund|Ooty]] (hill resort)<br /> *Eachanari Vinayaka Temple<br /> *Kovai Kutralam water falls at Siruvani, 37 km from Coimbatore city.<br /> *Vithekey Falls Near semeadu<br /> *Sivan Temple At Poondi<br /> *Kovai Kondattam Water Theme Park at Perur<br /> *Black Thunder Water Theme Park At Mettupalayam<br /> *Thirumoorthi hills<br /> *Dynalinga, Isha Center, Velliangiri Hills [http://www.ishafoundation.org/yogacenter/default.asp?id=2]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> ===Official===<br /> *[http://www.pariharam.com Coimbatore Echanari ganesh Temple]<br /> <br /> *[http://www.coimbatore.tn.nic.in/ Coimbatore District Administration] - Information about Coimbatore District with [http://www.coimbatore.tn.nic.in/history.html history], profile, etc<br /> *[http://www.coimbatore-corporation.com/ Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]<br /> *[http://www.coimbatore.bsnl.co.in/ BSNL Coimbatore WebSite] - [[BSNL]]'s website with services like [http://coimbatore.bsnl.co.in/direnquiry.asp Telephone Directory], etc<br /> *[http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Coimbatore.aspx?CatId=C1&amp;SubCat1Id=C1S1&amp;SubCat2Id=C1S1S3 Coimbatore - Manchester of South India] - Tourism related information about Coimbatore from Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Ltd (TTDC)<br /> *[http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/governmentlawcollegecoimbatore/ Government law college, Coimbatore]<br /> <br /> ===Other===<br /> *[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tamilnadu/coimbatore.htm Map of Coimbatore City]<br /> *[http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/43321.html Current Weather at Coimbatore]<br /> *[http://www.qwikcast.com/cgi-bin/forecast.cgi?zip=Coimbatore,IN Another Weather report]<br /> *[http://www.qwikcast.com/cgi-bin/regionstate.cgi?cregion=IN&amp;dtype=satellite Satellite Picture]<br /> *[http://wikitravel.org/en/Coimbatore Coimbatore at Wikitravel]<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu}}<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category: Districts of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> &lt;!-- The below are interlanguage links. --&gt;<br /> <br /> [[de:Coimbatore]]<br /> [[nl:Coimbatore]]<br /> [[pt:Coimbatore]]<br /> [[sv:Coimbatore]]<br /> [[ta:கோயம்புத்தூர்]]<br /> [[ru:Коямпуттур]]</div>

E gitu https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Haasan&diff=36924088 2006-01-27T10:13:23Z

<p>E gitu: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Haasan2.jpg|thumb|right|Kamal Haasan]]<br /> <br /> '''Kamal Haasan''' (b. [[November 7]], [[1954]], [[Paramakkudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]) is a well known [[India|Indian]] [[movie star]] working mainly in the [[South Indian film industry]]. He has acted in movies made in four of the major South Indian languages - [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language| Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] and has made inroads into the North Indian movie industry via Hindi films as well. He has been awarded the fourth highest recognition given to Indian civilians - the [[Padmashri]] in [[1992]]. He has been conferred an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] by [[Sathyabama Deemed University]], Chennai in 2005.&lt;sup&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/24spice.htm]&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Kamal Haasan was born to Srinivasan and Rajalakshmi as the fourth and youngest child in his family. He came to the film world as a child artiste at the age of four and has been associated with the film world almost uninterrupted since then. After a succesful career as a child artiste, Kamal went through his early years focusing more on learning finearts than school work. As a teenager, he started working as an assistant choreographer in movies and it was during this time that his long and fruitful association with notable Tamil film doyen, [[K. Balachander]] began. A self-professed film buff, Kamal has been regarded as a trendsetter by many. Along with his contemporary, [[Rajinikanth]], the two are recognized as two of the most prominent stars in [[Kollywood]] (a term used to refer to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film world - a la [[Hollywood]]) following their predecessors, [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]].<br /> <br /> {{expandsect}}<br /> <br /> ==Acting career==<br /> {{expandsect}}<br /> <br /> Kamal Haasan made his screen debut with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]'' at the age of 5. ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'', in which he co-acted with [[Rajinikanth]], established him as a popular actor. However, he got his break with [[K. Balachander]]'s [[Telugu]] hit ''Maro Charithra''. Besides Tamil, he has also performed in movies in the [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<br /> <br /> He started his film career with an interest in movie direction, but under the influence of his mentors turned to acting. He did a few commercial movies for a major part of his career, and then slowly changed his style. His skills in filming were technical and exhaustive. He is also a trained [[playback singer]] (sometimes moonlighting as a lyricist as well in his more recent films), and [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer. <br /> <br /> He has played a wide range of characters including:<br /> * an angry young man in 'Punnagai Mannan'<br /> * a [[ventriloquist]] in ''Antu leni Katha'' (Endless Story).<br /> * an under-world don in ''[[Nayagan]]'' (Leader). [[Maniratnam]], who also happens to be his niece [[Suhasini]]'s husband, directed this movie.<br /> * a anti-bribery freedom fighter in ''Indian''. Here he played dual roles. One of the characters was that of a classic old aged man and won the National Award for Best Male Actor.<br /> * a classical dancer in ''[[Saagara Sangamam]]'' (Tryst with the Infinite).<br /> * a blind violinist in ''Raajaparvai''. This was his first screenplay.<br /> * a dwarf clown in ''Apoorva Sahodaragal''. This film was also his screenplay.<br /> * a mentally challenged man in ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]'' (Rare gem).<br /> * an epic character to have lived with ''Mahatma Gandhi'' in ''[[Hey Ram]]''.<br /> * a Sandiyar (Fighter) in ''Virumaandi''. This film was also directed by Kamal Haasan.<br /> * a mentally retarded character in ''Guna''.<br /> * a police officer against terrorism in ''Kurudhi Punal''.<br /> * a normal youth turned villager in ''Thevar magan'', written and produced by Kamal.<br /> * an altruistic cripple in ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''.<br /> [[Image:kamalhasan3.jpg|thumb|right|Kamal Haasan with Madhavan in Anbe Sivam]]<br /> * a... woman in ''Avvai Shanmughi''.<br /> * a pair of twins (a Chronic Depressive Psychopath Serial Killer) in Aalavandhan<br /> * as quadruplets in the path breaking comedy &quot;Michael Madan Kama Rajan&quot; <br /> * as a corrupted politician in &quot;Indiran Chandiran &quot;<br /> * as a immigrant from [[Sri Lanka]] affected with all kind of phobias in ''Thenali''<br /> * an unemployed youth who chances upon a week of opulence in &quot;Pushpak - the silent movie&quot;<br /> * a deaf circus stunt man in 'Mumbai Xpress'<br /> * a flirtatious pilot in the comedy caper 'Panchatantrum'<br /> <br /> Each and every movie he has acted has something for the filmdom to learn.All the aboce that has been listed are just names and gives us just the outline,but inreality each deserves enormous applause.<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> He is a three time winner of the Indian National award for best actor for the films ''Nayagan'', ''Moonram Pirai'', and ''Indian''. He has also received the best actor award at the Asian Film festivals held in [[1983]] and [[1985]] for ''[[Saagara Sangamam]]'' and ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]'' respectively. Seven of his movies have been sent as [[List of India's official entries to the Oscars|India's official entry to the Oscars]], more than any other person. He holds the record for the most Film Fare awards (18) - the Indian equivalent of the Academy Awards. Recently, Kamal Haasan was honoured when his self-directed venture titled &quot;Virumaandi&quot; won the International Asian Film of the Year 2004. In 2005, he was again honoured when [[Time magazine]] listed &quot;Nayagan&quot; as one of the Top 100 movies of all time. He is one of the most versatile and finest actors India had ever produced.<br /> <br /> ==Career as a film producer==<br /> He has also involved himself in film production. He wrote screenplays for several of his films and ventured into film direction with ''[[Hey Ram]]'', a film depicting the conflict between revolutionaries and proponents of non-violence during the [[Indian independence movement]]. The film is also remembered for depicting the flashback in colour and the present day events in [[black and white]].<br /> <br /> [[Image:Abhay2.jpg|thumb|right|Kamal Haasan as a Serial Killer in Aalavandhan]]<br /> <br /> Kamal Hassan renamed his recent venture ''Sandiyar'' to ''Virumandi'' owing to a protest from a community in Tamil Nadu. He then acted in &quot;Vasool Raja M.B.B.S&quot;, a remake of Vidhu Vinod Chopra's &quot;Munnabhai M.B.B.S&quot;. Both &quot;Virumandi&quot; and &quot;Vasool Raja&quot; were successes. Kamal then acted in a home production titled &quot;Mumbai Xpress&quot;. It was bilingual (Hindi and Tamil) and was directed by long time friend Singeetham Srinivasa Rao. The film was successful only at some centres. Kamal then signed a film directed by Gautham titled &quot;Vettayadu Villayadu&quot;. The shooting of the film has been going on since mid-July. It is a crime thriller &amp;ndash; a genre Kamal last attempted in 1995 with &quot;Kuruthipunal&quot;.<br /> <br /> His magnum opus, a tentatively halted work-in-progress, is ''Maruda Naayagam'', a [[period film]] set in 17th or 18th century Madurai about a warrior/freedom fighter Yusuf Khan Sahib. The film is notable as it was inaugurated by Her Majesty [[Queen Elizabeth II]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> <br /> He is a self-professed [[rationalist]], [[atheist]], [[activist]], and a follower of [[Periyar]]. Some of his movies, especially ''Anbe Sivam'', have put forward his atheistic views. <br /> <br /> Kamal is the first actor to turn his fan club into a service organization. Though born to an affluent [[Iyengar]] family, he denied his [[caste]] identity. Along with his daughter, Kamal has donated his eyes and also offered his body for research after his death, the first Indian [[celebrity]] to do so. He was the first Indian actor to promise that he will not act in scenes that portray smoking.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ''Filmography as: Actor, Producer, Writer, Miscellaneous Crew, Director, Himself''<br /> [[Image:virumandi.jpg|thumb|right|Kamalhassan in Virumandi]]<br /> ===Actor - filmography===<br /> ====In Production====<br /> *Dasavadaram (2006)(announced)<br /> *Vetayadu Vilayadu (2005) (filming)<br /> <br /> ====2000s====<br /> *Rama shama Bama (2005)(Kannada) .....Remake Sathi Leelavathi(Tamil) <br /> *Mumbai Express (2005) .... Avinash/Mumbai Express<br /> *Vasoolraja M.B.B.S (2004) .... Vasool Raja <br /> *Virumandi (2004) .... Virumandi <br /> *Anbe Sivam (2003) .... Nallasivam <br /> *Pammal K. Sambandam (2002) .... Pammal K. Sambandam <br /> *Panchatanthiram (2002) .... Ram <br /> *Aalavandhan (2001) .... Abhay Kumar/Major Vijaykumar<br /> *... aka Abhay (India: Hindi title: dubbed version) <br /> *Paarthale Paravasam (2001) .... Guest appearance<br /> *... aka Paravasam (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *Thenali (2000) .... Tenali Soman <br /> *Hey Ram (2000) (as Kamal Haasan) .... Saketh Ram <br /> *Marudha Naayagam (2000) .... Marudha Naayagam (not released)<br /> <br /> ====1990s====<br /> [[Image:indian_kamal.jpg|thumb|right|Kamal in Indian]]<br /> *Chachi 420 (1998) (as Padmashri Kamal Haasan) .... Jaiprakash Paswan/Laxmi Godbhole <br /> *Indian (1996) .... Senapathy/Chandra Bose<br /> *... aka Bharateeyudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka Hindustani <br /> *Avvai Shanmugi (1996) .... Pandyan/Avvai Shanmugi<br /> *... aka Bhamane... Satyabhamane (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *Kuruthipunal (1996) <br /> *... aka Drohi (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *Nammavar (1995) .... Selvan <br /> *Sathi Leelavathi (1995) .... Shaktivel<br /> *... aka Sathy Leevathy (India: Tamil title: alternative transliteration) <br /> *Subha Sankalpam (1995) .... Dasu <br /> *Magalir Mattum (1994) .... Boss from Head Office<br /> *.. aka Aadavaallaku Maatram (India: Telugu title) <br /> *Kalaignan (1993) .... Indrajeet <br /> *Mahanadi (1993) .... Krishnaswamy<br /> *... aka Maha Nadhi (India: Tamil title: alternative transliteration) <br /> *Maharasan (1993) <br /> *Guna (1992) .... Guna <br /> *Singaaravelan (1992) .... Singaaravelan<br /> *Thevar Magan (1992) .... Shaktivelu<br /> *... aka Kshatriya Putrudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka The Chieftain's Son <br /> *Michael Madana Kamarajan (1991) .... Michael, Madan, Kameshwaran, Subramaniya Raju<br /> *... aka Micheal Madana Kamaraju (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *My Dear Marthandan (1990) .... (Guest Appearance).<br /> <br /> ====1980s====<br /> [[Image:nayakan.jpg|thumb|Kamal in Nayakan]]<br /> *Apoorva Sahodarargal (1989) .... Raghupathy/Appu/Raja<br /> *... aka Apoorva Sahodarulu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka Appu Raja (India: Hindi title) <br /> *Chanakyan (1989) .... Johnson <br /> *Indrudu Chandrudu (1989) .... Mayor Rayudu/Chandran<br /> *... aka Indran Chandran (India: Tamil title) <br /> *Daisy (1988) <br /> *Pushpak (1988) .... Unemployed graduate<br /> *... aka Pushpaka Vimanam (India: Telugu title) <br /> *... aka Pesum Padam (India: Tamil title) <br /> *... aka Pushpaka Vimana (India: Kannada title) <br /> *... aka The Love Chariot (India: English title) <br /> *Soora Samhaaram (1988) <br /> *Unnal Mudiyum Thambi (1988) .... Udhayamoorthi<br /> *... aka Brother, It Is Possible! <br /> *Kaadhal Parisu (1987) <br /> *Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu (1987) <br /> *[[Nayagan]] (1987) .... Shaktivelu/ Velu Nayakan<br /> *... aka Hero <br /> *... aka Nayakudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka Velu-Nayakan (India: Hindi title: dubbed version) <br /> *Per Sollum Pillai (1987) <br /> *Vetri Vizha (1987) <br /> *Vrutham (1987) <br /> *December Pookkal (1986) <br /> *Naanum Oru Thozhilaali (1986) <br /> *Punnagai Mannan (1986) <br /> *... aka Smiling Prince <br /> *Vikram (1986) .... Vikram <br /> *Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1985) <br /> *Andha Oru Nimidam (1985) <br /> *Geraftaar (1985) .... Kishan Kumar Khanna <br /> *Kaakki Sattai (1985) <br /> *Mangamma Sabatham (1985) <br /> *Saagar (1985) .... Raja <br /> *Swathi Muthyam (1985) .... Sivayya<br /> *... aka Sippikkul Muthu (India: Tamil title: dubbed version) <br /> *Ek Nai Paheli (1984) .... Sandeep<br /> *... aka A New Puzzle <br /> *Enakkul Oruvan (1984) <br /> *Jappanil Kalyanaraman (1984) <br /> *Oru Kaidhiyin Diary (1984) <br /> *... aka The Diary of a Prisoner <br /> *Raaj Tilak (1984) .... Suraj <br /> *Yaadgaar (1984) <br /> *Yeh Desh (1984) .... Inpsector Mathur <br /> *Moondram Pirai (1983) .... Teacher<br /> *... aka Vasantha Kokila (India: Telugu title) <br /> *Poikkal Kuthirai (1983) <br /> *... aka The Horse Dance <br /> *Sadma (1983) .... Somu <br /> *Sagara Sangamam (1983) .... KamalHassan<br /> *... aka Salangai Oli (India: Tamil title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka The Confluence <br /> *Thoongathey Tambi Thoongathey (1983) <br /> *Zara Si Zindagi (1983) <br /> *... aka A Short Life <br /> *Afsana Do Dilon Ka (1982) (as Kamal Haasan) <br /> *Agni Sakshi (1982) <br /> *Dil Ka Sathi Dil (1982) (as Kamal Haasan) <br /> *Pyara Tarana (1982) <br /> *... aka The Beloved Melody <br /> *Raniththeni (1982) <br /> *Sakala Kala Vallavan (1982) <br /> *Sanam Teri Kasam (1982) .... Sunny<br /> *... aka I Swear by My Beloved <br /> *... aka Paadagan (India: Tamil title: dubbed version) <br /> *Simla Special (1982) <br /> *Vazhve Mayam (1982) <br /> *Yeh To Kamaal Ho Gaya (1982) <br /> *Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981) .... Vaasu<br /> *... aka Made for Each Other <br /> *Aakali Rajyam (1981) <br /> *... aka The Land of Hunger (India: English title) <br /> *Do Dil Diwane (1981) <br /> *Ellaam Inbamayam (1981) <br /> *Kadal Meengal (1981) <br /> *Meendum Kokila (1981) <br /> *Raaja Paarvai (1981) .... Blind Musician<br /> *... aka Amavasya Chandrudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *Rama Lakshman (1981) <br /> *Savaal (1981) <br /> *Shankarlal (1981) <br /> *Thillu Mullu (1981) .... (Guest Appearance) <br /> *Tik Tik Tik (1981) <br /> *Guru (1980) <br /> *Maria My Darling (1980/I) <br /> *Natchatiram (1980) <br /> *Ullasa Paravaigal (1980) <br /> *Varumayin Niram Sigappu (1980)<br /> <br /> ====1970s====<br /> *Idi Kathakaadu (1979) <br /> *Alavuddinum Athbutha Vilakkum (1979) .... Alauddin<br /> *... aka Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (India: English title) <br /> *... aka Allavudeenum Albutha Velakkum (India: Malayalam title: alternative transliteration) <br /> *... aka Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum (India: Tamil title) <br /> *Azhiyatha Kolangal (1979) <br /> *Kalyanaraman (1979) .... Kalyanaraman and his brother<br /> *... aka Kalyana Raman (India: Malayalam title: alternative transliteration) <br /> *Neela Malargal (1979) <br /> *Neeya (1979) <br /> *Ninaithale Inikkum (1979) <br /> *Sigappukkal Mookuthi (1979) <br /> *Thai Illamal Naan Illai (1979) <br /> *Yerra Gulabi (1979) <br /> *Aval Appadithaan (1978) .... Arun <br /> *Chattam En Kaiyil (1978) <br /> *... aka Sattam En Kayyil (India: Tamil title: alternative transliteration) <br /> *Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu (1978) <br /> *... aka Elamai Vunjaladugiradhu (India: Tamil title: alternative *transliteration) <br /> *Madanolsavam (1978) .... Raju <br /> *Maro Charithra (1978) .... Balu<br /> *... aka Yet Another Story <br /> *Nizhal Nijamakirathu (1978) <br /> *.. aka Illusion Becomes Reality <br /> *Sigappu Rojakkal (1978) <br /> *Thappitha Thala (1978) <br /> *... aka Losing the Rhythm <br /> *... aka Thappu Thalangal (India: Tamil title) <br /> *... aka Wrong Beats <br /> *Aaina (1977) .... Boy at film shooting scene (Guest Appearance)<br /> *... aka Aval Oru Thodarkathai (India: Tamil title) <br /> *... aka Aval Oru Thudarkatha (India: Malayalam title) <br /> *... aka She Is a Serial Story <br /> *Aadu Puli Atham (1977) <br /> *Avargal (1977) .... Janardan<br /> *... aka Characters <br /> *... aka They <br /> *Meethi Meethi Baatein (1977) <br /> *Pathinaru Vayathinile (1977) .... Chappani<br /> *... aka 16 Vayathiniley <br /> *... aka At the Age of Sixteen <br /> *... aka Sweet 16 <br /> *Uyarnthavargal (1977) <br /> *Anthuleni Katha (1976) .... Arun<br /> *... aka A Story Without an End <br /> *Idaya Malar (1976) <br /> *Lalitha (1976) <br /> *Manmatha Leelai (1976) .... Rich Businessman<br /> *... aka Cupid's Play <br /> *Moondru Mudichu (1976) <br /> *... aka Three Knots <br /> *Antharangam (1975) <br /> *Apoorva Raagangal (1975) .... Prasanna<br /> *... aka Rare Melodies <br /> *Melnattu Marumagal (1975) <br /> *Pattikatu Raja (1975) <br /> *Gumastavin Magal (1974) <br /> *Kanyakumari (1974) <br /> *Naan Avanillai (1974) <br /> *... aka I Am Not He <br /> *Arrangetram (1973) .... Thiagu<br /> *... aka The Debut <br /> *Sollathan Ninaikiren (1973) <br /> *... aka I Am Unable to Tell You <br /> *Kanna Nalama (1972) <br /> *... aka Are You Okay? <br /> <br /> ====1960s====<br /> *Ananda Jyoti (1963) <br /> *Parthal Pasi Theerum (1962) <br /> *... aka Looking at the Beloved <br /> *Kalathur Kannamma (1960) <br /> *... aka Kannamma of Kalathur <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Producer - filmography===<br /> ====2000s====<br /> <br /> *Mumbai Express (2005) (producer) <br /> *Virumandi (2004) (producer) <br /> *Nala Damayanthi (2003) (producer) <br /> *Hey Ram (2000) (producer) <br /> *Marudha Naayagam (2000) (producer) <br /> <br /> ====1990s====<br /> *Chachi 420 (1998) (producer) (as Kamal Haasan) <br /> *Kuruthipunal (1996) (producer) <br /> *... aka Drohi (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *Magalir Mattum (1994) (producer) <br /> *.. aka Aadavaallaku Maatram (India: Telugu title) <br /> *Maharasan (1993) (producer) <br /> *Thevar Magan (1992) (producer) <br /> *... aka Kshatriya Putrudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka The Chieftain's Son <br /> *Michael Madana Kamarajan (1991) (producer) <br /> *... aka Micheal Madana Kamaraju (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> <br /> ====1980s====<br /> *Apoorva Sahodarargal (1989) (producer) <br /> *... aka Apoorva Sahodarulu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka Appu Raja (India: Hindi title) <br /> *Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu (1987) (producer) <br /> *Raaja Paarvai (1981) (producer) <br /> *... aka Amavasya Chandrudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Writer - filmography===<br /> ====2000s====<br /> <br /> *Mumbai Express (2005) (Tamil dialogue) (story) <br /> *Virumandi (2004) <br /> *Nala Damayanthi (2003) (story &amp; screenplay) <br /> *Anbe Sivam (2003) (screenplay) <br /> *... aka Satyame Sivam (India: Telugu title: dubbed version)<br /> *Aalavandhan (2001) (novel) <br /> *... aka Abhay (India: Hindi title: dubbed version) <br /> *Hey Ram (2000) <br /> *Marudha Naayagam (2000) (screenplay)<br /> <br /> ====1990s====<br /> *Biwi No. 1 (1999) (story) <br /> *Chachi 420 (1998) (screenplay) (as Kamal Haasan) <br /> *Virasat (1997) (story) <br /> *Thevar Magan (1992) <br /> *... aka Kshatriya Putrudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka The Chieftain's Son <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Miscellaneous Crew - filmography===<br /> ====In Production====<br /> <br /> *Pudhu Pettai (2005) (filming) (playback singer) <br /> <br /> ====2000s====<br /> *Mumbai Express (2004) (playback singer) <br /> *Hey Ram (2000) (choreographer)<br /> <br /> ====1990s====<br /> *Chachi 420 (1998) (playback singer: &quot;Jago Gori&quot;) (as Kamal Haasan) *(presenter) (as Kamal Haasan) <br /> *Avvai Shanmugi (1996) (playback singer) <br /> *.. aka Bhamane... Satyabhamane (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *Sathi Leelavathi (1995) (playback singer) <br /> *... aka Sathy Leevathy (India: Tamil title: alternative transliteration) <br /> *Thevar Magan (1992) (playback singer) <br /> *... aka Kshatriya Putrudu (India: Telugu title: dubbed version) <br /> *... aka The Chieftain's Son <br /> <br /> ====1980s====<br /> *Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1985) (playback singer)<br /> *Nayagan (1987) He sang the song Thenpandi Seemailye<br /> <br /> ====1970s====<br /> *Aaina (1977) (dances) (as Kamalahasan) <br /> *... aka Aval Oru Thodarkathai (India: Tamil title) <br /> *... aka Aval Oru Thudarkatha (India: Malayalam title) <br /> *... aka She Is a Serial Story <br /> *Antharangam (1975) (playback singer) <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Director - filmography===<br /> ====2000s====<br /> <br /> *Virumandi (2004) <br /> *Hey Ram (2000) <br /> *Marudha Naayagam (2000) (unreleased)<br /> <br /> ====1990s====<br /> *Chachi 420 (1998) (as Kamal Haasan) <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Himself - filmography===<br /> <br /> *Nala Damayanthi (2003) .... Himself<br /> *Parthale Paravasam (2000) ....Himself<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{imdb name|id=0352032|name=Kamal Haasan}}<br /> *[http://www.behindwoods.com/features/personalitythisweek/kamalhassan/tamil-movie-actor-kamalhassan.html Everything about Kamal]<br /> * [http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/celeb/kamal.html Profile at Nilacharal]<br /> * [http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/persondb/Kamalhasan.html Filmography of Kamalhasan @ Cinesouth]<br /> * [http://www.spicevienna.org/showPerson.php?p=298 Kamal Hassan - SPICE]<br /> * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/padmasreedrkamalhassan KamalHassan Fan Club - Yahoo]<br /> <br /> [[Category:1954 births|Kamal Haasan]]<br /> [[Category:Film actors|Kamal Haasan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian actors|Haasan Kamal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors|Haasan Kamal]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil people|Kamal Haasan]]<br /> [[Category:Atheists|Kamal Haasan]]<br /> [[Category:Padma Shri awardees]]<br /> [[Category:Cinema of India]]<br /> [[ta:கமலஹாசன்]]</div>

E gitu https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajinikanth&diff=36922730 2006-01-27T09:55:30Z

<p>E gitu: /* Acting career */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Rajni.jpg|thumb|Super Star Rajinikanth]]<br /> <br /> '''Shivaji Rao Gaekwad''', more popularly known as '''Rajnikanth''', is an [[India]]n film actor working mainly in the [[Kollywood|Tamil film industry]]. He is one of Asia's highest-paid actors and is considered to be one of the most popular Tamil film stars that his fans call him the '''''Super Star''''' of Tamil Cinema. <br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Rajinikanth was born on [[December 12]] [[1949]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. He was the fourth child to his parents Ramabai and Ramoji Rao Gaekwad. He lost his mother at the age of five. He had his schooling at the Acharya Patasala in [[Bangalore]] and then at the Vivekananda Balak Sangh, a unit of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. <br /> <br /> Before starting his career in the film industry, he had to take up all sorts of odd jobs. He served as a [[Conductor (transportation)|bus conductor]] for Karnataka state transport corporation in Bangalore. It was during this time that he nurtured his acting interests by performing in various stage plays.<br /> <br /> ==Acting career== <br /> <br /> Powered by a strong desire to become an actor, Rajinikanth went to [[Chennai|Madras]], the tinsel town of Tamil Cinema. He was helped by a friend to join the Madras Film institute and completed his acting course in 1974. <br /> <br /> Rajinikanth got his first break in movies when he played a small role as a [[cancer]] patient in the movie [[Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975). This film was directed by [[K. Balachandar]], whom Rajinikanth considers his mentor, and who named him ''Rajnikanth''. This movie also starred [[Kamal Hassan]] in the lead role, who became one of his closest friends. The movie that fetched Rajinikanth a wide recognition was ''Moondru Mudichu'' (1976), in which he played the role of a cruel womanizer. He followed it up with movies like ''16 Vayadhinile'' , ''Gayathri'', which cast him in [[villain]]ous and anti-hero roles. Director S. P. Muthuraman first experimented with him in a positive role in ''Bhuvana Oru Kelvikkuri'', in which Rajinikanth played a villain in the first half and a refined man in the second. Then Rajinikanth slowly moved on to playing positive and character roles in movies like ''Mullum malarum'', ''Arilirundhu arubathu varai''. Films ''Billa'', ''Pokkiri raja'' and the like saw him playing stylish action roles while ''Murattu kalai'', ''Payum puli'' and ''Moondru mugam'' took him to dizzy heights. He was also good at comedy as can be seen in ''Thillu mullu'' (1981). But the most unique among his movies was ''Sri Raghavendra'' (1985) &amp;mdash;his 100th film&amp;mdash; which was a biographical portrait of [[Hindu]] saint [[Raghavendra Swami]].Some of the best dramatic movies of Mr.Rajinikanth would be pudhu kavithai and aarulirundhu arubadhuvarai.In pudhukavithai,he depicts a person who has lost his lady love and roams as a drunkard in the roads of bangalore,and their reunion is picturised in the best way possible.The sweet romance feel is given by none other than the Maestro illayaraja. <br /> <br /> The late [[1980s]] saw him doing more and more action oriented family entertrainers like ''Velaikkaran'', ''Manidhan'', ''Dharmathin thalaivan'', etc., and it was never looking back for Rajinikanth. His movies made in the [[1990s]] became mass blockbusters. Some of these include ''Annamalai'', ''Baasha'', ''Padayappa''. These movies also had a tinge of politics.<br /> <br /> His Latest movie ''Chandramuki'' (April 2005) has been breaking box office records all over Tamil Nadu after his previous movie ''Baba'' (2002) was not so successful. His next film ''Sivaji'' is to be directed by [[S. Shankar]].<br /> <br /> Rajinikanth is popular for his flamboyant dialogue delivery and characteristic mannerisms. While contemporary actor [[Kamal Hassan]] selects performance oriented roles, Rajinikanth's movies has been mass entertainers. His movies invariably has a 'good win over evil' theme with entertaining action sequences, catchy songs and good natured humour, which makes his films liked by people of all age groups and all walks of life. <br /> <br /> Rajinikanth has acted in over 170 films including movies in [[Tollywood|Telugu]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and [[Bengali cinema|Bengali]]. He has also acted in one [[Hollywood]] movie (''Blood stone'' in 1988). He has acted along with notable actors like [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Kamal Hassan]], [[Mammooty]] and [[Sridevi]]. He has worked with famous directors like [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[Bharatiraja]].<br /> <br /> ==Rajinikanth and spirituality==<br /> Rajinikanth espouses a spiritual outlook towards life, both in the roles he plays in movies as well as his personal life. He has claimed tutelage from [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] and [[Raghavendra Swami|Sri Raghavendra]]. Rajinikanth frequently makes pilgrimages to shrines in the [[Himalayas]] and [[Rishikesh]]. He is seen as a well-rounded person by his fans, partly due to his espousal of spiritual causes.<br /> <br /> ==Influence in politics==<br /> Rajinikanth has played a role in Tamil Nadu politics as well. In [[1996]], he was important in the defeat of the ruling [[AIADMK]] party in the [[Tamilnadu]] assembly [[election]]s. His one interview on [[Sun TV]], popular [[Tamil]] language network, proclaimed him King-maker when he supported the [[DMK]]-TMC combine and helped them come to power. Amid speculations about him participating in future elections, he continues to act in films and keep reasonably away from politics.<br /> <br /> He was rated as one of the most influential persons in South Asia by [[Asiaweek]].<br /> <br /> ==Punch Dialogues==<br /> Thalaivar(Leader)Rajinikanth, as he's popularly known by fans, his movies are known for their punch dialogues, which are &quot;one-liners&quot; in the movie and repeated by him in the movie after/before a cinematic triumph.<br /> Popular Lines: &lt;br&gt;<br /> 1. &quot;'''Naan oru dhatavai sonna,Adhu nooru dhatavai sonna madhiri'''&quot; (roughly translates to - &quot;If I say it once its equivalent to saying it a hundred times&quot;) - in the movie &quot;Baasha&quot;<br /> <br /> 2.&quot;'''Aandavan Solran Arunachalam Mudickiran'''&quot; (translation - &quot;God tells Arunachalam does&quot;) -in the movie &quot;Arunachalam&quot;.<br /> <br /> 3.&quot;'''Adhighama Aasappadra Aambleyum Adhighama Kovappedra Pombleyum Nalla Vaazhntha Charithrame Kedayadhu'''&quot; (translation - &quot;History depicts that-Man who is greedy and woman who has more anger hasn't lived a pleasant life&quot;) - in the movie&quot;Padayappa&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4.&quot;'''En vazhi , thani vazhi'''&quot; (translation - 'My way is a different way') - in the movie &quot;Padayappa&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. &quot;'''Naan solratha seivan, seiratha thaan solluven'''&quot; (translation- I do what I say, I say only what I do) - movie &quot;Manithan&quot;.<br /> <br /> 6. &quot;'''Laka Laka Laka Laka Laka Laka.....'''&quot;- movie &quot;Chandramukhi&quot;.<br /> <br /> 7. &quot;'''Idhu Eppadi Irukku'''&quot; (translation- How is it?) - movie &quot;16 Vayadhiniley&quot;.<br /> <br /> 8. &quot;'''Naan solrathaiyum seiyuvaen, sollaatha thaiyum seivaen'''&quot; (translation - I will do what I say, sometimes I will do that I won't reveal at first).<br /> <br /> 9. &quot;'''Yaen paera kaettaa, vaiyithila yirukkira pulla, oru kaiyaala than vaaya moodi kittu, matha kaiyaala thaan amma vaaya moodum'''&quot;.(translation - If my name is heard, baby in his/her mothers womb would close it's mouth with one hand and close the mouth of his/her mother's mouth with the other hand) - in the movie 'Moondru Mugam'<br /> <br /> 10. &quot;'''Naan Baba, yaentha pakkamum saaiyaatha Baba'''&quot; (translation- My name is 'Baba', not a lap dog) - movie &quot;Baba&quot;.<br /> <br /> 11. &quot;Anger is the reason for all miseries, One should know how to control it, otherwise life will become miserable&quot; - Padayappa.<br /> <br /> 12. &quot;Aasanja adikirathu wungga policy, aassaiyamma adikirathu BABA policy&quot; - BABA<br /> <br /> ==Family==<br /> Rajinikanth married Latha on [[26 February]] [[1981]].The wedding took place in the holy temple at [[Tirupathi]]. He has two daughters, Aishwarya and Sowndarya. His first daughter Aishwarya, a lawyer, married [[Dhanush (actor)|Dhanush]], an upcoming actor on November 18 2004.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> 1. Apoorva Raagangal &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 2. Katha Sangama&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 3. Anthuleni Katha&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 4. Moondru Mudichu&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 5. Baalu Jenu&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 6. Avargal&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 7. Kavikkuyil&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 8. Raghupathi Raghavan Rajaram&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 9. Chilakamma Cheppindi&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 10. Bhuvana Oru Kelvikkuri &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 11. Ondu Premada Kathe &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 12. 16 Vayadhiniley &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 13. Sahodara Saval &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 14. Aadu Puli Attam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 15. Gaayathri &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 16. Kumkuma Rakshe &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 17. Aarupushpangal &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 18. Tholireyi Gadichindi &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 19. Aame Katha &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 20. Galatta Samsara &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 21. Shankar Salim Simon &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 22. Killad Kittu &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 23. Annadammula Savaal &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 24. Aayiram Janmangal &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 25. Maathu Tappadamaga &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 26. Mangudi Minor &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 27. Bairavi &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 28. Ilamai Oonjaladukirathu &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 29. Sadurangam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 30. Vanakkatukuriya Kathaliye &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 31. Vayasu Pilichindi &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 32. Mullum Malarum &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 33.. Iraivan Kodutha Varam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 34. Thappida Thala &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 35. Thappu Thalangal &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 36. Aval Appadithan &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 37. Thai Meethu Sathiyam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 38. En Kelvikku Enna Bathil &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 39. Justice Gopinath &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 40. Priya &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 41. Priya &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 42. Kuppathu Raja &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 43. Iddaru Asadhyule &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 44. Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 45. Ninaithale Inikkum &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 46. Andhamaina Anubhavam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 47. Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 48. Dharma Yuddam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 49. Naan Vazhavaippen &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 50. Tiger &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 51. Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 52. Annai Oru Alayam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 53. Amma Evarikkaina Amma &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 54. Billa &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 55. Ram Robert Rahim &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 56. Anbukku Naan Adimai &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 57. Kali &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 58. Mayadari Krishnudu &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 59. Naan Potta Saval &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 60. Jhonny &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 61. Kali &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 62. Ellam Un Kairasi &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 63. Pollathavan &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 64. Murattu Kalai &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 65. Thee &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 66. Kazhugu &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 67. Thillu Mullu &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 68. Garjanai &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 69. Garjanam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 70. Netrikan &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 71. Garjane &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 72. Ranuva Veeran &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 73. Pokkiri Raja &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 74. Thanikattu Raja &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 75. Ranga &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 76. Puthukavithai &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 77. Enkeyo Ketta Kural &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 78. Moondru Mugam (1982) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 79. Paayum Puli (1982) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 80. Thudikkum Karangal (1983) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 81. Andhaa Kaanoon &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 82. Thai Veedu (1983) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 83. Sivappu Suriyan (1983)&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 84. Jeet Hamaari &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 85. Adutha Varisu (1983) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 86. Thanga Magan (1983) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 87. Meri Adaalat &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 88. Naan Mahaan Alla (1984) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 89. Thambikku Entha Ooru (1984) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 90. Kai Kodukkum Kai (1984) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 91. Ethe Naasaval &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 92. Anbulla Rajinikanth (1984) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 93. Gangvaa &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 94. Nallavanuku Nallavan (1984) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 95. John Jani Janardhan &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 96. Naan Sikappu Manithan (1985) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 97. Mahaguru &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 98. Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal (1985) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 99. Wafadaar &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 100. Sri Raghavendra (1985) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 101. Bewafai &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 102 Padikkadavan (1985) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 103 Mr.Bharath (1986) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 104 Nann Adimai Illai (1986) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 105 Jeevana Poratam &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 106 Viduthalai (1986) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 107 Bhagawann Dada &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 108 Asli Naqli &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 109 Dosti Dhushman &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 110 Maaveeran (1986) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 111 Velaikaran (1987) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 112 Insaff Kaun Karega &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 113 Oorkavalan (1987) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 114 Manithan (1987) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 115 Uttar Dakshan (1988) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 116 Tamacha (1988) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 117 Guru Sishyan (1988) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 118 Dharmathin Thalaivan (1988) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 119 BloodStone (1988) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 120 Kodi Parakuthu (1988) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 121 Rajathi Raja (1989) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 122 Siva (1989) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 123 Raja Chinna Roja (1989) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 124 Mappillai (1989) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 125 Bhrashtachar &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 126 Chaalbaaz &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 127. Panakkaran (1990) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 128 Athisaya Piravi (1990) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 129 Dharmadorai (1991) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 130 Hum &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 131 Farishtay &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 132 Khoon Ka Karz &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 133 Phool Bane Angaray &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 134. Nattukku Oru Nallavan (1991) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 135. [[Thalapathi|Dalapathi]] (1991) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 136. Mannan (1992) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 137. Tyagi &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 138. Annamalai (1992) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 139. Pandiyan (1992) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 140. Insaniyat Ke Devta &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 141. Yejaman (1993) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 142. Uzhaippali (1993) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 143. Valli &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 144. Veera (1994) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 145. Baasha (1995) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 146. Peddarayudu &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 146. Aatank Hi Aatank (1995) (Hindi)&lt;BR&gt;<br /> 148. [[Muthu (1995]]) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 149. Bhagyadevta &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 150. Arunachalam (1997) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 151. Padaiyappa (1999) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 152. Baba (2002) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 153. [[Chandramukhi]] (2005) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> 154. [[Sivaji - The Boss]] (announced) &lt;BR&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0707425/bio IMDB Entry]<br /> *[http://www.rajinifans.com #1 Rajinikanth fan site]<br /> *[http://www.rajini-in-sivaji.com/ Blog about Rajini's upcoming movie Sivaji]<br /> *[http://www.behindwoods.com/Gallery/Actors/Rajinikanth/index.html Rajnikanth Gallery]<br /> *[http://www.rajinikanth.com #2 Rajinikanth fan site]<br /> *[http://www.osaka-rajni.net/ Rajinikanth unofficial fan page from Osaka (Japanese)]<br /> *[http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/celeb/rajini.html Rajinikanth's profile at nilacharal]<br /> *http://WWW.TAMILCITY.CO.NR<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:1950 births|Rajinikanth]]<br /> [[Category:Film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian actors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil people|Rajinikanth]]<br /> <br /> [[fr:Rajinikanth]]<br /> [[ta:ரஜினிகாந்த்]]</div>

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