Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

AJR

2018-03-25T15:22:10Z

Edderso: added new single

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = AJR
| image = AJR (band) on VOA.png
| image_size =
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Manhattan]], New York City, U.S.
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Indie pop]]
* [[electropop]]
}}
| years_active = 2005–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* AJR Productions
* Liberator Music
* [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
* [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]
* [[Black Butter Records|Black Butter]]
}}
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|ajrbrothers.com}}
| current_members = {{plainlist|
* Adam Met
* Jack Met
* Ryan Met
}}
| past_members =
}}

'''AJR''' is an American [[indie pop]] band composed of multi-instrumentalist brothers Adam, Jack, and Ryan Met. The band is a [[DIY]] pop group who write, produce, and mix their own material in the living room of their [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]] apartment. Their top 3 successful songs includes Weak, I'm Ready, and Sober Up.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5720546/nyc-brother-trio-ajr-ready-for-stardom|title=NYC Brother Trio AJR 'Ready' for Stardom|last=Hyman|first=Dan|date=September 24, 2013|work=|newspaper=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=December 28, 2016|via=}}</ref> Their music style has been described as "electric", combining elements of [[pop music|pop]], [[doo-wop music|doo-wop]], [[electronic music|electronic]], and [[dubstep]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2013/10/15/could-ajr-be-the-next-jonas-brothers/|title=Could AJR be the next Jonas Brothers?|last=Miller|first=Gregory E.|date=October 15, 2013|website=New York Post|publisher=|access-date=December 28, 2016}}</ref>

The band name AJR comes from the first initials of Adam, Jack, and Ryan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teen.com/2014/06/10/music/ajr-facts-bio-trivia/|title=15 Things You Need to Know About AJR’s Adam, Jack and Ryan Met|accessdate=2017-07-10}}</ref>

== Career ==
The Met brothers initially began writing, producing, and mixing their own material in the living room of their [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]] apartment, focusing on [[DIY]] [[indie-pop]] music.

The Met brothers began performing around 2005, [[busking]] in [[Central Park]] and [[Washington Square Park]]. They began by performing [[cover (music)|covers]],<ref name="NYPost">{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2013/10/15/could-ajr-be-the-next-jonas-brothers/|title=Could AJR be the next Jonas Brothers?|last=Miller|first=Gregory E.|date=15 October 2013|newspaper=New York Post}}</ref> but now compose original music influenced by musicians such as [[The Beach Boys]], [[Simon and Garfunkel]], [[Vampire Weekend]], [[Jon Bellion]], [[Imagine Dragons]], [[Kanye West]], [[Macklemore]], [[Twenty One Pilots]], and [[Fun (band)|Fun.]]<ref name="Teen Nick">{{cite web|title=TeenNick Top 10 Fresh Artist Interview: AJR|url=http://www.teennick.com/blog/teennick-top-ten-fresh-artist-AJR.html|publisher=Teen Nick}}</ref>

In Spring 2013, AJR's Ryan Met [[Twitter|tweeted]] a link to a video of their song "[[I'm Ready (AJR song)|I'm Ready]]" to about 80 celebrities, including Australian singer [[Sia Furler]].<ref name=NYPost /> Furler told her manager about the song, and he contacted [[Steve Greenberg (record producer)|Steve Greenberg]], former president of [[Columbia Records]] and current CEO and Founder of [[S-Curve Records]].<ref name=Billboard>{{cite news|last=Hyman|first=Dan|title=NYC Brother Trio AJR 'Ready' for Stardom|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5720546/nyc-brother-trio-ajr-ready-for-stardom|newspaper=Billboard|date=24 September 2013}}</ref> He acts as their co-manager.<ref name=NYPost />

AJR's debut [[single (music)|single]], "[[I'm Ready (AJR song)|I'm Ready]]", which features a sample of [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|SpongeBob SquarePants]] repeatedly singing his catchphrase, "I'm ready," from the [[SpongeBob SquarePants|eponymous animated series]]' [[Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)|premiere episode]], was commercially released on August 22, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title="I'm Ready" on iTunes|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/im-ready-single/id692863637|accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref> The song was placed in regular rotation on [[Sirius XM Radio]]'s [[Top 20 on 20]] and Hits 1 stations,<ref name=Billboard /> and they performed the song on [[Good Day New York]] and [[VH1]]'s ''Big Morning Buzz''.<ref>{{cite news|title=AJR brothers perform 'I'm Ready' |url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/23717151/ajr |newspaper=MYFOXNY.COM |date=17 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102041921/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/23717151/ajr |archivedate=2 November 2013 }}</ref> The official music video for "I'm Ready" premiered on [[VEVO]] on October 15, 2013.<ref name=NYPost /><ref>{{cite AV media |people=AJR |year=2013 |title=I'm Ready |medium=Music video |url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/x/x/QMGR31391375 |publisher=VEVO}}</ref>

AJR released their debut [[Extended play|EP]], ''6foot1'' (later renamed ''I'm Ready''), on December 20, 2013. They were named [[Clear Channel]]'s "Artist on the Rise" for the month of October 2013. By 2014, the band was already named [[IHeartRadio]]'s Artist of the Month for Top 40 in January,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.iheart.com/onair/on-the-verge-52262/ajr-pop-artist-of-the-month-11952952/|title=About iHeartRadio On The Verge Artist – Get Articles, Bio & Show Info – iHeartRadio|publisher=|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref> and a [[Myspace]] "One to Watch" in February,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myspace.com/myspace/video/onetwowatch-ajr/109499883|title=AJR Video by ONETWOWATCH on Myspace|publisher=|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref> while "I'm Ready" officially impacted pop radio in April.
There are now over 23 million YouTube views for "I'm Ready," many thousands of singles sold each week, features in [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] and the [[New York Post]], while climbing the Top 40 chart. "I'm Ready" hit #1 on [[Next Big Sound]]'s chart in May 2014. The band performed the song on The [[Today Show (NBC)]] on July 29, 2014. "I'm Ready" has been certified Platinum, Canada and Platinum in Australia.

The band's second EP, ''Infinity'', was released September 23, 2014. It contains 5 tracks, including the lead single "Infinity".<ref name=Frometa>{{cite web|last1=Frometa |first1=RJ |title=AJR move release of debut album "Living Room" to Feb. 2105, "Infinity" EP due 9/23 |url=http://ventsmagazine.com/ajr-move-release-of-debut-album-living-room-to-feb-2015-infinity-ep-due-923/ |website=Vents |accessdate=27 October 2014 |archivedate=27 February 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227081615/http://ventsmagazine.com/ajr-move-release-of-debut-album-living-room-to-feb-2015-infinity-ep-due-923/ }}</ref> They released a lyric video for the single. A majority of the work for the video was done by AJR, including directing and producing.<ref name=Wass>{{cite web|last1=Wass|first1=Mike|title=AJR Return With Nostalgic New Single "Infinity": Watch The DIY Lyric Video (Idolator Premiere)|url=http://www.idolator.com/7534385/ajr-infinity-lyric-video|website=Idolator|accessdate=27 October 2014}}</ref> The EP was released instead of their debut album, ''Living Room'', which was pushed back to a release date of March 3, 2015. The band expressed that the delay in their debut album was because they wanted to add some of their newer music to the project. The brothers released their third EP, titled ''What Everyone's Thinking'', on September 16, 2016, which features the lead single "[[Weak (AJR song)|Weak]]". "Weak" has been certified Platinum in the U.S., Canada, Norway, Netherlands and Belgium, and Gold in Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Australia. It has over 280 million streams on [[Spotify]].

The band released its second studio album, ''[[The Click (AJR album)|The Click]]'', on June 9, 2017, featuring the singles "[[Weak (AJR song)|Weak]]" and "Drama". The album also contains the track "Sober Up", which features [[Weezer]] frontman [[Rivers Cuomo]], who cowrote the track. The band's 2018 tour in support of the album, ''The Click Tour'', features [[Ocean Park Standoff]] and Hundred Handed as openers.<ref>[https://www.etix.com/ticket/p/2551093/ajr-the-click-tourwith-ocean-park-standoffhundred-handed-portland-roseland-theater&cobrand=cascadetickets "AJR - The Click Tour, with Ocean Park Standoff, Hundred Handed,"] etix.com. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</ref>

AJR have [[opening act|opened]] for [[Hoodie Allen]], [[Lindsey Stirling]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajrbrothers.tumblr.com/post/81625025917/ajr-on-tour-with-lindsey-stirling|title=AJR on Tour with Lindsey Stirling! - AJR|first=Giraffic Themes |last=www.girafficthemes.com|publisher=|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref> [[Train (band)|Train]], [[Fitz & the Tantrums]], [[Andy Grammer]], [[We the Kings]], [[Ingrid Michaelson]], and [[American Authors]].

== Band members ==
* Adam Brett Met – vocals, bass guitar, programming, samples, percussion {{small|(2005–present)}}
* Jack Evan Met – lead vocals, guitar, melodica, ukulele, drums, percussion, keyboards, synthesizers, samples, programming, trumpet {{small|(2005–present)}}
* Ryan Joshua Met – vocals, ukulele, keyboards, synthesizers, trumpet, drums, percussion, samples, programming {{small|(2005–present)}}

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Album details
! scope="col" colspan="3" style="width:2.5em;"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="billboard.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/7555146/ajr/chart?f=305|title=AJR – Chart history – Billboard|website=www.billboard.com}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]] <ref name="allmusic.com" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL (FL)]] <ref name="BEL">{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=AJR |title=Discography AJR}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Living Room''
|
* Released: March 3, 2015
* Label: Liberator Music, AJR Productions, Warner Bros. Records
* Formats: Digital download
| — || 20 || —
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[The Click (AJR album)|The Click]]''
|
* Released: June 9, 2017
* Label: AJR Productions
| 61 || — || 170
|-
| colspan="5" |"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.
|}

=== EPs ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Album details
! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:2.5em;"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="billboard.com" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Heatseekers|US Heat]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Born and Bred''
|
* Released: March 20, 2010
* Label: LARJ Productions
| — || —
|-
! scope="row"| ''Venture''
|
* Released: September 12, 2010
* Label: LARJ Productions
| — || —
|-
! scope="row"| ''I'm Ready''
|
* Released: December 20, 2013
* Label: AJR Productions, Liberator Music
* Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]]
| — || 32<ref name="allmusic.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/search/artists/ajr|title=Artist Search for "ajr"|publisher=|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Infinity''
|
* Released: September 23, 2014
* Label: AJR Productions, Warner Bros. Records
| — || 36<ref name="allmusic.com" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''What Everyone's Thinking''
|
* Released: September 16, 2016
| 164 || —
|-
| colspan="4" |"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. abrielle
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="US-singles">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/music/ajr/chart-history/hot-100 |title=AJR – Chart History: The Hot 100 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=November 7, 2017}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name="AUS">{{cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=AJR |title=Discography AJR |work=australian-charts.com |publisher=Hung Medien |accessdate=October 4, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134932/http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=AJR |archivedate=October 6, 2014 }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL (FL)]] <ref name="BEL" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref name="CAN">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/6090335/ajr/chart?f=793 |title=AJR – Chart History: Canadian Hot 100 |work=Billboard |accessdate=March 7, 2017}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]] <ref name="ITA">{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:digital/id:2433/page:1|title=Classifica settimanale WK 9|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=Italian|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Single Top 100|NET]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=AJR |title=Discography AJR}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://lista.vg.no/artist/ajr/6525|title= VG-lista – AJR}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|accessdate=February 25, 2017}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref name="SWI">{{cite web |url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=AJR |title=Discography AJR |work=hitparade.ch |publisher=Hung Medien |accessdate=March 13, 2017}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name="UK">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/50695/ajr/ |title=AJR {{!}} full Official Chart history |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=February 11, 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I'm Ready (AJR song)|I'm Ready]]"
| 2013
| 65 || 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinum
* [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|first=Gavin|last=Ryan|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/ed-sheeran-tops-aria-singles-for-third-week-20141101|title=Ed Sheeran Tops ARIA Singles For Third Week|work=Noise11|publisher=Noise Network|date=November 1, 2014|accessdate=November 1, 2014}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| ''Living Room''
|-
! scope="row"| "Infinity"
| 2014
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "Let the Games Begin"
| 2015
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "I'm Not Famous"
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan="2"| ''[[The Click (AJR album)|The Click]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Weak (AJR song)|Weak]]"
| 73 || — || 7 || 78 || 62 || 8 || 8 || 23 || 62 || 58
|
* RIAA: Platinum{{Certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=single|title=Weak|artist=AJR}}
* ARIA: Gold
* [[Belgian Entertainment Association|BEA]]: Platinum
* [[Music Canada|MC]]: Platinum
|-
! scope="row"| "It's On Us"
| rowspan="4"| 2017
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Weak (AJR song)#Weak (Stay Strong Mix)|Weak (Stay Strong Mix)]]" (featuring [[Louisa Johnson]])
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Drama"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan="2"| ''The Click''
|-
! scope="row"| "Sober Up"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/indie-spotlight-ajr1|title=Indie Spotlight: AJR {{!}} News|work=[[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI]]|accessdate=December 27, 2017}}</ref> (featuring [[Rivers Cuomo]])
| —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sober Up" did not enter the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], but peaked at number 25 on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart.<ref name="US-BU-100">{{cite web | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/AJR/chart-history/bubbling-under-hot-100 | title=AJR Chart History - Bubbling Under Hot 100 | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]| accessdate=March 13, 2017}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Burn the House Down"
| 2018
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==Music videos==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of music videos, showing year released and directors
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Director(s)
|-
! scope="row"| "I'm Ready"
| 2013
| Or Paz and Tom Trager
|-
! scope="row"| "Infinity"
| rowspan="4"| 2015
| Jason Merrin
|-
! scope="row"| "Thirsty"
| AJR
|-
! scope="row"| "Woody Allen"
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row"| "Call My Dad"
| AJR, Leon Wu and Nels Lindquist
|-
! scope="row"| "Let the Games Begin"
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| Jason Merrin
|-
! scope="row"| "I'm Not Famous"
| AJR
|-
! scope="row"| "Weak"
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| Shane Drake
|-
! scope="row"| "Overture"
| Unknown
|-
! scope="row"| "Sober Up"
| rowspan="2"| 2018
| Aaron A
|-
! scope="row"| "Come Hang Out"
| Ron Peters
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2005]]
[[Category:Indie pop groups from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American boy bands]]
[[Category:Sibling musical trios]]
[[Category:Musical trios]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Records artists]]

User talk:68.113.201.205

2017-10-16T23:33:47Z

Edderso: Level 3 warning re. Fidget Cube (HG) (3.3.0)

hello your post was not constructive and wear deleting it you'r trying to break wiki bye bye

== October 2017 ==

<div style=clear: both></div>[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. If you continue to [[WP:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidget%20Cube&diff=805682217 this edit] to [[:Fidget Cube]], you may be [[WP:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  23:33, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Fidget Cube

2017-10-16T23:33:47Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 68.113.201.205 (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

{{Infobox toy|name=Fidget Cube|inventor=Antsy Labs|image=FidgetCube.jpeg|caption=}}
The '''Fidget Cube''' is a small handheld device (known as a fidget toy or stim toy) designed by Antsy Labs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/fidget-helps-concentration/|title=Are fidget toys legitimately good for your brain, or pseudoscientific snake oil?|date=2017-03-08|work=Digital Trends|access-date=2017-05-07|language=en-US}}</ref> It has sensory tools on all sides: a rocker switch, [[gear]]s, a rolling [[ball]], a small [[joystick]], a spinning disc, a "rubbing stone", and five [[push-button]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3780244/Do-fidget-desk-Bizarre-toy-switches-buttons-clickers-claims-able-help-focus-work.html|title=This bizarre 'fidget' toy can help you focus at work.|work=Mail Online|access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref> The cube is intended to provide an easy way to occupy one's hands and other senses, particularly for self-soothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://laurakbuzz.com/2017/02/06/fidget-cubes-awkward-relationship-to-autistic-stimming|title=Fidget Cubes Awkward Relationship to Autistic Stimming|date=6 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Description of cube sides==
The faces of the fidget cube carry one or two features intended to stimulate different senses. The features include buttons, discs, balls and cogs, switches, joysticks, and dents. The faces are named based on their intended use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antsylabs.com/products/fidget-cube|title=Fidget Cube|website=Antsy Labs|access-date=2017-08-18}}</ref>

* '''Buttons''': One face has five buttons, with one button at each corner and one in the middle of the face, like the "5" side of a standard [[dice|die]]. Some of these buttons will make sounds when pressed.
* '''Spin''': A rotatable disc with a small indentation to help to spin the dial. On some fidget cubes the disc will make a sound when spun in a particular direction.
* '''Roll''': Contains captive metal ball (similar to a [[trackball]]) and three ridged cogs (similar to a [[combination lock]]), all of which can be rotated.
* '''Flip''': A colored [[rocker switch]]. On some fidget cubes when the switch is moved quickly it makes a sound whereas if it moved slowly it does not make a sound.
* '''Glide''': A joystick similar to those found on some [[gamepad]]s.
* '''Breath''': A (usually oval) indentation approximately 2–3 [[mm (unit)|mm]] deep. Intended to be used similarly to a [[worry stone]].

== Reception ==
In a positive review, [[The Verge]] described the cube as "basically a baby toy for adults".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/2/7/14541632/fidget-cube-review-desk-toy-kickstarter|title=The Fidget Cube is basically a baby toy for adults and I love it|work=The Verge|access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref>

After its 2016 Kickstarter campaign, The Fidget Cube was one of the [[List of highest funded crowdfunding projects|highest-funded crowdfunding projects]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/9/12/12887894/fidget-cube-kickstarter-success|title=Fidgeters made this toy one of Kickstarter's most successful campaigns|date=12 September 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/30/a-24-year-old-made-345000-by-beating-kickstarters-to-market.html|title=This 24-year-old made $345,000 in 2 months by beating Kickstarters to market|first=Zack|last=Guzman|date=30 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/creativity/story-behind-fidget-cube-4-million-phenomenon-you-didnt-know-you-needed-173491/|title=The Story Behind Fidget Cube, the $4 Million Phenomenon You Didn't Know You Needed|publisher=}}</ref> (the tenth-highest-funded [[Kickstarter]] project).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/1/3/14157334/fidget-cube-delay-shippping-date|title=The Fidget Cube hit with shipping delays as knockoffs flood market|date=2017-01-03|website=Polygon|access-date=2017-04-15}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Worry stone]]
* [[Fidgeting]]
* [[Fidget spinner]]
* [[Stress ball]]
* [[Worry beads]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{toy-stub}}

[[Category:Kickstarter projects]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Mechanical toys]]

User talk:68.113.201.205

2017-10-16T23:23:10Z

Edderso: Level 2 warning re. Fidget Cube (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==
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<div style="clear: both"></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fidget%20Cube&diff=805681240 this edit] to [[:Fidget Cube]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  23:23, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Fidget Cube

2017-10-16T23:23:09Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 68.113.201.205 (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

User talk:71.163.129.139

2017-10-16T23:07:52Z

Edderso: Level 2 warning re. Ellen and William Craft (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==
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<div style="clear: both"></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen%20and%20William%20Craft&diff=805679358 this edit] to [[:Ellen and William Craft]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  23:07, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Ellen and William Craft

2017-10-16T23:07:50Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 71.163.129.139 (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

[[File:Ellen and William Craft.png|thumb|Ellen and William Craft, fugitive slaves and abolitionists]]
'''Ellen Craft''' (1826–1891) and '''William Craft''' (September 25, 1824 – January 29, 1900)<ref>Ancestry.com. South Carolina, Death Records, 1821-1955 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008. Original data: South Carolina. South Carolina death records. Columbia, SC, USA: South Carolina Department of Archives and History.</ref> were [[slaves]] from [[Macon, Georgia]] in the United States who escaped to [[Northern United States|the North]] in December 1848 by traveling openly by train and steamboat, arriving in Philadelphia on [[Christmas Day]]. She [[Passing as white|passed]] as a white male planter and he as her personal servant. Their daring escape was widely publicized, making them among the most famous of fugitive slaves. [[Abolitionism in the United States|Abolitionists]] featured them in public lectures to gain support in the struggle to end the institution.

As the light-skinned [[quadroon]] daughter of a [[mulatto]] slave and her white master, Ellen Craft used her appearance to pass as a white man, [[Passing (gender)|dressed in male clothing]], during their escape.

As prominent fugitives, they were threatened by [[slave catcher]]s in [[Boston]] after passage of the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]], so the Crafts emigrated to England. They lived there for nearly two decades and reared five children. The Crafts lectured publicly about their escape. In 1860 they published a written account, ''Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; Or, The Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery''. One of the most compelling of the many [[slave narratives]] published before the [[American Civil War]], their book reached wide audiences in Great Britain and the United States. After their return to the US in 1868, the Crafts opened an agricultural school for [[freedmen]]'s children in Georgia. They worked at the school and its farm until 1890. Their account was reprinted in the United States in 1999, with both the Crafts credited as authors, and it is available online at [[Project Gutenberg]] and the [[University of Virginia]].

==Early life==
Ellen Craft was born in 1826 in [[Jones County, Georgia|Clinton, Georgia]], to Maria, a [[mixed-race]] slave, and her wealthy [[Planter (American South)|planter]] master, Major James Smith. At least three-quarters European by ancestry, Ellen was [[high yellow|very fair-skinned]] and resembled her white half-siblings, who were her master's legitimate children. Smith's wife gave the 11-year-old slave Ellen as a wedding gift to her daughter Eliza Cromwell Smith to get the girl out of the household and remove the evidence of her husband's infidelity.<ref name=McCaskill1/>

After Eliza Smith married Dr. Robert Collins, she took Ellen with her to live in the city of [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]] where they made their home.<ref name=McCaskill1>Barbara McCaskill, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VqU2PsmlYpMC&pg=PA85 "Ellen Craft: The Fugitive Who Fled as a Planter"], ''Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times'', ed. Anne Short Chirhart, Betty Wood, University of Georgia Press, 2009, p. 85, accessed 9 March 2011</ref><ref name=MagnussonP231>{{citation |last=Magnusson |first=Magnus | authorlink = Magnus Magnusson|title=Fakers, Forgers & Phoneys |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |year=2006|page=231 |isbn=1-84596-190-0}}</ref> Ellen grew up as a house servant to Eliza, which gave her privileged access to information about the area.

William was born in Macon, where he met his future wife at the age of 16 when his first master sold him to settle gambling debts. Before he was sold, William witnessed his 14-year-old sister and each of his parents being separated by sales to different owners. William's new master apprenticed him as a carpenter and allowed him to work for fees, taking most of his earnings.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Holmes|first1=Marian|title=The Great Escape From Slavery of Ellen and William Craft|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-escape-from-slavery-of-ellen-and-william-craft-497960/?no-ist|website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |date=June 16, 2010|accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref>

==Marriage and family==
At the age of 20, Ellen married fellow slave, William Craft, in whom her master Collins held a half interest. Craft saved money from being hired out in town as a carpenter.<ref name="McCaskill1"/> Not wanting to rear a family in slavery, during the Christmas season of 1848 the couple planned an escape.<ref name="McCaskill"/>

Eventually they had five children together, who were mostly born and reared during their nearly two decades of living in England. The Crafts went there after the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]] was passed, as they were in danger as a prominent fugitive slave couple of being captured in Boston by bounty hunters. Their children were Charles Estlin Phillips (1852-1938), William Ivens (1855-1926), Brougham H. (1857-1920), Alfred G. (1871-1939), and Ellen A. Craft (1863-1917), all born in England. When the Crafts returned to the United States after the [[American Civil War]], three of their children came with them.<ref name="McCaskill">[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-622 Barbara McCaskill, "William and Ellen Craft"], ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'', 2010, accessed 9 March 2011</ref>
[[File:Ellen Craft escaped slave.jpg|thumb|right|Ellen Craft dressed as a man to escape from slavery.]]

==The escape==
Ellen planned to take advantage of her appearance to [[passing (racial identity)|pass]] as white while the pair traveled by train and boat to the North; she dressed as a man and pretended illness to limit conversation. William was to act as her slave and personal servant. During that time period, domestic slaves frequently accompanied their masters during travel, so the Crafts did not expect to be questioned. Their escape is known as the most ingenious plot in fugitive slave history, even more ingenious than "[[Henry Box Brown]]".<ref name="marshall"/>

During their escape they traveled on first-class trains, stayed in the best hotels, and Ellen dined one evening with a steamboat captain. Ellen cut her hair and bought appropriate clothes to pass as a young man, traveling in jacket and trousers. William used his earnings as a cabinet-maker to buy clothes for Ellen to appear as a white slave holder. They carefully selected clothes that white male slave holders would wear. Ellen's wardrobe included a top hat, cravat, jacket, tartan, and a tassel, all of which signified slave holder status. William fixed her hair to add to her manly appearance. Ellen also practiced to get gestures and behavior right.<ref name="marshall">{{cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=Amani|title=The Will Endeavor to Pass for Free: Enslaved Runaways Performances of Freedom in Antebellum South Carolina|journal=Slavery and Abolition|date=June 2, 2010|volume=31|issue= 2|pages=161–180|accessdate=December 4, 2014}}</ref> She wore her right arm in a sling to hide the fact that she did not know how to write. They traveled to nearby Macon for a train to [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]. Although the Crafts had several close calls along the way and neither could read nor write, they were successful in evading detection. On December 21, they boarded a [[steamship]] for Philadelphia, in the free state of Pennsylvania, where they arrived early on the morning of [[Christmas Day]].<ref name=MagnussonP233>{{Harvnb|Magnusson|2006|pp=233, 240}}</ref>

Their innovation was in escaping as a pair. Historians have noted other slave women who posed as men to escape, such as Clarissa Davis of Virginia, who dressed as a man and took a New England-bound ship to freedom; Mary Millburn, who also sailed as a male passenger; and Maria Weems from the District of Columbia. As a young woman of fifteen, she dressed as a man and escaped.<ref>[https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000300875 Barbara McCaskill, "Yours Very Truly: Ellen Craft – the fugitive as text and artifact"], ''African American Review'', Vol. 28, 1994, cites [[William Still]], ''[[The Underground Railroad (book)|The Underground Railroad]]'', 1872, pp. 60–61, 177–89, 558–59, accessed 9 March 2011</ref>

Soon after the Crafts' arrival in the North, abolitionists such as [[William Lloyd Garrison]] and [[William Wells Brown]] encouraged them to recount their escape in public lectures to abolitionist circles of New England. They moved to the well-established [[free people of color|free black]] community on the north side of [[Beacon Hill, Boston|Beacon Hill]] in [[Boston]],<ref name="McCaskill"/> where they were married in a Christian ceremony. Ellen Craft posed in her escape clothes for a photograph (the basis for the engraving included with this article). It was widely distributed by abolitionists as part of their campaign against slavery. Like her actions, her image as a man challenged viewers' assumptions about the "fixity of gender, race, normalcy and class."<ref name="McCaskill1"/>

During the next two years, the Crafts made numerous public appearances to recount their escape and speak against slavery. Because society generally disapproved at the time of women speaking to public audiences of mixed gender, Ellen typically stood on the stage while William told their story. An article of April 27, 1849 in the abolitionist paper ''The Liberator'', however, reported her speaking to an audience of 800–900 people in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]].<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/craft/support2.html "INTERESTING MEETING"], ''The Liberator,'' 27 April 1849, ''Documenting the American South'', University of North Carolina, accessed 18 March 2011</ref> Audiences were intensely curious about the young woman who had been so bold in escape. In 1850, Congress passed the [[Fugitive Slave Act]], which increased penalties for aiding fugitive slaves, and required residents and law enforcement of free states to cooperate in capturing and returning such slaves to their owners. The act provided for a reward to officers, and simplified the process by which people might be certified as slaves, requiring little documentation from slave catchers. Commissioners appointed to hear such cases were paid more for ruling that a person was a slave, than not.

A month after the new law was effective, Collins sent two [[bounty hunter]]s to Boston to retrieve the Crafts. Willis H. Hughes and John Knight eagerly traveled north from Macon intending to capture William and Ellen Craft; upon arriving to Boston they were met with resistance by both white and black Bostonians. Abolitionists in Boston had formed the biracial [[Boston Vigilance Committee]] to resist the new Slave Bill; its members protected the Crafts by moving them around various "safe houses" (such as the Tappan-Philbrick house in the nearby town of Brookline<ref name="Tappan-Philbrick House">[http://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/ntf_member/ntf_member_details.htm?SPFID=6761&SPFTerritory=NULL&SPFType=NULL&SPFKeywords=NULL National Park Service, Tappan-Philbrick House]</ref>) until they could leave the country. The two bounty hunters finally gave up and returned to the south. Collins even appealed to the President of the United States, [[Millard Fillmore]], asking him to intervene so he could regain his property. The President agreed that the Crafts should be returned to their owners in the South, and authorized the use of military force if necessary to take them.<ref name=MagnussonPP241-242>{{Harvnb|Magnusson|2006|pp=241–242}}</ref>

The Crafts and many other fugitive slaves were no longer safe in the North. That year the couple moved to [[Liverpool, England]], a major port.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McCaskill|first1=Barbara|title=William and Ellen Craft (1824-1900; 1826-1891)|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/william-and-ellen-craft-1824-1900-1826-1891|website=georgiaencyclopedia.org|accessdate=12/10/2014}}</ref>

==Flight and life in Great Britain==
Bounty hunters and slave catchers sought fees for finding fugitive slaves. William Craft described the new law as "an enactment too infamous to have been thought of or tolerated by any people in the world except the unprincipled and tyrannical Yankees".<ref name=craft>{{cite book|last1=Craft|first1=William|title=Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery|date=1860|publisher=William Tweedie|location=London|page=87|url=https://archive.org/details/runningthousandm00craf}}</ref> Aided by their supporters, the Crafts decided to escape to England. They traveled from [[Portland, Maine]] overland to [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], where they boarded the ''Cambria'', bound for [[Liverpool]]. As William later recounted in their memoir, "It was not until we stepped ashore at Liverpool that we were free from every slavish fear". They were aided in England by a group of prominent abolitionists, including [[Harriet Martineau]]. She arranged for their intensive schooling at the village school in [[Ockham, Surrey|Ockham]], Surrey.

Having learned to read and write, in 1852 Ellen Craft published the following, which was widely circulated in the antislavery press in both Great Britain and the US. The anti-abolition press had suggested the Crafts regretted their flight to England. She said:

<blockquote>So I write these few lines merely to say that the statement is entirely unfounded, for I have never had the slightest inclination whatever of returning to bondage; and God forbid that I should ever be so false to liberty as to prefer slavery in its stead. In fact, since my escape from slavery, I have gotten much better in every respect than I could have possibly anticipated. Though, had it been to the contrary, my feelings in regard to this would have been just the same, for I had much rather starve in England, a free woman, than be a slave for the best man that ever breathed upon the American continent.
:— ''Anti-Slavery Advocate'', December 1852<ref name="Brusky">[http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/craftEllen.php Sarah Brusky, "Ellen Craft"], ''Voices from the Gap'', University of Minnesota, 2002–2004, accessed 9 March 2011</ref></blockquote>

The Crafts spent 19 years in England, where they had five children together. Ellen participated in reform organizations such as the London Emancipation Committee, the Women's Suffrage Organization, and the British and Foreign Freedmen's Society.<ref name="McCaskill1"/> They earned speaking fees by public lectures about slavery in the US and their escape. William Craft set up a business again, but they still struggled financially. For most of their time in England, the Craft family lived in [[Hammersmith]].<ref name=MagnussonPP242-244>{{Harvnb|Magnusson|2006|pp=242–244}}</ref> After the end of the Civil War and emancipation of slaves, Ellen located her mother Maria in Georgia; she paid for her passage to England, so they were reunited.<ref name="McCaskill1"/>

==Return to the United States==
{{Slavery}}
In 1868, after the [[American Civil War]] and passage of constitutional amendments granting [[abolitionism in the United States|emancipation]], citizenship and rights to [[freedmen]], the Crafts returned with three of their children to the United States. They raised funds from supporters, and in 1870 they bought 1800 acres of land in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] near Savannah in [[Bryan County, Georgia|Bryan County]]. There they founded the Woodville Co-operative Farm School in 1873 for the education and employment of [[freedmen]].In 1876 William Craft was charged with misuse of funds, and he lost a libel case in 1878 in which he tried to clear his name. The school closed soon after. Although the Crafts tried to keep the farm running, dropping cotton prices and post-[[Reconstruction era]] violence contributed to its failure. Whites discriminated against freedmen while working to re-establish [[white supremacy]] in politics and economics. By 1876 white Democrats regained control of the state governments in the South.<ref name="McCaskill"/>

In 1890 the Crafts moved to [[Charleston, South Carolina]] to live with their daughter Ellen, who was married to Dr. William D. Crum. He was appointed Collector of the Port of Charleston by [[President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. The elder Ellen Craft died in 1891, and her widower William in January 1900.<ref name="McCaskill"/>

==''Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom''==
Their book provides a unique view of [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[gender]], and [[Social class|class]] in the 19th century. It offers examples of racial [[passing (racial identity)|passing]], [[cross-dressing]], and middle-class "performance" in a society in which each of these boundaries was thought to be distinct and stable.<ref name="Brusky"/> While originally published with only William's name as author, twentieth-century and more recent scholarship has re-evaluated Ellen's likely contribution, noting the inclusion of material about [[Sally Miller (American slave)|Sally Miller]] and other women slaves. Reprints since the 1990s have listed both the Crafts as authors.<ref name="McCaskill"/>

Their escape, and particularly Ellen's disguise, which played on so many layers of appearance and identity, showed the interlocking nature of race, gender, and class. Ellen had to "perform" successfully in all three arenas simultaneously for the couple to travel undetected. Since only William's narrative voice tells their joint story in the book, critics say it is suggestive of how difficult it was for a black woman to find a public voice, although she was bold in action. Brusky says that, in the way that she used wrappings to "muffle" her during the escape to avoid conversation, Ellen in the book is presented through the filter of William's perspective.<ref name="Brusky"/>

Historians and readers cannot evaluate how much Ellen contributed to the recounting of their story, but audiences appreciated seeing the young woman who had been so daring. On one occasion, a newspaper notes, there was "considerable disappointment" when Ellen Craft was absent.<ref>''National Anti-Slavery Standard,'' January 30, 1851, p. 141</ref> Since they appeared over a period of 10 years, as William recounted their escape, they could respond to audiences' reactions to Ellen in person and to hearing of her actions. It is likely their published account reflects her influence.<ref name="Brusky"/>

==Legacy and honors==
*Their residence in Hammersmith is commemorated by a historic [[Blue Plaque]] on the wall of Craft Court, the office of the Shepherds Bush Housing Association.<ref name="MagnussonPP242-244"/>
*1996, Ellen Craft was inducted into Georgia Women of Achievement.<ref name="McCaskill"/>
*Their life, accomplishments, and history are displayed at the Tubman African American Museum in Macon, Georgia.
* They are mentioned in connection with the [[Lewis and Harriet Hayden House]] on the [[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Beacon Hill|url=http://bwht.org/beacon-hill/|website=Boston Women's Heritage Trail}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of African-American abolitionists]]
* [[List of slaves]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |first1=Ellen |last1=Craft |first2=William |last2=Craft |first3=R. J. M. |last3=Blackett |title=Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom: Or, The Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery |year=1999 |origyear=1860 | location = Baton Rouge |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=9780807123201}}
* {{cite book | last = Blackett | first = R.J.M. | title = Beating against the barriers: biographical essays in nineteenth-century Afro-American history | publisher = Louisiana State University Press | location = Baton Rouge | year = 1986 | isbn = 9780807112816 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Brusky | first = Sarah | title = The travels of William and Ellen Craft: race and travel literature in the 19th century | journal = Prospects | volume = 25 | pages = 177–192 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press|Cambridge Journals]] | doi = 10.1017/S0361233300000636 | date = October 2000 |url = https://doi.org/10.1017/S0361233300000636 | ref = harv | postscript = . }}
* {{citation | last = Chaney | first = Michael A. | contribution = The uses in seeing: mobilizing the portrait in drag in ''Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom'' | editor-last = Chaney | editor-first = Michael A. | title = Fugitive vision: slave image and Black identity in antebellum narrative | pages = 80–110 | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780253349446 | ref = harv | postscript = . }}
* {{cite journal | last = Salenius | first = Sirpa | title = Transatlantic interracial sisterhoods: Sarah Remond, Ellen Craft, and Harriet Jacobs in England | journal = [[Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies]] | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 166–196 | publisher = [[University of Nebraska Press]] | jstor = 10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0166 | date = 2017 |url = http://muse.jhu.edu/article/653265 | ref = harv | postscript = . }}
* {{cite journal | last = Samuels | first = Ellen | title = 'A Complication of Complaints': untangling disability, race, and gender in William and Ellen Craft's ''Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom'' | journal = [[The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States#Journal|MELUS]], special issue: Race, Ethnicity, Disability, and Literature | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 15–47 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | jstor = i30029647 | doi = 10.1093/melus/31.3.15 | date = September 2006 | url = https://doi.org/10.1093/melus/31.3.15 | ref = harv | postscript = . }}
* {{cite book | last = Sterling | first = Dorothy | title = Black foremothers: three lives | publisher = Feminist Press | location = Old Westbury, New York | year = 1988 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 9780935312898 }}
*[[William Still|Still, William]], ''[[The Underground Railroad (book)|The Underground Railroad]]'', 1872, pp. 60–61, 177–89, 558–59
* {{cite journal | last = Wardro | first = Daneen | title = Ellen Craft and the case of Salomé Muller in ''Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom'' | journal = Women's Studies | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 961–984 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/00497870490503824 | date = 2004 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497870490503824 | ref = harv | postscript = . }}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Craft,+Ellen | name=Ellen Craft}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Craft,+William | name=William Craft}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Ellen Craft}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=William Craft}}
*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/CraThou.html William and Ellen Craft, ''Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom''], Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080110033859/http://forum.wgbh.org/wgbh/forum.php?lecture_id=1772 Re-enactor Marcia Estabrook presents Ellen Craft's story in-character], PBS- WGBH
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090703103552/http://thememorypalace.us/2009/06/episode-14-the-messrs-craft/ "Ellen and William Craft"], ''[[The Memory Palace]]'', podcast

{{Boston African American community pre-Civil War}}
{{Slave narrative}}
{{Georgia Women of Achievement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Craft, Ellen}}
[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American writers]]
[[Category:American writers]]
[[Category:American slaves]]
[[Category:African-American abolitionists]]
[[Category:History of Boston]]
[[Category:People from Macon, Georgia]]
[[Category:People who wrote slave narratives]]
[[Category:People from Hammersmith]]

User:Edderso/huggle3.css

2017-10-16T04:34:26Z

Edderso: Updating the user configuration page... (HG) (3.3.0)

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User talk:81.106.235.56

2017-10-16T03:27:44Z

Edderso: Message re. Fearnhill School (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. Wikipedia is written by people who have a wide diversity of opinions, but we try hard to make sure articles have a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]. Your recent edit to [[:Fearnhill School]] seemed less than neutral to me, so I removed it for now. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thanks. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  03:27, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Fearnhill School

2017-10-16T03:27:42Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 81.106.235.56 (talk): not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.3.0)

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox UK school
| name = Fearnhill School
| image = Fearnhill School Letchworth 2017.jpg
| caption = Entrance to Fearnhill School in 2017
| size = 250px
| coordinates = {{coord|51.97634|-0.24746|type:edu_region:GB_dim:100|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| motto = 'Labora Lude Strenve' (Work hard, play hard)
| motto_pl =
| established =
| approx =
| closed =
| c_approx =
| type = [[Foundation school]]
| religion =
| president =
| head_label = Headteacher
| head = Ms Liz Ellis
| r_head_label =
| r_head =
| chair_label =
| chair =
| founder =
| founder_pl =
| street = Icknield Way West
| city = [[Letchworth]]
| county = [[Hertfordshire]]
| country = [[England]]
| postcode = SG6 4BA
| LEA = [[Hertfordshire County Council|Hertfordshire]]
| ofsted = yes
| dfeno = 919/4010
| urn = 117504
| staff =
| enrollment = 567 {{As of|2016|04|lc=on}}
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Mixed]]
| lower_age = 11
| upper_age = 18
| houses = 4 (Gorst, Pearsall, Howard and Neville)
| colours = Yellow, green, blue and red
| publication = Fearnfile
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| website = http://www.fearnhill.herts.sch.uk/
| website_name = Fearnhill School
}}

'''Fearnhill School''' is a [[Mixed-sex education|mixed]] [[secondary school]] and [[sixth form]] located in [[Letchworth]], [[Hertfordshire]], England.

==Admissions==
Fearnhill School (formerly Letchworth Grammar School) is a [[Foundation school|foundation]] [[comprehensive school]] located in [[Letchworth]] Garden City. There are over 500 students on roll including 100 students in the [[sixth form]]. The school is linked as a cooperative trust with [[The Highfield School]].<ref name="Ofsted main">[http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/portal/site/Internet/menuitem.7c7b38b14d870c7bb1890a01637046a0/?urn=117504&providerCategoryID=8192 "Fernhill School"], Fearnhill School, [[Office for Standards in Education|Ofsted]], ''accessed 29 May 2008''</ref> as The Letchworth Garden City Education Partnership.<ref>http://www.thecomet.net/news/letchworth_schools_join_in_co_operative_trust_1_2169011</ref>

It is situated in the west of Letchworth, just north of the [[Great Northern Route|railway line]] to Baldock and Cambridge. It is on the [[Icknield Way]].

==History==
The school's origins lie in Letchworth Grammar School, which moved to the site in 1976 after the former site closed in July of that year. The building of the former grammar school is on Broadway in Letchworth GC town centre.<ref>http://www.thecomet.net/news/work_set_to_begin_on_former_letchworth_grammar_school_1_2244596</ref>

==Academic standards==
After several years in [[special measures]] and 'Requires Improvement,<ref>[https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/117504 Ofsted Reports on Fearnhill School - 2011-2014]</ref> in June 2015 the school was judged by Ofsted to be "Good" and affirmed the school’s belief that it can become ‘Outstanding’ by adding that the leadership ‘demonstrate the necessary ambition and vision to secure further improvement for the school’. Ofsted confirmed that ‘teachers are committed to the success of their students’, ‘students behave well around the school’, ‘bullying is rare’ and ‘achievement shows substantial improvement’.<ref>http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/117504</ref> In the GCSE results announced in August 2015, 47% of the students achieved A*-C grades including maths and English GCSEs.<ref name="education.gov.uk">http://www.education.gov.uk/cgi-bin/schools/performance/school.pl?urn=117504</ref> The A Level results in August 2013 were the best the school has ever achieved.<ref>The Comet, 22 August 2013</ref>

==Sixth Form==
The sixth form at Fearnhill is thriving and successful and it was noted by Ofsted that ‘sixth form provision is a strength of the school’.<ref name="education.gov.uk"/> Each year the school admits a cohort of students into Year 12, including external pupils from any school according to their GCSE results.<ref>http://www.fearnhill.herts.sch.uk/sixth-form-admissions/</ref> The sixth form teaches AS and A2 courses as well as BTEC courses.<ref>http://www.fearnhill.herts.sch.uk/sixth-form-courses/</ref>

==House System==
The school has a house system with four houses named after key figures in the development of Letchworth Garden City: Gorst, [[Ebenezer Howard|Howard]], Pearsall and Neville. Each house is led by a senior member of staff and a sixth form House Captain.
The houses compete against each other to win events such as sports day as well as Christmas and summer house competitions. Students are also awarded house points for good effort, community service and effective learning. The total number of points for each house is used to determine which house is the winner of the annual house competition.<ref>http://www.fearnhill.herts.sch.uk/house-points-2015-2016/</ref>
The recent winners of the house competition were:
• 2013-2014 Howard

==Fearnfile==
Fearnfile is the Fearnhill fortnightly magazine of news, articles, and original contributions.<ref>http://www.fearnhill.herts.sch.uk/fearnfile/</ref> Fearnfile is becoming a publication that is written by pupils, for pupils. Previous issues include information about any member of staff who has left or who joined the school that academic year, updates of music and drama events, sports teams and reports from trips.

==Sport==
Fearnhill School competes in a range of disciplines across each academic year. Across all year groups students have the opportunity to compete in traditional sports such as football, netball, rugby, hockey, basketball, rounders, cricket and athletics. Aside from these activities Fearnhill also compete in volleyball, table tennis, badminton, indoor athletics and cross-country. Recent successes in the district include: 2015-16 U16 Girls District Badminton Champions; 2015-16 U15 Boys District Football Champions; 2014-15 Senior District Athletics Bronze Medallists; 2014-15 U16 Boys District Football Runners-Up; 2014-15 U15 Boys Basketball District Champions.
Fearnhill as a long line of athletics success spanning decades. Currently competing against schools from all over Hertfordshire in the county athletics league Fearnhill are yet to mark their stamp on the county stage.<ref>http://www.fearnhill.herts.sch.uk/physical-education/</ref>

==Notable former pupils==
* [[Dave Kitson]], [[Premier League]] footballer
* [[Victoria Pendleton]], [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] and world champion [[track cyclist]] <ref>http://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/sport/Olympics-Pendleton39s-going-for-gold.4369841.jp</ref>
* [[Simon West]], film director
* [[Claire Rushbrook]], TV actress
* [[Nicky Hunt (archer)|Nicky Hunt]], Double Commonwealth Gold medallist for Archery 2010
* [[Ruth Goodman (historian)]], Social historian and TV personality

===Letchworth Grammar School===
* Prof [[William Bonfield]] CBE, Professor of [[Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge|Medical Materials]] from 2000-5 at the [[University of Cambridge]], who founded the [[Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine]]
* Prof [[Meir M. Lehman]], known for [[Lehman's laws of software evolution]], and Professor of Computing Science from 1972-84 at [[Imperial College London]]
* John Ransford, Chief Executive since 2009 of the [[Local Government Association]], and of [[North Yorkshire]] County Council from 1994-9
* [[Richard Wiggs]], founder of the Anti-Concorde Project

===Former teachers===
* Richard Parry, Director of Education since 1998 for Swansea Council (Head of Maths from 1983-8)
* Ian Roberts, England Athletics Team Coach (Head of Physical Education from 1995 - 2003)
* Chris Husbands, Director, Institute of Education since 2011 (head of Humanities 1988-1990)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fearnhill.herts.sch.uk Official site]
* [http://www.edubase.gov.uk/establishment/summary.xhtml?urn=117504 EduBase]

{{Schools in Hertfordshire}}

[[Category:Secondary schools in Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Letchworth]]
[[Category:Foundation schools in Hertfordshire]]

User talk:2600:387:8:F:0:0:0:5B

2017-10-16T02:28:10Z

Edderso: Notice: You can be bold and fix things yourself on List of Mount Everest records. (TW)

== April 2017 ==
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== October 2017 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Thank you for your suggestion regarding [[:List of Mount Everest records]]. When you believe {{#switch:{{Trunc|{{LC:article}}|1}}|a|i|e|o|u=an article|#default=a {{{type}}}}} needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a [[wiki]], so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the '''edit this page''' link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|'''be bold''' in updating pages]]. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out [[Wikipedia:how to edit a page|''how to edit a page'']], or use the [[Draft:Sandbox|sandbox]] to try out your editing skills. [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|New contributors are always welcome]]. You don't even need to [[Special:Userlogin|log in]] (although there are [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|many reasons you might want to]]). --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  02:28, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
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List of Mount Everest records

2017-10-16T02:27:03Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 2600:387:8:F:0:0:0:5B (talk): not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.3.0)

{{about|the list of records established on Mount Everest|the "Everest Records" record label|Everest Records}}
[[File:Mount Everest from Kala Patther.jpg|thumb|From [[Kala Patthar]], west of Everest looking the South East face primarily]]
[[File:Mt. Everest from Gokyo Ri November 5, 2012 Cropped.jpg|thumb|Mount Everest from [[Gokyo Ri]], showing a little more of the North face]]
[[File:Endurance training for Mt Carstensz Pyramid.JPG|thumb|[[Tashi and Nungshi Malik|Tashi and Nungshi]] were the first twins to summit Mount Everest together]]
[[File:Summit picture.jpg|thumb|People on the summit of Everest]]

This article lists different records related to [[Mount Everest]]. One of the most commonly sought after records is a "summit", to reach the highest elevation point on Mount Everest.

==Records==

===Highest number of times to reach the summit of Mount Everest===
† - Non-Nepali or Tibetan
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit|Highest number of times to reach the summit]]
| rowspan="2" |21
|[[Apa Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|2012-05-11|May 11, 2011}}
|<ref name="explorersweb.com">{{cite news|url=http://explorersweb.com/everest_k2/news.php?id=20142|title=World Record: Apa Sherpa's Everest summit no 21}}</ref>
|-
|[[Phurba Tashi]] Sherpa
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|2013-05-19|May 19, 2013}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://peakfreaks.com/everestnews2013.htm#.UY07T7VFXmv | title= PeakFreaks 14 safe summits | date=May 19, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Other Number of Times Records===
† - Non-Nepali or Tibetan
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Most ascents by a woman
|8
|[[Lhakpa Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref name="rawstory1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2016/05/7-eleven-worker-becomes-first-woman-to-climb-mount-everest-seven-times/ |title=7-Eleven worker becomes first woman to climb Mount Everest seven times |publisher=Rawstory.com |date=2016 |accessdate=2016-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-ascents-of-mt-everest-by-a-woman|title=Most ascents of Everest by a woman|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pokhrel|first1=Rajan|title=Nepali woman scales Mt Everest eight times breaking own record|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepali-woman-climber-breaks-record-scales-mt-everest-eight-times/|website=Himalayan Times|publisher=Himalyan Times|accessdate=14 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Most summits without [[bottled oxygen (climbing)|supplemental oxygen]]
|10
|[[Ang Rita]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|1996-05-23|May 23, 1996}}
|<ref>{{cite book |title=Ascents - Everest (without supplementary oxygen) |last=8000ers.com |url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/download.html?func=startdown&id=154 }}</ref>
|-
|Most summits by a foreigner †
|15
|[[Dave Hahn]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmiguides.com/about/guides/dave-hahn|title=Dave Hahn|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.eddiebauer.com/2013/05/23/dave-hahn-reflects-on-his-everest-summit-streak/|title=Dave Hahn Reflects on his Everest Summit Streak|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatoutdoors.com/everest-2010/climber-dave-hahn-fifteen-trips-to-everest|title=Climber Dave Hahn: Fifteen Trips to Everest|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|Most ascents by a foreign woman †
|6
|[[Melissa Arnot]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/athletes-life/article/9966961/espnw-melissa-arnot-conquered-mount-everest-five-times-american-hailed-hero-playing-peacemaker-mountain-slopes|title=espnW -- Melissa Arnot has conquered Mount Everest five times, but American is hailed as hero for playing peacemaker on mountain's slopes|work=espnW}}</ref><ref>[https://gearjunkie.com/first-american-woman-summits-everest-without-o2 Mount Everest: American Woman Summits Without Supplemental O2]</ref>
|}
{{further information|List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit}}

===First to summit a certain number of times===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
|Summited
|[[Edmund Hillary]] and [[Tenzing Norgay]]
|{{flagcountry|NZL}}, {{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|1953-05-29|May 29, 1953}}
|
|-
|First woman to summit once
|Summited
|[[Junko Tabei]]
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|May 16, 1975
|<ref name="si1996">{{cite journal |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1008036/index.htm |title=No Mountain Too High For Her : Junko Tabei defied Japanese views of women to become an expert climber |author=Robert Horn |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=29 April 1996 }}</ref>
|-
|First to summit twice
|2
|[[Nawang Gombu]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|1963, 1965
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climbing.com/climber/everest-pioneer-nawang-gombu-dies-at-79/|title=rip 2011|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Units/58.html Nawang Gombu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427080041/http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Units/58.html |date=2011-04-27 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.everesthistory.com/sherpas/nawanggombu.htm]</ref>
|-
|First woman to summit twice
|2
|[[Santosh Yadav]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|1992, 1993
|<ref name="webindia">{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=705110686&cat=&n_date=20070511 |title=Santosh Yadav feels motivated to climb Everest again |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=2007-05-11 |accessdate=2010-06-20}}</ref>
|-
|First to summit three times
|3 by 1982
|[[Sungdare Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref>[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum1-150.htm]</ref>
|-
|First woman to summit three times
|3 by 2003
|[[Lhakpa Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/nepal/update.html PBS]</ref>
|-
|First to summit 4 times
|4 by 1985
|Sungdare Sherpa
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref name="adventurestats.com">[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum151-300.htm]</ref>
|-
|First woman to summit 4 times
|4 by 2004
|Lhakpa Sherpa
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
| <ref>[http://www.everestnews.com/everest2005/lapkasherpa2005.htm]</ref>
|-
|First to summit 5 times
|5 by 1988
|Sungdare Sherpa
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref name="adventurestats.com"/>
|-
|First woman to summit 5 times
|5 by 2005
|Lhakpa Sherpa
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref>[http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2005%20Season%20Lists/2005%20Spring%20A4.html Himalayan Database - Spring 2005 Everest]</ref>
|-
|First person to summit 6 times
|6 by 1990
|[[Ang Rita]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref name="adventurestats.com"/>
|-
|First woman to summit 6 times
|6 by 2006
|[[Lhakpa Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|
|-
|First person to summit 7 times
|7 by 1992
|Ang Rita
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC">[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum451-600.htm]</ref>
|-
|First woman to summit 7 times
|7 by 2016
|Lhakpa Sherpa
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref name="rawstory1"/>
|-
|First person to summit 8 times
|8 by 1993
|Ang Rita
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref name="ReferenceC" />
|-
|First person to summit 9 times
|9 by 1995
|Ang Rita
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref>[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum601-750.htm]</ref>
|-
|First person to summit 10 times
|10 by 1996
|Ang Rita
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref>[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum601-750.htm]</ref>
|-
|First person to summit 11 times
|11 by 2000
|[[Apa Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|
|<ref>[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/esum1201-1350.htm]</ref>
|-
|}
*Apa continued to increase in summits until 2011, achieving 21 times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/05/05/the-worlds-most-renowned-sherpa-talks-mt-everest/|title=The world’s most renowned Sherpa talks Mt. Everest|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-06-05}}</ref>

===Double summiting records===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|First dual ascent made by a woman on Mount Everest summit within five days
|Summited
|[[Anshu Jamsenpa]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|21st May 2017
|<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/21/arunachals-anshu-jamsenpa-becomes-the-first-woman-to-scale-mt-e_a_22102600/]</ref>
|}

===Fastest ascents===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Fastest ascent from [[Everest Base Camp#South Base Camp in Nepal|Everest South Base Camp]] with supplemental oxygen
|8 hours and 10 minutes
|[[Pemba Dorje]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|2004-05-21|May 21, 2004}}
|<ref name=conf>{{cite news|title=New Everest Record is Confirmed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3662040.stm|accessdate=2012-02-04|date=2004-09-16}}</ref>
|-
|Fastest ascent from [[Everest Base Camp#South Base Camp in Nepal|Everest South Base Camp]] without supplemental oxygen{{ref|reference_name_A|a}}
|20 hours and 24 minutes
|[[Aman Kumar Sinha]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|{{sort|1998-10-17|October 17, 2008}}
|<ref name="everestsummiteersassociation1">{{cite web|url=http://www.everestsummiteersassociation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=24&Itemid=27 |title=NEW/OLD RECORDS |publisher=Everestsummiteersassociation.org |accessdate=2014-07-20}}</ref>
|-
|Fastest ascent without supplemental oxygen and fastest ascent from [[Everest Base Camp#North Base Camp in Tibet|Everest North Base Camp]]
|16 hours and 45 minutes
|[[Hans Kammerlander]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|{{sort|1996-5-24|May 24, 1996}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-mountain|title=Highest mountain|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=2016-12-14}}</ref>
|-
|Longest stay on the summit
|21 hours
|[[Babu Chiri Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|1999-05-06|May 6, 1999}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.k2news.com/bidn.htm |title=Babu Chiri Sherpa has died 4/29/01 |publisher=EverestNews.com |accessdate=2010-12-13 }}</ref>
|}

===Deadliest accident===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Most deaths in one day at Everest
|22
|{{flagcountry|NEP}},{{flagcountry|PRC}}
|{{sort|2015-04-25|April 25, 2015}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Avalanche-triggered-by-quake-kills-18-on-Mount-Everest/articleshow/47055195.cms |title=Avalanche triggered by quake kills 18 on Mount Everest |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>
|}

===Oldest summiters===
This table shows the progression of the record for oldest male summiter, as well as some additional examples of aged summiters for comparison
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|80 years 224 days
|[[Yuichiro Miura]] (b 1932)
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|{{sort|2013-05-23|May 23, 2013}}
|<ref name="Japan Times">{{cite news | url = http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/05/23/national/japanese-becomes-oldest-person-to-conquer-everest/ | publisher = Japan Times | title = Japanese becomes oldest person to conquer Everest | accessdate = 23 May 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|76 years 340 days
|[[Min Bahadur Sherchan]] (b 1931)
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|2008
|<ref name="Japan Times"/><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/12/29/nepal.everest/ ]</ref><ref name="timeforkids.com">[http://www.timeforkids.com/node/94621/print]</ref>
|-
|75 years 227 days
|Yuichiro Miura
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|2008
|<ref name="Japan Times"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="timeforkids.com"/>
|-
|71 years 61 days
|Katsusuke Yanagisawa
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|{{sort|2007-05-22|May 22, 2007}}
|<ref>[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/05/27/general/japans-everest-timeline/]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/29/japan.justinmccurry1 71-year-old Japanese man becomes oldest climber to scale Everest ]</ref>
|-
|70 years 225 days
|Takao Arayama
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|May 2006
|<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref name="japantimes.co.jp">[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/07/30/to-be-sorted/no-mountain-too-high-for-oldest-man-ever-to-scale-everest/#.VZHxE_Bdgnd]</ref>
|-
|70 years 222 days
|Yuichiro Miura
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|May 2003
|<ref name="Japan Times"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref name="japantimes.co.jp"/>
|-
|65 years 176 days
|[[Tomiyasu Ishikawa]]
||{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|{{sort|2002-05-17|17 May 2002}}
|<ref name=table/>
|-
|65 years
|[[Sir Ranulph Fiennes]] (b 1944)
||{{flagcountry|UK}}
|{{sort|2009-05-21|21 May 2009}}
|<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8060649.stm]</ref>
|-
|64 years
|[[Sherman Bull]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|{{sort|2001-05-25|May 25, 2001}}
|<ref>[http://nepalitimes.com/~nepalitimes/news.php?id=8775#.VZGiwfBdgne Record climbs]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/10/nyregion/conquering-everest-and-record-books.html The New York Times Conquering Everest, And Record Books By CHRISTINE WOODSIDE]</ref>
|-
|63 years 311 days
|[[Toshio Yamamoto (mountaineer)|Toshio Yamamoto]]
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|2000
|<ref name="Google Books The Hour">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=20010526&id=r_pIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oAUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1477,3678410&hl=en Google Books The Hour]</ref><ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/_stories/2001-05-15-mount-everest.htm]</ref>
|-
|60 years 161 days
|[[Lev Sarkisov]]
|{{flagcountry|Georgia}}
|{{sort|1999-05-12|May 12, 1999}}
|<ref name="Google Books The Hour"/><ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/22/news/mn-39878]</ref>
|-
|60 years 160 days
|Ramon Balanca (Blanco) Suarez
|{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|1993 (b. 1933)
|<ref name="spokesman.com">[http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/feb/05/everest-bound-kettle-falls-man-seeks-to-be-one-of/]</ref>
|-
|55 years
|[[Richard Bass]] (b. 1929)
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|April 1985
|<ref name="spokesman.com"/><ref>[http://www.alanarnette.com/7summits/7summits.php]</ref>
|-
|50 years
|[[Chris Bonington]] (b. 1934)
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
|April 1985
|<ref name="spokesman.com"/>
|-
|50 years
|[[Jozef Psotka]] (b. 1934, died on descent)
|{{flagcountry|Czechoslovakia}}
|October 1984
|<ref name="spokesman.com"/>
|-
|50 years 118 days
|Gerhard Schmatz (b 1929)
|{{flagcountry|West Germany}}
|October 1979
|<ref name=table/><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19791008&id=r4QsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UM4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5798,1725482&hl=en Herald-Journal - Oct 8, 1979]</ref>
|-
|49 years 52 days
|[[Pierre Mazeaud]] (b 1929)
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|15 Oct 1978
|<ref name=table/>
|-
|42 years 6 months
|[[Sonam Gyatso (mountaineer)|Sonam Gyatso]] (b 1922)
| {{Flagcountry|India}}
|22 May 1965
|<ref name=table/>
|-
|39 years
|[[Tenzing Norgay]] (b 1914)
|{{flagcountry|Nepal}}
|29 May 1953
|<ref name=table/>
|}
Norgay was older than Hillary, so they became the modern day starting point for oldest and youngest climbers respectively.

This table shows the progression of the record for oldest female summiter.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|73 years 180 days
|[[Tamae Watanabe]]
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|{{sort|2012-05-19|May 19, 2012}}
|<ref name="npr.org">[http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/05/19/153076260/oldest-woman-to-summit-everest-breaks-record-a-second-time Oldest Woman To Summit Everest Breaks Record A Second Time]</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/05/27/general/japans-everest-timeline/ ]</ref>
|-
|63 years 177 days
|[[Tamae Watanabe]]
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|{{sort|2002-05-16|May 16, 2002}}
|<ref name="npr.org"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
|50 years
|[[Anna Czerwińska]]
|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
|{{sort|2000-05-22|May 22, 2000}}
|<ref>[http://www.abc-of-mountaineering.com/info/anna-czerwinska.asp Anna Czerwinska: Oldest Woman to Conquer Everest]</ref>
|-
|47 years 98 days (died in the [[1996 Mount Everest disaster]])
|[[Yasuko Namba]]
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|{{sort|1996-05-10|May 10, 1996}}
|<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
|-
|47 years 21 days
|Mary Lefever
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|{{sort|1993-05-19|May 19, 1993}}
|<ref name=table/>
|-
|39 years 228 days (died on descent)
|[[Hannelore Schmatz]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|{{sort|1979-10-02|October 10, 1979}}
|<ref name=table/>
|-
| 35 years, 236 days
|[[Junko Tabei]]
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|May 16, 1975
|<ref name="si1996">{{cite journal |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1008036/index.htm |title=No Mountain Too High For Her : Junko Tabei defied Japanese views of women to become an expert climber |author=Robert Horn |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=29 April 1996 }}</ref><ref name=table>[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/everestage.htm Adventure Stats]</ref>
|}
Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit, and thus set the initial records for both oldest and youngest female summiter.

===Youngest Summiters===
Due to some variations in record keeping, there may be some variation in the examples

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Youngest person to climb Mount Everest
|13 years 10 months 10 days old
|[[Jordan Romero]]
|{{flagcountry|America

}}
|{{sort|2010-05-22|May 22, 2010}}
|<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia_pacific/10141547.stm | publisher = BBC | title = Fraser Matthews, 13, 'becomes youngest to scale Everest' | accessdate = 22 May 2010 | date = 22 May 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
|15 years old
|[[Ming Kipa]] (female)
|{{flagcountry|Nepal}}
|{{sort|2003-05-24|May 24, 2003}}
|<ref name="New/Old Records">[http://www.everestsummiteersassociation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=24&Itemid=27 New/Old Records]</ref><ref name=Glenday2010>{{Citation|title = Guinness World Records 2010: Thousands of New Records in The Book of the Decade!|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hLYzvUvPL3MC&pg=PA210|year = 2010|author = Glenday, Craig|pages = 210|isbn = 978-0-553-59337-2|accessdate = 2011-07-22}}</ref><ref name="thehimalayantimes.com">{{Citation|title = THT 10 years ago: Ming Kipa's record was happenstance‚ says sister|url = http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=THT+10+years+ago:+Ming+Kipa%27s+record+was+happenstance%26sbquo;+says+sister&NewsID=378076|year = 2013|accessdate = 2013-05-28}}</ref>
|-
|Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2001-2003)
|16 year 14 days old
|[[Temba Tsheri]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|2001-5-24|May 24, 2001}}
|<ref name="nepalitimes.com">[http://nepalitimes.com/~nepalitimes/news.php?id=8775#.VZGiwfBdgne]</ref>
|-
|Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (1990-2001)
|17 years old
|[[Bertrand Roche]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|{{sort|1990-5-24|1990}}
|<ref name="nepalitimes.com"/>
|}

Purna was about a month older than Romero at the time of her summiting in 2014:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Next youngest person and youngest female
|13 years 11 months old
|[[Malavath Purna]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|{{sort|2014-05-25|May 25, 2014}}
|<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/nation-current-affairs/article/cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-announces-reward-malavath-poorna-and</ref><ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/13-year-old-Andhra-teen-becomes-youngest-woman-to-scale-Everest/articleshow/35598021.cms|title=13-year-old Andhra teen becomes youngest woman to scale Everest|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|}
====Youngest female====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Youngest girl to climb Mount Everest
|13 years and 11 months old
|[[Malavath Purna]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|{{sort|2014-05-25|May 25, 2014}}
|<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/nation-current-affairs/article/cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-announces-reward-malavath-poorna-and</ref><ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/13-year-old-Andhra-teen-becomes-youngest-woman-to-scale-Everest/articleshow/35598021.cms|title=13-year-old Andhra teen becomes youngest woman to scale Everest|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
|15 years old
|[[Ming Kipa]]
|{{flagcountry|Nepal}}
|{{sort|2003-05-24|May 24, 2003}}
|<ref name="New/Old Records"/><ref name=Glenday2010>{{Citation|title = Guinness World Records 2010: Thousands of New Records in The Book of the Decade!|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hLYzvUvPL3MC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=Ming+Kipa+guinness+book&source=bl&ots=wF__rKq7YN&sig=hjbTwZPJTTIj5oAlA9J8TYv1Ni8&hl=en&ei=RNspToPCDfK00AHWrr3SCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|year = 2010|author = Glenday, Craig|pages = 210|isbn = 978-0-553-59337-2|accessdate = 2011-07-22}}</ref><ref name="thehimalayantimes.com"/>
|-
|Youngest woman up to Summit Everest up to that time
|19 years 35 days
|[[Dicky Dolma]]
|{{Flagcountry|IND}}
|May 10, 1993
|<ref>[http://www.everesthistory.com/climbers/dolma.htm]</ref>
|-
| Youngest woman to summit up to that time
|22 years, 273 days
| Kim Soon-Jo
| {{Flagcountry|South Korea}}
| May 10, 1993
|
|-
| Youngest [[Muslim]] woman to summit
|22 years, 242 days
| [[Samina Baig]]
| {{Flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| May 19, 2013
|
|-
|Youngest woman to summit up to that time
|24 years, 215 days
|[[Santosh Yadav]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|May 12, 1992
|
|-
|Youngest British woman to summit
|25 years
|Tori James
|Wales
|May 24, 2007
|
|-
|Youngest woman to summit up to that time
| 27 years 5 days
|[[Lydia Bradey]]
|{{flagcountry|NZ}}
|October 14, 1988
|<ref name=table/><ref name="Firsts">{{cite web|url=http://www.everesthistory.com/firsts.htm|title=Firsts|publisher=Everest History.com|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Youngest woman to summit up to that time
|29 year 2 days
|[[Sharon Wood]]
|{{flagcountry|CAN}}
|May 20, 1986
|<ref name=table/>
|-
|Youngest woman to summit up to that time
| 30 years 28 days
| [[Bachendri Pal]]
| {{flagcountry|IND}}
|May 23, 1984
|<ref name=table/>
|-
|First (so both the youngest and oldest) woman to summit
| 35 years 236 days
|[[Junko Tabei]]
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|May 16, 1975
|<ref name="si1996">{{cite journal |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1008036/index.htm |title=No Mountain Too High For Her : Junko Tabei defied Japanese views of women to become an expert climber |author=Robert Horn |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=29 April 1996 }}</ref><ref name=table>[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/everestage.htm Adventure Stats]</ref>
|}

See also
*[[Nimdoma Sherpa]]
*[[Samantha Larson]]
*Nima Chhamzi Sherpa, summited May 19, 2012 at the age of 16.<ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/life/10-things-you-wanted-know-about-sherpas-were-afraid-ask-155349/ CNN]</ref>

=== First … ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date

!Ref
|-
|First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
|Summited
|[[Sir Edmund Hillary]] and [[Tenzing Norgay]]
|{{flagcountry|NZL}}, {{flagcountry|NEP}}
|{{sort|1953-05-29|May 29, 1953}}
|
|-
|Youngest female person to climb from Tibetan Side of Everest
|summited
|[[Malavath Purna]]
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|{{sort|2014-05-25|May 25, 2014}}
|<ref name="deccanchronicle.com">http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/nation-current-affairs/article/cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-announces-reward-malavath-poorna-and</ref><ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/13-year-old-Andhra-teen-becomes-youngest-woman-to-scale-Everest/articleshow/35598021.cms|title=13-year-old Andhra teen becomes youngest woman to scale Everest|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|First woman to reach the summit
|Summited
|[[Junko Tabei]]
|{{flagcountry|JPN}}
|May 16, 1975
|<ref name="si1996">{{cite journal |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1008036/index.htm |title=No Mountain Too High For Her : Junko Tabei defied Japanese views of women to become an expert climber |author=Robert Horn |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=29 April 1996 }}</ref>
|-
|First ascent without supplemental oxygen
|Summited
|[[Reinhold Messner]] and [[Peter Habeler]]
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}, {{flagcountry|AUT}}
|May 8, 1978
|
|-
|First winter ascent
|Summited
|[[Krzysztof Wielicki]] and [[Leszek Cichy]]
|{{flagcountry|POL}}
|February 17, 1980
|
|-
|First solo ascent without supplemental oxygen
|Summited
|Reinhold Messner
|{{flagcountry|ITA}}
|August 20, 1980
|
|-
|First paraglider descent from summit
|Summited, descended by paraglider
|[[Jean-Marc Boivin]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|September 26, 1988
|<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/6334653.stm "A view from the top of the world "], [[BBC News]], 15 February 2007, retrieved 6 October 2010</ref>
|-
|First female ascent without supplemental oxygen
|Summited
|[[Lydia Bradey]]
|{{flagcountry|NZ}}
|October 14, 1988
|<ref name="Firsts"/>
|-
|First Nepalese woman to successfully summit and descend
|Summited, descended
|[[Lhakpa Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|May 18, 2000
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.everestnews.com/everest2005/lapkasherpa2005.htm|title=Mt. Everest 2005: Lakpa Sherpa|website=www.everestnews.com|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref>
|-
|First to descend on a snowboard
|Summited, descended by snowboard
|[[Marco Siffredi]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
|May, 2001
|
|-
|First person to reach the summit from three different routes (South Col., North Face and Khangshung Face)
|Summited by 3 routes
|[[Kushang Sherpa]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|1993- 2003
|<ref name="everesthistory">{{cite web|url= http://www.everesthistory.com/sherpas/kushangdorjee.htm|title=The Sherpas of Everest Series|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="conquering-everest-60-facts">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/conquering-everest-60-facts-about-the-worlds-tallest-mountain-8632372.html|title=everest-60-facts-about-the-worlds-tallest-mountain |accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
|First two people to marry on top of Mount Everest
|Summited, married
|[[Pem Dorjee]] and [[Moni Mulepati]]
|{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|May 30, 2005
|<ref name=wedd>{{cite news |title=Wedding on top of Mount Everest |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4605711.stm |accessdate=2012-02-04 |newspaper=BBC |date=2005-06-03}}</ref>
|-
|First twins to climb Mount Everest together
|Summited
|[[Tashi and Nungshi Malik]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|May 19, 2013
|<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-meet-the-first-twins-to-climb-mount-everest-2020715]</ref>
|-
|First to climb the Everest Triple Crown
|Summited
|[[Kenton Cool]] and [[Dorje Gylgen]]
|{{flagcountry|UK}},{{flagcountry|NEP}}
|May 21, 2013
|<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-22597303]</ref>
|-
|First to recite national anthem at everest
|Summited
|[[Ratnesh Pandey]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|May 21, 2016
|
|}

===Disabled or diseased summiters===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Amputated foot
|Summited Everest
|[[Tom Whittaker (mountaineer)|Tom Whittaker]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|May 27, 1998
|<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A02E1DC153BF930A35755C0A96E958260 TV Notes; Top of the World - New York Times]</ref>
|-
|[[Blindness|Blind]]
|Summited Everest via South Col
|[[Erik Weihenmayer]]
|{{Flagcountry|USA}}
|May 25, 2001
|
|-
|[[Cystic fibrosis]]
|Summited Everest
|Nick Talbot
|{{Flagcountry|UK}}
|May 2016
|<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/17/british-man-becomes-first-person-with-cystic-fibrosis-to-climb-e/ British man becomes first person with cystic fibrosis to climb Everest ]</ref>
|-
|Left arm amputated
|Summited Everest
|Gary Guller
|{{Flagcountry|USA}}
|May 23, 2003
|<ref>[http://www.everestnews.com/everestnews2/teameverest03.htm Featured Everest Expedition: Team Everest '03] EverestNews.com</ref>
|-
|Double leg amputee
|Summited Everest
|[[Mark Inglis]]
|{{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
|May 15, 2006
|-
|Right leg amputee
|Summited Everest
|[[Nelson Cardona]]
|{{flagcountry|Colombia}}
|May 17, 2010
|<ref>[cite news | url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/historico/nelson_cardona_primer_colombiano_discapacitado_que_conquista_el_everest-OWEC_89777] </ref>
|-
|With no fingers
|Summited Everest
|Kim Hong-Bin
|{{Flagcountry|South Korea}}
|May 16, 2007
|<ref>{{cite news | url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2007051775988&path_dir=20070517 | title=Two Feet Are Better Than Ten Fingers | work=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] | date=2007-05-16 | accessdate=2015-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2899431 | title=Disabled climber pulls off 7-continent sweep | work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] | date=2009-01-05 | accessdate=2015-11-10}}</ref>
|-
|Double arm amputee
|Summited Everest
|[[Sudarshan Gautam]]
|{{flagcountry|Nepal}} {{flagcountry|Canada}}
|May 20, 2013
|<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.calgarysun.com/2013/05/20/armless-calgary-man-sudarshan-gautam-reaches-dream-of-summitting-mount-everest | title=Armless Calgary man Sudarshan Gautam reaches dream of summitting Mount Everest | work=[[Calgary Sun]] | date=2013-05-20 | accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/canadian-double-amputee-summits-mount-everest-1.1322725 | title=Canadian double-amputee summits Mount Everest | work=[[CBC News]] | date=2013-05-30 | accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref>
|-
|Female amputee (1 leg)
|Summited Everest
|[[Arunima Sinha]]
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|May 21, 2013
|<ref name=HuffingtonPost>{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/22/arunima-sinha-first-female-amputee-everest_n_3317252.html | title=Arunima Sinha, Indian Woman, Is First Female Amputee To Climb Everest | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=2013-05-22 | accessdate=2013-05-22}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hemophilia]]c
|Summited Everest
|Chris Bombardier
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|May 22, 2017
|<ReF>[http://www.denverpost.com/2017/06/02/chris-bombardier-mount-everest-summit/]</ref>
|-
|Insulin dependent Diabetic
|Summited Everest
|[[Geri Winkler]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
|May 20, 2006
|<ref>[http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2006%20Season%20Lists/2006%20Spring%20A12.html Geri is recorded for May 20 2006 for Everest]</ref><ref>[http://clinidiabet.com/en/infodiabetes/education/living/testimonials/2006/04.htm Austrian to set record as first diabetic to climb world's highest peaks ]</ref>
|-
|[[Type I Diabetes]]
|Summited Everest
|[[Will Cross]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|May 23, 2006
|<ref name=everest>[http://www.healthcentral.com/diabeteens/c/22669/117659/mountaineer-1/ Meet Will Cross Explorer and Mountaineer with Type 1 Diabetes Svati]</ref><ref>[http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2006%20Season%20Lists/2006%20Spring%20A13.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.everestsummiteersassociation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14%3Ausa&limitstart=3]</ref>
|-
|[[Multiple sclerosis]] first woman
|Summited Everest
|Lori Schneider
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|May 23, 2009
|<ref>[http://www.steamboattoday.com/news/2009/aug/30/former_local_teacher_overcomes_fears_ms_capture_se/ ]</ref><ref>[http://himalayandatabase.com/2009%20Season%20Lists/2009%20Spring%20A11.html Himalayan Database confirms summiting on May 23 2009]</ref>
|-
|[[Multiple sclerosis]] first man
|Summited Everest
|Niels van Buren
|{{flagcountry|The Netherlands}}
|May 2016
|<ref>[http://www.seeker.com/man-with-multiple-sclerosis-summits-everest-1819297200.html]</ref>
|-
| [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] and partially blind
| Summited Everest
|Cindy Abbott
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|May 23, 2010
|<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/WN/woman-rare-disease-reaches-top-everest/story?id=10796741 Partially Blind Woman Achieves Dream of Climbing Mount Everest June 1, 2010 MARY-ROSE ABRAHAM Mary-Rose Abraham More from Mary-Rose]</ref><ref>[http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2010%20Season%20Lists/2010%20Spring%20A12.html hd 2010]</ref>
|-
|[[Crohn's disease]] and [[Ostomy pouching system|ostomy]]
|Summited [[South Summit (Mount Everest)|South Summit]] of Everest
|Rob Hill
|{{flagcountry|Canada}}
|May 25, 2010
|<ref>[http://nogutsknowglory.weneedideas.ca/robert-hill-conquers-seven-summits-including-mount-everest.php/ Robert Hill conquers seven summits including Mount Everest]</ref><ref>[http://intestinaldiseaseeducationawarenesssociety.com/rob-hill-reached-south-summit-mount-everest-may-25-2010.html/]</ref>
|-
| Cancer survivor ([[Hodgkins disease]] and Askin's [[sarcoma]]); 1 lung
| Summit
| [[Sean Swarner]]
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
| May 16, 2002
| <ref>[http://www.today.com/news/cancer-survivor-sean-swarner-s-emotional-journey-everest-beyond-t70736 Cancer survivor Sean Swarner's emotional journey to Everest and beyond]</ref><ref>[http://americanprofile.com/articles/cancer-survivor-climbs-mount-everest/ Cancer Survivor Climbs Mount Everest]</ref>
|-
|[[Blindness|Blind]]
|Summited Everest via North Col
|[[Andy Holzer]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
| May 21, 2017
| <ref>[http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/andy-holzer-blinder-oesterreicher-auf-dem-mount-everest-15026691.html Blinder Österreicher auf dem Mount Everest]</ref>
|-
|First Cancer patient
|Summited Everest
|Ian Toothill
|{{Flagcountry|UK}}
|May 27th 2017
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-40172258|title=Terminal cancer patient Ian Toothill conquers Everest|date=2017-06-06|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-19|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

=== Other ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Overflight of summit
|8848m
| David McIntyre and [[Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton|Sir Douglas Douglas-Hamilton]]
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
||{{sort|1933-04-03|April 3, 1933}}
|<ReF>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2013/apr/03/first-flight-over-everest-physiology]</ref>
|-
|Highest of [[rotorcraft]] landing and take-off
|8848m
|[[Didier Delsalle]]
|{{flagcountry|FRA}}
||{{sort|2005-05-00|May, 2005}}
|<ref name="fai">{{cite web|url=http://records.fai.org/rotorcraft/history.asp?id1=112&id2=80&id3=1&id4=2 |archivedate=2008-12-02 |title=Rotorcraft World Records |publisher=FAI |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202045947/http://records.fai.org/rotorcraft/history.asp?id1=112&id2=80&id3=1&id4=2 |df= }}</ref>
|}
*[[Elizabeth Hawley]], has kept records for Everest from 1960s to at least 2015.<ref>[http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/04/19/entertainment/hawleys-chronicles-to-be-released/404265.html Hawley's chronicles to be released]</ref>
*Marc Kopp was the first disabled person to skydive over Mount Everest, in 2013; he suffers from [[multiple sclerosis]].<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-124101-Disabled-Frenchman-makes-record-jump-over-Everest Disabled Frenchman makes record jump over Everest]</ref>

===Nepali records===
[[File:Chhurim, first women to climb mt. everest twice in the same season.jpg|thumb|[[Chhurim]] summited twice in May 2012, the first woman to summit twice in a season]]
Many Mount Everest records are held by Nepali, especially those from the Sherpa region who are synonymous with hospitality, hard-work, and brave alpinism.

*On 11 May 2011, [[Apa Sherpa]] successfully reached the summit of Everest for the twenty-first time, breaking his own record for the most successful ascents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apa Sherpa summits Everest for the 21st time' |publisher=Salt Lake Tribune |date=11 May 2011 |url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/51789082-78/apa-sherpa-everest-pool.html.csp |accessdate=11 May 2011 }}</ref> He first climbed Mount Everest in 1989 at the age of 29.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13358135 |title=Since The Age of 12 |publisher=BBC |date=11 May 2011 |accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref>
**[[Phurba Tashi]] Sherpa (also 21 times)
**[[Kami Rita Sherpa]] (21 times by 2017)
*One famous Nepalese female mountaineers was [[Pasang Lhamu Sherpa]], the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest, but who died during the descent. Another well-known woman Sherpa was the two-time Everest summiter [[Pemba Doma Sherpa]], who died after falling from [[Lhotse]] on 22 May 2007.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6684649.stm "Famous female Nepal climber dead"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 23 May 2007</ref>
*Nepali mountaineer [[Lhakpa Sherpa]], the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest and descend from it, has stood atop of Everest 7 times by 2016 and 8 times by 2017, the most times for woman.<ref>[http://www.outsideonline.com/2078361/most-successful-female-everest-climber-all-time-housekeeper-hartford-connecticut "The Most Successful Female Everest Climber of All Time Is a Housekeeper in Hartford, Connecticut"], ''[[Outside (Magazine)]]'', 10 May 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/150517/nepalese-woman-scales-everest-for-record-breaking-8th-time.html|title=Nepalese woman scales Everest for record-breaking 8th time|date=2017-05-15|work=http://www.asianage.com/|access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref>

Another examples of noted Nepali Everest mountaineers:
*[[Temba Tsheri]]
*Nima Chhamzi Sherpa
*[[Nimdoma Sherpa]]
*[[Ming Kipa]]
*[[Chhurim]]

''About names: Many Nepalese are only given one name, and are often named for a day of the week''

One source of confusion was in record keeping was that the South side was essentially closed in 2014 due to an avalanche disrupting the Khumbu Icefall. So most of the summiters summited from the North side, except for a small a group that flew a helicopter ''over'' the Khumbu Icefall, even though it was not open. This is why in 2016 [[Adrian Ballinger]] said on Instagram "9 Sherpa using supplemental oxygen became the first to summit on the South Side of Everest in the past 3 years" in 2016.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/11/travel/mount-everest-first-expedition-three-years/index.html|title=Everest conquered for first time in two years|last=Staff|first=C. N. N.|website=CNN|access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref> The full Nepal route to the summit was not open in 2014 or in 2015, but there was a group that summited from the south side in 2014 as part of a Chinese team that used a helicopter to reach that area.<ref name="cnn.com"/>

==Most summits in one day==
For the Mountain overall, the most in one day is May 19, 2012 when 179-234 reached the top.<ReF>[http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-15/everest-2017-14-climbers-make-first-summit-of-the-season.html]</ref><Ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-mountain]</reF><ReF>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mount-everest-records-deadliest-year-in-over-a-decade-a-859533.html]</ref>

==Everest base camp records==
Records for non-summits such about the main Nepal-side Base camp:


{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Record name
!Record
!Owner
!Nation
!Date
!Ref
|-
|Fastest run from [[Everest Base Camp]] to Kathmandu
|63 hours 8 minutes
|[[Sam Finch (Ashleworth)]]
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
|{{sort|2013-21-04 |Apr 21, 2013}}
|{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
|-
|Youngest person to trek to Everest Base Camp
|Age: 4
|Virat Sheokand
|{{flagcountry|IND}}
|April 2017
|
|-
|Youngest children to trek to Everest Base Camp
|Ages: 6 and 8
|James and Tobin Aidan O'Donnell
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
|August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/london-siblings-are-youngest-brothers-to-reach-everest-base-camp-a3332211.html|title=London siblings are 'youngest brothers to reach Everest base camp'|date=2016-08-30|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>
|
|-
|Youngest siblings to trek to Everest Base Camp
|Ages: 6, 8 and 11
|James, Tobin and Aidan O'Donnell
|{{flagcountry|UK}}
|August 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/london-siblings-are-youngest-brothers-to-reach-everest-base-camp-a3332211.html|title=London siblings are 'youngest brothers to reach Everest base camp'|date=2016-08-30|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>
|
|-
|First person with Down's Syndrome to Everest Base Camp
|15 years old
|Eli Reimer
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|2013
|<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20687013,00.html]</ref>
|
|-
|Youngest Australian to trek to Everest Base Camp
|9 years old
|Oscar Squirrell
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}
|April 2017
|
|
|}

Some Everest-related marathons that start at Base camp or near Everest include the Everest Marathon, Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon, and the Mount Everest Challenge Marathon.<ref>[http://www.everestmarathon.org.uk/index.php/about-the-race The Trek and Race]</ref>

==Death statistics==
{{main article|List of Mount Everest death statistics}}

==See also==
{{portal|Mountains}}
*[[List of Mount Everest expeditions]]
*[[List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of people who died climbing Mount Everest]]
*[[2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster]]
*[[List of ski descents of Eight-Thousanders#Mount Everest]]

==Notes==
:1.{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Kazi Sherpa used supplemental oxygen on the descent.<ref name="kellogg">{{cite web|url=http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/climbing/mountaineering/everest-2012/Speed-Climbing-to-Stand-Still.html|title=Chad Kellogg: Speed Climbing to Stand Still|publisher=OUTSIDE ONLINE}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.everest1953.co.uk/SpeedClimbingRecords.php A History of Mt. Everest Speed Climbing Records/Claims, by Dan Howitt]
*[http://www.pemmoni.com/#!world-record-on-mt-sagarmatha-everest/c1wdx Collection of Everest records]
*[http://www.everest1953.co.uk/summiteers British Statistics]
**[http://www.everest1953.co.uk/deceased Deceased]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/everest/ Ascent statistics CBC] (goes to 2010)
*[http://www.adventurestats.com/tables/everestage.htm Adventure stats for age up to 2002]
*[http://www.8000ers.com/cms/8000ers-mainmenu-205.html#First-ascents-of-main-8000ers 8000ers statistics]
*[http://www.worldrecordsindia.com MOUNTAINEERING INDIAN RECORDS ACHIEVER'S]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Mount Everest}}

[[Category:Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Nepal-related lists|Mount Everest records]]

User talk:86.6.133.224

2017-10-16T02:08:09Z

Edderso: Message re. Bobo doll experiment (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of [[Special:Contributions/86.6.133.224|your recent contributions]] —the one you made with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobo%20doll%20experiment&diff=805537949 this edit] to [[:Bobo doll experiment]]— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thanks. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  02:08, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Bobo doll experiment

2017-10-16T02:08:09Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 86.6.133.224 (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=the article is largely editor OR—a new secondary source itself, a scholarly extraction and review of primary sources—so while apparently learned, it (mostly) fails to report on the secondary source content of scholars | date=July 2015}}
{{primary sources|date=July 2015}}
{{original research|date=July 2015}}
{{review|date=July 2015}}
}}

The '''Bobo doll experiment''' was the collective name of experiments conducted by [[Albert Bandura]] in 1961 and 1963 when he studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a [[Bobo doll]], a toy that gets up by itself to a standing position when it is knocked down. There are different variations of the experiment. The most notable experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the model get rewarded, get punished, or experience no consequence for beating up the bobo doll. The experiments are empirical approaches to test Bandura's [[social learning theory]]. The social learning theory claims that people learn through observing, imitating, and modeling. It shows that people not only learn by being rewarded or punished ([[behaviorism]]), but they can also learn from watching somebody else being rewarded or punished ([[observational learning]]). These experiments are important because they sparked many more studies on the effects of observational learning. The studies not only give us new data, but this data has practical implications, e.g. how children can be influenced from watching violent media.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bobo Doll Experiment {{!}} Simply Psychology|url = http://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html|accessdate = 2015-10-06|last = McLeod|authorlink = |first = Saul}}</ref>

== Experiment in 1961 ==
{{primary sources|section|date=July 2015}}
{{Overly detailed|date=July 2015|section=yes}}

=== Method===
[[File:Bobo doll-en.svg|thumb|Bobo doll.]]

The participants in this experiment were 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University nursery school, all between the ages of 37 months and 69 months with a mean age of 52 months (here and following, {{Harvnb|Bandura|Ross|Ross|1961}}). The children were organized into 4 groups and a control group. The 4 groups exposed to the aggressive model and non-aggressive model belonged to the experimental group. 24 children were exposed to an aggressive model and 24 children were exposed to a non-aggressive model. The two groups were then divided into males and females, which ensured that half of the children were exposed to models of their own sex and the other half were exposed to models of the opposite sex. The remaining 24 children were part of a control group.

For the experiment, each child was exposed to the scenario individually, so as not to be influenced or distracted by classmates. The first part of the experiment involved bringing a child and the adult model into a playroom. In the playroom, the child was seated in one corner filled with highly appealing activities such as stickers and stamps. The adult model was seated in another corner containing a toy set, a mallet, and an inflatable Bobo doll. Before leaving the room, the experimenter explained to the child that the toys in the adult corner were only for the adult to play with.

During the aggressive model scenario, the adult would begin by playing with the toys for approximately one minute. After this time the adult would start to show aggression towards the Bobo doll. Examples of this included hitting/punching the Bobo doll and using the toy mallet to hit the Bobo doll in the face. The aggressive model would also verbally assault the Bobo doll yelling "Sock him," "Hit him down," "Kick him," "Throw him in the air," or "Pow". After a period of about 10 minutes, the experimenter came back into the room, dismissed the adult model, and took the child into another playroom. The non-aggressive adult model simply played with the other toys for the entire 10-minute period. In this situation, the Bobo doll was completely ignored by the model, then the child was taken out of the room.

The next stage of the experiment, took place with the child and experimenter in another room filled with interesting toys such as trucks, dolls, and a spinning top. The child was invited to play with them. After about 2 minutes the experimenter decides that the child is no longer allowed to play with the toys, explaining that she is reserving those toys for the other children. This was done to build up frustration in the child. The experimenter said that the child could instead play with the toys in the experimental room (this included both aggressive and non-aggressive toys). In the experimental room the child was allowed to play for the duration of 20 minutes while the experimenter evaluated the child's play.

The first measure recorded was based on physical aggression such as punching, kicking, sitting on the Bobo doll, hitting it with a mallet, and tossing it around the room. Verbal aggression was the second measure recorded. The judges counted each time the children imitated the aggressive adult model and recorded their results. The third measure was the number of times the mallet was used to display other forms of aggression than hitting the doll. The final measure included modes of aggression shown by the child that were not direct imitation of the role-model's behavior ({{Harvnb|Bandura|Ross|Ross|1961}}).

=== Results ===
Bandura found that the children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in physically aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. For those children exposed to the aggressive model, the number of imitative physical aggressions exhibited by the boys was 38.2 and 12.7 for the girls ({{Harvnb|Hock|2009}}: 89). The results concerning gender differences strongly supported Bandura's prediction that children are more influenced by same-sex models. Results also showed that boys exhibited more aggression when exposed to aggressive male models than boys exposed to aggressive female models. When exposed to aggressive male models, the number of aggressive instances exhibited by boys averaged 104 compared to 48.4 aggressive instances exhibited by boys who were exposed to aggressive female models. While the results for the girls show similar findings, the results were less drastic. When exposed to aggressive female models, the number of aggressive instances exhibited by girls averaged 57.7 compared to 36.3 aggressive instances exhibited by girls who were exposed to aggressive male models.

Bandura also found that the children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in verbally aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. The number of imitative verbal aggressions exhibited by the boys was 17 times and 15.7 times by the girls ({{Harvnb|Hock|2009}}: 89). In addition, the results indicated that the boys and girls who observed the non-aggressive model exhibited far less non-imitative mallet aggression than in the control group, which had no model. Lastly, the evidence strongly supports that males tend to be more aggressive than females. When all instances of aggression are tallied, males exhibited 270 aggressive instances compared to 128 aggressive instances exhibited by females ({{Harvnb|Hock|2009}}: 90).

== Experiments in 1963 ==
{{primary sources|section|date=July 2015}}
{{Overly detailed|date=July 2015|section=yes}}

=== Differences between learning and performing ===
[[Albert Bandura]] followed up his 1961 study a few years later with another that again tested differences in children's learning/behavior or actual performance after seeing a model being rewarded, punished, or experiencing no consequences for aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll (here and following, {{Harvnb|Bandura|Ross|Ross|1963}}) .

The procedure of the experiment was very similar to the one conducted in 1961. Children between the ages of 2.5 to 6 years watched a film of a mediated model punching and screaming aggressively at a Bobo doll. Depending on the experimental group, the film ended with a scene in which the model was rewarded with candies or punished with the warning, "Don't do it again". In the neutral condition the film ended right after the aggression scene toward the Bobo doll. Regardless of the experimental group the child was in, after watching the film the child stayed in a room with many toys and a Bobo doll. The experimenter found that the children often showed less similar behavior toward the model when they were shown the clip that ended with the punishment scene as compared to the other conditions. Also, boys showed more imitative aggression than girls toward the Bobo doll. That is the measure of the performance and it supports the results of the experiments in 1961.

Next, the experimenter asked the children to demonstrate what they had seen in the film. The experimenter did not find differences in the children's demonstrated behavior based on which of the three films the child watched. The results of the experiment shows that rewards or punishment don't influence learning or remembering information, they just influence if the behavior is performed or not. The differences between girls and boys imitating behavior got smaller ({{Harvnb|Bandura|1965}}).

=== Are children influenced by film-mediated aggressive models? ===
For many years media violence has been a hot topic concerning the influence over children and their aggressive behavior. In the 1963 study, [[Albert Bandura]] used children between the ages 3 and 6 to test the extent to which film-mediated aggressive models influenced imitative behavior.

32 girls and 32 boys were divided into 3 experimental groups and 1 control group. Group 1 watched a live model become aggressive towards the Bobo doll. Group 2 watched a film version of the human model become aggressive to the Bobo doll, and group 3 watched a cartoon version of a cat become aggressive towards the Bobo doll. Each child watched the aggressive acts individually. Following the exposure to the models all four groups of children were then individually placed in a room with an experimenter where they were exposed to a mildly frustrating situation to elicit aggression. Next the children were allowed to play freely in an adjoining room, which was full of toys, including the Bobo doll and the "weapons" that were used by the models. The researchers observed the children and noted any interaction with the Bobo doll.

Results showed that the children who had been exposed to the aggressive behavior, whether real-life, on film or cartoon, exhibited nearly twice as much aggressive behavior as the control group. It was also found that boys exhibited more overall aggression than girls. The results of this experiment have contributed to ongoing debates on media influences.

== Related experiments ==
{{original research|section|date=July 2015}}
{{refimprove science|section|date=July 2015}}

===Further 'doll' experiments===
Due to numerous criticisms, Bandura replaced the 'Bobo doll' with a live clown. The young woman beat up a live clown in the video shown to preschool children and in turn when the children were led into another room where they found a live clown, they imitated the action in the video they had just watched (Arvind Otta 2015) ({{Harvnb|Boeree|2006}}).{{self-published inline|date=July 2015}}{{better source|date=July 2015}}

===Other relevant experiments===
{{lacking overview|section|date=July 2015}}
{{importance section|date=July 2015}}
The following a further set of experiments relevant to [[observational learning]] and [[social learning theory]]:{{according to whom|date=July 2015}}{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
* 1. In {{Harvp|Stein & Friedrich|1972}}, The "Mister Rogers" study. Procedure: A group of preschoolers watched Mister Rogers every weekday for four consecutive weeks. Result: The children showed higher levels of task persistence compared to others who saw neutral or aggressive programs. There were increases in cooperation and verbalization of feelings in children from low socioeconomic levels ({{Harvnb|Yates|1999}}).{{unreliable source?|date=July 2015}}{{better source|date=July 2015}}
* 2. {{Harvp|Loye|Gorney|Steele|1977}} conducted an Experiment using 183 married males aged between 20 to 70 years old. Procedure: The participants were to watch one of five TV programs for 20 hours over a period of one week while their wives secretly observed and recorded their behavior. Result: Participants of violent programs showed significant increase in aggressive moods and "hurtful behavior" while participants who viewed pro-social programs were more passive and demonstrated a significant increase of "emotional arousal".
* 3. {{Harvp|Black|Bevan|1992}} had movie-goers fill out an aggression questionnaire before and after watching a movie. Procedure: Subjects were randomly selected as they went to view either a violent or a romantic film. They were asked to fill out pretest and posttest questionnaires on their emotional state. Result: Those who watched violent films were already aggressive before viewing the film but it was aggravated after the viewing while there was no change in those who viewed romantic films.
* 4. {{Harvp|Anderson|Dill|2000}} randomly assigned college students to play two games; Wolfenstein (a science fiction first-person shooter game) and Tetris. This study has sometimes been criticized for using poorly validated aggression measures, and exaggerating the consistency of its findings (Ferguson, 2009).
* 5. {{Harvp|Bartholow|Anderson|2002}} examined how playing violent video games affect levels of aggression in a laboratory. Procedure: A total of 22 men and 21 women were randomly assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game for ten minutes. Then competed in a reaction time task. Punishment level set by opponents measured aggression. Results: The results supported the researchers hypothesis that playing the violent video game would result in more aggression than the non-violent game. In addition, results also pointed to a potential difference in aggressive style between men and women.

==Synthesis==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{expand section|'''''further content sourced from high quality secondary sources, to add to this unsourced material appearing heretofore only in the lede, that make clear the broad general conclusions that were drawn from the 1961-1965 studies, what long-term impact they have had, and how they relate to [[observational learning]] and [[social learning theory]], integrating Bandura's books, currently omitted, in the discussion'''''|small=no|date=July 2015}}
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2015}}
}}
These experiments relate empirically to Bandura's [[social learning theory]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} This [[social science]] theory suggests that people learn through observing, imitating, and modeling; moreover, it specifically suggests that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished (as suggested by theories in [[behaviorism]]), but also by watching others being rewarded or punished ([[observational learning]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} The experiments are important because they sparked much further study related to observational learning. As well, the data offered further practical working hypotheses, e.g., regarding how children might be influenced from watching violent media.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

== Criticisms ==

===Claims regarding inherent bias===
According to {{Harvp|Hart|Kritsonis|2006}},{{primary source inline|date=July 2015}}{{better source|date=July 2015}} the original Bandura experiments were biased or otherwise flawed in ways that weakened their validity. The issues these researchers perceived were:{{lopsided|date=July 2015}}''?''
* Selection bias. Bandura's subjects, all from the Stanford University nursery, were necessarily the children of Stanford students.{{Verify source|date=July 2015}} Studying at a prestigious university like Stanford was a privilege reserved almost exclusively for whites in the 1960s; moreover, differences in economic status between white and black were vast at that time, so only whites in upper income brackets could send their children to a nursery. Thus, bias in the study subjects was present, with regard to race and socioeconomic background.
* Temporal sequence. The 1963 study used data on the "real life aggression and control group conditions" from the 1961 study ({{Harvnb|Hart|Kritsonis|2006}}); hence, it is possible that the maturing of subjects and influences external to the studies, occurring over the period between the studies, could have contributed to the 1963 observations, results, and conclusions.{{Verify source|date=July 2015}}
* Generalization of results. Even though Bandura and his colleague did not document subject ethnicity, they went on to make sweeping statements based on their results regarding aggression and violence in racial subgroups and communities with lower socioeconomic status.{{Verify source|date=July 2015}}

===Claims regarding motivation===
Some scholars suggest the Bobo Doll studies are not studies of aggression at all, but rather that the children were motivated to imitate the adult in the belief the videos were instructions ({{Harvnb|Gauntlett|2005}};{{page needed|date=July 2015}} {{Harvnb|Ferguson|2010}}). In other words, children were motivated by the desire to please adults or become adults rather than by genuine aggression. Furthermore, the same authors criticize the external validity of the study, noting that bobo dolls are designed to be hit.

===Ethical claims===
As well, challenges have been made regarding the ethics of the original studies. In a university-level introductory general psychology text, Bandura's study is branded as unethical and morally wrong, as the subjects were manipulated to respond in an aggressive manner. {{Harvp|Wortman|Loftus|Weaver|1998}},{{better source|date=July 2015}}{{page needed|date=July 2015}} They also state no surprise that long-term implications are apparent due to the methods imposed in this experiment as the subjects were taunted and were not allowed to play with the toys and thus incited agitation and dissatisfaction. Hence, they were trained to be aggressive.

===Miscellaneous claims===
{{Harvp|Bar-on et al.|2001}} described the frontal lobe of children under the age of 8 as underdeveloped, which contributed to their being unable to separate reality from fantasy; for instance, children up to the age of 12 may believe that "monsters" live in their closets or under the beds. They are also sometimes unable to distinguish dreams from reality ({{Harvnb|Sharon|Woolley|2004}}).

Furthermore, biological theorists argue that the social learning theory completely ignores individual's biological state by ignoring the uniqueness of an individual's DNA, brain development, and learning differences ({{Harvnb|Isom|1998}}).

== See also ==
{{Portal|1960s}}
* [[Behaviorism]]
* [[Developmental Psychology]]
* [[Imitation]]
* [[Observational learning|Observational Learning]]
* [[Role model]]

== Further reading ==
* A. Bandura & R.H. Walters (1959). ''Adolescent Aggression,'' New York, NY, USA:Ronald Press.
* A. Bandura, (1962) ''Social Learning through Imitation,'' Lincoln, NE, USA:University of Nebraska Press.
* Bandura, A., & Walters, R. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
* A. Bandura (1975) ''Social Learning & Personality Development,'' New York, NY, USA:Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
* A. Bandura (1976) ''Social Learning Theory.'' New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall.
* A. Bandura (1986) ''Social Foundations of Thought and Action.''{{full citation needed|date=October 2015}}

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:{{cite book|last=Gauntlett|first=David|authorlink=David Gauntlett|year=2005|title=Moving Experiences: Media Effects and Beyond (Volume 13 of Acamedia research monographs)|edition=2nd|location=Bloomington, IN, USA|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0861966554|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0861966554|accessdate=July 15, 2015|ref=harv}}{{page needed|date=July 2015}}
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:{{cite journal|last1=Sharon|first1=Tanya|last2=Woolley|first2=Jacqueline D.|year=2004|title=Do monsters dream? Young children's understanding of the fantasy/reality distinction|journal=[[British Journal of Development Psychology]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=293–310|doi=10.1348/026151004323044627|ref=harv}}
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{{Refend}}

[[Category:Behavior modification]]
[[Category:Psychology experiments]]

List of largest art museums

2017-10-16T01:52:29Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 64.53.156.113 (talk): not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.3.0)

{{ambox|issue=
'' '''Note''': The following list is an estimation of ranking: for approximatively a fifth of these museums, figures were collected via satellites and floorplans, as no referenced numbers seemed available.
}}
[[File:Louvre Cour Carrée June 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Louvre]], Paris, France]]
[[File:Spb 06-2012 Palace Embankment various 14.jpg|thumb|The [[State Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg, Russia]]
[[File:National Museum of China front facade 2014.jpg|thumb| The [[National Museum of China]], Beijing, China]]
[[File:Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG|thumb|The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York City, United States]]
[[File:Pinecone.jpg|thumb|[[Vatican Museums]], Vatican City]]
This '''list of largest art museums''' in the world ranks [[art museum]]s and other museums that contain mostly pieces of [[art]] by the best available estimates of total exhibition space.

==Methodology==
Only gallery space is to be considered, not be confused with the total space inside the building (which is generally three times larger).

The museum should be mainly composed of human made artifacts with an important aesthetical dimension (i.e. [[natural history museums|natural history]], social history, [[Science museum|science]] and [[Technology museum|technology]] museums are to be excluded, as well as [[palace]]s whose purpose is primarily historical and architectural and secondarily as an art collection).

Museums contained inside a bigger institution cannot be considered as one entity if they are not at the same location.

For purposes of this list, large museums are those with more than 8,000 m2 (86,000 sq ft) of gallery space.

==Largest art museums==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="5" |Art Museums
|-
! Name !! City !! Country !! Gallery space in m2 (sq ft) !! Year established
|-
| [[Louvre]] || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|72,735|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/sites/default/files/dp_pyramide%2028102014_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=Press kit |date=September 18, 2014 |website=Louvre.fr |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1792
|-
| [[State Hermitage Museum]] || [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] || {{Flag|Russia}} || {{convert|66,842|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/about/facts_and_figures/?lng=en |title=Hermitage in Figures and Facts |website=Hermitagemuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1764
|-
| [[National Museum of China]] || [[Beijing]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|65,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aufklaerung-im-dialog.de/the-idea/national-museum-of-china/ |title=Aufklärung im Dialog - National Museum of China |website=Aufklaerung-im-dialog.de |date=2003-02-28 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1959
|-
| [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] || [[New York City]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|58,820|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>|| 1870
|-
| [[Vatican Museums]] || [[Vatican City]] ([[Rome]]) || {{Flag|Vatican City}} ||{{convert|43,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news|author=Alfred Lester |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letter-the-louvre-tourism-on-the-grand-scale-1465736.html |title=Letter: The Louvre: tourism on the grand scale |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=1993-12-06 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1506
|-
| [[Tokyo National Museum]] || [[Tokyo]] || {{Flag|Japan}} ||{{convert|38,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnm.jp/modules/r_free_page/index.php?id=114&lang=en#|title=Museum Map|work=Tokyo National Museum}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note>Floor plan on museum website used to identify which spaces in the museum building are gallery spaces. Dimensions of building in feet established from satellite view of museum building from Google Maps. Total square footage of gallery spaces then calculated based on dimensions of gallery spaces in floor plan.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150219225342/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8-103337]</ref>|| 1872
|-
| [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]] || [[Mexico City]] || {{Flag|Mexico}} ||{{convert|33,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite book |title=National Museum of Anthropology: Mexico |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=sGg8AAAAMAAJ&q=National+Museum+of+Anthropology+mexico&dq=National+Museum+of+Anthropology+mexico&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5wYe238vOAhVC1xoKHdWfDiQQ6AEILDAA||date=1984 | publisher=Distribuidora Mesoamericana |page=10 }}</ref> || 1964
|-
| [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] || [[London]] || {{Flag|United Kingdom}} ||{{convert|30,658|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://name-aam.org/uploads/downloadables/EXH.spr_14/15%20EXH%20SP%2014%20Allen-Greil_Dilenschneider_Petitpas_Exhibition%20Critiques_The%20British%20Galleries.pdf |format=PDF |title=The British Galleries at the Victoria and Albert Museum |website=Aam.org |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref>http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/victoria-and-albert-museum-unveils-a-cutting-edge-expansion</ref>|| 1852
|-
| [[National Museum of Korea]] || [[Seoul]] || {{Flag|South Korea}} ||{{convert|27,090|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.museum.go.kr/site/eng/content/exhibition_space |title=Exhibition Space::NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA |language=ko |website=Museum.go.kr |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1945
|-
| [[Art Institute of Chicago]] || [[Chicago]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|26,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artic.edu/sites/default/files/press_pdf/MW_Overview_PRFINAL.pdf |format=PDF |title=THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO INAUGURATES MODERN WING DESIGNED BY RENZO PIANO |website=Artic.edu |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref group=note name=AIC>65,000 sqft expansion adds 30% of gallery space</ref>|| 1879
|-
| [[Nanjing Museum]] || [[Nanjing]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|26,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=南京博物院 |url=http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2 |title=南京博物院_互动百科 |website=Baike.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1933
|-
| [[British Museum]] || [[London]] || {{Flag|United Kingdom}} ||{{convert|25,700|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> || 1753
|-
| [[National Gallery of Art]] || [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]|| {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|25,200|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Green |first=Tyler |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/arts-events/inside-the-national-gallery// |title=Inside the National Gallery |publisher=Washingtonian |date=2008-07-01 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> || 1937
|-
| [[Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art|MASS MoCA]] || [[North Adams, Massachusetts|North Adams]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|23,225|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>https://news.artnet.com/art-world/mass-moca-expansion-959483</ref> || 1999
|-
| [[Cinquantenaire Museum]] || [[Brussels]] || {{Flag|Belgium}} ||{{convert|22,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmkg-mrah.be/sites/default/files/files/plan_fr_def.pdf |format=PDF |title=Plan du musee |website=Kmkg-mrah.be |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1835
|-
| [[Three Gorges Museum]] || [[Chongqing]] || {{Flag|China}} || {{convert|20,858|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=2016-11-29 |url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/24495.htm |title=重庆中国三峡博物馆_百度百科 |website=Baike.baidu.com |date=2016-11-29 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 2005
|-
| [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]] || [[Boston]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|20,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfas3.s3.amazonaws.com/facts.pdf |format=PDF |title=MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BOSTON : BUILDING EXPANSION AND RENOVATION FACTS AND FIGURES |website=Mfas3.s3.amazonaws.com |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1870
|-
| [[Israel Museum]] || [[Jerusalem]] || {{Flag|Israel}} ||{{convert|18,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Klein |first=Abigail |url=http://www.israel21c.org/israel-museum-celebrates-50// |title=Israel Museum celebrates 50 |publisher=ISRAEL21c |date=2015-02-19 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> || 1965
|-
| [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] || [[Minneapolis]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|17,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://kcur.org/post/nelson-atkins-museum-art-eyes-expansion-heres-how-it-compares-its-peers |title=As The Nelson-Atkins Museum Of Art Eyes Expansion, Here's How It Compares To Its Peers |publisher=KCUR |date=2015-05-27 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1883
|-
| [[Venice Biennale|Arsenal (Biennale)]] || [[Venice]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|17,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134417/http://www.ticket24ore.it/minisiti/laBiennale/inglese/sedi.html]</ref>|| 1895
|-
| [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]] || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|17,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/media/document/84/c1/84c1e90e8ad1b5ff1e8a578ee1002530/normal.pdf |format=PDF |title=Pompidou Centre information |website=Centrepompidou.fr |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1947
|-
| [[Musée d'Orsay]] || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|16,853|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Paris/Museums-Paris/Orsay2.shtml |title=Orsay Museum - Le Musee d'Orsay, Paris (Part 2) |publisher=Discoverfrance.net |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1986
|-
| [[Ōtsuka Museum of Art]] || [[Naruto, Tokushima|Naruto]] || {{Flag|Japan}} ||{{convert|16,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://o-museum.or.jp/english/publics/index/20/0/#page |title=OTSUKA MUSEUM OF ART|Naruto-shi|Tokushima |website=O-museum.or.jp |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://o-museum.or.jp/publics/index/187/ |title=大塚国際美術館|徳島県鳴門市にある陶板名画美術館 |website=O-museum.or.jp |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1998
|-
| [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] || [[San Francisco]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|15,800|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/press/release/new-san-francisco-museum-modern-art-opens-public/ |title=The New San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Opens to the Public on Saturday, May 14, 2016 · SFMOMA |website=Sfmoma.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1935
|-
| [[Museo del Prado]] || [[Madrid]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||{{convert|15,400|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/cultura/noticia-prado-contara-espacio-expositivo-tres-galerias-centrales-nuevo-salon-reinos-20151022194228.html |title=El Prado contará con un espacio expositivo como el de tres galerías centrales con el nuevo Salón de Reinos |language=es |website=Europapress.es |date=2015-10-22 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1819
|-
| [[Denver Art Museum]] || [[Denver]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|15,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00119253.1971.9938275|title=Denver's New Art Museum|date=1 October 1971|publisher=|volume=73|issue=1|pages=12–15|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/00119253.1971.9938275}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artdaily.com/news/17673/Denver-Art-Museum-Opens-Hamilton-Building#.WHrJaLHMyuP|title=Denver Art Museum Opens Hamilton Building|last=Villarreal|first=Ignacio|website=artdaily.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>|| 1918
|-
| [[Egyptian Museum]] || [[Cairo]] || {{Flag|Egypt}} ||{{convert|15,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardians.net/sca/congress2000/congress_2000_pt2.htm |title=This is part two of the 8th Congress Report |publisher=Guardians.net |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> || 1902
|-
| [[Museo di Capodimonte]] || [[Naples]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|15,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Luigi Silvestri |url=http://assistentimuseali.xoom.it/atm2003/mappa.htm |title=mappa del museo di capodimonte - Napoli |website=Assistentimuseali.xoom.it |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1757
|-
| [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] || [[Philadelphia]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|15,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philamuseum.org/visit/54-5.html |title=Visiting:Floor Plan |work=Philadelphia Museum of Art |accessdate=2016-02-25}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1876
|-
| [[São Paulo Art Biennial|Matarazzo Ciccillo (Bienal)]] || [[São Paulo]] || {{Flag|Brazil}} ||{{convert|15,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.artmediaagency.com/53902/sp-arte-announces-the-dates-of-its-9th-edition/ |title=SP-Arte announces the dates of its 9th edition | AMA | Art Media Agency |website=En.artmediaagency.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1951
|-
| [[Shandong Museum]] || [[Jinan]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|15,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/shandong/e/2010-11/19/content_11575665.htm |title=Opening ceremony of new Shandong Provincial Museum held in Jinan |website=Chinadaily.com.cn |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1954
|-
| [[Dia:Beacon]] || [[Beacon, New York]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|14,900|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/09/arts/dia-center-to-open-a-museum-upstate.html|title=Dia Center To Open A Museum Upstate|date=9 March 1999|work=The New York Times}}</ref> || 2003
|-
| [[Dallas Museum of Art]] || [[Dallas]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|14,800|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 1903
|-
| [[Museo Reina Sofía]] || [[Madrid]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||{{convert|14,756|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fly.leem.es/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Fly_Info_madrid.pdf |format=PDF |title=LEEM – Laboratory for Space and Microgravity Research |website=Fly.leem.es |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210191808/http://www.madridinfosite.com/en/museums/madrid-reina-sofia-museum.aspx]</ref><ref group=note name=Reina>References for historical building + extension</ref> || 1992
|-
| [[Rijksmuseum]] || [[Amsterdam]] || {{Flag|Netherlands}} ||{{convert|14,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memim.com/rijksmuseum.html |title=Rijksmuseum |publisher=Memim.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1800
|-
| [[National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art|MMCA, Gwacheon]] || [[Gwacheon]] || {{Flag|South Korea}} ||{{convert|14,144|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreamedical.or.kr/en/gmeditour-tour/national-museum-of-contemporary-art-gwacheon/ |title=National Museum of Contemporary Art Gwacheon - 메디컬경기 |website=Koreamedical.or.kr |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1969
|-
| [[Detroit Institute of Arts]] || [[Detroit]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|14,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Ignacio Villarreal |url=http://artdaily.com/news/20657/40--Completion-at-Detroit-Institute-of-Arts |title=40% Completion at Detroit Institute of Arts |publisher=Artdaily.com |date=2007-06-21 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1885
|-
| [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] || [[Vienna]] || {{Flag|Austria}} ||{{convert|14,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khm.at/en/explore/floor-plans/ |title=Kunsthistorisches Museum: Saalplan |website=Khm.at |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/> || 1891
|-
| [[The National Art Center, Tokyo|Tokyo National Art Center]] || [[Tokyo]] || {{Flag|Japan}} ||{{convert|14,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/location/spot/museum/nationalart.html |title=The National Art Center, Tokyo - Japan National Tourism Organization |website=Jnto.go.jp |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 2007
|-
| [[National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts]] || [[Taichung]] || {{Flag|Taiwan}} ||{{convert|13,600|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/bien/asian_art_biennial/2015/ntmofa |title=National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts - Organizer and venue of the Asian Art Biennial |publisher=Universes-in-universe.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1988
|-
| [[National Gallery in Prague | National Gallery in Prague (Veletržní)]] || [[Prague]] || {{Flag|Czech Republic}} ||{{convert|13,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngprague.cz/en/objekt-detail/veletrzni-palace/ |title=Národní galerie v Praze |website=Ngprague.cz |date=1974-08-14 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1796
|-
| [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]] || [[Indianapolis]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|13,300|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Lori Grecco |url=http://www.imamuseum.org/blog/2010/11/15/happy-national-philanthropy-day/ |title=Happy National Philanthropy Day! | Indianapolis Museum of Art Blog |website=Imamuseum.org |date=2010-11-15 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1883
|-
| [[Bavarian National Museum]] || [[Munich]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collocation.de/sightseeing/all_landmarks/bayerischesnationalmuseum/ |title=Bayerisches Nationalmuseum // MUNICHfound.com |website=Collocation.de |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1855
|-
| [[Brooklyn Museum]] || [[New York City]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/visit/floor-plan/floor-1/ |title=First Floor |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/> || 1895
|-
| [[Capital Museum]] || [[Beijing]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.capitalmuseum.org.cn/Exhibition/Exhibition_areas.htm |title=capital museum |website=En.capitalmuseum.org.cn |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.capitalmuseum.org.cn/Visiting/content/2006-01/12/content_34465.htm |title=capital museum |publisher=En.capitalmuseum.org.cn |date=2006-01-12 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1981
|-
| [[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]] || [[Montreal]] || {{Flag|Canada}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.mbam.qc.ca/en/museum-district/future-michal-and-renata-hornstein-pavilion-for-peace/ |title=The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts | Future Michal and Renata Hornstein Pavilion for Peace |publisher=Mbam.qc.ca |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> || 1860
|-
| [[National Gallery of Australia]] || [[Canberra]] || {{Flag|Australia}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nga.gov.au/Visiting/GALLERYHIGHLIGHTSMAP.pdf |format=PDF |title=Ground plan |website=Nga.gov.au |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1967
|-
| [[National Gallery of Victoria]] || [[Melbourne]] || {{Flag|Australia}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artsandhealth.org/public/pdf/2014/AHA-2014-National-Gallery-of-Victoria-MAP.pdf |format=PDF |title=National Gallery of Victoria |website=Artsandhealth.org |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1861
|-
| [[Palais de Tokyo]] || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palaisdetokyo.com/en/event/tino-sehgal |title=Carte blanche to Tino Sehgal | Palais de Tokyo EN |website=Palaisdetokyo.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 2001
|-
| [[Salar Jung Museum]] || [[Hyderabad]] || {{Flag|India}} ||{{convert|13,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.energynext.in/salar-jung-museum-go-solar/ |title=Salar Jung museum to go solar | Energynext |website=Energynext.in |date=2013-02-01 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1855
|-
| [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]] || [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|12,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=VMFA Press Room |url=http://vmfa.museum/pressroom/news/expansion-at-vmfa-is-largest-in-museums-history/ |title=Expansion at VMFA is Largest in Museum's History - VMFA Press Room |website=Vmfa.museum |date=2010-04-10 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1934
|-
| [[Tate Modern]] || [[London]] || {{Flag|United Kingdom}} ||{{convert|12,427|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/about/projects/constructing-tate-modern/facts-and-figures |title=Facts and figures |publisher=Tate |date=2012-01-30 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 2000
|-
| [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] || [[Cleveland]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|12,400|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="autogenerated1"/>|| 1913
|-
| [[National Gallery of Canada]] || [[Ottawa]] || {{Flag|Canada}} ||{{convert|12,400|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallery.ca/en/see/building-and-grounds.php |title=Building and Grounds | National Gallery of Canada |website=Gallery.ca |date=1988-05-21 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1880
|-
| [[Hamburger Kunsthalle]] || [[Hamburg]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|12,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130627220449/http://www.hamburger-kunsthalle.de/index.php/tours-at-the-hamburger-kunsthalle.html ]</ref>|| 1869
|-
| [[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]] || [[Rotterdam]] || {{Flag|Netherlands}} ||{{convert|12,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boijmans.nl/en/348/calendar-exhibitions/calendaritem/1877/the-collection |title=Exhibitions - Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen |website=Boijmans.nl |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1849
|-
| [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|Houston Museum of Fine Arts]] || [[Houston]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|12,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Terrence Doody |url=http://offcite.org/ontologically-every-thing-is-unique-behind-the-curtain-at-the-mfah/ |title="Ontologically, every thing is unique": Behind the Curtain at the MFAH | OffCite Blog |website=Offcite.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref group=note name=Houston>Main buildings : Law and Beck</ref> || 1900
|-
| [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] || [[New Delhi]] || {{Flag|India}} ||{{convert|12,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=46821 |title=English Releases |website=Pib.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1954
|-
| [[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille]] || [[Lille]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|12,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://next.liberation.fr/culture/1997/06/07/lille-etait-une-fois-l-artinauguration-samedi-du-palais-des-beaux-arts-renove_207680 |title=Lille etait une fois l'art.Inauguration samedi du palais des Beaux-Arts rénové. - Culture / Next |website=Next.liberation.fr |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1809
|-
| [[Pinakothek der Moderne]] || [[Munich]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|12,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/pinakothekdermoderne/ |title=Pinakothek der Moderne // |publisher=Munichfound.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref> || 2002
|-
| [[Tretyakov Gallery | Tretyakov Gallery (Krymsky Val)]] || [[Moscow]] || {{Flag|Russia}} ||{{convert|12,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/ru/museum/history/history_galery/history_galery1986_1995/ |title=Государственная Третьяковская галерея |website=Tretyakovgallery.ru |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1985
|-
| [[Milwaukee Art Museum]] || [[Milwaukee]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|11,900|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Murphy |first=Bruce |url=http://urbanmilwaukee.com/2014/04/15/murphys-law-why-the-milwaukee-art-museum-changed-its-design/ |title=Murphy’s Law: Why the Milwaukee Art Museum Changed Its Design |publisher=Urban Milwaukee |date=2014-04-15 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1882
|-
| [[Taipei Fine Arts Museum]] || [[Taipei]] || {{Flag|Taiwan}} ||{{convert|11,700|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.zsh.gov.taipei/fp.asp?fpage=cp&xItem=1069390&ctNode=11050&mp=119062 |format=PDF |title=Affiliate institutions |website=English.zsh.gov.taipei |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1983
|-
| [[Museum of Modern Art]] || [[New York City]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|11,600|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.moma.org/moma-building/ |title=MoMA Building |publisher=Press.moma.org |date=2004-11-20 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1929
|-
| [[Art Gallery of Ontario]] || [[Toronto]] || {{Flag|Canada}} ||{{convert|11,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/New%20Art,%20New%20Building,%20New%20Ideas,%20New%20Future:%20Art%20Gallery%20of%20Ontario...-a0112643693 |title=New Art, New Building, New Ideas, New Future: Art Gallery of Ontario Unveils Frank Gehry's Design. - Free Online Library |website=Thefreelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1900
|-
| [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] || [[Sydney]] || {{Flag|Australia}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/about-us/history/timeline/ |title=Timeline :: History :: About us |publisher=Art Gallery NSW |date=2010-12-02 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1874
|-
| [[Capitoline Museums]] || [[Rome]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160603185110/http://www.iltempo.it/2005/12/13/marco-aurelio-cavalcher-agrave-sotto-una-cupola-di-vetro-1.1089666 ]</ref>|| 1734
|-
| [[Fondazione Prada]] || [[Milan]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://archive.is/20161114100033/http://www.polimodamag.com/fondazione-prada-opening-new-milan-venue-5097/ ]</ref>|| 1993
|-
| [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao|Guggenheim Museum]] || [[Bilbao]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/en/the-building/ |title=The Building - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao |publisher=Guggenheim-bilbao.es |date=1981-11-19 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1997
|-
| [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] || [[Los Angeles]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-green-lacma-zumthor-gallery-space-20150503-story.html |title=Will L.A. County give its art the space it's due? |publisher=LA Times |date=2015-05-02 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1910
|-
| [[Museum of Contemporary Art, University of São Paulo|MAC-University of São Paulo]] || [[São Paulo]] || {{Flag|Brazil}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mac.usp.br/mac/conteudo/exp/mapa/mapa.htm |title=MAC USP | Mapa de exposições |website=Mac.usp.br |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1963
|-
| [[National Gallery]] || [[London]] || {{Flag|United Kingdom}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/visiting/floorplans/level-2/ |title=Level 2 | Floorplans | National Gallery, London |website=Nationalgallery.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/> || 1824
|-
| [[Pergamon Museum]] || [[Berlin]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetware.com/i/map/D/pergamon-museum-map.jpg |format=JPG |title=Floor plan |website=Planetware.com |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/> || 1910
|-
| [[Shaanxi History Museum]] || [[Xi'an]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|11,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shaanxi/xian/provincial_museum/ |title=Shaanxi History Museum, Xian: Transport, Admission Fee |website=Travelchinaguide.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1991
|-
| [[HangarBicocca]] || [[Milan]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|10,900|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://culture.pirelli.com/global/en-ww/hangar-bicocca-the-2016-is-full-of-art-events-in-milan |title=Pirelli HangarBicocca: the 2016 is full of art events in Milan |website=Culture.pirelli.com |date=2003-06-30 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 2012
|-
| [[Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya]] || [[Barcelona]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||{{convert|10,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latribunedelart.com/nouvelles-salles-du-xvie-au-xxie-siecle-au-museo-nacional-d-arte-de-catalunya-de-barcelone |title=Nouvelles salles du XVIe au XXIe siècle, au Museo Nacional d'Arte de Catalunya de Barcelone - La Tribune de l'Art |publisher=Latribunedelart.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1934
|-
| [[Tibet Museum (Lhasa)|Tibet Museum]] || [[Lhasa]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|10,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tibettravel.com/en/Attractions/Tibet-Museum-15.html |title=Tibet Museum - Tibet Travel Guides |website=Tibettravel.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1999
|-
| [[Portland Art Museum]] || [[Portland, Oregon]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|10,400|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portlandartmuseum.org/about/ |title=About the Museum |publisher=Portland Art Museum |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1892
|-
| [[Carnegie Museum of Art]] || [[Pittsburgh]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905210649/http://www.cmoa.org/uploadedFiles/CMA_Site/About/10_11BiennialReport.pdf ]</ref>|| 1896
|-
| [[Hamburger Bahnhof]] || [[Berlin]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Ignacio Villarreal |url=http://artdaily.com/news/33077/Hamburger-Bahnhof-Opens-Exhibition-from-its-Collection-that-Aims-to-Cast-it-in-a-New-Light |title=Hamburger Bahnhof Opens Exhibition from its Collection that Aims to Cast it in a New Light |publisher=Artdaily.com |date=2009-09-04 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1996
|-
| [[Kunstmuseum Basel]] || [[Basel]] || {{Flag|Switzerland}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kunstmuseumbasel.ch.cicero.ch-meta.net/fileadmin/user_upload/medien/2016/Neubau/Basel_Life_2016_April_Kunstmuseum.pdf |format=PDF |title=Basel's Kunstmuseum - New and Improved |website=Kunstmuseumbasel.ch.cicero.ch-meta.net |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1936
|-
| [[MAXXI|MAXXI - National Museum of the 21st Century Arts]] || [[Rome]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>https://www.yatzer.com/MAXXI-National-Museum-of-XXI-Century-Arts-by-Zaha-Hadid</ref>|| 2010
|-
| [[Museo Egizio]] || [[Turin]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kulturmarken.de/anbieter/europa/egyptian-museum-of-turin |title=Das Branchen-Portal für Kulturmarketing und |website=Kulturmarken.de |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1824
|-
| [[National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art|MMCA, Seoul]] || [[Seoul]] || {{Flag|South Korea}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Kwaak |first=Jeyup S. |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/11/14/seouls-new-temple-to-high-tech-art/ |title=In Seoul, a Temple to High-Tech Art - Scene Asia - WSJ |website=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2013-11-14 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 2013
|-
| [[National Museum, Poznań]]|| [[Poznań]] || {{Flag|Poland}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnp.art.pl/muzeum/oddzialy/muzeum-narodowe-w-poznaniu/ |title=Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu |language=pl |website=Mnp.art.pl |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1857
|-
| [[Russian Museum]] || [[Saint-Petersburg]] || {{Flag|Russia}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualrm.spb.ru/rmtour/plany.html |title=The Russian Museum - The Mikhailovsky Palace - Plan |website=Virtualrm.spb.ru |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualrm.spb.ru/rmtour/plan-1.html |title=The Russian Museum - The Benois Wing - Plan |website=Virtualrm.spb.ru |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualrm.spb.ru/rmtour/plan.html |title=The Russian Museum - The Rossi Wing - Plan |website=Virtualrm.spb.ru |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1895
|-
| [[Saint Louis Art Museum]] || [[St. Louis]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="autogenerated1"/>|| 1881
|-
| Museums of [[Sforza Castle]] || [[Milan]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://www.milanocastello.it/en]</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1896
|-
| [[Tate Britain]] || [[London]] || {{Flag|United Kingdom}} ||{{convert|10,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130202062317/http://www.tate.org.uk/file/tate-britain-map]</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1897
|-
| [[National Palace Museum]] || [[Taipei]] || {{Flag|Taiwan}} ||{{convert|9,613|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>http://www.fapda.com/download/active04_en.pdf</ref>|| 1925
|-
| [[National Archaeological Museum of Spain|National Archaeological Museum]] || [[Madrid]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||{{convert|9,300|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://masdearte.com/se-ultima-la-reforma-integral-del-museo-arqueologico-nacional/ |title=Se ultima la reforma integral del Museo Arqueológico Nacional |website=Masdearte.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1867
|-
| [[Musée Fabre]] || [[Montpellier]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|9,300|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahahh.blog.lemonde.fr/2007/03/09/le-musee-fabre-a-montpellier-reouverture-apres-travaux/ |title=Le musée Fabre à Montpellier (réouverture après travaux). | Ahah… Le Jardin de Marandon |website=Ahahh.blog.lemonde.fr |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1828
|-
| [[Bardo National Museum]] || [[Tunis]] || {{Flag|Tunisia}} ||{{convert|9,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Expositions/Le-musee-du-Bardo-une-collection-exceptionnelle-a-Tunis-2015-03-18-1292545|title=Le musée du Bardo, une collection exceptionnelle à Tunis|first=Par Emmanuelle|last=GIULIANI|date=18 March 2015|publisher=|via=www.la-croix.com}}</ref>|| 1888
|-
| [[Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine]] || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|9,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccomptes.fr/content/download/81285/2006891/file/201500416-CAPA-71113.pdf |title=RB 71113 CAPA VD 24122014 |format=PDF |website=Ccomptes.fr |language=fr |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref> || 1879
|-
| [[National Museum, New Delhi]] || [[New Delhi]] || {{Flag|India}} ||{{convert|9,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130125002208/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/explore-ground-floor.asp?lk=ex1]</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1809
|-
| [[National Gallery (Norway)|National Gallery]] || [[Oslo]] || {{Flag|Norway}} ||{{convert|9,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Redd Nasjonalgalleriet |url=http://reddnasjonalgalleriet.blogspot.nl/ |title=Redd Nasjonalgalleriet |website=Reddnasjonalgalleriet.blogspot.nl |date=2009-03-24 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1842
|-
| [[Shanghai Biennale|Power Station of Art (Biennale)]] || [[Shanghai]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|9,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/shanghai-biennale-2012/</ref>|| 2012
|-
| [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] || [[Washington, D.C.]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|8,800|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanart.si.edu/pr/facts/renovation_overview.pdf |format=PDF |title=Renovation of Historic Home for Two Smithsonian Museums—the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery |publisher=Americanart.si.edu |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1829
|-
| [[Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac|Musée du quai Branly]] || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|8,750|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>http://www.quaibranly.fr/en/missions-and-operations/key-figures/</ref>|| 2006
|-
| [[Liaoning Provincial Museum]] || [[Shenyang]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|8,500|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>Li, X., & Luo, Z. (2011). China's museums. Cambridge University Press, page 34</ref>|| 1949
|-
| [[Gallerie di Piazza Scala]] || [[Milan]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|8,300|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>http://www.gallerieditalia.com/it/milano/museo/</ref>|| 2011
|-
| [[National Art Museum of China]] || [[Beijing]] || {{Flag|China}} ||{{convert|8,300|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.namoc.org/en/about_NAMOC/History/index.html |title=The National Art Museum of China |publisher=Old.namoc.org |date=2003-07-23 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1958
|-
| [[Galleria degli Uffizi]] || [[Florence]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.walksofitaly.com/florence-tours/uffizi-gallery |title=Skip the Line Uffizi Tour & Tickets |publisher=Walks of Italy |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1581
|-
| [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]] || [[Rome]] || {{Flag|Italy}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309001317/http://www.360arte.it/gnam/ ]</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1883
|-
| [[Gemäldegalerie]] || [[Berlin]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumsportal-berlin.de/fr/musees/gemaldegalerie/ |title=Musée – Galerie de Peintures – Museumsportal Berlin |language=fr|publisher=Museumsportal-berlin.de |date= |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>|| 1830
|-
| [[Museum Ludwig]] || [[Cologne]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.pointerst.com/de/showplace/muzej-lyudviga |title=Museum Ludwig, Kreisfreie Stadt Koln, Germany. Entertainment, Exhibition and conference centers |website=En.pointerst.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1976
|-
| [[Neues Museum]] || [[Berlin]] || {{Flag|Germany}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://printarchive.epochtimes.com/a1/en/us/nyc/2009/10-Oct/21/B2_EET_20091021_NY.pdf |format=PDF |title=Berlin: Thousands Celebrate Neues Museum Reopening |website=Printarchive.epochtimes.com |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1855
|-
| [[Petit Palais]] || [[Paris]] || {{Flag|France}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>http://www.batiactu.com/edito/retour-a-lumiere-petit-palais-1660.php</ref>|| 1902
|-
| [[Pushkin Museum]] || [[Moscow]] || {{Flag|Russia}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arts-museum.ru/exposition/index.php?lang=en |title=Departments - The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts |website=Arts-museum.ru |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1898
|-
| [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam|Stedelijk Museum]] || [[Amsterdam]] || {{Flag|Netherlands}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/167315 |title=Stedelijk Museum [new wing] : MIT Libraries |website=Dome.mit.edu |date=2014-12-06 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1874
|-
| [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]] || [[Madrid]] || {{Flag|Spain}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assets.museothyssen.org/pdf/visita/folletos_pdf/plano_museo/Leaflet_English_EN.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Museo Thyssen‑Bornemisza |website=Assets.museothyssen.org |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1992
|-
| [[Toledo Museum of Art]] || [[Toledo, Ohio]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.toledomuseum.org/visit/campus-maps/ |title=Campus & Maps « The Toledo Museum of Art |website=Toledomuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1901
|-
| [[Tretyakov Gallery]] || [[Moscow]] || {{Flag|Russia}} ||{{convert|8,000|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/datadocs/doc_1702sa.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tretyakov Hallery|website=Tretyakovgallery.ru|accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref name=calculation|ref group=note/>|| 1856
|-
| [[de Young (museum)|de Young]] || [[San Francisco]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|7,900|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deyoung.famsf.org/about/architecture-and-grounds |title=Architecture and Grounds | de Young |website=Deyoung.famsf.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>|| 1895
|-
| [[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]] || [[Kansas City]] || {{Flag|United States}} ||{{convert|7,900|m2|sqft|abbr=values|disp=br()|sortable=on}}<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 1933
|}

==Large museums with unknown or unreliable figures==
* [[China Art Museum]] in [[Shanghai]], China <ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://leapleapleap.com/2013/05/wang-huangsheng-the-chinese-museum-in-2012/ |title=WANG HUANGSHENG: THE CHINESE MUSEUM IN 2012 | 艺术界 LEAP |website=Leapleapleap.com |date=2013-05-10 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>
* [[Venice Biennale|Giardini (Biennale)]] in [[Venice]], Italy <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/doc_files/1giardini%281%29.jpg|format=JPG|title=Photographic image|website=Labiennale.org|accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>
* [[National Gallery of Denmark]] in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
* [[National Museum of Art of Romania]] in [[Bucharest]], Romania <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnar.arts.ro/tur/GAVR_ROM1/GAVR_ROM1.html |title=Muzeul Naţional de Artă al României - Galerii permanente |website=Mnar.arts.ro |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnar.arts.ro/tur/GARM_ROM/GARM_ROM.html |title=Muzeul Naţional de Artă al României - Galerii permanente |website=Mnar.arts.ro |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnar.arts.ro/tur/GAE_ROM2/GAE_ROM2.html |title=Muzeul Naţional de Artă al României - Galerii permanente |website=Mnar.arts.ro |date= |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>
* [[National Museum of Iran]] in [[Tehran]], Iran <ref group=note name=Iran>20,000 square meters for building space</ref>
* [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]] in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
* [[Tel Aviv Museum of Art]] in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel<ref group=note name=Tel Aviv>33,500 square meters for building space</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cahliliyesterday |first=Ron |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/love-triangle-1.395018 |title=Love triangle |website=Haaretz.com |date=2011-11-11 |accessdate=2017-01-06}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of most visited art museums]]
* [[List of national museums]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Largest Art Museums}}
[[Category:Lists of largest buildings and structures|Art Museums]]
[[Category:Lists of art museums]]

User talk:Its Just Ben

2017-10-16T01:51:14Z

Edderso: Level 2 warning re. Shyrodes (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==
[[File:Information.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to [[:Kumaram Bheem Asifabad district]] has been undone by an automated computer program called [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]].
{{clear}}
* ClueBot NG makes very few [[User:ClueBot NG#Information About False Positives|mistakes]], but it does happen. If you believe the change you made was constructive, please [[User:ClueBot NG#Information About False Positives|read about it]], [{{User:ClueBot NG/Warnings/FPReport|3156470}} report it here], remove this message from your talk page, and then make the edit again.
* For help, take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction]].
* The following is the log entry regarding this message: [[Kumaram Bheem Asifabad district]] was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumaram+Bheem+Asifabad+district&diff=805532998&oldid=804881251 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/Its Just Ben|Its Just Ben]] [[User:Its Just Ben|(u)]] [[User talk:Its Just Ben|(t)]] ANN scored at 0.954997 on 2017-10-16T00:46:01+00:00 .
Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 00:46, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

<div style="clear: both"></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyrodes&diff=805534189 this edit] to [[:Shyrodes]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  01:51, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Shyrodes

2017-10-16T01:51:13Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by Its_Just_Ben (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Shyrodes dohertyi''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]
| subordo = [[Adephaga]]
| familia = [[Carabidae]]
| genus = '''''Shyrodes'''''
| genus_authority = Grouvelle, 1903
| species = '''''S. dohertyi'''''
| binomial = ''Shyrodes dohertyi''
| binomial_authority =
}}

'''''Shyrodes dohertyi''''' is a species of [[beetle]] in the family [[Carabidae]], the only species in the genus '''''Shyrodes'''''.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://carabidae.org/carabidae/shyrodes-grouvelle-1903.html |title=''Shyrodes'' Grouvelle, 1903 |year=2011 |work=Carabidae of the World |accessdate=27 Mar 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rhysodinae]]

{{Rhysodinae-stub}}

User talk:2001:E68:4414:5794:E5ED:91B0:362B:31C7

2017-10-16T01:48:39Z

Edderso: Message re. Hinduism in Malaysia (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. I noticed that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism%20in%20Malaysia&diff=805540555 this edit] to [[:Hinduism in Malaysia]], you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thanks. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  01:48, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Hinduism in Malaysia

2017-10-16T01:48:39Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 2001:E68:4414:5794:E5ED:91B0:362B:31C7 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.3.0)

{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Hinduism by country}}
[[File:2 mid temple 8.JPG|thumb|300px|Sri Sundareswarara Temple is a South Indian style Hindu temple in Malaysia.]][[Hinduism]] is the fourth largest religion in '''Malaysia'''. About 1.78 million Malaysian residents (6.3% of the total population) are Hindus, according to 2010 Census of Malaysia.<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&id=1215 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia (Census 2010)] Department of Statistics Malaysia, Official Portal (2012)</ref>

Most Malaysian Hindus are settled in western parts of [[Peninsular Malaysia]]. The Malaysian state with highest percentage of state's population as Hindus, according to 2010 Census, is [[Negeri Sembilan]] (13.4%), followed by [[Selangor]] (11.6%), [[Perak]] (10.9%) and Federal Territory of [[Kuala Lumpur]] (8.5%).<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011081938/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |date=11 October 2012 }} Department of Statistics, Government of Malaysia (2011), Page 13</ref> The state with least percentage of Hindu population is [[Sabah]] (0.1%).

Indians, along with other ethnic groups such as Chinese, began arriving in Malaysia in ancient and medieval era. In 2010, Malaysian Census reported there were 1.91 million citizens of Indian ethnic origin.<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011081938/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |date=11 October 2012 }} Department of Statistics, Government of Malaysia (2011), Page 15</ref> About 1.64 million of Indian ethnic group Malaysians (86%) are Hindus. About 0.14 million non-Indian ethnic group Malaysian people also profess being Hindus.<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011081938/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |date=11 October 2012 }} Department of Statistics, Government of Malaysia (2011), Page 82</ref>

Malaysia gained its independence from British colonial empire in 1957, thereafter declared its official state religion as Islam, and adopted a constitution that is mixed. On one hand, it protects freedom of religion (such as practice of Hinduism), but on the other hand Malaysian constitution also restricts religious freedom.<ref name=2011report/><ref name=gandg>Gill & Gopal, Understanding Indian Religious Practice in Malaysia, J Soc Sci, 25(1-2-3): 135-146 (2010)</ref><ref>Raymond Lee, Patterns of Religious Tension in Malaysia, Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Apr., 1988), pp. 400-418</ref> In recent decades, there have been increasing reports of religious persecution of Hindus, along with other minority religions, by various state governments of Malaysia and its [[Sharia]] courts.<ref name=2011report>[http://www.refworld.org/docid/502105a42d.html 2011 Report on International Religious Freedom - Malaysia] U.S. State Department (2012)</ref><ref>[https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/222357.pdf Religious Freedom Report 2013 - Malaysia] U.S. State Department (2014)</ref> Hindu temples built on private property, and built long before Malaysian independence, have been demolished by Malaysian government officials in recent years.<ref>[https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/208456.pdf Religious Freedom Report 2012 - Malaysia] U.S. State Department (2013)</ref>

==History==
{{POV|date=May 2017}}
Similar to the [[Indonesian Archipelago]], the native [[Malay people|Malays]] practised an indigenous [[animism]] and dynamism beliefs before the arrival of [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]].
[[File:Lord Subrahmanya Malaysia.JPG|thumb|A Golden Lord Murugan Statue viewed from the ground before entering the Hindu Batu Cave temple.]]
It is unclear when the first Indian voyages across the [[bay of Bengal]] occurred. Conservative estimates place the earliest arrivals to Malay shores at least 1,700 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Malaysia|page=14 |author=Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya |isbn=0-333-27672-8 |id={{ISBN|0-333-27672-8}}|year= 1984|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Lonndon}}</ref> The growth of trade with India brought coastal people in much of the Malay world into contact with [[Hinduism]]. Thus, [[Hinduism]], Indian cultural traditions and the [[Sanskrit]] language began to spread across the land. Temples were built in the Indian style and local kings began referring to themselves as ''[[Raja]]'' and more desirable aspects of Indian government were adopted.<ref name="Zaki Ragman page 1-6">{{Cite book|title=Gateway to Malay culture|pages=1–6 |author=Zaki Ragman |isbn=981-229-326-4|year= 2003|publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd|location=Singapore}}</ref>

Subsequently, small [[Hindu]] Malay states started to appear in the coastal areas of [[Malay peninsular]] notably the [[Gangga Negara]] (2nd century), [[Langkasuka]] (2nd century), and [[Bujang Valley|Kedah]] (4th century). Between 7th and 13th centuries many of these small, often prosperous peninsular maritime trading states came under the loose control of [[Srivijaya empire]], a great [[Hindu]] Malay kingdom centred in [[Palembang]], [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/early.htm |title=Early Malay kingdoms |publisher=Sabrizain.org |date= |accessdate=21 June 2010}}</ref>

;Colonial era
Many Indian settlers came to [[British Malaya|Malaya]] from South India during the British colonial rule from early 19th through mid 20th century.<ref>Sandhu (2010), Indians in Malaya: Some Aspects of Their Immigration and Settlement (1786-1957), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521148139}}</ref> Many came to escape poverty and famines in British India, and work as indentured labourers in initially tin mining operations and coffee, sugar plantations, and later rubber [[plantations]]; they worked with immigrant Chinese laborers on these sites.<ref name=akaur>Amarjit Kaur, [http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/02/20/aliens-in-the-land-indian-migrant-workers-in-malaysia/ Indian migrant workers in Malaysia – part 1] Australian National University</ref><ref name=akaur2>Amarjit Kaur, [http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/02/21/aliens-in-the-land-indian-migrant-workers-in-malaysia-part-2/ Indian migrant workers in Malaysia – part 2] Australian National University</ref> Some English-educated Indians were appointed to more professional positions. Most were hired through British colonial labor offices in Nagapattinam or Madras (now Chennai).

In early years, the retention rates of Hindus in Malaysia were low and with time, fewer Hindus volunteered to live in Malaysia. The colonial rule adopted a [[Kangani system|''Kangani'' system]] of recruitment, where the trusted Hindu worker was encouraged and rewarded for recruiting friends and family from India to work in British operations in Malaysia.<ref>Sandhu (2010), Indians in Malaya: Some Aspects of Their Immigration and Settlement (1786-1957), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521148139}}, pp. 89-102</ref> The family and friends peer pressure reduced labor turnover and increased permanent migration into Malaysia. The ''kangani'' system led to vast majority of Hindus coming from certain parts of South Indian Hindu community.<ref name=akaur/> So concentrated was the immigration from South India, that the British colonial Malayan Administration named laws to highlight the focussed group, and enacted the ''Tamil'' Immigration Fund Ordinance in 1907.<ref>Sandhu (2010), Indians in Malaya: Some Aspects of Their Immigration and Settlement (1786-1957), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521148139}}, pp. 60-68</ref> A minority of Indian immigrants to Malaysia during this period came from Northern India and [[Sri Lanka]].

The Malaysian Hindu workers during the British era were among the most marginalised. They were forced to live in closed plantation societies in frontier zones and the plantation symbolised the boundary of their existence. Racial segregation was enforced, and British anti-vagrancy laws made it illegal for Indian Hindus (and Chinese Buddhists) to enter the more developed European zoned regions. The Hindus spoke neither English nor Malay languages, and remained confined to interacting within their own community.<ref name=akaur2/>

After Malaysia gained independence in 1957, local governments favored autochtonous ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]'' and refused automatic citizenship to Indians and Chinese ethnic groups who had been living in Malaysia for decades during British colonial era.<ref name=akaur2/><ref>[http://www.orfonline.org/cms/export/orfonline/modules/issuebrief/attachments/malaysia_1203067850658.pdf Malaysian Indian Community: Victim of ‘Bumiputera’ Policy] ORF Issue Report (2008)</ref> They were declared illegal aliens and they could not apply for government jobs or own land. Sectarian riots followed, targetting Indians and Chinese, such as the 1957 Chingay riot in [[Penang]], 1964 Malaysian racial riots, the 1967 Hartal riots, and [[13 May Incident|13 May 1969 riots]].<ref name=js>Johan Saravanamuttu (2009), Conflict and Compromise in Inter-Religious Issues in Malaysia, Is. Jrnl. Conflict Resolution, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 87-102</ref> [[Singapore]], which in early 1960s was part of Malaysia, seceded from the union and became an independent city state. The Malaysian government passed a 1970 constitutional amendment and then the [[Sedition Act (Malaysia)|1971 Sedition law]] that made it illegal to publicly discuss Malaysian citizenship methodology, national language policy, the definition of ethnic Malays as automatically Muslims, and the legitimacy of Sultans in each Malaysian state.<ref>Michael Peletz (2002), Islamic Modern Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691095080}}</ref> {{citation needed span|It also formalized the discrimination against non-natives. Many Malay Hindus emigrated, quite many to India. The Hindu population of 12.8% of total Malay population in 1950s, began its decline thereafter.|date=May 2017}}

===Post Independence===
To safeguard the interest of the Hindu organisations and Hindu temples, the [http://www.malaysiahindusangam.org/ Malaysia Hindu Sangam] (MHS) was formed on 23 January 1965. The formation of MHS was greatly due to the ingenuity of the late Shri K. Paramalingam KMN., a barrister at law and was then the Director General of Public Trustee Department, assisted by the late Shri K. Ramanathan, Shri. G. V. Thevar, Shri Hari Chand Saradha, Shri. S. Palanivel Pillai, and Shri S. Dhuraiappah. Shri K. Ramanathan also was the president of Malaysian Indian Congress from 1950 - 1951 and the founder of Malaysian Arulneri Thirukkuttam.

[http://www.malaysiahindusangam.org/ Malaysia Hindu Sangam] is the only Hindu organization that the government of Malaysia consults on matters affecting the Hindu community in Malaysia. It is also a member of the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism (MCCBCHST) since 1984. MCCBCHST is composed primarily of officials from the main non-Muslim communities in Malaysia and acts as a consultative and liaison body towards more open dialogue and co-operation.

Malaysia Hindu Sangam has organised many national Hindu conferences, seminars, Antharyogams and religious discussions and created a strong religious awareness among the Malaysian Hindus. Among the great contribution of MHS towards the upliftment of Hindus in Malaysia was the Gurukal training programme in the 1980s to train local young men as temple priests.

===Samadhis of Siddhas===
Siddhas have traveled to then Malaya and performed austerities and eventually went into Jeeva Samadhi. Jeganatha Swamigal, a disciple of Ramalinga Adigal, is foremost among a handful of saints who ventured to the then Malaya. Jeganatha Swamigal's Samadhi is located at Tapah, Perak. Presently, the Jeganatha Swamigal's Samadhi and the land adjacent to its temple is owned by Malaysia Hindu Sangam. Other popular Samadhi is of Sannasi Andavar in Cheng, Malacca and Mauna Swamigal in the vicinity of Lord Saturn's temple at Batu Caves.

==Culture==
[[File:Deepavali in Negeri Sembilan Malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Diwali|Deepavali]] decorations in [[Negeri Sembilan]], Malaysia]]
Malaysian Hinduism is diverse, with large urban temples dedicated to specific [[deities]], and smaller temples located on estates. The estate temples generally follow the tradition of the Indian region from which the temples' worshippers originate. Many people follow the Shaivite, or Saivite, tradition (worship of [[Shiva]]), of Southern India. However, there are also some Vaishnava Hindus in Malaysia as well, many of them of North Indian extraction, and these Hindus worship in temples such as the Geeta Ashram in Seksyen 52, [[Petaling Jaya]], or the Lakshmi-Narayana Temple in Kampung Kasipillay, [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Services in these temples are usually conducted in Hindi and English.

Folk Hinduism is the most prevalent variety, including [[spiritualism]] and worship of [[Village deities of Tamil Nadu|village deities]].
[[Image:Thaipusam idols.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thaipusam]] festival celebration by Malaysian Hindus.]]
The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] also has a number of followers in Malaysia, and maintains temples in Kuala Lumpur and also all over Malaysia. The [[Ratha-Yatra]] festival is held once a year in every temple throughout Malaysia approximately 10 to 12 Ratha Yatra which will be held usually end of the Year, when the Deities of Lord Jagannatha, Baladeva and Subhadra are placed on a chariot which is pulled through the streets by devotees, accompanied by a party chanting the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna]] Mahamantra. There also another group of Hare Krishna such as (The follower of Ritvik, follower of Hansa Duta). There is also Gaudiya math and Saraswath Math.

There are also few devotees of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] of [[Ramanujacharya]] and the [[Madhvacharya]] Sampradaya.

Malaysia also has large followers of several [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] traditions and groups such as [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. Ramakrishna Mission in [[Petaling Jaya]] has been in existence since the 1940s and was officially affiliated to the [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]], India in 2001. In 2015, the Prime Minister of India, Shri [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Ramakrishna Mission and unveiled a statue of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Another important centre, closely connected with the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda movement is the Ramakrishna Ashramam, [[Penang]] which came into existence in 1938. The Vivekananda Ashrama, Kuala Lumpur is an institution started by the Jaffna (Sri Lankan) Tamil immigrants in 1904 in honour of [[Swami Vivekananda]] (1863-1902). The building, constructed in 1908, is dedicated to his work in providing education and spiritual development for the youth and community. The Vivekananda Ashram with a bronze statue of [[Swami Vivekananda]] has been declared as a heritage site in 2016.

Other popular Vedanta-based organisations in Malaysia are Divine Life Society (also called Shivananda Ashram) with its headquarters at Batu Caves and Arsha Vijnana Gurukulam.

Since the [[Second World War]] a revival of Hinduism has occurred among [[Indian Malaysian]]s, with the foundation of organisations and councils to bring unity or to promote [[Reform movement|reform]].

===Hindu religious festivals===

Some of the major Hindu festivals celebrated every year include Deepavali (festival of lights), [[Thaipusam]] ([[Lord Murugan]] festival), [[Pongal]] (harvest festival) and [[Navaratri]] (Durga festival).

[[Diwali|Deepavali]] is the primary Hindu festival in Malaysia. The Malaysian Hindus traditionally hold open houses over Deepavali, where people of different ethnic groups and religions are welcomed in Hindu homes to share the festival of light as well as taste Indian food and sweets.<ref>[http://www.mamandram.org/about-us/hinduism-in-malaysia.html Hinduism in Malaysia] Malaysia Hindudharma Mamandram</ref>

==Distribution of Hindus==
[[File:A view of Batu Malai Sri Subramaniar Temple.jpg|thumb|Entrance of Batu Malai Sri Subramaniar temple.]]
According to the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150301154300/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf 2010 Census], there were 1,777,694 people self-identifying as Hindus (6.27% of the population). Of the Hindus, 1,644,072 were Indian, 111,329 were non-citizens, 14,878 were Chinese, 4,474 Others, and 2,941 Tribals (Including 554 [[Iban people|Iban]] in [[Sarawak]]). 86.18% of all the Indian Malaysians were Hindu. Information collected in the census based on respondent's answer and did not refer to any official document.

===By gender and ethnic group===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=3| Gender !! rowspan=3| Total Hindus Population (2010 Census) !! colspan=5| Hindu Malaysian Citizens !! rowspan=3| Hindu non-Malaysians
|-
! colspan=2| Bumiputera Hindus !! colspan=3| Non-Bumiputera Hindus
|-
! Malay Hindus !! Other Bumiputera Hindus !! Chinese Hindus !! Indian Hindus !! Others Hindus
|-
| Nationwide || 1,777,694 || 0 || 2,941 || 14,878 || 1,644,072 || 4,474 || 111,329
|-
| Male Hindus || 921,154 || 0 || 1,524 || 7,638 || 821,995 || 2,402 || 87,595
|-
| Female Hindus || 856,540 || 0 || 1,417 || 7,240 || 822,077 || 2,072 || 23,724
|}

===By state===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State !! Total Hindus population (2010 Census) !! % of State Population
|-
| [[Johor]] || 221,128 || 6.6%
|-
| [[Kedah]] || 130,958 || 6.7%
|-
| [[Kelantan]] || 3,670 || 0.2%
|-
| [[Melaka]] || 46,717 || 5.7%
|-
| [[Negeri Sembilan]] || 136,859 || 13.4%
|-
| [[Pahang]] || 60,428 || 4.0%
|-
| [[Penang]] || 135,887 || 8.7%
|-
| [[Perak]] || 255,337 || 10.9%
|-
| [[Perlis]] || 1,940 || 0.8%
|-
| [[Sabah]] || 3,037 || 0.1%
|-
| [[Sarawak]] || 4,049 || 0.2%
|-
| [[Selangor]] || 631,980 || 11.6%
|-
| [[Terengganu]] || 2,509 || 0.2%
|-
| F. T. [[Kuala Lumpur]] || 142,130 || 8.5%
|-
| F. T. [[Labuan]] || 357 || 0.4%
|-
| F. T. [[Putrajaya]] || 708 || 1.0%
|}

==Persecution of Hindus==
[[File:Sri Hanuman at Batu Malai Sri Subramaniar Temple.jpg|thumb|Hindu deity Hanuman at Malai Sri Subramaniar Temple in Malaysia.]]

===Malay law===
Islam is the official religion of Malaysia. The constitution of Malaysia declares that Islam is the only religion of true Malay people and that natives are required to be Muslims.<ref>Sophie Lemiere, [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17179/ISIM_20_Apostasy_and_Islamic_Civil_Society_in_Malaysia.pdf?sequence=1 apostasy & islamic Civil society in Malaysia], ISIM Review, Vol. 20, Autumn 2007, pp. 46-47</ref> Conversion from Islam to Hinduism (or another religion) is against the law, but the conversion of Hindus, Buddhists and Christians to Islam is welcomed. The government actively promotes the spread of Islam in the country.<ref name=gandg/> The law requires that any Hindu (or Buddhist or Christian) who marries a Muslim must first convert to Islam, otherwise the marriage is illegal and void.<ref name=gandg/> If one of the Hindu parents adopts Islam, the children automatically become Muslim without the consent of the second parent.<ref name=2011report/><ref>Perry Smith (2003), Speak No Evil: Apostasy, Blasphemy and Heresy in Malaysian Syariah Law, UC Davis Journal Int'l Law & Pol'y, 10, pp. 357-399</ref>

There are numerous cases in Malaysian courts relating to official persecution of Hindus. For example, in August 2010, a Malaysian woman named Siti Hasnah Banggarma was denied the right to convert to Hinduism by a Malaysian court. Banggarma, who was born a Hindu, but was [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to Islam at age 7, desired to reconvert back to Hinduism and appealed to the courts to recognise her reconversion. The appeal was denied.<ref>[http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/news/general/8858-us-based-haf-calls-banggarma-verdict-religiously-discriminatory]</ref>

===Destruction of Hindu temples===
{{see also|HINDRAF|2007 HINDRAF rally}}
After a violent conflict in [[Penang]] between [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s in March 1998, the government announced a nationwide review of unlicensed Hindu temples and shrines. However, implementation was not vigorous and the program was not a subject of public debate.

Between April to May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against Hindus.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930195228/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/52600 Temple row – a dab of sensibility please],''malaysiakini.com''</ref> On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in Kuala Lumpur was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-malaysia-demolishes-century-old-hindu-temple-1025317 |title=Malaysia demolishes century-old Hindu temple |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref> The authorities' excuse was that these temples were unlicensed and squatting on government land.

The president of the Consumers Association of [[Subang Jaya|Subang]] and [[Shah Alam]] in [[Selangor]] had been helping to organise efforts to stop the local authorities in the Muslim dominated city of [[Shah Alam]] from demolishing a 107-year-old Hindu temple. The growing Islamization in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many Malaysians who follow minority religions such as [[Hinduism]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4965580.stm Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia],''BBC''</ref>

On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from [[Kuala Lumpur]] forcefully demolished part of a 90-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 3,000 Hindus. The "Hindu Rights Action Force", a coalition of several NGO's, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the Malaysian Prime Minister.<ref name="Finexp"/>

[[HINDRAF]] chairman, [[Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy]], said:
{{quote|...These state atrocities are committed against the most underprivileged and powerless sector of the Hindu society in Malaysia. We appeal that this Hindu temple and all other Hindu temples in Malaysia are not indiscriminately and unlawfully demolished<ref name="Finexp"/>}}

Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in Malaysia. The official reason given by the Malaysian government has been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old.<ref name="Finexp">[http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=128069 Hindu group protests 'temple cleansing' in Malaysia],''Financial Express''</ref>

According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights Action Task Force, a [[Hindu temple]] is demolished in [[Malaysia]] once every three weeks.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-30397720071108?pageNumber=1 Malaysia ethnic Indians in uphill fight on religion] Reuters India – 8 November 2007</ref>

In 2007, Malaysian Hindu organisations protested the destruction of Hindu temples by the Malaysian regime. On 30 October 2007 the 100-year-old Maha Mariamman Temple in Padang Jawa was demolished by Malaysian authorities. Following that demolition, Works Minister and head of the [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] [[Samy Vellu]], who is of Indian origin, said that Hindu temples built on government land were still being demolished despite his appeals to the various state chief ministers.

Such temple destructions in Malaysia have been reported by the [[Hindu American Foundation]].<ref name=haf>[http://www.hafsite.org/media_press_release_malaysia_temples.htm HAF Condemns Continuing Destruction of Hindu Temples in Malaysia, Calls for Support to Protesting Malay Hindus], HAF report</ref>

HAF notes that the [[Government of Malaysia]] Restricts Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association contrary to Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and Article 10 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution, and that the application filed by Malaysian Hindus to hold gatherings have been arbitrarily denied by the police. The Government has also tried to suppress a campaign launched by an NGO, the [[Hindu Rights Action Force]] ([[HINDRAF]]) to obtain 100,000 signatures in support of a civil suit against the Government of United Kingdom.<ref name="haf"/> HINDRAF has accused the Malaysian government of intimidating and instilling fear in the Indian community.<ref>[http://policewatchmalaysia.com/ HINDRAF home]</ref>

The Hindraf rally prompted the Malaysian government to open dialogue with various Indian and Hindu organisations like the [[Malaysia Hindu Council]], [[Malaysia Hindudharma Mamandram]], and Malaysian Indian Youth Council (MIYC) to address the misgivings of the Indian community.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/12/15/nation/19773592&sec=nation NGOs discuss Indian issues with PM in heart-to-heart chat] The Star – 15 December 2007</ref> HINDRAF itself has been excluded from these talks and no significant changes have resulted from the discussions.

===Cow head debacle===
{{See also|Cow head protests}}
The Cow head protests was a protest that was held in front of the Selangor state government headquarters at the [[Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Building]], [[Shah Alam]], [[Malaysia]] on 28 August 2009. The protest was called so because the act of a few participants who brought along a cow head, which they later "stomped on the head and spat on it before leaving the site".<ref name="boston.com">{{Cite news| title = Malaysian Muslims protest against proposed construction of Hindu temple| agency = Associated Press | date = 29 August 2009 | url = http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2009/08/29/malaysian_muslims_protest_proposed_hindu_temple| accessdate = 12 September 2010 | work=The Boston Globe}}</ref> The cow is considered a sacred animal to [[Hindu]]s.

The protest was held due to Selangor state government's intention to relocate a [[Hindu]] temple from Section 19 residential area of [[Shah Alam]] to Section 23. The protesters were mainly [[Muslim]] extremists who opposed the relocation due to the fact that Section 23 was a Muslim majority area.

The protest leaders were also recorded saying there would be blood if a temple was constructed in [[Shah Alam]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5RWG2ScAdC9V7eo-B6-KfUL3QjgD9ABV6U81 Malaysia Muslims protest proposed Hindu temple] Associated Press – 28 August 2009</ref> The protest was caught on video by the popular Malaysian online news portal ''[[Malaysiakini]]''.<ref name="youtube.com">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytAkNMyGd1M&feature=channel_page Temple demo: Residents march with cow's head] YouTube. 28 August 2009</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hinduism by country]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Malaysia]]
* [[Jainism in Southeast Asia]]
* [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* "Tragic Orphans: Indians in Malaysia" by Carl Vadivella Belle, Publisher: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, {{ISBN|978-981-4519-03-8}}

==External links==
*[http://indiafacts.org/the-stateless-hindus-of-malaysia-a-whitepaper/ The Stateless Hindus of Malaysia: A Whitepaper]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4749379.stm Malaysia's clash of cultures]
*[http://ktemoc.blogspot.com/2006/03/dbkl-smashed-statues-of-hindu-gods.html dbkl-smashed-statues-of-hindu-gods blog]
*[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/100yrold-temple-razed-in-malaysia/27478-2.html 100-yr-old Hindu temple razed in KL]
*[http://www.malaysiakini.tv/flv/flvplayer.swf?file=/flv/malaysia/temple2.flv Video of Hindu temple demolition in Malaysia]
*[http://in.news.yahoo.com/070509/210/6fj5k.html New religious dispute sparks fears of rising Islamization in Malaysia]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6278568.stm Malaysia 'convert' claims cruelty]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7109849.stm Malaysia Hindu activists arrested]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7112930.stm Malaysia Hindu activists released]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7117251.stm Scores charged over Hindu rally]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7161177.stm Malaysia court rejects Hindu bid]
*[http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/16/malaysia.ap/index.html Detentions over Malaysian Hindu rally]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7475950.stm Malaysia burial row fuels tension]
*[http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/malaysia/36272-protesters-threaten-bloodshed-over-hindu-temple Protesters threaten bloodshed over Hindu temple ]

{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism in Malaysia}}
[[Category:Hinduism in Malaysia| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism by country|Malaysia]]
[[Category:Religion in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Asia|Malaysia]]

User talk:2A02:C7D:4E6A:F000:B97C:297A:7DD5:1935

2017-10-16T00:57:47Z

Edderso: General note: Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material on Dougie Donnelly. (TW)

== October 2017 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Dougie Donnelly]], but you didn't provide a [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]]. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so! If you need guidance on referencing, please see the [[Help:Referencing for beginners|referencing for beginners]] tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thank you.  --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  00:57, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

Dougie Donnelly

2017-10-16T00:56:41Z

Edderso: Reverted to revision 803594174 by Crowsus (talk): Rv unsourced. (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dougie Donnelly
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Douglas Donnelly
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|06|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Glasgow, Scotland]], UK
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| occupation = Television sports broadcaster}}

'''Douglas Donnelly''' (born 7 June 1953) is a Scottish television broadcaster best known for presenting sports coverage.

==Career==
Donnelly was born in [[Glasgow]], where he began his career with [[Radio Clyde]] in the 1970s, presenting the top-rated Mid Morning Show from 1979<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2001/us_masters/1247221.stm |title=US Masters coverage - biography |work=|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=2 April 2001|accessdate=13 April 2017}}</ref> until 1992, and was twice voted Scottish Radio Personality of the Year.

He joined [[BBC Scotland]]'s Sports Department in 1980,<ref name=BBC/> presenting programmes such as ''[[Sportscene|Sportscene Live]]'' (which includes events such as the [[Scottish Cup]] Final and [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] internationals), ''Afternoon Sportscene'', the network's [[rugby union]] coverage, and football World Cups in 1990 and 1998. He presented two series of a TV chat show, ''Friday Night with Dougie Donnelly'', and was TV Personality of the Year in Scotland in 1982. He left the BBC after the [[2010 Scottish Cup Final]], his 33rd in a row, and is currently{{when|date=April 2017}} lead commentator on European Tour Productions' worldwide live TV coverage of golf's [[European Tour]], travelling to around 20 tournaments a year around the world.

Donnelly was known outside Scotland by his involvement in the BBC's networked output of [[golf]], [[darts]], [[snooker]] and [[bowls]].<ref name=BBC/> He was the first Scot to present the ''[[Grandstand (TV series)|Grandstand]]'' programme, which he did on a regular basis between 1992 and 2002. International exposure also saw Donnelly serve as commentator/presenter for the [[World's Strongest Man]] during the 1980s on ITV.

He covered four [[Commonwealth Games]], four [[Summer Olympic Games]] and three [[Winter Olympic Games]], where, in the 2002 event at [[Salt Lake City]], he commentated on the [[Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics#Women's|British women curlers' Gold victory]]. He has also hosted quiz shows on radio and TV and has appeared on ''[[Talk:The Weakest Link (UK game show)|The Weakest Link]]'', ''[[Ready Steady Cook]]'', ''[[Banzai (television show)|Banzai]]'' and ''[[The Games (UK TV series)|The Games]]''. In addition, he provided a voice over on the [[Sky One]] science entertainment show ''[[Brainiac: Science Abuse]]''; solely for the "Brainiac Golf" sketch when a [[Recreational vehicle|caravan]] is blown up; detonated by a fuse triggered by a professional golfer's putting stroke.

In February 2016, it was announced that Donnelly would become a columnist for ''[[bunkered]]'' golf magazine, writing a column in every edition.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf-news/dougie-donnelly-joins-bunkered |title=Dougie Donnelly joins bunkered! |magazine=bunkered |date=10 February 2016 |first=Michael |last=McEwan}}</ref>

He is also an after-dinner speaker and awards host.

==Personal life==
Donnelly was raised in [[Rutherglen]],<ref name="sack">[http://www.scotsman.com/news/dougie-donnelly-slams-scottish-government-over-sacking-1-1074484 "Dougie Donnelly slams Scottish Government over sacking"], scotsman.com; accessed 5 April 2014.</ref><ref name=Clyde>{{cite web |url=https://www.clydefc.co.uk/news/2015/08/17/4971/#.WO6wEnXTXqB |title=My Team: Clyde (Dougie Donnelly interview) |work=official website|publisher=The Sun via Clyde FC|date=17 August 2015 |accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> educated at the former [[Hamilton Academy]] and is a graduate of the [[University of Strathclyde]] Law School. He was chairman of the [[Scottish Institute of Sport]] from 2005-2008, and currently{{when|date=April 2017}} chairs the Scottish Commonwealth Games Endowment Fund. He is a fan of [[Clyde F.C.]]<ref name="sack"/><ref name=Clyde/>

For several years he appeared in television adverts for the furniture store ''Sterling'', based in [[Tillicoultry]], near [[Stirling]]. He returned to advertising for I&K Motors, and provided voiceovers for their spring 2008 advertising campaign.<ref name="sack"/>

==See also==
* [[BBC Scotland]]
* ''[[Sportscene]]''
* [[Sky Sports]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Donnelly, Dougie}}
[[Category:Golf writers and broadcasters]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rutherglen]]
[[Category:Scottish television presenters]]
[[Category:BBC sports presenters and reporters]]
[[Category:Curling broadcasters]]
[[Category:People educated at Hamilton Academy]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde]]

User talk:2607:FCC8:9D07:1500:51B4:B4:F4B9:A2D8

2017-10-16T00:55:44Z

Edderso: Message re. List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: G (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of [[Special:Contributions/2607:FCC8:9D07:1500:51B4:B4:F4B9:A2D8|your recent contributions]] —the one you made with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20gay%2C%20lesbian%20or%20bisexual%20people%3A%20G&diff=805534137 this edit] to [[:List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: G]]— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thanks. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  00:55, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: G

2017-10-16T00:55:43Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 2607:FCC8:9D07:1500:51B4:B4:F4B9:A2D8 (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
''Parent article:'' [[List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people]] 
''Siblings:'' {{List LGBT short}}
{{Dynamic list}}
This is a partial list of confirmed '''famous people who were or are [[gay]], [[lesbian]] or [[bisexuality|bisexual]]'''. Famous people who are simply rumored to be gay, lesbian or bisexual, are not listed.

The historical concept and [[definition]] of [[sexual orientation]] varies, and has changed greatly over time; for example the word "gay" wasn't used to describe sexual orientation until the mid 20th century. A number of different classification schemes have been used to describe sexual orientation since the mid-19th century, and scholars have often defined the term "sexual orientation" in divergent ways. Indeed, several studies have found that much of the research about sexual orientation has failed to define the term at all, making it difficult to reconcile the results of different studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shively |first=M.G. |author2=Jones, C. |author3=DeCecco, J. P. |year=1984 |title=Research on sexual orientation: definitions and methods |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume= 9 |issue= 2/3 |pages=127–137 |doi=10.1300/J082v09n02_08 |pmid=6376622 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gerdes |first=L.C. |title=The Developing Adult | edition=Second |location=Durban: Butterworths; Austin, Texas |publisher=Butterworth Legal Publishers |year=1988 |isbn=0-409-10188-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sell |first=Randall L. |date=December 1997 |title=Defining and Measuring Sexual Orientation: A Review: How do you define sexual orientation? |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=26 |pmid=9415799 |issue= 6 |pages=643–658 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/context/defining.html |doi=10.1023/A:1024528427013 |accessdate=11 July 2007}}</ref> However, most definitions include a psychological component (such as the direction of an individual's erotic desire) and/or a behavioural component (which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s). Some prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or [[Identity (social science)|identity]]. See homosexuality and [[bisexuality]] for criteria that have traditionally denoted lesbian, gay and bisexual ([[LGBT|LGB]]) people.

The high prevalence of people from the West on this list may be due to [[societal attitudes towards homosexuality]]. The [[Pew Research Center]]'s 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that "[p]eople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Opinion in Europe is split between West and East. Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagree. Americans are divided – a thin majority (51 percent) believes homosexuality should be accepted, while 42 percent disagree."<ref name="pewreport">{{Cite book|last=Pew Global Attitudes Project |title=Views of a Changing World |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=185 |format=PDF |date=June 2003 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Pew Research Center For The People & The Press | oclc=52547041 |accessdate=11 July 2007}}</ref>

==G==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! "width:24%;"| Name
! "width:13%;"| Lifetime<ref name=Dateunavailable>Entries with no sourced year of birth available are marked with a "?".</ref>
! "width:15%;"| Nationality
! "width:35%;"| Notable as
! "width:5%;"| Notes<ref name="notesexp">All entries contain a [[WP:V|reliably sourced]] reference. Entries may also contain a letter indicating '''L'''esbian, '''G'''ay, or '''B'''isexual.</ref>
! "width:10%;" |Image
|-
| [[Gaahl]]
| b. 1975
| Norwegian
| Black Metal vocalist ([[Gorgoroth]])
| G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/gorgoroth-frontman-opens-up-about-his-sexual-orientation-i-ve-never-made-any-secret-about-it/|title=Gorgoroth Frontman Opens Up About His Sexual Orientation: 'I've Never Made Any Secret About It' - Blabbermouth.net|work=BLABBERMOUTH.NET}}</ref>
| [[File:Gaahl Gorgoroth.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Seth Gaaikema]]
| 1939–2014
| Dutch
| Entertainer, writer
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/cabaretier-seth-gaaikema-75-overleden~a3773219/|title=Cabaretier Seth Gaaikema (75) overleden|date=21 October 2014|work=[[de Volkskrant]]|language=Dutch|accessdate=21 October 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:Seth Gaaikema 1985.png|100px]]
|-
| [[Stefano Gabbana]]
| b. 1962
| Italian
| Fashion designer, [[Dolce & Gabbana]]
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,6903,1418537,00.html |title=Mixing business and pleasure |date=20 February 2005 |last=Vernon |first=Polly |location=London |work=The Guardian |accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hannah Gadsby]]
| b. 1978
| Australian
| Comedian
| L<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/comedy/the-great-gadsby-20110211-1apth.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|title=The great Gadsby|date=12 February 2011|first=Lenny Ann|last=Low|accessdate=28 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lady Gaga]]
| b. 1986
| American
| Singer, songwriter and actress
| B
| [[File:Tony Bennett & Lady GaGa, Cheek to Cheek Tour 06 edited.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Patrick Gale]]
| b. 1962
| English
| Author
| G<ref>Gillan, Adrian, [http://www.outuk.com/index.php?http://www.outuk.com/content/features/patrickgale/ Outspoken:Patrick Gale], OutUK.com. Retrieved 20 January 2008.</ref>
| [[File:20140620-X81B6638.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Cathleen Galgiani]]
| b. 1964
| American
| Politician
| L<ref>{{cite news|title=Democratic Assemblywoman Cathleen Galgiani says she is gay|url=http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2011/11/assemblywoman-cathleen-galgiani-says-she-is-gay.html|date=1 November 2011|work=[[Sacramento Bee]]|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:Cathleen Galgiani.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Rudy Galindo]]
| b. 1969
| American
| Figure skater
| G<ref name="cook">Cook, Bob (7 July 2006), [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13693745/ Gay pro athletes still aren't accepted, MSNBC.] Retrieved 21 March 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105091821/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13693745/ |date=5 January 2008 }}</ref>
| [[File:Galindo rudy.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Vicky Galindo]]
| b. 1983
| American
| Olympic athlete
| B<ref>[http://lesbianlife.about.com/od/lesbiansinsports/ig/Lesbian-Olympians/Vicky-Galindo-.htm Vicky Galindo].</ref>
| [[File:VickyGalindo.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Anya Gallaccio]]
| b. 1963
| Scottish
| Artist
| L<ref name=autogenerated1>''The Independent'', (2 July 2006), [http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article1153578.ece Gay Power: The pink list] Retrieved 25 June 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521091443/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article1153578.ece |date=21 May 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[John Galliano]]
| b. 1960
| Gibraltarian
| Fashion designer
| G<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
| [[Steve Galluccio]]
| b. ?
| Canadian
| Screenwriter
| G<ref>[http://www.montrealmirror.com/2007/110107/film4.html "Mama mia! Steve Galluccio talks about exploring strained maternal relations in ''Surviving My Mother''"], ''[[Montreal Mirror]]'', 1 November 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Paul Gambaccini]]
| b. 1949
| British-American
| Radio and television presenter
| G<ref>Mackenzie-Wilson, Seb (3 January 2004), [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article840663.ece Soul models: Sweet music: John Peel & Paul Gambaccini, & others], ''[[The Times]]''. Retrieved 6 November 2007.</ref>
| [[File:Paul gambaccini.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Philip Gambone]]
| b. 1948
| American
| Writer
| G<ref name="boys"/>
|-
| [[Nisha Ganatra]]
| b. 1974
| Canadian
| Director, actor
| L<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Advocate]]|title=Popcorn confidential|last=Tucker|first=Karen Iris|date=6 June 2000}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vice Ganda]]
| b. 1976
| Filipino
| Actor, comedian, TV host, recording artist
| G<ref>[[This Guy's in Love with U Mare!]], [[Praybeyt Benjamin]], [[Sisterakas]], [[Gandang Gabi, Vice!]], [[It's Showtime (variety show)]]</ref>
| [[File:Vice Ganda in Toronto 2014 02.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jeff Gannon]] (James Dale Guckert)
| b. 1958
| American
| Journalist
| B<ref>Chrain, Chris (23 September 2005), [http://www.washblade.com/2005/9-23/view/editorial/ Gunning for Gannon is unhealthy sport] ''Washington Blade''. Retrieved 21 March 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627000000/http://www.washblade.com/2005/9-23/view/editorial/ |date=27 June 2006 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Robert Gant]]
| b. 1968
| American
| Actor
| G<ref>[[Jack Wetherall]] ''Jack Wetherall''.</ref>
| [[File:Robert Gant.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]]
| c. 256–195 BC
| Chinese ([[Han Dynasty]])
| [[Head of state]]
| B<ref>Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. [[University of California Press]]. pp. 36–37.</ref>
| [[File:Hangaozu.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Victor Garber]]
| b. 1949
| Canadian
| Actor
| G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/people/2013/01/14/actor-victor-garber-confirms-yep-hes-gay|title=Actor Victor Garber Confirms: Yep, He's Gay|work=advocate.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Victor Garber April 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Greta Garbo]]
| 1905–1990
| Swedish
| Actor
| B<ref>[http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biog1/garb2.html AndrejKoymasky.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830090719/http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biog1/garb2.html |date=30 August 2008 }}</ref>
| [[File:Greta Garbo 1924 2.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Federico García Lorca]]
| 1898–1936
| Spanish
| Poet, dramatist
| G<ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/literature/garcialorca_f.html GLBTQ.com. ''García Lorca, Federico (1898–1936)''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205223558/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/garcialorca_f.html |date=5 February 2012 }} Retrieved 11 September 2008.; Ian Gibson, ''Lorca y el mundo gay'', Planeta, 2009, {{ISBN|840808206X}}</ref>
| [[File:Lorca (1914).jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jonas Gardell]]
| b. 1963
| Swedish
| Author, playwright, comedian
| G<ref>Lundsten, Justin (August 1997), ''Gay Sweden through a Teen's Eyes'', Oasis Magazine.</ref>
| [[File:Jonas Gardell föreläser om "Torka aldrig tårar utan handskar" (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Randy Gardner (figure skater)|Randy Gardner]]
| b. 1958
| American
| Figure skater
| G<ref>Kim, Lorrie (9 February 2006), [http://outsports.com/olympics/2006torino/kimfigureskating.htm 'Gayest Sport in America': So How Come No Figure Skaters Are Out?] Outsports.com. Retrieved 20 January 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116031852/http://outsports.com/olympics/2006torino/kimfigureskating.htm |date=16 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Chris Garneau]]
| b. 1982
| American
| Rock musician
| G<ref>{{cite web|date=26 September 2006 |url=http://www.queerty.com/queer/the-narcissist-issue/the-narcissist-issue-chris-garneau-20060926.php |title=The Narcissist Issue: Chris Garneau; Hottie Musician With Skills |work=[[Queerty.com]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070125035311/http://www.queerty.com/queer/the-narcissist-issue/the-narcissist-issue-chris-garneau-20060926.php  |archivedate = 25 January 2007 |accessdate=12 June 2007}}</ref>
| [[File:ChrisGarneau.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Randall Garrison]]
| b. 1951
| Canadian
| Politician
| G<ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/National/NDP_leads_the_pack_with_most_gay_candidates-10071.aspx "NDP leads the pack with most gay candidates"]. ''[[Xtra!]]'', 26 April 2011.</ref>
| [[File:Randall Garrison.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Sam Garrison]]
| 1942–2007
| American
| Lawyer, defended [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] during impeachment trial
| G<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lawyer relished role as activist: Gay rights topped the list of Sam Garrison's causes during a career with its share of ups and downs |author=Mike Allen |author2=Amanda Codispoti |publisher=Roanoke Times |url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/118890 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120909002901/http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/118890 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=9 September 2012 |date=31 May 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Stephen Gately]]
| 1976–2009
| Irish
| Pop musician ([[Boyzone]]), actor
| G<ref>"Boyzone Stephen: I'm gay and I'm in love in The Sun, 16th. June 1999, p. 1."</ref>
|-
| [[Mark Gatiss]]
| b. 1966
| British
| Actor, writer
| G<ref name="boys"/>
| [[File:Mark Gatiss by Gage Skidmore.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Sylvain Gaudreault]]
| b. 1970
| Canadian
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/boisclair-responds-to-homophobic-slurs-1.689183 |title=Boisclair responds to homophobic slurs |date=1 March 2007 |location=Montreal |publisher=[[CBC.ca]] |accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]]
| b. 1952
| French
| Fashion designer
| G<ref>Cole, Shaun, [http://www.glbtq.com/arts/gaultier_jp.html Gaultier, Jean-Paul (b. 1952)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112110623/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/gaultier_jp.html |date=12 November 2007 }} at [[glbtq.com]]. Retrieved 31 October 2007.</ref>
| [[File:Jean-Paul Gaultier.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Kerry Gauthier]]
| b. 1955
| American
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/22/kerry-gauthier_n_1822748.html|title=Kerry Gauthier, Minnesota Rep., Vows To Stay In Race After Rest-Stop Sex Scandal |first=Margita|last=Lohn|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:Kerry Gauthier.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Mary Gauthier]]
| b. 1962
| American
| Singer, songwriter
| L<ref>"Sarah-Jane", [http://www.divamag.co.uk/diva/features.asp?AID=133 Mary Gauthier sings out] ''Diva'' magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222084104/http://www.divamag.co.uk/diva/features.asp?AID=133 |date=22 December 2010 }}</ref>
| [[File:Mary Gauthier 2006.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Megan Rose Gedris]]
| b. 1986
| American
| Comic artist, writer
| L<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sovo.com/2007/1-12/arts/feature/drawn.cfm?page=1 |title=Drawn Together |periodical=[[Southern Voice (newspaper)|Southern Voice]] |date=12 January 2007 |accessdate=30 November 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111074734/http://www.sovo.com/2007/1-12/arts/feature/drawn.cfm?page=1 |archivedate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vera Gedroitz]]
| 1876–1932
| Russian
| Surgeon, poet
| L<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Вера Гедройц: княжна, гений-хирург, лесбиянка |date=9 June 2005 |url=http://zhurnal.lib.ru/w/woroncowajurxewa_n/gedr.shtml |language=Russian |accessdate=1 September 2007}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|-
| [[Will Geer]]
| 1902–1978
| American
| Actor
| B<ref>Stuart Timmons, ''The Trouble With Harry Hay: Founder of the Modern Gay Movement'' (1990), pp. 64, 67.</ref>
|-
| [[David Geffen]]
| b. 1943
| American
| Record executive
| G<ref name="out">Oxfield, Jesse, Idov, Michael (4 March 2007), [http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2007/04/out_ranks_the_top_50_gays_ande.html ‘Out’ Ranks the Top 50 Gays; Anderson Is No. 2] New York Magqazine.
Retrieved 28 June 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606235032/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2007/04/out_ranks_the_top_50_gays_ande.html |date=6 June 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kai Gehring]]
| b. 1977
| German
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kai-gehring.de/|title=Aktuell - Kai Gehring MdB|work=kai-gehring.de}}</ref>
| [[File:Kai Gehring, Gruene NRW LDK 2008.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Joseph Genaro|Joe Genaro]]
| b. 1962
| American
| Singer, punk rock musician ([[Dead Milkmen]])
| G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.markprindle.com/genaro-i.htm|title=Joe Genaro interview|work=Mark's Record Reviews |publisher=MarkPrindle.com|editor=Prindle, Mark|accessdate=March 4, 2016|year=2002}}</ref>
| [[File:Joe Jack Talcum.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jean Genet]]
| 1910–1986
| French
| Playwright, political activist
| G<ref>Davis, Jill and William Green. ''Gay theatre''. in Banham, Martin. ''The Cambridge Guide to Theatre''. Cambridge, Cambridge UP. 1995. p. 414.</ref>
| [[File:JeanGenet-HansKoechler1983-cropped.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Louise Boije af Gennäs]]
| b. 1961
| [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| Writer, feminist, author
| L<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/swedish_lit.html |title=Swedish Literature |last=Magnusson |first=Jan |year=2002 |work=[[glbtq.com]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208143909/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/swedish_lit.html |archivedate=8 February 2012 |df= }}</ref>
| [[File:Louise Boije af Gennäs 2014-02-03 001.tiff|100px]]
|-
| [[Kitty Genovese]]
| 1935–1964
| American
| Crime victim
| L<ref>[http://www.mountainpridemedia.org/oitm/issues/2004/04apr2004/editorial.htm Editorial:Reclaiming Herstory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201080819/http://www.mountainpridemedia.org/oitm/issues/2004/04apr2004/editorial.htm |date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Boy George]]
| b. 1961
| British
| Pop musician ([[Culture Club]])
| G<ref>George, Boy, ''Take It Like a Man: The Autobiography of Boy George''. {{ISBN|0-06-017368-8}}.</ref>
| [[File:Boy George by Dean Stockings.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Stefan George]]
| 1868–1933
| German
| Poet
| G<ref>Britton, Bruce. [http://www.league-ncr.com/library/history/heritage6.html Our Gay and Lesbian Heritage, Part 6] ''League @ NCR''. Retrieved 17 November 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824193637/http://www.league-ncr.com/library/history/heritage6.html |date=24 August 2007 }}</ref>
| [[File:Stefan George 1910 Foto Jakob Hilsdorf.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[David Gerrold]]
| b. 1944
| American
| Science fiction writer
| G<ref>Howell, Kevin (27 October 2007). [http://www.publishersweekly.com/blog/860000286/post/380016438.html The Closet Door Swings Both Ways] ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''. Retrieved 16 April 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724125005/http://www.publishersweekly.com/blog/860000286/post/380016438.html |date=24 July 2008 }}</ref>
| [[File:David Gerrold at DragonCon 2010.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Masha Gessen]]
| b. 1967
| Russian-American
| Journalist, author and activist
| L<ref name=Hayes>{{cite web|last=Hayes|first=Chris|title=Russian Journalist Gives a Snapshot of Gay Life in Russia Masha Gessen w Chris Hayes|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swd6Z-FlPXs|work=[[MSNBC]]|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref>
| [[File:Gessen, Masha.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Malcolm Gets]]
| b. 1963
| American
| Actor
| G<ref>Portantiere, Michael (18 February 2009). [http://www.afterelton.com/blog/michaelportantiere/blogging-broadway-malcolm-gets-lives-the-life "Blogging Broadway: Malcolm Gets lives the 'Life'"]. [[AfterElton.com]]. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</ref>
|-
| [[Joel Gibb]]
| b. 1977
| Canadian
| Folk-rock musician ([[The Hidden Cameras]])
| G<ref>Needham, Alex. [http://www.buttmagazine.com/?p=130 Interview in Butt Magazine]. Retrieved 1 July 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[André Gide]]
| 1869–1951
| French
| Author and Nobel prize winner
| G<ref>If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir by André Gide (first edition 1920).</ref>
| [[File:André Gide.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[John Gielgud]]
| 1904–2000
| English
| Actor
| G<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Gielgud, 83, comes out |journal=[[Gay Times]] |issue=114 |publisher=Millivres |date=March 1988 |issn=0950-6101}}</ref>
| [[File:John Gielgud (1936).jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jaime Gil de Biedma]]
| 1929–1990
| Spanish
| Poet
| G<ref>[http://www.publico.es/culturas/283278/el-melodrama-sexual-de-jaime-gil-de-biedma El melodrama sexual de Jaime Gil de Biedma], ''Público'', 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</ref>
| [[File:Gildebiedma.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Sara Gilbert]]
| b. 1975
| American
| Actor
| L<ref>[http://www.saragilbert.net/_sara.php Official site biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227125222/http://www.saragilbert.net/_sara.php |date=27 December 2011 }}. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</ref>
| [[File:Sara Gilbert.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Peter Gill (playwright)|Peter Gill]]
| b. 1939
| Welsh
| Playwright
| G<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
| [[Thea Gill]]
| b. 1970
| Canadian
| Actor
| B<ref>Guarino, David (12 May 2004), [http://outlineschicago.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=4968 With Honors: Queer As Folk's Thea Gill], ''Windy City Times''. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</ref>
| [[File:Thea Gill.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Tim Gill]]
| b. 1953
| American
| Software entrepreneur, LGBT rights activist
| G<ref>[http://www.gillfoundation.org/who/who_show.htm?doc_id=329161 Gill Foundation: Who We Are: Meet Tim Gill] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918072432/http://www.gillfoundation.org/who/who_show.htm?doc_id=329161 |date=18 September 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kayne Gillaspie]]
| b. 1979
| American
| Fashion designer
| G<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Project Runway's Kayne Gillaspie and Robert Best |publisher=[[AfterElton.com]] |url=http://www.afterelton.com/archive/elton/people/2006/8/kayne.html |first=Josh |last=Aterovis |date=15 August 2006 |accessdate=17 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130103834/http://www.afterelton.com/archive/elton/people/2006/8/kayne.html |archivedate=30 November 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Christopher Gillis]]
| 1951–1993
| Canadian
| Dancer, choreographer
| G<ref>Beyond Shame: Reclaiming the Abandoned History of Radical Gay Sexuality by Patrick Moore.</ref>
|-
| [[Dan Gillespie Sells]]
| b. 1979
| English
| Rock musician ([[The Feeling]])
| G<ref>Aston, Martin [http://www.box.net/public/static/i6cerq1s03.pdf Once more with Feeling] (pdf), ''Attitude''. Retrieved 24 March 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Laura Gilpin]]
| 1891–1979
| American
| Photographer
| L<ref>{{Cite book |title=Willa Cather and Others |first=Jonathan |last=Goldberg |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-8223-2672-8 |pages=148–80}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|
|-
| {{sortname|Joann|Ginal}}
| b. ?
| American
| Politician
| L<ref name=denverpost>[http://www.denverpost.com/recommended/ci_21956613 "Colorado House Democrats pick Ferrandino for speaker, historic first for gays"]. ''[[Denver Post]]'', 8 November 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Candace Gingrich]]
| b. 1966
| American
| LGBT rights activist
| L<ref>Seelye, Katharine. [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/06/us/speaker-s-sister-now-speaking-out.html Speaker's Sister Now Speaking Out], [[New York Times]], 6 March 1995. Retrieved 15 August 2013.</ref>
| [[File:Candace Gingrich.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jon Ginoli]]
| b. 1959
| American
| Rock musician ([[Pansy Division]])
| G<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite book |last=Ciminelli |first=David |first2=Ken |last2=Knox |title=Homocore: The Loud and Raucous Rise of Queer Rock |place=New York |publisher=Alyson Books |year=2005 |isbn=1-55583-855-3}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|-
| [[Allen Ginsberg]]
| 1926–1997
| American
| Poet
| G<ref>Hampton, Wilborn (6 April 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/08/specials/ginsberg-obit.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Allen Ginsberg, Master Poet of Beat Generation, Dies at 70], ''New York Times''. Retrieved 3 April 2007.</ref>
| [[File:Praga 9 ginsberg.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Missy Giove]]
| b. 1972
| American
| Professional mountain biker
| L<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Mark |title=She's fast! She's crazy! She's a mountain-bike goddess | newspaper=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |date=26 September 1996 |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/092696/bike26_top.html |accessdate=1 July 2007}}{{dead link|date=November 2013}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barbara Gittings]]
| 1932–2007
| American
| Gay rights activist
| L<ref>Tobin, Kay and Wicker, Randy. ''The Gay Crusaders'' New York: Paperback Library, 1972.</ref>
| [[File:Barbara Gittings 1965.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Chris Glaser]]
| b. 1977
| American
| Christian minister, activist, author
| G<ref>[http://www.chrisglaser.com/biopage.html Biography on Official website] Retrieved 1 July 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101170658/http://www.chrisglaser.com/biopage.html |date=1 November 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Sherry Glaser]]
| b. 1960
| American
| Activist, actor
| L<ref>{{cite web|title=Protest exposes 2 women to jail |work=[[The Sacramento Bee]] |url=http://www.sacbee.com/content/women/story/13830607p-14671268c.html |first=Cameron |last=Jahn |date=8 November 2005 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102132216/http://www.sacbee.com/content/women/story/13830607p-14671268c.html  |archivedate = 2 November 2007 |accessdate=26 June 2007}}</ref>
| [[File:Sherry Glaser-Love.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Gerald Glaskin]]
| 1923–2000
| Australian
| Writer
| G<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burbidge |first=John |title=Underexposed: Gerald Glaskin's fiction |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3491/is_/ai_n29385790 |periodical=[[The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide]] |date=Nov–Dec 2007 |accessdate=23 January 2009}} {{inconsistent citations}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|-
| [[Todd Glass]]
| b. 1964
| American
| Stand Up Comedian
| G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episodes/episode_245_-_todd_glass|title=WTF with Marc Maron Podcast - Episode 245 - Todd Glass|work=wtfpod.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thomas Glave]]
| b. 1964
| American
| Writer, essayist, professor
| G<ref>[http://aalbc.com/authors/thomas_glave.htm ''Thomas Glave''] Retrieved 21 November 2008.</ref>
|-
| [[James Gleeson]]
| 1915–2008
| Australian
| Painter
| G<ref>{{Cite news|first=Christopher |last=Allen |title=James Gleeeson: surrealist, critic and charming pessimist |date=21 October 2008 |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24526553-5013571,00.html |work=The Australian |accessdate=24 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Deborah J. Glick]]
| b. 1950
| American
| Politician
| L<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/09/nyregion/c-corrections-719404.html?ref=deborahjglick|periodical=[[The New York Times]]|title=Corrections|date=9 March 2004|accessdate=29 September 2011}}</ref>
| [[File:Deborah Glick.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[John Glover (actor)|John Glover]]
| b. 1944
| American
| Actor
| G<ref>{{Cite news|title=Out in Smallville: Smallville's John Glover |author=Bill Green |work=[[Windy City Times]] |url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=8666 |date=22 June 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
| [[File:John Glover 2009.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Gluck (Hannah Gluckstein)|Gluck]]
| 1895–1978
| British
| Painter
| L<ref>{{Cite book|last=Souhami |first=Diana |title=Gluck: Her Biography |publisher=Phoenix Press |year=2001 |location=London | edition=rev. |isbn=1-84212-196-0}}</ref>
|-
| [[Karel Goeyvaerts]]
| 1923–1993
| Belgian
| 20th century classical composer
| G<ref name="music">{{cite web|first=Philip |last=Brett |author2=Wood, Elizabeth |title=(Homo)sexuality and musicality |publisher=Electronic Musicological Review |date = December 2002|work=Lesbian and Gay Music |url=http://www.rem.ufpr.br/REMv7/Brett_Wood/Brett_and_Wood.html#II. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927122439/http://www.rem.ufpr.br/REMv7/Brett_Wood/Brett_and_Wood.html#II.  |archivedate = 27 September 2007 |accessdate=15 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Michael Goff]]
| b. ?
|
| Founder of ''[[Out (magazine)|Out]]'' Magazine
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3065/is_n15_v22/ai_14470849/ |title=The mainstreaming of gay titles – gay magazines – Magazine Watch |author=Samir A. Husni |work=Business Library |date=1 September 1993 |accessdate=26 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901174039/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3065/is_n15_v22/ai_14470849/ |archivedate=1 September 2010 |df= }}</ref>
|-
| [[Manvendra Singh Gohil]]
| b. 1965
| Indian
| Prince of [[Rajpipla]]
| G<ref>Sharma, Sachin (22 June 2006), [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1672539.cms Royal family disowns gay scion], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 29 October 2007.</ref>
| [[File:Painting of Manvendra Singh Gohil.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Ari Gold (musician)|Ari Gold]]
| b. 1974
| American
| [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] musician
| G<ref>[http://www.arigold.com/biography.html Official web site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920140845/http://www.arigold.com/biography.html |date=20 September 2007 }}</ref>
| [[File:Ari Gold by David Shankbone.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Judy Gold]]
| b. 1962
| American
| Comedian
| L<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hoban |first=Phoebe |title=Listen to Your Mother! And Other Advice |work=New York Times |date=27 January 2006 |url=http://theater2.nytimes.com/2006/01/27/theater/reviews/27moth.html |accessdate=20 March 2007}}</ref>
| [[File:Judy Gold.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jackie Goldberg]]
| b. 1937
| American
| Politician
| L<ref name="GLheritage">Britton, Bruce. [http://www.league-ncr.com/library/history/heritage1.html Our Gay and Lesbian Heritage, Part 1] ''League @ NCR''. Retrieved 17 November 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825072006/http://www.league-ncr.com/library/history/heritage1.html |date=25 August 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Alison Goldfrapp]]
| b. 1966
| British
| Musician
| B<ref name="The Times">Paul Flynn. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615063654/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article7037529.ece Alison Goldfrapp walks alone]. ''The Times''. Archived 15 June 2011.</ref>
| [[File:GoldfrappLive20082.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Julie Goldman]]
| b. ?
| American
| Comedian
| L<ref>Riendeau, Danielle, (1 May 2007). [http://www.afterellen.com/people/2007/5/juliegoldman "Julie Goldman's Rising Star."] AfterEllen.Com Retrieved 22 June 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518123351/http://www.afterellen.com/people/2007/5/juliegoldman |date=18 May 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Andrea Goldsmith]]
| b. 1950
| Australian
| Writer
| L<ref>{{Cite news |title=Porter dead at 54 |date=10 December 2008 |url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2008/12/10/porter-dead-at-54/3210 |periodical=[[Sydney Star Observer]] |accessdate=19 December 2008}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andrew Goldstein]]
| b. 1983
| American
| Lacrosse player
| G<ref name=autogenerated4>Cook, Bob (7 July 2006), [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13693745/ Gay pro athletes still aren't accepted, MSNBC, p. 2.] Retrieved 21 March 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105091821/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13693745/ |date=5 January 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Oliver Goldstick]]
| b. 1961
| American
| Screenwriter, producer
| G<ref>Hernandez, Greg (27 September 2005) [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2005_Sept_27/ai_n15655536 All in the family: NBC surrogacy drama Inconceivable and ABC mid-season comedy Crumbs acknowledge that, for many gays and lesbians in 2005, it's all about families] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106155344/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2005_Sept_27/ai_n15655536 |date=6 January 2008 }}, ''[[The Advocate]]''. Retrieved 26 December 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Gabriella Goliger]]
|b. ?
| Canadian
| Writer
| L<ref name=jewishfest>[http://www.gayvancouver.net/arts/author-gabriella-goliger-to-read-at-jewish-book-festival "Author Gabriella Goliger to read at Jewish Book Festival"]. GayVancouver.net, 17 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| [[Witold Gombrowicz]]
| 1904–1969
| Polish
| Author, playwright
| B<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/07/30/imp-of-the-perverse The New Yorker] ''Imp of the Perverse: Witold Gombrowicz’s war against cliché.'' 30 July 2012. Retri3eved 2 August 2017.</ref>
| [[File:Witold Gombrowicz Polish passport.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Peter Gomes]]
| b. 1942
| American
| Baptist preacher, theologian
| G<ref>Lively, Kit. [http://chronicle.com/che-data/articles.dir/art-43.dir/issue-18.dir/18a00901.htm Reading "The Good Book": Harvard's Powerful Preacher Provides Spiritual Guidance] [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] (10 January 2007). Retrieved 15 May 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201091103/http://chronicle.com/che-data/articles.dir/art-43.dir/issue-18.dir/18a00901.htm |date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jewelle Gomez]]
| b. 1948
| American
| Writer, cultural worker
| L<ref>{{cite web|work=[[glbtq.com]] |url=http://www.glbtq.com/sfeatures/interviewjgomez.html |title=Family Matters: An interview with Jewelle Gomez |first=Owen |last=Keehnen |year=1993 |accessdate=11 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814120421/http://www.glbtq.com/sfeatures/interviewjgomez.html |archivedate=14 August 2007 |df= }}</ref>
|-
| [[Marga Gomez]]
| b. 1960
| American
| Comedian
| L<ref>{{cite web|work=[[The San Francisco Examiner]]|url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/2011/09/mirthful-maturing-lesbian-comic-marga-gomez-performs-san-francisco|title=Mirthful, maturing lesbian comic Marga Gomez performs in San Francisco|date=26 September 2011|last=Schiffman|first=Jean|accessdate=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Félix González-Torres]]
| 1957–1996
| Cuban
| Artist
| G<ref>{{cite web|work=ArtPress |date = January 1995|pages=24–32 |first=Robert |last=Storr |title=Félix González-Torres: Etre un Espion |url=http://www.queerculturalcenter.org/Pages/FelixGT/FelixInterv.html}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Noam Gonick]]
| b. 1970
| Canadian
| Artist, filmmaker
| G<ref>http://gay-themed-films.com/tag/noam-gonick/</ref>
|
|-
| [[Brad Gooch]]
| b. 1952
| American
| Writer
| G<ref name="boys">Merla, Patrick, ''Boys Like Us:Gay Writers Tell Their Coming Out Stories'', (Avon Books, 1996).</ref>
| [[File:Brad gooch 2009.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]]
| 1911–1972
| American
| Writer
| B<ref name="GLheritage" />
|
|-
| [[Julie Goodyear]]
| b. 1942
| English
| Actor
| B<ref>Raymond, Clare (28 October 2006), [http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_headline=my-story-by-julie-goodyear%26method=full%26objectid=18005679%26siteid=94762-name_page.html My story by Julie Goodyear], ''Mirror.co.uk''. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Debbie Googe]]
| b. 1962
| English
| Rock musician ([[My Bloody Valentine (band)|My Bloody Valentine]])
| L<ref>[http://www.creation-records.com/mbv/index.html My Bloody Valentine]-Interview on Creation-Records.com. Retrieved 1 July 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718142139/http://www.creation-records.com/mbv/index.html |date=18 July 2009 }}</ref>
| [[File:Debbie Googe.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Derrick Gordon]]
| b. 1991
| American
| College basketball player
| G<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Sellner |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2014/04/09/derrick-gordon-umass-reveals-gay/4a2Cdq0ZJOw3kTodelMzhM/story.html |title=UMass’s Derrick Gordon announces he is gay - Sports |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=9 April 2014 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>
| [[File:Derrick Gordon (5443881189).jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Peter Gordon (chef)|Peter Gordon]]
| b. 1963
| New Zealander
| Chef
| G<ref name=autogenerated3>Rainbownetwork.com, (29 June 2005), [http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Features/detail.asp?iData=23702&iCat=32&iChannel=25&nChannel=Features#top The Pink List 2005] Retrieved 25 June 2007. {{cite web |url=http://www.rainbownetwork.com/Features/detail.asp?iData=23702&iCat=32&=25&nChannel=Features#top |title= |access-date=12 September 2016}}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rich Gordon]]
| b. 1948
| American
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite news|work=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|date=25 November 1992|title=Board victor views tasks in education, he's not making issue of being gay}}</ref>
| [[File:Gordon headshot.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Lesley Gore]]
| 1946–2015
| American
| Pop musician
| L<ref>[http://www.afterellen.com/People/2005/6/lesleygore.html Interview with Lesley Gore] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205092533/http://www.afterellen.com/People/2005/6/lesleygore.html |date=5 February 2012 }}.</ref>
| [[File:Leslie Gore Batman 1967.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Eva Gore-Booth]]
| 1870–1926
| Irish
| Writer, activist
| L<ref>Gifford Lewis, ‘Booth, Eva Selina Gore- (1870–1926)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>
|
|-
| [[John C. Goss]]
| b. 1958
| American
| Artist, writer
| G<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tips on Asia for the Gay or Budget Conscious |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/28/DDGIFLDCQG1.DTL&type=travel |first=Christine |last=Delsol |accessdate=30 November 2009 |work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jason Gould]]
| b. 1966
| American
| Actor
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000-12-25/gossip/18143837_1_movie-star-erin-brockovich-donna-karan |last=Mitchell |first=Deborah |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |title=Barbra's Gay Son: I Think She Knew |date=25 December 2000 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401205532/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000-12-25/gossip/18143837_1_movie-star-erin-brockovich-donna-karan |archivedate=1 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nickolas Grace]]
| b. 1947
| English
| Actor
| G<ref>[http://www.gcn.ie/content/templates/newsupdate.aspx?articleid=2222&zoneid=4 Gcn | News Update] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902000000/http://www.gcn.ie/content/templates/newsupdate.aspx?articleid=2222&zoneid=4 |date=2 September 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Joey Graceffa]]
| b. 1991
| American
| YouTube Personality
| G<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1PoNhYb3K4|title=YES I'M GAY|date=18 May 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref>
| [[File:Joey Graceffa by Gage Skidmore.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Gwendolyn Graham and Cathy Wood|Gwendolyn Graham]]
| b. 1963
| American
| Serial killer
| L<ref>3 November 1989. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7DE173FF930A35752C1A96F948260 Ex-Nursing Home Aide Gets Life Term in 5 Patient Killings] ''New York Times''. Retrieved 1 July 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Jessica Graham]]
| b. ?
| American
| Actor
| L<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afterellen.com/people/2007/8/jessicagraham |title=Jessica Graham's Coming-Out Party |first=Christie |last=Keith |date=6 August 2007 |work=[[AfterEllen.com]] |accessdate=11 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829033403/http://www.afterellen.com/people/2007/8/jessicagraham |archivedate=29 August 2011 |df= }}</ref>
|-
| [[Judy Grahn]]
| b. 1940
| American
| Poet
| L<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith |first=Martha Nell |author2=Steinberg, Stacy |title=Grahn, Judy |work=[[glbtq.com]] |year=2002 |url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/grahn_j.html |accessdate=20 March 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213165835/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/grahn_j.html |archivedate=13 February 2012 |df= }}</ref>
|-
| [[Elisabeth de Gramont]]
| 1875–1954
| French
| Writer
| B<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wild Girls: Paris, Sappho, and Art |first=Diana |last=Souhami |year=2005 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-34324-8 |pages=72–9}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
| [[File:Elisabeth de Gramont - Nadar - 1889.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Steve Grand]]
| b. 1990
|American
| Singer
| G<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/steve-grand-live-proud_us_578d0b14e4b0c53d5cfa58bf | title=Steve Grand Reflects On The ‘Wild Ride’ Of Viral Fame As A Gay Artist | accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Michael Grandage]]
| b. 1962
| English
| Theatre director
| G<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
| [[Farley Granger]]
| b. 1925
| American
| Actor
| B<ref>Thomas, Bob (September 2007), [http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2007/09/18/books/10_10_519_15_07.txt One-time screen idol Farley Granger tells of bisexual past in new memoir], ''North County Times''. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref>
| [[File:Farley Granger in Rope trailer.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[John Grant (musician)|John Grant]]
| b. 1968
| American
| Rock musician ([[The Czars]])
| G<ref name=torstar>[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/article/901715--john-grant-getting-his-sad-mojo-working "John Grant getting his sad mojo working"]. ''[[Toronto Star]]'', 3 December 2010.</ref>
| [[File:John Grant 2014.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Russell Grant]]
| b. 1951
| English
| Astrologer
| G<ref>Scotsman.com, [http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=260422006 Secrets and lives-Russell Grant]. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Toni Graphia]]
| b. 1961/62
| American
| Television writer, producer
| L<ref>{{cite web|author=Warn, Sarah |url=http://www.afterellen.com/archive/ellen/column/2006/3/3-2.html |title=Best. Lesbian. Week. Ever. |work=[[AfterEllen.com]] |date=3 March 2006 |accessdate=9 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215301/http://www.afterellen.com/archive/ellen/column/2006/3/3-2.html |archivedate=7 August 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mitch Grassi]]
| b. 1992
| American
| Singer, songwriter
| G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thegavoice.com/mitch-grassi-of-pentatonix-on-being-gay-in-the-cool-a-cappella-band/|title=Mitch Grassi of Pentatonix on being gay in the cool a cappella band|website=thegavoice.com|date= 26 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jim Gray (UDA member)|Jim Gray]]
| 1958–2005
| British
| Northern Ireland Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader
| B<ref>[https://archive.is/20120724125344/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/article952617.ece BelfastTelegraph.co.uk] 9 October 2005.</ref>
|
|-
| [[Devin K. Grayson]]
| b. ?
| American
| Comic book writer and novelist
| B<ref>{{cite web|last=Grayson |first=Devin |authorlink=Devin Grayson |title=Biography |work=Case Notes (devingrayson.com) |url=http://www.devingrayson.com/biography.html |accessdate=3 April 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Steven Greenberg (rabbi)|Steven Greenberg]]
| b. 1956
| American
| Orthodox rabbi
| G<ref>Greenberg, Steven, [http://www.wisc.edu/wisconsinpress/books/2576.htm Wrestling with God and Men: Homosexuality in the Jewish Tradition]. [[University of Wisconsin Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0-299-19090-0}}.</ref>
| [[File:Rabbi Steve Greenberg, Fabio Seixo - Agência O Globo, Rio de Janeiro.jpeg|100px]]
|-
| [[Kenny Greene]]
| 1969–2001
| American
| R&B musician ([[Intro (R&B group)|The Intro]])
| G<ref>{{Cite news|title=Remembering Legends: Late Great 90s R&B Artists |url=http://pr-gb.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29166&Itemid=9 |date=10 October 2007 |periodical=PR-GB.com |accessdate=18 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208095720/http://pr-gb.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29166&Itemid=9 |archivedate=8 February 2012 |df= }}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|-
| [[Robert Joseph Greene]]
| b. 1973
| Canadian
| Writer
| G<ref>[http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/gay-b-c-children-s-author-says-he-s-received-threats-from-russia-1.1397609 "Gay B.C. children's author says he's received threats from Russia"]. [[CTV News]], 4 August 2013.</ref>
| [[File:Robert Joseph Greene Press Phto.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Glenn Greenwald]]
| b. 1967
| American
| Commentator
|G<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/glenn-greenwald-guardian-partner-detained-heathrow|title=Glenn Greenwald's partner detained at Heathrow airport for nine hours|work=the Guardian}}</ref>
| [[File:Glenn Greenwald 2014-01-20 001.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Alex Greenwich]]
| b. 1980
| Australian
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite news|last=Baker|first=Jordan|title=Why our proud MP Alex Greenwich is first among equals|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/why-our-proud-mp-alex-greenwich-is-first-among-equals/story-e6freuy9-1226509850087|newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph|date=21 January 2013 |accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brian Greig]]
| b. 1966
| Australian
| Politician
| G<ref>[http://www.yawningbread.org/apdx_1999/imp-065.htm Australian Senator Brian Greig's maiden speech in Canberra] Aus Senate Hansard | 1 September 1995.</ref>
|-
| [[Dorien Grey]] (b. Roger Margason)
| ?–2015
| American
| Mystery writer
| G<ref>{{cite web|title=Dorien Grey: The Role Players |url=http://www.literaryworld.org/DorienGrey.html |work=The Literary World |date=6 January 2005 |accessdate=5 July 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sasha Grey]]
| b. 1988
| American
| Former porn star
| B<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/videos/38325/sasha-grey-interview/ |title=Sasha Grey Interview}}</ref>
| [[File:Sasha Grey at AVN 2010 Expo.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[John Greyson]]
| b. 1960
| Canadian
| Filmmaker
| G<ref>Schwartzberg, Schlomo (1996), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1319/is_n4_v28/ai_15837270 John Greyson – Canadian movie director – In the Frame], ''Performing Arts & Entertainment in Canada''. Retrieved 31 October 2007.</ref>
| [[File:John Greyson - 01.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Charles Griffes]]
| 1884–1920
| American
| 20th century classical composer
| G<ref name="music" />
| [[File:Charles Griffes.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Brittney Griner]]
| b. 1990
| American
| Professional basketball player
| L<ref>{{cite web|last=Griner|url=http://espn.go.com/wnba/story/_/id/9185633/brittney-griner-comes-says-just-are |title=Brittney Griner discusses being gay |accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Scott Grimes]]
| b. 1982
| American
| Bartender, Independent Congressional Candidate
| L<ref>{{cite web|last=Griffith |first=Nicola |url=http://www.nicolagriffith.com/about.html |title=Bio-bibliography |work=Nicolagriffith.com |accessdate=2 April 2007}}</ref>
|
|-

| [[Angelina Weld Grimke]]
| 1880–1958
| American
| Journalist, poet
| L<ref>{{Cite book |first=Audre |last=Lorde |title=A burst of light: Living with cancer |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Firebrand Books |year=1988 |page=73 |isbn=0-932379-40-0}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
| [[File:Angelina Weld Grimké.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Nick Grimshaw]]
| b. 1984
| English
| DJ, radio and television presenter
| G.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/aug/17/nick-grimshaw-radio-1-breakfast-show|title=Can Nick Grimshaw make Radio 1 feel young again?|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|date=17 August 2012|publisher=''[[The Guardian]]''|accessdate=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Roberts|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/08/18/radio-1s-grimmy-confirms-hes-gay-and-would-like-to-date-frank-ocean/|title=Radio 1's Grimmy confirms he’s gay and would like to date Frank Ocean|publisher=''[[Pink News]]''|accessdate=13 February 2013}}</ref>
| [[File:Nick Grimshaw 2014.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[George Grizzard]]
| 1928–2007
| American
| Actor
| G<ref>{{Cite news |title=George Grizzard, Actor Noted for Albee Roles, Dies at 79 |periodical=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 October 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/theater/03grizzard.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |first=Robert |last=Berkvist |accessdate=3 October 2007}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|-
| [[David Groff]]
| b. ?
| American
| Poet, author
| G<ref>{{Cite news |first=David |last=Groff |title=Yawp: Why National Poetry Month is Like the Gay Male S&M Activists Leather Night |url=http://www.lambdaliterary.org/features/04/05/yawp-why-national-poetry-month-is-like-the-gay-male-sm-activists-leather-night/ |date=5 April 2010 |accessdate=12 April 2010 |periodical=Lambda Literary}}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jonathan Groff]]
| b. 1985
| American
| Actor
| G<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tony Award Nominee Jonathan Groff has Most Low-key Coming Out Ever. |periodical=[[AfterElton]] |date=9 October 2009 |accessdate=9 October 2009 |url=http://www.afterelton.com/people/2009/10/jonathan-groff-out |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531032652/http://www.afterelton.com/people/2009/10/jonathan-groff-out |archivedate=31 May 2012 |df= }}{{inconsistent citations}}</ref>
| [[File:Jonathan Groff at Outfest 2013.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Ole Henrik Grønn]]
| b. 1984
| Norwegian
| Politician
| G<ref>{{Cite news|first=Stefan |last=Offergaard |title=Homofil politiker forlater KrF |url=http://www.nettavisen.no/innenriks/article2145913.ece |work=Nettavisen |date=19 August 2008 |language=Norwegian |accessdate=26 September 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim]]
| 1906–2003
| German
| WWII concentration camp survivor
| G<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/26/us/personalizing-nazis-homosexual-victims.html?pagewanted=all | title = Personalizing Nazis' Homosexual Victims | last = Dunlap | first = David W | publisher = New York Times | date = 25 June 1995 | accessdate = 6 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brett Josef Grubisic]]
| b. 1963
| Canadian
| Writer
| G<ref>Ghassan Shanti, [http://www.xtra.ca/public/Vancouver/Secretive_and_coded-2271.aspx "Secretive and coded: The half-visible world of Cold War-era queers"]. ''[[Xtra! West]]'', 25 October 2006.</ref>
|-
| [[Detlef Grumbach]]
| b. 1955
| German
| Writer, journalist
| G<ref>[http://www.detlef-grumbach.de/portrait.html Detlef Grumbach] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919190023/http://www.detlef-grumbach.de/portrait.html |date=19 September 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Stephen Guarino]]
| b. 1975
| American
| Actor, comedian
| G<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/Arts_and_Entertainment/Comedy/Stephen_Guarino_Will_Eat_You_Alive/ "Stephen Guarino Will Eat You Alive"]. ''[[The Advocate]]'', 22 November 2011.</ref>
| [[File:Stephen Guarino 2010.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Patrick Guerriero]]
| b. ?
| American
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite web|last=Sokolove |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/11/magazine/11LOGCABIN.html |title=Can This Marriage Be Saved? |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 April 2004 |accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Michael Guest]]
| b. 1957
| American
| Diplomat, Ambassador to Romania
| G<ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/2007/12/04/michael-guest/ Think Progress » Gay Ambassador Resigns Over State Department’s Discrimination Against Gay And Lesbian Employees].</ref>
|-
| [[Carol Guess]]
| b. 1968
| American
| Writer
| L<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mickelson |first=Jory M. |periodical=[[The Western Front (newspaper)]] |title=Carol Guess: The Write Stuff |url=http://westernfrontonline.net/2008072210221/art-life/carol-guess-the-write-stuff/ |year=2008 |accessdate=22 January 2009}} {{inconsistent citations}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| [[File:Carol Guess 2006.JPG|100px]]
|-
| [[Hervé Guibert]]
| 1955–1990
| French
| Writer
| G<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DD1E3CF93AA15751C1A967958260 |title=Hervé Guibert, French Novelist, 36 |work=New York Times |date=29 December 1991 |accessdate=23 June 2006}}</ref>
|-
| [[Joe Gulla]]
| b. 1964
| American
| Playwright, actor
| G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/hot-sheet/2012/10/05/hot-sheet-october-5-2012?page=full|title=Hot Sheet: Our Antibullying Hero|date=5 October 2012|accessdate=18 July 2014|work=[[The Advocate]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Steve Gunderson]]
| b. 1951
| American
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/14/us/the-1994-election-homosexuals-gay-politicians-cite-gains-amid-losses.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|work=The New York Times|title=THE 1994 ELECTION: HOMOSEXUALS; Gay Politicians Cite Gains Amid Losses|date=14 November 1994|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref>
| [[File:SteveGunderson.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Isobel Gunn]]
| 1780–1861
| Scottish
| Laborer who passed as a man
| L<ref>[http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/people/women/isobelgunn.asp The Orkney Lad: The Story of Isobel Gunn] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205051753/http://www2.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/people/women/isobelgunn.asp |date=5 February 2012 }}. ''HBC.com''. Retrieved 3 April 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Sakia Gunn]]
| 1987–2003
| American
| Teenage murder victim
| L<ref>Neal, Mark Anthony. (15 December 2003). [http://www.popmatters.com/features/040127-sakiagunn.shtml Remembering Sakia]. ''Black Voices''. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Tim Gunn]]
| b. 1953
| American
| Television personality
| G<ref>Gutierrez, Lisa (22 October 2007), [http://www.kansascity.com/238/story/327806.html Stargazing: Helio Castroneves splits with real-life partner, Tim Gunn on being gay in the fashion world, Bo Bice release] ''The Kansas City Star''. Retrieved 30 October 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025083328/http://www.kansascity.com/238/story/327806.html |date=25 October 2007 }}</ref>
| [[File:TimGunnSmileAAFeb09.jpg|100px]]
|-
| [[Allan Gurganus]]
| b. 1947
| American
| Writer
| G<ref>Miller, Tim (25 September 2001), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2001_Sept_25/ai_78682413 Heart specialist – author Allan Gurganus], ''[[The Advocate]]''. Retrieved 18 November 2007.</ref>
|-
| [[Reed Gusciora]]
| b. 1960
| American
| Politician
| G<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/california_ruling_on_gay_marri.html|work=[[The Star-Ledger]]|date=15 May 2008|first=Robert|last=Schwaneberg|title=California ruling on gay marriage cheers advocates in NJ|accessdate=29 September 2011}}</ref>
| [[File:Reed Gusciora in 2003.jpg|100px]]
|-
| {{sortname|Lucía|Guzmán}}
| b. ?
| American
| Politician
| L<ref name=denverpost />
|
|-
| [[Roland Gwynne]]
| 1882–1971
| British
| Politician, lover of suspected serial killer [[John Bodkin Adams]]
| G<ref>Cullen, Pamela V., "A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams", London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, {{ISBN|1-904027-19-9}}.</ref>
|
|}

{{List LGBT short}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{LGBT}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay, Lesbian Or Bisexual People G}}
[[Category:Lists of LGBT-related people|* G]]

[[sh:Spisak poznatih LGBT osoba/F-J]]

User talk:2A02:C7F:3239:6000:5807:799A:8A7F:131A

2017-10-16T00:55:23Z

Edderso: Level 2 warning re. Dougie Donnelly (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Dougie Donnelly]], but you didn't provide a source. I’ve removed it for now, but if you’d like to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] to a reliable source and re-add it, please do so! If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:PlyrStar93|my talk page]]. Thanks.  -★- [[User:PlyrStar93|'''PlyrStar93''']]. →[[User_talk:PlyrStar93|Message me. ]]← 18:53, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

<div style="clear: both"></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dougie%20Donnelly&diff=805533569 this edit] to [[:Dougie Donnelly]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  00:55, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Dougie Donnelly

2017-10-16T00:55:22Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 2A02:C7F:3239:6000:5807:799A:8A7F:131A (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dougie Donnelly
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Douglas Donnelly
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|06|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Glasgow, Scotland]], UK
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British
| occupation = Television sports broadcaster}}

'''Douglas Donnelly''' (born 7 June 1953) is a Scottish television broadcaster best known for presenting sports coverage. Donnelly also gained publicity in the Scottish Press in 1999 when he was struck with, which seemed to be a steak pie, at a game between Aberdeen FC and Dundee. After being struck, Donnelly continued to eat the pie.

==Career==
Donnelly was born in [[Glasgow]], where he began his career with [[Radio Clyde]] in the 1970s, presenting the top-rated Mid Morning Show from 1979<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/in_depth/2001/us_masters/1247221.stm |title=US Masters coverage - biography |work=|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=2 April 2001|accessdate=13 April 2017}}</ref> until 1992, and was twice voted Scottish Radio Personality of the Year.

He joined [[BBC Scotland]]'s Sports Department in 1980,<ref name=BBC/> presenting programmes such as ''[[Sportscene|Sportscene Live]]'' (which includes events such as the [[Scottish Cup]] Final and [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] internationals), ''Afternoon Sportscene'', the network's [[rugby union]] coverage, and football World Cups in 1990 and 1998. He presented two series of a TV chat show, ''Friday Night with Dougie Donnelly'', and was TV Personality of the Year in Scotland in 1982. He left the BBC after the [[2010 Scottish Cup Final]], his 33rd in a row, and is currently{{when|date=April 2017}} lead commentator on European Tour Productions' worldwide live TV coverage of golf's [[European Tour]], travelling to around 20 tournaments a year around the world.

Donnelly was known outside Scotland by his involvement in the BBC's networked output of [[golf]], [[darts]], [[snooker]] and [[bowls]].<ref name=BBC/> He was the first Scot to present the ''[[Grandstand (TV series)|Grandstand]]'' programme, which he did on a regular basis between 1992 and 2002. International exposure also saw Donnelly serve as commentator/presenter for the [[World's Strongest Man]] during the 1980s on ITV.

He covered four [[Commonwealth Games]], four [[Summer Olympic Games]] and three [[Winter Olympic Games]], where, in the 2002 event at [[Salt Lake City]], he commentated on the [[Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics#Women's|British women curlers' Gold victory]]. He has also hosted quiz shows on radio and TV and has appeared on ''[[Talk:The Weakest Link (UK game show)|The Weakest Link]]'', ''[[Ready Steady Cook]]'', ''[[Banzai (television show)|Banzai]]'' and ''[[The Games (UK TV series)|The Games]]''. In addition, he provided a voice over on the [[Sky One]] science entertainment show ''[[Brainiac: Science Abuse]]''; solely for the "Brainiac Golf" sketch when a [[Recreational vehicle|caravan]] is blown up; detonated by a fuse triggered by a professional golfer's putting stroke.

In February 2016, it was announced that Donnelly would become a columnist for ''[[bunkered]]'' golf magazine, writing a column in every edition.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf-news/dougie-donnelly-joins-bunkered |title=Dougie Donnelly joins bunkered! |magazine=bunkered |date=10 February 2016 |first=Michael |last=McEwan}}</ref>

He is also an after-dinner speaker and awards host.

==Personal life==
Donnelly was raised in [[Rutherglen]],<ref name="sack">[http://www.scotsman.com/news/dougie-donnelly-slams-scottish-government-over-sacking-1-1074484 "Dougie Donnelly slams Scottish Government over sacking"], scotsman.com; accessed 5 April 2014.</ref><ref name=Clyde>{{cite web |url=https://www.clydefc.co.uk/news/2015/08/17/4971/#.WO6wEnXTXqB |title=My Team: Clyde (Dougie Donnelly interview) |work=official website|publisher=The Sun via Clyde FC|date=17 August 2015 |accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> educated at the former [[Hamilton Academy]] and is a graduate of the [[University of Strathclyde]] Law School. He was chairman of the [[Scottish Institute of Sport]] from 2005-2008, and currently{{when|date=April 2017}} chairs the Scottish Commonwealth Games Endowment Fund. He is a fan of [[Clyde F.C.]]<ref name="sack"/><ref name=Clyde/>

For several years he appeared in television adverts for the furniture store ''Sterling'', based in [[Tillicoultry]], near [[Stirling]]. He returned to advertising for I&K Motors, and provided voiceovers for their spring 2008 advertising campaign.<ref name="sack"/>

==See also==
* [[BBC Scotland]]
* ''[[Sportscene]]''
* [[Sky Sports]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Donnelly, Dougie}}
[[Category:Golf writers and broadcasters]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rutherglen]]
[[Category:Scottish television presenters]]
[[Category:BBC sports presenters and reporters]]
[[Category:Curling broadcasters]]
[[Category:People educated at Hamilton Academy]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde]]

User talk:73.161.59.24

2017-10-16T00:43:02Z

Edderso: Level 2 warning re. Culture of Ethiopia (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==
[[File:Information.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to [[:Culture of Ethiopia]] has been undone by an automated computer program called [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]].
{{clear}}
* ClueBot NG makes very few [[User:ClueBot NG#Information About False Positives|mistakes]], but it does happen. If you believe the change you made was constructive, please [[User:ClueBot NG#Information About False Positives|read about it]], [{{User:ClueBot NG/Warnings/FPReport|3156465}} report it here], remove this message from your talk page, and then make the edit again.
* For help, take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction]].
* The following is the log entry regarding this message: [[Culture of Ethiopia]] was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture+of+Ethiopia&diff=805532285&oldid=804909300 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/73.161.59.24|73.161.59.24]] [[User:73.161.59.24|(u)]] [[User talk:73.161.59.24|(t)]] ANN scored at 0.973258 on 2017-10-16T00:40:07+00:00 .
Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 00:40, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

<div style=clear: both></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Please refrain from making test edits to Wikipedia pages, such as the one you made with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture%20of%20Ethiopia&diff=805532376 this edit] to [[:Culture of Ethiopia]], even if you intend to fix them later. Such edits appear to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, again, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  00:43, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Culture of Ethiopia

2017-10-16T00:42:54Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 73.161.59.24 (talk): editing tests (HG) (3.3.0)

[[File:HagerFikirTheatre.jpg|thumb|The [[Hager Fikir Theatre]] in [[Addis Ababa]], founded in 1935]]
The '''culture of [[Ethiopia]]''' is diverse and generally structured along ethnolinguistic lines. The country's [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]-speaking majority adhere to an amalgamation of traditions that were developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, including other parts of [[Northeast Africa]], the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]] and [[Malaysia]]. By contrast, the nation's [[Nilotic peoples|Nilotic]] communities and other ethnolinguistic minorities tend to practice customs more closely linked with [[South Sudan]] and/or the [[African Great Lakes]] region.

==Music==
{{Main|Music of Ethiopia}}
The music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse, with each of the country's ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Some forms of traditional music are strongly influenced by [[folk music]] from elsewhere in the [[Horn of Africa]], especially [[Somalia]]. However, Ethiopian religious music also has an ancient [[Christian]] element, traced to Yared, who lived during the reign of Gabra Masqal. In northeastern Ethiopia, in [[Wollo]], a Muslim musical form called ''manzuma'' developed in 1907. Sung in [[Amharic language|Amharic]], manzuma has spread to [[Harar]] and [[Jimma]], where it is now sung in the [[Oromo language]]. In the Ethiopian Highlands, traditional secular music is played by itinerant musicians called ''azmaris'', who are regarded with both suspicion and respect in Ethiopian society.

===Chordophones===
[[File:Seated man playing krar.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A ''[[krar]]'' player.]]
In the highlands, traditional string instruments include the ''[[masenqo]]'' (also known as masinko), a one-string bowed [[lute]]; the ''[[krar]]'' (also known as kirar), a six-string [[lyre]]; and the ''[[begena]]'', a large ten-string lyre. The ''dita'' (a five-string lyre) and musical bows (including an unusual three-string variant) are among the [[chordophone]]s found in the south.

===Aerophones===
The [[washint]] is a [[bamboo]] [[flute]] that is common throughout or in the highlands. [[Trumpet]]-like instruments include the ceremonial ''[[Kakaki|malakat]]'' used in some regions, and the ''holdudwa'' (animal horn; compare shofar) found mainly in the south. Embilta flutes have no finger holes, and produce only two tones, the fundamental and a fourth or fifth interval. These may be metal (generally found in the north) or bamboo (in the south). The Konso and other people in the south play fanta, or [[pan flute]]s.

===Idiophones===
In the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church]], liturgical music employs the senasel, a [[sistrum]]. Additionally, the clergy will use prayer staffs, or ''maqwamiya'', to maintain rhythm. Rural churches historically used a ''dawal'', made from stone slabs or pieces of wood, in order to call the faithful to prayer. The [[Beta Israel]] use a small [[gong]] called a ''qachel'' as liturgical accompaniment, though qachel may also refer to a small bell. The toom, a [[lamellophone]], is used among the [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Anuak people|Anuak]], [[Majangir]], [[Surma people|Surma]], and other Nilo-Saharan groups. Metal leg rattles are common throughout the south.

===Membranophones===
The kebero is a large hand [[drum]] used in the Orthodox Christian liturgy. Smaller kebero drums may be used in secular celebrations. The ''nagarit'', played with a curved stick, is usually found in a secular context such as royal functions or the announcement of proclamations, though it has a liturgical function among the Beta Israel. The Gurage and other southern peoples commonly play the ''atamo'', a small hand drum sometimes made of clay.

===Popular music===
Ethiopia is a musically traditional country. Of course, popular music is played, recorded and listened to, but most musicians also sing traditional songs, and most audiences choose to listen to both popular and traditional styles. A long-standing popular musical tradition in Ethiopia was that of brass bands, imported from [[Jerusalem]] in the form of forty Armenian orphans (Arba Lijoch) during the reign of [[Haile Selassie]]. This band, which arrived in [[Addis Ababa]] on September 6, 1924, became the first official orchestra of Ethiopia. By the end of [[World War II]], large orchestras accompanied singers; the most prominent orchestras were the Army Band, Police Band, and Imperial Bodyguard Band. Most of these bands were trained by Europeans or Armenians.

From the 1950s to the 1970s, Ethiopian popular musicians included [[Bizunesh Bekele (singer)|Bizunesh Bekele]], [[Mahmoud Ahmed]], [[Alemayehu Eshete]], Hirut Bekele, [[Ali Birra]], Ayalew Mesfin, [[Kiros Alemayehu]], [[Muluken Melesse]] and [[Tilahun Gessesse]], while popular folk musicians included [[Alemu Aga]], Kassa Tessema, Ketema Makonnen, [[Asnaketch Worku]], and Mary Armede. Perhaps the most influential musician of the period, however, was Ethio-jazz innovator [[Mulatu Astatke]]. Amha Records, Kaifa Records, and Philips-Ethiopia were prominent Ethiopian record labels during this era. Since 1997, [[Buda Musique]]'s ''[[Éthiopiques]]'' series has compiled many of these singles and albums on compact disc.

During the 1980s, the Derg controlled Ethiopia, and emigration became almost impossible. Musicians during this period included Ethio Stars, Wallias Band and Roha Band, though the singer [[Neway Debebe]] was most popular. He helped to popularize the use of [[Qene|Sem ena Worq]] (wax and gold, a poetic form of double entendre) in music (previously only used in qiné, or poetry) that often enabled singers to criticize the government without upsetting the censors.

===Contemporary scene===
[[File:Aster Aweke.jpeg|thumb|right|Popular Ethiopian singer [[Aster Aweke]].]]
Popular musicians from Ethiopia include internationally renowned and recognized artists such as the [[Los Angeles]]–area expatriate [[Aster Aweke]], [[The Weeknd]] and [[Teddy Afro]], who is often accredited with the fusion of [[Rastafarian]] styles into mainstream Ethiopian music.<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10819101</ref> More recently, music from [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] and [[Eritrea]] has become popular in Ethiopia and among exiles, especially in [[Italy]]. One of the biggest new trends, however, has been the rise of bolel, a sort of [[blues]]-like music, played by sarcastic azmari playing in parts of Addis Ababa, especially Yohannès Sefer and Kazentchis. Bolel musicians include Tigist Assefa, Tedje and Admassou Abate.

Currently the most prominent Ethiopian singer internationally is [[Gigi (singer)|Gigi]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} Through her performing with top jazz musicians such as [[Bill Laswell]] (who is also her husband) and [[Herbie Hancock]], Gigi has brought Ethiopian music to popular attention, especially in the [[United States]], where she now lives.

Other popular performers include Tewodros Tadesse, Neway Debebe, [[Tadesse Alemu]], Hamelmal Abate, Martha Ashagari, Yohannes Berhanu, [[Kuku Sebsebe]], [[Aster Aweke]], and Manalemosh Dibo. Neway was very popular among the youth of the 1980s and early 1990s with such songs as "Yetekemt Abeba," "Metekatun Ateye," "Safsaf," and "Gedam," among others. Abatte Barihun has exemplified all four main qenets on his 2005 album Ras Deshen.

''[[Éthiopiques]]'' producer [[Francis Falceto]] criticizes contemporary Ethiopian music for eschewing traditional instruments and ensemble playing in favor of one-man bands using [[synthesizers]]. Harvard University professor Kay Kaufman Shelemay, on the other hand, maintains that there is genuine creativity in the contemporary music scene. She further points out that Ethiopian music is not alone in shifting to electronically produced music, a point that Falceto acknowledges.

==Clothing==
[[File:Azeb and Meseret.jpg|thumb|right|[[Habesha people|Habesha]] women in urban wear]]
In some central and northern areas, women's traditional clothes are often made from cloth called ''shemma''. It is basically cotton cloth, about 90 cm wide, woven in long strips which are then sewn together. Sometimes shiny threads are woven into the fabric for an elegant effect. It takes about two to three weeks to make enough cloth for one dress. The bottom of the garment or shirt may be ornamented with patterns.
[[File:Dmitri-Markine-Hamer.jpg|thumb|left|[[Omotic languages|Omotic]] [[Hamar people|Hamar]] women wearing their traditional attire]]
Men wear pants and a knee-length shirt with a white collar, and perhaps a sweater. They also frequently wear knee-high socks, while women might not wear socks at all. Men as well as women wear shawls, the ''[[netela]]''. The shawls are worn in a different style for different occasions. When going to church, women cover their hair with them and pull the upper ends of the shawl about their shoulders reproducing a cross (''meskelya''), with the shiny threads appearing at the edge. During funerals, the shawl is worn so the shiny threads appear at the bottom (''madegdeg''). Women's dresses are called ''[[habesha kemis]]'', and are often made from the shemma cloth. The dresses are usually white with some color above the lower hem. [[Bracelets]] and [[necklaces]] of [[silver]] or [[gold]] are worn on arms and feet to complete the look. A variety of designer dinner dresses combining traditional fabric with modern style are now worn by some ladies in the cities.

These traditional clothes are still worn on a day-to-day-basis in the countryside. In cities and towns, western clothes are popular. However, on special occasions such as [[New Year]] (''[[Enkutatash]]''), [[Christmas]] (''Genna'') or weddings, some wear traditional clothes.

Often, a woman will cover her head with a ''shash'', a cloth that is tied at the neck. ''Shama'' and ''[[Kuta (clothing)|kuta]]'', gauze-like white fabrics, are often used.<ref>Dera Fitsum Medhane. "[http://www.tsc.sa.edu.au/napwebpages/FitsumswebPage/Clothes.html Clothing in Ethiopia]." Accessed on July 14, 2005.</ref> This is common among both Muslim and Christian women. Elderly women will wear a sash on a day-to-day basis, while other women only wear a sash also called a ''netela'' while attending church.

==Cuisine==
{{Main|Ethiopian cuisine}}
[[File:Ethcofcerm.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An Ethiopian woman preparing Ethiopian [[coffee]] at a [[Coffee ceremony|traditional ceremony]]. She roasts, crushes and brews the coffee on the spot.]]
The [[Ethiopian cuisine]] consists of various [[vegetable]] or [[meat]] side dishes and entrees, often prepared as a ''[[Wat (food)|wat]]'' or thick stew. One or more servings of wat are placed upon a piece of [[injera]], a large sourdough flatbread, which is 50 cm (20 inches) in diameter and made out of fermented [[teff]] flour. One does not eat with utensils, but instead uses injera (always with the right hand) to scoop up the entrees and side dishes. Traditional Ethiopian food does not use any [[pork]] or [[seafood]] (aside from fish), as most Ethiopians have historically adhered to [[Islam]], the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]], or [[Judaism]], all of which prohibit eating pork. Additionally, throughout a given year, Orthodox Christians observe numerous [[Fasting|fasts]] (such as [[Lent]]), during which food is prepared without any meat or [[dairy products]]. Another dish served in Ethiopia is [[Doro wat]], which is [[Chicken (food)|chicken]] stew with [[hard boiled eggs]].

==Sports==
{{Main|Sports in Ethiopia}}
[[Track and field]] is Ethiopia's most successful sport, in which they have won many medals in the [[Olympic Games]]. [[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Ethiopia. Despite lack of success by the [[Ethiopia national football team|national team]], it is supported by a significant part of the population.

==Media==
{{Main|Media of Ethiopia}}
[[Radio]] and [[television]] are under the control of the Ethiopian government. There are nine radio broadcast stations, eight AM and one shortwave, licensed to operate. The major radio broadcasting stations (all AM) are [[Radio Ethiopia]], Radio Torch (pirate), Radio Voice of One Free Ethiopia, and the Voice of the Revolution of Tigray. The single television broadcast network is [[Ethiopian Television]]. In keeping with government policy, radio broadcasts occur in a variety of languages. Print media, because of high poverty levels, low literacy rates, and poor distribution outside of the capital, serve only a small portion of the population. Major daily newspapers include ''[[Addis Zemen (newspaper)|Addis Zemen]]'', the ''Daily Monitor'', and the ''Ethiopian Herald''. There is also a small but lively film industry.

==Language==
{{Main|Languages of Ethiopia}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption=[[Languages of Ethiopia]] as of 2007 Census.<ref name=2007Census>{{cite web|title=Country Level |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=264&format=raw&Itemid=521 |work=2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|CSA]] |date=13 July 2010 |accessdate=18 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113000000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=264&format=raw&Itemid=521 |archivedate=13 November 2012 |df= }}</ref>
| other = yes
| label1 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]
| value1 = 33.8 | color1 = Green
| label2 = [[Amharic]]
| value2 = 29.3 | color2 = Yellow
| label3 = [[Somali language|Somali]]
| value3 = 6.25 | color3 = Red
| label4 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]
| value4 = 5.86 | color4 = Blue
| label5 = [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]]
| value5 = 4.04 | color5 = Purple
| label6 = [[Welaytta language|Welaytta]]
| value6 = 2.21 | color6 = Black
| label7 = [[Gurage languages|Gurage]]
| value7 = 2.01 | color7 = Brown
| label8 = [[Afar language|Afar]]
| value8 = 1.74 | color8 = Orange
| label9 = [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]]
| value9 = 1.70 | color9 = Teal
| label10 = [[Gamo language|Gamo]]
| value10 = 1.45 | color10 = Gray
}}
According to [[Ethnologue]], there are ninety individual languages spoken in Ethiopia.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|title=Languages of Ethiopia|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ET|work=Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> Most people in the country speak [[Afro-Asiatic languages]] of the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] or [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] branches. The former includes [[Oromo language|Oromiffa]], spoken by the [[Oromo people]], and [[Somali language|Somali]], spoken by the [[Somali people]]; the latter includes [[Amharic language|Amharic]], spoken by the [[Amhara people]], and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], spoken by the [[Tigray-Tigrinya people]]. Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia's population. Other Afro-Asiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]], [[Afar language|Afar]], [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]] and [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages, as well as the Semitic [[Gurage language|Gurage]], [[Harari language|Harari]], [[Silt'e language|Silt'e]] and [[Argobba language|Argobba]] tongues.<ref name=2007Census />

Additionally, [[Omotic languages]] are spoken by Omotic ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions. Among these idioms are [[Aari language|Aari]], [[Bench language|Bench]], [[Dawro language|Dawro]], [[Dime language|Dime]], [[Dizi language|Dizi]], [[Gamo language|Gamo]], [[Gofa language|Gofa]], [[Maale language|Maale]], [[Hamer language|Hamer]] and [[Wolaytta language|Wolaytta]].<ref name=2007Census />

Languages from the [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] phylum are also spoken by the nation's [[Nilotic]] ethnic minorities, who are concentrated in the southwestern parts of the country. These tongues include [[Nuer language|Nuer]], [[Anuak language|Anuak]], [[Nyangatom language|Nyangatom]], [[Majang language|Majang]], [[Surma language|Surma]], [[Me'en language|Me'en]] and [[Mursi language|Mursi]].<ref name=2007Census />

English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is the medium of instruction in secondary schools. Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromiffa, Somali or Tigrinya.<ref name="Llicuv">{{cite book|last=Kizitus Mpoche, Tennu Mbuh, eds.|title=Language, literature, and identity|year=2006|publisher=Cuvillier|isbn=3-86537-839-0|pages=163–164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNEiAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> While all languages enjoy equal state recognition in the [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia]], Amharic is recognized as the official [[working language]] of the [[Government of Ethiopia|Federal Government]]. The various [[regions of Ethiopia]] are free to determine their own working languages,<ref name=Constitution>{{cite web|title=Article 5|url=http://www.apapeth.org/Docs/constitution%20-english.pdf|work=Ethiopian Constitution|publisher=FDRE|accessdate=18 January 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013156/http://www.apapeth.org/Docs/constitution%20-english.pdf|archivedate=29 September 2013|df=}}</ref> with Oromiffa, Somali and Tigrinya recognized as official working languages in their respective regions.<ref name="Llicuv"/>

In terms of [[writing system]]s, Ethiopia's principal orthography is [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] or Ethiopic. Employed as an [[abugida]] for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th centuries BC as an [[abjad]] to transcribe the Semitic [[Ge'ez language]].<ref>Rodolfo Fattovich, "Akkälä Guzay" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003, p. 169.</ref> Ge'ez now serves as the liturgical language of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian]] and [[Eritrean Orthodox Church]]es. Other writing systems have also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include Sheikh [[Bakri Sapalo]]'s script for Oromo.<ref name=HH-551>Hayward and Hassan, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/616613 "The Oromo Orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies''], 44 (1981), p. 551</ref>

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Mešita v Bahir Daru.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A mosque in [[Bahir Dar]].]]
About 62% of the population adhere to [[Christianity]], which is Ethiopia's main religion. About 30-35% of the population are [[Islam|Muslim]], with other religions covering another 4-5%.

==Holidays==
{{Main|Public holidays in Ethiopia}}
There are a number of [[public holidays in Ethiopia]]. Among these holidays are [[Meskel]] and [[Ramadan]].<ref>http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ethiopian chant]]
* [[Ethiopian Studies]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Culture of Ethiopia}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101024025253/http://www.skypalace.org/africa/ethiopia.shtml Ethiopian Architecture]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/alexeik/galleries/72157622849128261/ Ethiopian Crucifixes Gallery]
*[http://www.tezeta.net Tezeta Articles, papers, photos, music -- Ethiopian culture]
*[https://archive.is/20130211054520/http://yordis.com/shop/dresses.html Showcases Ethiopian Dress, Ancient Ethiopian Clothing Culture]

{{Ethiopia topics}}
{{Africa in topic|Culture of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Ethiopia}}
[[Category:Ethiopian culture| ]]

User talk:67.197.33.82

2017-10-16T00:41:49Z

Edderso: Message re. Violet light (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. I noticed that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet%20light&diff=805532133 this edit] to [[:Violet light]], you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thanks. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  00:41, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Violet light

2017-10-16T00:41:48Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 67.197.33.82 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.3.0)

{{Orphan|date=July 2017}}

Though the violet color is normally composed of blue and red [[light]], violet color can also be monochromatic, composed only by violet light. Combinations of red and blue lights and monochromatic light of wavelength smaller than blue produce a similar effect for the [[human eye]] due to a second resonancy of the red-sensitive [[cone cell]]s.

Composed-light violet shows two colors when decomposed. Violet light from the rainbow, which can be referred as spectral violet, is composed only by a short wavelength instead. This monochromatic violet light occupies its own place at the end of the visible spectrum, and is one of the seven spectral colors described by [[Isaac Newton]] in 1672.

'''Violet light''' is at the higher end of the [[visible spectrum]], with a wavelength ~380-450 nanometers<ref>{{cite book | title = Measuring Color | author = J. W. G. Hunt | year = 1980 | publisher = Ellis Horwood Ltd | isbn = 0-7458-0125-0}}</ref> (in experiments, people have so far seen to 310 nm<ref name="LynchLivingston2001">{{cite book|last1=Lynch|first1=David K.|last2=Livingston|first2=William Charles|title=Color and Light in Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Abp5FdhskAC&pg=PA231|accessdate=12 October 2013|edition=2nd|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-77504-5|page=231|quote=Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1050 nanometers}}</ref><ref name="Dash2009">{{cite book|last1=Dash|first1=Madhab Chandra|last2=Dash|first2=Satya Prakash|title=Fundamentals Of Ecology 3E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mW4-us4Yg8C&pg=PA213|accessdate=18 October 2013|year=2009|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-08109-5|page=213|quote=Normally the human eye responds to light rays from 390 to 760 nm. This can be extended to a range of 310 to 1,050 nm under artificial conditions.}}</ref><ref name="Saidman1933">{{cite journal| last1=Saidman | first1=Jean | date=15 May 1933 | title=Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130 | trans_title=The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130 | journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]] | volume=196 | pages=1537–9 | language=French | url =http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d}}</ref>). Light with a shorter wavelength than violet but longer than [[X-ray]]s and [[gamma ray]]s is called [[ultraviolet]].

Violet objects are normally composed-light violet. Objects reflecting spectral violet appear very dark, because human vision is relatively insensitive to those wavelengths. Monochromatic lamps emitting spectral-violet wavelengths can be roughly approximated by the color named electric violet, which is a composed-light violet producing a similar effect to the human eye.

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Light]]
[[Category:Shades of violet]]

User talk:66.66.103.182

2017-10-16T00:37:01Z

Edderso: Level 4 warning re. Tooth fairy (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]]. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of [[Special:Contributions/66.66.103.182|your recent contributions]] —the one you made with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie%20Ledecky&diff=805375064 this edit] to [[:Katie Ledecky]]— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:PlyrStar93|my talk page]]. Thanks. -★- [[User:PlyrStar93|'''PlyrStar93''']]. →[[User_talk:PlyrStar93|Message me. ]]← 23:32, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

<div style="clear: both"></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie%20Ledecky&diff=805375574 this edit] to [[:Katie Ledecky]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism can result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:Samf4u|Samf4u]] ([[User talk:Samf4u|talk]]) 23:39, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|left|25px|alt=]] Please stop your [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. If you continue to [[WP:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Tooth fairy]], you may be [[WP:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. Your edits have been '''automatically''' marked as [[WP:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been '''automatically''' [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. The following is the log entry regarding this vandalism: [[Tooth fairy]] was [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tooth+fairy&diff=805529014&oldid=804860513 changed] by [[Special:Contributions/66.66.103.182|66.66.103.182]] [[User:66.66.103.182|(u)]] [[User talk:66.66.103.182|(t)]] ANN scored at 0.974998 on 2017-10-16T00:11:55+00:00 .
Thank you.  [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]] ([[User talk:ClueBot NG|talk]]) 00:11, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=|link=]] You may be '''[[WP:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you violate Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] policy, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tooth%20fairy&diff=805529065 this edit] to [[:Tooth fairy]].  --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  00:37, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Tooth fairy

2017-10-16T00:37:00Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 66.66.103.182 (talk): not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.3.0)

{{Other uses|Tooth Fairy (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Child's Drawing of the Tooth Fairy.jpg|thumb|Child's drawing of the tooth fairy.]]

The '''tooth fairy''' is a [[fantasy]] figure of early childhood.<ref>Blair, John R.; McKee, Judy S.; Jernigan, Louise F., ''Psychological Reports'', Vol 46(3, Pt 1), June 1980. "Children's belief in Santa Claus, Easter Bunny and Tooth Fairy". pp 691–694.</ref> The [[folklore]] states that when children lose one of their [[Deciduous teeth|baby teeth]], they should place it underneath their pillow and the tooth fairy will visit while they sleep, replacing the lost tooth with a small payment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watts|first=Linda S.|title=Encyclopedia of American folklore|year=2007|publisher=Facts on file Inc|location=NY, NY, United States of America|isbn=0-8160-5699-4|pages=386}}</ref>

The tradition of leaving a tooth under a pillow for the tooth fairy to collect is practiced in various countries in the [[English-speaking world]].

==Origins==
{{Expand section|date=July 2010}}
In [[northern Europe]], there was a tradition of ''tand-fé'' or tooth fee, which was paid when a child lost its first tooth.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Cleasby |authorlink1=Richard Cleasby |first2=Gudbrand |last2=Vigfússon |authorlink2=Guðbrandur Vigfússon |title= An Icelandic-English Dictionary |edition= 2 |work=[[William Craigie|William A. Craigie]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press ]]|year= 1957}} [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oi_cleasbyvigfusson_about.html s.v. ''tannfé'' first edition available on ''An Icelandic-English Dictionary'']</ref> This tradition is recorded in writings as early as the [[Edda]]s, which are the earliest written record of [[Norsemen|Norse]] and Northern European traditions.

The reward left varies by country, the family's economic status, amounts the child's peers report receiving and other factors.<ref>Hedges, Helen, Joy Cullen. ''Australian Journal of Early Childhood'', Vol. 28, 2003. "The Tooth Fairy Comes, or Is It Just Your Mum and Dad?: A Child's Construction of Knowledge". pp 19-24.</ref> A 2013 survey by Visa Inc. found that American children receive $3.70 per tooth on average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-57600762/tooth-fairy-inflation-flies-high|title=Tooth Fairy inflation flies high|date=30 August 2013|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tooth fairy leaving less money|publisher=UPI Quirks in the News|date=26 July 2011|accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref>

During the Middle Ages, other superstitions arose surrounding children's teeth. In England, for example, children were instructed to burn their baby teeth in order to save the child from hardship in the afterlife. Children who didn't consign their baby teeth to the fire would spend eternity searching for them in the afterlife. The Vikings, it is said, paid children for their teeth. In the Norse culture, children's teeth and other articles belonging to children were said to bring good luck in battle, and Scandinavian warriors hung children's teeth on a string around their necks. Fear of witches was another reason to bury or burn teeth. In medieval Europe, it was thought that if a witch were to get hold of one's teeth, it could lead to them having total power over him or her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recess.ufl.edu/transcripts/2005/0823.shtml|title=Legends of the Tooth Fairy|publisher=}}</ref>

The modern incarnation of these traditions into an actual tooth fairy has been dated to 1977,<ref>{{OED | Tooth fairy }}</ref> 1962,<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tooth%20fairy "Tooth fairy,"] [[Merriam-Webster]].com, 2015 (viewed 15 June 2015).</ref> or 1927.<ref>{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Heidi|title=8 Popular Tooth Myths Debunked|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/8-popular-tooth-myths-debunked-8#slide-8|accessdate=10 February 2014|newspaper=[[Popular Mechanics]]}}</ref> However, there is an earlier reference to the tooth fairy in a 1908 "Household Hints" item in the ''Chicago Daily Tribune'':
{{quotation|"Tooth Fairy.
Many a refractory child will allow a loose tooth to be removed if he knows about the tooth fairy. If he takes his little tooth and puts it under the pillow when he goes to bed the tooth fairy will come in the night and take it away, and in its place will leave some little gift. It is a nice plan for mothers to visit the 5 cent counter and lay in a supply of articles to be used on such occasions.
Lillian Brown."<ref>{{Citation
| author = Lillian Brown
| date = 27 September 1908
| title = Tooth Fairy
| newspaper = [[Chicago Daily Tribune]]
| place = Chicago, IL
| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2619799/apparent_earliest_reference_to_tooth/
| accessdate = June 15, 2015
}}</ref>}}

==Appearance==
Unlike [[Santa Claus]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Easter Bunny]], there are few details of the tooth fairy's appearance that are consistent in various versions of the myth. A 1984 study conducted by [[Rosemary Wells]] revealed that most, 74 percent of those surveyed, believed the tooth fairy to be female, while 12 percent believed the tooth fairy to be neither male nor female and 8 percent believed the tooth fairy could be either male or female.<ref name="Toledo Blade">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FkdSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vQIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3809,192140&dq=tooth-fairy&hl=en|title=Tooth Fairy Lore Extracted|date=2 February 1984|work=[[Toledo Blade]]}}</ref> When asked about her findings regarding the tooth fairy's appearance, Wells explained - "You've got your basic Tinkerbell-type tooth fairy with the wings, wand, a little older and whatnot. Then you have some people who think of the tooth fairy as a man, or a bunny rabbit or a mouse."<ref name="The Milwaukee Journal">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4zcdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NCwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6626,6866738&dq=tooth-fairy&hl=en|title=The tooth fairy: friend or foe?|date=31 July 1991|work=[[The Milwaukee Journal]]}}</ref> One review of published children's books and popular artwork found the tooth fairy to also be depicted as a child with wings, a [[pixie]], a [[dragon]], a blue mother-figure, a flying [[ballerina]], two little old men, a dental hygienist, a potbellied flying man smoking a cigar, a bat, a bear and others. Unlike the well-established imagining of Santa Claus, differences in renderings of the tooth fairy are not as upsetting to children.<ref name=Wells/>

===Depiction on coins and currency===
Starting in 2011, the [[Royal Canadian Mint]] began selling special sets for newborn babies, birthdays, wedding anniversaries, "Oh Canada" and the Tooth Fairy. The tooth fairy quarters, which were only issued in 2011 and '12, were packaged separately.<ref>[http://www.ebay.com/sch/sis.html?_nkw=2012%20CANADA%20Tooth%20Fairy%20Gift%20Sett%20Special%20quarter%20reverse%20Mint%20sealed%20&_itemId=200712964004 2012 CANADA Tooth Fairy Gift Sett Special quarter reverse Mint sealed | eBay]</ref>

==Belief==
Belief in the tooth fairy is viewed in two very different ways. On the one hand, children believing is seen as part of the trusting nature of childhood. Conversely, belief in the tooth fairy is frequently used to label adults as being too trusting and ready to believe anything.<ref name=Wells>[[Rosemary Wells|Wells, Rosemary]]. "The Making of an Icon: The Tooth Fairy in North American Folklore and Popular Culture" in ''The Good People: New Fairylore Essays''. Peter Narváez ed., 1997. pp 426-446. [[University Press of Kentucky]].</ref>

While parents are often unsure of themselves when promoting the fiction of the tooth fairy, the majority of children report positive outcomes. Upon learning the tooth fairy is not real, 75% of children reported liking the custom; 20% were neutral and 3% were not in favor and said they did not intend to continue the practice when they became parents.<ref name=Wells/>

Parents tend to view the myth as providing comfort for children in the loss of their tooth.<ref name=Wells/> Research finds that belief in the tooth fairy may provide such comfort to a child experiencing fear or pain resulting from the loss of a tooth.<ref name=Clark>Clark, Cindy Dell. "Flight Toward Maturity: The Tooth Fairy" in ''Flights of Fancy, Leaps of Faith: Children's Myths in Contemporary America''. [[University of Chicago Press]], 1995. pp 355-364.</ref> Mothers especially seem to value a child's belief as a sign that their "baby" is still a child and is not "growing up too soon".<ref name=Wells/> By encouraging belief in a fictional character, parents allow themselves to be comforted that their child still believes in fantasy and is not yet "grown up".<ref name=Clark />

Children often discover the tooth fairy is imaginary as part of the 5- to 7-year shift, often connecting this to other gift-bearing imaginary figures (such as [[Santa Claus]] and the [[Easter Bunny]]).<ref>Sameroff, Arnold and Susan C. Mcdonough. ''Phi Delta Kappan'', Vol. 76, 1994, "Educational implications of developmental transitions: revisiting the 5- to 7-year shift".</ref>

Author [[Vicki Lansky]] advises parents to tell their children early that the tooth fairy pays a whole lot more for a perfect tooth than for a decayed one. According to Lansky, some families leave a note with the payment, praising the child for good dental habits.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lansky|first=Vicki|title=Practical parenting tips|publisher=Unicorn books|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7806-005-1|pages=79}}</ref>

Research findings suggest a possible relationship between a child's continued belief in the tooth fairy (and other fictional characters) and [[false memory syndrome]].<ref>Principe1, Gabrielle F. and Eric Smith. ''Applied Cognitive Psychology'', Volume 22, Issue 5, pages 625–642, July 2008. "The tooth, the whole tooth and nothing but the tooth: how belief in the Tooth Fairy can engender false memories".</ref>

==Related myths==
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2011}}
The [[Ratoncito Pérez]] (or Ratón Pérez, "Pérez Mouse" in English) is a figure popular in Spanish and Hispanic American cultures, similar to the tooth fairy, originating in Madrid in 1894. As is traditional in some English-speaking countries, when a child loses a tooth it is customary for him or her to place it under the pillow, so that Ratoncito Pérez will exchange it for a gift. The tradition is almost universal in Spanish cultures, but takes different forms in different areas. He is known as "Ratoncito Pérez" in Spanish speaking countries, with the exception of some regions of Mexico, Peru and Chile, where he is called "el Ratón de los Dientes" (The Tooth Mouse), and in Argentina, Venezuela, Uruguay and Colombia, he is known simply as "El Ratón Pérez". The [[Ratoncito Pérez]] was used by [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]] marketing in Venezuela<ref name="Producto">[http://www.producto.com.ve/productor/gdental.html ¡Producto Registrado!: Agosto 1998: Centuria Dental].</ref> and Spain.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

In [[Italy]], the tooth fairy is also often replaced by a small mouse, named ''Topolino''.

In [[France]] and in French-speaking [[Belgium]], this character is called ''la petite souris'' ("[[The Little Mouse|the little mouse]]"). From parts of [[Lowland Scotland]] comes a tradition similar to the fairy mouse: a white fairy rat who purchases children's teeth with coins.

In the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], and specially in [[Biscay]], there is ''Mari Teilatukoa'' (Mary from the roof), who lives in the roof of the [[baserri]] and catches de the teeth thrown by the children.

In some [[Asia|Asian countries]], such as [[India]], [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Vietnam]], when a child loses a tooth, it is customary for him or her to throw it onto the roof if it came from the lower jaw, or into the space beneath the floor if it came from the upper jaw. While doing this, the child shouts a request for the tooth to be replaced with the tooth of a mouse. This tradition is based on the fact that the teeth of mice grow for their entire lives, a characteristic of all rodents. In some cultures in India, children bury their teeth in the soil near big trees.

In [[Japan]], a different variation calls for lost upper teeth to be thrown straight down to the ground and lower teeth straight up into the air; the idea is that incoming teeth will grow in straight.<ref>{{cite book|last=Beeler|first=Selby B.|title=Throw Your Tooth on the Roof: Tooth Traditions from Around the World|year=1998|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Company]]|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-6181-5238-4|page=25}}</ref>

In Middle Eastern countries (including [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]]), there is a tradition of throwing a baby tooth up into the sky to the sun or to [[Allah]]. This tradition may originate in a pre-Islamic offering, and dates back to at least the 13th century. It is also mentioned by [[Izz bin Hibat Allah Al Hadid]] in the 13th century.<ref name=Hamdani>Al Hamdani, Muwaffak and Wenzel, Marian. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258921 The Worm in the Tooth]", ''Folklore'', 1966, vol. 77, pp. 60-64.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fairy]]
* [[Hammaspeikko]] - Finnish tooth troll

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category}}
* Lainez, Rene Colato (2010). ''The Tooth Fairy Meets El Raton Perez''. Illustrated by Tom Lintern. {{ISBN|978-1-58246-296-7}}.
* Narváez, Peter (1997) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DLmoKKkxAX0C The Good People: New Fairylore Essays]''. (section V) [[University Press of Kentucky]].
* Wynbrandt, James (1998). ''The Excruciating History of Dentistry''. St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|0-312-26319-8}}.

{{Fairies|state=collapsed}}
{{Forbes Fictional 15}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tooth Fairy}}
[[Category:Fairies]]
[[Category:Folklore]]
[[Category:Traditions]]
[[Category:Teeth]]
[[Category:Childhood]]

User:Edderso/huggle3.css

2017-10-14T00:26:52Z

Edderso: Updating the user configuration page... (HG) (3.3.0)

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Zillow

2017-10-12T23:51:12Z

Edderso: Reference link was fixed, and as such, this statement is now sourced.

{{COI|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zillow Group
| logo = [[File:Zillowlogo color.PNG|250px]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|Z}} Class C {{NASDAQ|ZG}} Class A [[Russell 1000 Index|Russell 1000 Component]]
| location = [[Russell Investments Center]] [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| key_people = {{ubl|Spencer Rascoff [[CEO]]|Stan Humphries Chief Economist<ref name="lerman2014">{{cite news | author=Lerman, Rachel | title=Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff gets book deal with major New York publisher | date=10 December 2014 | work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2014/12/zillow-ceo-spencer-rascoff-gets-book-deal-with.html }}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{up}}US$846.5 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com">{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/Z/financials?p=Z|title=Z Income Statement - Balance Sheet - Cash Flow - Zillow Group, Inc. Stock - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{down}}US$-192.8 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| net_income = {{down}}US$-220.4 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| assets = {{up}}US3.1 billion (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| equity = {{down}}US$2.5 billion (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| website = [http://www.zillow.com/ zillow.com]
| industry = [[Real estate]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2006|02|08}}
| fate = Active
}}

'''Zillow Group''', or simply '''Zillow''', is an online real estate database company that was founded in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zillow.com/corp/About.htm|title=What is Zillow? - Zillow|first=Zillow,|last=Inc.|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> and created by [[Rich Barton]] and [[Lloyd Frink]], former [[Microsoft]] executives and founders of Microsoft spin-off [[Expedia]]. [[Spencer Rascoff]] is the current CEO of Zillow, Inc.<ref name="lerman2014">{{cite news | author=Lerman, Rachel | title=Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff gets book deal with major New York publisher | date=10 December 2014 | work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2014/12/zillow-ceo-spencer-rascoff-gets-book-deal-with.html }}</ref>

==Business model==
Zillow has stated that it is a media company that generates revenue by selling advertising on its web site. In April 2009, Zillow announced a partnership to lend its real estate search engine to the web sites of more than 180 United States newspapers as a part of the Zillow Newspaper Consortium. Zillow shares advertising revenue from the co-branded sites with the newspapers and extends its reach into local markets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/01/newspapers-begin-to-use-zillow/ | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=Newspapers Begin to Use Zillow | first=Jenna | last=Wortham | date=April 1, 2009}}</ref>

In February 2011, Zillow and [[Yahoo! Real Estate]] launched an exclusive partnership creating the largest real-estate advertising network on the web, according to comScore Media Metrix.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704075604575356831254261568 | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Tess | last=Stynes | title=Yahoo, Zillow to Pair Up on Web Real-Estate Ad Network | date=2010-07-09}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
*In April 2011 Zillow acquired Postlets, an online real estate listing creation and distribution platform. Terms of the deal were not disclosed publicly.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/11/zillow-buys-real-estate-listings-creation-and-distribution-tool-postlets/ Zillow Buys Real Estate Listings Creation And Distribution Tool Postlets]." April 11, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.</ref>
*In November 2011, Zillow acquired Diverse Solutions for $7.8 million.<ref>{{cite press release|title=R. Newman, Zillow Press Release|url=http://zillow.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=159&item=244 |date=Nov 2, 2011}}</ref>
*In May 2012, Zillow acquired [[RentJuice]], a software-as-a-service company which allows landlords and property managers to market and lease their rental properties through a set of online tools. RentJuice was acquired for $40 million.<ref>Brier Dudley, Seattle Times. "[http://seattletimes.com/html/technologybrierdudleysblog/2018125927_zillow_buy_rent_juice.html Zillow buys Rent Juice, reports blowout quarter]." May 2, 2012.</ref>
*On October 31, 2012, Zillow acquired the real estate shopping and collaboration platform, Buyfolio.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2012/10/31/zillow-acquires-real-estate-shopping-platform-for-brokers-and-homebuyers-buyfolio/ Zillow Acquires Real Estate Shopping And Collaboration Platform For Brokers And Homebuyers, Buyfolio]." October 31, 2012.</ref>
*On November 5, 2012, Zillow acquired [[Lincoln, NE]] based mortgage technology company Mortech for $17 million.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/05/zillow-acquires-mortgage-software-company-mortech-for-17-million/ Zillow Acquires Mortgage Software Company Mortech For $17 Million]." November 5, 2012.</ref>
*On November 26, 2012, Zillow acquired HotPads for $16 million. HotPads, founded in 2005, lists real estate and rental listings on a map-based web interface.<ref>Frederic Lardinois, TechCrunch. "https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/26/zillow-acquires-rental-and-real-estate-search-site-hotpads-for-16-million-to-grow-its-rental-marketplace/ Zillow Acquires Rental And Real Estate Search Site HotPads For $16 Million To Grow Its Rental Marketplace." November 26, 2012.</ref>
*On August 19, 2013, Zillow acquired StreetEasy for $50 million.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-19/zillow-paying-50-million-for-real-estate-website-streeteasy.html | work=Bloomberg | first1=Sarah | last1=Frier | first2=Ari | last2=Levy | title=Zillow Buys Real-Estate Site StreetEasy for $50 Million | date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>
*On July 16, 2014, Zillow acquired Retsly, a Vancouver, B.C.-based startup that helps developers access real-estate data from multiple listing services (MLS).<ref>Lardinois, Frederic July 16th 2014. TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/16/zillow-acquires-retsly/ Zillow Acquires Retsly, A Service That Helps Developers Access Real Estate Listings]"</ref>
*On July 28, 2014, Zillow announced a deal to buy [[Trulia]] for $3.5 billion.<ref name="lerman2014" /><ref name="nyt-buyout">dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/zillow-to-buy-trulia-for-3-5-billion/</ref>
*On February 17, 2015, Zillow announced the completion of its acquisition of Trulia and the formation of the Zillow Group brand portfolio.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Completes Acquisition of Trulia for $2.5 Billion in Stock; Forms Zillow Group Family of Brands |url=http://investors.zillowgroup.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=896769|publisher=Zillow Group}}</ref>
*On July 22, 2015, Zillow Group announced it would acquire [[Dotloop]] for $108 million.<ref>PRNewsWire. "[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zillow-group-to-acquire-dotloop-300117304.html Zillow Group to Acquire DotLoop]." July 22, 2015.</ref>
*On January 3, 2016, Zillow Group announced it would acquire [[Naked Apartments]] for $13 million.<ref>Zillow Group. "[http://investors.zillowgroup.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=953127]." January 03, 2016.</ref>
*On August 2, 2016, Zillow Group acquired Bridge Interactive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Group Acquires Bridge Interactive Group |url=http://zillowgroup.mediaroom.com/2016-08-02-Zillow-Group-Acquires-Bridge-Interactive-Group|publisher=Zillow Group}}</ref>

==Website features==

Zillow has data on 110 million homes across the [[United States]], not just those homes currently for sale.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Zillow CEO shares new rules of real estate
| publisher = CBS News
| date = 28 January 2015
| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/zillow-ceo-shares-new-rules-of-real-estate/
| accessdate = 30 June 2015 }}</ref> In addition to giving value estimates of homes, it offers several features including value changes of each home in a given time frame (such as one, five, or 10 years), aerial views of homes, and prices of comparable homes in the area. Where it can access appropriate public data, it also provides basic information on a given home, such as square footage and the number of bedrooms and bathrooms. Users can also get current estimates of homes if there was a significant change made, such as a recently remodeled kitchen. Zillow provides an [[application programming interface]] (API) and developer support network.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zillowcomtm-launches-beta-real-estate-site-valuations-and-data-on-more-than-60-million-homes-in-america---for-free-55242477.html "Zillow.com Launches Beta Real Estate Site: Valuations and Data on More Than 60 Million Homes in U.S"], PRNewsWire</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090415092344/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1228/a-talk-with-zillows-cfo Interview with Zillow's CFO, Spencer Rascoff], Podtech.net</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090517094516/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1229/meet-the-developer-brains-behind-zillow Interview with the Zillow development team], Podtech</ref>

In December 2006, Zillow launched three new pieces of functionality: allowing users to post homes for sale and set a "Make Me Move" price (an informal way to pre-market a home), as well as a real estate [[wiki]]. In 2006, Zillow teamed with [[Microsoft]] to offer Bird's Eye View, a feature in Microsoft Virtual Earth, that shows (in certain areas) clearer aerial photographs taken from airplanes rather than conventional satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Cook|title=Zillow.com offers a closer look at homes|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=2006-04-15|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Zillow-com-offers-a-closer-look-at-homes-1200900.php}}</ref> Zillow uses this functionality for entertainment-focused features on famous homes.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2006/06/23/zillow_monicas_apartment_from_friends_worth_29_million.php|work=Curbed|title=Zillow: Monica's Apartment From Friends Worth $2.9 Million |date=2006-06-23}}</ref>

In December 2009, Zillow expanded its services to include the rental market.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/15/usa-economy-zillow-idUSN1418982620091215 | work=Reuters | title=Zillow launches rental listings and search service | date=2009-12-15}}</ref> The addition of rental listings enabled users to list a home for rent and search for both rental homes and homes for sale.

In late 2013, Zillow began powering [[AOL]] Real Estate. In July 2014, Zillow also took over the real estate portal for [[MSN]] Real Estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inman.com/2014/07/01/zillow-takes-over-real-estate-search-at-msn-real-estate-for-move-inc/|title=Zillow takes over real estate search at MSN Real Estate after Move Inc.’s exit|last1=Hagey|first1=Paul|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref>In October 2017, Zillow announced to add 3D tours to get 360-degree photos of houses they're interested in buying or renting.

===Zillow Mortgage Marketplace===
On April 3, 2008, Zillow launched a service called Zillow Mortgage Marketplace. This service allows for borrowers to get custom loan quotes without revealing personally identifying information.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gopal |first=Prashant |url=http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/apr2008/bw2008043_948040.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives |title=Zillow Opens Online Mortgage Marketplace |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=2008-04-03 |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynewstribune.com/business/x1059924552 |title=Waltham, MA News - Waltham, Massachusetts - Wicked Local Waltham |publisher=Dailynewstribune.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>

===Zillow Mobile===
Zillow Mobile apps allow users to view nearby homes based on the user's location.
*April 29, 2009 - [[iPhone]] application
* March 18, 2010 - Android application
*April 2, 2010 - [[iPad]] application
* March 31, 2011 - Blackberry application
* July 13, 2012 - Windows Phone application <ref>(Not updated since initial release as of 2015-03-26. Also listed as "This app is no longer published" on 2015-03-26.) You can see it at http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/store/app/zillow/f2cccea4-14a1-e011-986b-78e7d1fa76f8</ref>
* November 27, 2013 - Windows 8.1 application
* November 2015 - [[Apple TV]] application

===Zillow Advice===
On December 16, 2008, Zillow launched Zillow Advice, allowing people to ask real estate questions online and get answers from the Web site's community of experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/realestatenews/archives/156907.asp|title=Get advice from Zillow | Seattle Real Estate News - Seattle Post-Intelligencer|last=Cohen|first=Aubrey|date=2008-12-16|publisher=Blog.seattlepi.com|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>

===Real estate market reports===
Zillow produces home value reports for the nation and over 130 metropolitan statistical areas. The reports identify market trends including, but not limited to: five and 10-year annualized change, negative equity,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/developments/2009/05/06/affluent-homeowners-underwater-and-sinking-fast/ | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Affluent Homeowners: Underwater and Sinking Fast | first=Nick | last=Timiraos | date=May 6, 2009}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=August 2016}} short sales and foreclosure transactions.

Zillow also releases a Homeowner Confidence Survey.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN1339409420090514?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews | work=Reuters | title=Most U.S. homeowners think a bottom has been reached: Zillow | date=May 14, 2009}}</ref> The survey is conducted by Harris Interactive and measures homeowners' perceptions about home value changes of their own home and the local market.

====Report for the Bellingam area====
On August 26, 2016 the [[Bellingham Herald]] published housing prices and rental [[statistics]] obtained from Zillow<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellinghamherald.com/news/local/article97955177.html|title=Which Bellingham neighborhoods are seeing jump in home values?|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> which said that these statistics conflicted with those obtained from the [[Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>http://www.fhfa.gov/AboutUs/Reports/ReportDocuments/HPI_2Q2016final.pdf</ref>

===Neighborhood Boundary Maps (GIS Data)===
The Zillow data team has created a database of nearly 7,544 neighborhood boundaries in the largest cities in the U.S. and made them available via Creative Commons Attribute-Sharealike license.{{citation needed|reason=Needs reliable, third-party sources|date=September 2014}

==Website activity==
The company said it had more than 24 million unique visitors in September 2011, representing year-over-year growth of 103 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.zillow.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-11-263477&CIK=1334814|title=Form 8-K|date=October 4, 2011|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.forbes.com/tomiogeron/2011/04/11/zillow-buys-real-estate-listings-service-postlets/ | work=Forbes | first=Tomio | last=Geron|title=Zillow Buys Real Estate Listings Service Postlets}}</ref> Of those users, 90% own a home and more than three quarters are looking to buy or sell within the next two years, helping others to buy or sell or looking to rent. Zillow claims over 50 million U.S. homes have been viewed. In some cities more than 90% of all homes that exist have been viewed, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston and Seattle.

==Zestimate==
Zillow determines an estimate ("Zestimate," pronounced "ZEST-imate") for a home based on a range of publicly available information, including public data and sales of comparable houses in a neighborhood. According to Zillow, the Zestimate is a starting point in determining a home's value.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/}}</ref> The accuracy of the Zestimate varies by location depending on how much information is publicly available, but Zillow allows users to check the accuracy of Zestimates in their own region against actual sales. In many U.S. states, information on the transfer prices of real estate is readily available and accessible by the general public and is not exclusively held in realtors' databases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dat.state.md.us/sdatweb/datanote.html |title=Maryland tax assessment database allowing searches of all property transfers |publisher=Dat.state.md.us |date= |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>. Zillow also supplies Zestimate Accuracy ratings for varies cities on its [https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/ website].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/}}</ref>

In March 2011, Zillow released Rent Zestimates, which provide estimated rent prices for 90 million homes on both the Zillow website and all of its mobile apps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/03/09/zillow-debuts-rent-zestimates/ |title=Zillow's Rent Zestimates to provide rent prices for 90 million homes |publisher=VentureBeat |date= |accessdate=2013-09-29}}</ref>

On June 14, 2011, Zillow changed its algorithm used to calculate Zestimates. In addition to changing the current Zestimate for millions of homes throughout the country, Zillow changed historical Zestimate value information dating back to 2006.

==Critique of Zestimate accuracy==
In 2007, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' studied the accuracy of Zillow's estimates and found that they "often are very good, frequently within a few percentage points of the actual price paid. But when Zillow is bad, it can be terrible."<ref>Hagerty, James R. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117142055516708035 "How Good Are Zillow's Estimates?"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', 2007-02-14. Retrieved on 2009-02-25.</ref>

In October 2006, the National Community Reinvestment Coalition filed a complaint with the [[Federal Trade Commission]]<ref>[http://www.ncrc.org/bestpractices/NCRC_Zillow_Complaint1026.pdf "Federal Trade Commission Complaint"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701070236/http://www.ncrc.org/bestpractices/NCRC_Zillow_Complaint1026.pdf |date=July 1, 2007 }}</ref> stating that Zillow was "intentionally misleading consumers and real-estate professionals to rely upon the accuracy of its valuation services despite the full knowledge of the company officials that their valuation Automated Valuation Model (AVM) mechanism is highly inaccurate and misleading." In a letter dated May 4, 2007, the FTC elected not to investigate this complaint,<ref>http://www.bloodhoundrealty.com/BloodhoundBlog/FTC_NCRC_Zillow.pdf</ref> which was later withdrawn by the NCRC.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Using data published on the Zillow website, the typical Zestimate error in the United States in July 2016 was $14,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Zestimate Accuracy Chart|url=http://www.realestatedecoded.com/zillow-zestimate-accuracy-chart/|website=Real Estate Decoded|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>

==Controversy and lawsuits==
While factors contributing to estimates are described elsewhere, Zillow seemingly overemphasises home square footage as the major metric driving property valuation. This method may not be unique to Zillow, but unduly distorts value expectations.<ref>{{cite web|title=see LA Times story |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-harney-20150208-story.html|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref> Listings in areas where land is priced at high premiums often reflect an identical Zillow Estimate to that of nearby homes with comparable interior square footage, but where the home might be decades older. Condition, age of home, special features, proximity to nuisances are insufficiently factored into the estimate. Zillow has made some effort to add balance by including option for owners to provide their own value estimate; but, these figures can be similarly unreliable as being opinion instead of quantifiable.

In 2014, Zillow faced several lawsuits from former employees at the Zillow operation in [[Irvine, California]], alleging violations of [[California Labor Code]] and [[California Business and Professions Code]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/633646/zillow-escapes-worker-s-5m-ot-class-action-under-landers|title=Zillow Escapes Worker’s $5M OT Class Action Under Landers - Law360|website=www.law360.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> On February 26, 2016, the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California|U.S. District Court for the Central District of California]] certified the class to include anyone who worked as an inside sales consultant at Zillow between November 2010 and January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagobusinesslitigationlawyerblog.com/2016/03/3544.html|title=Class Action Certified As to Zillow Consultants for Unpaid Overtime - Chicago Business Litigation Lawyer Blog|date=2016-03-28|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> Among the numerous allegations brought by high-profile attorneys [[Bobby Samini]] and [[Mark Geragos]], Zillow is accused of failing to pay wages, failing to pay overtime pay, and failing to provide meal and rest breaks. Zillow responded that "the narrative being pushed by this law firm through their multiple lawsuits is completely inconsistent with those who know and work with Zillow...the behavior described does not accurately depict our culture or the 1,200 Zillow employees."<ref name="fortune_discrim">{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/12/05/zillow-discrimination-lawsuit/|title=Zillow's alleged "frat house" culture leads to new lawsuit|publisher=Fortune|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

In addition, Samini and Geragos represented a former Zillow employee in a sexual harassment action against the company, alleging "sexual torture"<ref name="housingwire.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.housingwire.com/articles/32237-mark-geragos-more-zillow-employees-victims-of-sexual-harassment|title=Mark Geragos: More Zillow employees victims of sexual harassment|website=www.housingwire.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> and “the most heinous acts of sexual harassment imaginable.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.housingwire.com/articles/37194-zillow-settles-sexual-harassment-lawsuit|title=Zillow settles sexual harassment lawsuit|website=www.housingwire.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> According to the lawsuit, Zillow's Southern California office represents an “adult frat house where sexual harassment and misconduct are normalized, condoned, and promoted by male managers.”<ref name="housingwire.com"/> Based on the allegations against the company, Samini has called Zillow a "modern day ''[[Animal House]]''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2014-12-04/zillow-is-a-modern-day-animal-house-samini|title=Zillow Is a `Modern Day Animal House': Attorney Samini|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> On May 5, 2016, Zillow settled the action for an undisclosed amount, without admitting any wrongdoings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2016/06/03/zillow-settles-lawsuits-regarding-employees-at.html|title=Zillow settles lawsuits regarding employees at Irvine sales office - L.A. Biz|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

In 2017, Zillow sent a cease and desist letter to the author of [[McMansion Hell]], a blog of original content which satirized photos of ostentatious homes found on the site.<ref name=buzzfeed>{{cite news |last=Dalrymple II |first=Jim |date=June 26, 2017 |title=A 23-Year-Old Woman Shut Down Her Real Estate Blog After Zillow Threatened Her|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/zillow-went-after-this-23-year-olds-popular-real-estate |work= Buzzfeed |access-date=June 28, 2017 }}</ref> Zillow's claims were described by legal experts as lacking merit and the company was accused of using its resources to infringe on free speech.<ref name=gizmodo>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Jennings |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Zillow Sends Cease and Desist Letter to McMansion Hell, the Architectural Criticism Blog We Need Right Now [Updated] |url=https://gizmodo.com/zillow-sends-cease-and-desist-letter-to-mcmansion-hell-1796435051 |work= Gizmodo |access-date=June 28, 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Redfin]]
*[[Trulia]]
*[[ZipRealty]]
*[[Zameen.com]]
*[[PropertyShark]]
*[[Realtor.com]]

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.zillow.com/}}

{{Online real estate databases}}
{{NASDAQ Financial-100}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zillow.Com}}
[[Category:Companies based in Seattle]]
[[Category:Online real estate databases]]
[[Category:Real estate valuation]]
[[Category:Online real estate companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]]
[[Category:Media companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Washington (state)]]

Zillow

2017-10-12T23:29:25Z

Edderso:

{{COI|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zillow Group
| logo = [[File:Zillowlogo color.PNG|250px]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|Z}} Class C {{NASDAQ|ZG}} Class A [[Russell 1000 Index|Russell 1000 Component]]
| location = [[Russell Investments Center]] [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| key_people = {{ubl|Spencer Rascoff [[CEO]]|Stan Humphries Chief Economist<ref name="lerman2014">{{cite news | author=Lerman, Rachel | title=Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff gets book deal with major New York publisher | date=10 December 2014 | work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2014/12/zillow-ceo-spencer-rascoff-gets-book-deal-with.html }}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{up}}US$846.5 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com">{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/Z/financials?p=Z|title=Z Income Statement - Balance Sheet - Cash Flow - Zillow Group, Inc. Stock - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{down}}US$-192.8 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| net_income = {{down}}US$-220.4 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| assets = {{up}}US3.1 billion (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| equity = {{down}}US$2.5 billion (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| website = [http://www.zillow.com/ zillow.com]
| industry = [[Real estate]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2006|02|08}}
| fate = Active
}}

'''Zillow Group''', or simply '''Zillow''', is an online real estate database company that was founded in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zillow.com/corp/About.htm|title=What is Zillow? - Zillow|first=Zillow,|last=Inc.|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> and created by [[Rich Barton]] and [[Lloyd Frink]], former [[Microsoft]] executives and founders of Microsoft spin-off [[Expedia]]. [[Spencer Rascoff]] is the current CEO of Zillow, Inc.<ref name="lerman2014">{{cite news | author=Lerman, Rachel | title=Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff gets book deal with major New York publisher | date=10 December 2014 | work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2014/12/zillow-ceo-spencer-rascoff-gets-book-deal-with.html }}</ref>

==Business model==
Zillow has stated that it is a media company that generates revenue by selling advertising on its web site. In April 2009, Zillow announced a partnership to lend its real estate search engine to the web sites of more than 180 United States newspapers as a part of the Zillow Newspaper Consortium. Zillow shares advertising revenue from the co-branded sites with the newspapers and extends its reach into local markets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/01/newspapers-begin-to-use-zillow/ | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=Newspapers Begin to Use Zillow | first=Jenna | last=Wortham | date=April 1, 2009}}</ref>

In February 2011, Zillow and [[Yahoo! Real Estate]] launched an exclusive partnership creating the largest real-estate advertising network on the web, according to comScore Media Metrix.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704075604575356831254261568 | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Tess | last=Stynes | title=Yahoo, Zillow to Pair Up on Web Real-Estate Ad Network | date=2010-07-09}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
*In April 2011 Zillow acquired Postlets, an online real estate listing creation and distribution platform. Terms of the deal were not disclosed publicly.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/11/zillow-buys-real-estate-listings-creation-and-distribution-tool-postlets/ Zillow Buys Real Estate Listings Creation And Distribution Tool Postlets]." April 11, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.</ref>
*In November 2011, Zillow acquired Diverse Solutions for $7.8 million.<ref>{{cite press release|title=R. Newman, Zillow Press Release|url=http://zillow.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=159&item=244 |date=Nov 2, 2011}}</ref>
*In May 2012, Zillow acquired [[RentJuice]], a software-as-a-service company which allows landlords and property managers to market and lease their rental properties through a set of online tools. RentJuice was acquired for $40 million.<ref>Brier Dudley, Seattle Times. "[http://seattletimes.com/html/technologybrierdudleysblog/2018125927_zillow_buy_rent_juice.html Zillow buys Rent Juice, reports blowout quarter]." May 2, 2012.</ref>
*On October 31, 2012, Zillow acquired the real estate shopping and collaboration platform, Buyfolio.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2012/10/31/zillow-acquires-real-estate-shopping-platform-for-brokers-and-homebuyers-buyfolio/ Zillow Acquires Real Estate Shopping And Collaboration Platform For Brokers And Homebuyers, Buyfolio]." October 31, 2012.</ref>
*On November 5, 2012, Zillow acquired [[Lincoln, NE]] based mortgage technology company Mortech for $17 million.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/05/zillow-acquires-mortgage-software-company-mortech-for-17-million/ Zillow Acquires Mortgage Software Company Mortech For $17 Million]." November 5, 2012.</ref>
*On November 26, 2012, Zillow acquired HotPads for $16 million. HotPads, founded in 2005, lists real estate and rental listings on a map-based web interface.<ref>Frederic Lardinois, TechCrunch. "https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/26/zillow-acquires-rental-and-real-estate-search-site-hotpads-for-16-million-to-grow-its-rental-marketplace/ Zillow Acquires Rental And Real Estate Search Site HotPads For $16 Million To Grow Its Rental Marketplace." November 26, 2012.</ref>
*On August 19, 2013, Zillow acquired StreetEasy for $50 million.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-19/zillow-paying-50-million-for-real-estate-website-streeteasy.html | work=Bloomberg | first1=Sarah | last1=Frier | first2=Ari | last2=Levy | title=Zillow Buys Real-Estate Site StreetEasy for $50 Million | date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>
*On July 16, 2014, Zillow acquired Retsly, a Vancouver, B.C.-based startup that helps developers access real-estate data from multiple listing services (MLS).<ref>Lardinois, Frederic July 16th 2014. TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/16/zillow-acquires-retsly/ Zillow Acquires Retsly, A Service That Helps Developers Access Real Estate Listings]"</ref>
*On July 28, 2014, Zillow announced a deal to buy [[Trulia]] for $3.5 billion.<ref name="lerman2014" /><ref name="nyt-buyout">dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/zillow-to-buy-trulia-for-3-5-billion/</ref>
*On February 17, 2015, Zillow announced the completion of its acquisition of Trulia and the formation of the Zillow Group brand portfolio.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Completes Acquisition of Trulia for $2.5 Billion in Stock; Forms Zillow Group Family of Brands |url=http://investors.zillowgroup.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=896769|publisher=Zillow Group}}</ref>
*On July 22, 2015, Zillow Group announced it would acquire [[Dotloop]] for $108 million.<ref>PRNewsWire. "[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zillow-group-to-acquire-dotloop-300117304.html Zillow Group to Acquire DotLoop]." July 22, 2015.</ref>
*On January 3, 2016, Zillow Group announced it would acquire [[Naked Apartments]] for $13 million.<ref>Zillow Group. "[http://investors.zillowgroup.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=953127]." January 03, 2016.</ref>
*On August 2, 2016, Zillow Group acquired Bridge Interactive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Group Acquires Bridge Interactive Group |url=http://zillowgroup.mediaroom.com/2016-08-02-Zillow-Group-Acquires-Bridge-Interactive-Group|publisher=Zillow Group}}</ref>

==Website features==

Zillow has data on 110 million homes across the [[United States]], not just those homes currently for sale.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Zillow CEO shares new rules of real estate
| publisher = CBS News
| date = 28 January 2015
| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/zillow-ceo-shares-new-rules-of-real-estate/
| accessdate = 30 June 2015 }}</ref> In addition to giving value estimates of homes, it offers several features including value changes of each home in a given time frame (such as one, five, or 10 years), aerial views of homes, and prices of comparable homes in the area. Where it can access appropriate public data, it also provides basic information on a given home, such as square footage and the number of bedrooms and bathrooms. Users can also get current estimates of homes if there was a significant change made, such as a recently remodeled kitchen. Zillow provides an [[application programming interface]] (API) and developer support network.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zillowcomtm-launches-beta-real-estate-site-valuations-and-data-on-more-than-60-million-homes-in-america---for-free-55242477.html "Zillow.com Launches Beta Real Estate Site: Valuations and Data on More Than 60 Million Homes in U.S"], PRNewsWire</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090415092344/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1228/a-talk-with-zillows-cfo Interview with Zillow's CFO, Spencer Rascoff], Podtech.net</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090517094516/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1229/meet-the-developer-brains-behind-zillow Interview with the Zillow development team], Podtech</ref>

In December 2006, Zillow launched three new pieces of functionality: allowing users to post homes for sale and set a "Make Me Move" price (an informal way to pre-market a home), as well as a real estate [[wiki]]. In 2006, Zillow teamed with [[Microsoft]] to offer Bird's Eye View, a feature in Microsoft Virtual Earth, that shows (in certain areas) clearer aerial photographs taken from airplanes rather than conventional satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Cook|title=Zillow.com offers a closer look at homes|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=2006-04-15|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Zillow-com-offers-a-closer-look-at-homes-1200900.php}}</ref> Zillow uses this functionality for entertainment-focused features on famous homes.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2006/06/23/zillow_monicas_apartment_from_friends_worth_29_million.php|work=Curbed|title=Zillow: Monica's Apartment From Friends Worth $2.9 Million |date=2006-06-23}}</ref>

In December 2009, Zillow expanded its services to include the rental market.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/15/usa-economy-zillow-idUSN1418982620091215 | work=Reuters | title=Zillow launches rental listings and search service | date=2009-12-15}}</ref> The addition of rental listings enabled users to list a home for rent and search for both rental homes and homes for sale.

In late 2013, Zillow began powering [[AOL]] Real Estate. In July 2014, Zillow also took over the real estate portal for [[MSN]] Real Estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inman.com/2014/07/01/zillow-takes-over-real-estate-search-at-msn-real-estate-for-move-inc/|title=Zillow takes over real estate search at MSN Real Estate after Move Inc.’s exit|last1=Hagey|first1=Paul|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref>In October 2017, Zillow announced to add 3D tours to get 360-degree photos of houses they're interested in buying or renting.

===Zillow Mortgage Marketplace===
On April 3, 2008, Zillow launched a service called Zillow Mortgage Marketplace. This service allows for borrowers to get custom loan quotes without revealing personally identifying information.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gopal |first=Prashant |url=http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/apr2008/bw2008043_948040.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives |title=Zillow Opens Online Mortgage Marketplace |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=2008-04-03 |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynewstribune.com/business/x1059924552 |title=Waltham, MA News - Waltham, Massachusetts - Wicked Local Waltham |publisher=Dailynewstribune.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>

===Zillow Mobile===
Zillow Mobile apps allow users to view nearby homes based on the user's location.
*April 29, 2009 - [[iPhone]] application
* March 18, 2010 - Android application
*April 2, 2010 - [[iPad]] application
* March 31, 2011 - Blackberry application
* July 13, 2012 - Windows Phone application <ref>(Not updated since initial release as of 2015-03-26. Also listed as "This app is no longer published" on 2015-03-26.) You can see it at http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/store/app/zillow/f2cccea4-14a1-e011-986b-78e7d1fa76f8</ref>
* November 27, 2013 - Windows 8.1 application
* November 2015 - [[Apple TV]] application

===Zillow Advice===
On December 16, 2008, Zillow launched Zillow Advice, allowing people to ask real estate questions online and get answers from the Web site's community of experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/realestatenews/archives/156907.asp|title=Get advice from Zillow | Seattle Real Estate News - Seattle Post-Intelligencer|last=Cohen|first=Aubrey|date=2008-12-16|publisher=Blog.seattlepi.com|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>

===Real estate market reports===
Zillow produces home value reports for the nation and over 130 metropolitan statistical areas. The reports identify market trends including, but not limited to: five and 10-year annualized change, negative equity,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/developments/2009/05/06/affluent-homeowners-underwater-and-sinking-fast/ | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Affluent Homeowners: Underwater and Sinking Fast | first=Nick | last=Timiraos | date=May 6, 2009}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=August 2016}} short sales and foreclosure transactions.

Zillow also releases a Homeowner Confidence Survey.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN1339409420090514?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews | work=Reuters | title=Most U.S. homeowners think a bottom has been reached: Zillow | date=May 14, 2009}}</ref> The survey is conducted by Harris Interactive and measures homeowners' perceptions about home value changes of their own home and the local market.

====Report for the Bellingam area====
On August 26, 2016 the [[Bellingham Herald]] published housing prices and rental [[statistics]] obtained from Zillow<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellinghamherald.com/news/local/article97955177.html|title=Which Bellingham neighborhoods are seeing jump in home values?|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> which said that these statistics conflicted with those obtained from the [[Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>http://www.fhfa.gov/AboutUs/Reports/ReportDocuments/HPI_2Q2016final.pdf</ref>

===Neighborhood Boundary Maps (GIS Data)===
The Zillow data team has created a database of nearly 7,544 neighborhood boundaries in the largest cities in the U.S. and made them available via Creative Commons Attribute-Sharealike license.{{citation needed|reason=Needs reliable, third-party sources|date=September 2014}

==Website activity==
The company said it had more than 24 million unique visitors in September 2011, representing year-over-year growth of 103 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.zillow.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-11-263477&CIK=1334814|title=Form 8-K|date=October 4, 2011|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.forbes.com/tomiogeron/2011/04/11/zillow-buys-real-estate-listings-service-postlets/ | work=Forbes | first=Tomio | last=Geron|title=Zillow Buys Real Estate Listings Service Postlets}}</ref> Of those users, 90% own a home and more than three quarters are looking to buy or sell within the next two years, helping others to buy or sell or looking to rent. Zillow claims over 50 million U.S. homes have been viewed. In some cities more than 90% of all homes that exist have been viewed, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston and Seattle.

==Zestimate==
Zillow determines an estimate ("Zestimate," pronounced "ZEST-imate") for a home based on a range of publicly available information, including public data and sales of comparable houses in a neighborhood. According to Zillow, the Zestimate is a starting point in determining a home's value.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/}}</ref> The accuracy of the Zestimate varies by location depending on how much information is publicly available, but Zillow allows users to check the accuracy of Zestimates in their own region against actual sales. In many U.S. states, information on the transfer prices of real estate is readily available and accessible by the general public and is not exclusively held in realtors' databases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dat.state.md.us/sdatweb/datanote.html |title=Maryland tax assessment database allowing searches of all property transfers |publisher=Dat.state.md.us |date= |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>. Zillow also supplies Zestimate Accuracy ratings for varies cities on its [https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/ website].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/}}</ref>

In March 2011, Zillow released Rent Zestimates, which provide estimated rent prices for 90 million homes on both the Zillow website and all of its mobile apps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/03/09/zillow-debuts-rent-zestimates/ |title=Zillow's Rent Zestimates to provide rent prices for 90 million homes |publisher=VentureBeat |date= |accessdate=2013-09-29}}</ref>

On June 14, 2011, Zillow changed its algorithm used to calculate Zestimates. In addition to changing the current Zestimate for millions of homes throughout the country, Zillow changed historical Zestimate value information dating back to 2006.

==Critique of Zestimate accuracy==
In 2007, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' studied the accuracy of Zillow's estimates and found that they "often are very good, frequently within a few percentage points of the actual price paid. But when Zillow is bad, it can be terrible."<ref>Hagerty, James R. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117142055516708035 "How Good Are Zillow's Estimates?"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', 2007-02-14. Retrieved on 2009-02-25.</ref>

In October 2006, the National Community Reinvestment Coalition filed a complaint with the [[Federal Trade Commission]]<ref>[http://www.ncrc.org/bestpractices/NCRC_Zillow_Complaint1026.pdf "Federal Trade Commission Complaint"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701070236/http://www.ncrc.org/bestpractices/NCRC_Zillow_Complaint1026.pdf |date=July 1, 2007 }}</ref> stating that Zillow was "intentionally misleading consumers and real-estate professionals to rely upon the accuracy of its valuation services despite the full knowledge of the company officials that their valuation Automated Valuation Model (AVM) mechanism is highly inaccurate and misleading." In a letter dated May 4, 2007, the FTC elected not to investigate this complaint,<ref>http://www.bloodhoundrealty.com/BloodhoundBlog/FTC_NCRC_Zillow.pdf</ref> which was later withdrawn by the NCRC.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Real estate agents with specific market knowledge may be more likely to know specific factors affecting the sale of a home such as the overall condition of the home, room flow, landscaping, views, traffic noise, and privacy. These factors have been called ''unzillowables'', a term coined in the real estate [[blogosphere]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Using data published on the Zillow website, the typical Zestimate error in the United States in July 2016 was $14,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Zestimate Accuracy Chart|url=http://www.realestatedecoded.com/zillow-zestimate-accuracy-chart/|website=Real Estate Decoded|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>

==Controversy and lawsuits==
While factors contributing to estimates are described elsewhere, Zillow seemingly overemphasises home square footage as the major metric driving property valuation. This method may not be unique to Zillow, but unduly distorts value expectations.<ref>{{cite web|title=see LA Times story |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-harney-20150208-story.html|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref> Listings in areas where land is priced at high premiums often reflect an identical Zillow Estimate to that of nearby homes with comparable interior square footage, but where the home might be decades older. Condition, age of home, special features, proximity to nuisances are insufficiently factored into the estimate. Zillow has made some effort to add balance by including option for owners to provide their own value estimate; but, these figures can be similarly unreliable as being opinion instead of quantifiable.

In 2014, Zillow faced several lawsuits from former employees at the Zillow operation in [[Irvine, California]], alleging violations of [[California Labor Code]] and [[California Business and Professions Code]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/633646/zillow-escapes-worker-s-5m-ot-class-action-under-landers|title=Zillow Escapes Worker’s $5M OT Class Action Under Landers - Law360|website=www.law360.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> On February 26, 2016, the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California|U.S. District Court for the Central District of California]] certified the class to include anyone who worked as an inside sales consultant at Zillow between November 2010 and January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagobusinesslitigationlawyerblog.com/2016/03/3544.html|title=Class Action Certified As to Zillow Consultants for Unpaid Overtime - Chicago Business Litigation Lawyer Blog|date=2016-03-28|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> Among the numerous allegations brought by high-profile attorneys [[Bobby Samini]] and [[Mark Geragos]], Zillow is accused of failing to pay wages, failing to pay overtime pay, and failing to provide meal and rest breaks. Zillow responded that "the narrative being pushed by this law firm through their multiple lawsuits is completely inconsistent with those who know and work with Zillow...the behavior described does not accurately depict our culture or the 1,200 Zillow employees."<ref name="fortune_discrim">{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/12/05/zillow-discrimination-lawsuit/|title=Zillow's alleged "frat house" culture leads to new lawsuit|publisher=Fortune|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

In addition, Samini and Geragos represented a former Zillow employee in a sexual harassment action against the company, alleging "sexual torture"<ref name="housingwire.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.housingwire.com/articles/32237-mark-geragos-more-zillow-employees-victims-of-sexual-harassment|title=Mark Geragos: More Zillow employees victims of sexual harassment|website=www.housingwire.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> and “the most heinous acts of sexual harassment imaginable.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.housingwire.com/articles/37194-zillow-settles-sexual-harassment-lawsuit|title=Zillow settles sexual harassment lawsuit|website=www.housingwire.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> According to the lawsuit, Zillow's Southern California office represents an “adult frat house where sexual harassment and misconduct are normalized, condoned, and promoted by male managers.”<ref name="housingwire.com"/> Based on the allegations against the company, Samini has called Zillow a "modern day ''[[Animal House]]''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2014-12-04/zillow-is-a-modern-day-animal-house-samini|title=Zillow Is a `Modern Day Animal House': Attorney Samini|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> On May 5, 2016, Zillow settled the action for an undisclosed amount, without admitting any wrongdoings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2016/06/03/zillow-settles-lawsuits-regarding-employees-at.html|title=Zillow settles lawsuits regarding employees at Irvine sales office - L.A. Biz|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

In 2017, Zillow sent a cease and desist letter to the author of [[McMansion Hell]], a blog of original content which satirized photos of ostentatious homes found on the site.<ref name=buzzfeed>{{cite news |last=Dalrymple II |first=Jim |date=June 26, 2017 |title=A 23-Year-Old Woman Shut Down Her Real Estate Blog After Zillow Threatened Her|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/zillow-went-after-this-23-year-olds-popular-real-estate |work= Buzzfeed |access-date=June 28, 2017 }}</ref> Zillow's claims were described by legal experts as lacking merit and the company was accused of using its resources to infringe on free speech.<ref name=gizmodo>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Jennings |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Zillow Sends Cease and Desist Letter to McMansion Hell, the Architectural Criticism Blog We Need Right Now [Updated] |url=https://gizmodo.com/zillow-sends-cease-and-desist-letter-to-mcmansion-hell-1796435051 |work= Gizmodo |access-date=June 28, 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Redfin]]
*[[Trulia]]
*[[ZipRealty]]
*[[Zameen.com]]
*[[PropertyShark]]
*[[Realtor.com]]

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.zillow.com/}}

{{Online real estate databases}}
{{NASDAQ Financial-100}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zillow.Com}}
[[Category:Companies based in Seattle]]
[[Category:Online real estate databases]]
[[Category:Real estate valuation]]
[[Category:Online real estate companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]]
[[Category:Media companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Washington (state)]]

User talk:97.113.162.187

2017-10-12T23:28:12Z

Edderso: Level 2 warning re. Zillow (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==
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<div style=clear: both></div>[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zillow&diff=805083008 this edit] to [[:Zillow]], without giving a valid reason for the removal in the [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Your content removal does not appear constructive and has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. Please make use of the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] if you'd like to experiment with test edits. Thank you. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  23:28, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Zillow

2017-10-12T23:28:11Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 97.113.162.187 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.3.0)

{{COI|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zillow Group
| logo = [[File:Zillowlogo color.PNG|250px]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|Z}} Class C {{NASDAQ|ZG}} Class A [[Russell 1000 Index|Russell 1000 Component]]
| location = [[Russell Investments Center]] [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| key_people = {{ubl|Spencer Rascoff [[CEO]]|Stan Humphries Chief Economist<ref name="lerman2014">{{cite news | author=Lerman, Rachel | title=Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff gets book deal with major New York publisher | date=10 December 2014 | work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2014/12/zillow-ceo-spencer-rascoff-gets-book-deal-with.html }}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{up}}US$846.5 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com">{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/Z/financials?p=Z|title=Z Income Statement - Balance Sheet - Cash Flow - Zillow Group, Inc. Stock - Yahoo Finance|publisher=|accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{down}}US$-192.8 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| net_income = {{down}}US$-220.4 million (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| assets = {{up}}US3.1 billion (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| equity = {{down}}US$2.5 billion (2016)<ref name="yahoo.com"/>
| website = [http://www.zillow.com/ zillow.com]
| industry = [[Real estate]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2006|02|08}}
| fate = Active
}}

'''Zillow Group''', or simply '''Zillow''', is an online real estate database company that was founded in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zillow.com/corp/About.htm|title=What is Zillow? - Zillow|first=Zillow,|last=Inc.|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> and created by [[Rich Barton]] and [[Lloyd Frink]], former [[Microsoft]] executives and founders of Microsoft spin-off [[Expedia]]. [[Spencer Rascoff]] is the current CEO of Zillow, Inc.<ref name="lerman2014">{{cite news | author=Lerman, Rachel | title=Zillow CEO Spencer Rascoff gets book deal with major New York publisher | date=10 December 2014 | work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2014/12/zillow-ceo-spencer-rascoff-gets-book-deal-with.html }}</ref>

==Business model==
Zillow has stated that it is a media company that generates revenue by selling advertising on its web site. In April 2009, Zillow announced a partnership to lend its real estate search engine to the web sites of more than 180 United States newspapers as a part of the Zillow Newspaper Consortium. Zillow shares advertising revenue from the co-branded sites with the newspapers and extends its reach into local markets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/01/newspapers-begin-to-use-zillow/ | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=Newspapers Begin to Use Zillow | first=Jenna | last=Wortham | date=April 1, 2009}}</ref>

In February 2011, Zillow and [[Yahoo! Real Estate]] launched an exclusive partnership creating the largest real-estate advertising network on the web, according to comScore Media Metrix.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704075604575356831254261568 | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=Tess | last=Stynes | title=Yahoo, Zillow to Pair Up on Web Real-Estate Ad Network | date=2010-07-09}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
*In April 2011 Zillow acquired Postlets, an online real estate listing creation and distribution platform. Terms of the deal were not disclosed publicly.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/11/zillow-buys-real-estate-listings-creation-and-distribution-tool-postlets/ Zillow Buys Real Estate Listings Creation And Distribution Tool Postlets]." April 11, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.</ref>
*In November 2011, Zillow acquired Diverse Solutions for $7.8 million.<ref>{{cite press release|title=R. Newman, Zillow Press Release|url=http://zillow.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=159&item=244 |date=Nov 2, 2011}}</ref>
*In May 2012, Zillow acquired [[RentJuice]], a software-as-a-service company which allows landlords and property managers to market and lease their rental properties through a set of online tools. RentJuice was acquired for $40 million.<ref>Brier Dudley, Seattle Times. "[http://seattletimes.com/html/technologybrierdudleysblog/2018125927_zillow_buy_rent_juice.html Zillow buys Rent Juice, reports blowout quarter]." May 2, 2012.</ref>
*On October 31, 2012, Zillow acquired the real estate shopping and collaboration platform, Buyfolio.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2012/10/31/zillow-acquires-real-estate-shopping-platform-for-brokers-and-homebuyers-buyfolio/ Zillow Acquires Real Estate Shopping And Collaboration Platform For Brokers And Homebuyers, Buyfolio]." October 31, 2012.</ref>
*On November 5, 2012, Zillow acquired [[Lincoln, NE]] based mortgage technology company Mortech for $17 million.<ref>Leena Rao, TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/05/zillow-acquires-mortgage-software-company-mortech-for-17-million/ Zillow Acquires Mortgage Software Company Mortech For $17 Million]." November 5, 2012.</ref>
*On November 26, 2012, Zillow acquired HotPads for $16 million. HotPads, founded in 2005, lists real estate and rental listings on a map-based web interface.<ref>Frederic Lardinois, TechCrunch. "https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/26/zillow-acquires-rental-and-real-estate-search-site-hotpads-for-16-million-to-grow-its-rental-marketplace/ Zillow Acquires Rental And Real Estate Search Site HotPads For $16 Million To Grow Its Rental Marketplace." November 26, 2012.</ref>
*On August 19, 2013, Zillow acquired StreetEasy for $50 million.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-19/zillow-paying-50-million-for-real-estate-website-streeteasy.html | work=Bloomberg | first1=Sarah | last1=Frier | first2=Ari | last2=Levy | title=Zillow Buys Real-Estate Site StreetEasy for $50 Million | date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>
*On July 16, 2014, Zillow acquired Retsly, a Vancouver, B.C.-based startup that helps developers access real-estate data from multiple listing services (MLS).<ref>Lardinois, Frederic July 16th 2014. TechCrunch. "[https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/16/zillow-acquires-retsly/ Zillow Acquires Retsly, A Service That Helps Developers Access Real Estate Listings]"</ref>
*On July 28, 2014, Zillow announced a deal to buy [[Trulia]] for $3.5 billion.<ref name="lerman2014" /><ref name="nyt-buyout">dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/07/28/zillow-to-buy-trulia-for-3-5-billion/</ref>
*On February 17, 2015, Zillow announced the completion of its acquisition of Trulia and the formation of the Zillow Group brand portfolio.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Completes Acquisition of Trulia for $2.5 Billion in Stock; Forms Zillow Group Family of Brands |url=http://investors.zillowgroup.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=896769|publisher=Zillow Group}}</ref>
*On July 22, 2015, Zillow Group announced it would acquire [[Dotloop]] for $108 million.<ref>PRNewsWire. "[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zillow-group-to-acquire-dotloop-300117304.html Zillow Group to Acquire DotLoop]." July 22, 2015.</ref>
*On January 3, 2016, Zillow Group announced it would acquire [[Naked Apartments]] for $13 million.<ref>Zillow Group. "[http://investors.zillowgroup.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=953127]." January 03, 2016.</ref>
*On August 2, 2016, Zillow Group acquired Bridge Interactive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Group Acquires Bridge Interactive Group |url=http://zillowgroup.mediaroom.com/2016-08-02-Zillow-Group-Acquires-Bridge-Interactive-Group|publisher=Zillow Group}}</ref>

==Website features==

Zillow has data on 110 million homes across the [[United States]], not just those homes currently for sale.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Zillow CEO shares new rules of real estate
| publisher = CBS News
| date = 28 January 2015
| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/zillow-ceo-shares-new-rules-of-real-estate/
| accessdate = 30 June 2015 }}</ref> In addition to giving value estimates of homes, it offers several features including value changes of each home in a given time frame (such as one, five, or 10 years), aerial views of homes, and prices of comparable homes in the area. Where it can access appropriate public data, it also provides basic information on a given home, such as square footage and the number of bedrooms and bathrooms. Users can also get current estimates of homes if there was a significant change made, such as a recently remodeled kitchen. Zillow provides an [[application programming interface]] (API) and developer support network.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zillowcomtm-launches-beta-real-estate-site-valuations-and-data-on-more-than-60-million-homes-in-america---for-free-55242477.html "Zillow.com Launches Beta Real Estate Site: Valuations and Data on More Than 60 Million Homes in U.S"], PRNewsWire</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090415092344/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1228/a-talk-with-zillows-cfo Interview with Zillow's CFO, Spencer Rascoff], Podtech.net</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090517094516/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1229/meet-the-developer-brains-behind-zillow Interview with the Zillow development team], Podtech</ref>

In December 2006, Zillow launched three new pieces of functionality: allowing users to post homes for sale and set a "Make Me Move" price (an informal way to pre-market a home), as well as a real estate [[wiki]]. In 2006, Zillow teamed with [[Microsoft]] to offer Bird's Eye View, a feature in Microsoft Virtual Earth, that shows (in certain areas) clearer aerial photographs taken from airplanes rather than conventional satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Cook|title=Zillow.com offers a closer look at homes|newspaper=Seattle PI|date=2006-04-15|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Zillow-com-offers-a-closer-look-at-homes-1200900.php}}</ref> Zillow uses this functionality for entertainment-focused features on famous homes.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://ny.curbed.com/archives/2006/06/23/zillow_monicas_apartment_from_friends_worth_29_million.php|work=Curbed|title=Zillow: Monica's Apartment From Friends Worth $2.9 Million |date=2006-06-23}}</ref>

In December 2009, Zillow expanded its services to include the rental market.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/15/usa-economy-zillow-idUSN1418982620091215 | work=Reuters | title=Zillow launches rental listings and search service | date=2009-12-15}}</ref> The addition of rental listings enabled users to list a home for rent and search for both rental homes and homes for sale.

In late 2013, Zillow began powering [[AOL]] Real Estate. In July 2014, Zillow also took over the real estate portal for [[MSN]] Real Estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inman.com/2014/07/01/zillow-takes-over-real-estate-search-at-msn-real-estate-for-move-inc/|title=Zillow takes over real estate search at MSN Real Estate after Move Inc.’s exit|last1=Hagey|first1=Paul|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref>In October 2017, Zillow announced to add 3D tours to get 360-degree photos of houses they're interested in buying or renting.

===Zillow Mortgage Marketplace===
On April 3, 2008, Zillow launched a service called Zillow Mortgage Marketplace. This service allows for borrowers to get custom loan quotes without revealing personally identifying information.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gopal |first=Prashant |url=http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/apr2008/bw2008043_948040.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives |title=Zillow Opens Online Mortgage Marketplace |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=2008-04-03 |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynewstribune.com/business/x1059924552 |title=Waltham, MA News - Waltham, Massachusetts - Wicked Local Waltham |publisher=Dailynewstribune.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>

===Zillow Mobile===
Zillow Mobile apps allow users to view nearby homes based on the user's location.
*April 29, 2009 - [[iPhone]] application
* March 18, 2010 - Android application
*April 2, 2010 - [[iPad]] application
* March 31, 2011 - Blackberry application
* July 13, 2012 - Windows Phone application <ref>(Not updated since initial release as of 2015-03-26. Also listed as "This app is no longer published" on 2015-03-26.) You can see it at http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/store/app/zillow/f2cccea4-14a1-e011-986b-78e7d1fa76f8</ref>
* November 27, 2013 - Windows 8.1 application
* November 2015 - [[Apple TV]] application

===Zillow Advice===
On December 16, 2008, Zillow launched Zillow Advice, allowing people to ask real estate questions online and get answers from the Web site's community of experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/realestatenews/archives/156907.asp|title=Get advice from Zillow | Seattle Real Estate News - Seattle Post-Intelligencer|last=Cohen|first=Aubrey|date=2008-12-16|publisher=Blog.seattlepi.com|accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>

===Real estate market reports===
Zillow produces home value reports for the nation and over 130 metropolitan statistical areas. The reports identify market trends including, but not limited to: five and 10-year annualized change, negative equity,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.wsj.com/developments/2009/05/06/affluent-homeowners-underwater-and-sinking-fast/ | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=Affluent Homeowners: Underwater and Sinking Fast | first=Nick | last=Timiraos | date=May 6, 2009}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=August 2016}} short sales and foreclosure transactions.

Zillow also releases a Homeowner Confidence Survey.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN1339409420090514?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews | work=Reuters | title=Most U.S. homeowners think a bottom has been reached: Zillow | date=May 14, 2009}}</ref> The survey is conducted by Harris Interactive and measures homeowners' perceptions about home value changes of their own home and the local market.

====Report for the Bellingam area====
On August 26, 2016 the [[Bellingham Herald]] published housing prices and rental [[statistics]] obtained from Zillow<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellinghamherald.com/news/local/article97955177.html|title=Which Bellingham neighborhoods are seeing jump in home values?|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> which said that these statistics conflicted with those obtained from the [[Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>http://www.fhfa.gov/AboutUs/Reports/ReportDocuments/HPI_2Q2016final.pdf</ref>

===Neighborhood Boundary Maps (GIS Data)===
The Zillow data team has created a database of nearly 7,544 neighborhood boundaries in the largest cities in the U.S. and made them available via Creative Commons Attribute-Sharealike license.{{citation needed|reason=Needs reliable, third-party sources|date=September 2014}

==Website activity==
The company said it had more than 24 million unique visitors in September 2011, representing year-over-year growth of 103 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.zillow.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-11-263477&CIK=1334814|title=Form 8-K|date=October 4, 2011|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://blogs.forbes.com/tomiogeron/2011/04/11/zillow-buys-real-estate-listings-service-postlets/ | work=Forbes | first=Tomio | last=Geron|title=Zillow Buys Real Estate Listings Service Postlets}}</ref> Of those users, 90% own a home and more than three quarters are looking to buy or sell within the next two years, helping others to buy or sell or looking to rent. Zillow claims over 50 million U.S. homes have been viewed. In some cities more than 90% of all homes that exist have been viewed, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston and Seattle.

==Zestimate==
Zillow determines an estimate ("Zestimate," pronounced "ZEST-imate") for a home based on a range of publicly available information, including public data and sales of comparable houses in a neighborhood. According to Zillow, the Zestimate is a starting point in determining a home's value.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/}}</ref> The accuracy of the Zestimate varies by location depending on how much information is publicly available, but Zillow allows users to check the accuracy of Zestimates in their own region against actual sales. In many U.S. states, information on the transfer prices of real estate is readily available and accessible by the general public and is not exclusively held in realtors' databases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dat.state.md.us/sdatweb/datanote.html |title=Maryland tax assessment database allowing searches of all property transfers |publisher=Dat.state.md.us |date= |accessdate=2011-02-26}}</ref>. Zillow also supplies Zestimate Accuracy ratings for varies cities on its [https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/ website].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zillow.com/zestimate/}}</ref>

In March 2011, Zillow released Rent Zestimates, which provide estimated rent prices for 90 million homes on both the Zillow website and all of its mobile apps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/03/09/zillow-debuts-rent-zestimates/ |title=Zillow's Rent Zestimates to provide rent prices for 90 million homes |publisher=VentureBeat |date= |accessdate=2013-09-29}}</ref>

On June 14, 2011, Zillow changed its algorithm used to calculate Zestimates. In addition to changing the current Zestimate for millions of homes throughout the country, Zillow changed historical Zestimate value information dating back to 2006.

==Critique of Zestimate accuracy==
In 2007, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' studied the accuracy of Zillow's estimates and found that they "often are very good, frequently within a few percentage points of the actual price paid. But when Zillow is bad, it can be terrible."<ref>Hagerty, James R. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117142055516708035 "How Good Are Zillow's Estimates?"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', 2007-02-14. Retrieved on 2009-02-25.</ref>

In October 2006, the National Community Reinvestment Coalition filed a complaint with the [[Federal Trade Commission]]<ref>[http://www.ncrc.org/bestpractices/NCRC_Zillow_Complaint1026.pdf "Federal Trade Commission Complaint"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701070236/http://www.ncrc.org/bestpractices/NCRC_Zillow_Complaint1026.pdf |date=July 1, 2007 }}</ref> stating that Zillow was "intentionally misleading consumers and real-estate professionals to rely upon the accuracy of its valuation services despite the full knowledge of the company officials that their valuation Automated Valuation Model (AVM) mechanism is highly inaccurate and misleading." In a letter dated May 4, 2007, the FTC elected not to investigate this complaint,<ref>http://www.bloodhoundrealty.com/BloodhoundBlog/FTC_NCRC_Zillow.pdf</ref> which was later withdrawn by the NCRC.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Real estate agents with specific market knowledge may be more likely to know specific factors affecting the sale of a home such as the overall condition of the home, room flow, landscaping, views, traffic noise, and privacy. These factors have been called ''unzillowables'', a term coined in the real estate [[blogosphere]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Using data published on the Zillow website, the typical Zestimate error in the United States in July 2016 was $14,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zillow Zestimate Accuracy Chart|url=http://www.realestatedecoded.com/zillow-zestimate-accuracy-chart/|website=Real Estate Decoded|accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>

==Controversy and lawsuits==
While factors contributing to estimates are described elsewhere, Zillow seemingly overemphasises home square footage as the major metric driving property valuation. This method may not be unique to Zillow, but unduly distorts value expectations.<ref>{{cite web|title=see LA Times story |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-harney-20150208-story.htmll/1/|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref> Listings in areas where land is priced at high premiums often reflect an identical Zillow Estimate to that of nearby homes with comparable interior square footage, but where the home might be decades older. Condition, age of home, special features, proximity to nuisances are insufficiently factored into the estimate. Zillow has made some effort to add balance by including option for owners to provide their own value estimate; but, these figures can be similarly unreliable as being opinion instead of quantifiable.

In 2014, Zillow faced several lawsuits from former employees at the Zillow operation in [[Irvine, California]], alleging violations of [[California Labor Code]] and [[California Business and Professions Code]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/633646/zillow-escapes-worker-s-5m-ot-class-action-under-landers|title=Zillow Escapes Worker’s $5M OT Class Action Under Landers - Law360|website=www.law360.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> On February 26, 2016, the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California|U.S. District Court for the Central District of California]] certified the class to include anyone who worked as an inside sales consultant at Zillow between November 2010 and January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagobusinesslitigationlawyerblog.com/2016/03/3544.html|title=Class Action Certified As to Zillow Consultants for Unpaid Overtime - Chicago Business Litigation Lawyer Blog|date=2016-03-28|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> Among the numerous allegations brought by high-profile attorneys [[Bobby Samini]] and [[Mark Geragos]], Zillow is accused of failing to pay wages, failing to pay overtime pay, and failing to provide meal and rest breaks. Zillow responded that "the narrative being pushed by this law firm through their multiple lawsuits is completely inconsistent with those who know and work with Zillow...the behavior described does not accurately depict our culture or the 1,200 Zillow employees."<ref name="fortune_discrim">{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/12/05/zillow-discrimination-lawsuit/|title=Zillow's alleged "frat house" culture leads to new lawsuit|publisher=Fortune|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

In addition, Samini and Geragos represented a former Zillow employee in a sexual harassment action against the company, alleging "sexual torture"<ref name="housingwire.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.housingwire.com/articles/32237-mark-geragos-more-zillow-employees-victims-of-sexual-harassment|title=Mark Geragos: More Zillow employees victims of sexual harassment|website=www.housingwire.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> and “the most heinous acts of sexual harassment imaginable.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.housingwire.com/articles/37194-zillow-settles-sexual-harassment-lawsuit|title=Zillow settles sexual harassment lawsuit|website=www.housingwire.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> According to the lawsuit, Zillow's Southern California office represents an “adult frat house where sexual harassment and misconduct are normalized, condoned, and promoted by male managers.”<ref name="housingwire.com"/> Based on the allegations against the company, Samini has called Zillow a "modern day ''[[Animal House]]''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2014-12-04/zillow-is-a-modern-day-animal-house-samini|title=Zillow Is a `Modern Day Animal House': Attorney Samini|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> On May 5, 2016, Zillow settled the action for an undisclosed amount, without admitting any wrongdoings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2016/06/03/zillow-settles-lawsuits-regarding-employees-at.html|title=Zillow settles lawsuits regarding employees at Irvine sales office - L.A. Biz|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

In 2017, Zillow sent a cease and desist letter to the author of [[McMansion Hell]], a blog of original content which satirized photos of ostentatious homes found on the site.<ref name=buzzfeed>{{cite news |last=Dalrymple II |first=Jim |date=June 26, 2017 |title=A 23-Year-Old Woman Shut Down Her Real Estate Blog After Zillow Threatened Her|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jimdalrympleii/zillow-went-after-this-23-year-olds-popular-real-estate |work= Buzzfeed |access-date=June 28, 2017 }}</ref> Zillow's claims were described by legal experts as lacking merit and the company was accused of using its resources to infringe on free speech.<ref name=gizmodo>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Jennings |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Zillow Sends Cease and Desist Letter to McMansion Hell, the Architectural Criticism Blog We Need Right Now [Updated] |url=https://gizmodo.com/zillow-sends-cease-and-desist-letter-to-mcmansion-hell-1796435051 |work= Gizmodo |access-date=June 28, 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Redfin]]
*[[Trulia]]
*[[ZipRealty]]
*[[Zameen.com]]
*[[PropertyShark]]
*[[Realtor.com]]

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.zillow.com/}}

{{Online real estate databases}}
{{NASDAQ Financial-100}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zillow.Com}}
[[Category:Companies based in Seattle]]
[[Category:Online real estate databases]]
[[Category:Real estate valuation]]
[[Category:Online real estate companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]]
[[Category:Media companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Washington (state)]]

Rural health

2017-10-12T23:06:26Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 38.112.107.82 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.3.0)

[[File:Elders at health worker training (5762508115).jpg|thumb|Village elders participate in a training for rural health care workers in [[Ethiopia]].]]
In [[medicine]], '''rural health''' or '''rural medicine''' is the [[interdisciplinary]] study of [[health]] and [[health care]] delivery in [[rural]] environments. The concept of rural health incorporates many fields, including [[geography]], [[midwifery]], [[nursing]], [[sociology]], [[economics]], and [[telehealth]] or [[telemedicine]].

Research shows that the healthcare needs of individuals living in rural areas are different from those in urban areas, and rural areas often suffer from a lack of access to healthcare. These differences are the result of geographic, demographic, [[socioeconomic]], workplace, and personal health factors. For example, many rural communities have a large proportion of elderly people and children. With relatively few people of working age (20–50 years of age), such communities have a high [[dependency ratio]]. People living in rural areas also tend to have poorer socioeconomic conditions, less education, higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use, and higher [[mortality rates]] when compared to their urban counterparts.<ref name=initiative>{{cite book|title=How healthy are Rural Canadians? An Assessment of Their Health Status and Health Determinants|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/rural06/pdf/rural_canadians_2006_report_e.pdf|year=2006|publisher=Canadian Institute for Health Information|location=Ottawa|isbn=978-1-55392-881-2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308025204/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/rural06/pdf/rural_canadians_2006_report_e.pdf|archivedate=2010-03-08 |ref=harv}}</ref> There are also high rates of poverty amongst rural dwellers in many parts of the world, and poverty is one of the biggest [[social determinants of health in poverty|social determinants of health]].

Many countries have made it a priority to increase funding for research on rural health.<ref>{{cite journal|isbn=07308 56844|agency=National Rural Health Alliance|year=2003|title=Healthy Horizons- Outlook 2003-2007: A Framework for Improving the Health of Rural, Regional, and Remote Australians|publisher=Australian Health Ministries’ Advisory Council’s National Rural Health Policy Sub-committee and the National Rural Health Alliance for the Australian Health Minister’s Conference|url=http://www.ruralhealth.org.au/sites/default/files/healthy-horizons/healthy%20horizons%20outlook%202003-2007.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.srpc.ca/PDF/rural_hands.pdf|author=Ministerial Advisory Council on Rural Health|year=2002|title=Rural Health in Rural Hands: Strategic Directions for Rural, Remote, Northern and Aboriginal Communities|location=Ottawa|publisher=Health Canada}}</ref> These efforts have led to the development of several research institutes with rural [[Health maintenance organization#Regulation|health mandates]], including the [[Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research]] in [[Canada]], [[Countryside Agency]] in the [[United Kingdom]], the Institute of Rural Health in [[Australia]], and the [[New Zealand]] Institute of Rural Health. These research efforts are designed to help identify the healthcare needs of rural communities and provide policy solutions to ensure those needs are met. The concept of incorporating the needs of rural communities into government services is sometimes referred to as ''rural proofing''.

==Definitions==
There is no international standard for defining rural areas, and standards may vary even within an individual country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population density and urbanization|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbmethods.htm#B|work=United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pong, R. W.|author2=Pitbaldo, R, J|year=2001|title=Don't take "geography" for granted! Some methodological issues in measuring geographic distribution of physicians|journal=Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine|volume=6|page=105}}</ref> The most commonly used methodologies fall into two main camps: population-based factors and geography-based factors. The methodologies used for identifying rural areas include [[population size]], [[population density]], distance from an urban centre, settlement patterns, [[labor market]] influences, and postal codes.<ref name=Pitblado_2005>{{cite journal|last=Pitblado|first=JR|title=So, what do we mean by "rural," "remote" and "northern"?|journal=The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research|date=March 2005 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=163–8|pmid=15887771}}</ref>

The reported number of individuals living in rural areas can vary greatly depending on which set of standards is applied. Canada’s rural population can be identified as anywhere from 22% to 38%,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=du Plessis, V.|author2=Beshiri, R.|author3=Bollman, R.|author4=Clemenson, H.|year=2001|title=Definitions of Rural|journal=Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin|volume=3|number=3|url=http://www.communityaccounts.ca/communityaccounts/ca_google_maps/PDF_Links/Stats_Canada_Definition_of_Rural_2006.pdf}}</ref> of the population. In the [[United States]] the variation is greater; between 17% and 63% of the population may be identified as living in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=United-States Department of Agriculture|year=2007|title=Rural Definitions: Data Documentation and Methods|accessdate=January 31, 2008|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Ruraldefinitions/documentation.htm}}</ref> The lack of consensus makes it difficult to identify the number of individuals who are in need of rural healthcare services.

==Life expectancy==
Studies show that in many parts of the world [[Life expectancy|life expectancy rates]] are higher in urban areas than in rural areas.<ref name=initiative /> There is some evidence to suggest that the gap may be widening in these countries as economic conditions and health education has improved in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stephens|first=Stephanie|title=Gap in Life Expectancy Between Rural and Urban Residents Is Growing|url=http://www.cfah.org/hbns/2014/gap-in-life-expectancy-between-rural-and-urban-residents-is-growing|work=Center for Advancing Health|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref>

In Canada, life expectancy in men ranged from 74 years in the most remote areas to 76.8 years in its urban centers. For women, life expectancy was also lowest in rural areas, with an average of 81.3 years. Those living in rural areas adjacent to urban centers also experience higher life expectancies (with men at 77.4 years and women at 81.5 years). Australian life expectancies ranged from 78 years in major cities to 72 years in remote locations.<ref name="welfare2005">{{cite web|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|year=2005|title=Rural, regional, and remote health: Indicators of health|accessdate=February 19, 2008|url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10123|isbn=9781740244671}}</ref> In China, the life expectancy of females is 73.59 years in urban areas and 72.46 in rural areas. Male life expectancy varies from 69.73 years in urban areas and 58.99 in rural areas.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shen|first=J|title=Analysis of urban-rural population dynamics of China: a multiregional life table approach|journal=Environment & Planning|date=February 1993|volume=25|issue=2|pages=245–53|pmid=12286564|doi=10.1068/a250245}}</ref>

However, there are countries such as the United Kingdom, where life expectancy in rural areas exceeds that of urban areas. Life expectancy there is two years greater for men and one-and-a-half years greater for women in rural areas when compared to urban areas. This may be due, in part, to smaller economic disparities in rural areas as well as an increasing number of well-educated and wealthy individuals moving to rural areas in retirement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramesh|first=Randeep|title=Country dwellers live longer, report on 'rural idyll' shows|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/may/25/rural-idyll-boots-life-expectancy|accessdate=9 March 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 May 2010}}</ref> This is a significant departure to the [[rural poverty]] found in many countries.

==Health determinants==

===Access to healthcare===
[[File:Telemedicine Consult.jpg|thumb|Telemedicine consult: Dr. Juan Manuel Romero, a cardiologist in [[Sonora, Mexico]], engages in a pre-op consultation with Alma Guadalupe Xoletxilva, who is {{convert|640|km|abbr=on}} away in [[La Paz, Baja California]]. Telemedicine helps deliver care to patients in rural and remote areas.]]
People in rural areas generally have less access to healthcare than their urban counterparts. Fewer medical practitioners, mental health programs and healthcare facilities in these areas often mean less preventative care and longer response times in emergencies. The lack of healthcare workers has resulted in unconventional ways of delivering healthcare to rural dwellers, including medical consultations by phone or internet as well as mobile preventative care and treatment programs. There have been increased efforts to attract health professionals to isolated locations, such as increasing the number of medical students from rural areas and improving financial incentives for rural practices.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1503/cmaj.070293|pmc=2211345|author=Rourke, J.|year=2008|title=Increasing the number of rural physicians|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=178|pages=322–325|pmid=18227453}}</ref>

Canadians living in rural areas and small towns have access to half as many physicians (1 per 1000 residents) as their urban counterparts. On average, these individuals have to travel five times the distance (an average of {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=x| [|]}})to access these services.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ng, E.|author2=Wilkins, R.|author3=Pole, J.|author4=Adams, O.|year=1999|title=How far to the nearest physician|journal=Rural and Small Town Analysis Bulletin|volume=1|pages=1–7}}</ref> They also have fewer specialized health care services such as dentists, dental surgeons, and [[social workers]]. One study found [[Emergency medical services|ambulance service]] was available in only 40% of the selected sites, [[blood testing|blood]] and [[urinalysis|Urine]] testing services in one third of the sites, and only one of the 19 sites had [[Neonatal intensive care unit|neonatal services]]. [[Nursing|Nursing service]] had reduced from 26.3% in 1998 to 21.1% in 2005.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Halseth, G.|author2=Ryser, L.|url=http://www.jrcd.ca/include/getdoc.php?id=75&article=48&mode=pdf|year=2006|title=Trends in service delivery: Examples from rural and small town Canada, 1998 to 2005|journal=Journal of Rural and Community Development|volume=1|pages=69–90}}</ref>

The gap in services is due, in part, to the focus of funding on higher-population areas. In [[China]] only 10% of the rural population had [[medical insurance]] in 1993, compared with 50% of urban residents.<ref name=brant2006>{{cite journal|author1=Brant, S.|author2=Garris, M.|author3=Okeke, E.|author4=Rosenfeld, J.|url=http://www.umich.edu/~ipolicy/IEDP/2006china/1%29%20Access%20to%20Health%20Care%20in%20Rural%20China,%20A%20Policy%20Discussion.pdf|year=2006|title=Access to Care in Rural China: a Policy Discussion|publisher=The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan|pages=1–19|accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref> In the 1990s, only 20% of the government's [[Public health system|public health]] spending went to the rural health system, which served 70% of the Chinese population.<ref name="brant2006"/> In the United States, between 1990 and 2000, 228 rural hospitals closed, leading to a reduction of 8,228 hospital beds.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=U.S Department of Health and Human Services|year=2003|title=Trends in rural hospital closure 1990–2000|accessdate=February 19, 2008|url=http://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-04-02-00610.pdf}}</ref> In 2009, patients living in rural areas of the United States were transferred to other facilities for care at a rate three times higher than that of patients in large central metropolitan areas.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kindermann|first=D|author2=Mutter, R |author3=Pines, JM |title=Emergency Department Transfers to Acute Care Facilities, 2009: Statistical Brief #155|date=February 2006|pmid=24006549}}</ref>

Rural areas, especially in Africa, have greater difficulties in recruiting and retaining qualified and skilled professionals in the healthcare field.<ref Name=TheWorldBank2008>{{cite web|publisher=The World Bank|year=2008|title=Health Workers Needed: Poor Left Without Care in Africa’s Rural Areas|accessdate=February 27, 2009|url=http://go.worldbank.org/IUY3J2M0A0}}</ref> In [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], urban and more prosperous areas have disproportionately more of the countries’ skilled health care workers.<ref Name="TheWorldBank2008"/> For example, urban [[Zambia]] has 20 times more doctors and over five times more nurses and [[midwife|midwives]] than the rural areas. In [[Malawi]], 87% of its population lives in rural areas, but 96.6% of doctors are found in urban health facilities. [[Burkina Faso]] has one midwife per 8,000 inhabitants in richer zones, and one per nearly 430,000 inhabitants in the poorest zone.<ref Name="TheWorldBank2008"/> In [[South Africa]] alone, half of their population lives in rural areas, but only 12% of doctors actually practice there.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Atlantic Philanthropies|year=2012|title=Bring Health Care Services to Rural Africa|accessdate=Dec 13, 2013|url=http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/bringing-health-care-services-rural-south-africa}}</ref> One solution has been to develop programs designed to train women to perform home-based health care for patients in Rural Africa. One such program is African Solutions to African Problems (ASAP).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=African Solutions to African Problems|year=2013|title=Health|accessdate=December 2, 2013|url=https://africansolutions.org/health/}}</ref>

===Working conditions===
Rural areas often have fewer job opportunities and higher unemployment rates than urban areas. The professions that are available are often physical in nature, including farming, forestry, fishing, manufacturing, and mining.<ref name=BollmanBiggs>{{cite journal|last=Bollman|first=Ray D.|title=An Overview of Rural and Small Town Canada|journal=Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics|date=13 Nov 2008|volume=39|issue=4|pages=805–817|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7976.1991.tb03642.x}}</ref><ref>U.S Congress, 1991</ref> These occupations are often accompanied by greater health and safety hazards due to the use of complex machinery, exposure to chemicals, working hours, noise pollution, harsher climates, and physical labor. Rural work forces thus report higher rates of life-threatening injuries.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=9805522|author1=Gerberich S.G.|author2=Gibson, R.W.|author3=French, L.R.|author4=Lee, T.Y.|author5=Carr, W.P.|author6=Kochevar, L.|author7=Renier, C.M.|author8=Shutske, J.|year=1998|title=Machinery-related injuries: Regional Rural Injury Study-I (RRIS-I)|journal=Accident Analysis and Prevention|volume=30|pages=93–804|issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=10405669|pmc=1230438|author1=Pickett, W.|author2=Hartling, L.|author3=Brison, R. J.|author4=Guernsey, J. R.|author5=Program|url=http://www.cmaj.ca/content/160/13/1843|year=1999|title=Fatal work-related farm injuries in Canada, 1991-1995|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|number=13|volume=160|pages=1843–1848}}</ref>

===Personal health===
Lifestyle and personal health choices also affect the health and expected longevity of individuals in rural areas. Persons from rural areas report higher rates of smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke, and obesity than those in urban areas. Additionally, rural areas often have low rates of fruits and vegetable consumption even where farming is prevalent.<ref name=initiative />

While homicide rates are lower in rural areas, death by injury, suicide and poisoning are significantly more prevalent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Bryan|title=In Town vs. Country, It Turns Out That Cities Are the Safest Places to Live|url=http://science.time.com/2013/07/23/in-town-versus-country-it-turns-out-that-cities-are-the-safest-places-to-live/|accessdate=9 March 2014|newspaper=Time|date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Butterfield|first=Fox|title=Social Isolation, Guns and a 'Culture of Suicide'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/13/health/13rural.html?_r=0|accessdate=9 March 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 February 2005}}</ref> The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare also reports higher rates of interpersonal violence in rural communities.<ref name=welfare2005 />

===Physical environment===
In many countries a lack of critical infrastructure and development in rural areas can impair rural health. Insufficient [[wastewater]] treatment, lack of paved roads, and exposure to agricultural chemicals have been identified as additional environmental concerns for those living in rural locations.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aday, L. A.|author2=Quill, B. E.|author3=Reyes-Gibby, C. C.|year=2001|chapter=Equity in rural health and health care|editor1=Loue, Sana|editor2=Quill, B.E.|title=Handbook of Rural Health|location=New York City|publisher=Kluwer Academic-Penum Publishers|pages=45–72|isbn=9780306464799}}</ref> The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reports lower water quality and increased crowding of households as factors affecting disease control in rural and remote locations.<ref name=welfare2005 />

==Efforts to increase health==
Since the mid-1980s, there has been increased attention on the discrepancies between healthcare outcomes between individuals in rural areas and those in urban areas. Since that time there has been increased funding by governments and non-governmental organizations to research rural health, provide needed medical services, and incorporate the needs of rural areas into governmental healthcare policy.<ref>{{cite web|title=A New Era of Responsibility|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf|publisher=United States Office of Management and Budget}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Humphreys|first=J|author2=Hegney, D |author3=Lipscombe, J |author4=Gregory, G |author5= Chater, B |title=Whither rural health? Reviewing a decade of progress in rural health.|journal=The Australian Journal of Rural Health|date=February 2002|volume=10|issue=1|pages=2–14|pmid=11952516|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1584.2002.00435.x}}</ref> Some countries have started rural proofing programs to ensure that the needs of rural communities, including rural health, are incorporated into national policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rural proofing guidance|url=https://www.gov.uk/rural-proofing-guidance|work=Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|date=16 May 2013|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What makes rural New Zealand different|url=http://www.mpi.govt.nz/agriculture/rural-communities/rural-proofing/what-makes-rural-new-zealand-different|work=Ministry for Primary Industries|publisher=Government of New Zealand| date=17 September 2010|accessdate=9 March 2014}}</ref>

Research centers (such as the Center for Rural and Northern Health Research at [[Laurentian University]], the Center for Rural Health at the [[University of North Dakota]], and the RUPRI Center) and rural health advocacy groups (such as the [[National Rural Health Association]], National Organization of State Offices of Rural Health, [[National Rural Health Alliance]]) have been developed in several nations to inform and combat rural health issues.<ref>{{cite conference|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218092137/http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/798A711D-DC30-4E27-8DD6-19561EB969CC/0/ottawa_charter.pdf|archivedate=February 18, 2012|publisher=World Health Organization|title=Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion|date=November 21, 1986|conference=First International Conference on Health Promotion|accessdate=February 15, 2009|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/798A711D-DC30-4E27-8DD6-19561EB969CC/0/ottawa_charter.pdf}}</ref>

===Rural health projects worldwide===
In Canada, many provinces have started to [[decentralize]] primary care and move towards a more regional approach. The [Local Health Integration Network] was established in [[Ontario, Canada|Ontario]] in 2007 order to address the needs of the many Ontarians living in rural, northern, and remote areas.<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=North East Local Health Integration Network|year=2006|title=Population health profile: North East LHIN|location=North Bay, Ontario: North East LHIN|accessdate=January 20, 2009|url=http://www.health.gov.on.ca/transformation/providers/information/resources/profiles/profile_northeast.pdf}}</ref> In China, a US $50 million pilot project was approved in 2008 to improve public health in rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=China Daily|year= 2008|title=China launches rural health project|accessdate=March 2, 2009|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-10/20/content_7122784.htm}}</ref> China is also planning to introduce a national health care system.

An evaluation of a community organizing, mother and infant health program called the Sure Start project in rural [[India]] showed that community organization around maternal and infant health improvement lead to actual improvement in the health of the mother. The evaluation also showed that these [[Community-based program design|community based programs]] lead to increased use of health services by the mothers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Acharya|first1=Arnab|last2=Lalwani|first2=Tanya|last3=Dutta|first3=Rahul|last4=Rajaratnam|first4=Julie Knoll|last5=Ruducha|first5=Jenny|last6=Varkey|first6=Leila Caleb|last7=Wunnava|first7=Sita|last8=Menezes|first8=Lysander|last9=Taylor|first9=Catharine|last10=Bernson|first10=Jeff|title=Evaluating a Large-Scale Community-Based Intervention to Improve Pregnancy and Newborn Health Among the Rural Poor in India|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=13 November 2014|volume=105|issue=1|pages=144–152|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.302092|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302092|issn=0090-0036}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Health Resources and Services Administration]] funds the Rural Hospital Performance Improvement Project to improve the quality of care for hospitals with fewer than 200 beds.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/perspectives/challenges-facing-rural-health-care |title=Challenges Facing Rural Health Care: A Conversation With Brock Slabach, Senior Vice President for Member Services at the National Rural Health Association |date=2013-04-17 |accessdate=2013-09-29}}</ref> [[Eula Hall]] founded the [[Mud Creek Clinic]] in [[Grethel, Kentucky]] to provide free and reduced-priced healthcare to residents of [[Appalachia]]. In [[Indiana]], [[St. Vincent Health]] implemented the Rural and Urban Access to Health to enhance access to care for under-served populations, including Hispanic [[migrant workers]]. As of December 2012, the program had facilitated more than 78,000 referrals to care and enabled the distribution of US $43.7 million worth of free or reduced-cost [[prescription drugs]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/field-based-outreach-workers-facilitate-access-health-care-and-social-services-underserved |title=Field-Based Outreach Workers Facilitate Access to Health Care and Social Services for Underserved Individuals in Rural Areas |date=2013-05-01 |accessdate=2013-05-13}}</ref> Owing to the challenges of providing rural healthcare services worldwide, the non-profit group [Remote Area Medical] began as an effort to provide care in third-world nations but now provide services primarily in the US.

===Telemedicine and rural health===
For residents of rural areas, the lengthy travel time and distance to larger, more developed urban and metropolitan health centers present significant restrictions on access to essential health care services. [[Telemedicine]] has been suggested as a way of overcoming transportation barriers for patients and health care providers in rural and geographically isolated areas. According to the Health Resources Services Administration, telemedicine may be defined as the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long-distance healthcare and clinical relationships.<ref>Telehealth use in Rural Healthcare. Rural Assistance Center Web site. http://www.raconline.org/topics/telehealth Published October 2011. Updated August 5, 2014. Accessed November 1, 2014.</ref><ref name="it"/> Relevant literature notes that telemedicine provides clinical, education, and administrative benefits for rural areas.<ref name=rose>Smith, A., Bensink, M., Armfield, N., Stillman, J.,& Caffery, L. Telemedicine and rural health care applications. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2005; 51: 286-293.</ref><ref name=hun>McCrossin R. Successes and failures with grand rounds via videoconferencing at the Royal Children's Hospital in Brisbane. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare.2001;7:25-8.</ref> First, telemedicine eases the burden of clinical services by the utilization of electronic technology in the direct interaction between health care providers, such as primary and specialist health providers, nurses, and technologists and patients in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases and illnesses.<ref name=bambi>Hornsby D. Videoconference Usage Report: May 2000. Brisbane: Queensland Telemedicine Network (Queensland Health);2000</ref> Secondly, the advantage of telemedicine on educational services includes the delivery of healthcare related lectures and workshops through video and tele-conferencing, practical simulations, and web casting. In rural communities, medical professionals may utilize pre-recorded lectures for medical or health care students at remote sites.<ref name=rose /><ref name=hun /> Also, healthcare practitioners in urban and metropolitan areas may utilize teleconferences and diagnostic simulations to assist understaffed healthcare centers in rural communities diagnose and treat patients from a distance.<ref name=bambi /> In a study of rural Queensland health systems, more developed urban health centers used video-conferencing to educate rural physicians on treatment and diagnostic advancements for breast and prostate cancer, as well as various skin disorders, such as eczema and chronic irritations.<ref name=bambi /> Thirdly, telemedicine may pose significant administrative benefits to rural areas.<ref name=rose /> Not only does telemedicine aid in the collaboration among health providers with regard to the utilization of electronic medical records, but telemedicine may pose benefits for interviewing medical professionals in remote areas for position vacancies and the transmission of necessary operation-related information between rural health systems and larger, more developed healthcare systems.<ref name=hun /><ref name=bambi />

=== Application of Telemedicine in rural areas ===
There are two primary methods of telemedicine, which are real-time and store and forward.<ref name=bambi />

=== Real-Time Telemedicine===
In real-time telemedicine, electronic telecommunication allows providers and patients to send and receive health-related information instantly or with limited delay.<ref name=it>Rural Health. HealthIT.gov Website. http://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/frequently-asked-questions/487#id157 Accessed November 3, 2014.</ref> The most predominate method of real-time telemedicine is videoconferencing.<ref name=it /> The primary advantage of real-time telemedicine is that it significantly reduces wait time rural patients incur when seeking more specialized health services, and information is shared at an increasing speed.<ref name=rose /><ref name=bambi /> Although the costs of videoconferencing equipment may pose strain on the limited financial resources of rural areas, the availability of more advanced and cheaper communication channels, direct two-way audio, and electronic video streaming between rural and more developed urban and metropolitan health centers through computers have led to more economical options.<ref name=rose /><ref name=bambi />

==== Application of Real-Time Telemedicine====

===== Telepediatrics =====
It was noted in a study conducted by the University of Queensland that the use of telemedicine within pediatrics provided convenient access to specialist and pediatric services for rural areas lacking on-site pediatricians.<ref name="rose"/><ref name= bambi /> Telepediatrics involves a wide range of telecommunication options.<ref name="rose"/> The most utilized methods are email, telephone correspondence, and videoconferences.<ref name="rose"/><ref name=bambi /> Approximately 85 percent of all correspondences result in consultations by videoconference. Physicians are able to provide treatment counseling and diagnostic follow-ups by remote satellite conferences. In the study of telemedicine in remote Australian locations conducted by the University of Queensland, it was noted the benefit of telepediatrics spread to more than 35 different pediatric sub-specialties, including cardiology, nephrology, neurology, dermatology, oncology, and psychiatry.<ref name=hot>Finley, J., Sharratt, G., Nanton, M., Chen, R., Bryan, P., & Wolstenholme J. Paediatric echocardiography by telemedicine - nine years' experience. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 1997;3:200-4.</ref> For example, remote teledermatology consultations have become commonplace at many medical centers.<ref name=bambi /> Many diagnostic dermatology evaluations for young children can be performed by using high-quality still images. Although standard video cameras used in teleconferencing systems may not provide enough detail to make a dermatologic diagnosis, special peripheral cameras termed [[dermatoscopes]] have proven adequate.<ref name=bambi />

Additionally, the estimated savings garner by telepediatrics is approximately $1.1 million per year for rural health districts, with regard to travel time and costs.<ref name=hot /> Nevertheless, within rural areas, the effectiveness of telepediatric services hinders on patient-provider coordination, establishment of videoconferencing facilities, and the ability of the rural health centers to garner financial support.<ref name=it /><ref name="rose"/><ref name=bambi /><ref name=hot />

===== Home Telemedicine =====
According to the World Health Organization, home health may be defined as the “provision of health services by formal and informal caregivers in the home in order to promote, restore, and maintain an individual’s maximum level of comfort, function, and health …” <ref name=bambi /> In 2005, approximately 7.5 million of the 50 million people living in rural American localities were over the age of 65.<ref name=aca>Affordable Care Act provisions affecting the rural elderly. National Advisory Committee Rural Health and Human Services website. http://www.hrsa.gov/advisorycommittees/rural/publications/elderly.pdf Created December 2011. Accessed November 12, 2014.</ref> The rural elderly are more likely to have limited transportation options when compared to their urban counterparts, as rural areas generally lack public transportation and nearby healthcare facilities.<ref name=bambi /><ref name=aca /> Nonetheless, home-telemedicine provides options, with regard to the provision of services for asthma, cardiac disease, and smoking cessation.<ref name=aca /> For many of these health services, the primary mode of service delivery is the telephone service, as telephones are the cheapest and most readily available source of communication in rural areas.<ref name=bambi /><ref name=aca /> Healthcare providers may discuss treatment options with patients, review diagnostic information, and complete exit counseling over the phone.<ref name=bambi /> Additionally, home telephone lines may provide the necessary bandwidth for the electronic transmission of clinical information, such as blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and weight measurements, through NetMeeting software and web cameras.<ref name=aca />

===Store and Forward Telemedicine===
While there are primary advantages of real-time telemedicine, the service may not be appropriate in all situations, particularly when it is not possible to gather patients and health care providers at the same time.<ref name=bambi /> This method of telemedicine does not require all consulting parties to partake in the exchange of information at the same time, but rather the information may be reviewed at the participants’ convenience.<ref name=bambi /> Emails, fax, and post mailings are the primary methods of delivering store and forward telemedicine.<ref name="rose"/><ref name=bambi />

====Application of Store and Forward Telemedicine====

=====Teleradiology=====
According to the [[World Health Organization]], teleradiology may be utilized to increase treatment and management options for specialists serving rural areas remotely.<ref name=bambi /> Teleradiology greatly improves the quality of services delivered to rural citizens by increasing access to radiologists without traveling to distant locations for service.<ref name=radio>Crowe BL, Hailey DM, de Silva M. Teleradiology at a children's hospital: a pilot study. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 1996;2:210-6.</ref> The benefits are especially noted when service delivery requires the consultation of sub-specialists, such as neuroradiologists and pediatric radiologists, as these healthcare providers are generally located in larger urban research hospitals.<ref name=radio />
In teleradiology, a healthcare provider transmits radiological images, including X-ray computed tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), to other health providers in remote locations.<ref name=it /><ref name=radio /> Teleradiology uses standardized network technologies such as the internet, telephone lines, broadband, and local area networks. Specialized software is used to transmit the images and enable the radiologist to effectively analyze the information transmitted by the rural provider.<ref name=it /><ref name=bambi /> The providers to not need to simultaneously conduct virtual meetings online or mobile telephone conferences, but rather may send and review information at any time, 24 hours a day.<ref name=it /><ref name=radio /> Health providers have the option of reviewing the materials during the consultation with the patient, prior to the meeting, or at any other time.<ref name=radio />

===== Telepsychiatry =====
Access to mental health services have also been increased through the use of telemedicine. Telepsychiatry through video conferencing sessions allows individuals in remote areas to have one-on-one sessions with a mental health professional.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Maria Lopez, MD, MPH, FACP |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/videoconferencing-enhances-access-psychiatric-care-children-and-adults-mental-illness-rural |title=Academic Telepsychiatry Programs Enhance Access for Rural Populations |date=2013-12-04 | accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> In the United States, several programs have been established that use telemedicine to provide mental health services to rural patients. Between 2007 and 2012, the [[University of Virginia Health System]] implemented a videoconferencing project that allowed child psychiatry fellows to host approximately 12,000 sessions with children and adolescents living in rural parts of the state.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/videoconferencing-enhances-access-psychiatric-care-children-and-adults-mental-illness-rural |title=Videoconferencing Enhances Access to Psychiatric Care for Children and Adults With Mental Illness in Rural Settings |date=2013-12-04 | accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> In 2009, the South Carolina Department of Mental Health established a partnership with the [[University of South Carolina School of Medicine]] and the South Carolina Hospital Association to form a statewide telepsychiatry program that provides access to psychiatrists to treat patients with mental health issues who present at emergency departments in the network.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/statewide-partnership-provides-mental-health-assessments-telemedicine-patients-rural |title=Statewide Partnership Provides Mental Health Assessments via Telemedicine to Patients in Rural Emergency Departments, Reducing Wait Times, Hospitalizations, and Costs |date=2013-12-04 | accessdate=2013-12-04}}</ref> Videoconferencing has also been used to diagnose child abuse in remote emergency departments and clinics.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/child-abuse-experts-provide-videoconference-enabled-consultations-providers-remote |title=Child Abuse Experts Provide Videoconference-Enabled Consultations to Providers in Remote Emergency Departments and Clinics, Leading to More Accurate Diagnosis |date=2014-03-26 | accessdate=2014-03-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rural and Isolated Practice Registered Nurses]]
* [[Rural Health Care in Australia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|author=Strong|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|year=1998|title=Health in rural and remote Australia: The first report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare on rural health|accessdate=6 June 2014|url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=6442466996|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite web|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|year=2004|title=Remoteness classifications |accessdate=6 June 2014|url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/rural-health-remoteness-classifications/}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Beshri, R.|author2=Alfred, E.|year=2002|title=Immigrants in rural Canada|location=Ottawa|publisher=Statistic Canada|volume=4}}
* {{cite journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030726012313/http://rural.gc.ca/research/note/note1_e.pdf|archivedate=July 26, 2003|series=Canadian Rural Partnership Research and Analysis|year=2002|title=Canadian rural population trends|work=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Publication|number=2138/E|url=http://www.rural.gc.ca/research/note/note1_e.pdf}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=Peoples Daily Online|year=2007|title=China’s rural population shrinks to 56% of the population|accessdate=February 27, 2009|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6288946.html}}
* {{cite journal|author=Countryside and Community Research Unit|archivedate=July 9, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709165356/http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/pdfs/research/demography.pdf|year=2003|title=The demography of rural areas: A literature review|accessdate=February 20, 2008|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/pdfs/research/demography.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://cms.wiltshire.gov.uk/Data/Executive%20%28NWDC%29/20060202/Agenda/Appendix%202%20to%20Report%2013.pdf|author=Countryside Agency|year=2002|title=Rural Proofing – Policy Makers’ Checklist|location=Wetherby, UK|publisher=Countryside Agency Publications}}
* {{cite journal|author=Department of Primary Industries and Energy & Department of Human Services and Health|year=1994|title=Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Areas Classification 1991 Census Edition|accessdate=January 31, 2008|url=http://www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/45724/subdr096.pdf}}
* {{cite web|publisher=Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs|title=Rural and Urban Area Classification Collection |date=1 May 2014 |accessdate=5 June 2014 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/rural-urban-definition}}
* {{cite journal|author=Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs|archivedate=January 1, 2007|archiveurl=http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/ruralstats/rural-defn/LAClassifications_introguide.pdf|year=2005|title=Defra Classification of Local Authority Districts and Unitary Authorities in England: An Introductory Guide|accessdate=January 31, 2008|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/ruralstats/rural-defn/LAClassifications_introguide.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|author=Economic Research Service|year=1998|title=Rural Median Household Income Increases|work=Rural Conditions and Trends: Socioeconomic Conditions Issue|number=8|pages=28–30}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/publications/Report_Demographics.pdf|author=Johnson, K.|year=2006|title=Demographic Trends in Rural and Small Town America|work=Reports on Rural America|volume=1|pages=1–36}}
* {{cite journal|last=Liu|first=L|author2=Hader, J |author3=Brossart, B |author4=White, R |author5= Lewis, S |title=Impact of rural hospital closures in Saskatchewan, Canada|journal=Social Science & Medicine|date=June 2001|volume=52|issue=12|page=1803|pmid=11352406|doi=10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00298-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Urban-Rural Health Comparisons: Key Results of the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey|year=2007|author=Ministry of Health|location=Wellington, N.Z.|isbn=978-0-478-30742-9|url=http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/urban-rural-health-comparisons-key-results-2002-03-new-zealand-health-survey}}
* {{cite book|author=Mueller, K.J|year=2001|chapter=Rural health policy: Past as a prelude to the future|editor1=Loue, Sana|editor2=Quill, B.E.|title=Handbook of Rural Health|location=New York City|publisher=Kluwer Academic-Penum Publishers|pages=45–72|isbn=9780306464799}}
* {{cite book|author1=Pong, R.W.|author2=DesMeules, M. |author3=Manuel, D. |author4=Guernsey, J. |author5=Kazanjian, A. |author6=Wang, F. |title=Health Services Utilization in Rural Canada: Are There Distinct Rural Patterns?|publisher=Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research, Laurentian University}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.shepscenter.unc.edu/rural/pubs/report/ruralit.pdf|title=Definitions of Rural: A Handbook for Health Policy Makers and Researchers|first1=Thomas C.|last1=Ricketts|first2=Karen D.|last2=Johnson-Webb|first3=Patricia|last3=Taylor|location=Chapel Hill|publisher=North Carolina Rural Health Research Program, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina|year=1998|page=13}}
* {{cite book|author= Romanow, R. J.|year=2002|title=Building on values: The future of health care in Canada|location=Ottawa, Ontario|publisher=Commission of the Future of health Care in Canada}}
* {{cite journal|author=Singh, V.|year=2004|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/21-006-x/21-006-x2004007-eng.pdf|title=The rural-urban income gap within provinces: An update to 2000|journal=Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin|volume=5|number=7}}
* {{cite journal|author=Statistics Canada|year=2003|title=Aboriginal people of Canada: A demographic profile|location=Ottawa|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/access_acces/push_pdf.cfm?FILE_REQUESTED=\english\census01\products\analytic\companion\abor\pdf&File_Name=96F0030XIE2001007.pdf}}
* {{cite web|author=Statistics New Zealand|year=2008|title=New Zealand: An Urban/Rural Profile|accessdate=January 31, 2008|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/urban-rural-profiles/default.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127020843/http://www.stats.govt.nz/urban-rural-profiles/default.htm|archivedate=27 January 2008}}
* {{cite journal|author=U.S. Congress|year=1991|title=Rural America at the Crossroads: Networking for the Future|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ota/Ota_2/DATA/1991/9136.PDF|postscript=. OTA-TCT-471.|location=Washington, DC|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.aihw.gov.au/rural-health-publications/ Rural health publications] - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
* [http://ruralhealth.hrsa.gov/ Office of Rural Health Policy] – United States Department of Health and Human Services
* [http://www.ruralhealthweb.org National Rural Health Association]
* [http://nosorh.org National Organization of State Offices of Rural Health]
* [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/rh-sr/index.html Office of Rural Health] – Health Agency of Canada
* [http://www.rwhc.com Rural Wisconsin Health Cooperative]
* [http://ric.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=5&tax_level=2&tax_subject=211&topic_id=1157 Health Resources] – USDA, National Agricultural Library, Rural Information Center.
* [http://www.raconline.org/ Rural Assistance Center]
* [http://www.rhef.com.au/ Rural Health Education Foundation] – Australia
* [http://www.rgpn.org.nz New Zealand Rural General Practice Network ] - New Zealand

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rural Health}}
[[Category:Determinants of health]]
[[Category:Rural culture]]

User talk:66.213.24.117

2017-10-12T23:06:12Z

Edderso: Level 2 warning re. LGBT in Islam (HG) (3.3.0)

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LGBTQ people and Islam

2017-10-12T23:06:10Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 66.213.24.117 (talk): addition of unsourced content (HG) (3.3.0)

'''LGBT in Islam''' is influenced by the religious, legal, social, and cultural history of the nations with a sizable Muslim population, along with specific passages in the [[Quran]]<ref name="FordhamQu'ran">{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/quran-homo.asp|title=The Qu'ran and Homosexuality|work=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|publisher=[[Fordham University]]|access-date=7 November 2013|quote=Richard Burton suggests the following Qu'ranic verses as relevant to homosexuality:
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Sexual Ethics & Islam|last = Ali|first = Kecia|publisher = OneWorld Publishing|year = 2006|isbn = 978-1-85168-456-4|location = Oxford, England|page = 90}}</ref> and [[hadith]], statements attributed to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].

The Qur'an cites the story of the "people of [[Islamic view of Lot|Lot]]" destroyed by the [[Anger#Islam|wrath]] of [[God in Islam|God]] because they engaged in lustful carnal acts between men. Homosexual acts are forbidden in traditional Islamic jurisprudence and are liable to different punishments, including the death penalty, depending on the situation and [[Madhhab|legal school]]. However, homosexual relationships were generally tolerated in pre-modern Islamic societies,<ref name=EI2/><ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org"/> and historical record suggests that these laws were invoked infrequently, mainly in cases of rape or other "exceptionally blatant infringement on public morals".<ref name=iranica-law/> [[Homoerotic]] themes were cultivated in [[Islamic poetry|poetry]] and other [[Islamic literature|literary genres]] written in major languages of the Muslim world from the eighth century into the modern era.<ref>{{cite book|author=Khaled El-Rouayheb |title=Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World 1500–1800 |pages=12 ff}}</ref><ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org"/> The conceptions of homosexuality found in classical Islamic texts resemble the [[Homosexuality in ancient Greece|traditions of Graeco-Roman antiquity]], rather than modern Western notions of sexual orientation.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref name=ali-105/> It was expected that many or most mature men would be sexually attracted to both women and male adolescents (variously defined), and men were expected to wish to play only an active role in homosexual intercourse once they reached adulthood.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref name=ali-105/>

In recent times, extreme prejudice persists, both socially and legally, in much of the [[Islamic world]] against people who engage in homosexual acts. In [[LGBT in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[LGBT rights in Brunei|Brunei]], [[LGBT rights in the Palestinian territories|Gaza Strip]] (State of Palestine), [[LGBT rights in Iran|Iran]], [[LGBT rights in Iraq|Iraq]], [[LGBT rights in Mauritania|Mauritania]], [[LGBT rights in Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[LGBT rights in Sudan|Sudan]], [[LGBT rights in United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]] and [[LGBT rights in Yemen|Yemen]], homosexual activity carries the [[death penalty]].<ref name=ILGAMAP>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_map_2009_A4.pdf|title=Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World|work=ILGA|date=May 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811114947/http://ilga.org/historic/Statehomophobia/ILGA_map_2009_A4.pdf|archivedate=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="BBCDeathpenalty">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14895656|title=UK party leaders back global gay rights campaign|date=13 September 2011|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=7 November 2013|quote=At present, homosexuality is illegal in 76 countries, including 38 within the Commonwealth. At least five countries - the Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mauritania and Sudan - have used the death penalty against gay people.}}</ref><ref name="United Arab Emirates">{{cite web|url=http://arc-international.net/global-advocacy/universal-periodic-review/u/united-arab-emirates|access-date=27 October 2015|title=United Arab Emirates|quote=Facts as drug trafficking, homosexual behaviour, and apostasy are liable to capital punishment.}}</ref><ref name="arc.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.care2.com/causes/man-accused-of-gay-handshake-stands-trial-in-dubai.html|title=Man Accused of "Gay Handshake" Stands Trial in Dubai|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ottosson |first=Daniel |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws Prohibiting Same-Sex Activity Between Consenting Adults |url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122235101/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf |archivedate=2010-11-22 |df= }}</ref>

In others countries, such as [[LGBT rights in Algeria|Algeria]], [[LGBT rights in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[LGBT rights in the Maldives|Maldives]], [[LGBT rights in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[LGBT rights in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[LGBT rights in Qatar|Qatar]], [[LGBT rights in Somalia|Somalia]] and [[LGBT rights in Syria|Syria]], it is illegal.<ref name="Tpha">{{cite journal|first=Ben|last=Anderson|format=PDF|url=http://www.africanajournal.org/PDF/vol1/vol1_6_Ben%20Douglas.pdf|title=The Politics of Homosexuality in Africa|journal=Africana|year=2007|volume=1|issue=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225700/http://www.africanajournal.org/PDF/vol1/vol1_6_Ben%20Douglas.pdf|archivedate=24 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="ILGA 2013">{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults |last=Ottosson |first=Daniel |date=2013 |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |page=Page 7 |access-date=26 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IEmVxpKn?url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref>Ready, Freda. ''[[The Cornell Daily Sun]]'' article [http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/qatar/qanews05.htm] Retrieved on December 4, 2002</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4a16a9d92.pdf |title=Syria: Treatment and human rights situation of homosexuals |format=PDF |date= |access-date=20 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/1860/actXLVof1860.html|title=Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)|publisher=Pakistani|access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref> Same-sex [[sexual intercourse]] is legal in 19 Muslim-majority nations ([[LGBT rights in Albania|Albania]], [[LGBT rights in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[LGBT rights in Bahrain|Bahrain]], [[LGBT rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[LGBT rights in Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]], [[LGBT rights in Chad|Chad]], [[LGBT rights in Djibouti|Djibouti]], [[LGBT rights in Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[LGBT rights in Tunisia|Tunisia]], [[LGBT rights in Jordan|Jordan]], [[LGBT rights in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[LGBT rights in Kosovo|Kosovo]], [[LGBT rights in Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]], [[LGBT rights in Mali|Mali]], [[LGBT rights in Niger|Niger]], [[LGBT rights in Tajikistan|Tajikistan]], [[LGBT rights in Turkey|Turkey]], [[LGBT rights in the Palestinian territories|West Bank (State of Palestine)]], and most of [[LGBT rights in Indonesia|Indonesia]] (except in [[Aceh]] and [[South Sumatra]] provinces, where bylaws against LGBT rights have been passed), as well as [[LGBT rights in Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="JP1">{{cite news| title = In response to anti-LGBT fatwa, Jokowi urged to abolish laws targeting minorities | date = 18 March 2015 | newspaper = The Jakarta Post | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/18/in-response-anti-lgbt-fatwa-jokowi-urged-abolish-laws-targeting-minorities.html | access-date = 7 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia: Situation of sexual minorities, including legislation, treatment by society and authorities, state protection and support services available (2013- June 2015)|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/55b602fa4.html|publisher=[[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]]|access-date=18 May 2016|date=8 July 2015}}</ref>

In [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Albania|Albania]], Tunisia, and [[LGBT history in Turkey|Turkey]], there have been discussions about legalizing [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name="Lowen">{{cite news|last=Lowen |first=Mark |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8177544.stm |title=Albania 'to approve gay marriage' |publisher=BBC News |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="RoughGuideSEAsia2005">{{cite book|title=Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition|page=74|url=http://www.roughguides.com/|publisher=Rough Guides Ltd|ISBN=1-84353-437-1|date=August 2005}}</ref> Homosexual relations between females are legal in [[LGBT rights in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[LGBT rights in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], but homosexual acts between males are illegal.<ref name="JP1" /><ref>{{cite web|author1=Lucas Paoli Itaborahy|author2=Jingshu Zhu|format=PDF|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2015.pdf|title=State-sponsored Homophobia - A world survey of laws: Criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love|publisher=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association|date=May 2014|access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/KUWAIT/Law|title=Kuwait Law|work=ILGA Asia|date=2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719003347/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/KUWAIT/Law|archivedate=19 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1712/file/a45cbf3cc66c17f04420786aa164.htm/preview |title=Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan On Enactment of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan |publisher=Legislationline.org |date= |access-date=22 March 2016}}</ref>

Most Muslim-majority countries and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) have opposed moves to advance LGBT rights at the United Nations, in the General Assembly or the UNHRC. In May 2016, a group of 51 Muslim states blocked 11 gay and transgender organizations from attending [[2016 High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nichols|first1=Michelle|last2=Von Ahn|first2=Lisa|title=Muslim states block gay groups from U.N. AIDS meeting; U.S. protests|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-lgbt-aids-idUSKCN0Y827F|access-date=18 May 2016|work=[[Reuters]]|date=17 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic states, Africans walk out on UN gay panel|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE82702T20120308?sp=true|date=8 March 2012|first=Robert|last=Evans|publisher=Reuters|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Historic UN Session On Gay Rights Marked By Arab Walkout |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/arab_states_leave_un_gay-rights_debate/24508579.html |date=7 March 2012 |first=Richard|last=Solash|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-09-sa-leads-un-on-gay-rights|title=South Africa leads United Nations on gay rights|author=|date=|work=MG.co.za|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> However, [[LGBT history in Albania|Albania]], [[LGBT history in Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]] and [[LGBT history in Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]] have signed [[LGBT rights at the United Nations|a UN Declaration]] supporting LGBT rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/library/asset/IOR40/024/2008/en/269de167-d107-11dd-984e-fdc7ffcd27a6/ior400242008en.pdf/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=April 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123020947/http://www.amnesty.org/es/library/asset/IOR40/024/2008/en/269de167-d107-11dd-984e-fdc7ffcd27a6/ior400242008en.pdf |archivedate=November 23, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneva.usmission.gov/2011/03/22/lgbtrights/ |title=Over 80 Nations Support Statement at Human Rights Council on LGBT Rights » US Mission Geneva |publisher=Geneva.usmission.gov |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref> [[Albania]] provides LGBT rights protections in the form of non-discrimination laws, and discussions on legally recognizing same-sex marriage have been held in the country.<ref>[http://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/enlargement_review_albania_2016.pdf 2016 Plan of Actions for LGBTI rights.]</ref> [[Kosovo]] as well as the (internationally not recognized) Muslim-majority [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] also have anti-discrimination laws in place. There are also several groups within Islam around the world who support [[LGBT rights]] and LGBT Muslims.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-03-09-sa-leads-un-on-gay-rights|title=South Africa leads United Nations on gay rights|author=|date=|work=MG.co.za|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

==Scripture and Islamic jurisprudence==
{{Main article|Islamic sexual jurisprudence}}
{{Main article|Quran and violence}}

===In the Quran===

==== Messengers to Lot ====

The Qur'an contains several allusions to homosexual activity, which prompted considerable exegetical and legal commentary.<ref name=EoQ>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Everett K. Rowson | year= 2006 | title=Homosexuality |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|publisher=Brill|volume=2|pages=444-445}}</ref> The subject is most clearly addressed in the story of a city which was destroyed by a rain of fire after its inhabitants demanded sexual access to the messengers sent by God to the prophet [[Islamic view of Lot|Lot]] (Lut),<ref name=EoQ/> which is addressed in seven verses.<ref>(references 7:80–84, 11:77–83, 21:74, 22:43, 26:165–175, 27:56–59, and 29:27–33)</ref><ref>Duran (1993) p. 179</ref><ref name="MC">Kligerman (2007) pp. 53–54</ref> The Quranic narrative largely conforms to that found in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]].<ref name=EoQ/> In one passage the Quran says that the men "solicited his guests of him" ([[Quran 54:37]]), using an expression that parallels phrasing used to describe the attempted seduction of Joseph, and in multiple passages they are accused of "coming with lust" to men instead of women (or their wives).<ref name=EoQ/> The Quran terms this an abomination (''fahisha'') unprecedented in the history of the world:

{{quote|{{Cite quran|7|80 | end= 84
| translator=s
| tn=
| expand=no
| quote=And (We sent) Lot when he said to his people: What! do you commit an indecency which any one in the world has not done before you? Most surely you come to males in lust besides females; nay you are an extravagant people. And the answer of his people was no other than that they said: Turn them out of your town, surely they are a people who seek to purify (themselves). So We delivered him and his followers, except his wife; she was of those who remained behind. And We rained upon them a rain; consider then what was the end of the guilty.}}}}

Later exegetical literature supplies vivid additional details, and there was general agreement among exegetes that the "abomination" alluded to by the Quranic passages was attempted [[sodomy]] (specifically anal intercourse) between men.<ref name=EoQ/>

The sins of the people of Lut ({{lang-ar|[[wikt:لوط|لوط]]}}) became proverbial, and the [[Arabic]] words for the act of anal sex between men ({{lang-ar|[[wikt:لواط|لواط]]|liwāṭ}}) and for a person who performs such acts ({{lang-ar|[[wikt:لوطي|لوطي]]|lūṭi}}) both derive from his name.<ref name="ReferenceA">Wayne Dynes, ''Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality'', New York, 1990.</ref>

==== ''Zina'' verse ====

Only one passage in the Qur'an prescribes a strictly legal position. It is not restricted to homosexual behaviour, however, and deals more generally with ''[[zina]]'' (illicit sexual intercourse):<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&pg=PA88|last=Wafer |first=Jim |chapter=Muhammad and Male Homosexuality |editor=Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe |title=Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature |page=88 |publisher=New York University Press |year=1997 |access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref>
{{quote|{{Cite quran|4|15 | end= 16
| translator=s
| tn=
| expand=no
| quote=And as for those who are guilty of an indecency from among your women, call to witnesses against them four (witnesses) from among you; then if they bear witness confine them to the houses until death takes them away or Allah opens some way for them. And as for the two who are guilty of indecency from among you, give them both a punishment; then if they repent and amend, turn aside from them; surely Allah is oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful.}}}}

Most exegetes hold that these verses refer to illicit heterosexual relationships, although a minority view attributed to the [[Mu'tazilite]] scholar Abu Muslim al-Isfahani interpreted them as referring to homosexual relations. This view was widely rejected by medieval scholars, but has found some acceptance in modern times.<ref name=EoQ/>

==== Cupbearers in paradise ====

Some Quranic verses describing the paradise refer to "immortal boys" (56:17, 76:19) or "young men" (52:24) who serve wine to the blessed. Although the ''[[tafsir]]'' literature does not interpret this as a homoerotic allusion, the connection was made in other literary genres, mostly humorously.<ref name=EoQ/> For example, the Abbasid-era poet [[Abu Nuwas]] wrote:<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia|title=Islam|author=Elyse Semerdjian|page=132|editor=Jeffrey S. Siker|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2007}}</ref>

{{quote|
A beautiful lad came carrying the wine 
With smooth hands and fingers dyed with henna 
And with long hair of golden curls around his cheeks ... 
I have a lad who is like the beautiful lads of paradise 
And his eyes are big and beautiful}}

Jurists of the [[Hanafi]] school took up the question seriously, considering, but ultimately rejecting the suggestion that homosexual pleasures were, like wine, forbidden in this world but enjoyed in the next.<ref name=EoQ/><ref name=iranica-law/>

===In hadith and ''athar'' ===
The [[hadith]] (sayings and actions attributed to Muhammad) show that homosexual behaviour was not unknown in seventh century [[Arabia]].<ref name="autogenerated1983"/> However, given that the Qur'an did not specify the punishment of homosexual sodomy, Islamic jurists increasingly turned to several "more explicit but poorly attested"<ref name=EoQ/> hadiths in an attempt to find guidance on appropriate punishment.<ref name="autogenerated1983">{{Cite encyclopedia|year= 1983 | title=Liwāṭ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editors=P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677|subscription=yes}}</ref>

While there are no reports relating to homosexuality in the best known hadith collections of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]], other canonical collections record a number of condemnations of the "act of the people of Lot" (male-to-male [[anal intercourse]]).<ref name=iranica-law/> For example, Abu `Isa Muhammad ibn `Isa at-Tirmidhi (compiling the [[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]] around C.E.884) wrote that Muhammad had indeed prescribed the death penalty for both the active and also the passive partner:

{{quotation|Narrated by Abdullah ibn Abbas: The Prophet said: If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done.|{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|38|4447}}, [https://muflihun.com/tirmidhi/15/1456 Al-Tirmidhi, 15:1456], [https://muflihun.com/ibnmajah/20/2561 Ibn Maajah, 20:2561]}}

{{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: If a man who is not married is seized committing [[sodomy]], he will be stoned to death.|{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|38|4448}}}}

[[Abu-al-Faraj Ibn Al-Jawzi|Ibn al-Jawzi]] (1114–1200) writing in the 12th century claimed that Muhammad had cursed "sodomites" in several hadith, and had recommended the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in homosexual acts.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&pg=PA89|last=Wafer |first=Jim |chapter=Muhammad and Male Homosexuality |editor=Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe |title=Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature |page=89 |publisher=New York University Press |year=1997 |access-date=2010-07-24}}</ref>

{{quote|It was narrated that Ibn ‘Abbaas said: “The Prophet said: "... cursed is the one who does the action of the people of Lot.”|Musnad Ahmad:1878}}

{{quote|Ahmad narrated from Ibn ‘Abbas that the Prophet of Allah said: “May Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot, may Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot,” three times.|Musnad Ahmad: 2915}}

[[Al-Nuwayri]] (1272–1332) in his ''Nihaya'' reports that Muhammad is "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot (although he seems to have expressed the same idea in regard to wine and female seduction)."<ref name="autogenerated1983"/>

{{quote|It was narrated that Jabir: “The Prophet said: ‘There is nothing I fear for my followers more than the deed of the people of Lot.’”|[https://muflihun.com/tirmidhi/15/1457 Al-Tirmidhi: 1457], [https://muflihun.com/ibnmajah/20/2563 Ibn Maajah: 2563]}}

Other hadiths seem to permit homoerotic feelings as long as they are not translated into action.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Oliver |last=Leaman|title=Homosexuality|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0949|subscription=yes|quote=This ambiguity is reflected in the ḥadīth of the Prophet, some of which make a distinction between the partners in a homosexual act, and many of which seem to permit homoerotic feelings, as long as those feelings are not translated into action.}}</ref> One hadith acknowledges homoerotic temptation and warns against it: "Do not gaze at the beardless youths, for verily they have eyes more tempting than the ''[[houris]]''"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEAEnGz7CLAC&pg=PA14|page=14|author=Elyse Semerdjian|title="Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2008|quote=one hadith acknowledged the temptation to indulge in sex with young men: "Do not gaze at the beardless youths, for verily they have eyes more tempting than the ''houris'' [big-eyed maidens]."}}</ref> or "... for verily they resemble the ''houris''".<ref>{{cite book|title=كشف الخفاء ومزيل الإلباس (Kash Al-khafa)|author=إسماعيل العجلوني(Ismail Ajlouni)|page=hadith no. 2997|quote=لا تنظروا إلى المردان فإن فيهم لمحة من الحور}} (cf. [[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]] 3rd ed. p. 878: فيه لمحة من ابيه = he looks like his father)</ref> These beardless youths are also described as wearing sumptuous robes and having perfumed hair.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia|title=Islam|author=Elyse Semerdjian|page=131|editor=Jeffrey S. Siker|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2007|quote=The Prophet also issued warnings such as “do not gaze at the beardless youths, for verily they have eyes more tempting than the houris” (Wright, 7). These beardless boys are also described as wearing sumptuous robes and having perfumed hair.}}</ref>

In addition, there is a number of "purported (but mutually inconsistent) reports" (''athar'') of punishments of sodomy ordered by early caliphs.<ref name=iranica-law/> [[Abu Bakr]] apparently recommended toppling a wall on the culprit, or else burning him alive,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&pg=PA88|last=Wafer |first=Jim |chapter=Muhammad and Male Homosexuality |editor=Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe |title=Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature |pages=89–90 |publisher=New York University Press |year=1997 |access-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> while [[Ali bin Abi Talib]] is said to have ordered death by stoning for one sodomite and had another thrown head-first from the top of a minaret—according to [[Ibn Abbas]], the latter punishment must be followed by stoning.<ref name="autogenerated1983"/>

There are, however, fewer hadith mentioning homosexual behavior in women;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|authorlink1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|title=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|title-link=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|script-title=ar: وسائل الشيعة|trans-title=Things of the followers|language=Arabic|at=Hadith number 34467-34481}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Atighetchi|first1=Dariusch|title=Islamic bioethics problems and perspectives|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|location=New York|isbn=9781402049620|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdm9V89lW3IC&pg=PA149|accessdate=13 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>
but punishment (if any) for lesbianism was not clarified.

The hadith collection of [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Bukhari]] (compiled in the 9th century from earlier oral traditions) includes a report regarding ''[[mukhannathun]]'', effeminate men who were granted access to secluded women's quarters and engaged in other non-normative gender behavior:<ref name=effeminates>{{cite journal|title=The Effeminates of Early Medina|author=Everett K. Rowson|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume=111|number=4|date=1991|pages=676-677|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603399|via=[[JSTOR]]|subscription=yes}}</ref>

{{quotation|Narrated by Abdullah ibn Abbas: The Prophet cursed effeminate men; those men who are in the similitude (assume the manners of women) and those women who assume the manners of men, and he said, "Turn them out of your houses." The Prophet turned out such-and-such man, and 'Umar turned out such-and-such woman.|{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|7|72|774}}}}

In hadiths attributed to Muhammad's wives, a ''mukhannath'' in question expressed his appreciation of a woman's body and described it for the benefit of another man. According to Everett Rowson, none of the sources state that Muhammad banished more than two ''mukhannathun'', and it is not clear to what extent the action was taken because of their breaking of gender rules in itself or because of the "perceived damage to social institutions from their activities as matchmakers and their corresponding access to women".<ref name=effeminates/>

===Traditional Islamic law ===

According to traditional Islamic law, homosexual activity cannot occur in a legal manner because it takes place outside of marriage and between partners of the same sex.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Homosexuality|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e874}}</ref>

The paucity of concrete prescriptions to be derived from hadith and the contradictory nature of information about the actions of early authorities resulted in lack of agreement among classical jurists as to how homosexual activity should be treated.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Everett K. Rowson|title=Homosexuality|editor=Richard C. Martin|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|year=2004}}</ref> Most [[Madhhab|legal schools]] treat homosexual intercourse with penetration similarly to unlawful heterosexual intercourse under the rubric of ''[[zina]]'', but there are differences of opinion with respect to methods of punishment.<ref name=peters>{{Cite book |first=Rudolph|last=Peters| year=2006 | title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=61-62}}</ref> Some legal schools “prescribed capital punishment for sodomy, but others opted only for a relatively mild discretionary punishment.”<ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org"/> The [[Hanbali]]tes are the most severe among Sunni schools, insisting on capital punishment for anal sex in all cases, while the other schools generally restrict punishment to flagellation with or without banishment, unless the culprit is ''muhsan'' (Muslim free married adult), and [[Hanafi]]s often suggest no physical punishment at all, leaving the choice to the judge's discretion.<ref name=EI2>{{Cite encyclopedia|year= 2012 | title=Liwāṭ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editors=P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677|subscription=yes}}</ref><ref name=peters/> The founder of the Hanafi school [[Abu Hanifa]] refused to recognize the analogy between sodomy and ''zina'', although his two principal students disagreed with him on this point.<ref name=iranica-law/> The Hanafi scholar [[Al-Jaṣṣās|Abu Bakr Al-Jassas]] (d. 981 AD/370 AH) argued that the two [[hadiths]] on killing homosexuals "are not reliable by any means and no legal punishment can be prescribed based on them".<ref name="islamonline">{{cite web|url=https://billmuehlenberg.com/web-archive/islamonline-beheading-penalty-homosexuals/|title=IslamOnline: Should beheading be the penalty for homosexuals? - CultureWatch|author=|date=|work=BillMuehlenberg.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Where capital punishment is prescribed and a particular method is recommended, the methods range from stoning (Hanbali, [[Maliki]]), to the sword (some Hanbalites and [[Shafi'i]]tes), or leaving it to the court to choose between several methods, including throwing the culprit off a high building (Shi'ite).<ref name=peters/>

For unclear reasons, the treatment of homosexuality in [[Twelver Shia]] jurisprudence is generally harsher than in Sunni fiqh, while [[Zaydi]] and [[Isma'ili]] Shia jurists took positions similar to the Sunnis.<ref name=iranica-law/> Where flogging is prescribed, there is a tendency for indulgence and some recommend that the prescribed penalty should not be applied in full, with [[Ibn Hazm]] reducing the number of strokes to 10.<ref name=EI2/> There was debate as to whether the active and passive partners in anal sex should be punished equally.<ref name=OEIW>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Oliver |last=Leaman|title=Homosexuality|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0949|subscription=yes}}</ref> Beyond penetrative anal sex, there was “general agreement” that “other homosexual acts (including any between females) were lesser offenses, subject only to discretionary punishment.”<ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org"/> Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a [[phallus]];<ref name="Omar">{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little of the [[Corona of glans penis|corona of the phallus]] into a partner's orifice.<ref name="Omar"/> Since women do not possess a phallus and cannot have intercourse with one another, they are, in this interpretation, physically incapable of committing [[zina|zinā]].<ref name="Omar"/>

Since a ''[[hadd]]'' punishment for ''zina'' requires testimony from four witnesses to the actual act of penetration or a confession from the accused repeated four times, the legal criteria for the prescribed harsh punishments of homosexual acts were very difficult to fulfill.<ref name=EI2/><ref name=OEIW/> The debates of classical jurists are "to a large extent theoretical, since homosexual relations have always been tolerated" in pre-modern Islamic societies.<ref name=EI2/> While it is difficult to ascertain to what extent the legal sanctions were enforced in different times and places, historical record suggests that the laws were invoked mainly in cases of rape or other "exceptionally blatant infringement on public morals". Documented instances of prosecution for homosexual acts are rare, and those which followed legal procedure prescribed by Islamic law are even rarer.<ref name=iranica-law>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii|author=E. K. Rowson|title=HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|year= 2012}}</ref>

===Modern interpretations of scripture and sharia===
{{See also|Islam and modernity}}

In her 2016 book, [[Kecia Ali]] observes that “contemporary scholars disagree sharply about the Qur’anic perspective on same-sex intimacy.” One scholar represents the conventional perspective by arguing that the Qur'an “is very explicit in its condemnation of homosexuality leaving scarcely any loophole for a theological accommodation of homosexuality in Islam.” Another scholar argues that “the Qur’an does not address homosexuality or homosexuals explicitly.” Overall, Ali says that “there is no one Muslim perspective on anything.”<ref>Kecia Ali, ''Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence '' (Oneworld Publications, 2016), xvi, 103.</ref>

Many Muslim scholars have followed a "don't ask, don't tell" policy in regards to homosexuality in Islam, by treating the subject with passivity.<ref name=":0" />

Mohamed El-Moctar El-Shinqiti, director of the Islamic Center of South Plains in Texas, has argued that "[even though] homosexuality is a grievous sin...[a] no legal punishment is stated in the Qur'an for homosexuality...[b] it is not reported that Prophet Muhammad has punished somebody for committing homosexuality...[c] there is no authentic hadith reported from the Prophet prescribing a punishment for the homosexuals..." Classical hadith scholars such as [[Al-Bukhari]], [[Yahya ibn Ma'in]], [[Al-Nasa'i]], [[Ibn Hazm]], [[Al-Tirmidhi]], and others have impugned the authenticity of hadith reporting these statements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/crimes-and-penalties/disciplinary-penalties-tazir/176732.html |title=Threats to Behead Homosexuals: Shari`ah or Politics? - Disciplinary Penalties (ta`zir) - counsels |publisher=OnIslam.net |access-date=22 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302024245/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/crimes-and-penalties/disciplinary-penalties-tazir/176732.html|archive-date=March 2, 2013}}</ref>

Faisal Kutty, a professor of Islamic law at Indiana-based [[Valparaiso University Law School]] and Toronto-based [[Osgoode Hall Law School]], commented on the contemporary same-sex marriage debate in a March 27, 2014, essay in the Huffington Post.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/faisal-kutty-/gay-marriage_b_5044372.htmlurl|title= Why Gay Marriage May Not Be Contrary To Islam |publisher= Huffingtonpost.ca |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> He acknowledged that while Islamic law iterations prohibits pre- and extra-marital as well as same-sex sexual activity, it does not attempt to "regulate feelings, emotions and urges, but only its translation into action that authorities had declared unlawful". Kutty, who teaches comparative law and legal reasoning, also wrote that many Islamic scholars <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamppostproductions.com/the-homosexual-challenge-to-muslim-ethics/ |title= The Homosexual Challenge to Muslim Ethics |publisher= LamppostProductions.com |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> have "even argued that homosexual tendencies themselves were not haram [prohibited] but had to be suppressed for the public good". He claimed that this may not be "what the LGBTQ community wants to hear", but that, "it reveals that even classical Islamic jurists struggled with this issue and had a more sophisticated attitude than many contemporary Muslims". Kutty, who in the past wrote in support of allowing Islamic principles in dispute resolution, also noted that "most Muslims have no problem extending full human rights to those—even Muslims—who live together 'in sin'". He argued that it therefore seems hypocritical to deny fundamental rights to same-sex couples. Moreover, he concurred with Islamic legal scholar Mohamed Fadel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islawmix.org/election2012/samesex.html |title= On Same-Sex Marriage |publisher= Islawmix.org |access-date=2014-03-29}}</ref> in arguing that this is not about changing Islamic marriage (nikah), but about making "sure that all citizens have access to the same kinds of public benefits".

Islamist journalist [[Muhammad Jalal Kishk]] found no prescribed punishment for homosexuality in Islamic law<ref>''A Muslim's Thoughts about the Sexual Question'', (1984)</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2016}}<ref name=massad>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMnMC1vlxVMC&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=kishk+boys&source=web&ots=bWJVK9RERQ&sig=zCuzjTGqWPf1g77-JTPmqUy316I#PPA203,M1 |title=Desiring Arabs |first=Joseph Andoni |last=Massad|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=2007|pages=203–4}}</ref> Several modern day scholars, including Scott Kugle, argue for a different interpretation of the Lot narrative focusing not on the sexual act but on the infidelity of the tribe and their rejection of Lot's Prophethood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kugle|first=Scott|title=Homosexuality in Islam|year=2010|publisher=Oneworld Publications|location=Oxford, England|pages=42–49}}</ref>

In a 2003 book Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle asserts “that
Islam does not address homosexuality.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mesas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/kugle.html|title=Scott Kugle|author=|date=|work=Emory.edu|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> Therefore, he adds that we should be “suspicious of statements like ‘Islam says . . .’ or ‘The Shari‘ah says . . .’ as if these abstractions actually speak.” Whatever is said about these sources “are interpretations of them” and interpretations are “always by fallible people.” Fugle reads the Qur'an as holding “a positive assessment of diversity.” With this reading, Islam can be described as “a religion that positively assesses diversity in creation and in human societies.”195 In keeping with this positive assessment of diversity, “gay and lesbian Muslims” view homosexuality as representing the “natural diversity in sexuality in human societies.”<ref>Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, “Sexuality, diversity and ethics in the agenda of progressive Muslims” in ''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism'', ed. Omid Safi (Oneworld Publications, 2003), 194-195.</ref>

In Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle’s 2010 book on homosexuality in Islam, he addresses the teaching of sacred texts including the Qur'an about homosexuality. Kugle notes the Islamic “tolerance for diversity of interpretation of sacred texts.”<ref>Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, ''Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims'' (Oneworld Publications, 2010), vii.</ref>

Kugle quotes the Qur'an: "O people, we created you all from a male and a female And made you into different communities and tribes So that you would come to know one another Acknowledging that the most noble among you Is the one most aware of God.” Qur'an 49:13 (Kugle’s translation). Then Kugle continues, “the implication of this verse is that no Muslim is better than another,” even “a gay or lesbian Muslim.”<ref>Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, ''Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims'' (Oneworld Publications, 2010), 1.</ref>

Regarding interpreting the Qur'an, Kugle notes that “it is always human beings who speak for the Qur’an” and “they always interpret its words” and “interpretation is always ambiguous and contested.” Such ambiguity allows “gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims” to interpret the Qur'an in “sexuality-sensitive” ways, ways they believe produce a “fuller and better interpretation.”<ref>Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, ''Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims'' (Oneworld Publications, 2010), Ch. 2 in unpaginated Ebook.</ref>

Regarding the Qur'an’s treatment of same-sex acts, Kugle says that “where the Qur’an treats same-sex acts, it condemns them only so far as they are exploitive or violent.” More generally, Kugle notes that the Qur'an refers to four different levels of personality. One level is “genetic inheritance.” The Qur'an refers to this level as one’s “physical stamp” that “determines one’s temperamental nature” including one’s sexuality. One the basis of this reading of the Qur'an, Kugle asserts that homosexuality is “caused by divine will,” so “homosexuals have no rational choice in their internal disposition to be attracted to same-sex mates.”<ref>Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, ''Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims'' (Oneworld Publications, 2010), 2, 46.</ref>

Regarding the story of Lot, Kugle observes that if the “classical interpreters” had seen “sexual orientation as an integral aspect of human personality,” they would have read the narrative of Lot and his tribe “as addressing male rape of men in particular” and not as “addressing homosexuality in general.”<ref>Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, ''Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims'' (Oneworld Publications, 2010), 54.</ref>

A critique of Kugle's approach, interpretations and conclusions was published in 2016 by Mobeen Vaid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muslimmatters.org/2016/07/11/can-islam-accommodate-homosexual-acts-quranic-revisionism-and-the-case-of-scott-kugle/|title=Can Islam Accommodate Homosexual Acts? Quranic Revisionism and the Case of Scott Kugle {{!}} MuslimMatters.org|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref>

In a 2012 book, Aisha Geissinger<ref>https://carleton.ca/religion/people/aisha-geissinger/ Aisha Geissinger</ref> writes that there are “apparently irreconcilable Muslim standpoints on same-sex desires and acts,” all of which claim “interpretative authenticity.” One of these standpoints results from “queer-friendly” interpretations of the Lot story and the Quran. The Lot story is interpreted as condemning “rape and inhospitality rather than today’s consensual same-sex relationships.”<ref>Aisha Geissinger, “Islam and Discourses of Same-Sex Desire” in ''Queer Religion, Volume 1'', eds., Donald L. Boisvert and Jay Emerson Johnson (ABC-CLIO, 2012), 70. 83.</ref>

Abdessamad Dialmy<ref>http://www.merip.org/author/abdessamad-dialmy Abdessamad Dialmy</ref> in his 2010 article, “Sexuality and Islam,” addressed “sexual norms defined by the sacred texts (Koran and Sunna).” He wrote that “sexual standards in Islam are paradoxical.” The sacred texts “allow and actually are an enticement to the exercise of sexuality.” However, they also “discriminate . . . between heterosexuality and homosexuality.” Islam’s paradoxical standards result in “the current back and forth swing of sexual practices between repression and openness.” Dialmy sees a solution to this back and forth swing by a “reinterpretation of repressive holy texts.”<ref>''The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care'' (June 15, 2010 (3):160-8. Abstract) .</ref>

==History of homosexuality in Islamic societies==
Societies in Islam have recognized “both erotic attraction and sexual behavior between members of the same sex.” However, their attitudes about them have often been contradictory: “severe religious and legal sanctions” against homosexual behavior and at the same time “celebratory expressions” of erotic attraction.<ref name="ia601301.us.archive.org"/> [[Homoeroticism]] was idealized in the form of [[Homoerotic poetry|poetry]] or artistic declarations of love from one man to another. Accordingly, the Arabic language had an appreciable vocabulary of homoerotic terms, with a dozens of word just to describe types of male prostitutes.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Boswell|title=Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-MR5_AdG68C&pg=PA195|date=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=|pages=195–}}</ref> Schmitt (1992) identifies some twenty words in Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]] and Turkish to identify those who are penetrated.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Will Roscoe et al. (dir)|title=Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|date=1997|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=|pages=31–}}</ref> Other related Arabic words includes ''[[Mukhannathun]]'', ''ma'bûn'', ''halaqī'', ''baghghā''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Everett K. |first=Rowson |last2= |first2= |date=1991 |title=The Effeminates of Early Medina |url=https://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1094745.files/Rowson_The%20Effeminates%20of%20Early%20Medina%20-%201991.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher= |volume= |issue= |page=686 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

===Pre-modern era===

There is little evidence of homosexual practice in Islamic societies for the first century and a half of the Islamic era.<ref name=iranica-law/> Homoerotic poetry appears suddenly at the end of the 8th century CE, particularly in Baghdad in the work of [[Abu Nuwas]] (756-814), who became a master of all the contemporary genres of Arabic poetry.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref>{{cite web|last=Editors |first=The |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Abu-Nuwas |title=Abu Nuwas | Persian poet |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> The famous author [[Jahiz]] tried to explain the abrupt change in attitudes toward homosexuality after the [[Abbasid Revolution]] by the arrival of the Abbasid army from [[Khurasan]], who are said to have consoled themselves with male pages when they were forbidden to take their wives with them.<ref name=iranica-law/> The increased prosperity following the early conquests was accompanied by a "corruption of morals" in the two holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], and it can be inferred that homosexual practice became more widespread during this time as a result of acculturation to foreign customs, such as the music and dance practiced by ''[[mukhannathun]]'', who were mostly foreign in origin.<ref name="autogenerated1983"/> The Abbasid ruler [[Al-Amin]] (809-813) was said to have required slave women to be dressed in masculine clothing so he could be persuaded to have sex with them, and a broader fashion for ''ghulamiyyat'' (boy-like girls) is reflected in literature of the period.<ref name="autogenerated1983"/>

The conceptions of homosexuality found in classical Islamic texts resemble the [[Homosexuality in ancient Greece|traditions of classical Greece]] and [[Homosexuality in ancient Rome|those of ancient Rome]], rather than modern Western notions of sexual orientation.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref name=ali-105>{{Cite book|first=Kecia |last=Ali | authorlink = Kecia Ali | year=2016 | title=Sexual Ethics And Islam |publisher=Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition)|page=105}}</ref> It was expected that many or most mature men would be sexually attracted to both women and adolescent boys (with different views about the appropriate age range for the latter), and men were expected to wish to play only an active role in homosexual intercourse once they reached adulthood.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref name=ali-105/> Preference for homosexual over heterosexual relations was regarded as a matter of personal taste rather than a marker of homosexual identity in a modern sense.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref name=ali-105/> While playing an active role in homosexual relations carried no social stigma beyond that of licentious behavior, seeking to play a passive role was considered both unnatural and shameful for a mature man.<ref name=iranica-law/><ref name=ali-105/> Following Greek precedents, the Islamic medical tradition regarded as pathological only this latter case, and showed no concern for other forms of homosexual behavior.<ref name=iranica-law/>

[[Image:Mahmud and Ayaz and Shah Abbas I.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (in red robe), shaking hands with a sheikh, with his companion [[Malik Ayaz]] standing behind him. (1515)]]

During the early period, growth of a beard was considered to be the conventional age when an adolescent lost his homoerotic appeal, as evidenced by poetic protestations that the author still found his lover beautiful despite the growing beard. During later periods, the age of the stereotypical beloved became more ambiguous, and this prototype was often represented in Persian poetry by Turkish soldiers.<ref name=iranica-law/> This trend is illustrated by the story of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (971–1030), the ruler of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]], and his cupbearer [[Malik Ayaz]].<ref name=iranica-law/> Their relationship, which was sketchily attested in contemporary sources, became a staple of Persian literature comparable to the story of [[Layla and Majnun]].<ref name=iranica-law/> Poets used it to illustrate the power of love, pointing to Mahmud as an example of a man who becomes "a slave to his slave", while Malik Ayaz served as "the embodiment of the ideal beloved, and a model for purity in Sufi literature".<ref>{{cite book|author=Neill, James|year=2008|title=The Origins and Role of Same-Sex Relations In Human Societies|publisher=McFarland|page=308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ha9GgWNmy0C&pg=PA308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ritter | first=Hellmut | title=Handbook of Oriental studies: Near and Middle East |volume=69 |publisher=Brill |year=2003 |pages=309–310}}</ref>

Other famous examples of homosexuality include the [[Aghlabid]] [[Emir]] [[Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya]] (ruled 875–902), who was said to have been surrounded by some sixty [[catamite]]s, yet whom he was said to have treated in a most horrific manner. [[Caliph]] [[al-Mutasim]] in the 9th century and some of his successors were accused of homosexuality. The popular stories say that [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Cordoba]], [[Abd al-Rahman III]] had executed a young man from [[León, Spain|León]] who was held as a hostage, because he had refused his advances during the [[Reconquista]].<ref name="autogenerated1983"/>

[[Mehmed the Conqueror]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[sultan]] living in the 15th century, European sources say "who was known to have ambivalent sexual tastes, sent a eunuch to the house of Notaras, demanding that he supply his good looking fourteen year old son for the Sultan’s pleasure. When he refused, the Sultan instantly ordered the decapitation of Notaras, together with that of his son and his son-in-law; and their three heads … were placed on the banqueting table before him".<ref>Kinross, ''The Ottoman Centuries'', pp. 115–16.</ref> Another youth Mehmed found attractive, and who was presumably more accommodating, was [[Radu III the Fair]], the brother of the famous [[Vlad the Impaler]], "Radu, a hostage in Istanbul whose good looks had caught the Sultan’s fancy, and who was thus singled out to serve as one of his most favored pages." After the defeat of Vlad, Mehmed placed Radu on the throne of [[Wallachia]] as a vassal ruler. However, Turkish sources deny these stories.<ref>''History of the Ottoman Empire'', Mohamed Farid Bey</ref>

According to the ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'':
<blockquote>Whatever the legal strictures on sexual activity, the positive expression of male homeoerotic sentiment in literature was accepted, and assiduously cultivated, from the late eighth century until modern times. First in [[Arabic]], but later also in Persian, Turkish and [[Urdu]], love poetry by men about boys more than competed with that about women, it overwhelmed it. Anecdotal literature reinforces this impression of general societal acceptance of the public celebration of male-male love (which hostile Western caricatures of Islamic societies in medieval and early modern times simply exaggerate).<ref name="autogenerated1">''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'', MacMillan Reference USA, 2004, p. 316</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Shah Abbas and Wine Boy.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas]] of Iran with a page (1627).]]

European travellers remarked on the taste that [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas]] of Iran (1588-1629) had for wine and festivities, but also for charming pages and cup bearers. A painting by Riza Abbasi with homo-erotic qualities shows the ruler enjoying such delights.<ref>Welch A., "Wordly and Otherwordly Love in Safavi Painting", Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars, Éditions R. Hillenbrand, Londres, 2000, p. 303 et p. 309.</ref>

“Homosexuality was a key symbolic issue throughout the [[Middle Ages]] in [Islamic] [[Iberia]]. As was customary everywhere until the nineteenth century, homosexuality was not viewed as a congenital disposition or ‘identity’; the focus was on nonprocreative sexual practices, of which sodomy was the most controversial.” For example, in “[[al-Andalus]] homosexual pleasures were much indulged by the intellectual and political elite. Evidence includes the behavior of rulers . . . who kept male harems.”<ref>[http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Enc_of_Medieval_Iberia/homosexuality.pdf Daniel Eisenberg, “Homosexuality” in ''Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia'', ed. Michael Gerli (Routledge, 2003), 398.]</ref> Although early islamic writings such as the Quran expressed a mildly negative attitude towards homosexuality, most muslim societies treated the subject with indifference, if not admiration. Few literary works displayed hostility towards non-heterosexuality, apart from partisan statements and literary debates about types of love (which also occurred in heterosexual contexts).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-MR5_AdG68C&pg=PA195|title=Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century|first=John|last=Boswell|date=15 February 2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=5 April 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> Khaled el-Rouayheb even maintain that "much if not most of the extant love poetry of the period [16th to 18th century] is pederastic in tone, portraying an adult male poet's passionate love for a teenage boy".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dalacoura |first=Katerina |last2= |first2= |date=2014 |title=Homosexuality as cultural battleground in the Middle East: culture and postcolonial international theory|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56822/1/Homosexuality_Middle%20East.pdf |journal=Third World Quarterly |publisher= |volume= |issue= |page=4|doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

El-Rouayheb suggest that even though religious scholars considered sodomy as an abhorrent sin, most of them did not genuinely believe that it was illicit to fall in love with a boy or expressing this love via poetry.<ref>[http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56822/1/Homosexuality_Middle%20East.pdf Katerina Dalacoura (2014) p.4]</ref> But in the secular society, a male’s “desire to penetrate desirable youth was seen as perfectly normal”, even if not lawful.<ref>Kecia Ali, ''Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence '' (Oneworld Publications, 2016), 105.</ref> On the other hand, men adopting the passive role were more subjected to stigma. The medical term ''ubnah'' qualified the pathological desire of a male to exclusively and continually be on the receiving end of anal intercourse. Various physician theorized on this condition, including [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]] who thought it was correlated with small genitals and that a treatment was possible provided that the subject was deemed to be not too effeminate and the behavior not "prolonged".<ref>{{cite book |last=Massad |first=Joseph |title=Desiring Arabs |date=2007 |page=251|publisher= University of Chicago Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMnMC1vlxVMC&pg=PA251}}.</ref> [[Dawud al-Antaki]] advanced that it could be caused by an acidic substance embed in the veins of the anus causing itchiness and thus the need to seek relief.<ref>{{cite book |author=Khaled El-Rouayheb|title=Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=undbSDztxVMC&pg=PA19|date=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=|pages=19–}}</ref>

===Modern era===

The Ottoman Caliphate “ruled the Sunni Muslim world for centuries.” It was “much more open-minded regarding the homosexual issue” than is the current Turkish government although it “claims to emulate” the Ottoman Caliphate. “The Ottoman Empire had an extensive literature of homosexual romance, and an accepted social category of transvestites.” It could be argued that the Ottoman sultans “were social liberals compared with the contemporary Islamists of Turkey, let alone the Arab World.”<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/29/opinion/mustafa-akyol-what-does-islam-say-about-being-gay.html?_r=1 “What Islam Says About Being Gay?” ''The New York Times'' (July 28, 2015). Retrieved October 11, 2016.]</ref>

During the [[Ottoman Empire]], homosexuality was decriminalized in 1858, as part of wider reforms during the [[Tanzimat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/07/ottoman-empire-secular-history-sharia|title=The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims|author=Tehmina Kazi|newspaper=UK Guardian|date=7 Oct 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://faith-matters.org/images/stories/fm-publications/the-tanzimat-final-web.pdf|title=The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire|author=Ishtiaq Hussain|publisher=Faith Matters|date=15 Feb 2011}}</ref>

Before the modern era, Islamic nations were not so opposed to same-sex relations. For example, a ruler in [[Persia]] in the 11th-century advised his son “to alternate his partners seasonally: young men in the summer and women in the winter.” Many eighth-century love poems by [[Abu Nuwas]] in [[Baghdad]] and by other Persian and [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poets]] seem to have been “addressed to boys.” In mystic writings of the medieval era, such as [[Sufi texts]], it is “unclear whether the beloved being addressed is a teenage boy or God.” European chroniclers censured “the indulgent attitudes to gay sex in the Caliphs' courts.”<ref name="economist.com"/>

The modern rejection and criminalization of “homosexuality in Islam gained momentum through the exogenous effects of European colonialism. . . . ” European thought at the time treated homosexuality as “against nature.”<ref>Tilo Beckers, “Islam and the Acceptance of Homosexuality,” in ''Islam and Homosexuality, Volume 1'', ed. Samar Habib, 64-65 (Praeger, 2009).</ref>

Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle has argued that, while “Muslims commemorate the early days of Islam when they were oppressed as a marginalized few,” many of them now forget their history and fail to protect “Muslims who are gay, transgender and lesbian.”<ref>Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, ''Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims'' (NYU Press, 2013), 21-22.</ref>

===Pederasty===
{{Main article|Pederasty}}
[[File:Lining up to use a boy.jpg|thumb|upright|Ottoman illustration depicting a young man used for group sex (from ''Sawaqub al-Manaquib''), 19th century]]

While friendship between men and boys is often described in sexual ways in classical Islamic literature, Khaled El-Rouayheb and Oliver Leaman have argued that it would be misleading to conclude from this that homosexuality was widespread in practice.<ref name=leaman>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Oliver |last=Leaman|title=Homosexuality|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0949|subscription=yes}}</ref> Such literature tended to use transgressive motifs alluding to what is forbidden, in particular homosexuality and wine.<ref name=leaman/> Greek homoerotic motifs may have accurately described practices in ancient Greece, but in their Islamic adaptations they tended to play a satirical or metaphorical rather than descriptive role.<ref name=leaman/> At the same time, many miniatures, especially from Ottoman Turkey, contain explicit depictions of pederasty, suggesting that the practice enjoyed a certain degree of popularity.<ref name=leaman/> A number of pre-modern texts discuss the possibility of sexual exploitation faced by young boys in educational institutions and warn teachers to take precautions against it.<ref name=leaman/>

In modern times, despite the formal disapproval of religious authority, the segregation of women in Muslim societies and the strong emphasis on male virility leads adolescent males and unmarried young men to seek sexual outlets with boys younger than themselves—in one study in Morocco, with boys in the age-range 7 to 13.<ref>Schmitt&Sofer, p.36</ref> Men have sex with other males so long as they are the penetrators and their partners are boys, or in some cases [[Effeminacy|effeminate]] men.<ref>Schmitt&Sofer, pp.x-xi</ref>

''Liwat'' can therefore be regarded as "temptation",<ref>Habib, p. 287</ref> and anal intercourse is not seen as repulsively unnatural so much as dangerously attractive. They believe "one has to avoid getting buggered precisely in order not to acquire a taste for it and thus become addicted."<ref name="books.google.com.au">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC&dq=Sexuality+and+eroticism+among+males+in+Moslem+societies&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=2K5mS8aYJo2TkAXGuKntDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=Arno Schmitt, Jehoeda Sofer, "Sexuality and Eroticism among Males in Muslim Societies" (The Haworth Press, 1992) p.8 |publisher=Books.google.com.au |access-date=2010-07-24}}</ref> Not all sodomy is homosexual: one Moroccan sociologist, in a study of sex education in his native country, notes that for many young men heterosexual sodomy is considered better than vaginal penetration, and female prostitutes likewise report the demand for anal penetration from their (male) clients.<ref>Dialmy, pp. 32 and 35, footnote 34</ref>

It is not so much the penetration as the enjoyment that is considered bad.<ref name="Schmitt&Sofer, p.7">Schmitt&Sofer, p. 7</ref> Deep shame attaches to the passive partner: "for this reason men stop getting laid at the age of 15 or 16 and 'forget' that they ever allowed it earlier." Similar sexual sociologies are reported for other Muslim societies from North Africa to Pakistan and the Far East.<ref name="Murray&Roscoe, passim">Murray&Roscoe, passim</ref> In [[Afghanistan]] in 2009, the [[British Army]] was forced to commission a report into the sexuality of the local men after British soldiers reported the discomfort at witnessing [[pederasty|adult males involved in sexual relations with boys]]. The report stated that though illegal, there was a tradition of such relationships in the country, known as ''[[Bacha bazi|bache bazi]]'' or "boy play", and that it was especially strong around North Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qobil |first=Rustam |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11217772 |title=The sexually abused dancing boys of Afghanistan - BBC News |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date= |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Modern laws in the Islamic world==
{{Main article|LGBT rights by country or territory}}

[[File:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression.svg|thumb|Same-sex intercourse illegal: {{legend|#800000|[[Capital punishment|Death penalty]]}}{{legend|#e73e21|Up to [[life in prison]]}}{{legend|#ec8028|Imprisonment}} {{legend|#f9dc36|Unenforced penalty}}]]

===Criminalization===
According to the [[International Lesbian and Gay Association]] (ILGA) seven countries still retain capital punishment for homosexual behavior: [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yemen]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Mauritania]], [[Sudan]], and northern [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50 |title=7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts |publisher=ILGA |access-date=2010-07-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029185853/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1111&ZoneID=7&FileCategory=50 |archivedate=2009-10-29 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/islam.htm |title=Homosexuality and Islam |publisher=ReligionFacts |date=2005-07-19 |access-date=2010-07-24}}</ref> In [[United Arab Emirates]] it is a [[capital offense]].<ref name="United Arab Emirates"/><ref name="arc.com"/> In [[Qatar]], [[Algeria]], [[Uzbekistan]], and the [[Maldives]], homosexuality is punished with time in prison or a fine although in the Maldives anti-gay vigilante attacks are tolerated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/darker-side-of-the-maldives-public-lashings-religious-extremists-and-a-gay-blogger-with-his-throat-slashed-29189177.html|title=Darker side of the Maldives: Public lashings, religious extremists and a gay blogger with his throat slashed - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk|author=|date=|work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> This has led to controversy regarding Qatar, which is due to stage the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]]. Human rights groups have questioned the awarding in 2010 of the right to host the competition, due to the possibility that gay football fans may be jailed. In response, [[Sepp Blatter]], head of [[FIFA]], joked that they would have to "refrain from sexual activity" while in Qatar. He later withdrew the remarks after condemnation from rights groups.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/9297497.stm ''Fifa boss Sepp Blatter sorry for Qatar 'gay' remarks''], BBC</ref>

In Muslim-majority countries, open gay life rarely exists, but “the closet is spacious.” Even countries with strict laws against homosexual people “have flourishing gay scenes at all levels of society.”<ref name="economist.com"/><ref name=Atlantic>{{cite web |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/05/the-kingdom-in-the-closet/305774/ |title= The Kingdom in the Closet |work= [[The Atlantic]] |date= May 2007 |author= Nadya Labi |access-date= 7 September 2017}}</ref>

In [[Bahrain]], police in Bahrain arrested scores of men in February 2011 at a “gay party”.<ref name="economist.com">[http://www.economist.com/node/21546002 “Islam and Homosexuality” ''The Economist'' (February 4, 2012)]</ref>

In [[Egypt]], openly gay men have been prosecuted under general public morality laws. (See [[Cairo 52]].) “Sexual relations between consenting adult persons of the same sex in private are not prohibited as such. However, the Law on the Combating of Prostitution, and the law against debauchery have been used to imprison gay men in recent years.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|title=''State Sponsored Homophobia 2016'' (ILGA, May 2016), 62.|author=|date=|work=ILGA.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

[[Islamic state]] has decreed capital punishment for gays. They have executed more than two dozen men and women for suspected homosexual activity, including several thrown off the top of buildings in highly publicized executions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/the-islamic-states-shocking-war-on-homosexuals/ |title=The Islamic State’s shocking war on gays |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=June 13, 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref>

In [[India]], which has the third-largest [[Muslim]] population in the world, and where Muslims form a large minority, the largest Islamic seminary ([[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) has vehemently opposed recent government moves<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6597715.ece%7ctitle=Login%7cwork=timesonline.co.uk|title=Login|work=timesonline.co.uk}}</ref> to abrogate and liberalize laws from the [[British Raj]] era that banned homosexuality.<ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-01/india/28209224_1_muslim-leaders-controversial-section-maulana-jalaluddin-omari After Deoband, other Muslim leaders condemn homosexuality], ''[[Times of India]]''</ref>

In Iraq, homosexuality is punished with vigilante executions. [[Saddam Hussein]] was “unbothered by sexual mores.” Ali Hili<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gayswithoutborders.wordpress.com/category/ali-hili/|title=Ali Hili - Gays Without Borders|author=|date=|work=Wordpress.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> reports that “since the 2003 invasion more than 700 people have been killed because of their sexuality.” He calls Iraq the “most dangerous place in the world for sexual minorities.”<ref name="economist.com"/>

In [[Jordan]], where homosexuality is legal, “gay hangouts have been raided or closed on bogus charges, such as serving alcohol illegally.”<ref name="economist.com"/>

In [[Pakistan]], [[Law of Pakistan|its law]] is a mixture of both Anglo-Saxon colonial law as well as Islamic law, both which proscribe criminal penalties for same-sex sexual acts. The [[Pakistan Penal Code]] of 1860, originally developed [[History of Pakistan#British colonization, conquest, and cultural heritage|under colonialism]], punishes [[sodomy]] with a possible prison sentence and has other provisions that impact the human rights of LGBT Pakistanis, under the guise of protecting public morality and order. Yet, the more likely situation for gay and bisexual men is sporadic police blackmail, harassment, fines, and jail sentences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/1860/actXLVof1860.html |title=Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) |publisher=Pakistani.org |date= |access-date=2014-02-11}}</ref>

In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexual acts is public execution by beheading, which is often carried out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelangelo-signorile/saudi-arabia-beheads-gays_b_6354636.html|title=Saudi Arabia Beheads Gays, but Marco Rubio Has No Problem With You Traveling There|first=Michelangelo|last=Signorile|date=19 December 2014|work=HuffingtonPost.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> The government will sometimes use lesser punishments—for example, fines, time in prison, and [[Flagellation|whipping]]—as alternatives.

In Turkey, homosexuality is legal, but “official censure can be fierce”. A former interior minister, [[İdris Naim Şahin]], called homosexuality an example of “dishonour, immorality and inhuman situations”.<ref name="economist.com"/>

====Death penalty====
In 2016, the [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]] (ILGA) released its most recent ''State Sponsored Homophobia Report''. The report found that thirteen countries (or parts of them) impose the death penalty for “Same-sex sexual acts”. These countries comprise 6% of the countries in the [[United Nations]]. Of these thirteen countries, four are in [[Africa]]: Sudan, Nigeria, Somalia, and Mauritania. Nine are in [[Asia]]: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Qatar, UAE, Iraq, and Daesh (ISIS/ISIL) territories. None are in the [[Americas]], [[Europe]], or [[Oceania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|title=''State Sponsored Homophobia 2016'' (ILGA, May 2016), 37.|author=|date=|work=ILGA.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> The full report with details about countries imposing the death penalty can be read at ''State Sponsored Homophobia 2016''.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|title=''State Sponsored Homophobia 2016'' (ILGA, May 2016)|author=|date=|work=ILGA.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> This report omits that Brunei also punishes homosexuals with death <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/brunei-adopts-penal-code-provision-calling-death-stoning-same-sex-acts/|title=Brunei Adopts Penal Code Provision Calling for Death by Stoning for Same-Sex Acts|author=|date=|work=HumanRightsFirst.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> and that Brunei tolerates anti-gay vigilante attacks.

===Legalization===

The [[Ottoman Empire]] (predecessor of [[Turkey]]) decriminalized homosexuality in 1858. In [[Turkey]], where 99.8% of the population is Muslim, homosexuality has never been criminalized since the day it was founded in 1923.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/oct/07/ottoman-empire-secular-history-sharia?newsfeed=true|title=The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims|author=Tehmina Kazi|work=the Guardian}}</ref> And [[LGBT]] people also have the right to seek asylum in [[Turkey]] under the Geneva Convention since 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilga-europe.org/home/issues/asylum_in_europe/country_by_country/tr%7ctitle=ILGA-Europe%7cwork=ilga-europe.org|title=ILGA-Europe|work=ilga-europe.org}}</ref>

Same-sex sexual intercourse is legal in [[Albania]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Chad]], [[Djibouti]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]] (except those parts controlled by the Islamic State), [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kosovo]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]], [[West Bank]] ([[State of Palestine]]), most of [[Indonesia]], and in [[Northern Cyprus]]. In Albania, Lebanon, and Turkey, there have been discussions about legalizing same-sex marriage.<ref name="Lowen"/><ref name="RoughGuideSEAsia2005"/> Albania, Northern Cyprus and Kosovo also protect LGBT people with anti-discrimination laws.

In 2016, the [[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]] (ILGA) released its most recent State Sponsored Homophobia Report. The report found that “same-sex sexual acts” are legal in 121 countries. These countries comprise 63% of the countries in the [[United Nations]]. Of these 121 countries, twenty-one are in [[Africa]], nineteen are in [[Asia]], twenty-four are in the [[Americas]], forty-eight are in [[Europe]], and seven are in [[Oceania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|title=''State Sponsored Homophobia 2016'' (ILGA, May 2016), 34–36.|author=|date=|work=ILGA.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> The full report with the names of countries in which same-sex acts are legal or illegal can be read at ''State Sponsored Homophobia 2016''.<ref name="auto"/>

====Same-sex marriage====
In 2007 there was a gay party in the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] town of [[Ksar el-Kebir|al-Qasr al-Kabir]]. Rumours spread that this was a gay marriage and more than 600 people took to the streets, condemning the alleged event and protesting against leniency towards homosexuals.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 November 2007|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/11/27/42200.html|title=Al Arabiya: "Moroccan "bride" detained for gay wedding"|work=alarabiya.net|access-date=}}</ref> Several persons who attended the party were detained and eventually six Moroccan men were sentenced to between four and ten months in prison for "homosexuality".<ref>{{cite web|date=12 December 2007|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/12/12/42868.html|title=Al Arabiya: "Morocco sentences gay ‘bride’ to jail"|work=alarabiya.net|access-date=}}</ref>

In [[France]] there was an Islamic [[same-sex marriage]] on February 18, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20120330-france-mariage-homosexuel-musulmans-gay-religion-imam-coran-corps-livre-ludovic-mohamed-zahed|title=FRANCE - Concilier islam et homosexualité, le combat de Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed - France 24|work=France 24}}</ref> In Paris in November 2012 a room in a Buddhist prayer hall was used by gay Muslims and called a "gay-friendly mosque",<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20547335 Gay-friendly 'mosque' opens in Paris] retrieved 12 February 2013</ref> and a French Islamic website <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homosexuels-musulmans.org/gay_muslims.html|title=Homosexual Muslims - HM2F|work=homosexuels-musulmans.org}}</ref> is supporting religious same-sex marriage.

The first American Muslim in the United States Congress, [[Keith Ellison]] (D-MN) said in 2010 that all discrimination against [[LGBT]] people is wrong.<ref>[http://minnesotaindependent.com/74635/bradlee-dean-keith-ellison-is-advancing-sharia-law-through-homosexual-agenda Bradlee Dean: Keith Ellison is advancing Sharia law through ‘homosexual agenda’] retrieved 15 January 2013</ref> He further expressed support for gay marriage stating:<ref>[http://2012.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/06/keith-ellison-minnesota-marriage-amendment-fail.php Keith Ellison: Minnesota Anti-Gay Marriage Amendment Will Fail] retrieved 16 January 2013</ref>

<blockquote>"I believe that the right to marry someone who you please is so fundamental it should not be subject to popular approval any more than we should vote on whether blacks should be allowed to sit in the front of the bus."</blockquote>

In 2014 eight men were jailed for three years by a Cairo court after the circulation of a video of them allegedly taking part in a private wedding ceremony between two men on a boat on the Nile.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tadros|first1=Sherine|title=Crackdown As Men Jailed Over 'Gay Wedding'|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1367670/crackdown-as-men-jailed-over-gay-wedding|access-date=13 November 2014|date=6 November 2014}}</ref>

== Extremist attacks targeting LGBT people ==
Several violent attacks by people claiming to be Islamist radicals against LGBT people in the West have taken place
* In 2012, in the English city of [[Derby]], some Muslim men “distributed . . . leaflets depicting gay men being executed in an attempt to encourage hatred against homosexuals.” The leaflets had such titles as “Turn or Burn” and “God abhors you” and they advocated a death penalty for homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9004998/Muslims-posted-nasty-and-frightening-anti-gay-leaflets-demanding-homosexuals-turn-or-burn.html|title=Muslims posted 'nasty and frightening' anti-gay leaflets demanding homosexuals 'turn or burn'|author=|date=|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> The men were “convicted of hate crimes” on January 20, 2012. One of the men said that he was doing his Muslim duty.<ref name="economist.com"/>
* December 31, 2013 - New Year's Eve arson attack on gay nightclub in [[Seattle]], packed with 300+ revelers, but no one injured. Subject charged prosecuted under federal terror and hate-crime charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/05/suspect-in-arson-at-seattle-gay-nightclub-to-enter-plea/?syndication=rss|title=Man pleads guilty to arson at Seattle gay nightclub|author=|date=|work=SeattleTimes.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>
* February 12, 2016 - Across Europe, gay refugees facing abuse at migrant asylum shelters are forced to flee shelters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/02/22/across-europe-gay-migrants-face-abuse-in-asylum-shelters.html|title=Across Europe, gay refugees facing abuse in asylum shelters|author=|date=22 February 2016|work=FoxNews.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>
* April 25, 2016 - [[Xulhaz Mannan]], an employee of the United States embassy in Dhaka and the editor of Bangladesh's first and only LGBT magazine, was killed in his apartment by a gang of Islamist militants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/two-men-including-usaid-employee-killed-in-bangladesh-1461603764|title=Editor of Bangladesh Gay Magazine Hacked to Death in His Home|last=Al-Mahmood|first=Syed Zain|date=2016-04-26|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref>
* June 12, 2016 - At least 49 people were killed and 50 injured in [[2016 Orlando nightclub shooting|a mass shooting]] at [[Pulse (nightclub)|Pulse gay nightclub]] in Orlando, Florida, in the deadliest [[mass shooting]] by an individual and the deadliest incident of violence against LGBT people in U.S. history. The shooter, [[Omar Mateen]], pledged allegiance to ISIL. The act has been described by investigators as an [[Islamist terrorism|Islamist terrorist attack]] and a [[hate crime]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3637414/Everyone-running-Gunman-bursts-gay-nightclub-Florida-shoots-20-people-taking-hostages.html|title=Worst Mass Shooter in U.S. History |first1=Matt |last1=Hunter |first2=Jenny |last2=Stanton |first3=Jose |last3=Lambiet |date=June 12, 2016 |work=The Daily Mail |access-date=June 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Orlando nightclub shooting: 50 killed in shooting rampage at gay club; gunman pledged allegiance to ISIS|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/06/12/orlando-nightclub-shooting-about-20-dead-in-domestic-terror-incident-at-gay-club/|first1=Hayley|last1=Tsukayama|first2=Adam|last2=Goldman|first3=Peter|last3=Holley|first4=Mark|last4=Berman|access-date=12 June 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=12 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Liam|last=Stack|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/upstairs-lounge-new-orleans-fire-orlando-gay-bar.html|title=Before Orlando Shooting, an Anti-Gay Massacre in New Orleans Was Largely Forgotten|work=The New York Times|date=June 13, 2016|access-date=June 13, 2016|quote=The terrorist attack ... was the largest mass killing of gay people in American history, but before Sunday that grim distinction was held by a largely forgotten arson at a New Orleans bar in 1973 that killed 32 people at a time of pernicious anti-gay stigma.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Christopher|last=Ingraham|title=In the modern history of mass shootings in America, Orlando is the deadliest|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/12/in-the-modern-history-of-mass-shootings-in-america-orlando-is-the-absolute-worst/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=June 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Eyder|last=Peralta|title=Putting 'Deadliest Mass Shooting In U.S. History' Into Some Historical Context|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/13/481884291/putting-deadliest-mass-shooting-in-u-s-history-into-some-historical-context|publisher=NPR|date=June 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/us/orlando-shooting.html|title=Orlando Gunman Was ‘Cool and Calm’ After Massacre, Police Say|last=|first=|date=|website=NY Times|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="hatecrime">{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/investigators-turn-focus-omar-mateens-wife-criminal-charges/story?id=39867320 | title=Orlando Gay Nightclub Massacre a Hate Crime and Act of Terror, FBI Says | work=ABC News | date=June 15, 2016 | access-date=June 17, 2016 | last1=McBride | first1=Brian | first2=Michael | last2=Edison Hayden}}</ref><ref name="SantoraLastCall">{{cite news|first=Marc|last=Santora|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/13/us/last-call-at-orlando-club-and-then-the-shots-rang-out.html|title=Last Call at Pulse Nightclub, and Then Shots Rang Out|work=The New York Times|date=June 12, 2016|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Upon further review, investigators indicated Omar Mateen showed few signs of radicalization, suggesting that the shooter's pledge to ISIL may have been a calculated move to garner more news coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/18/482621690/investigators-say-orlando-shooter-showed-few-warning-signs-of-radicalization|title=Investigators Say Orlando Shooter Showed Few Warning Signs Of Radicalization|website=NPR.org|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref> Afghanistan,<ref name="BF">{{cite web|title=This Is How World Leaders Are Reacting To The Orlando Gay Nightclub Shooting|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/hayesbrown/world-leaders-express-condolences-in-wake-of-orlando-shootin?bffbnews|website=BuzzFeed|access-date=June 12, 2016}}</ref> Algeria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606130821.html |title=Algeria: Orlando Mass Shooting, a 'Barbaric Crime,' Says President Bouteflika|last=|first=|date=June 13, 2016|website=All Africa|publisher=All Africa|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Azerbaijan,<ref>{{cite web|author=  |url=http://haqqin.az/news/72690 |title=Баку осудил теракт в США — Haqqin |website=Haqqin.az |date= |access-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref> Bahrain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=6283|title=Foreign Ministry of Bahrain gives condolences on Orlando shooting|last=|first=|date=June 13, 2016|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publisher=Bahrain MoFA|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Djibouti,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidence.dj/article.php?ID=262|title=Présidence de la République de Djibouti|publisher=|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Egypt,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticleNews.aspx?ArtID=104350#.V2AWZNJ97IU|title=State Information Services Egypt strongly condemns Orlando shooting|work=sis.gov.eg|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Iraq,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/pmu_english/status/742168309936717824 |title=Iraqi PMU English on Twitter: "Today we stand with the victims of the #Orlando attack on civilians by #ISIS. From #Iraq we #PrayForOrlando." |publisher=[[Twitter]] |date= |access-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref> Iran,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/orlando-nightclub-shooting-live-updates/iranian-official/|title=Statement by Iranian Foreign Ministry|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Pakistan,<ref name="BF" /> Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/06/13/Saudi-Arabia-condemns-Orlando-shooting.html |title=Saudi Arabia condemns Orlando shooting |date=June 13, 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-134_-12-june-2016_-press-release-regarding-the-terrorist-attack-in-orlando-city-of-the-us.en.mfa|title=No: 134, 12 June 2016, Press Release Regarding the Terrorist Attack in Orlando City of the US|publisher=|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> Turkmenistan and United Arab Emirates condemned the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=11236|title=Туркменистан: золотой век|publisher=|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.ae/EN/MediaCenter/News/Pages/13616-UAE.aspx|title=Foreign Ministry of UAE gives condemns Orlando shooting|last=|first=|date=June 13, 2016|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publisher=UAE MoFA|access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Many American Muslims, including [[community leader]]s, swiftly condemned the attack.<ref name="Gunaratna">{{cite news |last=Gunaratna |first=Shanika |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Muslim Americans rush to condemn Orlando massacre |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/orlando-shooting-pulse-nightclub-muslims-condemn-attack/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CookeAli">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Kristina |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Muslim leaders condemn Florida massacre, brace for backlash |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-florida-shooting-mosques-idUSKCN0YZ2K6 |agency=Reuters |access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> Prayer vigils for the victims were held at mosques across the country.<ref>
* {{cite news |last=Lozano |first=Carlos |date=June 12, 2016 |title=Several vigils are planned around Southern California for the Orlando shooting victims |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-vigils-20160612-snap-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=June 13, 2016}}
* {{cite news |last=Mooney |first=Sean |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Tucson mosque condemns shootings in Orlando |url=http://www.kvoa.com/story/32205011/tucson-mosque-condemns-shootings-in-orlando |publisher=KVOA |access-date=June 13, 2016}}
* {{cite news |last=Warikoo |first=Niraj |date=June 12, 2016 |title=Metro Detroit Muslims strongly condemn Orlando shooting |url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2016/06/12/area-muslims-strongly-condemn-orlando-shooting/85792084/ |work=Detroit Free Press |publisher=USA Today |access-date=June 13, 2016}}
* {{cite news |last=Galvez |first=Samantha |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Harrisburg mosque holds prayer vigil for Orlando victims |url=http://abc27.com/2016/06/13/harrisburg-mosque-holds-prayer-vigil-for-orlando-victims/ |publisher=[[WHTM-TV]] |access-date=June 13, 2016}}
* {{cite news |author=Whitney Leaming |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Orlando Muslims turn to prayer after shooting puts community 'on edge' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/national/orlando-muslims-turn-to-prayer-after-shooting-puts-community-on-edge/2016/06/13/9c1c8aec-3134-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_video.html |work=The Washington Post |access-date=June 13, 2016}}
* {{cite news |last=DeAngelis |first=Jenna |date=June 12, 2016 |title=Muslim and LGBT community hold vigil for Orlando victims in Hartford |url=http://fox61.com/2016/06/12/muslim-and-lgbt-community-hold-vigil-for-orlando-victims-in-hartford/ |publisher=[[WTIC-TV]] |access-date=June 13, 2016}}
* {{cite news |last=Morris |first=Walter |date=June 12, 2016 |title=Local Muslim community condemns Orlando nightclub shooting |url=http://wsvn.com/news/local/local-muslim-community-condemns-orlando-nightclub-shooting/#.V17SgPi_9_o.twitter |publisher=WSVN |access-date=June 13, 2016}}
* {{cite news |last=Hutchison |first=Ben |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Milwaukee mosque holds prayer vigil for Orlando shooting victims |url=http://www.wisn.com/news/local-mosque-holds-prayer-vigil-for-orlando-shooting-victims/40026204 |publisher=WISN |access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> The Florida mosque where Mateen sometimes prayed issued a statement condemning the attack and offering condolences to the victims.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blinder |first=Alan |date=June 12, 2016 |title=Fort Pierce Mosque in Florida Condemns Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/orlando-nightclub-shooting-live-updates/ft-pierce-mosque/ |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> The [[Council on American–Islamic Relations]] called the attack "monstrous" and offered its condolences to the victims. CAIR Florida urged Muslims to donate blood and contribute funds in support of the victims' families.<ref name="Gunaratna" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Afshar |first1=Paradise |last2=Seiden |first2=Michael |date=June 13, 2016 |title=Muslim community condemns Orlando attack, calls for blood donations |url=http://www.local10.com/news/muslim-community-condemns-orlando-attack-calls-for-blood-donations |publisher=[[WPLG]] |access-date=June 13, 2016}}</ref>

== Chechnya concentration camps ==
[[File:LGBT in Chechnya.jpg|thumb|A public demonstration, "Chechen mothers mourn their children", was staged on 1 May 2017 on [[Nevsky Prospect]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], to protest the persecution of gay men in Chechnya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian police round up LGBT activists demonstrating against persecution of gay men in Chechnya|author=Batchelor, Tom |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-gay-rights-lgbt-chechnya-persecution-st-petersburg-may-day-protest-a7711531.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=1 May 2017 |accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russians Protesting Abuse of Gay Men in Chechnya Are Detained |author=Kramer, Andrew E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/world/europe/russia-gay-rights-chechnya.html?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 May 2017 |accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Gay concentration camps in Chechnya|LGBT rights in Chechnya|Islam in Russia}}
Since February 2017, over 100 male residents of the [[Chechen Republic]] (part of the [[Russian Federation]]) assumed to be [[gay]] or [[bisexual]] have been rounded up, detained and [[torture]]d by authorities on account of their [[sexual orientation]].<ref name="uawire.org">{{cite web|url=https://uawire.org/news/homosexual-men-from-Chechnya-confirm-existence-of-special-prisons-in-the-republic|title=Information uncovered about a second prison for homosexuals in the Russian republic of Chechnya|publisher=|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref> These crackdowns have been described as part of a systemic anti-[[LGBT]] "[[purge]]" in the region. The men are held and allegedly [[torture]]d in [[concentration camps]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Lydia|title=Chechnya detains 100 gay men in first concentration camps since the Holocaust|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chechnya-detains-100-gay-men-first-concentration-camps-since-holocaust-1616363|accessdate=16 April 2017|work=International Business Times UK|date=10 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Advocate">{{cite news|last1=Reynolds|first1=Daniel|title=Report: Chechnya Is Torturing Gay Men in Concentration Camps|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2017/4/10/report-chechyna-torturing-gay-men-concentration-camps|accessdate=16 April 2017|work=The Advocate|date=10 April 2017}}</ref>

Allegations were initially reported in ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' on April 1, 2017<ref name=NovayaGazeta>{{cite news | last = Milashina | first = Elena | title = Murder of honor: the ambitions of a well-known LGBT activist awake a terrible ancient custom in Chechnya | publisher = | date = 1 April 2017 | url = https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/01/71983-ubiystvo-chesti | accessdate = 14 April 2017 | quote = "Novaya Gazeta" became aware of mass detentions of residents of Chechnya in connection with their unconventional sexual orientation - or suspicion of such. At the moment, more than a hundred men have been informed of the detention. "Novaya Gazeta" knows the names of the three dead, but our sources say that there are many more victims.}}</ref> a Russian-language [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] newspaper, which reported that over 100 men have allegedly been detained and tortured and at least three people have died in an [[extrajudicial killing]]. The paper, citing its sources in the Chechen special services, called the wave of detentions a "prophylactic sweep."<ref name = NovayaGazeta/><ref name="KramerNYT">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/world/europe/chechen-authorities-arresting-and-killing-gay-men-russian-paper-says.html|title=Chechen Authorities Arresting and Killing Gay Men, Russian Paper Says|first=Andrew E.|last=Kramer|date=1 April 2017|publisher=|accessdate=15 April 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> The journalist who first reported on the subject has gone into hiding,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/04/15/she-broke-the-story-of-chechnyas-anti-gay-purge-now-she-says-she-has-to-flee-russia/|title=Analysis - She broke the story of Chechnya’s anti-gay purge. Now, she says she has to flee Russia.|publisher=|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/culture/news/a35180/there-are-terrifying-gay-concentration-camps-in-chechnya/|title=Reports Of New, Terrifying 'Gay Concentration Camps' Where Men Are Getting Tortured And Murdered|date=2017-04-13|work=ELLE UK|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> There have been calls for reprisals for journalists reporting on the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/14/journalists-fear-reprisals-for-exposing-purge-of-gay-men-in-chechnya|title=Journalists fear reprisals for exposing purge of gay men in Chechnya|first=Shaun|last=Walker|date=14 April 2017|publisher=|accessdate=15 April 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref>

In response, the [[Russian LGBT Network]] is attempting to assist those who are threatened to evacuate from Chechyna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lgbtweekly.com/2017/04/09/russian-lgbt-network-evacuating-at-risk-people-from-chechnya/|title=Russian LGBT Network evacuating 'at risk' people from Chechnya|publisher=|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pleas-help-gay-men-chechnya-rise-russian-group-says-n745646|title=Pleas for help from gay men in Chechnya on rise, Russian group says|publisher=|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref> Human rights groups and foreign governments have called upon Russia and Chechyna to put an end to the internments.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/russia-urged-end-torture-killing-gays-chechnya/3809377.html "Russia Urged to End Torture, Killing of Gays in Chechnya"], ''Voice of America'', April 13, 2017.</ref>

==Public opinion among Muslims==
[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|350px|World Muslim population by percentage ([[Pew Research Center]], 2014).]] {{LGBT rights at the UN}}
In 2011, the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]] passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/un-gay-rights-protection-resolution-passes-_n_879032.html |date=June 17, 2011 |agency=Associated Press |first=Frank |last=Jordans |title=U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment' }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=United Nations |title=UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=40743 |date=15 December 2011}}</ref> The two world maps of the percentage of Muslims per country and the countries that support LGBT rights at the UN give an impression of the attitude towards homosexuality on the part of many Muslim-majority governments.

[[File:Nottingham Pride MMB 37 Pride march meets homophobic Muslims.jpg|thumb|Islamic protester at a LGBT Pride march in Nottingham, England]]
The Muslim community as a whole, worldwide, has become polarized on the subject of homosexuality. Some Muslims say that “no good Muslim can be gay,” and “traditional schools of Islamic law consider homosexuality a grave sin.” At the opposite pole, “some Muslims . . . are welcoming what they see as an opening within their communities to address anti-gay attitudes.” Especially, it is “young Muslims” who are “increasingly speaking out in support of gay rights”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://religionnews.com/2016/06/17/muslim-attitudes-about-lbgt-are-complex-and-far-from-universally-anti-gay/|title=Muslim attitudes about LBGT are complex|author=|date=|work=ReligionNews.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

===Opinion polls===
In 2013, the [[Pew Research Center]] conducted a study on the global acceptance of homosexuality and found a widespread rejection of homosexuality in many nations that are predominantly Muslim. In some countries, views were becoming more conservative among younger people.<ref>[http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ Pew Research Center: The Global Divide on Homosexuality], retrieved 9 June 2013</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Age and views on homosexuality'''
!| Country
!| 18-29
!| 30-49
!| 50+
|-
| Homosexuality
should be accepted
| %
| %
| %
|-
| Malaysia
| 7
| 10
| 11
|-
| Turkey
| 7
| 9
| 10
|-
| Palestinian territories
| 5
| 3
| --
|-
| Indonesia
| 4
| 3
| 2
|-
| Jordan
| 5
| 1
| 1
|-
| Egypt
| 3
| 2
| 3
|-
| Tunisia
| 3
| 2
| 1
|-
| Pakistan
| 2
| 2
| 2
|}
:'''Source''': {{cite web
| url = http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/
| format = Website
| title = The Global Divide on Homosexuality
| publisher = PEW Research
| date = 4 June 2013
| accessdate = 2013-09-13}}


A 2007 survey of British Muslims showed that 61% believe homosexuality should be illegal, with up to 71% of young British Muslims holding this belief.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dvmx.com/British_Muslim_Youth.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081159/http://dvmx.com/British_Muslim_Youth.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-26 |df= }}</ref> A later Gallup poll in 2009 showed that none of the 500 British Muslims polled believed homosexuality to be "morally acceptable". This compared with 35% of the 1001 French Muslims polled that did.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=2009-05-07}}</ref>

According to a 2012 poll, 51% of the [[Turks in Germany]], who account for nearly two thirds of the total Muslim population in Germany,<ref>[[Bundesministerium des Inneren]]: [http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Themen/Politik_Gesellschaft/DIK/langversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Zusammenfassung "Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland"], p. 2</ref> believe that homosexuality is an illness.<ref>[[:de:Liljeberg Research International|Liljeberg Research International]]: ''[https://d171.keyingress.de/multimedia/document/228.pdf Deutsch-Türkische Lebens- und Wertewelten 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011112234/https://d171.keyingress.de/multimedia/document/228.pdf |date=2012-10-11 }}'', July/August 2012, p. 73</ref>

In a 2016 [[ICM Research|ICM]] poll of 1,081 British Muslims, 52% of those polled disagreed with the statement ‘Homosexuality should be legal in Britain’ compared with 11% of the control group; 18% agreed compared with 73% of the control group. In the same poll, 56% of British Muslims polled disagreed with the statement ‘Gay marriage should be legal in Britain’ compared with 20% of the control group and 47% disagreed with the statement ‘It is acceptable for a homosexual person to be a teacher in a school’ compared with 14% of the control group.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICM Muslims Survey for Channel 4|url=https://www.icmunlimited.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Mulims-full-suite-data-plus-topline.pdf|publisher=ICM Unlimited|date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

American Muslims - in line with general public attitudes in the United States - have become much more accepting of homosexuality over recent years. In a 2007 poll conducted by Pew Research Center, only 27% of American Muslims believed that homosexuality should be accepted. In a 2011 poll, that rose to 39%. In a July 2017 poll, Muslims who say homosexuality should be accepted by society clearly outnumber those who say it should be discouraged (52% versus 33%).<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Muslims Concerned About Their Place in Society, but Continue to Believe in the American Dream|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/findings-from-pew-research-centers-2017-survey-of-us-muslims/|publisher=Pew Research Center|accessdate=2 August 2017|date=26 July 2017}}</ref>

===Muslims leaders opposing same-sex relations===
====Sunni====
* In 2017, the Egyptian cleric, Sheikh [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] (who has served as chairman of the [[European Council for Fatwa and Research]]) was asked how gay people should be punished. He replied that “there is disagreement,” but “the important thing is to treat this act as a crime.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/islams-jihad-against-homosexuals-1465859170|title=Islam’s Jihad Against Homosexuals|first=Ayaan Hirsi|last=Ali|date=13 June 2016|publisher=|access-date=5 April 2017|via=www.WSJ.com}}</ref>

====Shia====
* Iran's current Supreme Leader, Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] has stated that "[...] There is no worst form of moral degeneration than [homosexuality]. [...] But it won't stop here. In the future, not sure exactly when, they will legalize incest and even worse."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/irans-supreme-leader-says-there-no-worst-form-moral-degeneration-homosexuality|title=IRAN'S SUPREME LEADER SAYS "THERE IS NO WORST FORM OF MORAL DEGENERATION THAN HOMOSEXUALITY"|author=|date=|work=Outrightinternational.org|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> [[Mohammad Javad Larijani]], Khamenei's close adviser, stated "In our society, homosexuality is regarded as an illness and malady," whilst adding "Promoting homosexuality is illegal and we have strong laws against it," Larijani said, according to the conservative news website Khabaronline. He added, "It [homosexuality] is considered as a norm in the West and they are forcing us to accept it. We are strongly against this."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2013/mar/14/iran-official-homosexuality-illness|title=Iranian human rights official describes homosexuality as an illness"|author=|date=|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
* Ayatollah [[Ali al-Sistani]] in [[Iraq]] has stated "It is not permissible for a man to look at another man with lust; similarly, it is not permissible for a woman to look at another woman with lust. Homosexuality (Ash-shudhûdh al-jinsi) is harãm. Similarly, it is forbidden for a female to engage in a sexual act with another female, i.e. lesbianism."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sistani.org/english/book/46/2068/|author=|date=|work=sistani.org|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>

==LGBT movements within Islam==
{{See also|Liberal and progressive Muslim movements}}
[[File:Pride London 2011 - 001.jpg|right|thumb|Float for gay Muslims at [[Pride parade|Pride]] London 2011.]]

===Defunct movements===
[[File:Al-Fatiha Muslim Gays - Gay Parade 2008 in San Francisco (2626954534).jpg|thumb|left|Members of ''Al Fatiha'' at the LGBT Pride parade in San Francisco 2008.]]
The [[Al-Fatiha Foundation]] was an organization which tried to advance the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims. It was founded in 1998 by [[Faisal Alam]], a [[Pakistani American]], and was registered as a [[nonprofit]] organization in the [[United States]]. The organization was an offshoot of an internet [[listserve]] that brought together many gay, lesbian and questioning Muslims from various countries.<ref>"Cyber Mecca", The Advocate, March 14, 2000</ref>{{Verification needed|date=May 2016}} The Foundation accepted and considered homosexuality as natural, either regarding Qur'anic verses as obsolete in the context of modern society, or stating that the Qu'ran speaks out against homosexual lust and is silent on homosexual love. After the Alam stepped down, subsequent leaders failed to sustain the organization and it began a process of legal dissolution in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimalliance.org |title=Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity |publisher=Muslimalliance.org |date= |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref>{{Primary inline|date=May 2016}}

In 2001, [[Al-Muhajiroun]], a banned and now defunct international organization who sought the establishment of a global Islamic [[caliphate]], issued a [[fatwa]] declaring that all members of Al-Fatiha were ''[[murtadd]]'', or [[apostates]], and condemning them to death. Because of the threat and coming from conservative societies, many members of the foundation's site still prefer to be anonymous so as to protect their identity while continuing a tradition of secrecy.<ref>Tim Herbert, "Queer chronicles", Weekend Australian, October 7, 2006, Qld Review Edition.</ref> Al-Fatiha has fourteen chapters in the [[United States]], as well as offices in [[England]], [[Canada]], [[Spain]], [[Turkey]], and [[South Africa]]. In addition, [[Imaan (organization)|Imaan]], a social support group for Muslim LGBT people and their families, exists in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imaan.org.uk/ |title=Home |publisher=Imaan.org.uk |access-date=2010-07-24}}</ref>{{Primary inline|date=May 2016}} Both of these groups were founded by gay [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] activists.

===Active movements===
[[File:El-Farouk_Khaki_nomination_campaign_launch_Apr5-07.jpg|thumb|[[El-Farouk Khaki]], founding member of Salaam group and the Toronto Unity Mosque / el-Tawhid Juma Circle]]
[[File:Ludovic Mohamed Z.jpg|thumb|[[Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed]], founder of the group 'Homosexual Muslims of France']]
The coming together of “human rights discourses and sexual orientation struggles” has resulted in an abundance of “social movements and organizations concerned with gender and sexual minority oppression and discrimination.”<ref>Beden Offord, “Queer Activist Intersections in Southeast Asia: Human Rights and Cultural Studies” in ''Ways of Knowing about Human Rights in Asia'' ed. Vera Mackie, 46 (Routledge, 2016).</ref>

==== Gay prayer room in Paris ====
In November 2012, a prayer room was set up in Paris by gay Islamic scholar and founder of the group 'Homosexual Muslims of France' [[Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed]]. It was described by the press as the first gay-friendly mosque in Europe. The reaction from the rest of the Muslim community in France has been mixed. The opening has been condemned by the [[Grand Mosque of Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20547335|title=Gay-friendly 'mosque' opens in Paris|first=Robin|last=Banerji|publisher=BBC News|date=30 November 2012}}</ref>

====Islamic ex-gay groups====
There are also a number of Islamic [[ex-gay]] (i.e. people claiming to have experienced a basic change in sexual orientation from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive [[heterosexual]]ity)<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex-gays
|last=Throckmorton
|first=Warren
|author2=Pattison, M. L.
|date=June 2002
|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]
|volume=33
|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
|url=http://www.drthrockmorton.com/article.asp?id=1
|number=3
|pages=242–248
|doi=10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.242
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504130831/http://www.drthrockmorton.com/article.asp?id=1
|archivedate=2008-05-04
|df=
}}</ref> groups aimed at attempting to guide homosexuals towards heterosexuality. A large body of research and global [[scientific consensus]] indicates that being gay, lesbian, or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment. Because of this, major mental health professional organizations discourage and caution individuals against attempting to change their [[sexual orientation]] to heterosexual, and warn that attempting to do so can be harmful.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.aspx |title=Just the Facts about Sexual Orientation & Youth |access-date=2 April 2011 |publisher=American Psychological Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/michele-bachmann-silent-allegations-clinic-offers-gay-conversion/story?id=14057215 |title=Bachmann Silent on Allegations Her Clinic Offers Gay Conversion Therapy |access-date=June 13, 2011 |publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> People who have gone through conversion therapy face 8.9 times the rates of suicide ideation, face depression at 5.9 times the rate of their peers and are three times more likely to use illegal drugs compared to those who did not go through the therapy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf#__utma=149406063.799029835.1432689058.1432689058.1432689058.1&__utmb=149406063.2.10.1432689058&__utmc=149406063&__utmx=-&__utmz=149406063.1432689058.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=%28org |title=Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation |publisher=American Psychological Association}}</ref>

==== Marhaba ====
Nur Wahrsage has been an advocate for LGBTI Muslims. He founded Marhaba, a support group for [[queer]] [[Islam in Australia|Muslims]] in [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]], [[LGBT rights in Australia|Australia]]. In May 2016, Wahrsage revealed that he is homosexual in an interview on [[SBS 2|SBS2]]’s [[The Feed (TV series)|The Feed]], being the first openly gay [[Imam]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Power|first1=Shannon|title=Being gay and muslim: ‘death is your repentance’|url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/being-gay-and-muslim-death-is-your-repentance/148975|access-date=5 May 2016|work=[[Star Observer]]|date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

==== Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity ====
The [[Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity]] (MASGD) in the United States began on January 23, 2013. It supports, empowers and connects LGBTQ Muslims. It aims “to increase the acceptance of [[gender and sexual diversity]] within Muslim communities.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimalliance.org/aboutmasgd|title=About MASGD|author=|date=|work=MuslimAlliance.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> On June 20, 2016, an interview with Mirna Haidar (a member of the MASGD’s steering committee) was published in [[The Washington Post]]. She described the MASGD as supporting “LGBT Muslims who want or need to embrace both their sexual and religious identities.” Haidar said that the support the MASGD provides is needed because a person who is “Muslim and queer “ faces “two different systems of oppression”: [[Islamophobia]] and [[homophobia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/20/what-you-should-know-about-being-lgbt-and-muslim-from-a-leading-lgbt-muslim-group/|title=What you should know about being LGBT and Muslim, from a leading LGBT Muslim group|author=|date=|work=WashingtonPost.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

====Muslims for Progressive Values====
[[Muslims for Progressive Values]], based in the United States and in Malaysia, is “a faith-based, grassroots, human rights organization that embodies and advocates for the traditional Qur’anic values of social justice and equality for all, for the 21st Century.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpvusa.org/who-we-are|title=Who We Are|author=|date=|work=MPVUSA.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> MPV has recorded “a lecture series that seeks to dismantle the religious justification for homophobia in Muslim communities.” The lectures can be viewed at MPV Lecture Series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE3saqAXcc3ahCLB4FWqyd7XAJ_Lh72IZ|title=LGBTQI Lecture Series - YouTube|author=|date=|work=YouTube.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

====Safra Project====
The Safra Project for women is based in the UK. It supports and works on issues relating to prejudice LGBTQ Muslim women. It was founded in October 2001 by Muslim LBT women. The Safra Project’s “ethos is one of inclusiveness and diversity.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rabble.ca/toolkit/rabblepedia/safra-project|title=The Safra Project - rabble.ca|author=|date=|work=Rabble.ca|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

==== Salaam ====
Salaam is the first gay Muslim group in Canada and second in the world. Salaam was found in 1993 by [[El-Farouk Khaki]], who organized the Salaam/Al-Fateha International Conference in 2003.<ref name=patch>Catherine Patch, "Queer Muslims find peace; El-Farouk Khaki founded Salaam Offers a place to retain spirituality", ''Toronto Star'', June 15, 2006</ref>

==== Sarajevski Otvoreni Centar ====
[[Sarajevski Otvoreni Centar]] (Sarajevo Open Centre), abbreviated SOC, is an independent [[feminist]] [[civil society]] organization and [[advocacy]] group which campaigns for [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender|trans]] and [[intersex]] ([[LGBTI rights|LGBTI]]) people and [[women rights]] in [[LGBT rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{cite web|author=By Agan Uzunović |url=https://revolution-news.com/bosnian-lgbti-activists-demand-equality-now/ |title=Bosnian LGBTI Activists Demand: Equality Now! |publisher=Revolution News |date=2016-05-18 |accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://soc.ba/en/about-us/ |title=About us – Sarajevski Otvoreni Centar |publisher=Soc.ba |date= |accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref> The organization also gives asylum and psychological support to victims of discrimination and violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.6yka.com/novost/105440/povecan-broj-slucajeva-krsenja-ljudskih-prava-lgbti-osoba- |title=Povećan broj slučajeva kršenja ljudskih prava LGBTI osoba - BUKA Magazin |publisher=6yka.com |date=2016-05-19 |accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref>

The ''Pink Report'' is an annual report made by the organization on the state of the Human Rights of LGBTI People in the country and is supported by the Norwegian Embassy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norveska.ba/News_and_events/Society-and-Policy/Norwegian-Embassy-supports-Sarajevo-Open-Centres-Pink-Report/ |title=Norwegian Embassy supports Sarajevo Open Centre’s Pink Report |publisher=Norveska.ba |date=2016-05-17 |accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref>

==== Toronto Unity Mosque / el-Tawhid Juma Circle ====
In May 2009, the Toronto Unity Mosque / el-Tawhid Juma Circle was founded by Laury Silvers, a [[University of Toronto]] religious studies scholar, alongside Muslim gay-rights activists El-Farouk Khaki and Troy Jackson. Unity Mosque/ETJC is a [[gender-equal]], LGBT+ affirming, mosque.<ref>{{cite web|title=El-tawhid juma circle|url=http://www.jumacircle.com/|accessdate=19 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mastracci|first1=Davide|title=What It's Like To Pray At A Queer-Inclusive Mosque|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/davidemastracci/toronto-lgbt-unity-mosque|accessdate=19 April 2017|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=April 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Habib|first1=Samra|title=Queer and going to the mosque: 'I’ve never felt more Muslim than I do now'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/03/unity-mosque-queer-muslim-islam-samra-habib|accessdate=19 April 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gillis|first1=Wendy|title=Islamic scholars experience diversity of Muslim practices at U of T summer program|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/08/25/islamic_scholars_experience_diversity_of_muslim_practices_at_u_of_t_summer_program.html|accessdate=19 April 2017|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=August 25, 2013}}</ref>

===Media designed to reduce prejudice===
The religious conflicts and inner turmoil with which Islamic homosexuals struggle have been addressed in various media.

''Channel 4'' 
The goals of [[Channel 4]] include (1) stimulate public debate on contemporary issues, (2) reflect cultural
diversity of the UK, and (3) champion alternative points of view.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/media/documents/corporate/annual-reports/C4_Creative_Greenhouse_2015.pdf Channel 4 in a Nutshell.]</ref> One of Channel 4's productions is a documentary on [[Gay Muslims]], broadcast in the UK in January 2006. It can be viewed on YouTube in six parts: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f80pNyoL6A Gay Muslims - UK - Part 1 of 6], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ve9bhIHXgE8 Gay Muslims - UK - Part 2 of 6], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDiaW0kMNVg Gay Muslims - UK - Part 3 of 6], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABllEPWfG3M Gay Muslims - UK - Part 4 of 6], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvS6zqzbZHA Gay Muslims - UK - Part 5 of 6], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6YTVQmK4WU Gay Muslims - UK - Part 6 of 6]

''Unity Productions Foundation'' 
The Unity Productions Foundation (UPF) works for “Peace through the Media” by producing films “to break down stereotypes and enhance understanding” of Muslims and Islam. UPF films have been seen by approximated 150 million people. UPF has "partnered with prominent Jewish, Muslim, Christian and interfaith groups to run dialogues nationwide." Videos of non-Muslims speaking up for Muslims as “fellow Americans” are online at [http://myfellowamerican.us/ Non-Muslims Speak Up.]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upf.tv/about-upf/|title=About UPF - UPF (Unity Productions Foundation)|author=|date=|work=UPF.tv|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

''Muslim Debate Initiative'' 
The Muslim Debate Initiative (MDI) made up of Muslims “with experience in public speaking, apologetics, polemics, research and community work.” One of its aims is “to support, encourage and promote debate that contrasts Islam against other intellectual and political discourses for the purpose of the pursuit of truth, intellectual scrutiny with respect, and the clarifying accurate understandings of other worldviews between people of different cultures, beliefs and political persuasions.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thedebateinitiative.com/about-2/|title=About MDI|author=|date=26 December 2009|work=TheDebateInitiative.com|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> One of its broadcasts was on [[BBC3]]'s “Free Speech” program on March 25, 2014. The debate was between [[Maajid Nawaz]] and Abdullah al Andalusi on the question “Can you be Gay and Muslim?” It is on YouTube at "Gay and Muslim?".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJI7D5hU-mU|title=BBC3 'Free Speech' 'Can you be Gay and Muslim?' Maajid Nawaz vs Abdullah al Andalusi|first=|last=Muslim Debate Initiative|date=27 March 2014|publisher=|access-date=5 April 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>

''A Jihad for Love'' 
In 2007, the documentary film ''[[A Jihad for Love]]'' was released. It was produced by [[Sandi Simcha DuBowski]] and directed by [[Parvez Sharma]]. As of 2016 the film has been shown in 49 nations to four million plus viewers.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajihadforlove.org/home.html|title=A JIHAD FOR LOVE:::A FIlm by Parvez Sharma|author=|date=|work=AJihadForLove.org|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>
See two parts of the film at ''A Jihad for Love Part 1''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9a3veWJeiY|title=A jihad for love Part 1|first=|last=Libyan .Gay|date=3 April 2010|publisher=|access-date=5 April 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> and ''A Jihad for Love Part 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FKRnjrvAJk|title=a jihad for love Part 2|first=|last=Libyan .Gay|date=3 April 2010|publisher=|access-date=5 April 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> Also a video about ''A Jihad for Love'' is at "About a Jihad for Love".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10KrVTuH_so|title=A Jihad for Love- Gay Muslims fight for rights-1/3|first=|last=Donovon Ceaser|date=20 May 2008|publisher=|access-date=5 April 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>

''A Sinner in Mecca'' 
In 2015, the documentary film ''[[A Sinner in Mecca]]'' was released. It was directed by [[Parvez Sharma]]. The film chronicles Sharma's [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]] as an openly gay [[Muslim]]. The film premiered at the 2015 [[Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival]] to great critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press|url=http://asinnerinmecca.com/press/|website=A Sinner in Mecca|accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref> The film opened in theaters in the US on September 4, 2015 and is a New York Times Critics' Pick.<ref>{{cite news|title=In ‘A Sinner in Mecca,’ a Gay Director Ponders His Sexuality and Islamic Faith|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/04/movies/in-a-sinner-in-mecca-a-gay-director-ponders-his-sexuality-and-islamic-faith.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref>

''My.Kali'' 
[[My.Kali]] is a Jordanian [[Arab world|pan-Arab]] LGBT publication published in [[English language|English]] in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]]. It started publication online in 2008. It is named after openly-gay model Khalid, making major headlines, as it is the 1st LGBT publication to ever exist in the [[MENA]] region.<ref>[http://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/2012/08/jordan-gay-mykalimag.html "Jordan: a gay magazine gives an hope to Middle East", ''Ilgrandecolibri.com'', retrieved 11 August 2012]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaymiddleeast.com/country/jordan.htm |title=Gay Egypy |work=Gay Middle East |accessdate=20 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711080257/http://gaymiddleeast.com/country/jordan.htm |archivedate=11 July 2011 |df= }}</ref> The magazine regularly features non-LGBT artists on their covers to promote acceptance among other communities and was the first publication to give many underground and regional artists their first covers like [[Yasmine Hamdan]],<ref>[http://mykalimag.com/on-singer-yasmine-hamdan/ The Melodic Being of Yasmine Hamdan]</ref> both lead singer and violinist of band [[Mashrou' Leila]], [[Hamed Sinno]]<ref>[http://mykalimag.com/on-hamed-sinno/ Hamed Sinno]</ref> and [[Haig Papazian]], [[Alaa Wardi]],<ref>[http://mykalimag.com/on-youtube-star-alaa-wardi/ My.Kali Alaa Wardi cover]</ref> [[Zahed Sultan]]<ref>[http://mykalimag.com/on-zahed-sultan/ My.Kali Zahed Sultan cover]</ref> and many more.<ref>[http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/middle-eastern-lgbt-magazine-looking-%E2%80%98risky-expansion-arabic Middle Eastern LGBT magazine looking risky expansion into Arabic] ''Egypt Independent''.</ref>

==Books supporting LGBT Muslims==
This section contains material from books and articles supporting LGBT Muslims.

'''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism''' 
In Chapter Eight of the 2003 book, ''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism'', [http://mesas.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/kugle.html Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle] asserts “that Islam does not address homosexuality.” In Fugle’s reading, the Qur'an holds “a positive assessment of diversity.” It “respects diversity in physical appearance, constitution, stature, and color of human beings as a natural consequence of Divine wisdom in creation.” Therefore, Islam can be described as “a religion that positively assesses diversity in creation and in human societies.” Furthermore, in Kugle’s reading, the Qur'an “implies that some people are different in their sexual desires than others.” Thus, homosexuality can be seen as part of the “natural diversity in sexuality in human societies.” This is the way “gay and lesbian Muslims” view their homosexuality.<ref>[http://othersheepexecsite.com/Other_Sheep_Resource_Sexuality_Diversity_and_Ethics_in_the_Agenda_of_Progressive_Muslims_by_Scott_Siraj_al_Haqq_Kugle.pdf Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, “Sexuality, diversity and ethics in the agenda of progressive Muslims” in ''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism'', ed. Omid Safi (Oneworld Publications, 2003), 194-196.]</ref>

In addition to the Qur'an, Kugle refers to the benediction of [[Imam Al-Ghazali]] (the 11th century Muslim theologian) which says. “praise be to God, the marvels of whose creation are not subject to the arrows of accident.” For Kugle, this benediction implies that “if sexuality is inherent in a person’s personality, then sexual diversity is a part of creation, which is never accidental but is always marvelous.” Kugle also refers to “a rich archive of same-sex sexual desires and expressions, written by or reported about respected members of society: literati, educated elites, and religious scholars.” Given these writings, Kugle concludes that “one might consider Islamic societies (like classical Greece) to provide a vivid illustration of a 'homosexual-friendly' environment.” This evoked from “medieval and early modern Christian Europeans” accusations that Muslim were “engaging openly in same-sex practices.”<ref>[http://othersheepexecsite.com/Other_Sheep_Resource_Sexuality_Diversity_and_Ethics_in_the_Agenda_of_Progressive_Muslims_by_Scott_Siraj_al_Haqq_Kugle.pdf Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, “Sexuality, diversity and ethics in the agenda of progressive Muslims” in ''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism'', ed. Omid Safi (Oneworld Publications, 2003), 198.]</ref>

Kugle goes a step further in his argument and asserts that “if some Muslims find it necessary to deny that sexual diversity is part of the natural created world, then the burden of proof rests on their shoulders to illustrate their denial from the Qur’anic discourse itself.”<ref>[http://othersheepexecsite.com/Other_Sheep_Resource_Sexuality_Diversity_and_Ethics_in_the_Agenda_of_Progressive_Muslims_by_Scott_Siraj_al_Haqq_Kugle.pdf Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, “Sexuality, diversity and ethics in the agenda of progressive Muslims” in ''Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism'', ed. Omid Safi (Oneworld Publications, 2003), 196, 198.]</ref>

'''Queer Visions of Islam''' 
In 2003, [https://sites.google.com/site/rusmirmusic/articles Rusmir Musić’s] [[Master of Arts]] thesis [http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf ''Queer Visions of Islam''] was accepted at [[New York University]]. Musić described his thesis project as his “own faith exploration, a definitive rebuttal to claims that my love and desire toward someone of the same gender disgusts God and will surely propel me to hell.” He recalled that at the [[Millennium March on Washington]], D.C. in May 2000 he chanted, “God doesn’t hate.” He said that “writing this paper has been my effort to authenticate” those words. Musić then observed that “many queer Muslims” face the issues he addressed in his thesis. They struggle “to lead a life rooted in faith ''and'' embracing their sexuality.” However, “religion need not be abandoned, just rearticulated.”<ref>[http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf Rusmir Musić, ''Queer Visions of Islam'' (M.A. Thesis, 2003), 3-4.]</ref>

In his reading of Islam’s sacred texts, the Qur'an and the ''hadith'', Musić recognized that all readings are “an interpretation, thus allowing and even calling for new meanings appropriate to each generation.” Thus, to say the “Qur’an says” really means “this is what ''we think'' the Qur’an says.” Musić also studied the ''hadith'', that is, Prophet Muhammad’s sayings or deeds, his contemporaries as recorded by his contemporaries. He was seeking to understand “God’s intentions” within the ambiguities of the Qur'an. However, as with the Qur'an, Musić found that “the ''hadith'' literature incorporates a spectrum of attitudes and opinions”<ref>[http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf Rusmir Musić, ''Queer Visions of Islam'' (M.A. Thesis, 2003), 8, 9, 17.]</ref>

After his study of the Qur'an and the ''hadith'', Musić concluded that “deeper analysis reveals that internal inconsistencies may be extremely valuable to queer-friendly rearticulations of the scripture.” He reads the Qur'an, as “unequivocally committed toward human liberation, erasing biases between people(s).” Comprehended under this axiom, the sacred texts can indeed become a powerful moral tool, showing incredible freshness in “providing hope and strength to the oppressed.”<ref>[http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf Rusmir Musić, ''Queer Visions of Islam'' (M.A. Thesis, 2003), 10, 17.]</ref>

Musić began the rearticulation he said was needed to enable queer Muslims to retain their faith “with the Qur’anic story of humankind’s origins, tracing all humans to one primordial soul.” He concluded that “the division of this primordial soul was not intended as a perfect separation: each pair carries a piece of the other. Consequently, two souls need not imply a binary tension, since they both trace back to one ''nafs'' and ultimately One God.” This view of creation suggests that “desiring sexual acts, regardless of the partner’s gender, does not contrast Islamic morality” and that “God is not angered at same-gender sex.”<ref>[http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf Rusmir Musić, ''Queer Visions of Islam'' (M.A. Thesis, 2003), 14, 21.]</ref>

For Musić, the fact that neither the Qur'an nor the ''hadith'' contains “a monolithic prohibition against same-gender sexuality” contributes to his “central argument that Islam as a religion is not inherently homophobic, but could, on the contrary, be explicitly recognizing and regulating same-gender desire.” In addition to his central argument that as a religion Islam is not “inherently homophobic,” Musić, pointed out the fact that “same-gender sexual acts . . . have always existed within Islam.”<ref>[http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf Rusmir Musić, ''Queer Visions of Islam'' (M.A. Thesis, 2003), 29, 37.]</ref>

In the concluding summary of his thesis, Musić said that he had “attempted to show” (1) that “the gender and sexuality continuum” finds support in Islam’s sacred texts and (2) that the laws finding “fundamental incompatibility in same-gender relationships, are products of human biases.”<ref>[http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf Rusmir Musić, ''Queer Visions of Islam'' (M.A. Thesis, 2003), 52.]</ref>

'''Islam and Homosexuality''' 
In 2010, an anthology ''Islam and Homosexuality'' was published.<ref>Samar Habib, ''Islam and Homosexuality'' (Praeger, 2010).</ref> In the Forward, [[Parvez Sharma]] sounded a pessimistic note about the future: “In my lifetime I do not see Islam drafting a uniform edict that homosexuality is permissible.” Following is material from two chapters dealing with the present.

[https://sites.google.com/site/rusmirmusic/articles Rusmir Musić] in a chapter “Queer Visions of Islam” said that “Queer Muslims struggle daily to reconcile their sexuality and their faith.” Musić began to study in college “whether or not my love for somebody of the same gender disgusts God and whether it will propel me to hell. The answer, for me, is an unequivocal ''no''. Furthermore, Musić wrote, “my research and reflection helped me to imagine my sexuality as a gift from a loving, not hateful, God.”<ref>[http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Queer-Visions-of-Islam.pdf Rusmir Musić, “Queer Visions of Islam” in ''Islam and Homosexuality'', ed. Samar Habib, (Praeger, 2010), 327-328.]</ref>

Marhuq Fatima Khan in a chapter “Queer, American, and Muslim: Cultivating Identities and Communities of Affirmation,” says that “Queer Muslims employ a few narratives to enable them to reconcile their religious and sexual identities.” They “fall into three broad categories: (1) God Is Merciful; (2) That Is Just Who I Am; and (3) It’s Not Just Islam.”<ref>Marhuq Fatima Khan, “Queer, American, and Muslim: Cultivating Identities and Communities of Affirmation” in ''Islam and Homosexuality'', ed. Samar Habib, (Praeger, 2010), 356-358.</ref>

'''Sexual Ethics and Islam''' 
[[Kecia Ali]] in her 2016 book ''Sexual Ethics and Islam'' says that p xvi “there is no one Muslim perspective on anything.” Regarding the Qur'an, Ali says that modern scholars disagree about what it says about “same-sex intimacy.” Some scholars argue that “the Qur’an does not address homosexuality or homosexuals explicitly.”<ref>Kecia Ali, ''Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence '' (Oneworld Publications, Exp Rev edition 2016), xvi, 103.</ref>

Regarding homosexuality, Ali, says that the belief that “exclusively homosexual desire is innate in some individuals” has been adopted “even among some relatively conservative Western Muslim thinkers.”100 Homosexual Muslims believe their homosexuality to be innate and view “their sexual orientation as God-given and immutable.”123 She observes that “queer and trans people are sometimes treated as defective or deviant,” and she adds that it is “vital not to assume that variation implies imperfection or disability.”<ref>Kecia Ali, ''Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence '' (Oneworld Publications, Exp Rev edition 2016), 100, 123, 206.</ref>

Regarding “medieval Muslim culture,” Ali says that “male desire to penetrate desirable youth . . . was perfectly normal.” Even if same-sex relations were not lawful, there was “an unwillingness to seek out and condemn instances of same-sex activity, but rather to let them pass by . . . unpunished.”<ref>Kecia Ali, ''Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence '' (Oneworld Publications, Exp Rev edition 2016), 105-106.</ref>

In an article “Same-sex Sexual Activity and Lesbian and Bisexual Women” Ali elaborates on homosexuality as an aspect of medieval Muslim culture. She says that “same-sex sexual expression has been a more or less recognized aspect of Muslim societies for many centuries.” There are many explicit discussions of “same-sex sexual activity” in medieval Arabic literature.<ref name="brandeis.edu">[https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/same-sex.html Kecia Ali, “Same-sex Sexual Activity and Lesbian and Bisexual Women.”] Accessed October 1, 2016.</ref>

==Gender variant and transgender people==
In Islam, the term [[mukhannathun]] is used to describe gender-variant people, usually male-to-female transgender. Neither this term nor the equivalent for "eunuch" occurs in the [[Qur'an]], but the term does appear in the [[Hadith]], the sayings of Muhammad, which have a secondary status to the central text. Moreover, within [[Islam]], there is a tradition on the elaboration and refinement of extended religious doctrines through scholarship. This doctrine contains a passage by the scholar and hadith collector [[An-Nawawi]]:{{quote|A mukhannath is the one ("male") who carries in his movements, in his appearance and in his language the characteristics of a woman. There are two types; the first is the one in whom these characteristics are innate, he did not put them on by himself, and therein is no guilt, no blame and no shame, as long as he does not perform any (illicit) act or exploit it for money (prostitution etc.). The second type acts like a woman out of immoral purposes and he is the sinner and blameworthy.<ref name="TEOEM">{{cite journal
| last = Rowson
| first = Everett K.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Effeminates of Early Medina
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society
| volume = 111
| issue = 4
| pages = 671–693
| publisher = American Oriental Society
| location =
| date = October 1991
| url = http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_effeminates_of_early_medina.pdf
| doi = 10.2307/603399
| id =
| accessdate =
| jstor = 603399 }}</ref>}}

While Iran has outlawed homosexuality, Iranian [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a]] thinkers such as [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] have allowed for transgender people to change their sex so that they can enter heterosexual relationships. This position has been confirmed by the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]], and is also supported by many other Iranian clerics.

Iran carries out more sex change operations than any other nation in the world except for [[Thailand]]. It is regarded as a cure for homosexuality, which is punishable by death under Iranian law. The government even provides up to half the cost for those needing financial assistance and a sex change is recognized on the birth certificate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barford |first=Vanessa |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7259057.stm |title=Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals' |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-02-25 |access-date=2010-07-24}}</ref>

On the 26th of June 2016, clerics affiliated to the [[Pakistan]]-based organization Tanzeem Ittehad-i-Ummat have issued a [[fatwa]] on transgender people, trans males with “visible signs of being a male” being allowed to marry women or a trans woman with “visible signs of being a female” and vice versa, while Muslim ritual funerals also apply. Depriving transgender people of their inheritance, humiliating, insulting or teasing them were also declared [[haraam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/06/clerics-issue-fatwa-allowing-transgender-marriage-in-pakistan/ |title=Clerics issue fatwa allowing transgender marriage in Pakistan |publisher=Samaa Web Desk |date=27 June 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|LGBT}}
{{Wikiquote|Homosexuality#Islam}}
* [[StraightWay Foundation]]
* [[LGBT in the Middle East]]
* [[LGBT rights at the United Nations]]
* [[Transsexuality in Iran]]
* [[Homonationalism]]

===Rights activists===
* [[Afdhere Jama]], editor of ''[[Huriyah (magazine)|Huriyah]]''
* [[Arsham Parsi]], Iranian LGBT activist
* [[El-Farouk Khaki]], founder of Salaam, the first homosexual Muslim group in Canada
* [[Faisal Alam]], [[Pakistani American]] founder of [[Al-Fatiha Foundation]]
* [[Irshad Manji]], Canadian lesbian and [[human rights]] activist
* [[Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni]]
* [[Maryam Hatoon Molkara]], campaigner for [[Transsexuality in Iran|transsexual rights in Iran]]
* [[Parvez Sharma]], Filmmaker and LGBT activist
* [[Waheed Alli, Baron Alli]], British gay politician

===Other===
* ''[[A Jihad for Love]]'', documentary about devout gay Muslims
* ''[[A Sinner in Mecca]]'', film about a gay man's Hajj
* ''[[Islamic Homosexualities]]'', collection of essays
* [[Bacchá]]
* [[Festival of Muslim Cultures]]
* ''[[Gay Muslims]]'', documentary
* [[Ghilman]]
* [[Inclusive Mosque Initiative]]
* [[Köçek]]
* [[Malik Ayaz]]
* [[Nazar ila'l-murd]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last=Dialmy|first=Abdessamad|title=Which Sex Education for Young Muslims?|publisher=World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists|year=2010|url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/14368256/413849807/name/Which}}
* {{Cite book|last=Habib|first=Samar|title=Islam and Homosexuality, vol.2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqRq1bBbT54C&pg=PA287&lpg=PA287&dq=liwat+is+regarded+as+a+temptation&source=bl&ots=1QtdXsuTjp&sig=pQinpV2Q2f0AiAd1SOXlhNwQzSI&hl=en&ei=A1_YTYy0N4mEvAP1qJmsBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=liwat%20is%20regarded%20as%20a%20temptation&f=false|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1997}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jahangir|first=Junaid bin|chapter=Implied Cases for Muslim Same-Sex Unions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqRq1bBbT54C&pg=PR3&dq=Islam+and+homosexuality,+Volume+2&hl=en&ei=QSHWTfT7G4e6vQOc-Yi1Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Islam%20and%20homosexuality%2C%20Volume%202&f=false|editor=Samar Habib|title=Islam and homosexuality, Volume 2|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010}}
* {{de icon}} Georg Klauda: ''Die Vertreibung aus dem Serail. Europa und die Heteronormierung der islamischen Welt.'' [[Männerschwarm Verlag]], Hamburg 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-939542-34-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MD4qAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Die+Vertreibung+aus+dem+Serail:+Europa+und+die+Heteronormalisierung+der+islamischen+Welt&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CmmrU-yTAci7O-T1gegM&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Die%20Vertreibung%20aus%20dem%20Serail%3A%20Europa%20und%20die%20Heteronormalisierung%20der%20islamischen%20Welt&f=false See pages at] [[Google Books]].
* {{Cite book|last1=Schmitt|first1=Arno|last2=Sofer|first2=Jehoeda|title=Sexuality and Eroticism among Males in Muslim Societies|publisher=Haworth Press|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC&dq=Sexuality+and+eroticism+among+males+in+Moslem+societies&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=2K5mS8aYJo2TkAXGuKntDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
* {{Cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Arno|title=Liwat im Fiqh: Männliche Homosexualität?|publisher=Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies|volume=IV|date= 2001–2002|url=http://www.uib.no/jais/content4.htm}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Van Jivraj|first1=Suhraiya|last2=de Jong|first2=Anisa|title=Muslim Moral Instruction on Homosexuality|publisher=Yoesuf Foundation Conference on Islam in the West and Homosexuality – Strategies for Action|year=2001|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:KjIohrD0R-AJ:www.safraproject.org/Reports/Muslim_Moral_Instruction_on_Homosexuality.pdf+Islam,+Homosexuality+and+Migration&hl=km&gl=kh&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi8Wm3zisCleP-UN8czw5a7tpJLFe2ekZJF6ccbenXhff2ub-0SP0uu-fIfZvZBmHiuZ6vVJfYvaxtkKcxiMSQV-p_WTdlSR_wOVD0XVZznB9RJgtgWUUEOQNlfd8jgYiPqL4U0&sig=AHIEtbTAKkG0EQImULQIOH5QsnBAyVuR_w}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wafer|first=Jim|chapter=Mohammad and Male Homosexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=Muhammad+and+male+homosexuality&source=bl&ots=gdMmFV9J9w&sig=9xoXAcaDSYvq7rKWRKHtHLtrE3U&hl=en&ei=qATWTbyILoHGsAO79LWxBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Muhammad%20and%20male%20homosexuality&f=false|editor=[[Stephen O. Murray]] & Will Roscoe|title=Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature|publisher=New York University Press|year=1997}}
* [[Khalid Duran|Duran, Khalid]]. ''Homosexuality in Islam'', in: Swidler, Anne (ed.) "''Homosexuality and World Religions''" (1993). Trinity Press International, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. {{ISBN|1-56338-051-X}}
* Kilgerman, Nicole (2007). ''Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox''. [[Macalester Islam Journal]] 2(3):52-64, Berkeley Electronic press.
* Khaled El-Rouayheb, ''[[Before Homosexuality in the Arab–Islamic World, 1500–1800]]'' Chicago, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-226-72989-3}}.
* Luongo, Michael (ed.), ''Gay Travels in the Muslim World'' Haworth Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-56023-340-4}}.
* Everett K. Rowson, J.W. Wright (eds.), ''Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature'' New York, 1997
* Arno Schmitt and Jehoeda Sofer (eds.), ''Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies'' Harrington Park Press 1992
* Arno Schmitt and Gianni de Martino, ''[[Kleine Schriften]] zu zwischenmännlicher Sexualität und Erotik in der muslimischen Gesellschaft'', Berlin, Gustav-Müller-Str. 10 : A. Schmitt, 1985
* Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), "[[Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature]]" [[NYU Press]] New York 1997
* Wafer, Jim (1997) "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York
* Wafer, Jim (1997) "The Symbolism of Male Love in Islamic Mysthical Literature" in "Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature" by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (eds.), NYU Press New York 1997
* Vincenzo Patanè, "Homosexuality in the Middle East and North Africa" in: Aldrich, Robert (ed.) ''Gay Life and Culture: A World History'', Thames & Hudson, London, 2006
* [Pellat, Charles.] "Liwat". ''Encyclopedia of Islam''. New edition. Vol. 5. Leiden: Brill, 1986. pp. 776–79.
* [https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld_411 Richard C. Martin (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (Macmillan Reference USA, 2003)]
* The [[Huffington Post]] has eighteen article about LGBT Muslims at [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/lgbt-muslims/ LGBT Muslims Articles]

==External links==
{{commons category|Homosexuality and Islam}}
* [http://www.economist.com/node/21546002 Islam and homosexuality: Straight but narrow], ''The Economist'', February 4, 2012


* [http://www.imaan.org.uk/ Imaan supports LGBT Muslim people, their families and friends (UK)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_BVSVmNsUC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=sofer+schmitt+male+sexuality&source=web&ots=klfkx4gXIl&sig=Cy9HrOdQRJ3ZfOb4VpMha5veCMc Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies by Arno Schmitt and Jehoeda Sofer (eds.), Harrington Park Press 1992]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709125251/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/kotb2.htm Kotb, H.G.: ''Sexuality in Islam'' at the Magnus Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology]

{{Religion and LGBT people}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lgbt Topics And Islam}}
[[Category:Islamic criminal jurisprudence]]
[[Category:LGBT topics and Islam| ]]
[[Category:Persecution of homosexuals in Islam]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexuality in Islam]]
[[Category:Sharia|Homosexuality, Islamic views of]]

Transphobia

2017-10-12T22:51:24Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 38.112.107.82 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.3.0)

{{multiple issues|{{Globalize |date=October 2015 |discuss=Talk:Transphobia#Globalize}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2017}}}}

{{Transgender sidebar}}
{{LGBT sidebar}}

'''Transphobia''' is a range of negative attitudes, feelings or actions toward [[transgender]] or [[transsexual]] people, or toward [[transsexuality]]. Transphobia can be emotional disgust, fear, violence, anger or discomfort felt or expressed towards people who do not conform to society's [[gender]] expectations.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses|last = Chakraborti |first = Neil |last2 = Garland |first2 = Jon |publisher = SAGE Publications, Ltd.|year = 2009|isbn = 1412945682|location = |pages = 77}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, Volume 2|last = Chrisler |first = Donald R. |last2 = McCreary |first2 = Joan C.|publisher = Springer|year = 2010|isbn = 1441913556|location = |pages = 366}}</ref> It is often expressed alongside [[Homophobia|homophobic]] views and hence is often considered an aspect of homophobia.<ref name="Adams">{{cite book |author1=Maurianne Adams |author2=Lee Anne Bell |author3=Pat Griffin |title=Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice|isbn =1135928509|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2007|pages=198–199|accessdate=December 27, 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgGUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198|quote=Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See ''Overview: Sexism, Heterosexism, and Transgender Oppression''). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia.}}</ref><ref name="Spijkerboer">{{cite book|author=Thomas Spijkerboer|title=Fleeing Homophobia: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Asylum|isbn =1134098359|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2013|page=122|accessdate=December 27, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOxBtViD0KcC&pg=PA122|quote=Transgender people subjected to violence, in a range of cultural contexts, frequently report that transphobic violence is expressed in homophobic terms. The tendency to translate violence against a trans person to homophobia reflects the role of gender in attribution of homosexuality as well as the fact that hostility connected to homosexuality is often associated with the perpetrators' prejudices about particular gender practices and their visibility.}}</ref> Transphobia is a type of [[prejudice]] and [[discrimination]] similar to racism and [[sexism]],<ref>Judith A. Lewis, Michael D. Lewis, Judy A. Daniels, ''Community Counseling: A Multicultural-Social Justice Perspective'' (2010, {{ISBN|113317003X}})</ref> and transgender [[Person of color|people of color]] are often subjected to all three forms of discrimination at once.<ref>Doug Meyer, ''Violence Against Queer People: Race, Class, Gender'' (2015, {{ISBN|0813573181}}), pages 14-15</ref>

Other terms, such as '''cissexism''', '''cisgenderism''' and '''cisnormativity''', place more stress on societal norms that enforce the [[gender binary]] but are occasionally used synonymously with ''transphobia''.

[[Transgender youth|Child victims]] of transphobia experience [[Sexual harassment|harassment]], [[school bullying]], and violence in [[School violence|school]], [[foster care]], and [[Welfare|social programs]]. Adult victims experience [[Ridicule|public ridicule]], harassment including misgendering, [[Taunting|taunts]], [[Assault (tort)|threats of violence]], robbery, and [[false arrest]]; many feel unsafe in public. A high percentage report being victims of [[sexual violence]]. Some are [[Transgender rights in the United States#Healthcare|refused healthcare]] or suffer [[Transgender rights in the United States#Discrimination|workplace discrimination]], including being fired for being transgender, or feel under siege by [[Conservatism|conservative]] political or religious groups who [[LGBT rights opposition|oppose]] laws to protect them. There is even discrimination from a fragment of the [[LGBT social movements|movement for the rights of gender and sexual minorities]].

Besides the increased risk of violence and other threats, the [[Stress (psychological)|stress]] created by transphobia can cause negative emotional consequences which may lead to [[substance abuse]], [[Runaway (dependent)|running away from home]] (in minors), and a higher rate of suicide.

== Etymology and use ==
The word ''transphobia'' is a [[classical compound]] patterned on the term ''[[homophobia]]'', sharing its second component ''-phobia'' from the {{lang-el|φόβος}}, ''phóbos'', "fear". The first component is the [[English prefixes#Neo-classical|neo-classical prefix]] ''trans-'' from ''transgender'' (originally meaning "across, on the far side, beyond"). Along with ''[[lesbophobia]]'', ''[[biphobia]]'', ''homophobia'' and ''transphobia'' are members of the family of terms used when [[Bigotry|intolerance]] and discrimination is directed toward [[LGBT]] people.

''Transphobia'' need not be a [[phobia]] as defined in [[clinical psychology]] (i.e., an [[anxiety disorder]]). Its meaning and use typically parallel those of ''[[xenophobia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Transpeople: Repudiation, Trauma, Healing|last = Shelley |first = Christopher A.|publisher = University of Toronto Press|year = 2008|isbn = 9780802097842|location =Toronto |pages = 32-35}}</ref>

The [[Adjective|adjectival]] form ''transphobic'' describes things or qualities related to transphobia, and the noun ''transphobe'' denotes someone who harbors transphobia.

==Origins==
The [[Transfeminism|transfeminist]] theorist and author [[Julia Serano]] argues in her book ''[[Whipping Girl]]'' that transphobia is rooted in [[sexism]]. She locates the origins of both transphobia and homophobia in what she calls "oppositional sexism", the belief that male and female are "rigid, mutually exclusive categories, each possessing a unique and nonoverlapping set of attributes, aptitudes, abilities, and desires". Serano contrasts oppositional sexism with "traditional sexism", the belief that males and [[masculinity]] are superior to females and [[femininity]]. Furthermore, she writes that transphobia is fueled by insecurities people have about gender and gender norms.<ref name=serano>Julia Serano. ''Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity'', Seal Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-58005-154-5}}, {{ISBN|1-58005-154-5}}</ref>

Other transsexual rights authors argue that a significant part of the oppositional sexist origins of transphobia, especially the virulent forms that incite violence towards transsexual people, are linked to psychological claims of difference between male sexuality and female sexuality in the brain's protection mechanisms from committing sex crimes. These authors argue that the assumption that men's acceptable sexuality is based on category-specific [[sexual arousal]] while women's acceptable sexual behavior is said to be due to lower sex drive and especially higher sexual inhibitions causes allegations that transsexuals have neither safety system in the brain and are sex criminals, and recommend information about flaws in studies that claim to show such sex differences (including the possibility that fear of being alleged to be inappropriately sexually aroused may deter more men than women from taking part in sexual arousal studies) as a remedy.<ref>Protection of Sexual Minorities Since Stonewall: Progress and Stalemate in Developed and Developing Countries: Phil C. W. Chan Routledge, 2010</ref> <ref>Sexuality and Equality Law; Suzanne B. Goldberg 2017</ref>

The transgender author and critic Jody Norton believes that transphobia is an extension of homophobia and [[misogyny]]. She argues that transgender people, like gays and lesbians, are hated and feared for challenging and undermining [[Gender role|gender norms]] and the [[gender binary]]. Norton writes that the "male-to-female transgender incites transphobia through her implicit challenge to the binary division of gender upon which male cultural and political hegemony depends".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Norton|first=Jody|title="Brain Says You're a Girl, But I Think You're a Sissy Boy": Cultural Origins of Transphobia|journal=International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies|year=1997|volume=2, Number 2|pages=139–164|doi=10.1023/A:1026320611878|issue=2}}</ref>

==Related concepts==
The related concept of '''cissexism''' (also termed '''cisgenderism''', '''cisnormativity''' or '''cissexual assumption''', occasionally used synonymously with '''transphobia''') is the appeal to norms that enforce the [[gender binary]] and gender essentialism, resulting in the oppression of [[gender variant]], [[non-binary gender|non-binary]], and transgender [[gender identity|identities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/03/everyday-cissexism/|title=3 Examples of Everyday Cissexism|author=Sian Ferguson|work=Everyday Feminism|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> Cisgenderism refers to the assumption that, due to human [[sexual differentiation]], one's [[gender]] is determined solely by a [[biological sex]] of male or female (based on the assumption that all people must have either an [[XY sex-determination system|XX or XY]] sex-[[chromosome]] pair, or, in the case of cisgenderism, a bivalent male or female expression), and that trans people are inferior to [[cisgender]] people due to being in "defiance of nature".<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last= Lennon|first= Erica|last2= Mistler|first2= Brian|date= 2014|title= Cisgenderism|url= |journal=[[TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly]] |publisher= |volume=1 |issue=1-2 |pages=63–64 |doi= 10.1215/23289252-2399623}}</ref>

Harassment and violence directed against transgender people is often called [[trans bashing]], and can be physical, sexual or verbal. Whereas [[gay bashing]] is directed against a target's real or perceived [[sexual orientation]], trans bashing is directed against the target's real or perceived expressed [[gender identity]]. The term has also been applied to [[hate speech]] directed at transgender people<ref>[http://www.washingtonblade.com/2007/4-27/view/columns/10484.cfm Demagogues of defamation Gay: Where is the outrage when cable TV’s talking heads trash trans people?]</ref> and to depictions of transgender people in the media that reinforce negative [[stereotype]]s about them.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mary|last=McNamara|title=Transgender Artists, Work Gaining Acceptance|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2001-02-08 }}</ref> Notable victims of violent crimes motivated by transphobia include [[Brandon Teena]], [[Gwen Araujo]], [[Angie Zapata]], [[Nizah Morris]], and [[Lauren Harries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4218250.stm |title=Transsexual to move to 'safer' LA |publisher=BBC News |date=6 September 2005}}]</ref>

''Transprejudice'' is a similar term to transphobia, and refers to the negative valuing, stereotyping, and discriminatory treatment of individuals whose appearance and/or identity does not conform to current social expectations or conventional conceptions of gender.<ref>King, M., Webster, B., & Winter, S. (2007). Transprejudice in Hong Kong: Chinese Attitudes Towards Transgenderism and Transgender Civil Rights (under review)</ref>

==Manifestations==

===Harassment and violence===
{{see also|Violence against LGBT people}}

As homophobia and transphobia are correlated, many trans people experience homophobia and [[heterosexism]]; this is due to people who associate trans people's gender identity with [[homosexuality]], or because trans people may also have a [[sexual orientation]] that is [[non-heterosexual]].<ref name="Adams"/><ref name="Lives" /><ref name="Spijkerboer"/> Author Thomas Spijkerboe stated, "Transgender people subjected to violence, in a range of cultural contexts, frequently report that transphobic violence is expressed in homophobic terms."<ref name="Spijkerboer"/> Attacking someone on the basis of a perception of their gender identity rather than a perception of their sexual orientation is known as "[[trans bashing]]", analogous to "[[gay bashing]]".

According to the [[American Psychological Association]], transgender children are more likely than other children to experience harassment and violence in school, foster care, residential treatment centers, homeless centers and juvenile justice programs.<ref name="Cisgenderism">{{Cite journal|title = Cisgenderism in psychology: pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008|year = 2011|url = http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/72252/2/YGA%20%26%20PH%202011%20Cisgenderism.pdf|last = Ansara and Peter Hegarty|first = Y. Gavriel|journal = Psychology & Sexuality|publisher = Routledge University Press|accessdate = 20 September 2013|doi = 10.1080/19419899.2011.576696|volume=3|pages=137–160}}</ref> Researchers say trans youth routinely experience taunting, teasing and bullying at school, and that nearly all trans youth say they were verbally or physically harassed in school, particularly during gym class, at school events, or when using single-sex restrooms. Three-quarters report having felt unsafe.<ref name=":1" />

As adults, transgender people are frequently subjected to ridicule, stares, taunting and threats of violence, even when just walking down the street or walking into a store.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men|last = Girshick|first = Lori B.|publisher = University Press of New England|year = 2008|isbn = 158465838X|location = Hanover and London|pages = 133–144}}</ref> A U.S. survey of 402 older, employed, high-income transgender people found that 60% reported violence or harassment because of their gender identity. 56% had been harassed or verbally abused, 30% had been assaulted, 17% had had objects thrown at them, 14% had been robbed and 8% had experienced what they characterized as an unjustified arrest.<ref name="Lives">{{Cite book|title = The Lives of Transgender People|last = Beemyn|first = Genny|publisher = Columbia University Press|year = 2011|isbn = 0231143079|location = New York|pages = 91}}</ref>

A study of 81 transgender people in [[Philadelphia]] found 30% reported feeling unsafe in public because they were transgender, with 19% feeling uncomfortable for the same reason. When asked if they had ever been forced to have sex, experienced violence in their home, or been physically abused, the majority answered yes to each question.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title = Transgender Health and HIV Prevention: Needs Assessment Studies from Transgender Communities Across the United States|last = Bockting|first = Walter O.|publisher = CRC Press|year = 2006|isbn = 0789030152|location = |pages = 41–53}}</ref>

A review of American studies on sexual violence towards transgender people found that it is "shockingly common" and while reported rates vary considerably among studies for methodological and other reasons the most common finding is that around 50% of transgender people have been sexually assaulted.<ref name="Stotzer-2009">{{cite journal |last=Stotzer |first=Rebecca |title=Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |year=2009 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=170–179 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178909000202 |accessdate=9 April 2014 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006 }}, (full text: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222055542 [pdf]])</ref>

When transgender people are murdered, they are often shot, struck or stabbed repeatedly.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology|last = Salkind|first = Neil|publisher = SAGE|year = 2008|isbn = 1412916887|location = |pages = 432}}</ref>

===Misgendering and exclusion===
{{anchor|deadnaming}}

Misgendering is the experience of being labeled by others as having a gender other than that which one identifies with.<ref name="Serano2009">{{cite book|author=Julia Serano|title=Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fR5ji5h5g1MC|date=20 May 2009|publisher=Seal Press|isbn=0-7867-4791-9}}</ref> Misgendering can be deliberate or accidental. It ordinarily takes the form of a person using pronouns to describe someone that are not the ones that person prefers,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Queer Youth Cultures|last = Driver|first = Susan|publisher = State University of New York Press|year = 2008|isbn = 0791473384|location = |pages = 88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Transgender Explained For Those Who Are Not|last = Herman|first = Joanne|publisher = AuthorHouse|year = 2009|isbn = 1449029574|pages = 50–51}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title = The Riddle of Gender: Science, Activism, and Transgender Rights|last = Rudacille|first = Deborah|publisher = Pantheon|year = 2005|isbn = 0375421629|location = |pages = 164–180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Transgender Rights|last = Currah|first = Paisley|publisher = University of Minnesota Press|year = 2006|isbn = 0816643121|pages = 194}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title = Transgender Employment Experiences: Gendered Perceptions and the Law|last = Bender-Baird|first = Kyla|publisher = SUNY Press|year = 2011|isbn = 1438436742|pages = 5–24}}</ref> calling a person "ma'am" or "sir" in contradiction to the person's gender identity,<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = Q & A: Queer in Asian America|last = Eng|first = David L.|publisher = Temple University Press|year = 1998|isbn = 1566396409|location = |pages = 232–233}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities (Haworth Gay & Lesbian Studies)|last = DeCecco|first = John|publisher = Routledge|year = 2012|isbn = 0789004631|location = New Jersey|pages = }}</ref> using a pre-transition name for someone instead of a post-transition one<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Transgender Phenomenon|last = Ekins|first = Richard|publisher = |year = |isbn = 1847877265|location = |pages = 199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Just One of the Guys?: Transgender Men and the Persistence of Gender Inequality|last = Schilt|first = Kristen|publisher = University Of Chicago Press|year = 2011|isbn = 1847877265|location = |pages = 167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Media willfully misgender Chelsea Manning|date = 22 August 2013|url = http://www.salon.com/2013/08/22/media_willfully_misgender_chelsea_manning/|last = McDonough|first = Katie|publisher = Salon Magazine}}</ref> (called "[[wikt:deadname|deadnaming]]"),<ref>
*{{cite news |first=Meredith Ramirez |last=Talusan |title=What 'deadnaming' means, and why you shouldn’t do it to Caitlyn Jenner |work=Fusion |date=June 4, 2015 |url=http://fusion.net/story/144324/what-deadnaming-means-and-why-you-shouldnt-do-it-to-caitlyn-jenner/ |accessdate=2015-06-08}}
*{{cite news|last1=Selby|first1=Jenn|title=Sarah Vine criticises lesbian mother Jack Monroe: 'If she was unsure about her sexuality, she should have taken greater precautions'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/sarah-vine-on-jack-monroe-being-a-lesbian-mother-if-she-was-unsure-about-her-sexuality-she-should-have-taken-greater-precautions-9882054.html|accessdate=8 July 2015|work=The Independent|date=25 November 2014}}
*{{cite web|last1=Fae|first1=Jane|title=Changing your name should be a joyous moment, but for many it's a nightmare|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/19/changing-your-name-nightmare-trans|website=Comment is Free|accessdate=8 July 2015|date=19 May 2015}}
*{{cite web|last1=Strapagiel|first1=Lauren|title=A Bar's Instagram Account Targeted Caitlyn Jenner With An Anti-Trans Post|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/laurenstrapagiel/this-canadian-bar-posted-a-transphobic-image-about-caitlyn-j|website=BuzzFeed LGBT News|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> or insisting that a person must behave consistently with their assigned sex rather than self-identified gender, for example by using a bathroom designated for males even though the person identifies as female.

Transgender people are often excluded from entitlements or privileges reserved for people whose gender identity they share, but whose assigned gender they do not. It is very common, for example, for transgender women to be stopped or questioned when they use public bathrooms designated for women.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":24" /> Homeless shelters, hospitals and prisons have denied trans women admission to women's areas and forced them to sleep and bathe in the presence of men.<ref name="transparent">{{cite book |last= Beam|first= Cris |title= Transparent |publisher= Harvest Books |date=January 2008|isbn= 978-0-15-603377-0 }}</ref>

The experience of being misgendered is common for all transgender people before they transition, and for many afterwards as well.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sexual Deceit: The Ethics of Passing|last = Harrison|first = Kelby|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2013|isbn = 0739177052|location = |pages = 12}}</ref> Transgender people are regularly misgendered by doctors,<ref name="Cisgenderism" /> police, media and peers, experiences that they have described as mortifying,<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Cisgenderism in Medical Settings: Challenging Structural Violence Through Collaborative Partnerships|date = |url = http://ansaraonline.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Chapter_Seven_Ansara_with_Reference.19690148.pdf|last = Ansara|first = Y. Gavriel|accessdate = 20 September 2013|doi = |publisher = |page = 95}}</ref> hurtful, especially to [[transgender youth]],<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|title = Shouting Disrupts Vigil For Murdered Transgender Woman Islan Nettles|date = 28 August 2013|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/28/islan-nettles_n_3832004.html|last = Shapiro|first = Lila|publisher = Huffington Post}}</ref> cruel,<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|title = Gender Block: Media misgendering and Chelsea Manning|date = 16 September 2013|url = http://this.org/blog/2013/09/16/gender-block-media-misgendering-and-chelsea-manning/|last = Di Menna|first = Hillary|publisher = This Magazine}}</ref> and "only making our lives harder".<ref>{{Cite news|title = The happy story of my transgender coming-out|date = 23 August 2013|url = http://www.salon.com/2013/08/23/the_happy_story_of_my_transgender_coming_out/|last = Molloy|first = Parker Marie|publisher = Salon magazine}}</ref> Deliberately misgendering a transgender person is considered extremely offensive by transgender individuals.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />

===As users of healthcare===
{{See also|Healthcare and the LGBT community}}
A study of 81 transgender people in [[Philadelphia]] found 14% said they had been refused routine medical care because they were transgender. 18% answered yes when asked if, when they went in for a check-up, "being transgendered create[d] a problem" for them.<ref name=":9" />

Transgender people depend largely on the medical profession to receive not only [[Hormone replacement therapy (trans)|hormone replacement therapy]], but also vital care. In one case, [[Robert Eads]] died of ovarian cancer after being refused treatment by more than two dozen doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ftminfo.net/sundance.html |title=FTM Informational Network |accessdate=2009-11-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154651/http://www.ftminfo.net/sundance.html |archivedate=2008-05-09 |df= }}</ref>
In the United States–based National Center For Transgender Equality's 2011 survey, 19% had been [[Omission (criminal law)#Failure to provide medical treatment|refused medical care]] due to their transgender or gender non-conforming status,<ref>{{cite web|title=Injustice at Every Turn A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey |url=http://transequality.org/PDFs/Executive_Summary.pdf |publisher=transequality.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112122305/http://transequality.org/PDFs/Executive_Summary.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-12 |df= }}</ref> showing that refusal of treatment due to transphobia is not uncommon.
Another example of this is the case of [[Tyra Hunter]]. Hunter was involved in an automobile accident, and when [[Emergency medical services|rescue workers]] discovered she was transgender, they backed away and stopped administering treatment. She later died in a hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glaa.org/archive/1998/margiehunter1211.shtml|title=Victory in Tyra Hunter case|accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

In many European countries, any transgender person who wishes to change their legal gender must first be sterilized. Several countries are reviewing this law; Sweden repealed it in December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pazulka|first=Nicole|title=17 European Countries Force Transgender Sterilization|url=http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/02/most-european-countries-force-sterilization-transgender-people-map|accessdate=August 24, 2013}}</ref>

=== In the workplace ===
Transphobia also manifests itself in the workplace. Some transgender people lose their [[employment|jobs]] when they begin to transition. A study from [[Willamette University]] stated that a transsexual person fired for following the recommended course of treatment rarely wins it back through federal or state statutes.<ref name="TransEmploy">{{cite web
|author=JoAnna McNamara
|title=Employment discrimination and the Transsexual
|publisher=[[Willamette University]]
|date=30 August 1996
|url=http://www.willamette.edu/~rrunkel/gwr/mcnamara
|accessdate=10 September 2006
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910091802/http://www.willamette.edu/~rrunkel/gwr/mcnamara
|archivedate=10 September 2006
|df=
}}</ref>

News stories from the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' and [[Associated Press]] cite a 1999 study by the [[San Francisco Department of Public Health]] finding a 70 percent unemployment rate amongst the city's transgender population. On February 18, 1999, the San Francisco Department of Public Health issued the results of a 1997 survey of 392 trans women and 123 trans men, which found that 40 percent of those trans women surveyed had earned money from full or part-time employment over the preceding six months. For trans men, the equivalent statistic was 81 percent. The survey also found that 46 percent of trans women and 57 percent of trans men reported [[employment discrimination]].<ref name="transhealth">{{cite web |author=The Transgender Community Health Project |title=Sociodemographics |work=Descriptive Results |publisher=HIVInSite |date=18 February 1999 |url=http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02#S5.1X |accessdate=7 September 2006}}</ref>

A 2002 American study found that among educators, trans educators are 10-20% more likely to experience workplace harassment than their gay and lesbian colleagues.<ref name=":1" />

In the hiring process, discrimination may be either open or covert, with employers finding other ostensible reasons not to hire a candidate or just not informing prospective employees at all as to why they are not being hired. Additionally, when an employer fires or otherwise discriminates against a transgender employee, it may be a "mixed motive" case, with the employer openly citing obvious wrongdoing, [[job performance]] issues or the like (such as excessive tardiness, for example) while keeping silent in regards to transphobia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sears|first=Brad|last2=Mallory|first2=Christy|date=2011-07-01|title=Documented Evidence of Employment Discrimination & Its Effects on LGBT People|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/03m1g5sg|journal=The Williams Institute, UCLA|language=en|volume=|pages=|via=eScholarship}}</ref>

[[Workplace discrimination|Employment discrimination]] on the basis of gender identity and expression is [[Legal aspects of transsexualism in the United States#Discrimination|illegal in some U.S. cities, towns and states]]. Such discrimination is outlawed by specific legislation in the State of New Jersey and might be in other states (as it is in the states of California, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, New Mexico and Washington) or city ordinances; additionally, it is covered by case law in some other states. (For example, Massachusetts is covered by cases such as Lie vs. Sky Publishing Co. and Jette vs. Honey Farms.) Several other states and cities prohibit such discrimination in public employment. Sweden and the United Kingdom has also legislated against employment discrimination on the grounds of gender identity. Sometimes, however, employers discriminate against transgender employees in spite of such legal protections.<ref name="TransEmploy2">{{cite web|author=barbara findlay, Q.C. |title=Transgendered people and Employment: An equality analysis |publisher=Barbara Findlay Law Office |date=June 1999 |url=http://www.barbarafindlay.com/articles/43.pdf |accessdate=10 September 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620100912/http://www.barbarafindlay.com/articles/43.pdf |archivedate=20 June 2007 |df= }}</ref>

As an example of a high-profile employment-related court case unfavorable to transgender people, in 2000 the southern U.S. grocery chain [[Winn-Dixie (supermarket)|Winn-Dixie]] fired longtime employee Peter Oiler, despite a history of repeatedly earning raises and promotions, after management learned that the married, heterosexual truck driver occasionally [[crossdressing|cross-dressed]] off the job. Management argued that this hurt Winn-Dixie's corporate image. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] filed a lawsuit against Winn-Dixie on behalf of Oiler but a judge dismissed it.<ref name="ACLUWinnDixie">{{cite web|author=Ronald L. Wilson |title=Oliver v. Winn-Dixie Complaint |date=23 October 2000 |url=http://www.aclufl.org/legislature_courts/legal_department/briefs_complaints/oiler_complaint.cfm |accessdate=15 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403014712/http://www.aclufl.org/legislature_courts/legal_department/briefs_complaints/oiler_complaint.cfm |archivedate=3 April 2012 |df= }}</ref>

Sometimes transgender people facing employment discrimination turn to [[sex industry|sex work]] [[Forced prostitution#Voluntary vs involuntary prostitution|to survive]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Jacques|first=Juliet|title='No wonder many transsexual people end up in sex work'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/25/transsexual-people-sex-work|accessdate=30 March 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 August 2010}}</ref> placing them at additional risk of such things as encountering troubles with the law, including arrest and criminal prosecution; enduring workplace violence; and possibly contracting [[sexually transmitted disease]]s such as [[HIV]].<ref name="transhealth" />

=== From government ===
{{See also|Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States}}

Transgender people also face the denial of [[right of asylum]] or inhuman treatment in process of asylum-seeking. For example, Fernada Milan, a transsexual woman from [[Guatemala]] was placed in an asylum center for males in [[Denmark]] and while there, was raped by several men. She was in danger of deportation into Guatemala where transgender people have no rights and face possible execution, but has since been granted entry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uncommon-scents.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/what-im-most-afraid-of-when-i-go-back.html|title=UnCommon Sense|author=Natacha|publisher=|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref>

Transgender disenfranchisement is the practice of creating or upholding barriers that keep transgender individuals from [[voting]] and therefore restrict the principles of [[universal suffrage]].

===In education systems===
Within the school system, many transgender teens are harassed and mistreated with reported negative effects on both victim and the school's population in general.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title = Transgender Bullying: A National Epidemic|url = http://nobullying.com/transgender-bullying/|website = nobullying.com|access-date = 2016-02-22|language = en-US}}</ref> "Transgender youth frequently report fear and anxiety about using restrooms and locker rooms at school because they had experienced harassment by both peers and adults when using them."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eusccr.com/10.%20national%20center%20for%20transgender%20equality.pdf |title=Peer Violence and Bullying Against Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth |date=May 2011 |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005200553/http://www.eusccr.com/10.%20national%20center%20for%20transgender%20equality.pdf |archivedate=5 October 2016 |df= }}</ref> Over 80% of transgender teens report feeling unsafe in a school environment, more than 40% report having been physically abused, and over 65% report being bullied online or via social media.<ref name="auto"/> Through official channels, such discrimination is generally underreported.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

===In social conservatism===
{{Globalize|section|date=June 2016|discuss=Talk:Transphobia#Globalize}}

The [[Christian Right]] in North America, including organizations such as the [[American Family Association]], [[Family Research Council]], [[Focus on the Family]], [[National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality]] believe that transgenderism is unnatural and that transgender people are and remain their birth sex, and they oppose laws and policies intended to accommodate transgender people, such as allowing them to change their legal sex, use the washroom corresponding to the gender with which they identify, or become ordained Christian ministers. They say that God created people's bodies as they are meant to be, that accepting transgender people would violate scripture and [[natural law]], and that the Bible refers to male and female.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/transsexu9a.htm|title=Beliefs among religious conservatives about the causes & cures of transsexuality (Cont'd)|publisher=|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref>

According to the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance website, under [[Pope John Paul II]], the [[Holy See|Vatican]] first stated its opposition to reassignment surgery in 2000, although it was not made public until 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/transsexu15.htm|title=Catholic beliefs about the causes & cures of transsexuality|publisher=|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref>

===In feminism===
{{See also|Feminist views on transgenderism and transsexualism}}

Radical feminist [[Janice Raymond]]'s 1979 book, ''The Transsexual Empire'', was and still is controversial due to its unequivocal condemnation of transsexual surgeries.<ref name="Goldberg"/> In the book Raymond says, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves .... Transsexuals merely cut off the most obvious means of invading women, so that they seem non-invasive."<ref name="Raymond 1994"/> Raymond also authored a paper in the 1980s which the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] used to deny trans people access to transgender-specific healthcare.<ref name="hp-what-is-terf"/>

Perhaps the most visible site of conflict between feminists and [[trans women]] has been the [[Michigan Womyn's Music Festival]]. The festival ejected a transsexual woman, Nancy Burkholder, in the early 1990s.<ref name="vangelder">
Van Gelder, Lindsy; and Pamela Robin Brandt. "The Girls Next Door: Into the Heart of Lesbian America", p. 73. Simon and Schuster, {{ISBN|978-0-684-83957-8}}</ref> Since then, the festival has maintained an intention that it is for "[[womyn-born-womyn]]" only.<ref>http://michfest.com/festival_community_statements.htm{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The activist group [[Camp Trans]] formed to protest the "womyn-born-womyn" intention and to advocate for greater acceptance of trans women within the feminist community. A number of prominent transgender activists and [[Transfeminism|transfeminists]] were involved in Camp Trans including [[Riki Wilchins]], Jessica Xavier, and [[Leslie Feinberg]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The festival considered allowing only post-operative trans women to attend, however this was criticized as [[Class discrimination|classist]], as many trans women cannot afford [[sex reassignment surgery]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sreedhar
| first = Susanne
| authorlink =
| editor-last = Scott-Dixon
| editor-first = Krista
| editor-link =
| others =
| title = Trans/Forming Feminisms: Trans/Feminist Voices Speak Out
| trans_title =
| url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/transforming-feminisms-transfeminist-voices-speak-out/oclc/70839321
| format =
| accessdate = September 30, 2013
| type =
| edition =
| series =
| volume =
| year = 2006
| origyear =
| month =
| publisher = Sumach Press
| location = Toronto
| isbn = 1-894-54961-9
| oclc = 70839321
| lccn =
| doi =
| bibcode =
| id =
| page =
| pages = 164–65
| nopp =
| at =
| chapter = The Ethics of Exclusion: Gender and Politics at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
| trans_chapter =
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</ref>

Transsexual women such as [[Sandy Stone (artist)|Sandy Stone]] challenged the feminist conception of "biological woman". Stone worked as a sound engineer for [[Olivia Records]] from about 1974 to 1978, resigning as the controversy over a trans woman working for a lesbian-identified enterprise increased.<ref name="sayer">{{cite web|last=Sayer |first=Susan |title=From Lesbian Nation to Queer Nation |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6655/is_n2_v21/ai_n28666686/ |publisher=Hecate |date=1995-10-01 |accessdate=2012-04-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108210606/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6655/is_n2_v21/ai_n28666686/ |archivedate=2016-01-08 |df= }}</ref> The debate continued in Raymond's book,<ref name="Raymond 1994"/> which devoted a chapter to criticism of "the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist." Groups like [[Lesbian Organization of Toronto]] then voted to exclude trans lesbians.<ref name="ross1995">
Ross, Becki (1995). ''The House that Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation.'' University of Toronto Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7479-9}}</ref> [[Sheila Jeffreys]] labeled transgenderism "deeply problematic from a feminist perspective and [stated] that transsexualism should be seen as a violation of human rights."<ref name="jeffreys1997">
Jeffreys, Sheila (1997). Transgender Activism: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective. "Journal of Lesbian Studies", Vol. 1(3/4) 1997</ref>

Otherwise, cisgender feminist support came from the work of [[poststructuralist]] feminist and lesbian [[Judith Butler]], particularly her books ''Gender Trouble'' (1990) and ''Bodies That Matter'' (1993), which argue that the violent "inscription" of gender as a social construct on human bodies leads to violence against those that violate such binaristic gender dichotomies.<ref>Judith Butler (1990). ''Gender Trouble''. New York: Routledge.</ref><ref>Judith Butler (1993). ''Bodies That Matter''. New York: Routledge.</ref>

====The term "TERF"====

[[Radical feminist]]s who hold antagonist views towards transgender people, particularly towards trans women, are commonly called "[[TERF]]s", short for "Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminists".<ref name="hp-what-is-terf"/> Those whom the term is targeted against, in turn, have perceived their labeling as "TERF" to be a [[pejorative|slur]].<ref name="ny-what-is-woman"/><ref name="bm-trans-exclusion"/><ref name="cp-sex-gender"/> The use of the term was associated with a fight between transgender activists and a cisgender woman partaking in a feminist gathering in London's Hyde Park on September 13, 2017.<ref name="ns-speakers-corner"/><ref name="times-speakers-corner"/><ref name="ms-speakers-corner"/>

===In the gay, lesbian, and bisexual communities===
Transphobia is documented in the [[lesbian]], [[gay]] and [[bisexual]] ([[LGBT|LGB]]) communities, despite historic cooperation between these communities in campaigns for equality, such as in the [[Stonewall Riots]].<ref name=TransAdvocate1>{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Christian|title=Interview With an Actual Stonewall Riot Veteran: The Ciswashing of Stonewall Must End!|url=http://www.transadvocate.com/interview-with-an-actual-stonewall-riot-veteran-the-ciswashing-of-stonewall-must-end_n_8750.htm|website=transadvocate.com|accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|date=September 2017}}<ref name=Prospect1>{{cite web|last1=Talusan |first1=Meridith |title=45 Years After Stonewall, the LGBT Movement Has a Transphobia Problem |url=http://prospect.org/article/45-years-after-stonewall-lgbt-movement-has-transphobia-problem |website=prospect.org |publisher=Prospect |accessdate=27 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101233619/http://prospect.org/article/45-years-after-stonewall-lgbt-movement-has-transphobia-problem |archivedate=1 January 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref name=TheFrisky>{{cite web|last1=Brink|first1=Rebecca Vipond|title=The Soapbox: On The Stonewall Rebellion's Trans History|url=http://www.thefrisky.com/2014-06-06/the-soapbox-on-the-stonewall-rebellions-trans-history/|work=[[The Frisky (website)]] |publisher=Spin Entertainment|accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=AutoStraddle>{{cite web|author=Cara|title=Yet Another News Outlet Fails Queer History 101 by Erasing Trans* People from Stonewall|url=http://www.autostraddle.com/yet-another-news-outlet-fails-queer-history-101-by-erasing-trans-people-from-stonewall-154998/|website=autostraddle.com|accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref>

Authors and observers, such as transgender author Jillian Todd Weiss, have written that "there are social and political forces that have created a split between gay/lesbian communities and bisexual/transgender communities, and these forces have consequences for civil rights and community inclusion. 'Biphobia' and 'transphobia' are a result of these social and political forces, not psychological forces causing irrational fears in aberrant individuals."<ref name="weiss2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Weiss | first1 = JT | year = 2004 | title = GL vs BT The archaeology of biphobia and transphobia within U.S. gay and lesbian community | url = | journal = [[Journal of Bisexuality]] | volume = 3 | issue = 3–4| pages = 25–55 | doi=10.1300/j159v03n03_02}}</ref><ref name="sears">Sears, J.T., and Williams, W.L. (1997). Overcoming Heterosexism and Homophobia. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name=":fone">Fone, B.R.S. (1998). ''The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature: Readings from Western Antiquity to the Present Day.'' Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|9780231096706}}.</ref>

==== Gay and lesbian communities ====
[[File:Ticked Off Trannies protesters Shankbone 2010.jpg|thumb|Protesters outside the 2010 premiere of ''[[Ticked-Off Trannies With Knives]]'', written and directed by gay filmmaker [[Israel Luna]], objecting to what they considered to be transphobic portrayals in the film and its trailer, which referred to several notable real-life murders of transgender people before being taken down.<ref name=Tribeca>[http://blogs.reuters.com/fanfare/2010/04/25/ticked-off-trannies-and-detractors-take-on-tribeca/ "Ticked-Off Trannies," and detractors, take on Tribeca] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701101412/http://blogs.reuters.com/fanfare/2010/04/25/ticked-off-trannies-and-detractors-take-on-tribeca/ |date=2010-07-01 }}, Edith Honan, Reuters, April 25, 2010; accessed October 5, 2010.</ref>]]

Historian [[Joanne Meyerowitz]] documented transphobia within the [[gay rights movement]] in the mid 20th century in response to publicity surrounding the transition of [[Christine Jorgensen]]. Jorgensen, who made frequent [[Homophobia|homophobic]] remarks and insisted she was not connected to or identified with gay men, was a polarizing figure among activists:

<blockquote>In 1953, for example, ''ONE'' magazine published a debate among its readers as to whether gay men should denounce Jorgensen. In the opening salvo, the author Jeff Winters accused Jorgensen of a "sweeping disservice" to gay men. "As far as the public knows," Winters wrote, "you were merely another unhappy homosexual who decided to get drastic about it." For Winters, Jorgensen's story simply confirmed the false belief that all men attracted to other men must be basically feminine," which, he said, "they are not." Jorgensen's precedent, he thought, encouraged the "reasoning" that led "to legal limitations upon the homosexual, mandatory injections, psychiatric treatment – and worse." In the not-so-distant past, scientists had experimented with castrating gay men.<ref name="mayerowitz2002">Meyerowitz, Joanne (2002). ''How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States.'' Harvard University Press {{ISBN|9780674009257}}.</ref></blockquote>

Several prominent figures in [[second wave feminism]] have also been accused of transphobic attitudes, culminating in 1979 with the publication of ''[[The Transsexual Empire]]'' by [[Radical feminism|radical lesbian feminist]] [[Janice Raymond]], who popularized the term ''[[shemale]]'' as derogatory slur referring to [[trans women]] in 1994,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raymond|first=J.|year=1994|title=The Transsexual Empire|publisher=Teachers College Press|edition=2nd}}</ref> and her statements on transsexuality and transsexuals have been criticized by many in the [[LGBT]] and [[feminism|feminist]] communities as extremely [[transphobic]] and as constituting [[hate speech]].<ref name="rose2004">Rose, Katrina C. (2004) "The Man Who Would be Janice Raymond." ''Transgender Tapestry'' 104, Winter 2004</ref><ref name="serano2007">[[Julia Serano]] (2007) ''Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity'', pp. 233-234</ref><ref name="namaste2000">Namaste, Viviane K. (2000) ''Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People'', pp. 33-34.</ref><ref name="hayes2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Hayes | first1 = Cressida J | year = 2003 | title = Feminist Solidarity after Queer Theory: The Case of Transgender | url = | journal = Signs | volume = 28 | issue = 4| pages = 1093–1120 | doi=10.1086/343132}}</ref>

In 1950s America, there was a debate among gay men and women about those who felt they were of the opposite sex. Gay men and women who were trying to melt quietly into the majority society criticized them as "freaks" who brought unwanted disreputable attention upon them. Such attitudes were widespread at the time.<ref name="GLBTphobia">{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm |accessdate=7 July 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329150447/http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm |archivedate=2016-03-29 }}{{better source|date=April 2016|reason=professor cut/paste of a published journal paper is not the best source and may be copyvio }} quoting Kay Brown of Transhistory.net [defunct since 2009]</ref>

Some [[trans men]] face rejection from lesbian communities they had been part of prior to transition. Journalist Louise Rafkin writes, "[t]here are those who are feeling curiously uncomfortable standing by as friends morph into men. Sometimes there is a generational flavor to this discomfort; many in the over-40 crowd feel particular unease", stating that this was "shaking the foundation of the lesbian-feminist world".<ref name="rafkin">Rafkin, Louise (June 22, 2003) [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/06/22/CM254728.DTL Straddling Sexes: Young lesbians transitioning into men are shaking the foundation of the lesbian-feminist world.] ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''.</ref> Trans men were part of the protest at the 2000 [[Michigan Womyn's Music Festival]], the first time the '[[womyn-born womyn]] only' policy has been used against trans males, women supporting the transsexual community and young gender-variant women.<ref name="mantilla2000">Mantilla, Karla (October 1, 2000). Michigan: transgender controversy. ''[[Off Our Backs]]''.</ref>

In the early 1970s, conflicts began to emerge due to different syntheses of lesbian, [[feminist]] and transgender political movements, particularly in the United States. San Francisco trans activist and entertainer [[Beth Elliott]] became the focus of debate over whether to include transgender lesbians in the movement, and she was eventually blacklisted by her own movement.<ref name="rubin2003">Henry Rubin (2003). ''Self-made Men: Identity and Embodiment Among Transsexual Men.'' Vanderbilt
University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8265-1435-6}}.</ref><ref name="nettick">Geri Nettick, Beth Elliot (1996). "Mirrors: Portrait of a Lesbian Transexual." Badboy Books {{ISBN|978-1-56333-435-1}}.</ref>

==== Bisexual communities and binarism====
One view is that the word ''bisexual'' is transphobic, as "bi" means "two" (thus implying a belief in the [[gender binary|binary view of gender]]). Some people, such as scholar Shiri Eisner, say that some make the claim that the term "erases nonbinary genders and sexes out of existence",<ref name=Eisner1>{{cite book|last1=Eisner|first1=Shiri|title=Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbJaZIosLwQC&pg=PT27|date=2 July 2013|publisher=Seal Press, 2013|isbn=9781580054751|accessdate=28 December 2014|quote=Yet another way in which bisexuality has been recently imagined is as inherently binary, and therefore intrinsically transphobic. [...] As the argument classically goes, since the word bisexuality has bi (literally: two) in it, it inherently refers to a two-gender structure. This means it erases nonbinary genders and sexes out of existence.|pages=27}}</ref> as many dictionaries define bisexuality as "[o]f, relating to, or having a sexual orientation to persons of either sex",<ref name=Freedict1>{{cite web|title=bisexual - definition of Bisexual by the Free Dictionary|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bisexual|website=thefreedictionary.com|publisher=The Free Dictionary|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> "[s]exually attracted to both men and women"<ref name=OxfordDicts>{{cite web|title=bisexual: definition of bisexual in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bisexual|website=oxforddictionaries.com|publisher=Oxford Dictionaies|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> and other similar definitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Merriam-Webster - Biseual Define|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bisexual|website=merriam-webster.com|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online|accessdate=28 December 2014|quote=sexually attracted to both men and women}}</ref><ref name=Google>{{cite web|title=Google Search: Bisexual definition|url=https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?complete=0&gws_rd=cr&ei=EUGgVLC5G4nsUvyfgKAL#complete=0&q=bisexual+define|website=google.co.uk|quote=sexually attracted to both men and women.}}</ref>

However, some bisexual individuals and scholars object to the notion that bisexuality means sexual attraction to only two genders, arguing that since ''bisexual'' is not simply about attraction to two sexes and encompasses gender as well, it can include attraction to more than one<ref name="biresource.net">{{cite web|title=BRC Brochure 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Bisexual Resource Council/[[Bisexual Resource Center]] |work=biresource.net |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |url=http://www.biresource.net/BRC_Brochure_2010.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731101822/http://www.biresource.net/BRC_Brochure_2010.pdf |archivedate=July 31, 2013 |df= }}</ref> or more than two genders<ref name="bisexual.org">{{cite web|title=Doesn't identifying as bisexual reinforce a false gender binary?|publisher=[[American Institute of Bisexuality]]|date=2014|accessdate=May 27, 2014|url=http://bisexual.org/qna/doesnt-identifying-as-bisexual-reinforce-a-false-gender-binary/}}</ref> and is occasionally defined as such.<ref name="Eisner1"/> Others, such as the [[American Institute of Bisexuality]], say that the term "is an open and inclusive term for many kinds of people with same-sex and different-sex attractions"<ref name="bisexual.org2">{{cite web|title=What is the difference between bisexual and terms like pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, ambisexual, and fluid?|publisher=[[American Institute of Bisexuality]]|date=2014|accessdate=May 27, 2014|url=http://bisexual.org/qna/what-is-the-difference-between-bisexual-and-terms-like-pansexual-polysexual-omnisexual-ambisexual-and-fluid/}}</ref> and that "the scientific classification ''bisexual'' only addresses the physical, biological sex of the people involved, not the gender-presentation."<ref name="bisexual.org"/>

In order to deal with issues related to transphobia and the gender binary, many individuals have taken on terms such as ''[[pansexual]]'', ''omnisexual'' (an alternative word for pansexual) or ''[[polysexual]]'' in place of the term ''bisexual''. The American Institute of Bisexuality argues that these terms "describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual attractions, and therefore people with these labels are also bisexual"<ref name="bisexual.org2"/> and that the notion that bisexuality is a reinforcement of a gender binary is a concept that is founded upon "anti-science, anti-Enlightenment philosophy that has ironically found a home within many Queer Studies departments at universities across the Anglophone world".<ref name="bisexual.org"/> Eisner agrees with this view, stating that "allegations of binarism have little to do with bisexuality's actual attributes or bisexual people's behavior in real life" and that the allegations are an attempt to separate the bisexual and transgender communities politically.<ref name="Eisner1"/>

==Consequences==
Whether intentional or not, transphobia and cissexism have severe consequences for the target of the negative attitude. Transphobia creates significant stresses for transgender people which can lead them to feel shame, low [[self-esteem]], [[social alienation|alienation]] and inadequacy. Transgender youth often try to cope with the stress by running away from home, dropping out of school, using drugs or [[Self-mutilation|self-harming]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = Disparities in Psychiatric Care: Clinical and Cross-Cultural Perspectives|last = Ruiz MD|first = Pedro|publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year = 2009|isbn = 0781796393|location = |pages = 111}}</ref> Although it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics, suicide rates among transgender people are thought to be especially high, because of how they are treated by their families and by society.<ref name=":3" /> Suicide attempts reported by transgender and gender non-conforming adults vastly exceed the rate of the general U.S. population, 41 percent versus 4.6 percent.<ref>{{cite techreport |first=Ann H. |last=Haas |author2=Philip Rodgers |title=Suicide Attempts Among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults |number= |institution=American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law |year=2014 | url = http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf}}</ref>

===Problems at home and at school===

The 2015 United States Transgender Survey, the largest such survey ever carried out (with 27,715 respondents), found that one in ten respondents suffered transphobic violence at the hands of a family member and eight percent were kicked out of their homes for being transgender. The majority of those who were openly transgender or perceived as transgender at school were victims of some form of mistreatment on account of this, including verbal abuse (54%), physical attacks (24%), and sexual assault (13%). 17 percent experienced such severe mistreatment that they had to leave school. Support from one's community or family was correlated with more positive outcomes related to mental health and social functioning.<ref name="usts">{{cite web|url=http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Executive-Summary-FINAL.PDF|title=Executive Summary|work=U.S. Transgender Survey|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality|location=Washington}}.</ref>

===Poverty and homelessness===

One third of U.S. transgender people responding to the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey lived in poverty, compared to five percent of the population. During the twelve months prior to the survey, thirty percent of employed transgender people were either fired or mistreated for being transgender, from verbal abuse to sexual violence. 30 percent had been homeless at some point in their life, and 12 percent had been homeless during the previous year. Family and community support were correlated with significantly lower rates of homelessness and poverty.

===Violence and harassment===

During the year prior to the 2015 U.S. survey, 46 percent of respondents had been verbally harassed and nine percent had been physically attacked for being transgender. Ten percent had been sexually assaulted during the previous year, and 47 percent had been sexually assaulted at some point in their life.

====In public restrooms====
During the year prior to the 2015 U.S. survey, 12 percent of respondents reported being verbally harassed in a public restroom. One percent reported being sexually assaulted in a public restroom for being transgender, and one percent reported being otherwise physically assaulted for being transgender. Nine percent reported being denied the right to use a public restroom consistent with their gender.

===Health===
During the year prior to the 2015 U.S. survey, 59 percent of respondents reported avoiding using a public restroom out of fear of violence or harassment. 32 percent limited the amount they ate or drink in order to avoid using a public restroom. Eight percent reported suffering a urinary tract infection, kidney infection, or other kidney problem as a result of avoiding public restrooms.

Thirty-three percent reported having negative experiences with a healthcare professional related to being transgender, such as verbal harassment or denial of treatment. 23 percent reported that they did not seek treatment for a condition out of fear of being mistreated, while 33 percent did not seek treatment because they were unable to afford it.

During the month prior to the survey, 39 percent of American transgender people experienced major psychological distress, compared to 5 percent of the general population of the United States. 40 percent had attempted suicide at some point in their life, compared to 4.6 percent of the American population. Family and community support were correlated with far lower rates of suicide attempts and of major psychological distress.

==See also==
{{Portal|Transgender|Discrimination}}
{{div col|colwidth=20}}
* [[Compulsory sterilization]]
* [[Genderism]]
* [[Global Action for Trans Equality]]
* [[Hate crime]]
* [[Corrective rape]]
* [[LGBT people in prison]]
* [[LGBT rights opposition]]
* [[List of transgender-related topics]]
* [[List of unlawfully killed transgender people]]
* [[Non-binary discrimination]]
* [[Press for Change]] - UK law organisation for transgender people
* [[Transgender Day of Remembrance]]
* [[Transgender Europe]]
* [[Transgender inequality]]
* [[Transgender Law Center]]
* [[Transmisogyny]]
* [[Trans panic defense]] - a legal defense for assault or murder where the victim is trans.
* [[Yogyakarta Principles]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Citations broken|section|date=January 2013}}

{{Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="Goldberg">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michelle|title=What Is a Woman?|journal=The New Yorker|date=August 4, 2014|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Raymond 1994">{{Cite journal|last=Raymond|first=J.|year=1994|title=The Transsexual Empire|publisher=Teachers College Press|edition=2nd}}</ref>

<ref name="hp-what-is-terf">{{Cite web|title = Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminism: What Exactly Is It, And Why Does It Hurt?|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kelsie-brynn-jones/transexclusionary-radical-terf_b_5632332.html|website = The Huffington Post|accessdate = 2015-12-24}}</ref>

<ref name="ny-what-is-woman">{{cite web | url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 | title=What Is a Woman? | publisher=The New Yorker | date=August 4, 2014 | author=Michelle Goldberg | quote=TERF stands for “trans-exclusionary radical feminist.” The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.}}</ref>

<ref name="bm-trans-exclusion">{{cite news | url=http://bitchmagazine.org/post/the-long-history-of-transgender-exclusion-from-feminism | title=It's Time to End the Long History of Feminism Failing Transgender Women | work=[[Bitch Media]] | date=February 17, 2014 | accessdate=April 18, 2014 | author=Vasquez, Tina | quote=Drawing from that history, Brennan, fellow attorney Elizabeth Hungerford, and other modern-day feminists continue to actively question the inclusion of trans people in women’s spaces. These feminists refer to themselves as “radical feminists” or “gender critical feminists.” In 2008, trans women and trans advocates started referring to this group as “trans-exclusionary radical feminists” or TERFs, a term Brennan considers a slur.}}</ref>

<ref name="cp-sex-gender">{{cite web | url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/08/02/sex-is-not-gender/ | title=Sex is Not Gender | publisher=[[CounterPunch]] | date=2–4 August 2013 | accessdate=10 August 2014 | author=Hungerford, Elizabeth | quote=Make no mistake, this is a slur. TERF is not meant to be explanatory, but insulting. These characterizations are hyperbolic, misleading, and ultimately defamatory. They do nothing but escalate the vitriol and fail to advance the conversation in any way.}}</ref>

<ref name="ns-speakers-corner">{{cite web | url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2017/09/trans-rights-terfs-and-bruised-60-year-old-what-happened-speakers-corner | title=Trans rights, TERFs, and a bruised 60-year-old: what happened at Speakers’ Corner? | publisher=New Statesman | date=September 14, 2017 | author=Anoosh Chakelian }}</ref>

<ref name="times-speakers-corner">{{cite web | url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trans-group-ath-condones-punching-feminists-n6mz06pj3 | title=Trans group ATH ‘condones punching feminists’ | publisher=The Sunday Times | date=September 24, 2017 | author=James Gillespie }}</ref>

<ref name="ms-speakers-corner">{{cite web | url=http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-eb98-Misogynist-violence-at-Speakers-Corner | title=Misogynist violence at Speakers’ Corner | publisher=Morning Star | date=September 19, 2017 | author=Jen Izakson }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* [http://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/trans_and_intersex_people_web3_en.pdf Thematic report on Discrimination against trans and intersex people on the grounds of sex, gender identity and gender expression], [[The European Commission]], 2012.

==External links==
* [http://www.gender.org/remember/ Remembering our Dead]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip//sbh.html Survivor bashing – bias motivated hate crimes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100715024953/http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2111&Itemid=1837&lang=en Translatina documentary (2010)]

{{LGBT|social=expanded}}
{{Transgender}}
{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Discrimination against LGBT people]]
[[Category:Transphobia| ]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Sexuality and gender-related prejudices]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]

Transphobia

2017-10-12T22:50:14Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 38.112.107.82 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.3.0)

User talk:171.50.197.108

2017-10-12T12:29:47Z

Edderso: Level 3 warning re. Software asset management (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==
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Software asset management

2017-10-12T12:29:46Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 171.50.197.108 (talk): violates external links policy (HG) (3.3.0)

'''Software asset management ''' (SAM) is a business practice that involves managing and optimizing the purchase, deployment, maintenance, utilization, and disposal of software applications within an organization. According to the [[Information Technology Infrastructure Library]] (ITIL), SAM is defined as “…all of the infrastructure and processes necessary for the effective management, control and protection of the software assets…throughout all stages of their lifecycle.”<ref>ITIL’s Guide to Software Asset Management</ref>
Fundamentally intended to be part of an organization’s information technology [[business strategy]], the goals of SAM are to reduce [[information technology]] (IT) costs and limit business and legal risk related to the ownership and use of software, while maximizing IT responsiveness and end-user [[productivity]].<ref name=infotechsoft>{{Cite journal| contribution=Information technology – software asset management – Part 1: Processes| title=International Standard| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission| pages=5| date=2006-05-01| accessdate=2008-03-19| postscript= }}</ref> SAM is particularly important for large corporations in regard to redistribution of licenses and managing legal risks associated with software ownership and expiration. SAM technologies track license expiration, thus allowing the company to function ethically and within software compliance regulations. This can be important for both eliminating legal costs associated with license agreement violations and as part of a company's reputation management strategy. Both are important forms of risk management and are critical for large corporations' long-term business strategies.

SAM is one facet of a broader business [[discipline]] known as [[IT asset management]], which includes overseeing both software and hardware that comprise an organization’s computers and [[computer network|network]].

== Role within organizations ==

SAM can serve many different functions within organizations, depending on their software portfolios, IT infrastructures, resource availability, and business goals.

For many organizations, the goal of implementing a SAM program is very tactical in nature, focused specifically on balancing the number of [[software licenses]] purchased with the number of actual licenses consumed or used. In addition to balancing the number of licenses purchased with the amount of consumption, an effective SAM program must also ensure that the usage of all installed software is in keeping with the terms and conditions of the specific vendor license agreement. In doing so, organizations can minimize liabilities associated with [[software piracy]] in the event of an audit by a software vendor or a third party such as the [[Business Software Alliance]] (BSA). SAM, according to this interpretation, involves conducting detailed software inventories on a periodic basis to determine the exact number of software consumption, comparing this information with the number of licenses purchased, reviewing how the software is being used in respect to the terms and conditions and establishing controls to ensure that proper licensing practices are maintained on an ongoing basis. This can be accomplished through a combination of IT processes, purchasing policies and procedures, and technology solutions such as software inventory tools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sam/what.mspx |title=What is SAM? |accessdate=2008-03-19 |publisher=Microsoft }}</ref>

Counting installations is the most common means of measuring license consumption but some software is licensed by number of users, capital, processors or [[Central processing unit|CPU]] Cores.

More broadly defined, the strategic goals of SAM often include (but are not limited to) the following:
*Reduce software and support costs by negotiating volume contract agreements and eliminating or reallocating underutilized software licenses<ref name=infotechsoft />
*Enforce compliance with corporate [[security policies]] and desktop/server/mobile standards
*Improve worker productivity by deploying the right kinds of technology more quickly and reliably<ref name=infotechsoft />
*Limit overhead associated with managing and supporting software by streamlining and/or automating IT processes (such as inventory tracking, software deployment, [[issue tracking]], and [[patch (computing)|patch]] management)<ref>{{Cite journal| first= | last=| coauthors=| contribution=Information technology — Software asset management-- Part 1: Processes| title=International Standard| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission| place=| pages=19| date=2006-05-01| id= | contribution-url=| format=| accessdate=2008-03-19| postscript=  }}</ref>
*Establish ongoing policies and procedures surrounding the acquisition, documentation, deployment, usage and retirement of software in an effort to recognize long-term benefits of SAM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sam/sbs_4.mspx |title=Microsoft Software Asset Management: Step-by-Step Training - Step 4 |accessdate=2008-03-19 |publisher=Microsoft }}</ref>

== SAM Technology ==

A number of technologies are available to support key SAM processes:
*'''Software inventory''' tools intelligently “discover” software installed across the [[computer network]], and collect software file information such as title, product ID, size, date, path, and version.
*'''[[License manager]]''' solutions provide an intelligent repository for license entitlements which can then be reconciled against data provided by Software inventory tools to provide the organization with an 'Effective License Position' or view of where the organization is under-licensed (at risk of a compliance audit) or over-licensed (wasting money on unnecessary software purchases).
*'''[[Software metering]]''' tools monitor the utilization of software applications across a network. They can also provide real-time enforcement of compliance for applications licensed based on usage.
*'''Application control''' tools restrict what and by whom particular software can be run on a computer as a means of avoiding security and other risks.<ref>{{cite news | first=Eric | last=Ogren | coauthors= | title=Application control coming your way | date=2006-11-03 | publisher= | url =http://blogs.computerworld.com/node/3890 | work =ComputerWorld | pages = | accessdate = 2008-04-03 | language = }}</ref>
*'''[[Software deployment]]''' tools automate and regulate the deployment of new software.
*'''[[Patch (computing)|Patch]] management''' tools automate the deployment of software patches to ensure that computers are up-to-date and meet applicable security and efficiency standards.
* '''Request management''' tools allow employees to place requests for software products using a centralized form and process specifically designed to capture and assess specific license requirements as well as to manage and track the procurement and deployment process.
* '''Product catalog''' tools capture product specific information such as name, edition, version and license agreement types as well as other key top level information for products used within the business. This information normalizes product naming conventions with the organization and allows mapping between other technologies tools used in the composite SAM solution.

== International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ==
{{main|ISO 19770}}
The latest version of the SAM standard from ISO is 19770-1:2012. This revised standard is designed to allow the implementation of SAM processes to be "accomplished in multiple staged increments or tiers."<ref>{{Cite journal| first= | last=International Standard [[ISO/IEC 19770]]-1:2012 | coauthors=| contribution= | title=Information technology — Software asset management-- Part 1: Processes and tiered assessment of conformance| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission| place=| page=vi| date=2012-06-13| id= | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=56000| format=| accessdate=| postscript=  }}</ref> Part 1 of the standard details SAM processes including control environment, planning and implementation, inventory, verification and compliance, operations management and life cycle.
In 2003, the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) and the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) began working with the SAM industry to develop a standard of best practices for software asset management programs. Standard ISO/IEC 19770-1:2006, Information technology – software asset management – Part 1, was published by the ISO and IEC in May 2006.<ref>{{Cite journal| first= | last=| coauthors=| contribution=Information technology — Software asset management-- Part 1: Processes| title=International Standard| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission| place=| date=2006-05-01| id= | contribution-url=| format=| accessdate=2008-03-19| postscript=  }}</ref>

ISO/IEC 19770-2:2015: Software identification tag;<ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=65666</ref> establishes specifications for tagging software to optimize its identification and management. The current version was published in 2015 and is a revision to the 2009 original Software ID Tag standard.<ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=53670</ref> Using software identification tags or SWID tags makes discovery a simpler and more accurate process that can be verified by software vendors if they audit an organisations entire estate. SWID tags are implemented and supported by many vendors including IBM, Microsoft and Adobe.

ISO/IEC 19770-3: Entitlement Management Schema <ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52293</ref> outlines a technical schema which can be used to encapsulate license details including contract information, entitlements, rights, limitations and details about invoice, PO numbers, etc. This is currently at FDIS (Final Draft International Standard) stage and is due to be published in 2016.

ISO 55000:2014 <ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=55088</ref> is the new international standard for asset management and was ratified in January 2014. It provides an overview of asset management, its principles and terminology, and the expected benefits from adopting a comprehensive asset management strategy. This standardisation is driving increased interest in the whole asset management market, including asset management software, and is particularly interesting to asset-intensive organisations including Utilities, Chemical and Transport companies. 19770-1 is aligned with this standard.

ISO 55000:2014 can be applied to all types of assets and by all types and sizes of organization. It is intended to be used for managing physical assets in particular, but it can also be applied to other asset types. By itself it does not cover many of the requirements for IT and Software Asset Management, such as licensing, and the additional controls which are needed in general for software (e.g. for access and integrity), and for complex control situations such as [[Software as a service|SaaS]] and [[Bring your own device|BYOD]]. These additional requirements are being incorporated in edition 3 of ISO/IEC 19770-1 which is based on ISO 55000:2014. Publication is not likely until 2017.

== Issues with scalability ==
An example of issues faced when scaling up discovery tools is with Microsoft's [[System Centre Configuration Manager]] (SCCM).
Using SCCM Metering Rules to monitor software usage across a small estate or a small number of applications is relatively easy and reliable given the total number of unique executables (.exe files) and the number of instances of each executable. Turning on Metering Rules for every packaged application and every executable in a large estate quickly makes the volume of data generated unmanageable and expensive to maintain. Most SAM tools which consume SCCM data rely on these Metering Rules to understand usage.

== See also ==
* [[IT asset management]]
* [[License manager]]
* [[Software licensing audit]]
* [[Financial Software]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.bsa.org Business Software Alliance (BSA)]
*[http://www.fastiis.org Federation Against Software Theft (FAST)]
*[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=33908 19770-1:2006]
*[http://www.standardsinfo.net/info/livelink/fetch/2000/148478/6301438/index.html ISO/IEC Information Centre]
*[http://www.ecpmedia.com/index.html International Business Software Managers Association (IBSMA)]
*[http://www.iaitam.org International Association of Information Technology Asset Managers (IAITAM)]
*[http://www.siia.net Software & Information Industry Association (SIIA)]
* ''[http://omtco.eu/references/sam/top-200-sam-terms-a-glossary-of-software-asset-management-terms/ Top 200 SAM Terms – A Glossary]''
*[http://asama.com.au Australian Software Asset Management Association (ASAMA)]
*[http://www.gartner.com/webinar/3197419 Principles of Software Asset Management]

[[Category:Information technology management]]
[[Category:Asset management]]

User talk:182.68.244.146

2017-10-12T12:28:51Z

Edderso: Message re. Crossword (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. I wanted to let you know that I removed one or more external links you added to [[:Crossword]] because they seemed inappropriate for an encyclopedia. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]] or take a look at our [[Wikipedia:External links|guidelines]] about links. Thanks. [[Category:User talk pages with Uw-spam1 notices|{{PAGENAME}}]] --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  12:28, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Crossword

2017-10-12T12:28:50Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 182.68.244.146 (talk): violates external links policy (HG) (3.3.0)

{{other uses}}
[[File:CrosswordUSA.svg|thumb|250px|An American-style crossword grid layout.]]

A '''crossword''' is a word [[puzzle]] that usually takes the form of a [[Square (geometry)|square]] or a [[rectangular]] [[Grid graph|grid]] of white- and black-shaded squares. The game's goal is to fill the white squares with [[letter (alphabet)|letter]]s, forming words or [[phrase]]s, by solving clues which lead to the answers. In [[languages]] that are written left-to-right, the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right and from top to bottom. The shaded squares are used to separate the words or phrases.

== Types of grid ==
<gallery>
Image:CrosswordUSA.svg|American-style grid
Image:CrosswordUK.svg|British/South African-style grid
Image:CrosswordJPN.svg|Japanese-style grid
Image:Schwedenrätsel.jpg|Swedish-style grid
Image:BarredGridCrossword.jpg|Barred grid where bold bars are used instead of shaded blocks to separate the words
</gallery>

Crossword grids such as those appearing in most [[North American]] newspapers and [[magazine]]s feature solid areas of white squares. Every letter is checked (i.e. is part of both an "across" word and a "down" word) and usually each answer must contain at least three letters. In such puzzles shaded squares are typically limited to about one-sixth of the total. Crossword grids elsewhere, such as in [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[South Africa]], [[India]] and [[Australia]], have a [[Latticework|lattice]]-like structure, with a higher percentage of shaded squares (around 25%), leaving about half the letters in an answer unchecked. For example, if the top row has an answer running all the way across, there will often be no across answers in the second row.

Another tradition in puzzle design (in North America, India, and Britain particularly) is that the grid should have 180-degree [[Radial symmetry|rotational (also known as "radial") symmetry]], so that its pattern appears the same if the paper is turned upside down. Most puzzle designs also require that all white cells be orthogonally contiguous (that is, connected in one mass through shared sides, to form a single [[polyomino]]).

The design of Japanese crossword grids often follows two additional rules: that shaded cells may not share a side (i.e. they may not be orthogonally contiguous) and that the corner squares must be white.

The "Swedish-style" grid (picture crosswords) uses no clue numbers, as the clues are contained in the cells which do not contain answers. Arrows indicate in which direction the clues have to be answered: vertical or horizontal. This style of grid is also used in several countries other than Sweden, often in magazines, but also in daily newspapers. The grid often has one or more photos replacing a block of squares as a clue to one or several answers, for example, the name of a pop star, or some kind of rhyme or phrase that can be associated with the photo. These puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid but instead often have a common theme (literature, music, nature, geography, events of a special year, etc.)

Substantial variants from the usual forms exist. Two of the common ones are barred crosswords, which use bold lines between squares (instead of shaded squares) to separate answers, and circular designs, with answers entered either radially or in concentric circles. "Free form" crosswords ("criss-cross" puzzles), which have simple, asymmetric designs, are often seen on school worksheets, children's menus, and other entertainment for children. Grids forming shapes other than squares are also occasionally used.

Puzzles are often one of several standard sizes. For example, many weekday newspaper puzzles (such as the American [[New York Times crossword puzzle|''New York Times'' crossword puzzle]]) are 15×15 squares, while weekend puzzles may be 21×21, 23×23, or 25×25. The ''[[New York Times]]'' puzzles also set a common pattern for American crosswords by increasing in difficulty throughout the week: their Monday puzzles are the easiest and the puzzles get harder each day until Saturday. Their larger Sunday puzzle is about the same level of difficulty as a weekday-size Thursday puzzle.<ref>(Shortz) [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/08/magazine/08PUZZLE.html?ex=1236830400&en=5e6b94bdf1884b70&ei=5070 "How to Solve the New York Times Crossword Puzzle"]</ref> This has led U.S. solvers to use the day of the week as a shorthand when describing how hard a puzzle is: e.g. an easy puzzle may be referred to as a "Monday" or a "Tuesday", a medium-difficulty puzzle as a "Wednesday", and a truly difficult puzzle as a "Saturday". One of the smallest crosswords in general distribution is a 4×4 crossword compiled daily by John Wilmes, distributed online by ''[[USA Today]]'' as "QuickCross" and by [[Universal Uclick]] as "PlayFour".

Typically clues appear outside the grid, divided into an Across list and a Down list; the first cell of each entry contains a number referenced by the clue lists. For example, the answer to a clue labeled "17 Down" is entered with the first letter in the cell numbered "17", proceeding down from there. Numbers are almost never repeated; numbered cells are numbered consecutively, usually from left to right across each row, starting with the top row and proceeding downward. Some Japanese crosswords are numbered from top to bottom down each column, starting with the leftmost column and proceeding right.

== Clues: conventions and types ==

=== Orthography ===
Capitalization of answer letters is conventionally ignored; crossword puzzles are typically filled in, and their answer sheets are almost universally published in [[all caps]], except in the rare cases of [[ambigram]]s. This ensures a [[proper name]] can have its initial [[capitalization|capital]] letter checked with a non-capitalizable letter in the intersecting clue. [[Diacritic|Diacritical markings]] in foreign [[loanword]]s (or foreign-language words appearing in English-language puzzles) are ignored for similar reasons.

=== Straight or quick ===
Some crossword clues, called ''straight'' or ''quick clues'', are simple definitions of the answers. Some clues may feature [[anagram]]s, and these are usually explicitly described as such. Often, a straight clue is not in itself sufficient to distinguish between several possible answers, either because multiple synonymous answers may fit or because the clue itself is a homonym (e.g., "Lead" as in to be ahead in a contest or "Lead" as in the element), so the solver must make use of ''checks'' to establish the correct answer with certainty. For example, the answer to the clue "PC key" for a three-letter answer could be ''ESC'', ''ALT'', ''TAB'', ''DEL'', or ''INS'', so until a ''check'' is filled in, giving at least one of the letters, the correct answer cannot be determined.

In most American-style crosswords, the majority of the clues in the puzzle are straight clues,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://aframegames.com/store/?download=21|title=Crossword Constructor's Handbook|last=Berry|first=Patrick|publisher=|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=62–80}}</ref> with the remainder being one of the other types described below.

Crossword clues are generally consistent with the solutions. For instance, clues and their solutions should always agree in tense, number, and degree.<ref>D. S. MacNutt with A. Robins, ''Ximenes on the art of the crossword'', Methuen & Co Ltd, London (1966) p. 49.</ref> If a clue is in the past tense, so is the answer: thus "Traveled on horseback" would be a valid clue for the solution ''RODE'', but not for ''RIDE''. Similarly, "Family members" would be a valid clue for ''AUNTS'' but not ''UNCLE'', while "More joyful" could clue ''HAPPIER'' but not ''HAPPIEST''.

Some clue examples:
* Fill-in-the-blank clues are often the easiest in a puzzle and a good place to start solving, e.g., "_____ [[Anne Boleyn|Boleyn]]" = ''ANNE''.
* "Before and after" clues feature one word that is part of two phrases, often designated with parentheses and brackets, e.g., ''(Doing [____) keeper]'' = ''TIME''.
* A question mark at the end of clue usually signals that the clue/answer combination involves some sort of pun or wordplay, e.g., "Grateful?" = ''ASHES'', since a grate might be full of them.
* Most widely distributed American crosswords today (e.g., ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', etc.) also contain colloquial answers, i.e., entries in the puzzle grid that try to replicate everyday colloquial language. In such a puzzle one might see phrases such as ''WHAT'S UP'', ''AS IF'', or ''WHADDYA WANT''.

In the hands of any but the most skilled constructors, the constraints of the American-style grid (in which every letter is checked) usually require a fair number of answers not to be dictionary words. As a result, the following ways to clue abbreviations and other non-words, although they can be found in "straight" British crosswords, are much more common in American ones:
* Abbreviations, the use of a foreign language, variant spellings, or other unusual word tricks are indicated in the clue. A crossword creator might choose to clue the answer ''SEN'' (as in the abbreviation for "senator") as "Washington bigwig: Abbr." or "Member of Cong.", with the abbreviation in the clue indicating that the answer is to be similarly abbreviated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crosswordhobbyist.com/how-to-make-a-crossword-puzzle|title=How to Make a Crossword Puzzle|website=crosswordhobbyist.com}}</ref> The use of "Var." indicates the answer is a variant spelling (e.g., ''EMEER'' instead of ''EMIR''), while the use of foreign language or a foreign place name within the clue indicates that the answer is also in a foreign language. For example, ''ETE'' (''[[wikt:été|été]]'', French for "summer") might be clued as "Summer, in the [[Sorbonne]]". ''[[Rome|ROMA]]'' could be clued as "Italia's capital", whereas the clue "[[Italy]]'s capital" would indicate the English spelling ''[[Rome]]''.
* The eight possible abbreviations for a [[points of the compass|position on a compass]], e.g., ''NNW'' (north-northwest) or ''ESE'' (east-southeast), occur with some frequency. They can be clued as simply "Compass point", where the desired answer is determined by a combination of [[logic]]—since the third letter can be only E or W, and the second letter can be only N or S— and a process of elimination using checks. Alternatively, compass point answers are more frequently clued as "XXX to YYY direction", where XXX and YYY are two place names. For example, ''SSW'' might be clued as "New York to Washington DC dir". Similarly, a clue such as "Right on the map" means ''EAST''. A clue could also consist of objects that point a direction, e.g., "[[weather vane|vane]] dir." or "[[windsock]] dir.".
* [[Roman numerals]], and arithmetic involving them, frequently appear as well; the clue "IV times III" (4×3) would yield ''XII'' (12).
* In addition, partial answers are allowed in American-style crosswords, where the answer represents part of a longer phrase. For example, the clue "Mind your _____ Qs" gives the answer ''PSAND'' (Ps and).
* Non-dictionary phrases are also allowed in answers. Thus, the clue "Mocked" could result in the grid entry ''LAUGHED AT''.

=== Crossword themes ===
Many American crossword puzzles feature a "theme" consisting of a number of long entries (generally three to five in a standard 15×15-square "weekday-size" puzzle) that share some relationship, type of pun, or other element in common. As an example, the ''New York Times'' crossword of April 26, 2005 by Sarah Keller, edited by [[Will Shortz]], featured five themed entries ending in the different parts of a tree: ''SQUAREROOT'', ''TABLELEAF'', ''WARDROBETRUNK'', ''BRAINSTEM'', and ''BANKBRANCH''.

The above is an example of a category theme, where the theme elements are all members of the same set. Other types of themes include:
* Quote themes, featuring a famous quote broken up into parts to fit in the grid (and usually clued as "Quote, part 1", "Quote, part 2", etc.)
* Rebus themes, where multiple letters or even symbols occupy a single square in the puzzle (e.g., ''BERMUDA''Δ)
* Addition themes, where theme entries are created by adding a letter, letters, or word(s) to an existing word or phrase. For example, "Crucial pool shot?" = ''CRITICAL MASSE'' (formed by taking the phrase "[[critical mass]]" and adding an "e" on the end. All the theme entries in a given puzzle must be formed by the same process (so another entry might be "Greco-Roman buddy?" = ''WRESTLING MATE''—"wrestling mat" with an "e" added on). An example of a multiple-letter addition (and one that does not occur at the end of the entry) might be "Crazy about kitchen storage?" = ''CABINET FEVER'' (derived from "[[cabin fever]]").<ref name=Themes>{{cite web|title=Identified theme. types|url=http://www.cruciverb.com/index.php?action=ezportal;sa=page;p=70|publisher=Cruciverb.com|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref>
* Subtraction themes, the reverse of the above, where letters are removed to make a new word or phrase.<ref name=Themes />
* Compound themes, where the starts or ends of the theme entries can all precede or follow another word, which is given elsewhere in the puzzle. For example, a puzzle with theme entries that begin with ''PAPER'', ''BALL'', and ''WATER'' and elsewhere in the puzzle, the word ''BOY'' clued as "Word that can follow the start of [theme entries]".<ref name=Themes />
* Anniversary or tribute themes, commemorating a specific person, place, or event. For example, on October 7, 2011 the ''New York Times'' crossword commemorated the life of Apple CEO [[Steve Jobs]] who had died on October 5. Theme entries related to Jobs' life included ''[[Macintosh|MACINTOSH]]'', ''[[Pixar]]'', ''[[Think Different|THINK DIFFERENT]]'', ''CREATIVE GENIUS'', ''STEVE JOBS'', and ''[[Apple Inc.|APPLE]]''.<ref name=Themes /><ref>{{cite web|last=Der|first=Kevin G|title=New York Times crossword of October 7, 2011|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/Crossword?date=10/7/2011|publisher=XWordInfo.com|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref>
* Synonym themes, where the theme entries all contain synonyms, e.g., a ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' puzzle featuring a set of theme entries that contain the words ''RAVEN'', ''[[wikt:jet|JET]]'', ''[[wikt:ebony|EBONY]]'', and ''[[wikit:sable|SABLE]]'', all synonyms for "black"<ref name=Themes />
* Numerous other types have been identified, including [[spoonerism]]s, poems, shifted letters, rhyming phrases, puns, homophones, and combinations of two or more of other types of themes.<ref name=Themes />

The [[Simon & Schuster]] Crossword Puzzle Series has published many unusual themed crosswords. "Rosetta Stone", by Sam Bellotto Jr., incorporates a [[Caesar cipher]] cryptogram as the theme; the key to breaking the cipher is the answer to 1 Across. Another unusual theme requires the solver to use the answer to a clue as another clue. The answer to ''that'' clue is the real solution.

=== Indirect clues ===
Many puzzles feature clues involving wordplay which are to be taken metaphorically or in some sense other than their literal meaning, requiring some form of [[lateral thinking]]. Depending on the puzzle creator or the editor, this might be represented either with a question mark at the end of the clue or with a modifier such as "maybe" or "perhaps". In more difficult puzzles, the indicator may be omitted, increasing ambiguity between a literal meaning and a wordplay meaning. Examples:

* "Half a dance" could clue ''CAN'' (half of ''CANCAN'') or ''CHA'' (half of ''CHACHA'').
* If taken literally, "Start of spring" could clue ''MAR'' (for March), but it could also clue ''ESS'', the spelled-out form of the starting letter ''S''.
* "Nice summer?" clues ''ETE'', summer in [[Nice, France]] (''[[wikt:été|été]]'' being French for "summer"), rather than a nice (pleasant) summer. This clue also takes advantage of the fact that in American-style crosswords, the initial letter of a clue is always capitalized, whether or not it is a proper noun. In this clue, the initial capitalization further obscures whether the clue is referring to "nice" as in "pleasant" or "Nice" as in the French city.
* "Pay addition", taken literally, clues ''BONUS''. When taken as an indirect clue, however, it could also clue ''OLA'' (the ''addition'' of ''-ola'' to ''pay-'' results in ''PAYOLA'').

=== Cryptic crosswords ===
{{Main|Cryptic crossword}}
{{distinguish2|[[cryptogram]]s, a different form of puzzle based on a [[substitution cipher]]}}
In cryptic crosswords, the clues are puzzles in themselves. A typical clue contains both a definition at the beginning or end of the clue and wordplay, which provides a way to manufacture the word indicated by the definition, and which may not parse logically. Cryptics usually give the length of their answers in parentheses after the clue, which is especially useful with multi-word answers. Certain signs indicate different forms of wordplay. Cryptics have a steeper [[learning curve]] than standard crosswords, as learning to interpret the different types of cryptic clues can take some practice. In [[Great Britain]] and throughout much of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], cryptics of varying degrees of difficulty are featured in many newspapers.

There are several types of wordplay used in cryptics. One is straightforward definition substitution using parts of a word. For example, in one puzzle by [[Mel Taub]], the answer ''IMPORTANT'' is given the clue "To bring worker into the country may prove significant". The explanation is that to ''import'' means "to bring into the country", the "worker" is a worker ''ant'', and "significant" means ''important''. Here, "significant" is the straight definition (appearing here at the end of the clue), "to bring worker into the country" is the wordplay definition, and "may prove" serves to link the two. Note that in a cryptic clue, there is almost always only one answer that fits both the definition and the wordplay, so that when one sees the answer, one knows that it is the right answer—although it can sometimes be a challenge to figure out ''why'' it is the right answer. A good cryptic clue should provide a fair and exact definition of the answer, while at the same time being deliberately misleading.

Another type of wordplay used in cryptics is the use of [[homophone]]s. For example, the clue "A few, we hear, add up (3)" is the clue for ''SUM''. The straight definition is "add up", meaning "totalize". The solver must guess that "we hear" indicates a [[homophone]], and so a homophone of a synonym of "A few" ("some") is the answer. Other words relating to sound or hearing can be used to signal the presence of a homophone clue (e.g., "aloud", "audibly", "in conversation", etc.).

The double meaning is commonly used as another form of wordplay. For example, "Cat's tongue (7)" is solved by ''PERSIAN'', since this is a type of cat, as well as a tongue, or language. This is the only type of cryptic clue without wordplay—both parts of the clue are a straight definition.

Cryptics often include [[anagram]]s, as well. The clue "Ned T.'s seal cooked is rather bland (5,4)" is solved by ''NEEDS SALT''. The straight definition is "is rather bland", and the word "cooked" is a hint to the solver that this clue is an anagram (the letters have been "cooked", or jumbled up). Ignoring all punctuation, "Ned T.'s seal" is an anagram for ''NEEDS SALT''. Besides "cooked", other common hints that the clue contains an anagram are words such as "scrambled", "mixed up", "confused", "baked", or "twisted".

Embedded words are another common trick in cryptics. The clue "Bigotry aside, I'd take him (9)" is solved by ''APARTHEID''. The straight definition is "bigotry", and the wordplay explains itself, indicated by the word "take" (since one word "takes" another): "aside" means APART and I'd is simply ID, so APART and ID "take" HE (which is, in cryptic crossword usage, a perfectly good synonym for "him"). The answer could be elucidated as APART(HE)ID.

Another common clue type is the "hidden clue" or "container", where the answer is hidden in the text of the clue itself. For example, "Made a dug-out, buried, and passed away (4)" is solved by ''DEAD''. The answer is written in the clue: "maDE A Dug-out". "Buried" indicates that the answer is embedded within the clue.

There are numerous other forms of wordplay found in cryptic clues. Backwards words can be indicated by words like "climbing", "retreating", or "ascending" (depending on whether it is an across clue or a down clue) or by directional indicators such as "going North" (meaning upwards) or "West" (right-to-left); letters can be replaced or removed with indicators such as "nothing rather than excellence" (meaning replace E in a word with O); the letter ''I'' can be indicated by "me" or "one;" the letter ''O'' can be indicated by "nought", "nothing", "zero", or "a ring" (since it visually resembles one); the letter ''X'' might be clued as "a cross", or "ten" (as in the [[Roman numeral]]), or "an illiterate's signature", or "sounds like your old flame" (homophone for "ex"). "Senselessness" is solved by "e", because "e" is what remains after removing (less) "ness" from "sense".

With the different types of wordplay and definition possibilities, the composer of a cryptic puzzle is presented with many different possible ways to clue a given answer. Most desirable are clues that are clean but deceptive, with a smooth ''surface reading'' (that is, the resulting clue looks as natural a phrase as possible). The [[Usenet]] newsgroup ''rec.puzzles.crosswords'' has a number of clueing competitions where contestants all submit clues for the same word and a judge picks the best one.

In principle, each cryptic clue is usually sufficient to define its answer uniquely, so it should be possible to answer each clue without use of the grid. In practice, the use of checks is an important aid to the solver.

=== Metapuzzles ===
Some crossword designers have started including a metapuzzle, or "meta" for short: a second puzzle within the completed puzzle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Matt Gaffney's Weekly Crossword Contest Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://xwordcontest.com/faq|last=Gaffney|first=Matt|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> After the player has correctly solved the crossword puzzle in the usual fashion, the solution forms the basis of a second puzzle. The designer usually includes a hint to the metapuzzle.
For instance, the puzzle ''Eight Isn't Enough'' by Matt Gaffney gives the clue "This week’s contest answer is a three-word phrase whose second word is “or.”".<ref>{{cite web|title=Eight Isn't Enough|url=http://xwordcontest.com/2015/08/mgwcc-376-friday-august-14th-2015-eight-isnt-enough.html|first=Matt|last=Gaffney|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> The crossword solution includes the entries "BROUGHT TO NAUGHT", "MIGHT MAKES RIGHT", "CAUGHT A STRAIGHT", and "HEIGHT AND WEIGHT", which are all three-word phrases with two words ending in -ght. The solution to the meta is a similar phrase in which the middle word is "or": "FIGHT OR FLIGHT".

=== Schrödinger or quantum puzzles ===
Some puzzle grids contain more than one correct answer for the same set of clues. These are called Schrödinger or quantum puzzles, alluding to the [[Schrödinger's Cat]] [[thought experiment]] in [[quantum physics]]. At least ten Schrödinger puzzles have appeared in ''The New York Times'' since the late 1980s, and they have been published by independent constructors as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quantum|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/Quantum|website=xwordinfo.com}}</ref> The daily New York Times puzzle for November 5, 1996, by [[Jeremiah Farrell]], had a clue for 39 Across that read "Lead story in tomorrow's newspaper, with 43 Across (!)."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Farrell|first1=Jeremiah|title=New York Times puzzle of Tuesday, November 5, 1996|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/Crossword?date=11/5/1996|website=xwordinfo.com|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> The answer for 43 Across was ELECTED; depending on the outcome of that day's [[1996 Presidential Election|Presidential Election]], the answer for 39 Across would have been correct with either [[Bill Clinton|CLINTON]] or [[Bob Dole|BOBDOLE]], as would each of the corresponding Down answers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Amende|first1=Coral|title=The Crossword Obsession|date=2001|publisher=Berkley Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0756790868}}</ref> On September 1, 2016, the daily New York Times puzzle by [[Ben Tausig]] had four squares which led to correct answers reading both across and down if solvers entered either "M" or "F."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tausig|first1=Ben|title=New York Times puzzle of Thursday, September 1, 2016|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/Crossword?date=9/1/2016|website=xwordinfo.com|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref> The puzzle's theme, [[Gender fluid|GENDERFLUID]], was revealed at 37 Across in the center of the puzzle: "Having a variable identity, as suggested by four squares in this puzzle."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roeder|first1=Oliver|title=One of the Most Important Crosswords in New York Times History|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/gaming/2016/09/ben_tausig_s_new_york_times_puzzle_is_one_of_history_s_most_important_crosswords.html|website=Slate|accessdate=16 January 2017}}</ref>

=== The first entries ===
In the 'Quick' crossword in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' newspaper (Sunday and Daily, [[United Kingdom|UK]]), it has become a convention also to make the first few words (usually two or three, but can be more) into a phrase. For example, "'''Dimmer, Allies'''" would make "'''Demoralise'''" or "'''You, ill, never, walk, alone'''" would become "'''You'll never walk alone'''". This generally aids solvers in that if they have one of the words then they can attempt to guess the phrase. This has also become popular among other [[United Kingdom|British]] newspapers.

=== Double clue lists ===
Sometimes newspapers publish one grid that can be filled by solving either of two lists of clues – usually a straight and a cryptic. The solutions given by the two lists may be different, in which case the solver must decide at the outset which list they are going to follow, or the solutions may be identical, in which case the straight clues offer additional help for a solver having difficulty with the cryptic clues. For example, the solution '''APARTHEID''' might be clued as '''"Bigotry aside, I'd take him (9)"''' in the cryptic list, and '''"Racial separation (9)"''' in the straight list. Usually the straight clue matches the straight part of the cryptic clue, but this is not necessarily the case.

Every issue of [[GAMES Magazine]] contains a large crossword with a double clue list, under the title ''The World's Most Ornery Crossword''; both lists are straight and arrive at the same solution, but one list is significantly more challenging than the other. The solver is prompted to fold a page in half, showing the grid and the hard clues; the easy clues are tucked inside the fold, to be referenced if the solver gets stuck.

A variant of the double-clue list is commonly called ''Siamese Twins'': two matching grids are provided, and the two clue lists are merged such that the two clues for each entry are displayed together in random order. Determining which clue is to be applied to which grid is part of the puzzle.

=== Other clue variations ===
Any type of puzzle may contain ''cross-references'', where the answer
to one clue forms part of another clue, in which it is referred to by number and direction. E.g., a puzzle might have 1-Across clued as "Central character in '''The Lord of the Rings'''" = '''FRODO''', with 17-Down clued as '''"Precious object for 1-Across"''' = '''RING'''.

When an answer is composed of multiple or hyphenated words, some crosswords (especially in Britain) indicate the structure of the answer. For example, "(3,5)" after a clue indicates that the answer is composed of a three-letter word followed by a five-letter word. Most American-style crosswords do not provide this information.

== Major crossword variants ==
These are common crossword variants that vary more from a regular crossword than just an unusual grid shape or unusual clues; these crossword variants may be based on different solving principles and require a different solving skill set.

=== Cipher crosswords ===
Cipher crosswords were invented in Germany in the 19th century. Published under various trade names (including Code Breakers, Code Crackers, and Kaidoku), and not to be confused with cryptic crosswords (ciphertext puzzles are commonly known as [[cryptogram]]s), a '''cipher crossword''' replaces the clues for each entry with clues for each white cell of the grid – an integer from 1 to 26 inclusive is printed in the corner of each. The objective, as any other crossword, is to determine the proper letter for each cell; in a cipher crossword, the 26 numbers serve as a [[cipher]] for those letters: cells that share matching numbers are filled with matching letters, and no two numbers stand for the same letter. All resultant entries must be valid words. Usually, at least one number's letter is given at the outset. English-language cipher crosswords are nearly always [[pangram]]matic (all letters of the alphabet appear in the solution). As these puzzles are closer to codes than quizzes, they require a different skillset; many basic cryptographic techniques, such as determining likely vowels, are key to solving these. Given their pangrammaticity, a frequent start point is locating where 'Q' and 'U' must appear.

=== Diagramless crosswords ===
In a '''diagramless crossword''', often called a '''diagramless''' for short or, in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], a '''skeleton crossword''' or '''carte blanche''', the grid offers overall dimensions, but the locations of most of the clue numbers and shaded squares are unspecified. A solver must deduce not only the answers to individual clues, but how to fit together partially built-up clumps of answers into larger clumps with properly set shaded squares. Some of these puzzles follow the traditional symmetry rule, others have left-right mirror symmetry, and others have greater levels of symmetry or outlines suggesting other shapes. If the symmetry of the grid is given, the solver can use it to his/her advantage.

A variation is the ''Blankout'' puzzle in the ''[[Daily Mail]] Weekend'' magazine. The clues are not individually numbered, but given in terms of the rows and columns of the grid, which has rectangular symmetry. The list of clues gives hints of the locations of some of the shaded squares even before one starts solving them, e.g. there must be a shaded square where a row having no clues intersects a column having no clues.

=== Fill-in crosswords ===
A '''fill-in crossword''' (also known as '''crusadex''' or '''cruzadex''') features a grid and the full list of words to be entered in that grid, but does not give explicit clues for where each word goes. The challenge is figuring out how to integrate the list of words together within the grid so that all intersections of words are valid. Fill-in crosswords may often have longer word length than regular crosswords to make the crossword easier to solve, and symmetry is often disregarded. Fitting together several long words is easier than fitting together several short words because there are fewer possibilities for how the long words intersect together. These types of crosswords are also used to demonstrate [[artificial intelligence]] abilities, such as finding solutions to the puzzle based on a set of determined [[constraint satisfaction problem|constraints]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Poole|first1=David L.|last2=Mackworth|first2=Alan K.|date=2010|title=Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51900-7}}</ref>

=== Crossnumbers ===
A '''crossnumber''' (also known as a [[cross-figure]]) is the numerical analogy of a crossword, in which the solutions to the clues are numbers instead of words. Clues are usually [[arithmetic]]al expressions, but can also be [[general knowledge]] clues to which the answer is a number or year. There are also numerical fill-in crosswords.

The ''[[Daily Mail]] Weekend'' magazine used to feature crossnumbers under the misnomer ''Number Word''. This kind of puzzle should not be confused with a different puzzle that the ''Daily Mail'' refers to as ''Cross Number''.

=== Acrostic puzzles ===
{{Main|Acrostic (puzzle)}}

An '''acrostic''' is a type of word puzzle, in eponymous [[acrostic]] form, that typically consists of two parts. The first is a set of lettered clues, each of which has numbered blanks representing the letters of the answer. The second part is a long series of numbered blanks and spaces, representing a quotation or other text, into which the answers for the clues fit. In most forms of the puzzle, the first letters of each correct clue answer, read in order from clue A on down the list, will spell out the author of the quote and the title of the work it is taken from; this can be used as an additional solving aid.

===Arroword===

The arroword is a variant of a crossword that does not have as many black squares as a true crossword, but has arrows inside the grid, with clues preceding the arrows. It has been called the most popular word puzzle in many European countries, and is often called the Scandinavian crossword, as it is believed to have originated in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puzzler.com/Puzzles-encyclopedia/Arroword.htm |title=Arroword |publisher=puzzler.com |accessdate=May 17, 2011 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[Image:First crossword.png|thumb|upright|Recreation of [[Arthur Wynne]]'s original crossword puzzle from December 21, 1913.]]
The title for the world's first crossword puzzle is disputed. Some such puzzles were included in ''The Stockton Bee'' (1793–1795), an ephemeral publication.<ref>http://www.roteiroromanceado.com/cruzadas/historia/ancestrais/crossword/enigmas/enigmas2.html</ref> The phrase "cross word puzzle" was first written in 1862 by Our Young Folks in the United States. Crossword-like puzzles, for example Double Diamond Puzzles, appeared in the magazine ''[[St. Nicholas (magazine)|St. Nicholas]]'', published since 1873.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childrenslibrary.org/icdl/BookPage?bookid=dodstni_00362329&pnum1=66&twoPage=false&route=alsoby&size=17&fullscreen=false&lang=English&ilang=English |title=St. Nicholas. September 1875 |publisher=Childrenslibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref> Another crossword puzzle appeared on September 14, 1890, in the Italian magazine ''Il Secolo Illustrato della Domenica''. It was designed by Giuseppe Airoldi and titled "Per passare il tempo" ("To pass the time"). Airoldi's puzzle was a four-by-four grid with no shaded squares; it included horizontal and vertical clues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crucienigmi.it/Storia_delle_parole_crociate.htm |title=Storia delle parole crociate e del cruciverba |language=Italian |publisher=Crucienigmi |accessdate=August 28, 2009 }}</ref>

Crosswords in England during the 19th century were of an elementary kind, apparently derived from the [[word square]], a group of words arranged so the letters read alike vertically and horizontally, and printed in children's puzzle books and various periodicals.

On December 21, 1913, [[Arthur Wynne]], a [[journalist]] from [[Liverpool]], England, published a "word-cross" puzzle in the ''[[New York World]]'' that embodied most of the features of the genre as we know it. This puzzle is frequently cited as the first crossword puzzle, and Wynne as the inventor. Later, the name of the puzzle was changed to "crossword".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/crosswordhome.html | title=The Crossword Puzzle | publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] | date=August 1997 | accessdate=2010-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/crossword.htm | title=The History of Crossword Puzzles | first=Mary | last=Bellis | publisher=[[About.com]] | accessdate=2010-12-18}}</ref>

Although [[Eugene T. Maleska]] is usually credited with the first crossword phrase (as opposed to a single word) in ''The New York Times'', an 1862 puzzle in the Lady's Book had phrases that are considered modern, such as the expression "I did it".

Crossword puzzles became a regular weekly feature in the ''World,'' and spread to other newspapers; the ''[[Pittsburgh Press]],'' for example, was publishing them at least as early as 1916<ref>{{cite news |title=Cross-Word Puzzle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=djft3U1LymYC&dat=19160611&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|newspaper=[[The Pittsburgh Press]] |date=June 11, 1916}} Comic section's fifth page.</ref> and ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' by 1917.<ref>''The Boston Globe'', April 8, 1917, p. 43 contains a puzzle and a solution to a previous week's puzzle.</ref>

[[File:A crossword fanatic ringing up a doctor in the middle of the Wellcome V0011518.jpg|thumb|left|A 1925 ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' cartoon about "The Cross-Word Mania". A man phones his doctor in the middle of the night, asking for "the name of a bodily disorder of seven letters, of which the second letter must be 'N'".]]
By the 1920s, the crossword phenomenon was starting to attract notice. In October 1922, newspapers published a comic strip by [[Clare Briggs]] entitled "Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle," with an enthusiast muttering "87 across 'Northern Sea Bird'!!??!?!!? Hm-m-m starts with an 'M', second letter is 'U'... I'll look up all the words starting with an 'M-U...' mus-musi-mur-murd—Hot Dog! Here 'tis! Murre!"<ref>"Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle," by "Briggs," ''Morning Oregonian,'' October 3, 1922, p. 14; also published in several other newspapers</ref> In 1923 a humorous squib in ''The Boston Globe'' has a wife ordering her husband to run out and "rescue the papers... the part I want is blowing down the street." "What is it you're so keen about?" "The Cross-Word Puzzle. Hurry, please, that's a good boy."<ref>"There Goes My Crossword Puzzle, Get Up Please." ''The Boston Daily Globe'', October 1, 1923, p. 7.</ref> In ''The New Yorker''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s first issue, released in 1925, the "Jottings About Town" section wrote, "Judging from the number of solvers in the subway and "L" trains, the crossword puzzle bids fair to become a fad with New Yorkers." <ref>"Jottings About Town." ''The New Yorker'', February 25, 1925, p. 30.</ref> In 1925, the [[New York Public Library]] reported that "The latest craze to strike libraries is the crossword puzzle," and complained that when "the puzzle 'fans' swarm to the dictionaries and encyclopedias so as to drive away readers and students who need these books in their daily work, can there be any doubt of the Library's duty to protect its legitimate readers?"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P_4aAAAAMAAJ&ots=2F4d8YpQcK&pg=RA3-PA24 ''Report of the New York Public Library for 1924'']; published by The Library, 1925</ref>

The first book of crossword puzzles appeared in 1924, published by [[Simon & Schuster]]. "This odd-looking book with a pencil attached to it"<ref>{{cite book|title=Only Yesterday|author=Frederick Lewis Allen|year=1931|publisher=Harper and Row}}, p. 159 of 1964 Perennial Library paperback reprint</ref> was an instant hit and crossword puzzles became the craze of 1924.

The crossword puzzle fad received extensive attention, not all of it positive: In 1924, ''The New York Times'' complained of the "sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern, more or less complex. This is not a game at all, and it hardly can be called a sport... [solvers] get nothing out of it except a primitive form of mental exercise, and success or failure in any given attempt is equally irrelevant to mental development."<ref>"Topics of the Times." ''The New York Times'', November 17, 1924, p. 18</ref> A clergyman called the working of crossword puzzles "the mark of a childish mentality" and said, "There is no use for persons to pretend that working one of the puzzles carries any intellectual value with it.".<ref>"Condemns Cross-Word Fad." ''The New York Times'', December 23, 1924, p. 17</ref> However, another wrote a complete "Bible Cross-Word Puzzle Book". Also in 1925, ''[[Time Magazine]]'' noted that nine Manhattan dailies and fourteen other big newspapers were carrying crosswords, and quoted opposing views as to whether "This crossword craze will positively end by June!" or "The crossword puzzle is here to stay!"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,719730,00.html|title=Barometer|date=January 5, 1925|accessdate=2008-08-05|publisher=Time Magazine}}</ref> In 1925, ''The New York Times'' noted, with approval, a scathing critique of crosswords by ''[[The New Republic]]''; but concluded that "Fortunately, the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast and in a few months it will be forgotten."<ref>Topics of the Times: Sees Harm, Not Education" ''The New York Times'', March 10, 1925, p. 20,</ref> and in 1929 declared, "The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads...."<ref>"All About the Insidious Game of Anagrams," ''The New York Times'', December 29, 1929, p. BR3</ref> In 1930, a correspondent noted that "Together with ''The Times'' of London, yours is the only journal of prominence that has never succumbed to the lure of the cross-word puzzle" and said that "The craze—the fad—stage has passed, but there are still people numbering it to the millions who look for their daily cross-word puzzle as regularly as for the weather predictions."<ref>Richard H. (1930), "The Lure of the Puzzle." ''The New York Times'', February 4, 1930, p. 20</ref> ''The New York Times'', however, was not to publish a crossword puzzle until 1942; today, [[The New York Times crossword puzzle|the ''Times'' puzzle]] is one of the most popular in the country.

The term "crossword" first appeared in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] in 1933.<ref>"crossword." ''OED Online''. March 2017. Oxford University Press. <nowiki>http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/44952?redirectedFrom=crossword&</nowiki> (accessed April 28, 2017).</ref>

Today, there are many popular crosswords distributed in American newspapers and online. The most prestigious (and among the most difficult to solve) are the ''New York Times'' puzzles. The first editor of the ''New York Times'' crossword was [[Margaret Farrar]], who was editor from 1942 to 1969. She was succeeded by [[Will Weng]], who was succeeded by Eugene T. Maleska. Since 1993, they have been edited by [[Will Shortz]], the fourth crossword editor in ''Times''. In 1978 Shortz founded and still directs the annual [[American Crossword Puzzle Tournament]].

[[Simon & Schuster]] continues to publish the ''Crossword Puzzle Book Series'' books that it began in 1924, currently under the editorship of John M. Samson. The original series ended in 2007 after 258 volumes. Since 2008, these books are now in the Mega series, appearing three times per year and each featuring 300 puzzles.

The British cryptic crossword was imported to the US in 1968 by composer and lyricist [[Stephen Sondheim]] in [[New York (magazine)|''New York'' magazine]]. Until 2006, ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'' regularly featured a cryptic crossword "puzzler" by [[Emily Cox (compiler)|Emily Cox]] and [[Henry Rathvon]], which combines cryptic clues with diabolically ingenious variations on the construction of the puzzle itself. In both cases, no two puzzles are alike in construction, and the intent of the puzzle authors is to entertain with novelty, not to establish new variations of the crossword genre.

In the [[United Kingdom]], the ''[[Sunday Express]]'' was the first newspaper to publish a crossword on November 2, 1924, a Wynne puzzle adapted for the UK. The first crossword in Britain, according to Tony Augarde in his ''Oxford Guide to Word Games'' (1984), was in ''[[Pearson's Magazine]]'' for February 1922.

=== Crossword puzzles in World War II ===
{{main|D-Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm}}
In 1944, Allied security officers were disturbed by the appearance, in a series of crosswords in ''The Daily Telegraph'', of words that were secret code names for military operations planned as part of [[Operation Overlord]].

Some cryptologists for [[Bletchley Park]] were selected after doing well in a crossword-solving competition.<ref>''The Daily Telegraph – 80 Years of Cryptic Crosswords'', p. 44.</ref>

=== Crossword records ===
According to ''[[Guinness World Records]]'', May 15, 2007, the most prolific crossword compiler is [[Roger Squires]] of [[Ironbridge]], [[Shropshire]], UK. On May 14, 2007, he published his 66,666th crossword,<ref>(Pat-Ella) [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/14/nclue14.xml "Crossword setter hits puzzling landmark"], Richard Savill, ''The Daily Telegraph'', May 15, 2007</ref> equivalent to 2 million clues. He is one of only four setters to have provided cryptic puzzles to ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', the ''[[Financial Times]]'' and ''[[The Independent]]''. He also holds the record for the longest word ever used in a published crossword – the 58-letter Welsh town [[Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch]] clued as an anagram.

Enthusiasts have compiled a number of record-setting achievements for the ''[[New York Times]]'' crossword, the most prestigious American-style crossword.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/default.aspx |title=XWord Info |publisher="XWord Info" |date= |accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref>

* The lowest word count in a published weekday-size 15x15 puzzle is the January 21, 2005 ''New York Times'' crossword by Frank Longo, with just 52 words, and was believed by ''Times'' crossword editor Will Shortz to be the world record for this type of puzzle.
* The fewest shaded squares in a 15x15 American crossword is 17 (leaving 208 white spaces), set by the July 27, 2012 ''Times'' crossword by Joe Krozel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/Crossword?date=7/27/2012 |title=Friday, July 27, 2012 crossword by Joe Krozel |publisher=Xwordinfo.com |date=2012-07-27 |accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref>
* The record for most crosswords published in ''The New York Times'' is held by [[Manny Nosowsky]], who has had 241 puzzles in that outlet.
* [[A. N. Prahlada Rao]], based in Bangalore, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 1000,000 (Ten lakhs) clues.[33][34] His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS-2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages. His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS-2015, 2016 and 2017 also.[35]

=== Women crossword constructors ===
Women editors such as [[Margaret Farrar]] were influential in the first few decades of puzzle-making, and women constructors such as [[Bernice Gordon]] and [[Elizabeth Gorski]] have each contributed hundreds of puzzles to ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/Thumbs?author=Elizabeth+C.+Gorski|title=Elizabeth C. Gorski|last=|first=|date=|website=xwordinfo.com|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> However, in recent years the number of women constructors has declined, and crossword editors at most major papers are all male. During the years that [[Will Weng]] and [[Eugene Thomas Maleska|Eugene Maleska]] edited the [[The New York Times crossword puzzle|New York Times crossword]] (1969-1993), women constructors accounted for 35% of puzzles,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://theamericanreader.com/puzzle-trouble-women-and-crosswords-in-the-age-of-autofill/|title=Puzzle Trouble: Women and Crosswords in the Age of Autofill|last=Shechtman|first=Anna|date=2014|website=The American Reader|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preshortzianpuzzleproject.com/|title=The Pre-Shortzian Puzzle Project|last=Steinberg|first=David|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> while during the editorship of [[Will Shortz]] (1993–present), this percentage has gone down, with women constructors (including collaborations) accounting for only 15% of puzzles in both 2014 and 2015, and 17% of puzzles published in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xwordinfo.com/Women|title=Women constructors in the Shortz Era|last=|first=|date=|website=xwordinfo.com|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/puzzling-women/|title=Puzzling Women: Where are the female constructors?|last=Kosman|first=Joshua|last2=Picciotto|first2=Henry|date=2014|website=thenation.com|publisher=|access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> Several reasons have been given for the decline in women constructors. One explanation is that the gender imbalance in crossword construction is similar to that in related fields, such as [[Women in journalism|journalism]], and that more [[Freelancer|freelance]] male constructors than females submit puzzles on spec to ''The New York Times'' and other outlets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehairpin.com/the-crossword-puzzle-whered-the-women-go-c25dee229b3f#.ufszwy6ib|title=The Crossword Puzzle: Where'd the Women Go?|last=Tausig|first=Ben|date=2013|website=Thehairpin.com|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Another explanation is that computer-assisted construction and the increased influence of computational approaches in generating word lists may be making crossword construction more like [[Women in STEM fields|STEM fields in which women are underrepresented for a number of factors]].<ref name=":0" /> However, it has also been argued that this explanation risks propagating myths about gender and technology.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ravishly.com/ladies-we-love/elizabeth-gorski-new-york-times-crossword-creator|title=Elizabeth Gorski: New York Times Crossword Creator|last=|first=|date=2014|website=Ravishly.com|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> Some have argued that the relative absence of women constructors and editors has had an influence on the content of the puzzles themselves, and that clues and entries can be insensitive regarding language related to gender and race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2016/06/28/the_new_york_times_crossword_can_be_clueless_about_race_and_gender.html|title=Why Is the New York Times Crossword So Clueless About Race and Gender?|last=Graham|first=Ruth|date=2016|website=Slate.com|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theoutline.com/post/1651/the-nyt-crossword-is-old-and-kind-of-racist|title=The NYT Crossword Is Old and Kind Of Racist|last=Jeffries|first=Adrianne|date=2017|website=The Outline|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> Several approaches have been suggested to develop more women in the field, including mentoring novice women constructors and encouraging women constructors to publish their puzzles independently.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crosswordfiend.com/2014/03/06/women-and-crossword-construction-part-1-why-the-underrepresentation/|title=Women and Crossword Construction, Part 1: Why the underrepresentation?|last=Reynaldo|first=Amy|date=2014|website=Diary of a Crossword Fiend|publisher=|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Crosswords in non-English languages ==

=== Orthography ===
From their origin in New York, crosswords have spread to many countries and languages. In languages other than English, the status of diacritics varies according to the orthography of the particular language, thus:

* in [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] all diacritical markings are ignored. Words such as ''TEË'' (meaning opposed) and ''TEE'' (meaning tea) are both simply written ''TEE''. The same goes for ''SÊ'' (say) and ''SE'' (belonging to) and many others.
* in [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]], diacritics are respected and ''[[Ch (digraph)|ch]]'', being considered one letter, occupies one square.
* in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] crosswords, the ''[[IJ (letter)|ij]]'' [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] is considered one letter, filling one square, and the ''IJ'' and the ''Y'' (see [[Dutch alphabet]]) are considered distinct. Rules may vary in other word games.
* in [[French language|French]], in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and in [[Italian language|Italian]], accent marks and most other diacritical markings are ignored, except the [[tilde]] in Spanish: for instance, in French, the final ''E'' of answer ''ÊTRE'' can double as the final ''É'' of ''CONGÉ'' when written ''ETRE'' and ''CONGE''; but in Spanish, N and [[Ñ]] are distinct letters.
* in [[German language]] crosswords, the [[Germanic umlaut|umlauts]] ''ä'', ''ö'', and ''ü'' are dissolved into ''ae'', ''oe'', and ''ue'', and ''[[ß]]'' is dissolved into ''ss''.
* in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], diacritics are respected, with the exception of ''Ő'' and ''Ű'' – they are regarded as similar to ''Ö'' and ''Ü'', although the difference between the two pairs of letters is a distinctive feature in Hungarian.
* in [[Irish language|Irish]] crosswords, the accents on ''Á É Í Ó Ú'' are all respected, so (for example) the ''Í'' in ''SÍB'' cannot double as the ''I'' in ''SLIABH''.
* in [[Latin language|Latin]], diacritics are ignored. Therefore, ''A'' is considered the same as ''Ă'' or ''Ā''. [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] is normally used. See the monthly magazine of Latin crosswords [[Hebdomada aenigmatum]] as a reference.<ref>http://www.mylatinlover.it</ref>
* in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], diacritics are ignored with the exception of ''Ç''. Therefore, ''A'' could be checked with ''Ã'' or ''Á''.
* in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], diacritics are ignored.
* in [[Russian language|Russian]], ''Ё'' doubles as ''Е'' but ''Й'' is considered different from ''И''; the soft sign ''Ь'' and the hard sign ''Ъ'' occupy a separate square, different from that of the previous letter.
* in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] crosswords, the digraphs ''[[Ch (digraph)|ch]]'' and ''[[ll]]'' fill two squares, although in some old crosswords (from prior to the 1996 spelling reform) they filled one square.

{{See also|Digraph (orthography)#Digraphs versus letters||Diacritic}}


[[File:Ristikontekoa.jpg|thumb|Person solving a Finnish crossword puzzle.]]

=== Grid design, clues, and conventions ===
[[File:Bengalicrossword.jpg|thumb|A [[Bengali language|Bengali]] crossword grid]]

French-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares. They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10% is typical; [[Georges Perec]] compiled many 9×9 grids for [[Le Point]] with four or even three black squares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepage.urbanet.ch/cruci.com/textes/histoire6.htm |title=Histoire des mots croisés. Chapitre VI |publisher=Homepage.urbanet.ch |date= |accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref> Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a [[chessboard]]. All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences. This is similar to the notation used in the aforementioned ''[[Daily Mail]] Blankout'' puzzles.

In [[Italy]], crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size. As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all.

Modern [[Hebrew]] is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks. This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in [[ktiv male]] (with some vowels) or [[ktiv haser]] (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues.

In the [[Japanese language]] crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically [[katakana]]) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second [[Yōon]] character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with [[kanji]] to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one. Despite Japanese having three writing forms, [[hiragana]], katakana and kanji, they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle.

[[A. N. Prahlada Rao]], based in [[Bangalore]], has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language [[Kannada language|Kannada]], including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2001/05/14/stories/101444g3.htm |title=Making clues |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=2001-05-14 |accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=6041&boxid=1222762|title=Details|website=www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com}}</ref> His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS-2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages. His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS-2016 and 2017 also.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/recordDetail.aspx?rid=616%5D|title=Limca Book of Records|website=www.limcabookofrecords.in}}</ref> A five volume set of his puzzles was released in February 2008 In 2013 two more crossword books released. In 2017 his 5 Crossword Books published.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/17/stories/2008021753500400.htm |title=Karnataka / Bangalore News : Kannada crossword puzzles launched |publisher=The Hindu |date=2008-02-17 |accessdate=2013-11-26}}</ref> [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is also well known for its crossword puzzles. Crosswords are published regularly in almost all the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dailies and periodicals. The grid system is quite similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed.

In [[Poland]], crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues – such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words.

Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the "Swedish-style grid" mentioned above. This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers. Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is ''Krysset''<ref>[http://krysset.se/Corpbiz/1164/ "Krysset – klassikern med kvalitet och kunskap."] Krysset.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. {{sv}}</ref> (from [[Bonnier Group|Bonnier]]), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies (''[[Aftonbladet]]'' and ''[[Expressen]]'') publish a weekly crossword supplement, named ''Kryss & Quiz'' and ''Korsord''<ref>[http://www.expressen.se/omexpressen/1.2460276/dagens-bilaga-med-expressen-korsord "Dagens bilaga med Expressen – Korsord."] Expressen.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. {{sv}}</ref> respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers.

== Crossword construction ==

=== American-style crosswords ===
In typical themed American-style crosswords, the theme is created first, as a set of symmetric long Across answers will be needed around which the grid can be created.<ref name=Salomon>{{cite web |last=Salomon |first=Nancy |title=Notes from a Mentor |url=http://www.cruciverb.com/index.php?action=ezportal;sa=page;p=22 | publisher=cruciverb.com |accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Rosen>{{cite book |last=Rosen|first=Mel |title=Random House Puzzlemaker's Handbook |year=1995|publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=9780812925449 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Random-House-Puzzlemakers-Handbook-Crosswords/dp/0812925440/ref=pd_sim_b_3}}</ref> Since the grid will typically have 180-degree rotational symmetry, the answers will need to be also: thus a typical 15×15 square American puzzle might have two 15-letter entries and two 13-letter entries that could be arranged appropriately in the grid (e.g., one 15-letter entry in the third row, and the other symmetrically in the 13th row; one 13-letter entry starting in the first square of the 6th row and the other ending in the last square of the 10th row).<ref name=Rosen /><ref name=Kurzban>{{cite book |last=Kurzban |first=Stanley A. |title=The Compleat Cruciverbalist: Or How to Solve and Compose Crossword Puzzles for Fun and Profit |year=1981|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold|isbn=978-0442257385}}</ref> The theme must not only be funny or interesting, but also internally consistent: in the sample "parts of a tree" theme shown above, '''CHARTER OAK''' would ''not'' be an appropriate entry, as all the other entries contain different parts of a tree, not the name of a kind of tree. Similarly, '''FAMILY TREE''' would not be appropriate unless it were used as a ''revealer'' for the theme (frequently clued with a phrase along the lines "''...and a hint to...''"). Given the existing entries, '''SEED MONEY''' would also be unacceptable, as all the other theme entries ''end'' in the part of a tree as opposed to beginning with it, though the puzzle could certainly be changed to have a mix of words in different positions.<ref name=Salomon />

Once a consistent, appropriate theme has been chosen, a grid is designed around that theme, following a set of basic principles:

*Generally, most American puzzles are 15×15 squares; if another size, they typically have an odd number of rows and columns: e.g., 21×21 for "Sunday-size" puzzles; ''GAMES Magazine'' will accept 17×17 puzzles, [[Simon & Schuster]] accepts both 17×17 and 19×19 puzzles, and ''The New York Times'' requires diagramless puzzles to be 17×17.<ref>{{cite web| title=Publisher Specifications |url=http://www.cruciverb.com/index.php?action=ezportal;sa=page;p=9| publisher=cruciverb.com |accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref> The odd number of squares on a side ensures that achieving symmetry is easier; with even-numbered puzzles the central block of four squares makes constructing a symmetrical puzzle considerably more difficult.<ref name=Gore>{{cite news |last=Gore|first=Molly |title=Math professor and crossword constructor gives puzzle advice |url=http://www.thesantaclara.com/2.14532/math-professor-and-crossword-constructor-gives-puzzle-advice-1.1870291?pagereq=1#.USwF4xnDN_0|accessdate=25 February 2013|newspaper=The Santa Clara|date=15 November 2007|location=Santa Clara, California}}</ref>
*The black squares must be arranged so as to (1) ensure there are no two-letter words; (2) form 180-degree rotational symmetry (so that if the grid is turned upside-down, the pattern of black squares remains the same); (3) ensure that every letter is checked (appears in both an Across and a Down word); (4) not occupy too much of the puzzle (generally speaking, 16% of the puzzle is considered a rough limit for the percentage of black squares); (5) ensure that the entire puzzle has "all-over interlock"—that is, that the black squares do not "cut" the puzzle into separate sections; and (6) ensure that (generally) no non-theme entry is longer than any of the theme entries. In addition, it is considered advisable to minimize the number of so-called "cheater" black squares, i.e., black squares whose removal would not change the word count of the puzzle but which make it easier to fill by shortening the length of the words therein.<ref name=Rosen /><ref name= Kurzban /><ref name="Basic Rules">{{cite web|title=Basic Rules |url=http://www.cruciverb.com/index.php?action=ezportal;sa=page;p=21| publisher=cruciverb.com |accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref>
*The grid is then filled with suitable words, keeping in mind that (1) no word can be repeated in the grid (with the exception of prepositions or articles); (2) profanity or graphic or "unpleasant" words are generally not allowed; (3) obscurity is strongly discouraged in easy puzzles and should be kept to a minimum in more difficult puzzles, where two obscure words should never be allowed to cross (and, ideally, where the obscure word would be of interest to most solvers—a genus of little-known water bugs would not be a good choice); (4) uncommon abbreviations and variant foreign spellings should be avoided, as well as the use of [[crosswordese]] (those words that no longer appear in common speech but that occur frequently in crosswords due to their favorable letter combinations, such as the Asian buffalo ''ANOA''); (5) in modern puzzles, pop figures and corporate and brand names are generally considered acceptable; (6) no made-up words are permitted—there should be a dictionary or other reference that can cite each entry if asked.<ref name=Rosen /><ref name="Basic Rules" />
* Modern constructors frequently (although not always) use software to speed the task. Several programs are available, of which the most widely accepted is Crossword Compiler.<ref name=Salomon /> These programs, although they cannot create themes and cannot distinguish between "good" fill (fun, interesting words vs. dull obscurity), do speed up the process and will allow the constructor to realize if he or she has hit a dead end.<ref name=Holmes>{{cite news |last=Holmes |first=Kristin E. |title=A passion to fit words together |url=http://www.crosswordtournament.com/articles/inq042907.htm |accessdate=25 February 2013 |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer (archived at crosswordtournament.com) |date=29 April 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420160823/http://www.crosswordtournament.com/articles/inq042907.htm |archivedate=20 April 2013 |df= }}</ref>

The website Cruciverb.com provides numerous resources for constructors, including forums to discuss puzzles with other constructors, construction advice from experienced constructors, and specifications from the major publishers on how to submit puzzles to them and what their specific puzzle requirements are. Content available with a paid subscription includes a database of words found in major published puzzles.

Crossword puzzle payments for standard 15×15 puzzles from the major outlets range from $50 (''GAMES Magazine'') to $200 (''The New York Times'') while payments for 21×21 puzzles range from $150 (''Newsday'') to $1,000 (''The New York Times'').<ref>{{cite web|title=Publisher chart |url=http://www.cruciverb.com/index.php?action=ezportal;sa=page;p=19| publisher=cruciverb.com |accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref>

The compensation structure of crosswords generally entails authors selling all rights to their puzzles upon publication, and as a result receiving no royalties from republication of their work in books or other forms. This system has been criticized by [[American Values Club crossword]] editor [[Ben Tausig]], among others.<ref name=Tausig>{{cite news |last=Tausig |first=Ben |title=Fixing the Broken Crossword Puzzle Economy |url=http://www.theawl.com/2012/12/solving-the-broken-crossword-puzzle-economy |accessdate=10 March 2013 |publisher=TheAwl.com |date=7 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Cryptic crosswords ===
{{see also|Cryptic crossword}}
In cryptics, as fewer of the letters are typically checked and as there is usually no theme, grid construction is far easier, and the constructor focuses instead on the difficult task of creating clues that contain a straight definition, a cryptic definition, and a "surface" meaning (each clue must parse as a phrase).

== Software ==

Software that aids in ''creating'' crossword puzzles has been written since at least 1976;<ref name="scifri">{{cite web| title="Dr.Fill" Vies for Crossword Solving Supremacy |url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/dr-fill-vies-for-crossword-solving-supremacy/ |date=19 Sep 2014}}</ref> one popular example was [[Crossword Magic]] for the [[Apple II]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apple2history.org/appendix/aha/aha80/|title=1980-84 Misc|date=9 July 2010|publisher=}}</ref> The earliest software relied on people to input a list of fill words and clues, and automatically maps the answers onto a suitable grid. This is a [[search problem]] in computer science because there are many possible arrangements to be checked against the rules of construction. Any given set of answers might have zero, one, or multiple legal arrangements.

In the late 1990s, the transition began from mostly hand-created arrangements to computer-assisted, which creators generally say has allowed authors to produce more interesting and creative puzzles, reducing [[crosswordese]].<ref name="scifri2"/> [[Crossword Weaver]] was patented in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-crossword-puzzles-1991486|title=Do You Know Who Invented the Crossword Puzzle?|publisher=}}</ref> Crossword Compiler for Windows (which also handles [[sudoku]]) and Crossfire for MacOS are popular for this purpose.<ref name="scifri2">{{cite web |title=Inside the Box: Crossword Puzzle Constructing in the Computer Age |url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/inside-the-box-crossword-puzzle-constructing-in-the-computer-age/ |date=19 September 2014 |author=Julie Leibach}}</ref>

Modern software includes large databases of clues and answers, allowing the computer to randomly select words for the puzzle, potentially with guidance from the user as to the theme or a specific set of words to pick with greater probability. Many serious users add words to the database as an expression of personal creativity or for use in a desired theme. Software can also be used to assist the user in finding words for a specific spot in an arrangement by quickly searching through the dictionary for all words that fit.<ref name="scifri2"/>

The program [[Dr.Fill]] was written in the 2000s to ''solve'' crossword puzzles using a similar database of past clues and answers, plus the full contents of a [[dictionary]] and [[Wikipedia]].

Web sites such as crosswordguru.com make such databases available for people to create or solve puzzles with computer assistance one clue at a time.

== Notation ==
Originally Petherbridge called the two dimensions of the cross-word puzzle "Horizontal" and "Vertical". Among various numbering schemes, the standard became that in which only the start squares of each word were numbered, from left to right and top to bottom. "1 Horizontal" and "1 Vertical" and the like were names for the clues, the cross words, or the grid locations, interchangeably.

Later in the Times these terms commonly became "Across" and "Down" and notations for clues could either use the words or the letters "A" and "D", with or without hyphens.

== See also ==
* [[Cross Sums]]
* [[Crosswordese]]
* [[Merv Griffin's Crosswords]], a crossword-based game show that debuted in fall 2007.
* [[Scrabble]] (see also [[Scrabble variants]])
* [[Str8ts]]
* [[Sudoku]]
* [[The Cross-Wits]], a crossword-based game show that ran in the 1970s and 1980s.
* [[Upwords]]
* [[Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)]], a letter-based game show that incorporated crosswords in 2016.
* [[Word search]]
* ''[[Wordplay (film)|Wordplay]]'', a 2006 documentary film about crossword puzzles.

== References ==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Literature===
*''The Crossword Obsession'' by Coral Amende {{ISBN|0-425-18157-X}}
*''Crossworld'' by Marc Romano {{ISBN|0-7679-1757-X}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Crosswords}}
* [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_174b.html Why are crossword puzzles symmetrical?] (from [[The Straight Dope]])
* [http://www.puzzlemakers.net/ How to make a crossword puzzle] (from The PuzzleMakers.net)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British inventions]]
[[Category:Leisure activities]]
[[Category:NP-complete problems]]
[[Category:1913 introductions]]
[[Category:Crosswords|*]]
[[Category:Italian inventions]]
[[Category:Puzzles]]

User talk:157.49.2.147

2017-10-12T12:25:03Z

Edderso: General note: Editing tests on Object-oriented programming. (TW)

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Object-oriented programming

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{{Redirect|Object-oriented|other meanings of object-oriented|Object-orientation (disambiguation){{!}}Object-orientation}}
{{redirects here|Object-oriented programming language|a list of object-oriented programming languages|List of object-oriented programming languages}}
{{Programming paradigms}}

'''Object-oriented programming''' ('''OOP''') is a [[programming paradigm]] based on the concept of "[[Object (computer science)|objects]]", which may contain [[data]], in the form of [[Field (computer science)|fields]], often known as ''attributes;'' and code, in the form of procedures, often known as ''[[Method (computer science)|methods]].'' A feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of "[[this (computer programming)|this]]" or "self"). In OOP, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Kindler | first = E.
| last2 = Krivy | first2 = I.
| title = Object-Oriented Simulation of systems with sophisticated control
| publisher = International Journal of General Systems
| year = 2011 | pages = 313–343}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=John|last2=Loftus|first2= William|title=Java Software Solutions Foundations of Programming Design 6th ed|publisher=Pearson Education Inc.|year=2008|isbn=0-321-53205-8}}, section 1.6 "Object-Oriented Programming"</ref> There is significant diversity of OOP languages, but the most popular ones are [[Class-based programming|class-based]], meaning that objects are [[instance (computer science)|instance]]s of [[class (computer science)|class]]es, which typically also determine their [[data type|type]].

Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as C++, Object Pascal, Java, Python etc.) are [[multi-paradigm programming language]]s that support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with [[imperative programming|imperative]], [[procedural programming]]. Significant object-oriented languages include

[[Java (programming language)|Java]],
[[C++]],
[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]],
[[Python (programming language)|Python]],
[[PHP]],
[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]],
[[Perl]],
[[Object Pascal]],
[[Objective-C]],
[[Dart (programming language)|Dart]],
[[Swift (programming language)|Swift]],
[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]],
[[Lisp (programming language)|Common Lisp]],
and
[[Smalltalk]].

==Features==
Object-oriented programming uses objects, but not all of the associated techniques and structures are supported directly in languages that claim to support OOP. The features listed below are, however, common among languages considered strongly class- and object-oriented (or [[multi-paradigm]] with OOP support), with notable exceptions mentioned.<ref name="ArmstrongQuarks">Deborah J. Armstrong. ''The Quarks of Object-Oriented Development''. A survey of nearly 40 years of computing literature which identified a number of fundamental concepts found in the large majority of definitions of OOP, in descending order of popularity: Inheritance, Object, Class, Encapsulation, Method, Message Passing, Polymorphism, and Abstraction.</ref><ref>[[John C. Mitchell]], ''Concepts in programming languages'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-521-78098-5}}, p.278. Lists: Dynamic dispatch, abstraction, subtype polymorphism, and inheritance.</ref><ref>Michael Lee Scott, ''Programming language pragmatics'', Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, {{ISBN|0-12-633951-1}}, p. 470. Lists encapsulation, inheritance, and dynamic dispatch.</ref><ref name="pierce">{{Cite book|last=Pierce|first=Benjamin|title=[[Types and Programming Languages]]|publisher=MIT Press|year=2002|isbn=0-262-16209-1}}, section 18.1 "What is Object-Oriented Programming?" Lists: Dynamic dispatch, encapsulation or multi-methods (multiple dispatch), subtype polymorphism, inheritance or delegation, open recursion ("this"/"self")</ref>

{{See also|Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)|List of object-oriented programming terms}}

===Shared with non-OOP predecessor languages===
Object-oriented programming languages typically share low-level features with high-level [[procedural programming]] languages (which were invented first). The fundamental tools that can be used to construct a program include:
* [[Variable (computer science)|Variables]] that can store information formatted in a small number of built-in [[data type]]s like [[Integer (computer science)|integers]] and alphanumeric [[Character (computing)|characters]]. This may include [[data structures]] like [[String (computer science)|strings]], [[List (abstract data type)|lists]], and [[hash table]]s that are either built-in or result from combining variables using [[Pointer (computer programming)|memory pointers]]
* Procedures – also known as functions, methods, routines, or [[subroutine]]s – that take input, generate output, and manipulate data. Modern languages include [[structured programming]] constructs like [[Loop (computing)|loops]] and [[Conditional (computer programming)|conditionals]].

[[Modular programming]] support provides the ability to group procedures into files and modules for organizational purposes. Modules are [[namespace]]d so code in one module will not be accidentally confused with the same procedure or variable name in another file or module.

===Objects and classes===
Languages that support object-oriented programming typically use [[Inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]] for code reuse and extensibility in the form of either [[Class-based programming|classes]] or [[Prototype-based programming|prototypes]]. Those that use classes support two main concepts:

* [[Class (computer science)|Class]]es – the definitions for the data format and available procedures for a given type or class of object; may also contain data and procedures (known as class methods) themselves, i.e. classes contain the data members and member functions
* [[Object (computer science)|Objects]] – instances of classes

Objects sometimes correspond to things found in the real world. For example, a graphics program may have objects such as "circle", "square", "menu". An online shopping system might have objects such as "shopping cart", "customer", and "product".<ref>{{cite book|last=Booch|first=Grady|title=Software Engineering with Ada|year=1986|publisher=Addison Wesley|isbn=978-0805306088|page=220|url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Grady_Booch|quote=Perhaps the greatest strength of an object-oriented approach to development is that it offers a mechanism that captures a model of the real world.}}</ref> Sometimes objects represent more abstract entities, like an object that represents an open file, or an object that provides the service of translating measurements from U.S. customary to metric.

Each object is said to be an [[instance (computer science)|instance]] of a particular class (for example, an object with its name field set to "Mary" might be an instance of class Employee). Procedures in object-oriented programming are known as [[Method (computer science)|methods]]; variables are also known as [[Field (computer science)|fields]], members, attributes, or properties. This leads to the following terms:

* [[Class variable]]s – belong to the ''class as a whole''; there is only one copy of each one
* [[Instance variable]]s or attributes – data that belongs to individual ''objects''; every object has its own copy of each one
* [[Member variable]]s – refers to both the class and instance variables that are defined by a particular class
* Class methods – belong to the ''class as a whole'' and have access only to class variables and inputs from the procedure call
* Instance methods – belong to ''individual objects'', and have access to instance variables for the specific object they are called on, inputs, and class variables

Objects are accessed somewhat like variables with complex internal structure, and in many languages are effectively [[Pointer (computer programming)|pointers]], serving as actual references to a single instance of said object in memory within a heap or stack. They provide a layer of [[Abstraction (computer science)|abstraction]] which can be used to separate internal from external code. External code can use an object by calling a specific instance method with a certain set of input parameters, read an instance variable, or write to an instance variable. Objects are created by calling a special type of method in the class known as a [[Constructor (object-oriented programming)|constructor]]. A program may create many instances of the same class as it runs, which operate independently. This is an easy way for the same procedures to be used on different sets of data.

Object-oriented programming that uses classes is sometimes called [[class-based programming]], while [[prototype-based programming]] does not typically use classes. As a result, a significantly different yet analogous terminology is used to define the concepts of ''object'' and ''instance''.

In some languages classes and objects can be composed using other concepts like [[Trait (computer programming)|traits]] and [[mixin]]s.

===Class-based versus prototype-based===
In [[Class-based_programming|class-based languages]] the ''classes'' are defined beforehand and the ''objects'' are instantiated based on the classes. If two objects ''apple'' and ''orange'' are instantiated from the class ''Fruit'', they are inherently fruits and it is guaranteed that you may handle them in the same way; e.g. a programmer can expect the existence of the same attributes such as ''color'' or ''sugar content'' or ''is ripe''.

In [[Prototype-based_programming|prototype-based languages]] the ''objects'' are the primary entities. No ''classes'' even exist. New objects can be instantiated based on already existing objects. You may call two different objects ''apple'' and ''orange'' a fruit, but this happens only "by accident" and not inherently. The idea of the ''fruit'' class exists more or less only in the programmer's mind and have no support in the program code. A programmer still may handle them in the same way but this can easily be broken; e.g. one of the attributes ''sugar content'' may be unexpectedly not present.

===Dynamic dispatch/message passing===
It is the responsibility of the object, not any external code, to select the procedural code to execute in response to a method call, typically by looking up the method at run time in a table associated with the object. This feature is known as [[dynamic dispatch]], and distinguishes an object from an [[abstract data type]] (or module), which has a fixed (static) implementation of the operations for all instances. If there are multiple methods that might be run for a given name, it is known as [[multiple dispatch]].

A method call is also known as ''message passing''. It is conceptualized as a message (the name of the method and its input parameters) being passed to the object for dispatch.

===Encapsulation===
Encapsulation is an object-oriented programming concept that binds together the data and functions that manipulate the data, and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Data encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of [[Information hiding|data hiding]].

If a class does not allow calling code to access internal object data and permits access through methods only, this is a strong form of abstraction or information hiding known as [[Encapsulation (object-oriented programming)|encapsulation]]. Some languages (Java, for example) let classes enforce access restrictions explicitly, for example denoting internal data with the <code>private</code> keyword and designating methods intended for use by code outside the class with the <code>public</code> keyword. Methods may also be designed public, private, or intermediate levels such as <code>protected</code> (which allows access from the same class and its subclasses, but not objects of a different class). In other languages (like Python) this is enforced only by convention (for example, <code>private</code> methods may have names that start with an [[underscore]]). Encapsulation prevents external code from being concerned with the internal workings of an object. This facilitates [[code refactoring]], for example allowing the author of the class to change how objects of that class represent their data internally without changing any external code (as long as "public" method calls work the same way). It also encourages programmers to put all the code that is concerned with a certain set of data in the same class, which organizes it for easy comprehension by other programmers. Encapsulation is a technique that encourages [[Coupling (computer programming)|decoupling]].

===Composition, inheritance, and delegation===
Objects can contain other objects in their instance variables; this is known as [[object composition]]. For example, an object in the Employee class might contain (point to) an object in the Address class, in addition to its own instance variables like "first_name" and "position". Object composition is used to represent "has-a" relationships: every employee has an address, so every Employee object has a place to store an Address object.

Languages that support classes almost always support [[inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]]. This allows classes to be arranged in a hierarchy that represents "is-a-type-of" relationships. For example, class Employee might inherit from class Person. All the data and methods available to the parent class also appear in the child class with the same names. For example, class Person might define variables "first_name" and "last_name" with method "make_full_name()". These will also be available in class Employee, which might add the variables "position" and "salary". This technique allows easy re-use of the same procedures and data definitions, in addition to potentially mirroring real-world relationships in an intuitive way. Rather than utilizing database tables and programming subroutines, the developer utilizes objects the user may be more familiar with: objects from their application domain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacobsen|first=Ivar|title=Object Oriented Software Engineering|year=1992|publisher=Addison-Wesley ACM Press|isbn=0-201-54435-0|pages=43–69|author2=Magnus Christerson |author3=Patrik Jonsson |author4=Gunnar Overgaard }}</ref>

Subclasses can override the methods defined by superclasses. [[Multiple inheritance]] is allowed in some languages, though this can make resolving overrides complicated. Some languages have special support for [[mixin]]s, though in any language with multiple inheritance, a mixin is simply a class that does not represent an is-a-type-of relationship. Mixins are typically used to add the same methods to multiple classes. For example, class UnicodeConversionMixin might provide a method unicode_to_ascii() when included in class FileReader and class WebPageScraper, which don't share a common parent.

[[Abstract class]]es cannot be instantiated into objects; they exist only for the purpose of inheritance into other "concrete" classes which can be instantiated. In Java, the <code>[[final (Java)|final]]</code> keyword can be used to prevent a class from being subclassed.

The doctrine of [[composition over inheritance]] advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For example, instead of inheriting from class Person, class Employee could give each Employee object an internal Person object, which it then has the opportunity to hide from external code even if class Person has many public attributes or methods. Some languages, like [[Go (programming language)|Go]] do not support inheritance at all.

The "[[open/closed principle]]" advocates that classes and functions "should be open for extension, but closed for modification".

[[Delegation (programming)|Delegation]] is another language feature that can be used as an alternative to inheritance.

===Polymorphism===
[[Subtyping]], a form of [[polymorphism (computer science)|polymorphism]], is when calling code can be agnostic as to whether an object belongs to a parent class or one of its descendants. For example, a function might call "make_full_name()" on an object, which will work whether the object is of class Person or class Employee. This is another type of abstraction which simplifies code external to the class hierarchy and enables strong [[separation of concerns]].

===Open recursion===
In languages that support [[open recursion]], object methods can call other methods on the same object (including themselves), typically using a special variable or keyword called <code>this</code> or <code>self</code>. This variable is ''[[name binding|late-bound]]''; it allows a method defined in one class to invoke another method that is defined later, in some subclass thereof.

==History==
Terminology invoking "objects" and "oriented" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at [[MIT]] in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the environment of the [[artificial intelligence]] group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items ([[Lisp (programming language)|LISP]] atoms) with properties (attributes);<ref>{{Cite journal
|last=McCarthy
|first=J.
|editor-link=John McCarthy
|last2=Brayton
|first2=R.
|author2-link=Robert Brayton (computer scientist)
|last3=Edwards
|first3=D.
|author3-link=Daniel Edwards (programmer)
|last4=Fox
|first4=P.
|author4-link=Phyllis Fox
|last5=Hodes
|first5=L.
|author5-link=Louis Hodes
|last6=Luckham
|first6=D.
|author6-link=David Luckham
|last7=Maling
|first7=K.
|author7-link=Klim Maling (programmer)
|last8=Park
|first8=D.
|author8-link=David Park (computer scientist)
|last9=Russell
|first9=S.
|author9-link=Steve Russell (computer scientist)
|title=LISP I Programmers Manual
|place=[[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]
|publisher=Artificial Intelligence Group, [[M.I.T. Computation Center]] and [[Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT|Research Laboratory]]
|date=March 1960
|page=88f
|pages=
|url=http://history.siam.org/sup/Fox_1960_LISP.pdf
|quote=In the local M.I.T. patois, association lists [of atomic symbols] are also referred to as "property lists", and atomic symbols are sometimes called "objects".
|postscript=
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717111134/http://history.siam.org/sup/Fox_1960_LISP.pdf
|archivedate=17 July 2010
|df=
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
|url = http://community.computerhistory.org/scc/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf
|title = LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual
|publisher = [[MIT Press]]
|first1 = John |last1 = McCarthy |author-link = John McCarthy (computer scientist)
|first2 = Paul W. |last2 = Abrahams
|first3 = Daniel J. |last3 = Edwards |author3-link = Daniel Edwards (programmer)
|first4 = swapnil d. |last4 = Hart
|first5 = Michael I. |last5 = Levin
|isbn = 0-262-13011-4
|year = 1962
|page = 105
|quote = Object — a synonym for atomic symbol}}</ref>
[[Alan Kay]] was later to cite a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966.<ref name=alanKayOnOO>{{Cite web|url= http://www.purl.org/stefan_ram/pub/doc_kay_oop_en |title=Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of "Object-Oriented Programming" |year= 2003|accessdate=11 February 2010}}</ref>
Another early MIT example was [[Sketchpad]] created by [[Ivan Sutherland]] in 1960–61; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction.<ref>{{Cite web
|author=Sutherland, I. E.
|title=Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System
|date=30 January 1963
|url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD404549
|publisher=Technical Report No. 296, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology via Defense Technical Information Center (stinet.dtic.mil)
|format=PDF|accessdate=3 November 2007}}
</ref>
Also, an MIT [[ALGOL]] version, AED-0, established a direct link between data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) and procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods", and "member functions".<ref name=simuladev>
The Development of the Simula Languages,
[[Kristen Nygaard]], [[Ole-Johan Dahl]],
p.254
[http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/fileadmin/template/documents/text/The_development_of_the_simula_languages.pdf Uni-kl.ac.at]
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|last = Ross |first = Doug
|title = The first software engineering language
|work = LCS/AI Lab Timeline:
|publisher = MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
|url = http://www.csail.mit.edu/timeline/timeline.php?query=event&id=19
|doi =
|accessdate =13 May 2010 }}
</ref>

The formal programming concept of objects was introduced in the mid-1960s with [[Simula]] 67, a major revision of Simula I, a programming language designed for [[discrete event simulation]], created by [[Ole-Johan Dahl]] and [[Kristen Nygaard]] of the [[Norwegian Computing Center]] in [[Oslo]].<ref>
{{Cite journal
|last = Dahl |first = Ole Johan
|title = The Birth of Object Orientation: the Simula Languages
|publisher = |year = 2004
|url = http://www.mn.uio.no/ifi/english/about/ole-johan-dahl/bibliography/the-birth-of-object-orientation-the-simula-languages.pdf
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-39993-3_3
|accessdate =9 June 2016 }}
</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2016}}{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}<ref>
{{Cite journal
|last = Holmevik |first = Jan Rune
|title = Compiling Simula: A historical study of technological genesis
|journal = IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
|volume = 16 |issue = 4 |pages = 25–37
|publisher = |year = 1994
|url = http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/simula/holmevik-simula-ieeeannals94.pdf| doi = 10.1109/85.329756
|accessdate =12 May 2010 }}
</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2016}}{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}<ref>
{{Cite book
|first=Leslie B.
|last=Wilson
|author2=Robert G. Clark
|year=2001
|title=Comparative Programming Languages
|publisher=Addison-Wesley
|edition=3
|isbn=978-0-201-71012-0
|page=35
|quote=Simula was based on Algol 60 with one very important addition – the class concept. It is possible to declare a class, generate objects of that class, name these objects and form a hierarchical structure of class declarations.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book
|first=Leslie B.
|last=Wilson
|author2=Robert G. Clark
|year=2001
|title=Comparative Programming Languages
|publisher=Addison-Wesley
|edition=3
|isbn=978-0-201-71012-0
|page=35
|quote=The impact of Simula on the design of programming languages is large as it is the original object-oriented language. The class concept has been taken over and used in many later languages, such as C++, Ada, Smalltalk, Eiffel and Java.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book
|first=Henri E.
|last=Bal
|author2=Dick Grune
|year=1994
|title=Programming Language Essentials
|publisher=Addison-Wesley
|isbn=0-201-63179-2
|quote=Simula was the first language to use a class concept.
|page=134
}}
</ref>

Simula 67 was influenced by [[SIMSCRIPT]] and [[Tony Hoare|C.A.R. "Tony" Hoare']]s proposed "record classes".<ref name=simuladev/><ref>{{Cite journal
|last = Hoare
|first = C. A.
|author-link = Tony Hoare
|title = Record Handling
|journal = [[ALGOL Bulletin]]
|issue = 21
|pages = 39–69
|date=Nov 1965
|doi = 10.1145/1061032.1061041
|postscript =  }}
</ref>
Simula introduced the notion of classes and instances or objects (as well as subclasses, virtual procedures, coroutines, and discrete event simulation) as part of an explicit programming paradigm. The language also used automatic [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] that had been invented earlier for the [[functional programming]] language [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]].  Simula was used for physical modeling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. The ideas of Simula 67 influenced many later languages, including Smalltalk, derivatives of LISP ([[CLOS]]), [[Object Pascal]], and [[C++]].

The [[Smalltalk]] language, which was developed at [[Xerox PARC]] (by [[Alan Kay]] and others) in the 1970s, introduced the term ''object-oriented programming'' to represent the pervasive use of objects and messages as the basis for computation. Smalltalk creators were influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67, but Smalltalk was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically rather than statically as in Simula 67.<ref name="st">{{Cite web|first=Alan |last=Kay |url=http://gagne.homedns.org/~tgagne/contrib/EarlyHistoryST.html |title=The Early History of Smalltalk |accessdate=13 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710144930/http://gagne.homedns.org/~tgagne/contrib/EarlyHistoryST.html |archivedate=10 July 2008 }}</ref> Smalltalk and with it OOP were introduced to a wider audience by the August 1981 issue of ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte Magazine]]''.

In the 1970s, Kay's Smalltalk work had influenced the [[Lisp (programming language)#Language innovations|Lisp community]] to incorporate [[Lisp (programming language)#Object systems|object-based techniques]] that were introduced to developers via the [[Lisp machine]]. Experimentation with various extensions to Lisp (such as LOOPS and [[Flavors (programming language)|Flavors]] introducing [[multiple inheritance]] and [[mixins]]) eventually led to the [[Common Lisp Object System]], which integrates functional programming and object-oriented programming and allows extension via a [[Meta-object protocol]]. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful. Examples include the [[Intel iAPX 432]] and the [[Linn Products|Linn Smart]] [[Rekursiv]].

In 1985, [[Bertrand Meyer]] produced the first design of the [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel language]]. Focused on software quality, Eiffel is among the purely object-oriented languages, but differs in the sense that the language itself is not only a programming language, but a notation supporting the entire software lifecycle. Meyer described the Eiffel software development method, based on a small number of key ideas from software engineering and computer science, in [[Object-Oriented Software Construction]]. Essential to the quality focus of Eiffel is Meyer's reliability mechanism, [[Design by Contract]], which is an integral part of both the method and language.

Object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming methodology in the early and mid 1990s when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included Visual [[FoxPro]] 3.0,<ref>1995 (June) Visual [[FoxPro]] 3.0, FoxPro evolves from a procedural language to an object-oriented language. Visual FoxPro 3.0 introduces a database container, seamless client/server capabilities, support for ActiveX technologies, and OLE Automation and null support. [http://www.foxprohistory.org/foxprotimeline.htm#summary_of_fox_releases Summary of Fox releases]</ref><ref>FoxPro History web site: [http://www.foxprohistory.org/tableofcontents.htm Foxprohistory.org]</ref><ref>1995 Reviewers Guide to Visual FoxPro 3.0: [http://www.dfpug.de/loseblattsammlung/migration/whitepapers/vfp_rg.htm DFpug.de]</ref> [[C++]],<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MHmqfSBTXsAC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16</ref> and [[Embarcadero Delphi|Delphi]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of [[graphical user interface]]s, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the [[Cocoa (software)|Cocoa]] frameworks on [[Mac OS X]], written in [[Objective-C]], an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of [[event-driven programming]] (although this concept is not limited to OOP).

At [[ETH Zürich]], [[Niklaus Wirth]] and his colleagues had also been investigating such topics as [[data abstraction]] and [[modularity (programming)|modular programming]] (although this had been in common use in the 1960s or earlier). [[Modula-2]] (1978) included both, and their succeeding design, [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]], included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and such.

Object-oriented features have been added to many previously existing languages, including [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[BASIC]], [[Fortran]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], and [[COBOL]]. Adding these features to languages that were not initially designed for them often led to problems with compatibility and maintainability of code.

More recently, a number of languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented, but that are also compatible with procedural methodology. Two such languages are [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[Ruby programming language|Ruby]]. Probably the most commercially important recent object-oriented languages are [[Java (programming language)|Java]], developed by [[Sun Microsystems]], as well as [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] and [[Visual Basic.NET]] (VB.NET), both designed for Microsoft's [[.NET Framework|.NET]] platform. Each of these two frameworks shows, in its own way, the benefit of using OOP by creating an abstraction from implementation. VB.NET and C# support cross-language inheritance, allowing classes defined in one language to subclass classes defined in the other language.

==OOP languages==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2009}}
{{See also|List of object-oriented programming languages}}

[[Simula]] (1967) is generally accepted as being the first language with the primary features of an object-oriented language. It was created for making [[Computer simulation|simulation program]]s, in which what came to be called objects were the most important information representation. [[Smalltalk]] (1972 to 1980) is another early example, and the one with which much of the theory of OOP was developed. Concerning the degree of object orientation, the following distinctions can be made:

*Languages called "pure" OO languages, because everything in them is treated consistently as an object, from primitives such as characters and punctuation, all the way up to whole classes, prototypes, blocks, modules, etc. They were designed specifically to facilitate, even enforce, OO methods. Examples: [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]], [[Smalltalk]], [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]], [[Emerald (programming language)|Emerald]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emeraldprogramminglanguage.org/|title=The Emerald Programming Language| date=2011-02-26}}</ref> [[JADE (programming language)|JADE]], [[Self (programming language)|Self]].
*Languages designed mainly for OO programming, but with some procedural elements. Examples: [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Object Pascal|Delphi/Object Pascal]], [[VB.NET]].
*Languages that are historically [[Procedural programming|procedural languages]], but have been extended with some OO features. Examples: [[PHP]], [[Perl]], [[Visual Basic]] (derived from BASIC), [[MATLAB]], [[COBOL 2002]], [[Fortran 2003]], [[ABAP]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada 95]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]].
*Languages with most of the features of objects (classes, methods, inheritance), but in a distinctly original form. Examples: [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]] (Oberon-1 or Oberon-2).
*Languages with [[abstract data type]] support which may be used to resemble OO programming, but without all features of object-orientation. This includes [[object-based|object-''based'']] and [[Prototype-based programming|prototype-based]] languages. Examples: [[JavaScript]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]], [[Modula-2]], [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]].
*Chameleon languages that support multiple paradigms, including OO. [[Tcl]] stands out among these for TclOO, a hybrid object system that supports both [[prototype-based programming]] and class-based OO.

===OOP in dynamic languages===
In recent years, object-oriented programming has become especially popular in [[dynamic programming language]]s. [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Windows PowerShell|PowerShell]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] and [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]] are dynamic languages built on OOP principles, while [[Perl]] and [[PHP]] have been adding object-oriented features since Perl 5 and PHP 4, and [[ColdFusion]] since version 6.

The [[Document Object Model]] of [[HTML]], [[XHTML]], and [[XML]] documents on the Internet has bindings to the popular [[JavaScript]]/[[ECMAScript]] language. JavaScript is perhaps the best known [[prototype-based programming]] language, which employs cloning from prototypes rather than inheriting from a class (contrast to [[class-based programming]]). Another scripting language that takes this approach is [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]].

===OOP in a network protocol===
The messages that flow between computers to request services in a client-server environment can be designed as the linearizations of objects defined by class objects known to both the client and the server. For example, a simple linearized object would consist of a length field, a code point identifying the class, and a data value. A more complex example would be a command consisting of the length and code point of the command and values consisting of linearized objects representing the command's parameters. Each such command must be directed by the server to an object whose class (or superclass) recognizes the command and is able to provide the requested service. Clients and servers are best modeled as complex object-oriented structures. [[Distributed Data Management Architecture]] (DDM) took this approach and used class objects to define objects at four levels of a formal hierarchy:

* Fields defining the data values that form messages, such as their length, codepoint and data values.
* Objects and collections of objects similar to what would be found in a [[Smalltalk]] program for messages and parameters.
* Managers similar to [[AS/400 object]]s, such as a directory to files and files consisting of metadata and records. Managers conceptually provide memory and processing resources for their contained objects.
* A client or server consisting of all the managers necessary to implement a full processing environment, supporting such aspects as directory services, security and concurrency control.

The initial version of DDM defined distributed file services. It was later extended to be the foundation of [[DRDA|Distributed Relational Database Architecture]] (DRDA).

==Design patterns==
Challenges of object-oriented design are addressed by several methodologies. Most common is known as the [[Design Patterns (book)|design patterns codified by Gamma ''et al.'']]. More broadly, the term "[[design pattern (computer science)|design patterns]]" can be used to refer to any general, repeatable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. Some of these commonly occurring problems have implications and solutions particular to object-oriented development.

===Inheritance and behavioral subtyping===
{{See also|Object-oriented design}}
It is intuitive to assume that inheritance creates a [[program semantics|semantic]] "[[is a]]" relationship, and thus to infer that objects instantiated from subclasses can always be ''safely'' used instead of those instantiated from the superclass. This intuition is unfortunately false in most OOP languages, in particular in all those that allow [[mutable]] objects. [[Subtype polymorphism]] as enforced by the [[type checker]] in OOP languages (with mutable objects) cannot guarantee [[behavioral subtyping]] in any context. Behavioral subtyping is undecidable in general, so it cannot be implemented by a program (compiler). Class or object hierarchies must be carefully designed, considering possible incorrect uses that cannot be detected syntactically. This issue is known as the [[Liskov substitution principle]].

===Gang of Four design patterns===
{{Main article|Design pattern (computer science)}}
''[[Design Patterns (book)|Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software]]'' is an influential book published in 1995 by [[Erich Gamma]], [[Richard Helm]], [[Ralph Johnson (computer scientist)|Ralph Johnson]], and [[John Vlissides]], often referred to humorously as the "Gang of Four". Along with exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object-oriented programming, it describes 23 common programming problems and patterns for solving them.
As of April 2007, the book was in its 36th printing.

The book describes the following patterns:

*''[[Creational pattern]]s'' (5): [[Factory method pattern]], [[Abstract factory pattern]], [[Singleton pattern]], [[Builder pattern]], [[Prototype pattern]]
*''[[Structural pattern]]s'' (7): [[Adapter pattern]], [[Bridge pattern]], [[Composite pattern]], [[Decorator pattern]], [[Facade pattern]], [[Flyweight pattern]], [[Proxy pattern]]
*''[[Behavioral pattern]]s'' (11): [[Chain-of-responsibility pattern]], [[Command pattern]], [[Interpreter pattern]], [[Iterator pattern]], [[Mediator pattern]], [[Memento pattern]], [[Observer pattern]], [[State pattern]], [[Strategy pattern]], [[Template method pattern]], [[Visitor pattern]]

===Object-orientation and databases===
{{Main article|Object-relational impedance mismatch|Object-relational mapping|Object database}}
Both object-oriented programming and [[relational database management systems]] (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software {{As of|2006|alt=today}}. Since [[relational database]]s don't store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The problem of bridging object-oriented programming accesses and data patterns with relational databases is known as [[object-relational impedance mismatch]]. There are a number of approaches to cope with this problem, but no general solution without downsides.<ref name="RDMDBobjectmis">{{Cite web| first = Ted| last=Neward |title = The Vietnam of Computer Science| date=26 June 2006|accessdate=2 June 2010| publisher = Interoperability Happens| url=http://blogs.tedneward.com/2006/06/26/The+Vietnam+Of+Computer+Science.aspx}}</ref> One of the most common approaches is [[object-relational mapping]], as found in [[Integrated development environment|IDE]] languages such as [[Visual FoxPro]] and libraries such as [[Java Data Objects]] and [[Ruby on Rails]]' ActiveRecord.

There are also [[object database]]s that can be used to replace RDBMSs, but these have not been as technically and commercially successful as RDBMSs.

===Real-world modeling and relationships===
OOP can be used to associate real-world objects and processes with digital counterparts. However, not everyone agrees that OOP facilitates direct real-world mapping (see [[object-oriented programming#Criticism|Criticism]] section) or that real-world mapping is even a worthy goal; [[Bertrand Meyer]] argues in ''[[Object-Oriented Software Construction]]''<ref name="Meyer230">Meyer, Second Edition, p. 230</ref> that a program is not a model of the world but a model of some part of the world; "Reality is a cousin twice removed". At the same time, some principal limitations of OOP have been noted.<ref>M.Trofimov, ''OOOP – The Third "O" Solution: Open OOP.'' First Class, [[Object Management Group|OMG]], 1993, Vol. 3, issue 3, p.14.</ref>
For example, the [[circle-ellipse problem]] is difficult to handle using OOP's concept of [[inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]].

However, [[Niklaus Wirth]] (who popularized the adage now known as [[Wirth's law]]: "Software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster") said of OOP in his paper, "Good Ideas through the Looking Glass", "This paradigm closely reflects the structure of systems 'in the real world', and it is therefore well suited to model complex systems with complex behaviours"<ref>{{cite journal |title=Good Ideas, Through the Looking Glass |journal=[[Computer (magazine)|Computer]] |year=2006 |last=Wirth |first=Nicklaus |authorlink=Niklaus Wirth |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=28–39 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/10bd/dc49b85196aaa6715dd46843d9dcffa38358.pdf |accessdate=2016-10-02 }}</ref> (contrast [[KISS principle]]).

[[Steve Yegge]] and others noted that natural languages lack the OOP approach of strictly prioritizing ''things'' (objects/[[noun]]s) before ''actions'' (methods/[[verb]]s).<ref name="executioniKoN">{{Cite web| first = Steve| last=Yegge |title = Execution in the Kingdom of Nouns| date=30 March 2006|accessdate=3 July 2010| publisher = steve-yegge.blogspot.com| url=http://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2006/03/execution-in-kingdom-of-nouns.html}}</ref> This problem may cause OOP to suffer more convoluted solutions than procedural programming.<ref name="executioniKoN2">{{Cite web| first = Timothy| last= Boronczyk |title = What's Wrong with OOP| date=11 June 2009|accessdate=3 July 2010| publisher = zaemis.blogspot.com| url=http://zaemis.blogspot.com/2009/06/whats-wrong-with-oop.html}}</ref>

===OOP and control flow===
OOP was developed to increase the [[code reuse|reusability]] and [[software maintenance|maintainability]] of source code.<ref name="realisticcodereuse">{{Cite web| first = Scott| last= Ambler| title = A Realistic Look at Object-Oriented Reuse| date=1 January 1998| accessdate=4 July 2010| publisher = www.drdobbs.com| url=http://www.drdobbs.com/184415594}}</ref> Transparent representation of the [[control flow]] had no priority and was meant to be handled by a compiler. With the increasing relevance of parallel hardware and [[thread (computer science)|multithreaded coding]], developing transparent control flow becomes more important, something hard to achieve with OOP.<ref name="flaws">{{Cite web| first = Asaf| last= Shelly |title = Flaws of Object Oriented Modeling| date=22 August 2008|accessdate=4 July 2010| publisher = Intel Software Network| url=http://software.intel.com/en-us/blogs/2008/08/22/flaws-of-object-oriented-modeling/}}</ref><ref name="multithreadingisaverb">{{Cite web| first = Justin |last= James| title = Multithreading is a verb not a noun| date=1 October 2007|accessdate=4 July 2010| publisher = techrepublic.com| url=http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/programming-and-development/?p=518}}</ref><ref name="multicore">{{Cite web| first = Asaf| last= Shelly| title = HOW TO: Multicore Programming (Multiprocessing) Visual C++ Class Design Guidelines, Member Functions| date=22 August 2008| accessdate=4 July 2010| publisher = support.microsoft.com| url=http://support.microsoft.com/?scid=kb%3Ben-us%3B558117}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://existentialtype.wordpress.com/2011/04/17/some-advice-on-teaching-fp/|title=Some thoughts on teaching FP|author=[[Robert Harper (computer scientist)|Robert Harper]] |publisher=Existential Type Blog|accessdate=5 December 2011|date=17 April 2011}}</ref>

===Responsibility- vs. data-driven design===
[[Responsibility-driven design]] defines classes in terms of a contract, that is, a class should be defined around a responsibility and the information that it shares. This is contrasted by Wirfs-Brock and Wilkerson with [[data-driven design]], where classes are defined around the data-structures that must be held. The authors hold that responsibility-driven design is preferable.

===SOLID and GRASP guidelines===
[[SOLID (object-oriented design)|SOLID]] is a mnemonic invented by Michael Feathers that stands for and advocates five programming practices:
* [[Single responsibility principle]]
* [[Open/closed principle]]
* [[Liskov substitution principle]]
* [[Interface segregation principle]]
* [[Dependency inversion principle]]

[[GRASP (object-oriented design)|GRASP]] (General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) is another set of guidelines advocated by [[Craig Larman]].

==Criticism==
The OOP paradigm has been criticised for a number of reasons, including not meeting its stated goals of reusability and modularity,<ref name="badprop"/><ref name="armstrongjoe"/> and for overemphasizing one aspect of software design and modeling (data/objects) at the expense of other important aspects (computation/algorithms).<ref name="stepanov"/><ref name="hickey"/>

[[Luca Cardelli]] has claimed that OOP code is "intrinsically less efficient" than procedural code, that OOP can take longer to compile, and that OOP languages have "extremely poor modularity properties with respect to class extension and modification", and tend to be extremely complex.<ref name="badprop">{{Cite journal| first=Luca| last=Cardelli|title=Bad Engineering Properties of Object-Oriented Languages |url=http://lucacardelli.name/Papers/BadPropertiesOfOO.html| year=1996| accessdate=21 April 2010| doi=10.1145/242224.242415| journal = ACM Comput. Surv.| volume=28| issn = 0360-0300| pages = 150| publisher = ACM| authorlink=Luca Cardelli| issue=4es}}</ref> The latter point is reiterated by [[Joe Armstrong (programming)|Joe Armstrong]], the principal inventor of [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]], who is quoted as saying:<ref name="armstrongjoe">Armstrong, Joe. In ''Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming.'' Peter Seibel, ed. [http://www.codersatwork.com/ Codersatwork.com], Accessed 13 November 2009.</ref>

{{quote|The problem with object-oriented languages is they've got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them. You wanted a banana but what you got was a gorilla holding the banana and the entire jungle.}}

A study by Potok et al. has shown no significant difference in productivity between OOP and procedural approaches.<ref>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.csm.ornl.gov/~v8q/Homepage/Papers%20Old/spetep-%20printable.pdf| title=Productivity Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Developed in a Commercial Environment| last=Potok| first=Thomas|author2=Mladen Vouk |author3=Andy Rindos |journal=Software – Practice and Experience| volume=29|issue=10|pages=833–847 |year=1999 |accessdate=21 April 2010| doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199908)29:10<833::AID-SPE258>3.0.CO;2-P}}</ref>

[[Christopher J. Date]] stated that critical comparison of OOP to other technologies, relational in particular, is difficult because of lack of an agreed-upon and rigorous definition of OOP;<ref name="DatePage650">C. J. Date, Introduction to Database Systems, 6th-ed., Page 650</ref> however, Date and Darwen have proposed a theoretical foundation on OOP that uses OOP as a kind of customizable [[data type|type system]] to support [[RDBMS]].<ref name="ThirdManifesto">C. J. Date, Hugh Darwen. ''Foundation for Future Database Systems: The Third Manifesto'' (2nd Edition)</ref>

In an article Lawrence Krubner claimed that compared to other languages (LISP dialects, functional languages, etc.) OOP languages have no unique strengths, and inflict a heavy burden of unneeded complexity.<ref name="lawrence">{{Cite web| last=Krubner| first=Lawrence| title=Object Oriented Programming is an expensive disaster which must end| url=http://www.smashcompany.com/technology/object-oriented-programming-is-an-expensive-disaster-which-must-end| publisher=smashcompany.com| accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref>

[[Alexander Stepanov]] compares object orientation unfavourably to [[generic programming]]:<ref name="stepanov">{{Cite web| url=http://www.stlport.org/resources/StepanovUSA.html| title=STLport: An Interview with A. Stepanov| last=Stepanov| first=Alexander| accessdate=21 April 2010| authorlink=Alexander Stepanov}}</ref>

{{quote|I find OOP technically unsound. It attempts to decompose the world in terms of interfaces that vary on a single type. To deal with the real problems you need multisorted algebras — families of interfaces that span multiple types. I find OOP philosophically unsound. It claims that everything is an object. Even if it is true it is not very interesting — saying that everything is an object is saying nothing at all.}}

[[Paul Graham (computer programmer)|Paul Graham]] has suggested that OOP's popularity within large companies is due to "large (and frequently changing) groups of mediocre programmers". According to Graham, the discipline imposed by OOP prevents any one programmer from "doing too much damage".<ref name="graham">{{Cite web| last=Graham| first=Paul| title=Why ARC isn't especially Object-Oriented.| url=http://www.paulgraham.com/noop.html| publisher=PaulGraham.com| accessdate=13 November 2009| authorlink=Paul Graham (computer programmer)}}</ref>

[[Steve Yegge]] noted that, as opposed to [[functional programming]]:<ref name="yegge">[http://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2006/03/execution-in-kingdom-of-nouns.html Stevey's Blog Rants]</ref>

{{quote|Object Oriented Programming puts the Nouns first and foremost. Why would you go to such lengths to put one part of speech on a pedestal? Why should one kind of concept take precedence over another? It's not as if OOP has suddenly made verbs less important in the way we actually think. It's a strangely skewed perspective.}}

[[Rich Hickey]], creator of [[Clojure]], described object systems as overly simplistic models of the real world. He emphasized the inability of OOP to model time properly, which is getting increasingly problematic as software systems become more concurrent.<ref name="hickey">Rich Hickey, JVM Languages Summit 2009 keynote, [http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Are-We-There-Yet-Rich-Hickey Are We There Yet?] November 2009.</ref>

[[Eric S. Raymond]], a [[Unix]] programmer and [[open-source software]] advocate, has been critical of claims that present object-oriented programming as the "One True Solution", and has written that object-oriented programming languages tend to encourage thickly layered programs that destroy transparency.<ref name="Eric S. Raymond 2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/html/unix_and_oo.html|title=The Art of Unix Programming: Unix and Object-Oriented Languages|author=Eric S. Raymond|date=2003|accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> Raymond compares this unfavourably to the approach taken with Unix and the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]].<ref name="Eric S. Raymond 2003"/>

[[Rob Pike]], a programmer involved in the creation of [[UTF-8]] and [[Go (programming language)|Go]], has called object-oriented programming "the [[Roman numerals]] of computing"<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.plan9/msg/006fec195aeeff15 |title=[9fans] Re: Threads: Sewing badges of honor onto a Kernel |date=2004-03-02 |accessdate=2016-11-17 |mailing-list=comp.os.plan9 |last=Pike |first=Rob |authorlink=Rob Pike}}</ref> and has said that OOP languages frequently shift the focus from [[data structure]]s and [[algorithm]]s to [[data type|types]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commandcenter.blogspot.com/2012/06/less-is-exponentially-more.html |title=Less is exponentially more |last1=Pike |first1=Rob |date=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2016-10-01 }}</ref> Furthermore, he cites an instance of a [[Java (programming language)|Java]] professor whose "idiomatic" solution to a problem was to create six new classes, rather than to simply use a [[lookup table]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plus.google.com/+RobPikeTheHuman/posts/hoJdanihKwb |title=A few years ago I saw this page |last1=Pike |first1=Rob |accessdate=2016-10-01 |date=2012-11-14}}</ref>

==Formal semantics==
{{see also|Formal semantics of programming languages}}
Objects are the run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data, or any item that the program has to handle.

There have been several attempts at formalizing the concepts used in object-oriented programming. The following concepts and constructs have been used as interpretations of OOP concepts:

*[[F-Coalgebra|co algebraic data types]]<ref name=poll97>{{cite web|last=Poll|first=Erik|title=Subtyping and Inheritance for Categorical Datatypes|url=http://www.cs.ru.nl/E.Poll/papers/kyoto97.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref>
*[[abstract data type]]s (which have [[existential types]]) allow the definition of [[module (programming)|modules]] but these do not support [[dynamic dispatch]]
*[[recursive type]]s
*encapsulated state
*[[Inheritance (object-oriented programming)|inheritance]]
*[[Record (computer science)|records]] are basis for understanding objects if [[function literal]]s can be stored in fields (like in functional-programming languages), but the actual calculi need be considerably more complex to incorporate essential features of OOP. Several extensions of [[System F-sub|System F<:]] that deal with mutable objects have been studied;<ref name="AbadiCardelli"/> these allow both [[subtype polymorphism]] and [[parametric polymorphism]] (generics)

Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful (however, see Abadi & Cardelli, [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=547964&dl=ACM&coll=portal ''A Theory of Objects'']<ref name="AbadiCardelli">{{Cite book| first=Martin| last=Abadi |title=A Theory of Objects| url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=547964&dl=ACM&coll=portal| year=1996| accessdate=21 April 2010| isbn = 0-387-94775-2| publisher = Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.| authorlink=Martin Abadi|author2=Cardelli, Luca }}</ref> for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs), and often diverge widely. For example, some definitions focus on mental activities, and some on program structuring. One of the simpler definitions is that OOP is the act of using "map" data structures or arrays that can contain functions and pointers to other maps, all with some [[syntactic sugar|syntactic and scoping sugar]] on top. Inheritance can be performed by cloning the maps (sometimes called "prototyping").

==See also==
{{Portal|Computer programming}}

*[[Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)]]
*[[Comparison of programming paradigms]]
*[[Component-based software engineering]]
*[[Design by contract]]
*[[Object association]]
*[[Object database]]
*[[Object modeling language]]
*[[Object-oriented analysis and design]]
*[[Object-relational impedance mismatch]] (and [[The Third Manifesto]])
*[[Object-relational mapping]]

===Systems===
*[[CADES]]
*[[Common Object Request Broker Architecture]] (CORBA)
*[[Distributed Component Object Model]]
*[[Distributed Data Management Architecture]]
*[[Jeroo]]

===Modeling languages===
*[[IDEF4]]
*[[Interface description language]]
*[[Lepus3]]
*[[Unified Modeling Language|UML]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book
|first=Martin
|last=Abadi
|authorlink=Martin Abadi
|author2=[[Luca Cardelli]]
|year=1998
|title=A Theory of Objects
|publisher=[[Springer Verlag]]
|isbn=0-387-94775-2
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Harold
|last=Abelson
|authorlink=Harold Abelson
|author2=[[Gerald Jay Sussman]]
|year=1997
|title=Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/
|publisher=[[MIT Press]]
|isbn=0-262-01153-0
}}
*{{Cite journal
|first = Deborah J.
|last = Armstrong
|date=February 2006
|title = The Quarks of Object-Oriented Development
|journal = Communications of the ACM
|volume = 49
|issue = 2
|pages = 123–128
|issn = 0001-0782
|url =http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1113040
|accessdate =8 August 2006
|doi = 10.1145/1113034.1113040
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Grady
|last=Booch
|authorlink=Grady Booch
|year=1997
|title=Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications
|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]
|isbn=0-8053-5340-2
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Peter
|last=Eeles
|authorlink=
|author2=[[Oliver Sims]]
|year=1998
|title=Building Business Objects
|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
|isbn=0-471-19176-0
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Erich
|last=Gamma
|authorlink=Erich Gamma
|author2=[[Richard Helm]] |author3=[[Ralph Johnson (computer scientist)|Ralph Johnson]] |author4=[[John Vlissides]]
|year=1995
|title=Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software
|publisher=Addison-Wesley
|isbn=0-201-63361-2
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Paul
|last=Harmon
|authorlink=Paul Harmon (management author)
|author2=William Morrissey
|year=1996
|title=The Object Technology Casebook – Lessons from Award-Winning Business Applications
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|isbn=0-471-14717-6
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Ivar
|last=Jacobson
|authorlink=Ivar Jacobson
|year=1992
|title=Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A [[Use case|Use Case]]-Driven Approach
|publisher=Addison-Wesley
|isbn=0-201-54435-0
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Alan
|last=Kay
|authorlink=Alan Kay
|title=The Early History of Smalltalk
|url=http://gagne.homedns.org/%7etgagne/contrib/EarlyHistoryST.html
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Bertrand
|last=Meyer
|authorlink=Bertrand Meyer
|year=1997
|title=[[Object-Oriented Software Construction]]
|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]
|isbn=0-13-629155-4
|url=
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Rudolf
|last=Pecinovsky
|year=2013
|title=OOP – Learn Object Oriented Thinking & Programming
|publisher=Bruckner Publishing
|isbn=978-80-904661-8-0
|url=http://pub.bruckner.cz/titles/oop
|ref=harv
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=James
|last=Rumbaugh
|authorlink=James Rumbaugh
|author2=Michael Blaha |author3=William Premerlani |author4=Frederick Eddy |author5=William Lorensen
|year=1991
|title=Object-Oriented Modeling and Design
|publisher=Prentice Hall
|isbn=0-13-629841-9
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Stephen
|last=Schach
|authorlink=
|year=2006
|title=Object-Oriented and Classical Software Engineering, Seventh Edition
|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]
|isbn=0-07-319126-4
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Axel-Tobias
|last=Schreiner
|year=1993
|title=Object oriented programming with ANSI-C
|publisher=Hanser
|isbn=3-446-17426-5
|hdl=1850/8544}}
*{{Cite book
|first=David A.
|last=Taylor
|year=1992
|title=Object-Oriented Information Systems – Planning and Implementation
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|isbn=0-471-54364-0
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Matt
|last=Weisfeld
|authorlink=|year=2009
|title=The Object-Oriented Thought Process, Third Edition
|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]
|isbn=0-672-33016-4
}}
*{{Cite book
|first=David
|last=West
|authorlink=|year=2004
|title=Object Thinking (Developer Reference)
|publisher=[[Microsoft Press]]
|isbn=0735619654
}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Object-orientation}}
{{Wikiversity|at=Topic:Object-Oriented Programming}}
{{Wikibooks|Object Oriented Programming}}

*[http://thegeekyasian.com/oop-concepts-in-java/ Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts in Java Complete Tutorial]
*{{dmoz|Computers/Programming/Methodologies/Object-Oriented|Object-oriented programming}}
*[http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/22769/Introduction-to-Object-Oriented-Programming-Concep Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts (OOP) and More] by L.W.C. Nirosh
*[http://software.intel.com/en-us/blogs/2008/08/22/flaws-of-object-oriented-modeling/ Discussion about the flaws of OOD]
*[http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html OOP Concepts (Java Tutorials)]
*[https://se9book.wordpress.com/2011/08/29/science-or-snake-oil-empirical-software-engineering/ Science or Snake Oil: Empirical Software engineering] Thoughts on software and systems engineering, by Ian Sommerville (2011-8-29)
{{Programming language}}
{{Software engineering}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Object-Oriented Programming}}
[[Category:Object-oriented programming| ]]
[[Category:Programming paradigms]]
[[Category:Norwegian inventions]]

User talk:108.29.2.43

2017-10-12T10:56:47Z

Edderso: Message re. Parimal Trivedi (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of [[Special:Contributions/108.29.2.43|your recent contributions]] —the one you made with [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parimal%20Trivedi&diff=804990519 this edit] to [[:Parimal Trivedi]]— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thanks. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  10:56, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Parimal Trivedi

2017-10-12T10:56:47Z

Edderso: Reverted edits by 108.29.2.43 (talk) (HG) (3.3.0)

{{multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{update|date=September 2014}}
}}

'''Parimal Trivedi''' is an adviser for education and former [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[Gujarat University]], the largest university of [[Gujarat]] state of India, from 2006 to 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-dr-parimal-trivedi-wants-to-retire-after-2nd-term-as-vice-chancellor-1692748|title=Dr Parimal Trivedi wants to retire after 2nd term as Vice Chancellor|last=|first=|date=2012-05-23|work=dna|access-date=2017-08-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-parimal-trivedi-s-tenure-as-gujarat-university-vc-ends-june-26-1706843|title=Parimal Trivedi’s tenure as Gujarat University VC ends June 26|last=|first=|date=2012-06-26|work=dna|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He served as a professor with MG Science College before being appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Gujarat University]].<ref name=":0" /> After end of his tenure, he returned to MG Science College to serve as a professor.<ref name=":1" />

==Controversy==
He was involved in several controversies during his tenure as Vice-Chancellor such as corruption allegation in [[fixed deposit]] and favoritism allegation in appointments. He was arrested in 2012 for an alleged [[Caste system in India|caste]]<nowiki/>ist remark against a teacher in 2008. He was later granted bail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-university-vice-chancellor-parimal-trivedi-in-caste-row/1/174750.html|title=Gujarat University Vice-Chancellor Parimal Trivedi in caste row|last=|first=|date=2012-02-22|work=India Today|access-date=2017-08-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Parimal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat University faculty]]

{{india-academic-bio-stub}}

User talk:50.88.188.59

2017-10-12T00:43:40Z

Edderso: Message re. Pierre Boulez (HG) (3.3.0)

== October 2017 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, I'm [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]. An edit you recently made to [[:Pierre Boulez]] seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want more practice editing, the [[Draft:Sandbox|sandbox]] is the best place to do so. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Edderso|my talk page]]. Thanks. --   [[User:Edderso|Edderso]]     [[User_Talk:Edderso|talk]]    [[Special:Contributions/Edderso|contribs]]  00:43, 12 October 2017 (UTC)