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Yoav Gallant

2024-08-26T01:46:05Z

Edwki: Added Hebrew name to info box, to be consistent with other Israeli government figures

{{short description|Israeli general and politician (born 1958)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Yoav Galant 1.jpg
| caption = Gallant in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaffa]], Tel Aviv, Israel
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Ministerial roles
| suboffice1 = [[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Minister of Construction]]
| subterm1 = 2015–2019
| suboffice2 = {{nowrap|[[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah & Integration]]}}
| subterm2 = 2019–2020|
| suboffice3 = [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]]
| subterm3 = 2020–2021|
| suboffice4 = [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Minister of Defense]]
| subterm4 = 2022–
| office5 = Faction represented in the [[Knesset]]
| suboffice5 = [[Kulanu]]
| subterm5 = 2015–2019
| suboffice6 = [[Likud]]
| subterm6 = 2019–
| allegiance = Israel
| branch = [[Israeli Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1977–1982, 1984–2012
| rank = [[Aluf|Major general]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]]
| battles = {{ubl|[[2006 Lebanon War]]|[[Gaza War (2008–2009)]]}}
| native_name = {{nobold|יוֹאָב גָּלַנְטְ‎}}
| native_name_lang = he
}}

'''Yoav Gallant''' ({{Lang-he|יוֹאָב גָּלַנְטְ‎}}; born 8 November 1958) is an Israeli politician and retired military general. A member of the [[Knesset]] for [[Likud]], he has served as [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Minister of Defense]] since 2022.

Gallant is a former commander of the [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]] in the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. In January 2015, he entered politics, joining the new [[Kulanu]] party. After being elected to the [[Knesset]], he was appointed [[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Minister of Construction]]. At the end of 2018, he joined Likud. Gallant also previously held the posts of [[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah and Integration]] and [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]].

==Biography==
Yoav Gallant was born on 8 November 1958<ref>{{cite web|title=יואב גלנט|url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/heb/mk.asp?mk_individual_id_t=921|website=Knesset.gov.il|language=he|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150520064945/http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/heb/mk.asp?mk_individual_id_t=921|archive-date=20 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Jaffa]] to Polish Jewish immigrants. His mother, Fruma, was a [[Holocaust survivor]] who had been on the [[SS Exodus|SS ''Exodus'']] as a child.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/first-israeli-monument-to-exodus-inaugurated-in-haifa-500112|title=First Israeli monument to 'Exodus' inaugurated in Haifa|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229003213/https://www.jpost.com///israel-news/first-israeli-monument-to-exodus-inaugurated-in-haifa-500112|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with other Exodus refugees, she was deported by the British to [[Hamburg]], and arrived in Israel in 1948. She was a nurse by profession. His father, Michael, fought the Nazis as a partisan in the forests of Ukraine and Belarus, and also immigrated to Israel in 1948. He served in the [[Givati Brigade]] in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], including the [[Samson's Foxes]] unit, and was considered one of the finest snipers in the IDF. He participated in [[Operation Yoav]], during which he was the first soldier to break into the fort at [[Iraq Suwaydan]].<ref>Amir Rappaport, Operation Yoav, Ma'ariv supplement Saturday, 21 April 2006</ref> He named his son for the operation.<ref name="yediot" /> In Gallant's youth, the family moved to [[Givatayim]], where he studied at David Kalai high school. He received a BA in Business and Finance Management from the [[University of Haifa]].<ref name="greenberg" />

Gallant lives in [[moshav]] [[Amikam]]. He is married to Claudine, a retired IDF lieutenant colonel. They have a son and two daughters.<ref name="yediot" />

In 2011, Gallant was tapped to succeed [[Gabi Ashkenazi]] as the [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of General Staff]] by [[Israeli Defense Minister|Defense Minister]] [[Ehud Barak]]. Although his appointment was approved by the government<ref name="cabinet">{{cite news|last=Lis|first=Jonathan|title=Cabinet votes Galant in as next IDF chief of staff|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/cabinet-votes-galant-in-as-next-idf-chief-of-staff-1.312330|access-date=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=5 September 2010|archive-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908042735/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/cabinet-votes-galant-in-as-next-idf-chief-of-staff-1.312330|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="anshel" /> it was overturned due to allegations of building of an unauthorized access road to his home and planting an olive grove on public land outside the boundaries of his property.

==Military career==
[[File:AlamYoavGalant1995.jpg|thumb|Gallant in 1995 as commander of [[Shayetet 13]]]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Celebration of Rosh ha'Shana in the Southern Command (1).jpg|thumb|Gallant in September 2010]]
[[File:Ilham Aliyev met with Defense Minister of Israel in Munich 01.jpg|thumb|Gallant with Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] at the [[Munich Security Conference]] in Germany, 17 February 2023]]
Gallant began his military career in 1977 as a naval commando in [[Shayetet 13]].<ref name="greenberg" /> In the 1980s, after six years of active service, he moved to [[Alaska]] and worked as a [[lumberjack]].<ref name="Lumberjack">{{cite web| url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Who-is-Yoav-Galant| title=Who is Yoav Galant?| work=The Jerusalem Post| date=22 August 2010| access-date=26 March 2023| author=Katz, Yaakov| archive-date=30 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330144632/https://www.jpost.com/israel/who-is-yoav-galant| url-status=live}}</ref> He then returned to the navy and served on a missile boat (including a position as deputy-commander of INS ''Keshet'')<ref name="israeltoday" /> and again in Shayetet 13. In 1992, Gallant was earmarked by then-navy commander [[Ami Ayalon]] for the command of Shayetet 13, a position he was meant to take up in 1994. Gallant preferred not to study during the two remaining years, and instead moved into the ground forces and in 1993 took up command of the [[Menashe Territorial Brigade]] of the [[West Bank Division|Judea and Samaria Division]].<ref name="yediot" />

After serving for three years as commander of Shayetet 13, Gallant moved up to command the [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="yediot" /> He also commanded the reserve 340th Armored Division (Idan Formation),<ref name="reshet" /> and in 2001 became the Chief of Staff of the [[GOC Army Headquarters]].<ref name="nrg" /> Gallant attained the rank of a major general when he became the Military Secretary of the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] in 2002.<ref name="yediot" /> In 2005, Gallant was appointed as commander of the [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]].<ref name="yediot" /> During his tenure (that lasted until 21 October 2010), [[Hamas]] launched the 25 June [[2006 Gaza cross-border raid]] that resulted in the deaths of two IDF soldiers and the capture of a third, [[Gilad Shalit]]. The IDF then launched [[Operation Summer Rains]], that resulted in a decrease of Hamas rocket-fire for some time but failed to free Shalit. Also during his tenure, the Israel Defense Forces embarked on [[Operation Cast Lead]] against [[Hamas]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] from December 2008 until January 2009, which again temporarily minimized Hamas rocket-fire but also again failed to find and deliver Shalit, who would be eventually [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange|exchanged]] in 2011 for 1,027 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel. Gallant commanded the operation and his role in the field and in what was at that time considered the success of the operation gained praise and helped him in the race to chief of staff.<ref name="greenberg" /> However, Gallant and the IDF were criticized for the implementation of the [[Dahiya doctrine]] of widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure in the [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|Gaza War]] of 2008–09, with the [[Goldstone Report]] concluding that the Israeli strategy was "designed to punish, humiliate and terrorize a civilian population".<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Deterrence and the Israeli-Hezbollah War-Summer 2006|editor=Cain, Anthony C.|date=September 2010|title=Deterrence in the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings (London, UK 18–19 May 2009) |location=London|page=288|isbn=978-1466368187}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session9/MediaSummaryReport_en.doc |title=Media Summary: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324223810/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session9/MediaSummaryReport_en.doc |archive-date=24 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="UN">United Nations General Assembly, [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070929/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |date=28 September 2018 }}, 25 09 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/reconsidering-the-goldstone-report-on-israel-and-war-crimes/2011/04/01/AFg111JC_story.html|title=Reconsidering the Goldstone Report on Israel and war crimes|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|date=2 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110111254/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/reconsidering-the-goldstone-report-on-israel-and-war-crimes/2011/04/01/AFg111JC_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/un-gaza-report-authors-goldstone|title=UN Gaza report co-authors round on Goldstone|work=The Guardian|first1=Ed|last1=Pilkington|first2=Conal|last2=Urquhart|date=11 April 2011|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201224306/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/un-gaza-report-authors-goldstone|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NoSecond">[http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/no%20second%20thoughts_ENG_WEB.pdf "No Second Thoughts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215081903/http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/no%20second%20thoughts_ENG_WEB.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }} The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel</ref>

The Israeli NGO, [[Yesh Gvul]], filed suit against Gallant's appointment as IDF chief of staff, claiming that his command role in Cast Lead confirmed him as a suspect in "grave violations of international law."<ref name=Walla>{{cite news|title=Injunction Against Galant's Appointment: "Suspected of War Crimes"|url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/1747629|newspaper=Walla|date=25 October 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226204942/http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/1747629|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' noted that Gallant lobbied against an investigation of Col. Ilan Malka, the IDF commander who approved the airstrike that killed 21 members of the al-Samouni clan during Cast Lead. Gallant's view was ignored as the military prosecutor general opened an investigation of the incident which was highlighted by the [[Goldstone Report]] as a "possible serious breach of international law".<ref name=Haaretz>{{cite news|title=IDF probes top officers on Gaza war strike that killed 21 family members|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-probes-top-officers-on-gaza-war-strike-that-killed-21-family-members-1.320505|newspaper=Haaretz|first=Amos|last=Harel|first2=Anshel|last2=Pfeffer|date=22 October 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222750/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-probes-top-officers-on-gaza-war-strike-that-killed-21-family-members-1.320505|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chief of Staff candidacy===
On 22 August 2010, Minister of Defense [[Ehud Barak]] presented the candidacy of Gallant for the post of the IDF's twentieth [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of Staff]] to the government.<ref name="greenberg" /> It was expected that he would receive the promotion.<ref name="lis" /> Gallant's appointment followed a controversy, where a forged document was leaked to Israel's [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] purporting to detail plans by Gallant to smear rival candidate [[Benny Gantz]].<ref name="yehoshua" />

On 5 September 2010, the government approved the nomination of Gallant as the next chief of staff, with only [[Likud]] minister [[Michael Eitan]] objecting. Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] said that the incoming IDF chief had "proven his worth during his 33 years of military service at the IDF's frontlines," and that "He's proven himself to be a courageous fighter, an excellent officer, and a responsible and serious battle commander." The PM added that Gallant picked up on a legacy of "dedication and excellence" bequeathed by incumbent IDF chief Gabi Ashkenazi. The cabinet also approved Barak's proposal, according to which Gallant would serve for three years, giving the defense minister power to grant a fourth.<ref name=cabinet />

On 1 February 2011, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Ehud Barak canceled the appointment of Gallant to the post of Israel Defense Forces chief. The announcement came after months of scandal surrounding his appointment due to allegations that he had seized public lands near his home in Moshav [[Amikam]]. After conducting an investigation into the allegations, [[Attorney General of Israel|Attorney General]] [[Yehuda Weinstein]] said that his findings "raise significant legal difficulties for the decision to appoint him." Weinstein said that it was up to the prime minister and defense minister to decide whether or not Gallant could take up the post. Earlier in the day, Weinstein notified Netanyahu that he could not defend Gallant's appointment as chief of staff due to legal impediments.<ref name=appoint_cancel_pmannounce />

On 30 December 2012, the local planning committee administering land ownership issues and building licenses said that Gallant had built his home in the northern community of Amikam on 350m² of property accidentally listed as his, unaware that it was actually public land. The decision did not address two other issues still being investigated by the state comptroller and attorney general: the building of an unauthorized access road to his house and the planting of an olive grove that spilled over the boundaries of his property.<ref name="kalman" />

===Minister of Defense===
[[File:DAZ 0152PS (53406725862).jpg|thumb|Gallant with Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Netanyahu]], US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]], US military chief [[Charles Q. Brown Jr.|CQ Brown]] and IDF Chief [[Herzi Halevi]] in Tel Aviv, 18 December 2023]]
On 8 August 2023, Gallant warned that Israel would not hesitate to attack [[Hezbollah]] and "return [[Lebanon]] to the Stone Age" if Israel was attacked.<ref>{{cite news |title=Defense Minister Gallant Threatens to Send Lebanon Back to 'Stone Age' if Hezbollah Provokes Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-08/ty-article/.premium/gallant-threatens-to-send-lebanon-back-to-stone-age-if-hezbollah-provokes-israel/00000189-d511-d820-aded-dd97f22a0000 |work=Haaretz |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811171021/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-08/ty-article/.premium/gallant-threatens-to-send-lebanon-back-to-stone-age-if-hezbollah-provokes-israel/00000189-d511-d820-aded-dd97f22a0000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the [[Israel–Hamas war]] and attacks in Israel by [[Hamas]] militants, Gallant said he had "ordered a complete [[October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|siege]] on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no water, no fuel. Everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10|work=Business Insider|first=Mia|last=Jankowicz|date=9 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli defence minister orders 'complete siege' on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |date=2023-10-09 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009184220/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105739/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |date=2023-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title="We are fighting human animals" said Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant. #palestine #gaza |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk |access-date=2023-10-18 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510150120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 October 2023, he met with US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]]. Gallant called on Palestinians to [[2023 evacuation of northern Gaza|evacuate northern Gaza]], including [[Gaza City]], saying: "The camouflage of the terrorists is the civilian population. Therefore, we need to separate them. So those who want to save their lives, please go south. We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructure, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military establishment, and take these phenomena out of Gaza and out of the Earth."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischler |first1=Jacob |title=U.S. stresses support for Israel as 1 million residents of North Gaza ordered to evacuate |url=https://coloradonewsline.com/2023/10/13/u-s-stresses-support-for-israel-as-1-million-residents-of-north-gaza-ordered-to-evacuate/ |work=Colorado Newsline |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014071023/https://coloradonewsline.com/2023/10/13/u-s-stresses-support-for-israel-as-1-million-residents-of-north-gaza-ordered-to-evacuate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 October, he said that "Gaza won’t return to what it was before. Hamas won’t be there. We will eliminate everything."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Segal |first1=Raz |title=Israel must stop weaponising the Holocaust |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust |work=The Guardian |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520114649/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust |url-status=live }}</ref> Gallant said he had "released all restraints" as he addressed Israeli troops on the border with the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |work=Al Jazeera |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010004/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)|South Africa's submission]] to the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) that Israel was committing genocide against the Palestinians, the president of the ICJ cited Gallant for using the phrase "[[human animals]]" in reference to Palestinians. Gallant described South Africa’s submission as [[antisemitic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |title=Israeli officials accuse international court of justice of antisemitic bias |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |website=The Guardian |access-date=27 January 2024 |date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240126183324/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

[[File:U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan Visit to Israel. May 19-20, 2024 39.jpg|thumb|Gallant with Joe Biden's National Security Adviser [[Jake Sullivan]] in Israel, 20 May 2024]]
On 25 March 2024, after the UN Security Council [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728|adopted a resolution calling for a ceasefire]] in the Israel–Hamas war, Gallant said that Israel has "no moral right to stop the war in Gaza."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel pushes back on UN ceasefire call; Gallant: We’ve ‘no moral right’ to end war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pushes-back-on-un-ceasefire-call-gallant-weve-no-moral-right-to-end-war/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=25 March 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042036/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pushes-back-on-un-ceasefire-call-gallant-weve-no-moral-right-to-end-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 April 2024, Gallant thanked Lloyd Austin and the entire U.S. Administration for "standing boldly" with Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gallant thanks Austin for ‘standing boldly’ with Israel |url=https://www.jns.org/gallant-thanks-austin-for-standing-boldly-with-israel/ |work=Jewish News Syndicate |date=15 April 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502103344/https://www.jns.org/gallant-thanks-austin-for-standing-boldly-with-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 May 2024, an arrest warrant for Gallant, as well as for other Israeli and Hamas leaders, was requested by the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) prosecutor [[Karim Ahmad Khan|Karim Khan]] as part of the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine#Arrest warrants|ICC investigation in Palestine]], on several counts of [[War crime|war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] during the Israel-Hamas war.<ref name="icc1">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Karim A.A |date=2024-05-20 |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520105912/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state }}</ref><ref name="CNN1">{{Cite web |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |date=2024-05-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE: ICC seeks arrest warrants against Sinwar and Netanyahu for war crimes over October 7 attack and Gaza war |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520113208/https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Ash Carter visit to Israel. 161212-D-GO396-0235 (31233095740).jpg|thumb|Gallant with Prime Minister Netanyahu, Defense Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] and U.S. Defense Secretary [[Ash Carter]] at the [[Nevatim Airbase]] in Israel, 12 December 2016]]
[[File:Olive Branches Search and Rescue Delegation, February 2023 (IDF 105).jpeg|thumb|Gallant and Benjamin Netanyahu on 13 February 2023]]

===Kulanu===
In January 2015 Gallant joined the new [[Kulanu]] party led by [[Moshe Kahlon]]. He was placed second on the party's list for the [[2015 Israeli legislative election|2015 elections]], and was elected to the Knesset as the party won ten seats. He was later appointed Minister of Construction in the [[Thirty-fourth government of Israel|new government]].

In January 2016, the ''New York Times'' published an op-ed by Gallant in which he described how important he believes it is for Jewish and Arab leaders to come together in promoting peace and equality in their shared country. As part of that effort, he and MK [[Ayman Odeh]], leader of the [[Joint List]] alliance of Arab parties, together visited several Arab Israeli towns. "Together, we examined firsthand the challenges facing Arab Israeli communities so that we could bring about solutions," he noted.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/opinion/building-the-future-in-israel.html Building the Future in Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420010144/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/opinion/building-the-future-in-israel.html |date=20 April 2024 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 January 2016</ref>

===Likud===
On 31 December 2018, Gallant quit his post as Housing and Construction Minister to join [[Likud]].<ref name="globes-likud">{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-galant-quits-as-housing-minister-to-join-likud-1001267136|title=Galant quits as housing minister to join Likud|author=Schneider, Tal|work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|date=31 December 2018|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101140743/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-galant-quits-as-housing-minister-to-join-likud-1001267136|url-status=live}}</ref> A day later he was appointed [[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah and Integration]].<ref name="toi-aliyah">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-he-leaves-kulanu-gallant-appointed-immigration-minister/|title=As he leaves Kulanu, Gallant appointed immigration minister|author=Wootliff, Raoul|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=1 January 2019|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101144315/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-he-leaves-kulanu-gallant-appointed-immigration-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next candidate on the Kulanu list, [[Fentahun Seyoum]] on 2 January 2019.<ref>[https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=5 Replacements Among Knesset Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023230034/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=5 |date=23 October 2020 }}, Knesset.gov.il</ref>

After the formation of the [[Thirty-fifth government of Israel]] Gallant was appointed [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]].

On 17 January 2021, reacting to a planned speech by the director-general of [[B'Tselem]] [[Hagai El-Ad]] at the [[Hebrew Reali School]], Gallant, serving as the Minister of Education, published a directive to the Education Ministry to forbid all organizations whose causes contradict the Ministry's vision of the country as democratic, Jewish and Zionist, from entering schools.

Specifically, Gallant wrote that any organization which cites Israel as an "apartheid state", shall be forbidden from entering education centers in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/embeds/pdf_upload/2021/20210117-185903.pdf|title=הנדון: הוראה לאסור הכנסתם לבתי ספר של ארגונים הפועלים בסתירה למטרות|website=Haaretz.co.il|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229122209/https://www.haaretz.co.il/embeds/pdf_upload/2021/20210117-185903.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.9459194|title=שר החינוך: אסור לבתי ספר לארח "ארגונים המכנים את ישראל מדינת אפרטהייד"|website=Haaretz.co.il|language=he|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127080225/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.9459194|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Reuven Rivlin and Yoav Galant in a conversation Israeli educators about distance learning, January 2021 (GPOMN1 6625).jpg|thumb|Gallant and Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Israel|COVID-19 pandemic]], 19 January 2021]]
In 2021, as Minister of Education, Gallant opposed [[Weizmann Institute]] professor [[Oded Goldreich]] receiving the [[Israel Prize]] in mathematics, due to him co-signing a 2019 letter that called for the [[Bundestag]] not to pass legislation defining the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] (BDS) movement as anti-Semitic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-prize-committee-petitions-top-court-over-ministers-veto-of-math-winner/|title=Israel Prize committee petitions top court over minister's veto of math winner|work=The Times of Israel|date=30 March 2021|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411222751/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-prize-committee-petitions-top-court-over-ministers-veto-of-math-winner/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 April 2021 Israel's [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court of Justice]] ruled in favor of Gallant's petition so that Goldreich could not receive the prize and gave Gallant a month to further examine the issue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel's Supreme Court says pro-BDS professor ineligible to receive prestigious prize|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1617883246-israel-s-supreme-court-says-pro-bds-professor-ineligible-to-receive-prestigious-prize|date=8 April 2021|website=i24news.tv|quote=|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207103706/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1617883246-israel-s-supreme-court-says-pro-bds-professor-ineligible-to-receive-prestigious-prize|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2022 the [[High Court of Israel]] ruled that the 2021 prize had to be awarded to Prof. Goldreich.<ref>{{cite news|title=High Court Orders State to Give Left-wing Professor Withheld Israel Prize|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-03-29/ty-article/.premium/high-court-orders-state-to-give-left-wing-professor-withheld-israel-prize/00000180-5bac-d615-a9bf-dffc7bb60000|newspaper=Haaretz|first1=Shira|last1=Kadari-Ovadia|first2=Or|last2=Kashti|date=29 March 2022|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

===Judicial reform===
On 25 March 2023, Gallant spoke out against his own government in support of the protests against the government's proposed [[2023 Israeli judicial reform|judicial reforms]]. He asked for the government to delay the proposed legislation to allow for negotiations between the ruling coalition and the opposition, which resulted in [[Ministry of National Security (Israel)|National Security Minister]] [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] calling for Gallant's dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-735399|title=Defense Minister Gallant calls to stop judicial reform legislation|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Yonah|last=Jeremy Bob|date=25 March 2023|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529105155/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-735399|url-status=live}}</ref> Netanyahu announced on 26 March that he was dismissing Gallant, sparking [[2023 Israeli judicial reform protests#26 March|massive protests]] that night in several major cities across Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netanyahu Fires Defense Minister Gallant for Calling to Stop Judicial Overhaul |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article-live/.premium/senior-likud-members-hint-at-opposing-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1c81-d4ca-afff-1d89ee5b0000 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326110614/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article-live/.premium/senior-likud-members-hint-at-opposing-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1c81-d4ca-afff-1d89ee5b0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following day, Gallant's office stated that he would be continuing in his post, as he had not yet been given an official notice of his dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-future-unclear-as-calls-grow-for-pm-to-roll-back-his-firing/|title=Gallant’s future unclear as calls grow for PM to roll back his firing|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=27 March 2023|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412071336/https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-future-unclear-as-calls-grow-for-pm-to-roll-back-his-firing/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 April, Netanyahu announced that he would not fire Gallant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zeytun |first=Yoav |date=2023-04-10 |title=גלנט סירב להתנצל, בסביבתו קובעים: "אזהרותיו התממשו אחת לאחת" |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjud11r11g2 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429221747/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjud11r11g2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="anshel">{{cite news|first=Anshel|last=Pfeffer|author2=Ravid, Barak|title=Yoav Galant Named as Next Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/yoav-galant-named-as-next-israel-defense-forces-chief-of-staff-1.309511|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=22 August 2010|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-date=23 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823201036/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/yoav-galant-named-as-next-israel-defense-forces-chief-of-staff-1.309511|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="greenberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3941582,00.html|title=1st Chief of Staff from Naval Commando|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|author=Greenberg, Hanan|date=22 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824152525/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3941582,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="yediot">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3943296,00.html|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|title=Yoav Galant's Race to the Top|date=24 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=27 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827015824/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3943296,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="israeltoday">{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=2298|title=Odyssey in Algeria|author=Schmidtberg, Ariel|publisher=[[Israel HaYom]]|date=28 April 2009|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721140203/http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=2298|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="reshet">{{cite web|url=http://reshet.ynet.co.il/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/News/Politics/Security/Article,50141.aspx |publisher=[[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] |title=Barak Announced: Galant Will Be the Next Chief of Staff |date=22 August 2010 |access-date=28 August 2010 |language=he |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824070215/http://reshet.ynet.co.il/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/News/Politics/Security/Article,50141.aspx |archive-date=24 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="nrg">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/147/833.html?hp=1&cat=875|publisher=[[Maariv (newspaper)|nrg Maariv]]|title=From the Flotilla to Chief of Staff: Yoav Galant's Persona|author=Buhbut, Amir|date=22 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|language=he|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629220825/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/147/833.html?hp=1&cat=875|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lis">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/grumbling-aside-galant-s-approval-all-but-assured-1.309615|title=Grumbling Aside, Galant's Approval all but Assured|author=Lis, Jonathan|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=23 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091803/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/grumbling-aside-galant-s-approval-all-but-assured-1.309615|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="yehoshua">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3940641,00.html|title=Suspect in Galant Affair Denies Involvement|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|author=Yehoshua, Yossi|date=20 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824153446/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3940641,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=appoint_cancel_pmannounce>{{cite news|title=Netanyahu, Barak announce Galant no longer new IDF chief|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-barak-announce-galant-no-longer-new-idf-chief-1.340629|access-date=1 February 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|date=1 February 2011|archive-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204123825/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-barak-announce-galant-no-longer-new-idf-chief-1.340629|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="kalman">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-idf-general-partially-cleared-in-land-scandal-that-stopped-his-appointment-as-chief-of-staff/|title=Former IDF general partially cleared in land scandal that stopped his appointment as chief of staff|author=Kalman, Aaron|publisher=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=20 December 2012|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114035745/http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-idf-general-partially-cleared-in-land-scandal-that-stopped-his-appointment-as-chief-of-staff/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{MKlink|id=921}}
*{{cite web|title=Major General Yoav Galant, GOC Southern Command |url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/staff/Yoav_Galant.htm |publisher=Israel Defense Forces |access-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412002244/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/staff/Yoav_Galant.htm |archive-date=12 April 2010 }}

{{Current MKs}}
{{IsraelDefenseMin}}
{{IsraelEduMin}}
{{Israeli Housing and Construction Ministers}}
{{Israeli Immigrant Absorption Ministers}}
{{Chairmen of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee}}
{{IsraelSouthernCommandChiefs}}
{{Military Secretaries to the Prime Minister of Israel}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galant, Yoav}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Israeli military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Israeli military personnel]]
[[Category:Israeli generals]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]]
[[Category:Kulanu politicians]]
[[Category:Likud politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)]]
[[Category:Members of the 21st Knesset (2019)]]
[[Category:Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)]]
[[Category:Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)]]
[[Category:Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–2022)]]
[[Category:Members of the 25th Knesset (2022–)]]
[[Category:People from Jaffa]]
[[Category:University of Haifa alumni]]
[[Category:Ministers of defense of Israel]]

New England city and town area

2024-08-01T00:06:49Z

Edwki: Minor fix

[[File:New England City and Town Areas Map (March 2020).jpg|thumb|NECTA divisions as of 2020]]A '''New England city and town area''' ('''NECTA''') was a geographic and statistical entity defined by the U.S. federal government for use in the six-state [[New England]] region of the [[United States]]. NECTAs are analogous to [[metropolitan statistical area]]s and [[micropolitan statistical area]]s and are defined using the same criteria, except that they are defined on the basis of [[New England town]]s instead of entire [[U.S. county|counties]]. NECTAs are classified as either metropolitan or micropolitan NECTAs. A micropolitan NECTA has an urban core with a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000, whereas a metropolitan NECTA has an urban core with a population of at least 50,000. Tabulations of census information by NECTA was discontinued effective July 2023.<ref name="OMB Bulletin No. 23-01">{{cite web |title=OMB Bulletin No. 23-01 |pages=59, 138 |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf |format=PDF |date=July 21, 2023 |website=www.whitehouse.gov |access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref>

In New England, towns (which are classified by the [[United States Census Bureau]] as [[minor civil division]]s) are a much more important level of government than counties. Because towns are smaller than counties, a NECTA usually provides a much closer approximation to the real [[metropolitan area]] than a [[metropolitan statistical area]] does.

Large NECTAs (with population greater than 2.5 million) may be subdivided into smaller groupings known as NECTA Divisions. Adjacent NECTAs that have a high degree of employment interchange may also be combined to form Combined NECTAS (or CNECTAs). NECTAs that are part of a CNECTA retain their separate identities.

==Lists of NECTAs==
The following is a list of metropolitan and micropolitan NECTAs as defined by the [[Office of Management and Budget]]. Definitions are as of March 2020.<ref>[https://ww2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2020/delineation-files/ "List 4 New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs), NECTA Divisions, and Combined NECTAs"], Office of Management and Budget, March 2020</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!NETCA
!Division
!Combined NETCA
! State(s)
|-
|[[Athol, Massachusetts|Athol]] Micropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]] Micropolitan
|
|Augusta–Waterville Micropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]] Metropolitan
|
|
|ME
|-
|[[Barnstable, Massachusetts|Barnstable]] Town Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Barre (city), Vermont|Barre]] Micropolitan
|
|
|VT
|-
|[[Bennington, Vermont|Bennington]] Micropolitan
|
|
|VT
|-
|[[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]] Micropolitan
|
|
|NH
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Boston]]–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] Metropolitan
|''[[Boston]]–[[Cambridge]]–[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]–[[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]] Town–[[Easton, Massachusetts|Easton]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]]–[[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]]–[[Amesbury, Massachusetts|Amesbury]] Town''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-NH
|-
|''[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]–[[Methuen, Massachusetts|Methuen]] Town–[[North Andover, Massachusetts|North Andover]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-NH
|-
|''[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]–[[Billerica, Massachusetts|Billerica]]–[[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-NH
|-
|''[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]–[[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]]–[[Marblehead, Massachusetts|Marblehead]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH-MA
|-
|''[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]–[[Beverly, Massachusetts|Beverly]]–[[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]]–[[Pembroke, Massachusetts|Pembroke]]–[[Duxbury, Massachusetts|Duxbury]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]–[[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough]]–[[Norton, Massachusetts|Norton]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]]–[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]]–[[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]] Micropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]–[[South Burlington, Vermont|South Burlington]] Metropolitan
|
|
|VT
|-
|[[Claremont, New Hampshire|Claremont]] Micropolitan
|
|Lebanon–Claremont Micropolitan
|NH
|-
|[[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] Micropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH
|-
|[[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]]–[[Durham, New Hampshire|Durham]] Micropolitan
|
|
|NH-ME
|-
|[[Greenfield, Massachusetts|Greenfield]] Town Micropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]–[[East Hartford, Connecticut|East Hartford]]–[[Middletown, Connecticut|Middletown]] Metropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Laconia, New Hampshire|Laconia]] Micropolitan
|
|
|NH
|-
|[[Lebanon, New Hampshire|Lebanon]] Micropolitan
|
|Lebanon–Claremont Micropolitan
|NH-VT
|-
|[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]–[[Gardner, Massachusetts|Gardner]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]–[[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]] Metropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Manchester]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH
|-
|[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Norwich, Connecticut|Norwich]]–[[New London, Connecticut|New London]]–[[Westerly, Rhode Island|Westerly]] Metropolitan
|
|
|CT-RI
|-
|[[North Adams, Massachusetts|North Adams]] Micropolitan
|
|Pittsfield–North Adams Metropolitan
|MA-VT
|-
|[[Pittsfield, Massachusetts|Pittsfield]] Metropolitan
|
|Pittsfield–North Adams Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]]–[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]] Metropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH-ME
|-
|[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]–[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|RI-MA
|-
|[[Sanford, Maine|Sanford]] Micropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] Metropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|MA-CT
|-
|[[Torrington, Connecticut|Torrington]] Micropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Waterbury, Connecticut|Waterbury]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]] Micropolitan
|
|Augusta–Waterville Micropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Willimantic, Connecticut|Willimantic]] Micropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-CT
|-
|[[Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts|Vineyard Haven]] Micropolitan
|
|
|MA
|}
*
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-maps/2020/geo/nectas.html Census Bureau maps of NECTAs]

{{USCensus Geography}}

[[Category:United States Census Bureau geography]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of the United States]]
[[Category:New England|City and town area]]

New England city and town area

2024-08-01T00:05:05Z

Edwki: Fixed NECTA list

A '''New England city and town area''' ('''NECTA''') was a geographic and statistical entity defined by the U.S. federal government for use in the six-state [[New England]] region of the [[United States]]. NECTAs are analogous to [[metropolitan statistical area]]s and [[micropolitan statistical area]]s and are defined using the same criteria, except that they are defined on the basis of [[New England town]]s instead of entire [[U.S. county|counties]]. NECTAs are classified as either metropolitan or micropolitan NECTAs. A micropolitan NECTA has an urban core with a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000, whereas a metropolitan NECTA has an urban core with a population of at least 50,000. Tabulations of census information by NECTA was discontinued effective July 2023.<ref name="OMB Bulletin No. 23-01">{{cite web |title=OMB Bulletin No. 23-01 |pages=59, 138 |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf |format=PDF |date=July 21, 2023 |website=www.whitehouse.gov |access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref>

In New England, towns (which are classified by the [[United States Census Bureau]] as [[minor civil division]]s) are a much more important level of government than counties. Because towns are smaller than counties, a NECTA usually provides a much closer approximation to the real [[metropolitan area]] than a [[metropolitan statistical area]] does.

Large NECTAs (with population greater than 2.5 million) may be subdivided into smaller groupings known as NECTA Divisions. Adjacent NECTAs that have a high degree of employment interchange may also be combined to form Combined NECTAS (or CNECTAs). NECTAs that are part of a CNECTA retain their separate identities.

==Lists of NECTAs==
The following is a list of metropolitan and micropolitan NECTAs as defined by the [[Office of Management and Budget]]. Definitions are as of March 2020.<ref>[https://ww2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2020/delineation-files/ "List 4 New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs), NECTA Divisions, and Combined NECTAs"], Office of Management and Budget, March 2020</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!NETCA
!Division
!Combined NETCA
! State(s)
|-
|[[Athol, Massachusetts|Athol]] Micropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]] Micropolitan
|
|Augusta–Waterville Micropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]] Metropolitan
|
|
|ME
|-
|[[Barnstable, Massachusetts|Barnstable]] Town Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Barre (city), Vermont|Barre]] Micropolitan
|
|
|VT
|-
|[[Bennington, Vermont|Bennington]] Micropolitan
|
|
|VT
|-
|[[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]] Micropolitan
|
|
|NH
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Boston]]–[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]–[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] Metropolitan
|''[[Boston]]–[[Cambridge]]–[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]]–[[Bridgewater, Massachusetts|Bridgewater]] Town–[[Easton, Massachusetts|Easton]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]]–[[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]]–[[Amesbury, Massachusetts|Amesbury]] Town''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-NH
|-
|''[[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]]–[[Methuen, Massachusetts|Methuen]] Town–[[North Andover, Massachusetts|North Andover]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-NH
|-
|''[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]–[[Billerica, Massachusetts|Billerica]]–[[Chelmsford, Massachusetts|Chelmsford]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-NH
|-
|''[[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]]–[[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]]–[[Marblehead, Massachusetts|Marblehead]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH-MA
|-
|''[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]]–[[Beverly, Massachusetts|Beverly]]–[[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Plymouth, Massachusetts|Plymouth]]–[[Pembroke, Massachusetts|Pembroke]]–[[Duxbury, Massachusetts|Duxbury]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|''[[Taunton, Massachusetts|Taunton]]–[[Middleborough, Massachusetts|Middleborough]]–[[Norton, Massachusetts|Norton]]''
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]]–[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]]–[[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]] Micropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]–[[South Burlington, Vermont|South Burlington]] Metropolitan
|
|
|VT
|-
|[[Claremont, New Hampshire|Claremont]] Micropolitan
|
|Lebanon–Claremont Micropolitan
|NH
|-
|[[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] Micropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH
|-
|[[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]]–[[Durham, New Hampshire|Durham]] Micropolitan
|
|
|NH-ME
|-
|[[Greenfield, Massachusetts|Greenfield]] Town Micropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]–[[East Hartford, Connecticut|East Hartford]]–[[Middletown, Connecticut|Middletown]] Metropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Laconia, New Hampshire|Laconia]] Micropolitan
|
|
|NH
|-
|[[Lebanon, New Hampshire|Lebanon]] Micropolitan
|
|Lebanon–Claremont Micropolitan
|NH-VT
|-
|[[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]]–[[Gardner, Massachusetts|Gardner]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]–[[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]] Metropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Manchester]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH
|-
|[[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Norwich, Connecticut|Norwich]]–[[New London, Connecticut|New London]]–[[Westerly, Rhode Island|Westerly]] Metropolitan
|
|
|CT-RI
|-
|[[North Adams, Massachusetts|North Adams]] Micropolitan
|
|Pittsfield–North Adams Metropolitan
|MA-VT
|-
|[[Pittsfield, Massachusetts|Pittsfield]] Metropolitan
|
|Pittsfield–North Adams Metropolitan
|MA
|-
|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]]–[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]] Metropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|NH-ME
|-
|[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]–[[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|RI-MA
|-
|[[Sanford, Maine|Sanford]] Micropolitan
|
|Portland–Lewiston–South Portland Metropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] Metropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|MA-CT
|-
|[[Torrington, Connecticut|Torrington]] Micropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Waterbury, Connecticut|Waterbury]] Metropolitan
|
|Bridgeport–New Haven–Stamford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]] Micropolitan
|
|Augusta–Waterville Micropolitan
|ME
|-
|[[Willimantic, Connecticut|Willimantic]] Micropolitan
|
|Springfield-Hartford-East Hartford Metropolitan
|CT
|-
|[[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] Metropolitan
|
|Boston–Providence–Worcester Metropolitan
|MA-CT
|-
|[[Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts|Vineyard Haven]] Micropolitan
|
|
|MA
|}
**
**
*
[[File:New England City and Town Areas Map (March 2020).jpg|thumb|511x511px|NECTA divisions as of 2020|left]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-maps/2020/geo/nectas.html Census Bureau maps of NECTAs]

{{USCensus Geography}}

[[Category:United States Census Bureau geography]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of the United States]]
[[Category:New England|City and town area]]

Draft:List of the highest summits of U.S. states and territories

2024-07-26T19:10:25Z

Edwki:

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240223024141|u=Edwki|ns=118|demo=}}

This is a list of the highest summits located within each of the [[U.S. state|50 U.S. states]], the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], and the 5 inhabited [[territories of the United States]].

== List of municipalities ==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:left"
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
! [[Summit|Highest Summit]]
! [[U.S. state|State]]
![[Topographic elevation|Elevation]]
! [[Topographic prominence|Prominence]]
! [[Geographic coordinate system|Location]]
|-
|'''[[Denali]]'''
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis 2" | {{flag|Alaska}}
|20,310 ft
6,191 m
|20,146 ft
6,141 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Whitney|'''Mount Whitney''']]
| data-sort-value="York" | {{flag|California}}
|14,505 ft
4,421 m
|10,075 ft
3,071 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Elbert|'''Mount Elbert''']]
| data-sort-value="Washington 2" | {{flag|Colorado}}
|14,440 ft
4,401 m
|9,093 feet
2,772 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Rainier|'''Mount Rainier''']]
| data-sort-value="Kennebec 2" | {{flag|Washington}}
|14,417 ft
4394 m
|13,246 ft
4,037 m
|
|-
|[[Gannett Peak|'''Gannett Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Washington 2" | {{flag|Wyoming}}
|13,809 ft
4209 m
|7,076 ft
2,157 m
|
|-
|[[Mauna Kea|'''Mauna Kea''']]
| data-sort-value="York" | {{flag|Hawaii}}
|13,803 ft
4,207 m
|13,803 ft
4,207 m
|
|-
|[[Kings Peak (Utah)|'''Kings Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Aroostook 2" | {{flag|Utah}}
|13,534 ft
4125 m
|6,348 ft
1,935 m
|
|-
|[[Wheeler Peak (New Mexico)|'''Wheeler Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Lincoln 2" | {{flag|New Mexico}}
|13,167 ft
4013 m
|3,409 ft
1,039 m
|
|-
|[[Boundary Peak (Nevada)|'''Boundary Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | {{flag|Nevada}}
|13,147 ft
4007 m
|253 ft
77 m
|
|-
|[[Granite Peak (Montana)|'''Granite Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Hancock 2" | {{flag|Montana}}
|12,807 ft
3903 m
|4,759 ft
1,451 m
|
|-
|[[Borah Peak|'''Borah Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Aroostook 2" | {{flag|Idaho}}
|12,668 ft
3,861 m
|5,982 ft
1,823 m
|
|-
|[[Humphreys Peak|'''Humphreys Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Oxford 2" | {{flag|Arizona}}
|12,637 ft
3,851 m
|6,039 ft
1,841 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Hood|'''Mount Hood''']]
| data-sort-value="Somerset 2" | {{flag|Oregon}}
|11,249 ft
3428 m
|7,706 ft
2,349 m
|
|-
|[[Guadalupe Peak|'''Guadalupe Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Knox 2" | {{flag|Texas}}
|8,751 ft
2667 m
|3,029 ft
923 m
|
|-
|[[Black Elk Peak|'''Black Elk Peak''']]
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc 2" | {{flag|South Dakota}}
|7,244 ft
2208 m
|2,922 ft
891 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Mitchell (North Carolina)|'''Mount Mitchell''']]
| data-sort-value="York" | {{flag|North Carolina}}
|6,684 ft
2037 m
|6,089 ft
1,856 m
|
|-
|[[Clingmans Dome|'''Clingmans Dome''']]
| data-sort-value="Aroostook 2" | {{flag|Tennessee}}
|6,643 ft
2025 m
|4,503 ft
1,373 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|'''Mount Washington''']]
| data-sort-value="Somerset 2" | {{flag|New Hampshire}}
|6,285 ft
1916 m
|6,148 ft
1,874 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Rogers (Virginia)|'''Mount Rogers''']]
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin 2" | {{flag|Virginia}}
|5,711 ft
1741 m
|2,449 ft
746 m
|
|-
|[[Panorama Point|'''Panorama Point''']]
| data-sort-value="Kennebec 2" | {{flag|Nebraska}}
|5,432 ft
1656 m
|26 ft
8 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Marcy|'''Mount Marcy''']]
| data-sort-value="Hancock 2" | {{flag|New York}}
|5,343 ft
1629 m
|4,914 ft
1,498 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Katahdin|'''Mount Katahdin''']]
|{{flag|Maine}}
|5,270 ft
1606 m
|4,288 ft
1,307 m
|
|-
|[[Black Mesa (Oklahoma)|'''Black Mesa''']]
|{{flag|Oklahoma}}
|4,975 ft
1516 m
|0 ft
0 m
|
|-
|[[Spruce Mountain (West Virginia)|'''Spruce Mountain''']]
|{{flag|West Virginia}}
|4,862 ft
1482 m
|2,781 ft
848 m
|
|-
|[[Brasstown Bald|'''Brasstown Bald''']]
|{{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}}
|4,784 ft
1,458 m
|2,108 ft
643 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Mansfield|'''Mount Mansfield''']]
|{{flag|Vermont}}
|4,395 ft
1400 m
|3,633 ft
1,107 m
|
|-
|[[Cerro de Punta|'''''Cerro de Punta''''']]
|{{Flagicon|Puerto Rico}} ''[[Puerto Rico]]''
|4,390 ft
1338 m
|4,389 ft
1,338 m
|
|-
|[[Black Mountain (Kentucky)|'''Black Mountain''']]
|{{flag|Kentucky}}
|4,139 ft
1262 m
|1,905 ft
581 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Sunflower|'''Mount Sunflower''']]
|{{flag|Kansas}}
|4,041 ft
1232 m
|19 ft
6 m
|
|-
|[[Sassafras Mountain|'''Sassafras Mountain''']]
|{{flag|South Carolina}}
|3,554 ft
1083 m
|774 ft
235 m
|
|-
|[[White Butte|'''White Butte''']]
|{{flag|North Dakota}}
|3,506 ft
1069 m
|546 ft
166 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Greylock|'''Mount Greylock''']]
|{{flag|Massachusetts}}
|3,489 ft
1063 m
|2,463 ft
751 m
|
|-
|'''[[Hoye-Crest]]'''
|{{flag|Maryland}}
|3,370 ft
1027 m
|80 ft
24 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)|'''Mount Davis''']]
|{{flag|Pennsylvania}}
|3,213 ft
979 m
|653 ft
199 m
|
|-
|[[Lata Mountain|'''''Lata Mountain''''']]
|{{Flagicon|American Samoa}} ''[[American Samoa]]''
|3,170 ft
966 m
|3,170 ft
966 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Agrihan|'''''Mount Agrihan''''']]
|{{Flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} ''[[Northern Mariana Islands]]''
|3,166 ft
965 m
|3,166 ft
965 m
|
|-
|[[Mount Magazine|'''Mount Magazine''']]
|{{flag|Arkansas}}
|2,753 ft
839 m
|2,143 ft
653 m
|
|-
|[[Cheaha Mountain|'''Cheaha Mountain''']]
|[[File:Flag_of_Alabama.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] [[Alabama]]
|2,405 ft
733 m
|1,445 ft
440 m
|
|-
|[[Bear Mountain (Connecticut)|'''Bear Mountain''']]
|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|2,323 ft
708 m
|447 ft
136 m
|
|-
|[[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|'''Eagle Mountain''']]
|{{flag|Minnesota}}
|2,302 ft
702 m
|
|
|-
|[[Mount Arvon|'''Mount Arvon''']]
|{{flag|Michigan}}
|1,979 ft
603 m
|
|
|-
|[[Timms Hill|'''Timms Hill''']]
|{{flag|Wisconsin}}
|1,951 ft
595 m
|
|
|-
|[[High Point (New Jersey)|'''High Point''']]
|{{flag|New Jersey}}
|1,802 ft
549 m
|
|
|-
|[[Taum Sauk Mountain|'''Taum Sauk Mountain''']]
|{{flag|Missouri}}
|1,772 ft
540 m
|
|
|-
|[[Hawkeye Point|'''Hawkeye Point''']]
|{{flag|Iowa}}
|1,671 ft
509 m
|
|
|-
|[[Crown Mountain (United States Virgin Islands)|'''''Crown Mountain''''']]
|{{flagicon|US Virgin Islands}} [[U.S. Virgin Islands|''U.S. Virgin Islands'']]
|1,556 ft
474 m
|
|
|-
|[[Campbell Hill (Ohio)|'''Campbell Hill''']]
|{{flag|Ohio}}
|1,548 ft
472 m
|
|
|-
|[[Mount Lamlam|'''''Mount Lamlam''''']]
|{{Flagicon|Guam}} ''[[Guam]]''
|1,332 ft
406 m
|
|
|-
|[[Hoosier Hill|'''Hoosier Hill''']]
|{{flag|Indiana}}
|1,257 ft
383 m
|
|
|-
|[[Charles Mound|'''Charles Mound''']]
|{{flag|Illinois}}
|1,235 ft
376 m
|
|
|-
|[[Jerimoth Hill|'''Jerimoth Hill''']]
|{{flag|Rhode Island}}
|811 ft
247 m
|
|
|-
|[[Woodall Mountain|'''Woodall Mountain''']]
|{{flag|Mississippi}}
|807 ft
246 m
|
|
|-
|[[Driskill Mountain|'''Driskill Mountain''']]
|{{flag|Louisiana}}
|535 ft
163 m
|
|
|-
|[[Ebright Azimuth|'''Ebright Azimuth''']]
|{{flag|Delaware}}
|449 ft
137 m
|
|
|-
|[[Fort Reno Park#High point|'''Point Reno''']]
|{{flag|District of Columbia}}
|414 ft
126 m
|
|
|-
|[[Britton Hill|'''Britton Hill''']]
|{{flag|Florida}}
|345 ft
105 m
|
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Lake Arrowhead, Maine

2024-07-26T19:06:07Z

Edwki: Added 2010 census number

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Lake Arrowhead, Maine
|settlement_type = [[Census-designated place]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|pushpin_map = Maine
|pushpin_label = Lake Arrowhead
|pushpin_label_position = bottom 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location within the state of Maine
|pushpin_mapsize =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[York County, Maine|York]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_23.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 8, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 16.53
|area_land_km2 = 13.50
|area_water_km2 = 3.03
|area_total_sq_mi = 6.38
|area_land_sq_mi = 5.21
|area_water_sq_mi = 1.17


|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 3192
|population_density_km2 = 236.38
|population_density_sq_mi = 612.20


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 103
|elevation_ft = 338
|coordinates = {{coord|43|39|41|N|70|44|18|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 23-37795
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1852247
|website =
|footnotes =
|pop_est_as_of =
|pop_est_footnotes =
|population_est =
}}
'''Lake Arrowhead''' is a [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in the [[New England town|towns]] of [[Waterboro, Maine|Waterboro]] and [[Limerick, Maine|Limerick]] in [[York County, Maine|York County]], [[Maine]], United States. The population was 3,071 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]].<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2337795| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212183235/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US2337795| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lake Arrowhead CDP, Maine| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| accessdate=January 29, 2013}}</ref> The CDP corresponds to the area covered by the Lake Arrowhead Community, a large subdivision begun in the 1960s which surrounds [[Lake Arrowhead (Maine)|Lake Arrowhead]], an artificial lake on the [[Little Ossipee River]]. The community is part of the [[Portland, Maine|Portland]]–[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]]–[[Biddeford, Maine|Biddeford]], Maine [[Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]].

==Geography==
Lake Arrowhead is located at {{coord|43|39|41|N|70|44|18|W|type:city}} (43.661341, -70.738348).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the CDP has a total area of {{convert|6.4|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|5.2|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|1.2|sqmi|km2}}, or 18.36%, is water.<ref name="Census 2010"/>

===Climate===
This [[climate|climatic]] region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Lake Arrowhead has a [[humid continental climate]], abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=593609&cityname=Lake+Arrowhead%2C+Maine%2C+United+States+of+America&units= Climate Summary for Lake Arrowhead, Maine]</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 2010 = 3071
| 2020 = 3192
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 2,264 people, 746 households, and 610 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert|434.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 997 housing units at an average density of {{convert|191.2|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.50% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.04% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.31% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.09% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.22% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.84% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.02% of the population.

There were 746 households, out of which 53.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.5% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.1% were non-families. 9.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 35.1% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 42.2% from 25 to 44, 12.9% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,818, and the median income for a family was $46,509. Males had a median income of $39,205 versus $24,083 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $16,588. About 4.9% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 10.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

==2012 earthquake==
On October 16, 2012, at approximately 7:12 PM EDT, an earthquake with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 4.0 was felt with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VI (''Strong'').<ref>{{cite web|title=M4.0 - Maine|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000ju2e#general_summary|author=USGS|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> The earthquake was felt in many parts of eastern New England, and as far south as Long Island, NY.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Macmath |first=Jillian |date=October 19, 2012 |title=Earthquake Rattles the Northeast Tuesday |work=[[AccuWeather]] |url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/maine-earthquake-felt-across-m-2/324149 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191023/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/maine-earthquake-felt-across-m-2/324149 |archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.waterboro-me.gov/public_documents/index Town of Waterboro, Maine]
* [http://www.waterborolibrary.org/ Waterboro Public Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416151716/http://home.lacinc.org/ Lake Arrowhead Community, inc.]

{{York County, Maine}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Maine]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area, Maine]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in York County, Maine]]
[[Category:Waterboro, Maine]]
[[Category:Limerick, Maine]]

List of census-designated places in Maine

2024-07-26T19:04:58Z

Edwki: Fixed split town CDPs

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:Maine in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with Maine highlighted]]

This article lists [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|'''incorporated places''']] and '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[Maine]]'''. As of 2020, there were a total of 23 incorporated places in Maine, and 132 census-designated places.

== Incorporated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!City<ref name=":0" />
!Population
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
|[[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]]
|24,061
|[[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]]
| 18,899
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|3
|[[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]]
|31,753
|[[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|4
|[[Bath, Maine|Bath]]
|8,766
|[[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
|[[Belfast, Maine|Belfast]]
|6,938
|[[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
|[[Brewer, Maine|Brewer]]
|9,672
|Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
|[[Biddeford, Maine|Biddeford]]
|22,552
|[[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
|[[Calais, Maine|Calais]]
|3,079
|[[Washington County, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
|[[Caribou, Maine|Caribou]]
|7,396
|[[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
|[[Eastport, Maine|Eastport]]
|1,288
|Washington
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
|[[Ellsworth, Maine|Ellsworth]]
|8,399
|[[Hancock County, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
|[[Gardiner, Maine|Gardiner]]
|5,961
|Kennebec
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
|[[Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell]]
|2,570
|Kennebec
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
|37,121
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
|[[Old Town, Maine|Old Town]]
|7,431
|Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]]
|68,408
|[[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
|[[Presque Isle, Maine|Presque Isle]]
|8,797
|Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
|[[Rockland, Maine|Rockland]]
|6,936
|[[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|19
|[[Saco, Maine|Saco]]
|20,381
|York
|-
|20
|[[Sanford, Maine|Sanford]]
|21,982
|York
|-
|21
|[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]]
|26,498
|Cumberland
|-
|22
|[[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]]
|15,828
|Kennebec
|-
|23
|[[Westbrook, Maine|Westbrook]]
|20,400
|Cumberland
|}

== Census-Designated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/cen2010/cph-2-21.pdf|title=Maine: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
|[[Alfred (CDP), Maine|Alfred]]
|874
|[[Alfred, Maine|Alfred]]
|[[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Anson (CDP), Maine|Anson]]
| 752
| rowspan="2" |[[Anson, Maine|Anson]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Somerset County, Maine|Somerset]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
|North Anson
|
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), Maine|Ashland]]
| 709
|[[Ashland, Maine|Ashland]]
| [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
|[[Woodland, Washington County, Maine|Woodland]]
|952
|[[Baileyville, Maine|Baileyville]]
|[[Washington, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Bar Harbor (CDP), Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| 2,552
|[[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| [[Hancock, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Berwick (CDP), Maine|Berwick]]
| 2,187
|[[Berwick, Maine|Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
|[[Bethel (CDP), Maine|Bethel]]
|658
|[[Bethel, Maine|Bethel]]
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bingham (CDP), Maine|Bingham]]
| 758
|[[Bingham, Maine|Bingham]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Blaine (CDP), Maine|Blaine]]
| 301
|[[Blaine, Maine|Blaine]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Blue Hill (CDP), Maine|Blue Hill]]
| 943
|[[Blue Hill, Maine|Blue Hill]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Boothbay Harbor (CDP), Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| 1,086
|[[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Bowdoinham (CDP), Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| 722
|[[Bowdoinham, Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
|[[Bradley (CDP), Maine|Bradley]]
|765
|[[Bradley, Maine|Bradley]]
|[[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
| [[Bridgton (CDP), Maine|Bridgton]]
| 2,071
|[[Bridgton, Maine|Bridgton]]
| [[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
|[[Brownville Junction, Maine|Brownville Junction]]
|506
|[[Brownville, Maine|Brownville]]
|[[Piscataquis County, Maine|Piscataquis]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Brunswick (CDP), Maine|Brunswick]]
| 15,175
|[[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Bucksport (CDP), Maine|Bucksport]]
| 2,885
|[[Bucksport, Maine|Bucksport]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Camden (CDP), Maine|Camden]]
| 3,570
|[[Camden, Maine|Camden]]
| [[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|20
| [[Casco (CDP), Maine|Casco]]
| 587
|[[Casco, Maine|Casco]]
| Cumberland
|-
|21
| [[Castine (CDP), Maine|Castine]]
| 1,029
|[[Castine, Maine|Castine]]
| Hancock
|-
|22
| [[Clinton (CDP), Maine|Clinton]]
| 1,419
|[[Clinton, Maine|Clinton]]
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|23
|[[Corinna (CDP), Maine|Corinna]]
|729
|[[Corinna, Maine|Corinna]]
|Penobscot
|-
|24
|[[Cornish (CDP), Maine|Cornish]]
|764
|[[Cornish, Maine|Cornish]]
|York
|-
|25
| [[Cumberland Center, Maine|Cumberland Center]]
| 2,499
|[[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
| Cumberland
|-
|26
| [[Damariscotta (CDP), Maine|Damariscotta]]
| 1,142
|[[Damariscotta, Maine|Damariscotta]]
| Lincoln
|-
|27
|[[Danforth (CDP), Maine|Danforth]]
|331
|[[Danforth, Maine|Danforth]]
|Washington
|-
|28
| [[Dexter (CDP), Maine|Dexter]]
| 2,158
|[[Dexter, Maine|Dexter]]
| Penobscot
|-
|29
| [[Dixfield (CDP), Maine|Dixfield]]
| 1,076
|[[Dixfield, Maine|Dixfield]]
| Oxford
|-
|30
| [[Dover-Foxcroft (CDP), Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| 2,528
|[[Dover-Foxcroft, Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|31
| [[Eagle Lake (CDP), Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| 625
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|32}}
| [[East Millinocket (CDP), Maine|East Millinocket]]
| 1,567
|[[East Millinocket, Maine|East Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|33}}
|[[South Eliot, Maine|South Eliot]]
|3,550
|[[Eliot, Maine|Eliot]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fairfield]]
| 2,638
|[[Fairfield, Maine|Fairfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Falmouth (CDP), Maine|Falmouth]]
| 1,855
| rowspan="2" |[[Falmouth, Maine|Falmouth]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|36}}
| [[Falmouth Foreside, Maine|Falmouth Foreside]]
| 1,511
|-
|{{nts|37}}
| [[Farmingdale (CDP), Maine|Farmingdale]]
| 1,970
|[[Farmingdale, Maine|Farmingdale]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|38}}
| [[Farmington (CDP), Maine|Farmington]]
| 4,288
|[[Farmington, Maine|Farmington]]
| [[Franklin County, Maine|Franklin]]
|-
|{{nts|39}}
| [[Fort Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| 1,825
|[[Fort Fairfield, Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Fort Kent (CDP), Maine|Fort Kent]]
| 2,488
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Freeport (CDP), Maine|Freeport]]
| 1,485
|[[Freeport, Maine|Freeport]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Fryeburg (CDP), Maine|Fryeburg]]
| 1,631
|[[Fryeburg, Maine|Fryeburg]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Gorham (CDP), Maine|Gorham]]
| 6,882
| rowspan="2" |[[Gorham, Maine|Gorham]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|44}}
|[[Little Falls, Maine|Little Falls]]
|708
|-
|{{nts|45}}
|[[Grand Isle (CDP), Maine|Grand Isle]]
|184
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Gray (CDP), Maine|Gray]]
| 884
|[[Gray, Maine|Gray]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|47}}
|[[Greene (CDP), Maine|Greene]]
|750
|[[Greene, Maine|Greene]]
|[[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{nts|48}}
| [[Greenville (CDP), Maine|Greenville]]
| 1,257
|[[Greenville, Maine|Greenville]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Guilford (CDP), Maine|Guilford]]
| 903
|[[Guilford, Maine|Guilford]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|50}}
| [[Hampden (CDP), Maine|Hampden]]
| 4,343
|[[Hampden, Maine|Hampden]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Hartland (CDP), Maine|Hartland]]
| 813
|[[Hartland, Maine|Hartland]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|52}}
| [[Houlton (CDP), Maine|Houlton]]
| 4,856
|[[Houlton, Maine|Houlton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|53}}
| [[Howland (CDP), Maine|Howland]]
| 1,096
|[[Howland, Maine|Howland]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|54}}
|[[Island Falls (CDP), Maine|Island Falls]]
|309
|[[Island Falls, Maine|Island Falls]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Chisholm, Maine|Chisholm]]
|1,380
|[[Jay, Maine|Jay]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|56}}
|[[Jonesport (CDP), Maine|Jonesport]]
|608
|[[Jonesport, Maine|Jonesport]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|57}}
| [[Kennebunk (CDP), Maine|Kennebunk]]
| 5,214
| rowspan="2" |[[Kennebunk, Maine|Kennebunk]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|58}}
|[[West Kennebunk, Maine|West Kennebunk]]
|1,176
|-
|{{nts|59}}
| [[Kennebunkport (CDP), Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| 1,238
|[[Kennebunkport, Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Kingfield (CDP), Maine|Kingfield]]
|640
|[[Kingfield, Maine|Kingfield]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|61}}
| [[Kittery (CDP), Maine|Kittery]]
| 4,562
| rowspan="2" |[[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Kittery Point, Maine|Kittery Point]]
| 1,012
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{nts|63}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Lake Arrowhead, Maine|Lake Arrowhead]]
| rowspan="2" | 3,071
|[[Waterboro, Maine|Waterboro]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|[[Limerick, Maine|Limerick]]
|-
|{{nts|64}}
| [[Limestone (CDP), Maine|Limestone]]
| 1,075
|[[Limestone, Maine|Limestone]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|65}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), Maine|Lincoln]]
| 2,884
|[[Lincoln, Maine|Lincoln]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|66}}
|[[Lisbon (CDP), Maine|Lisbon]]
|3,217
| rowspan="2" |[[Lisbon, Maine|Lisbon]]
| rowspan="2" |Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|67}}
| [[Lisbon Falls, Maine|Lisbon Falls]]
| 4,100
|-
|{{nts|68}}
| [[Livermore Falls (CDP), Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| 1,594
|[[Livermore Falls, Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|69}}
| [[Lubec (CDP), Maine|Lubec]]
| 349
|[[Lubec, Maine|Lubec]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|70}}
| [[Machias (CDP), Maine|Machias]]
| 1,274
|[[Machias, Maine|Machias]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|71}}
| [[Madawaska (CDP), Maine|Madawaska]]
| 2,967
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|72}}
| [[Madison (CDP), Maine|Madison]]
| 2,630
|[[Madison, Maine|Madison]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|73}}
| [[Mapleton (CDP), Maine|Mapleton]]
| 683
|[[Mapleton, Maine|Mapleton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|74}}
| [[Mars Hill (CDP), Maine|Mars Hill]]
| 980
|[[Mars Hill, Maine|Mars Hill]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|75}}
|[[Mattawamkeag (CDP), Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|422
|[[Mattawamkeag, Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|76}}
| [[Mechanic Falls (CDP), Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| 2,237
|[[Mechanic Falls, Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|77}}
| [[Mexico (CDP), Maine|Mexico]]
| 1,743
|[[Mexico, Maine|Mexico]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|78}}
|[[Milbridge (CDP), Maine|Milbridge]]
|435
|[[Milbridge, Maine|Milbridge]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|79}}
| [[Milford (CDP), Maine|Milford]]
| 2,233
|[[Milford, Maine|Milford]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Millinocket (CDP), Maine|Millinocket]]
| 4,466
|[[Millinocket, Maine|Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|81}}
| [[Milo (CDP), Maine|Milo]]
| 1,847
|[[Milo, Maine|Milo]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|82}}
|Northeast Harbor
|
|[[Mount Desert, Maine|Mount Desert]]
|Hancock
|-
|{{nts|83}}
| [[Naples (CDP), Maine|Naples]]
| 428
|[[Naples, Maine|Naples]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|84}}
| [[Newcastle (CDP), Maine|Newcastle]]
| 667
|[[Newcastle, Maine|Newcastle]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|85}}
| [[Newport (CDP), Maine|Newport]]
| 1,776
|[[Newport, Maine|Newport]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|86}}
| [[Norridgewock (CDP), Maine|Norridgewock]]
| 1,438
|[[Norridgewock, Maine|Norridgewock]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|87}}
| [[North Berwick (CDP), Maine|North Berwick]]
| 1,615
|[[North Berwick, Maine|North Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|88}}
| [[North Windham, Maine|North Windham]]
| 4,904
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|89}}
| [[Norway (CDP), Maine|Norway]]
| 2,748
|[[Norway, Maine|Norway]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|90}}
|[[Oakfield (CDP), Maine|Oakfield]]
|378
|[[Oakfield, Maine|Oakfield]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|91}}
| [[Oakland (CDP), Maine|Oakland]]
| 2,602
|[[Oakland, Maine|Oakland]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|92}}
| [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| 8,624
|[[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|93}}
| [[Orono (CDP), Maine|Orono]]
| 9,474
|[[Orono, Maine|Orono]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|94}}
| [[Oxford (CDP), Maine|Oxford]]
| 1,263
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|95}}
|[[South Paris, Maine|South Paris]]
|2,267
|[[Paris, Maine|Paris]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|96}}
|[[Patten (CDP), Maine|Patten]]
|539
|[[Patten, Maine|Patten]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|97}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), Maine|Pittsfield]]
| 3,150
|[[Pittsfield, Maine|Pittsfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|98}}
|Kezar Falls
|
|[[Porter, Maine|Porter]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|99}}
| [[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| 1,772
|[[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|100}}
|[[Rangeley (CDP), Maine|Rangeley]]
|590
|[[Rangeley, Maine|Rangeley]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|101}}
| [[Richmond (CDP), Maine|Richmond]]
| 1,760
|[[Richmond, Maine|Richmond]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|102}}
| [[Rumford (CDP), Maine|Rumford]]
| 4,218
|[[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|103}}
|[[Sabattus (CDP), Maine|Sabattus]]
|787
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|104}}
| [[Searsport (CDP), Maine|Searsport]]
| 992
|[[Searsport, Maine|Searsport]]
| [[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{nts|105}}
| [[Skowhegan (CDP), Maine|Skowhegan]]
| 6,297
|[[Skowhegan, Maine|Skowhegan]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|106}}
|[[South Berwick (CDP), Maine|South Berwick]]
|3,825
|[[South Berwick, Maine|South Berwick]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|107}}
|Dunstan
|2,083
| rowspan="2" |[[Scarborough, Maine|Scarborough]]
| rowspan="2" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|108}}
|[[Oak Hill, Maine|Oak Hill]]
|4,403
|-
|{{nts|109}}
| [[Southwest Harbor (CDP), Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| 720
|[[Southwest Harbor, Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|110}}
| [[Standish (CDP), Maine|Standish]]
| 469
| rowspan="2" |[[Standish, Maine|Standish]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|111}}
| [[Steep Falls, Maine|Steep Falls]]
| 1,139
|-
|{{nts|112}}
| [[Thomaston (CDP), Maine|Thomaston]]
| 1,875
|[[Thomaston, Maine|Thomaston]]
| Knox
|-
|{{nts|113}}
| [[Topsham (CDP), Maine|Topsham]]
| 5,931
|[[Topsham, Maine|Topsham]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|114}}
|[[Turner (CDP), Maine|Turner]]
|544
|[[Turner, Maine|Turner]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|115}}
| [[Unity (CDP), Maine|Unity]]
| 469
|[[Unity, Maine|Unity]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|116}}
| [[Van Buren (CDP), Maine|Van Buren]]
| 1,937
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|117}}
|[[Vanceboro (CDP), Maine|Vanceboro]]
|94
|[[Vanceboro, Maine|Vanceboro]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|118}}
|Veazie
|
|[[Veazie, Maine|Veazie]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|119}}
| [[Waldoboro (CDP), Maine|Waldoboro]]
| 1,233
|[[Waldoboro, Maine|Waldoboro]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|120}}
| [[Washburn (CDP), Maine|Washburn]]
| 997
|[[Washburn, Maine|Washburn]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|121}}
| [[Wilton (CDP), Maine|Wilton]]
| 2,198
|[[Wilton, Maine|Wilton]]
| Franklin
|-
|{{nts|122}}
|[[South Windham, Maine|South Windham]]
|1,374
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
|Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|123}}
| [[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| 7,794
|[[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|124}}
| [[Winter Harbor (CDP), Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| 426
|[[Winter Harbor, Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|125}}
| [[Winterport (CDP), Maine|Winterport]]
| 1,340
|[[Winterport, Maine|Winterport]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|126}}
| [[Winthrop (CDP), Maine|Winthrop]]
| 2,650
|[[Winthrop, Maine|Winthrop]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|127}}
| [[Wiscasset (CDP), Maine|Wiscasset]]
| 1,097
|[[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|128}}
|[[Cousins Island, Maine|Cousins Island]]
|490
| rowspan="3" |[[Yarmouth, Maine|Yarmouth]]
| rowspan="3" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|129}}
|[[Littlejohn Island, Maine|Littlejohn Island]]
|118
|-
|{{nts|130}}
| [[Yarmouth (CDP), Maine|Yarmouth]]
| 5,869
|-
|{{nts|131}}
|[[Cape Neddick, Maine|Cape Neddick]]
|2,568
| rowspan="2" |[[York, Maine|York]]
| rowspan="2" |York
|-
|{{nts|132}}
| [[York Harbor, Maine|York Harbor]]
| 3,033
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of places in Maine]]

{{Maine}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Maine| ]]
[[Category:Maine geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|Maine]]

List of census-designated places in New Hampshire

2024-07-26T19:03:41Z

Edwki: Fixed split town CDPs

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:New Hampshire in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with New Hampshire highlighted]]

This article lists [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|'''incorporated places''']] and '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[New Hampshire]]'''. As of 2020, there were a total of 13 incorporated places in New Hampshire, and 88 census-designated places.

== Incorporated places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!City<ref name=":0" />
!Population
!County
|-
|1
| [[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]]
| 9,425
| [[Coös County, New Hampshire|Coös]]
|-
|2
|[[Claremont, New Hampshire|Claremont]]
|12,949
|[[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|3
|[[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]]
|43,976
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|4
|[[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]]
|32,741
|[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|5
|[[Franklin, New Hampshire|Franklin]]
|8,741
|Merrimack
|-
|6
|[[Keene, New Hampshire|Keene]]
|23,047
|[[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|7
|[[Laconia, New Hampshire|Laconia]]
|16,871
|[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|8
|[[Lebanon, New Hampshire|Lebanon]]
|14,282
|[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|9
|[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
|115,644
|[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|10
|[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
|91,322
|Hillsborough
|-
|11
|[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]]
|21,956
|Rockingham
|-
|12
|[[Rochester, New Hampshire|Rochester]]
|32,492
|Strafford
|-
|13
|[[Somersworth, New Hampshire|Somersworth]]
|11,855
|Strafford
|}

== Census-designated places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-31.pdf|title=New Hampshire: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County

|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
| [[Alton (CDP), New Hampshire|Alton]]
| 501
| [[Alton, New Hampshire|Alton]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Amherst (CDP), New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| 613
| [[Amherst, New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
| [[Antrim (CDP), New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| 1,397
| [[Antrim, New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| 1,244
| [[Ashland, New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
| [[Bartlett (CDP), New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| 373
| [[Bartlett, New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Belmont (CDP), New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| 1,301
| [[Belmont, New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| Belknap
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Bennington (CDP), New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| 381
| [[Bennington, New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
| [[Bethlehem (CDP), New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| 972
| [[Bethlehem, New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bradford (CDP), New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| 356
| [[Bradford, New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Bristol (CDP), New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| 1,688
| [[Bristol, New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Canaan (CDP), New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| 524
| [[Canaan, New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Charlestown (CDP), New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| 1,152
| [[Charlestown, New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Colebrook (CDP), New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| 1,394
| [[Colebrook, New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| [[Coös County, New Hampshire|Coös]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
| [[Conway (CDP), New Hampshire|Conway]]
| 1,823
| rowspan="2" | [[Conway, New Hampshire|Conway]]
| rowspan="2" | Carroll
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
|[[North Conway, New Hampshire|North Conway]]
|2,349
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
| [[Derry (CDP), New Hampshire|Derry]]
| 22,015
| [[Derry, New Hampshire|Derry]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Durham (CDP), New Hampshire|Durham]]
| 10,345
| [[Durham, New Hampshire|Durham]]
| [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Enfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| 1,540
| [[Enfield, New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Epping (CDP), New Hampshire|Epping]]
| 1,681
| [[Epping, New Hampshire|Epping]]
| Rockingham
|-
|20
| [[Exeter (CDP), New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| 9,242
| [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| Rockingham
|-
|21
| [[Farmington (CDP), New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| 3,885
| [[Farmington, New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| Strafford
|-
|22
|[[Francestown (CDP), New Hampshire|Francestown]]
|201
|[[Francestown, New Hampshire|Francestown]]
|Hillsborough
|-
|23
| [[Goffstown (CDP), New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| 3,196
| rowspan="2" | [[Goffstown, New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| rowspan="2" | Hillsborough
|-
|24
|[[Pinardville, New Hampshire|Pinardville]]
|4,780
|-
|25
| [[Gorham (CDP), New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| 1,600
| [[Gorham, New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| Coös
|-
|26
| [[Greenville (CDP), New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| 1,108
| [[Greenville, New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|27
| [[Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| 9,656
| rowspan="2" | [[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| rowspan="2" | Rockingham
|-
|28
| [[Hampton Beach, New Hampshire|Hampton Beach]]
| 2,275
|-
|29
| [[Hancock (CDP), New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| 204
| [[Hancock, New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|30
| [[Hanover (CDP), New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| 8,636
| [[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| Grafton
|-
|31
|[[Woodsville, New Hampshire|Woodsville]]
|1,126
| rowspan="2" |[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
| rowspan="2" |Grafton
|-
|{{nts|32}}
|[[North Haverhill, New Hampshire|North Haverhill]]
|843
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{nts|33}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Mountain Lakes, New Hampshire|Mountain Lakes]]
| rowspan="2" |488
|[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
| rowspan="2" |Grafton
|-
|[[Bath, New Hampshire|Bath]]
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Henniker (CDP), New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| 1,747
| [[Henniker, New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Hillsborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| 1,976
| [[Hillsborough, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|36}}
| [[Hinsdale (CDP), New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| 1,548
| [[Hinsdale, New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|37}}
| [[Hooksett (CDP), New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| 4,147
| rowspan="2" | [[Hooksett, New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| rowspan="2" | Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|38}}
|[[South Hooksett, New Hampshire|South Hooksett]]
|5,418
|-
|{{nts|39}}
|[[Contoocook, New Hampshire|Contoocook]]
|1,444
|[[Hopkinton, New Hampshire|Hopkinton]]
|Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Hudson (CDP), New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| 7,336
| [[Hudson, New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Jaffrey (CDP), New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| 2,757
| [[Jaffrey, New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Lancaster (CDP), New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| 1,725
| [[Lancaster, New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| Coös
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| 993
| [[Lincoln, New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|44}}
| [[Lisbon (CDP), New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| 980
| [[Lisbon, New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|45}}
| [[Littleton (CDP), New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| 4,412
| [[Littleton, New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Londonderry (CDP), New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| 11,037
| [[Londonderry, New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|47}}
| [[Loudon (CDP), New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| 559
| [[Loudon, New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|48}}
| [[Marlborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| 1,094
| [[Marlborough, New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Meredith (CDP), New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| 1,718
| [[Meredith, New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| Belknap
|-
|{{nts|50}}
|[[East Merrimack, New Hampshire|East Merrimack]]
|4,197
|[[Merrimack, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Milford (CDP), New Hampshire|Milford]]
| 8,835
| [[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|52
| [[Milton (CDP), New Hampshire|Milton]]
| 575
| rowspan="2" | [[Milton, New Hampshire|Milton]]
| rowspan="2" | Strafford
|-
|{{nts|54}}
| [[Milton Mills, New Hampshire|Milton Mills]]
| 299
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Suissevale, New Hampshire|Suissevale]]
|249
|[[Moultonborough, New Hampshire|Moultonborough]]
|Carroll
|-
|{{nts|56}}
|[[Klondike Corner, New Hampshire|Klondike Corner]]
|652
| rowspan="2" |[[New Boston, New Hampshire|New Boston]]
| rowspan="2" |Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|57}}
|[[New Boston (CDP), New Hampshire|New Boston]]
|326
|-
|{{nts|58}}
| [[New Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| 351
| [[New Hampton, New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| Belknap
|-
|{{nts|59}}
| [[New London (CDP), New Hampshire|New London]]
| 1,415
| [[New London, New Hampshire|New London]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Blodgett Landing, New Hampshire|Blodgett Landing]]
|101
|[[Newbury, New Hampshire|Newbury]]
|Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|61}}
| [[Newfields (CDP), New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| 301
| [[Newfields, New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Newmarket (CDP), New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| 5,297
| [[Newmarket, New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|63}}
| [[Newport (CDP), New Hampshire|Newport]]
| 4,769
| [[Newport, New Hampshire|Newport]]
| Sullivan
|-
|{{nts|64}}
|[[Groveton, New Hampshire|Groveton]]
|1,118
|[[Northumberland, New Hampshire|Northumberland]]
|Coös
|-
|{{nts|65}}
|[[Center Ossipee, New Hampshire|Center Ossipee]]
|561
|[[Ossipee, New Hampshire|Ossipee]]
|Carroll
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{nts|66}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Suncook, New Hampshire|Suncook]]
| rowspan="2" |5,379
|[[Pembroke, New Hampshire|Pembroke]]
| rowspan="2" |Merrimack
|-
|[[Allenstown, New Hampshire|Allenstown]]
|-
|{{nts|67}}
| [[Peterborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| 3,103
| [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|68}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| 1,576
| [[Pittsfield, New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|69}}
| [[Plainfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| 205
| [[Plainfield, New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| Sullivan
|-
|{{nts|70}}
| [[Plymouth (CDP), New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| 4,456
| [[Plymouth, New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|71}}
| [[Raymond (CDP), New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| 2,855
| [[Raymond, New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|72}}
|[[Center Sandwich, New Hampshire|Center Sandwich]]
|123
|[[Sandwich, New Hampshire|Sandwich]]
|Carroll
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{nts|73}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Seabrook Beach, New Hampshire|Seabrook Beach]]
| rowspan="2" |992
|[[Seabrook, New Hampshire|Seabrook]]
| rowspan="2" |Rockingham
|-
|[[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
|-
|{{nts|74}}
|[[West Stewartstown, New Hampshire|West Stewartstown]]
|386
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|Coös
|-
|{{nts|75}}
|[[West Swanzey, New Hampshire|West Swanzey]]
|1,308
|[[Swanzey, New Hampshire|Swanzey]]
|Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|76}}
|[[Melvin Village, New Hampshire|Melvin Village]]
|241
|[[Tuftonboro, New Hampshire|Tuftonboro]]
|Carroll
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{nts|77}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Tilton Northfield, New Hampshire|Tilton Northfield]]
| rowspan="2" | 3,075
| [[Tilton, New Hampshire|Tilton]]
| Belknap
|-
|[[Northfield, New Hampshire|Northfield]]
|Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|78}}
| [[Troy (CDP), New Hampshire|Troy]]
| 1,221
| [[Troy, New Hampshire|Troy]]
| Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|79}}
|[[Sanbornville, New Hampshire|Sanbornville]]
|1,056
| rowspan="2" |[[Wakefield, New Hampshire|Wakefield]]
| rowspan="2" |Carroll
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Union, New Hampshire|Union]]
| 204
|-
|{{nts|81}}
|[[North Walpole, New Hampshire|North Walpole]]
|785
| rowspan="2" |[[Walpole, New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| rowspan="2" |Cheshire
|-
|82
| [[Walpole (CDP), New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| 605
|-
|83
| [[Warner (CDP), New Hampshire|Warner]]
| 444
| [[Warner, New Hampshire|Warner]]
| Merrimack
|-
|84
| [[Whitefield (CDP), New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| 1,142
| [[Whitefield, New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| Coös
|-
| rowspan="2" |85
| rowspan="2" | [[Wilton (CDP), New Hampshire|Wilton]]
| rowspan="2" | 1,163
| [[Wilton, New Hampshire|Wilton]]
| rowspan="2" | Hillsborough
|-
|[[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
|-
|86
| [[Winchester (CDP), New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| 1,733
| [[Winchester, New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| Cheshire
|-
|87
| [[Wolfeboro (CDP), New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| 2,838
| [[Wolfeboro, New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| Carroll
|-
|88
|[[North Woodstock, New Hampshire|North Woodstock]]
|528
|[[Woodstock, New Hampshire|Woodstock]]
|Grafton
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of cities and towns in New Hampshire]]
*[[List of counties in New Hampshire]]

{{New Hampshire}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in New Hampshire| ]]
[[Category:New Hampshire geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|New Hampshire]]

List of census-designated places in New Hampshire

2024-07-25T22:48:55Z

Edwki: Added incorporated places

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:New Hampshire in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with New Hampshire highlighted]]

This article lists [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|'''incorporated places''']] and '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[New Hampshire]]'''. As of 2020, there were a total of 13 incorporated places in New Hampshire, and 88 census-designated places.

== Incorporated places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!City<ref name=":0" />
!Population
!County
|-
|1
| [[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]]
| 9,425
| [[Coös County, New Hampshire|Coös]]
|-
|2
|[[Claremont, New Hampshire|Claremont]]
|12,949
|[[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|3
|[[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]]
|43,976
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|4
|[[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]]
|32,741
|[[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|5
|[[Franklin, New Hampshire|Franklin]]
|8,741
|Merrimack
|-
|6
|[[Keene, New Hampshire|Keene]]
|23,047
|[[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|7
|[[Laconia, New Hampshire|Laconia]]
|16,871
|[[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|8
|[[Lebanon, New Hampshire|Lebanon]]
|14,282
|[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|9
|[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
|115,644
|[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|10
|[[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]]
|91,322
|Hillsborough
|-
|11
|[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]]
|21,956
|Rockingham
|-
|12
|[[Rochester, New Hampshire|Rochester]]
|32,492
|Strafford
|-
|13
|[[Somersworth, New Hampshire|Somersworth]]
|11,855
|Strafford
|}

== Census-designated places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-31.pdf|title=New Hampshire: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County

|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
| [[Alton (CDP), New Hampshire|Alton]]
| 501
| [[Alton, New Hampshire|Alton]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Amherst (CDP), New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| 613
| [[Amherst, New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
| [[Antrim (CDP), New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| 1,397
| [[Antrim, New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| 1,244
| [[Ashland, New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
| [[Bartlett (CDP), New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| 373
| [[Bartlett, New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Belmont (CDP), New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| 1,301
| [[Belmont, New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| Belknap
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Bennington (CDP), New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| 381
| [[Bennington, New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
| [[Bethlehem (CDP), New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| 972
| [[Bethlehem, New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bradford (CDP), New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| 356
| [[Bradford, New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Bristol (CDP), New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| 1,688
| [[Bristol, New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Canaan (CDP), New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| 524
| [[Canaan, New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Charlestown (CDP), New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| 1,152
| [[Charlestown, New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Colebrook (CDP), New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| 1,394
| [[Colebrook, New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| [[Coös County, New Hampshire|Coös]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
| [[Conway (CDP), New Hampshire|Conway]]
| 1,823
| rowspan="2" | [[Conway, New Hampshire|Conway]]
| rowspan="2" | Carroll
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
|[[North Conway, New Hampshire|North Conway]]
|2,349
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
| [[Derry (CDP), New Hampshire|Derry]]
| 22,015
| [[Derry, New Hampshire|Derry]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Durham (CDP), New Hampshire|Durham]]
| 10,345
| [[Durham, New Hampshire|Durham]]
| [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Enfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| 1,540
| [[Enfield, New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Epping (CDP), New Hampshire|Epping]]
| 1,681
| [[Epping, New Hampshire|Epping]]
| Rockingham
|-
|20
| [[Exeter (CDP), New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| 9,242
| [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| Rockingham
|-
|21
| [[Farmington (CDP), New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| 3,885
| [[Farmington, New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| Strafford
|-
|22
|[[Francestown (CDP), New Hampshire|Francestown]]
|201
|[[Francestown, New Hampshire|Francestown]]
|Hillsborough
|-
|23
| [[Goffstown (CDP), New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| 3,196
| rowspan="2" | [[Goffstown, New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| rowspan="2" | Hillsborough
|-
|24
|[[Pinardville, New Hampshire|Pinardville]]
|4,780
|-
|25
| [[Gorham (CDP), New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| 1,600
| [[Gorham, New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| Coös
|-
|26
| [[Greenville (CDP), New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| 1,108
| [[Greenville, New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|27
| [[Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| 9,656
| rowspan="2" | [[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| rowspan="2" | Rockingham
|-
|28
| [[Hampton Beach, New Hampshire|Hampton Beach]]
| 2,275
|-
|29
| [[Hancock (CDP), New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| 204
| [[Hancock, New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|30
| [[Hanover (CDP), New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| 8,636
| [[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| Grafton
|-
|31
|[[Woodsville, New Hampshire|Woodsville]]
|1,126
| rowspan="2" |[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
| rowspan="2" |Grafton
|-
|{{nts|32}}
|[[North Haverhill, New Hampshire|North Haverhill]]
|843
|-
|{{nts|33}}
|[[Mountain Lakes, New Hampshire|Mountain Lakes]]
|488
|[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
[[Bath, New Hampshire|Bath]]
|Grafton
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Henniker (CDP), New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| 1,747
| [[Henniker, New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Hillsborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| 1,976
| [[Hillsborough, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|36}}
| [[Hinsdale (CDP), New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| 1,548
| [[Hinsdale, New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|37}}
| [[Hooksett (CDP), New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| 4,147
| rowspan="2" | [[Hooksett, New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| rowspan="2" | Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|38}}
|[[South Hooksett, New Hampshire|South Hooksett]]
|5,418
|-
|{{nts|39}}
|[[Contoocook, New Hampshire|Contoocook]]
|1,444
|[[Hopkinton, New Hampshire|Hopkinton]]
|Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Hudson (CDP), New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| 7,336
| [[Hudson, New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Jaffrey (CDP), New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| 2,757
| [[Jaffrey, New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Lancaster (CDP), New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| 1,725
| [[Lancaster, New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| Coös
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| 993
| [[Lincoln, New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|44}}
| [[Lisbon (CDP), New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| 980
| [[Lisbon, New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|45}}
| [[Littleton (CDP), New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| 4,412
| [[Littleton, New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Londonderry (CDP), New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| 11,037
| [[Londonderry, New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|47}}
| [[Loudon (CDP), New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| 559
| [[Loudon, New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|48}}
| [[Marlborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| 1,094
| [[Marlborough, New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Meredith (CDP), New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| 1,718
| [[Meredith, New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| Belknap
|-
|{{nts|50}}
|[[East Merrimack, New Hampshire|East Merrimack]]
|4,197
|[[Merrimack, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Milford (CDP), New Hampshire|Milford]]
| 8,835
| [[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|52
| [[Milton (CDP), New Hampshire|Milton]]
| 575
| rowspan="2" | [[Milton, New Hampshire|Milton]]
| rowspan="2" | Strafford
|-
|{{nts|54}}
| [[Milton Mills, New Hampshire|Milton Mills]]
| 299
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Suissevale, New Hampshire|Suissevale]]
|249
|[[Moultonborough, New Hampshire|Moultonborough]]
|Carroll
|-
|{{nts|56}}
|[[Klondike Corner, New Hampshire|Klondike Corner]]
|652
| rowspan="2" |[[New Boston, New Hampshire|New Boston]]
| rowspan="2" |Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|57}}
|[[New Boston (CDP), New Hampshire|New Boston]]
|326
|-
|{{nts|58}}
| [[New Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| 351
| [[New Hampton, New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| Belknap
|-
|{{nts|59}}
| [[New London (CDP), New Hampshire|New London]]
| 1,415
| [[New London, New Hampshire|New London]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Blodgett Landing, New Hampshire|Blodgett Landing]]
|101
|[[Newbury, New Hampshire|Newbury]]
|Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|61}}
| [[Newfields (CDP), New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| 301
| [[Newfields, New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Newmarket (CDP), New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| 5,297
| [[Newmarket, New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|63}}
| [[Newport (CDP), New Hampshire|Newport]]
| 4,769
| [[Newport, New Hampshire|Newport]]
| Sullivan
|-
|{{nts|64}}
|[[Groveton, New Hampshire|Groveton]]
|1,118
|[[Northumberland, New Hampshire|Northumberland]]
|Coös
|-
|{{nts|65}}
|[[Center Ossipee, New Hampshire|Center Ossipee]]
|561
|[[Ossipee, New Hampshire|Ossipee]]
|Carroll
|-
|{{nts|66}}
|[[Suncook, New Hampshire|Suncook]]
|5,379
|[[Pembroke, New Hampshire|Pembroke]]
[[Allenstown, New Hampshire|Allenstown]]
|Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|67}}
| [[Peterborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| 3,103
| [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|{{nts|68}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| 1,576
| [[Pittsfield, New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|69}}
| [[Plainfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| 205
| [[Plainfield, New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| Sullivan
|-
|{{nts|70}}
| [[Plymouth (CDP), New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| 4,456
| [[Plymouth, New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| Grafton
|-
|{{nts|71}}
| [[Raymond (CDP), New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| 2,855
| [[Raymond, New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|72}}
|[[Center Sandwich, New Hampshire|Center Sandwich]]
|123
|[[Sandwich, New Hampshire|Sandwich]]
|Carroll
|-
|{{nts|73}}
|[[Seabrook Beach, New Hampshire|Seabrook Beach]]
|992
|[[Seabrook, New Hampshire|Seabrook]]
[[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
|Rockingham
|-
|{{nts|74}}
|[[West Stewartstown, New Hampshire|West Stewartstown]]
|386
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|Coös
|-
|{{nts|75}}
|[[West Swanzey, New Hampshire|West Swanzey]]
|1,308
|[[Swanzey, New Hampshire|Swanzey]]
|Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|76}}
|[[Melvin Village, New Hampshire|Melvin Village]]
|241
|[[Tuftonboro, New Hampshire|Tuftonboro]]
|Carroll
|-
|{{nts|77}}
| [[Tilton Northfield, New Hampshire|Tilton Northfield]]
| 3,075
| [[Tilton, New Hampshire|Tilton]]
[[Northfield, New Hampshire|Northfield]]
| Belknap
Merrimack
|-
|{{nts|78}}
| [[Troy (CDP), New Hampshire|Troy]]
| 1,221
| [[Troy, New Hampshire|Troy]]
| Cheshire
|-
|{{nts|79}}
|[[Sanbornville, New Hampshire|Sanbornville]]
|1,056
| rowspan="2" |[[Wakefield, New Hampshire|Wakefield]]
| rowspan="2" |Carroll
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Union, New Hampshire|Union]]
| 204
|-
|{{nts|81}}
|[[North Walpole, New Hampshire|North Walpole]]
|785
| rowspan="2" |[[Walpole, New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| rowspan="2" |Cheshire
|-
|82
| [[Walpole (CDP), New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| 605
|-
|83
| [[Warner (CDP), New Hampshire|Warner]]
| 444
| [[Warner, New Hampshire|Warner]]
| Merrimack
|-
|84
| [[Whitefield (CDP), New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| 1,142
| [[Whitefield, New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| Coös
|-
|85
| [[Wilton (CDP), New Hampshire|Wilton]]
| 1,163
| [[Wilton, New Hampshire|Wilton]]
[[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
| Hillsborough
|-
|86
| [[Winchester (CDP), New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| 1,733
| [[Winchester, New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| Cheshire
|-
|87
| [[Wolfeboro (CDP), New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| 2,838
| [[Wolfeboro, New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| Carroll
|-
|88
|[[North Woodstock, New Hampshire|North Woodstock]]
|528
|[[Woodstock, New Hampshire|Woodstock]]
|Grafton
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of cities and towns in New Hampshire]]
*[[List of counties in New Hampshire]]

{{New Hampshire}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in New Hampshire| ]]
[[Category:New Hampshire geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|New Hampshire]]

List of census-designated places in Maine

2024-07-25T22:39:04Z

Edwki: Fixed counties

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:Maine in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with Maine highlighted]]

This article lists [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|'''incorporated places''']] and '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[Maine]]'''. As of 2020, there were a total of 23 incorporated places in Maine, and 132 census-designated places.

== Incorporated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!City<ref name=":0" />
!Population
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
|[[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]]
|24,061
|[[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]]
| 18,899
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|3
|[[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]]
|31,753
|[[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|4
|[[Bath, Maine|Bath]]
|8,766
|[[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
|[[Belfast, Maine|Belfast]]
|6,938
|[[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
|[[Brewer, Maine|Brewer]]
|9,672
|Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
|[[Biddeford, Maine|Biddeford]]
|22,552
|[[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
|[[Calais, Maine|Calais]]
|3,079
|[[Washington County, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
|[[Caribou, Maine|Caribou]]
|7,396
|[[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
|[[Eastport, Maine|Eastport]]
|1,288
|Washington
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
|[[Ellsworth, Maine|Ellsworth]]
|8,399
|[[Hancock County, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
|[[Gardiner, Maine|Gardiner]]
|5,961
|Kennebec
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
|[[Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell]]
|2,570
|Kennebec
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
|37,121
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
|[[Old Town, Maine|Old Town]]
|7,431
|Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]]
|68,408
|[[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
|[[Presque Isle, Maine|Presque Isle]]
|8,797
|Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
|[[Rockland, Maine|Rockland]]
|6,936
|[[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|19
|[[Saco, Maine|Saco]]
|20,381
|York
|-
|20
|[[Sanford, Maine|Sanford]]
|21,982
|York
|-
|21
|[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]]
|26,498
|Cumberland
|-
|22
|[[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]]
|15,828
|Kennebec
|-
|23
|[[Westbrook, Maine|Westbrook]]
|20,400
|Cumberland
|}

== Census-Designated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/cen2010/cph-2-21.pdf|title=Maine: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
|[[Alfred (CDP), Maine|Alfred]]
|874
|[[Alfred, Maine|Alfred]]
|[[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Anson (CDP), Maine|Anson]]
| 752
| rowspan="2" |[[Anson, Maine|Anson]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Somerset County, Maine|Somerset]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
|North Anson
|
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), Maine|Ashland]]
| 709
|[[Ashland, Maine|Ashland]]
| [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
|[[Woodland, Washington County, Maine|Woodland]]
|952
|[[Baileyville, Maine|Baileyville]]
|[[Washington, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Bar Harbor (CDP), Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| 2,552
|[[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| [[Hancock, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Berwick (CDP), Maine|Berwick]]
| 2,187
|[[Berwick, Maine|Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
|[[Bethel (CDP), Maine|Bethel]]
|658
|[[Bethel, Maine|Bethel]]
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bingham (CDP), Maine|Bingham]]
| 758
|[[Bingham, Maine|Bingham]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Blaine (CDP), Maine|Blaine]]
| 301
|[[Blaine, Maine|Blaine]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Blue Hill (CDP), Maine|Blue Hill]]
| 943
|[[Blue Hill, Maine|Blue Hill]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Boothbay Harbor (CDP), Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| 1,086
|[[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Bowdoinham (CDP), Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| 722
|[[Bowdoinham, Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
|[[Bradley (CDP), Maine|Bradley]]
|765
|[[Bradley, Maine|Bradley]]
|[[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
| [[Bridgton (CDP), Maine|Bridgton]]
| 2,071
|[[Bridgton, Maine|Bridgton]]
| [[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
|[[Brownville Junction, Maine|Brownville Junction]]
|506
|[[Brownville, Maine|Brownville]]
|[[Piscataquis County, Maine|Piscataquis]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Brunswick (CDP), Maine|Brunswick]]
| 15,175
|[[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Bucksport (CDP), Maine|Bucksport]]
| 2,885
|[[Bucksport, Maine|Bucksport]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Camden (CDP), Maine|Camden]]
| 3,570
|[[Camden, Maine|Camden]]
| [[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|20
| [[Casco (CDP), Maine|Casco]]
| 587
|[[Casco, Maine|Casco]]
| Cumberland
|-
|21
| [[Castine (CDP), Maine|Castine]]
| 1,029
|[[Castine, Maine|Castine]]
| Hancock
|-
|22
| [[Clinton (CDP), Maine|Clinton]]
| 1,419
|[[Clinton, Maine|Clinton]]
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|23
|[[Corinna (CDP), Maine|Corinna]]
|729
|[[Corinna, Maine|Corinna]]
|Penobscot
|-
|24
|[[Cornish (CDP), Maine|Cornish]]
|764
|[[Cornish, Maine|Cornish]]
|York
|-
|25
| [[Cumberland Center, Maine|Cumberland Center]]
| 2,499
|[[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
| Cumberland
|-
|26
| [[Damariscotta (CDP), Maine|Damariscotta]]
| 1,142
|[[Damariscotta, Maine|Damariscotta]]
| Lincoln
|-
|27
|[[Danforth (CDP), Maine|Danforth]]
|331
|[[Danforth, Maine|Danforth]]
|Washington
|-
|28
| [[Dexter (CDP), Maine|Dexter]]
| 2,158
|[[Dexter, Maine|Dexter]]
| Penobscot
|-
|29
| [[Dixfield (CDP), Maine|Dixfield]]
| 1,076
|[[Dixfield, Maine|Dixfield]]
| Oxford
|-
|30
| [[Dover-Foxcroft (CDP), Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| 2,528
|[[Dover-Foxcroft, Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|31
| [[Eagle Lake (CDP), Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| 625
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|32}}
| [[East Millinocket (CDP), Maine|East Millinocket]]
| 1,567
|[[East Millinocket, Maine|East Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|33}}
|[[South Eliot, Maine|South Eliot]]
|3,550
|[[Eliot, Maine|Eliot]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fairfield]]
| 2,638
|[[Fairfield, Maine|Fairfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Falmouth (CDP), Maine|Falmouth]]
| 1,855
| rowspan="2" |[[Falmouth, Maine|Falmouth]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|36}}
| [[Falmouth Foreside, Maine|Falmouth Foreside]]
| 1,511
|-
|{{nts|37}}
| [[Farmingdale (CDP), Maine|Farmingdale]]
| 1,970
|[[Farmingdale, Maine|Farmingdale]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|38}}
| [[Farmington (CDP), Maine|Farmington]]
| 4,288
|[[Farmington, Maine|Farmington]]
| [[Franklin County, Maine|Franklin]]
|-
|{{nts|39}}
| [[Fort Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| 1,825
|[[Fort Fairfield, Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Fort Kent (CDP), Maine|Fort Kent]]
| 2,488
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Freeport (CDP), Maine|Freeport]]
| 1,485
|[[Freeport, Maine|Freeport]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Fryeburg (CDP), Maine|Fryeburg]]
| 1,631
|[[Fryeburg, Maine|Fryeburg]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Gorham (CDP), Maine|Gorham]]
| 6,882
| rowspan="2" |[[Gorham, Maine|Gorham]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|44}}
|[[Little Falls, Maine|Little Falls]]
|708
|-
|{{nts|45}}
|[[Grand Isle (CDP), Maine|Grand Isle]]
|184
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Gray (CDP), Maine|Gray]]
| 884
|[[Gray, Maine|Gray]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|47}}
|[[Greene (CDP), Maine|Greene]]
|750
|[[Greene, Maine|Greene]]
|[[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{nts|48}}
| [[Greenville (CDP), Maine|Greenville]]
| 1,257
|[[Greenville, Maine|Greenville]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Guilford (CDP), Maine|Guilford]]
| 903
|[[Guilford, Maine|Guilford]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|50}}
| [[Hampden (CDP), Maine|Hampden]]
| 4,343
|[[Hampden, Maine|Hampden]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Hartland (CDP), Maine|Hartland]]
| 813
|[[Hartland, Maine|Hartland]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|52}}
| [[Houlton (CDP), Maine|Houlton]]
| 4,856
|[[Houlton, Maine|Houlton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|53}}
| [[Howland (CDP), Maine|Howland]]
| 1,096
|[[Howland, Maine|Howland]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|54}}
|[[Island Falls (CDP), Maine|Island Falls]]
|309
|[[Island Falls, Maine|Island Falls]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Chisholm, Maine|Chisholm]]
|1,380
|[[Jay, Maine|Jay]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|56}}
|[[Jonesport (CDP), Maine|Jonesport]]
|608
|[[Jonesport, Maine|Jonesport]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|57}}
| [[Kennebunk (CDP), Maine|Kennebunk]]
| 5,214
| rowspan="2" |[[Kennebunk, Maine|Kennebunk]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|58}}
|[[West Kennebunk, Maine|West Kennebunk]]
|1,176
|-
|{{nts|59}}
| [[Kennebunkport (CDP), Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| 1,238
|[[Kennebunkport, Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Kingfield (CDP), Maine|Kingfield]]
|640
|[[Kingfield, Maine|Kingfield]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|61}}
| [[Kittery (CDP), Maine|Kittery]]
| 4,562
| rowspan="2" |[[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Kittery Point, Maine|Kittery Point]]
| 1,012
|-
|{{nts|63}}
| [[Lake Arrowhead, Maine|Lake Arrowhead]]
| 3,071
|[[Waterboro, Maine|Waterboro]]
[[Limerick, Maine|Limerick]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|64}}
| [[Limestone (CDP), Maine|Limestone]]
| 1,075
|[[Limestone, Maine|Limestone]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|65}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), Maine|Lincoln]]
| 2,884
|[[Lincoln, Maine|Lincoln]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|66}}
|[[Lisbon (CDP), Maine|Lisbon]]
|3,217
| rowspan="2" |[[Lisbon, Maine|Lisbon]]
| rowspan="2" |Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|67}}
| [[Lisbon Falls, Maine|Lisbon Falls]]
| 4,100
|-
|{{nts|68}}
| [[Livermore Falls (CDP), Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| 1,594
|[[Livermore Falls, Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|69}}
| [[Lubec (CDP), Maine|Lubec]]
| 349
|[[Lubec, Maine|Lubec]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|70}}
| [[Machias (CDP), Maine|Machias]]
| 1,274
|[[Machias, Maine|Machias]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|71}}
| [[Madawaska (CDP), Maine|Madawaska]]
| 2,967
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|72}}
| [[Madison (CDP), Maine|Madison]]
| 2,630
|[[Madison, Maine|Madison]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|73}}
| [[Mapleton (CDP), Maine|Mapleton]]
| 683
|[[Mapleton, Maine|Mapleton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|74}}
| [[Mars Hill (CDP), Maine|Mars Hill]]
| 980
|[[Mars Hill, Maine|Mars Hill]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|75}}
|[[Mattawamkeag (CDP), Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|422
|[[Mattawamkeag, Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|76}}
| [[Mechanic Falls (CDP), Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| 2,237
|[[Mechanic Falls, Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|77}}
| [[Mexico (CDP), Maine|Mexico]]
| 1,743
|[[Mexico, Maine|Mexico]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|78}}
|[[Milbridge (CDP), Maine|Milbridge]]
|435
|[[Milbridge, Maine|Milbridge]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|79}}
| [[Milford (CDP), Maine|Milford]]
| 2,233
|[[Milford, Maine|Milford]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Millinocket (CDP), Maine|Millinocket]]
| 4,466
|[[Millinocket, Maine|Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|81}}
| [[Milo (CDP), Maine|Milo]]
| 1,847
|[[Milo, Maine|Milo]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|82}}
|Northeast Harbor
|
|[[Mount Desert, Maine|Mount Desert]]
|Hancock
|-
|{{nts|83}}
| [[Naples (CDP), Maine|Naples]]
| 428
|[[Naples, Maine|Naples]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|84}}
| [[Newcastle (CDP), Maine|Newcastle]]
| 667
|[[Newcastle, Maine|Newcastle]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|85}}
| [[Newport (CDP), Maine|Newport]]
| 1,776
|[[Newport, Maine|Newport]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|86}}
| [[Norridgewock (CDP), Maine|Norridgewock]]
| 1,438
|[[Norridgewock, Maine|Norridgewock]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|87}}
| [[North Berwick (CDP), Maine|North Berwick]]
| 1,615
|[[North Berwick, Maine|North Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|88}}
| [[North Windham, Maine|North Windham]]
| 4,904
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|89}}
| [[Norway (CDP), Maine|Norway]]
| 2,748
|[[Norway, Maine|Norway]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|90}}
|[[Oakfield (CDP), Maine|Oakfield]]
|378
|[[Oakfield, Maine|Oakfield]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|91}}
| [[Oakland (CDP), Maine|Oakland]]
| 2,602
|[[Oakland, Maine|Oakland]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|92}}
| [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| 8,624
|[[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|93}}
| [[Orono (CDP), Maine|Orono]]
| 9,474
|[[Orono, Maine|Orono]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|94}}
| [[Oxford (CDP), Maine|Oxford]]
| 1,263
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|95}}
|[[South Paris, Maine|South Paris]]
|2,267
|[[Paris, Maine|Paris]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|96}}
|[[Patten (CDP), Maine|Patten]]
|539
|[[Patten, Maine|Patten]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|97}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), Maine|Pittsfield]]
| 3,150
|[[Pittsfield, Maine|Pittsfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|98}}
|Kezar Falls
|
|[[Porter, Maine|Porter]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|99}}
| [[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| 1,772
|[[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|100}}
|[[Rangeley (CDP), Maine|Rangeley]]
|590
|[[Rangeley, Maine|Rangeley]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|101}}
| [[Richmond (CDP), Maine|Richmond]]
| 1,760
|[[Richmond, Maine|Richmond]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|102}}
| [[Rumford (CDP), Maine|Rumford]]
| 4,218
|[[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|103}}
|[[Sabattus (CDP), Maine|Sabattus]]
|787
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|104}}
| [[Searsport (CDP), Maine|Searsport]]
| 992
|[[Searsport, Maine|Searsport]]
| [[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{nts|105}}
| [[Skowhegan (CDP), Maine|Skowhegan]]
| 6,297
|[[Skowhegan, Maine|Skowhegan]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|106}}
|[[South Berwick (CDP), Maine|South Berwick]]
|3,825
|[[South Berwick, Maine|South Berwick]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|107}}
|Dunstan
|2,083
| rowspan="2" |[[Scarborough, Maine|Scarborough]]
| rowspan="2" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|108}}
|[[Oak Hill, Maine|Oak Hill]]
|4,403
|-
|{{nts|109}}
| [[Southwest Harbor (CDP), Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| 720
|[[Southwest Harbor, Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|110}}
| [[Standish (CDP), Maine|Standish]]
| 469
| rowspan="2" |[[Standish, Maine|Standish]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|111}}
| [[Steep Falls, Maine|Steep Falls]]
| 1,139
|-
|{{nts|112}}
| [[Thomaston (CDP), Maine|Thomaston]]
| 1,875
|[[Thomaston, Maine|Thomaston]]
| Knox
|-
|{{nts|113}}
| [[Topsham (CDP), Maine|Topsham]]
| 5,931
|[[Topsham, Maine|Topsham]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|114}}
|[[Turner (CDP), Maine|Turner]]
|544
|[[Turner, Maine|Turner]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|115}}
| [[Unity (CDP), Maine|Unity]]
| 469
|[[Unity, Maine|Unity]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|116}}
| [[Van Buren (CDP), Maine|Van Buren]]
| 1,937
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|117}}
|[[Vanceboro (CDP), Maine|Vanceboro]]
|94
|[[Vanceboro, Maine|Vanceboro]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|118}}
|Veazie
|
|[[Veazie, Maine|Veazie]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|119}}
| [[Waldoboro (CDP), Maine|Waldoboro]]
| 1,233
|[[Waldoboro, Maine|Waldoboro]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|120}}
| [[Washburn (CDP), Maine|Washburn]]
| 997
|[[Washburn, Maine|Washburn]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|121}}
| [[Wilton (CDP), Maine|Wilton]]
| 2,198
|[[Wilton, Maine|Wilton]]
| Franklin
|-
|{{nts|122}}
|[[South Windham, Maine|South Windham]]
|1,374
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
|Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|123}}
| [[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| 7,794
|[[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|124}}
| [[Winter Harbor (CDP), Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| 426
|[[Winter Harbor, Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|125}}
| [[Winterport (CDP), Maine|Winterport]]
| 1,340
|[[Winterport, Maine|Winterport]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|126}}
| [[Winthrop (CDP), Maine|Winthrop]]
| 2,650
|[[Winthrop, Maine|Winthrop]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|127}}
| [[Wiscasset (CDP), Maine|Wiscasset]]
| 1,097
|[[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|128}}
|[[Cousins Island, Maine|Cousins Island]]
|490
| rowspan="3" |[[Yarmouth, Maine|Yarmouth]]
| rowspan="3" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|129}}
|[[Littlejohn Island, Maine|Littlejohn Island]]
|118
|-
|{{nts|130}}
| [[Yarmouth (CDP), Maine|Yarmouth]]
| 5,869
|-
|{{nts|131}}
|[[Cape Neddick, Maine|Cape Neddick]]
|2,568
| rowspan="2" |[[York, Maine|York]]
| rowspan="2" |York
|-
|{{nts|132}}
| [[York Harbor, Maine|York Harbor]]
| 3,033
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of places in Maine]]

{{Maine}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Maine| ]]
[[Category:Maine geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|Maine]]

List of census-designated places in Maine

2024-07-25T22:33:31Z

Edwki: Made IPs alphabetical

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:Maine in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with Maine highlighted]]

This article lists [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|'''incorporated places''']] and '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[Maine]]'''. As of 2020, there were a total of 23 incorporated places in Maine, and 132 census-designated places.

== Incorporated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!City<ref name=":0" />
!Population
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
|[[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]]
|24,061
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]]
| 18,899
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|3
|[[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]]
|31,753
|[[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|4
|[[Bath, Maine|Bath]]
|8,766
|[[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
|[[Belfast, Maine|Belfast]]
|6,938
|[[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
|[[Brewer, Maine|Brewer]]
|9,672
|Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
|[[Biddeford, Maine|Biddeford]]
|22,552
|[[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
|[[Calais, Maine|Calais]]
|3,079
|[[Washington County, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
|[[Caribou, Maine|Caribou]]
|7,396
|Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
|[[Eastport, Maine|Eastport]]
|1,288
|Washington
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
|[[Ellsworth, Maine|Ellsworth]]
|8,399
|[[Hancock County, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
|[[Gardiner, Maine|Gardiner]]
|5,961
|Kennebec
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
|[[Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell]]
|2,570
|Kennebec
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
|37,121
|[[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
|[[Old Town, Maine|Old Town]]
|7,431
|Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]]
|68,408
|[[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
|[[Presque Isle, Maine|Presque Isle]]
|8,797
|[[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
|[[Rockland, Maine|Rockland]]
|6,936
|[[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|19
|[[Saco, Maine|Saco]]
|20,381
|York
|-
|20
|[[Sanford, Maine|Sanford]]
|21,982
|York
|-
|21
|[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]]
|26,498
|Cumberland
|-
|22
|[[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]]
|15,828
|Kennebec
|-
|23
|[[Westbrook, Maine|Westbrook]]
|20,400
|Cumberland
|}

== Census-Designated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/cen2010/cph-2-21.pdf|title=Maine: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
|[[Alfred (CDP), Maine|Alfred]]
|874
|[[Alfred, Maine|Alfred]]
|[[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Anson (CDP), Maine|Anson]]
| 752
| rowspan="2" |[[Anson, Maine|Anson]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Somerset County, Maine|Somerset]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
|North Anson
|
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), Maine|Ashland]]
| 709
|[[Ashland, Maine|Ashland]]
| [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
|[[Woodland, Washington County, Maine|Woodland]]
|952
|[[Baileyville, Maine|Baileyville]]
|[[Washington, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Bar Harbor (CDP), Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| 2,552
|[[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| [[Hancock, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Berwick (CDP), Maine|Berwick]]
| 2,187
|[[Berwick, Maine|Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
|[[Bethel (CDP), Maine|Bethel]]
|658
|[[Bethel, Maine|Bethel]]
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bingham (CDP), Maine|Bingham]]
| 758
|[[Bingham, Maine|Bingham]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Blaine (CDP), Maine|Blaine]]
| 301
|[[Blaine, Maine|Blaine]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Blue Hill (CDP), Maine|Blue Hill]]
| 943
|[[Blue Hill, Maine|Blue Hill]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Boothbay Harbor (CDP), Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| 1,086
|[[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Bowdoinham (CDP), Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| 722
|[[Bowdoinham, Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
|[[Bradley (CDP), Maine|Bradley]]
|765
|[[Bradley, Maine|Bradley]]
|[[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
| [[Bridgton (CDP), Maine|Bridgton]]
| 2,071
|[[Bridgton, Maine|Bridgton]]
| [[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
|[[Brownville Junction, Maine|Brownville Junction]]
|506
|[[Brownville, Maine|Brownville]]
|[[Piscataquis County, Maine|Piscataquis]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Brunswick (CDP), Maine|Brunswick]]
| 15,175
|[[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Bucksport (CDP), Maine|Bucksport]]
| 2,885
|[[Bucksport, Maine|Bucksport]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Camden (CDP), Maine|Camden]]
| 3,570
|[[Camden, Maine|Camden]]
| [[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|20
| [[Casco (CDP), Maine|Casco]]
| 587
|[[Casco, Maine|Casco]]
| Cumberland
|-
|21
| [[Castine (CDP), Maine|Castine]]
| 1,029
|[[Castine, Maine|Castine]]
| Hancock
|-
|22
| [[Clinton (CDP), Maine|Clinton]]
| 1,419
|[[Clinton, Maine|Clinton]]
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|23
|[[Corinna (CDP), Maine|Corinna]]
|729
|[[Corinna, Maine|Corinna]]
|Penobscot
|-
|24
|[[Cornish (CDP), Maine|Cornish]]
|764
|[[Cornish, Maine|Cornish]]
|York
|-
|25
| [[Cumberland Center, Maine|Cumberland Center]]
| 2,499
|[[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
| Cumberland
|-
|26
| [[Damariscotta (CDP), Maine|Damariscotta]]
| 1,142
|[[Damariscotta, Maine|Damariscotta]]
| Lincoln
|-
|27
|[[Danforth (CDP), Maine|Danforth]]
|331
|[[Danforth, Maine|Danforth]]
|Washington
|-
|28
| [[Dexter (CDP), Maine|Dexter]]
| 2,158
|[[Dexter, Maine|Dexter]]
| Penobscot
|-
|29
| [[Dixfield (CDP), Maine|Dixfield]]
| 1,076
|[[Dixfield, Maine|Dixfield]]
| Oxford
|-
|30
| [[Dover-Foxcroft (CDP), Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| 2,528
|[[Dover-Foxcroft, Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|31
| [[Eagle Lake (CDP), Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| 625
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|32}}
| [[East Millinocket (CDP), Maine|East Millinocket]]
| 1,567
|[[East Millinocket, Maine|East Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|33}}
|[[South Eliot, Maine|South Eliot]]
|3,550
|[[Eliot, Maine|Eliot]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fairfield]]
| 2,638
|[[Fairfield, Maine|Fairfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Falmouth (CDP), Maine|Falmouth]]
| 1,855
| rowspan="2" |[[Falmouth, Maine|Falmouth]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|36}}
| [[Falmouth Foreside, Maine|Falmouth Foreside]]
| 1,511
|-
|{{nts|37}}
| [[Farmingdale (CDP), Maine|Farmingdale]]
| 1,970
|[[Farmingdale, Maine|Farmingdale]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|38}}
| [[Farmington (CDP), Maine|Farmington]]
| 4,288
|[[Farmington, Maine|Farmington]]
| [[Franklin County, Maine|Franklin]]
|-
|{{nts|39}}
| [[Fort Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| 1,825
|[[Fort Fairfield, Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Fort Kent (CDP), Maine|Fort Kent]]
| 2,488
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Freeport (CDP), Maine|Freeport]]
| 1,485
|[[Freeport, Maine|Freeport]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Fryeburg (CDP), Maine|Fryeburg]]
| 1,631
|[[Fryeburg, Maine|Fryeburg]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Gorham (CDP), Maine|Gorham]]
| 6,882
| rowspan="2" |[[Gorham, Maine|Gorham]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|44}}
|[[Little Falls, Maine|Little Falls]]
|708
|-
|{{nts|45}}
|[[Grand Isle (CDP), Maine|Grand Isle]]
|184
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Gray (CDP), Maine|Gray]]
| 884
|[[Gray, Maine|Gray]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|47}}
|[[Greene (CDP), Maine|Greene]]
|750
|[[Greene, Maine|Greene]]
|[[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{nts|48}}
| [[Greenville (CDP), Maine|Greenville]]
| 1,257
|[[Greenville, Maine|Greenville]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Guilford (CDP), Maine|Guilford]]
| 903
|[[Guilford, Maine|Guilford]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|50}}
| [[Hampden (CDP), Maine|Hampden]]
| 4,343
|[[Hampden, Maine|Hampden]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Hartland (CDP), Maine|Hartland]]
| 813
|[[Hartland, Maine|Hartland]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|52}}
| [[Houlton (CDP), Maine|Houlton]]
| 4,856
|[[Houlton, Maine|Houlton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|53}}
| [[Howland (CDP), Maine|Howland]]
| 1,096
|[[Howland, Maine|Howland]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|54}}
|[[Island Falls (CDP), Maine|Island Falls]]
|309
|[[Island Falls, Maine|Island Falls]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Chisholm, Maine|Chisholm]]
|1,380
|[[Jay, Maine|Jay]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|56}}
|[[Jonesport (CDP), Maine|Jonesport]]
|608
|[[Jonesport, Maine|Jonesport]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|57}}
| [[Kennebunk (CDP), Maine|Kennebunk]]
| 5,214
| rowspan="2" |[[Kennebunk, Maine|Kennebunk]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|58}}
|[[West Kennebunk, Maine|West Kennebunk]]
|1,176
|-
|{{nts|59}}
| [[Kennebunkport (CDP), Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| 1,238
|[[Kennebunkport, Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Kingfield (CDP), Maine|Kingfield]]
|640
|[[Kingfield, Maine|Kingfield]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|61}}
| [[Kittery (CDP), Maine|Kittery]]
| 4,562
| rowspan="2" |[[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Kittery Point, Maine|Kittery Point]]
| 1,012
|-
|{{nts|63}}
| [[Lake Arrowhead, Maine|Lake Arrowhead]]
| 3,071
|[[Waterboro, Maine|Waterboro]]
[[Limerick, Maine|Limerick]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|64}}
| [[Limestone (CDP), Maine|Limestone]]
| 1,075
|[[Limestone, Maine|Limestone]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|65}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), Maine|Lincoln]]
| 2,884
|[[Lincoln, Maine|Lincoln]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|66}}
|[[Lisbon (CDP), Maine|Lisbon]]
|3,217
| rowspan="2" |[[Lisbon, Maine|Lisbon]]
| rowspan="2" |Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|67}}
| [[Lisbon Falls, Maine|Lisbon Falls]]
| 4,100
|-
|{{nts|68}}
| [[Livermore Falls (CDP), Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| 1,594
|[[Livermore Falls, Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|69}}
| [[Lubec (CDP), Maine|Lubec]]
| 349
|[[Lubec, Maine|Lubec]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|70}}
| [[Machias (CDP), Maine|Machias]]
| 1,274
|[[Machias, Maine|Machias]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|71}}
| [[Madawaska (CDP), Maine|Madawaska]]
| 2,967
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|72}}
| [[Madison (CDP), Maine|Madison]]
| 2,630
|[[Madison, Maine|Madison]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|73}}
| [[Mapleton (CDP), Maine|Mapleton]]
| 683
|[[Mapleton, Maine|Mapleton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|74}}
| [[Mars Hill (CDP), Maine|Mars Hill]]
| 980
|[[Mars Hill, Maine|Mars Hill]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|75}}
|[[Mattawamkeag (CDP), Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|422
|[[Mattawamkeag, Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|76}}
| [[Mechanic Falls (CDP), Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| 2,237
|[[Mechanic Falls, Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|77}}
| [[Mexico (CDP), Maine|Mexico]]
| 1,743
|[[Mexico, Maine|Mexico]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|78}}
|[[Milbridge (CDP), Maine|Milbridge]]
|435
|[[Milbridge, Maine|Milbridge]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|79}}
| [[Milford (CDP), Maine|Milford]]
| 2,233
|[[Milford, Maine|Milford]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Millinocket (CDP), Maine|Millinocket]]
| 4,466
|[[Millinocket, Maine|Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|81}}
| [[Milo (CDP), Maine|Milo]]
| 1,847
|[[Milo, Maine|Milo]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|82}}
|Northeast Harbor
|
|[[Mount Desert, Maine|Mount Desert]]
|Hancock
|-
|{{nts|83}}
| [[Naples (CDP), Maine|Naples]]
| 428
|[[Naples, Maine|Naples]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|84}}
| [[Newcastle (CDP), Maine|Newcastle]]
| 667
|[[Newcastle, Maine|Newcastle]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|85}}
| [[Newport (CDP), Maine|Newport]]
| 1,776
|[[Newport, Maine|Newport]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|86}}
| [[Norridgewock (CDP), Maine|Norridgewock]]
| 1,438
|[[Norridgewock, Maine|Norridgewock]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|87}}
| [[North Berwick (CDP), Maine|North Berwick]]
| 1,615
|[[North Berwick, Maine|North Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|88}}
| [[North Windham, Maine|North Windham]]
| 4,904
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|89}}
| [[Norway (CDP), Maine|Norway]]
| 2,748
|[[Norway, Maine|Norway]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|90}}
|[[Oakfield (CDP), Maine|Oakfield]]
|378
|[[Oakfield, Maine|Oakfield]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|91}}
| [[Oakland (CDP), Maine|Oakland]]
| 2,602
|[[Oakland, Maine|Oakland]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|92}}
| [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| 8,624
|[[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|93}}
| [[Orono (CDP), Maine|Orono]]
| 9,474
|[[Orono, Maine|Orono]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|94}}
| [[Oxford (CDP), Maine|Oxford]]
| 1,263
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|95}}
|[[South Paris, Maine|South Paris]]
|2,267
|[[Paris, Maine|Paris]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|96}}
|[[Patten (CDP), Maine|Patten]]
|539
|[[Patten, Maine|Patten]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|97}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), Maine|Pittsfield]]
| 3,150
|[[Pittsfield, Maine|Pittsfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|98}}
|Kezar Falls
|
|[[Porter, Maine|Porter]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|99}}
| [[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| 1,772
|[[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|100}}
|[[Rangeley (CDP), Maine|Rangeley]]
|590
|[[Rangeley, Maine|Rangeley]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|101}}
| [[Richmond (CDP), Maine|Richmond]]
| 1,760
|[[Richmond, Maine|Richmond]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|102}}
| [[Rumford (CDP), Maine|Rumford]]
| 4,218
|[[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|103}}
|[[Sabattus (CDP), Maine|Sabattus]]
|787
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|104}}
| [[Searsport (CDP), Maine|Searsport]]
| 992
|[[Searsport, Maine|Searsport]]
| [[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{nts|105}}
| [[Skowhegan (CDP), Maine|Skowhegan]]
| 6,297
|[[Skowhegan, Maine|Skowhegan]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|106}}
|[[South Berwick (CDP), Maine|South Berwick]]
|3,825
|[[South Berwick, Maine|South Berwick]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|107}}
|Dunstan
|2,083
| rowspan="2" |[[Scarborough, Maine|Scarborough]]
| rowspan="2" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|108}}
|[[Oak Hill, Maine|Oak Hill]]
|4,403
|-
|{{nts|109}}
| [[Southwest Harbor (CDP), Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| 720
|[[Southwest Harbor, Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|110}}
| [[Standish (CDP), Maine|Standish]]
| 469
| rowspan="2" |[[Standish, Maine|Standish]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|111}}
| [[Steep Falls, Maine|Steep Falls]]
| 1,139
|-
|{{nts|112}}
| [[Thomaston (CDP), Maine|Thomaston]]
| 1,875
|[[Thomaston, Maine|Thomaston]]
| Knox
|-
|{{nts|113}}
| [[Topsham (CDP), Maine|Topsham]]
| 5,931
|[[Topsham, Maine|Topsham]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|114}}
|[[Turner (CDP), Maine|Turner]]
|544
|[[Turner, Maine|Turner]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|115}}
| [[Unity (CDP), Maine|Unity]]
| 469
|[[Unity, Maine|Unity]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|116}}
| [[Van Buren (CDP), Maine|Van Buren]]
| 1,937
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|117}}
|[[Vanceboro (CDP), Maine|Vanceboro]]
|94
|[[Vanceboro, Maine|Vanceboro]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|118}}
|Veazie
|
|[[Veazie, Maine|Veazie]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|119}}
| [[Waldoboro (CDP), Maine|Waldoboro]]
| 1,233
|[[Waldoboro, Maine|Waldoboro]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|120}}
| [[Washburn (CDP), Maine|Washburn]]
| 997
|[[Washburn, Maine|Washburn]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|121}}
| [[Wilton (CDP), Maine|Wilton]]
| 2,198
|[[Wilton, Maine|Wilton]]
| Franklin
|-
|{{nts|122}}
|[[South Windham, Maine|South Windham]]
|1,374
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
|Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|123}}
| [[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| 7,794
|[[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|124}}
| [[Winter Harbor (CDP), Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| 426
|[[Winter Harbor, Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|125}}
| [[Winterport (CDP), Maine|Winterport]]
| 1,340
|[[Winterport, Maine|Winterport]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|126}}
| [[Winthrop (CDP), Maine|Winthrop]]
| 2,650
|[[Winthrop, Maine|Winthrop]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|127}}
| [[Wiscasset (CDP), Maine|Wiscasset]]
| 1,097
|[[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|128}}
|[[Cousins Island, Maine|Cousins Island]]
|490
| rowspan="3" |[[Yarmouth, Maine|Yarmouth]]
| rowspan="3" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|129}}
|[[Littlejohn Island, Maine|Littlejohn Island]]
|118
|-
|{{nts|130}}
| [[Yarmouth (CDP), Maine|Yarmouth]]
| 5,869
|-
|{{nts|131}}
|[[Cape Neddick, Maine|Cape Neddick]]
|2,568
| rowspan="2" |[[York, Maine|York]]
| rowspan="2" |York
|-
|{{nts|132}}
| [[York Harbor, Maine|York Harbor]]
| 3,033
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of places in Maine]]

{{Maine}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Maine| ]]
[[Category:Maine geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|Maine]]

List of census-designated places in New Hampshire

2024-07-25T22:26:07Z

Edwki: Added missing cdps

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:New Hampshire in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with New Hampshire highlighted]]

This article lists '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[New Hampshire]]'''. As of 2020, there were a total of 88 census-designated places in New Hampshire.

== Census-designated places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-31.pdf|title=New Hampshire: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County

|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
| [[Alton (CDP), New Hampshire|Alton]]
| 501
| [[Alton, New Hampshire|Alton]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Amherst (CDP), New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| 613
| [[Amherst, New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
| [[Antrim (CDP), New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| 1,397
| [[Antrim, New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| 1,244
| [[Ashland, New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
| [[Bartlett (CDP), New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| 373
| [[Bartlett, New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Belmont (CDP), New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| 1,301
| [[Belmont, New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Bennington (CDP), New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| 381
| [[Bennington, New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
| [[Bethlehem (CDP), New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| 972
| [[Bethlehem, New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bradford (CDP), New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| 356
| [[Bradford, New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Bristol (CDP), New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| 1,688
| [[Bristol, New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Canaan (CDP), New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| 524
| [[Canaan, New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Charlestown (CDP), New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| 1,152
| [[Charlestown, New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Colebrook (CDP), New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| 1,394
| [[Colebrook, New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
| [[Conway (CDP), New Hampshire|Conway]]
| 1,823
| rowspan="2" | [[Conway, New Hampshire|Conway]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
|[[North Conway, New Hampshire|North Conway]]
|2,349
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
| [[Derry (CDP), New Hampshire|Derry]]
| 22,015
| [[Derry, New Hampshire|Derry]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Durham (CDP), New Hampshire|Durham]]
| 10,345
| [[Durham, New Hampshire|Durham]]
| [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Enfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| 1,540
| [[Enfield, New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Epping (CDP), New Hampshire|Epping]]
| 1,681
| [[Epping, New Hampshire|Epping]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|20
| [[Exeter (CDP), New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| 9,242
| [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|21
| [[Farmington (CDP), New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| 3,885
| [[Farmington, New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|22
|[[Francestown (CDP), New Hampshire|Francestown]]
|201
|[[Francestown, New Hampshire|Francestown]]
|[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|23
| [[Goffstown (CDP), New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| 3,196
| rowspan="2" | [[Goffstown, New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|24
|[[Pinardville, New Hampshire|Pinardville]]
|4,780
|-
|25
| [[Gorham (CDP), New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| 1,600
| [[Gorham, New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|26
| [[Greenville (CDP), New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| 1,108
| [[Greenville, New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|27
| [[Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| 9,656
| rowspan="2" | [[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|28
| [[Hampton Beach, New Hampshire|Hampton Beach]]
| 2,275
|-
|29
| [[Hancock (CDP), New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| 204
| [[Hancock, New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|30
| [[Hanover (CDP), New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| 8,636
| [[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|31
|[[Woodsville, New Hampshire|Woodsville]]
|1,126
| rowspan="2" |[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|32}}
|[[North Haverhill, New Hampshire|North Haverhill]]
|843
|-
|{{nts|33}}
|[[Mountain Lakes, New Hampshire|Mountain Lakes]]
|488
|[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
[[Bath, New Hampshire|Bath]]
|[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Henniker (CDP), New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| 1,747
| [[Henniker, New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Hillsborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| 1,976
| [[Hillsborough, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|36}}
| [[Hinsdale (CDP), New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| 1,548
| [[Hinsdale, New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|37}}
| [[Hooksett (CDP), New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| 4,147
| rowspan="2" | [[Hooksett, New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|38}}
|[[South Hooksett, New Hampshire|South Hooksett]]
|5,418
|-
|{{nts|39}}
|[[Contoocook, New Hampshire|Contoocook]]
|1,444
|[[Hopkinton, New Hampshire|Hopkinton]]
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Hudson (CDP), New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| 7,336
| [[Hudson, New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Jaffrey (CDP), New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| 2,757
| [[Jaffrey, New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Lancaster (CDP), New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| 1,725
| [[Lancaster, New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| 993
| [[Lincoln, New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|44}}
| [[Lisbon (CDP), New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| 980
| [[Lisbon, New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|45}}
| [[Littleton (CDP), New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| 4,412
| [[Littleton, New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Londonderry (CDP), New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| 11,037
| [[Londonderry, New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|47}}
| [[Loudon (CDP), New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| 559
| [[Loudon, New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|48}}
| [[Marlborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| 1,094
| [[Marlborough, New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Meredith (CDP), New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| 1,718
| [[Meredith, New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{nts|50}}
|[[East Merrimack, New Hampshire|East Merrimack]]
|4,197
|[[Merrimack, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Milford (CDP), New Hampshire|Milford]]
| 8,835
| [[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|52
| [[Milton (CDP), New Hampshire|Milton]]
| 575
| rowspan="2" | [[Milton, New Hampshire|Milton]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|{{nts|54}}
| [[Milton Mills, New Hampshire|Milton Mills]]
| 299
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Suissevale, New Hampshire|Suissevale]]
|249
|[[Moultonborough, New Hampshire|Moultonborough]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|56}}
|[[Klondike Corner, New Hampshire|Klondike Corner]]
|652
| rowspan="2" |[[New Boston, New Hampshire|New Boston]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|57}}
|[[New Boston (CDP), New Hampshire|New Boston]]
|326
|-
|{{nts|58}}
| [[New Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| 351
| [[New Hampton, New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{nts|59}}
| [[New London (CDP), New Hampshire|New London]]
| 1,415
| [[New London, New Hampshire|New London]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Blodgett Landing, New Hampshire|Blodgett Landing]]
|101
|[[Newbury, New Hampshire|Newbury]]
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|61}}
| [[Newfields (CDP), New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| 301
| [[Newfields, New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Newmarket (CDP), New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| 5,297
| [[Newmarket, New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|63}}
| [[Newport (CDP), New Hampshire|Newport]]
| 4,769
| [[Newport, New Hampshire|Newport]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{nts|64}}
|[[Groveton, New Hampshire|Groveton]]
|1,118
|[[Northumberland, New Hampshire|Northumberland]]
|[[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{nts|65}}
|[[Center Ossipee, New Hampshire|Center Ossipee]]
|561
|[[Ossipee, New Hampshire|Ossipee]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|66}}
|[[Suncook, New Hampshire|Suncook]]
|5,379
|[[Pembroke, New Hampshire|Pembroke]]
[[Allenstown, New Hampshire|Allenstown]]
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|67}}
| [[Peterborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| 3,103
| [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|68}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| 1,576
| [[Pittsfield, New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|69}}
| [[Plainfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| 205
| [[Plainfield, New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{nts|70}}
| [[Plymouth (CDP), New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| 4,456
| [[Plymouth, New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|71}}
| [[Raymond (CDP), New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| 2,855
| [[Raymond, New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|72}}
|[[Center Sandwich, New Hampshire|Center Sandwich]]
|123
|[[Sandwich, New Hampshire|Sandwich]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|73}}
|[[Seabrook Beach, New Hampshire|Seabrook Beach]]
|992
|[[Seabrook, New Hampshire|Seabrook]]
[[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
|[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|74}}
|[[West Stewartstown, New Hampshire|West Stewartstown]]
|386
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|[[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{nts|75}}
|[[West Swanzey, New Hampshire|West Swanzey]]
|1,308
|[[Swanzey, New Hampshire|Swanzey]]
|[[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|76}}
|[[Melvin Village, New Hampshire|Melvin Village]]
|241
|[[Tuftonboro, New Hampshire|Tuftonboro]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|77}}
| [[Tilton Northfield, New Hampshire|Tilton Northfield]]
| 3,075
| [[Tilton, New Hampshire|Tilton]]
[[Northfield, New Hampshire|Northfield]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|78}}
| [[Troy (CDP), New Hampshire|Troy]]
| 1,221
| [[Troy, New Hampshire|Troy]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|79}}
|[[Sanbornville, New Hampshire|Sanbornville]]
|1,056
| rowspan="2" |[[Wakefield, New Hampshire|Wakefield]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Union, New Hampshire|Union]]
| 204
|-
|{{nts|81}}
|[[North Walpole, New Hampshire|North Walpole]]
|785
| rowspan="2" |[[Walpole, New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|82
| [[Walpole (CDP), New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| 605
|-
|83
| [[Warner (CDP), New Hampshire|Warner]]
| 444
| [[Warner, New Hampshire|Warner]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|84
| [[Whitefield (CDP), New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| 1,142
| [[Whitefield, New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|85
| [[Wilton (CDP), New Hampshire|Wilton]]
| 1,163
| [[Wilton, New Hampshire|Wilton]]
[[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|86
| [[Winchester (CDP), New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| 1,733
| [[Winchester, New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|87
| [[Wolfeboro (CDP), New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| 2,838
| [[Wolfeboro, New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|88
|[[North Woodstock, New Hampshire|North Woodstock]]
|528
|[[Woodstock, New Hampshire|Woodstock]]
|[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of cities and towns in New Hampshire]]
*[[List of counties in New Hampshire]]

{{New Hampshire}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in New Hampshire| ]]
[[Category:New Hampshire geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|New Hampshire]]

List of census-designated places in New Hampshire

2024-07-25T22:14:12Z

Edwki: /* Census-designated places */ Rearranged order and added numbers

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:New Hampshire in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with New Hampshire highlighted]]

This article lists '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[New Hampshire]]'''. As of 2018, there were a total of 83 census-designated places in New Hampshire.

== Census-designated places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-31.pdf|title=New Hampshire: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County

|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
| [[Alton (CDP), New Hampshire|Alton]]
| 501
| [[Alton, New Hampshire|Alton]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Amherst (CDP), New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| 613
| [[Amherst, New Hampshire|Amherst]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
| [[Antrim (CDP), New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| 1,397
| [[Antrim, New Hampshire|Antrim]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| 1,244
| [[Ashland, New Hampshire|Ashland]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
| [[Bartlett (CDP), New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| 373
| [[Bartlett, New Hampshire|Bartlett]]
| [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Belmont (CDP), New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| 1,301
| [[Belmont, New Hampshire|Belmont]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Bennington (CDP), New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| 381
| [[Bennington, New Hampshire|Bennington]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
| [[Bethlehem (CDP), New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| 972
| [[Bethlehem, New Hampshire|Bethlehem]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bradford (CDP), New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| 356
| [[Bradford, New Hampshire|Bradford]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Bristol (CDP), New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| 1,688
| [[Bristol, New Hampshire|Bristol]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Canaan (CDP), New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| 524
| [[Canaan, New Hampshire|Canaan]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Charlestown (CDP), New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| 1,152
| [[Charlestown, New Hampshire|Charlestown]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Colebrook (CDP), New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| 1,394
| [[Colebrook, New Hampshire|Colebrook]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
| [[Conway (CDP), New Hampshire|Conway]]
| 1,823
| rowspan="2" | [[Conway, New Hampshire|Conway]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
|[[North Conway, New Hampshire|North Conway]]
|2,349
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
| [[Derry (CDP), New Hampshire|Derry]]
| 22,015
| [[Derry, New Hampshire|Derry]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Durham (CDP), New Hampshire|Durham]]
| 10,345
| [[Durham, New Hampshire|Durham]]
| [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Enfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| 1,540
| [[Enfield, New Hampshire|Enfield]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Epping (CDP), New Hampshire|Epping]]
| 1,681
| [[Epping, New Hampshire|Epping]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|20
| [[Exeter (CDP), New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| 9,242
| [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|21
| [[Farmington (CDP), New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| 3,885
| [[Farmington, New Hampshire|Farmington]]
| [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|22
| [[Goffstown (CDP), New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| 3,196
| rowspan="2" | [[Goffstown, New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|23
|[[Pinardville, New Hampshire|Pinardville]]
|4,780
|-
|24
| [[Gorham (CDP), New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| 1,600
| [[Gorham, New Hampshire|Gorham]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|25
| [[Greenville (CDP), New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| 1,108
| [[Greenville, New Hampshire|Greenville]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|26
| [[Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| 9,656
| rowspan="2" | [[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|27
| [[Hampton Beach, New Hampshire|Hampton Beach]]
| 2,275
|-
|28
| [[Hancock (CDP), New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| 204
| [[Hancock, New Hampshire|Hancock]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|29
| [[Hanover (CDP), New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| 8,636
| [[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|30
|[[Woodsville, New Hampshire|Woodsville]]
|1,126
|[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
|[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|31
|[[Mountain Lakes, New Hampshire|Mountain Lakes]]
|488
|[[Haverhill, New Hampshire|Haverhill]]
[[Bath, New Hampshire|Bath]]
|[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|32}}
| [[Henniker (CDP), New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| 1,747
| [[Henniker, New Hampshire|Henniker]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|33}}
| [[Hillsborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| 1,976
| [[Hillsborough, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Hinsdale (CDP), New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| 1,548
| [[Hinsdale, New Hampshire|Hinsdale]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Hooksett (CDP), New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| 4,147
| rowspan="2" | [[Hooksett, New Hampshire|Hooksett]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|36}}
|[[South Hooksett, New Hampshire|South Hooksett]]
|5,418
|-
|{{nts|37}}
|[[Contoocook, New Hampshire|Contoocook]]
|1,444
|[[Hopkinton, New Hampshire|Hopkinton]]
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|38}}
| [[Hudson (CDP), New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| 7,336
| [[Hudson, New Hampshire|Hudson]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|39}}
| [[Jaffrey (CDP), New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| 2,757
| [[Jaffrey, New Hampshire|Jaffrey]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Lancaster (CDP), New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| 1,725
| [[Lancaster, New Hampshire|Lancaster]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| 993
| [[Lincoln, New Hampshire|Lincoln]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Lisbon (CDP), New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| 980
| [[Lisbon, New Hampshire|Lisbon]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Littleton (CDP), New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| 4,412
| [[Littleton, New Hampshire|Littleton]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|44}}
| [[Londonderry (CDP), New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| 11,037
| [[Londonderry, New Hampshire|Londonderry]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|45}}
| [[Loudon (CDP), New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| 559
| [[Loudon, New Hampshire|Loudon]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Marlborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| 1,094
| [[Marlborough, New Hampshire|Marlborough]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|47}}
| [[Meredith (CDP), New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| 1,718
| [[Meredith, New Hampshire|Meredith]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{nts|48}}
|[[East Merrimack, New Hampshire|East Merrimack]]
|4,197
|[[Merrimack, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|[[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Milford (CDP), New Hampshire|Milford]]
| 8,835
| [[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|50}}
| [[Milton (CDP), New Hampshire|Milton]]
| 575
| rowspan="2" | [[Milton, New Hampshire|Milton]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Strafford County, New Hampshire|Strafford]]
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Milton Mills, New Hampshire|Milton Mills]]
| 299
|-
|52
|[[Suissevale, New Hampshire|Suissevale]]
|249
|[[Moultonborough, New Hampshire|Moultonborough]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|53}}
| [[New Hampton (CDP), New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| 351
| [[New Hampton, New Hampshire|New Hampton]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
|-
|{{nts|54}}
| [[New London (CDP), New Hampshire|New London]]
| 1,415
| [[New London, New Hampshire|New London]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Blodgett Landing, New Hampshire|Blodgett Landing]]
|101
|[[Newbury, New Hampshire|Newbury]]
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|56}}
| [[Newfields (CDP), New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| 301
| [[Newfields, New Hampshire|Newfields]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|57}}
| [[Newmarket (CDP), New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| 5,297
| [[Newmarket, New Hampshire|Newmarket]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|58}}
| [[Newport (CDP), New Hampshire|Newport]]
| 4,769
| [[Newport, New Hampshire|Newport]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{nts|59}}
|[[Groveton, New Hampshire|Groveton]]
|1,118
|[[Northumberland, New Hampshire|Northumberland]]
|[[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Center Ossipee, New Hampshire|Center Ossipee]]
|561
|[[Ossipee, New Hampshire|Ossipee]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|61}}
|[[Suncook, New Hampshire|Suncook]]
|5,379
|[[Pembroke, New Hampshire|Pembroke]]
[[Allenstown, New Hampshire|Allenstown]]
|[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Peterborough (CDP), New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| 3,103
| [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|63}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| 1,576
| [[Pittsfield, New Hampshire|Pittsfield]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|64}}
| [[Plainfield (CDP), New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| 205
| [[Plainfield, New Hampshire|Plainfield]]
| [[Sullivan County, New Hampshire|Sullivan]]
|-
|{{nts|65}}
| [[Plymouth (CDP), New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| 4,456
| [[Plymouth, New Hampshire|Plymouth]]
| [[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|-
|{{nts|66}}
| [[Raymond (CDP), New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| 2,855
| [[Raymond, New Hampshire|Raymond]]
| [[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|67}}
|[[Center Sandwich, New Hampshire|Center Sandwich]]
|123
|[[Sandwich, New Hampshire|Sandwich]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|68}}
|[[Seabrook Beach, New Hampshire|Seabrook Beach]]
|992
|[[Seabrook, New Hampshire|Seabrook]]
[[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]]
|[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham]]
|-
|{{nts|69}}
|[[West Stewartstown, New Hampshire|West Stewartstown]]
|386
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|[[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{nts|70}}
|[[West Swanzey, New Hampshire|West Swanzey]]
|1,308
|[[Swanzey, New Hampshire|Swanzey]]
|[[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|71}}
|[[Melvin Village, New Hampshire|Melvin Village]]
|241
|[[Tuftonboro, New Hampshire|Tuftonboro]]
|[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|72}}
| [[Tilton Northfield, New Hampshire|Tilton Northfield]]
| 3,075
| [[Tilton, New Hampshire|Tilton]]
[[Northfield, New Hampshire|Northfield]]
| [[Belknap County, New Hampshire|Belknap]]
[[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|73}}
| [[Troy (CDP), New Hampshire|Troy]]
| 1,221
| [[Troy, New Hampshire|Troy]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|74}}
|[[Sanbornville, New Hampshire|Sanbornville]]
|1,056
| rowspan="2" |[[Wakefield, New Hampshire|Wakefield]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|{{nts|75}}
| [[Union, New Hampshire|Union]]
| 204
|-
|{{nts|76}}
| [[Walpole (CDP), New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| 605
| [[Walpole, New Hampshire|Walpole]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|77}}
| [[Warner (CDP), New Hampshire|Warner]]
| 444
| [[Warner, New Hampshire|Warner]]
| [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack]]
|-
|{{nts|78}}
| [[Whitefield (CDP), New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| 1,142
| [[Whitefield, New Hampshire|Whitefield]]
| [[Coos County, New Hampshire|Coos]]
|-
|{{nts|79}}
| [[Wilton (CDP), New Hampshire|Wilton]]
| 1,163
| [[Wilton, New Hampshire|Wilton]]
[[Milford, New Hampshire|Milford]]
| [[Hillsborough County, New Hampshire|Hillsborough]]
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Winchester (CDP), New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| 1,733
| [[Winchester, New Hampshire|Winchester]]
| [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire]]
|-
|{{nts|81}}
| [[Wolfeboro (CDP), New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| 2,838
| [[Wolfeboro, New Hampshire|Wolfeboro]]
| [[Carroll County, New Hampshire|Carroll]]
|-
|82
|[[North Woodstock, New Hampshire|North Woodstock]]
|528
|[[Woodstock, New Hampshire|Woodstock]]
|[[Grafton County, New Hampshire|Grafton]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of cities and towns in New Hampshire]]
*[[List of counties in New Hampshire]]

{{New Hampshire}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in New Hampshire| ]]
[[Category:New Hampshire geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|New Hampshire]]

List of census-designated places in Maine

2024-07-25T21:57:09Z

Edwki: Added numbers

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

[[File:Maine in United States.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the United States with Maine highlighted]]

This article lists [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|'''incorporated places''']] and '''[[census-designated place]]s (CDPs)''' in the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[Maine]]'''. As of 2020, there were a total of 23 incorporated places in Maine, and 132 census-designated places.

== Incorporated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!City<ref name=":0" />
!Population
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
| [[Portland, Maine|Portland]]
| 68,408
| [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
| 37,121
| [[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
| [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]]
| 31,753
| [[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]]
| 26,498
| Cumberland
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
| [[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]]
| 24,061
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Biddeford, Maine|Biddeford]]
| 22,552
| [[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Sanford, Maine|Sanford]]
| 21,982
| York
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
| [[Westbrook, Maine|Westbrook]]
| 20,400
| Cumberland
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Saco, Maine|Saco]]
| 20,381
| York
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]]
| 18,899
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Waterville, Maine|Waterville]]
| 15,828
| Kennebec
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Brewer, Maine|Brewer]]
| 9,672
| Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Presque Isle, Maine|Presque Isle]]
| 8,797
| [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
| [[Bath, Maine|Bath]]
| 8,766
| [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
| [[Ellsworth, Maine|Ellsworth]]
| 8,399
| [[Hancock County, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
| [[Old Town, Maine|Old Town]]
| 7,431
| Penobscot
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Caribou, Maine|Caribou]]
| 7,396
| Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Belfast, Maine|Belfast]]
| 6,938
| [[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Rockland, Maine|Rockland]]
| 6,936
| [[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|20
|[[Gardiner, Maine|Gardiner]]
|5,961
|Kennebec
|-
|21
|[[Calais, Maine|Calais]]
|3,079
|[[Washington County, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|22
|[[Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell]]
|2,570
|Kennebec
|-
|23
|[[Eastport, Maine|Eastport]]
|1,288
|Washington
|}

== Census-Designated Places ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!CDP<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/cen2010/cph-2-21.pdf|title=Maine: 2010 - Census Bureau|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
!Population
!Town
!County
|-
|{{formatnum:1}}
|[[Alfred (CDP), Maine|Alfred]]
|874
|[[Alfred, Maine|Alfred]]
|[[York County, Maine|York]]
|-
|{{formatnum:2}}
| [[Anson (CDP), Maine|Anson]]
| 752
| rowspan="2" |[[Anson, Maine|Anson]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Somerset County, Maine|Somerset]]
|-
|{{formatnum:3}}
|North Anson
|
|-
|{{formatnum:4}}
| [[Ashland (CDP), Maine|Ashland]]
| 709
|[[Ashland, Maine|Ashland]]
| [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
|-
|{{formatnum:5}}
|[[Woodland, Washington County, Maine|Woodland]]
|952
|[[Baileyville, Maine|Baileyville]]
|[[Washington, Maine|Washington]]
|-
|{{formatnum:6}}
| [[Bar Harbor (CDP), Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| 2,552
|[[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]
| [[Hancock, Maine|Hancock]]
|-
|{{formatnum:7}}
| [[Berwick (CDP), Maine|Berwick]]
| 2,187
|[[Berwick, Maine|Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{formatnum:8}}
|[[Bethel (CDP), Maine|Bethel]]
|658
|[[Bethel, Maine|Bethel]]
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
|-
|{{formatnum:9}}
| [[Bingham (CDP), Maine|Bingham]]
| 758
|[[Bingham, Maine|Bingham]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{formatnum:10}}
| [[Blaine (CDP), Maine|Blaine]]
| 301
|[[Blaine, Maine|Blaine]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{formatnum:11}}
| [[Blue Hill (CDP), Maine|Blue Hill]]
| 943
|[[Blue Hill, Maine|Blue Hill]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:12}}
| [[Boothbay Harbor (CDP), Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| 1,086
|[[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
| [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
|-
|{{formatnum:13}}
| [[Bowdoinham (CDP), Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| 722
|[[Bowdoinham, Maine|Bowdoinham]]
| [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]]
|-
|{{formatnum:14}}
|[[Bradley (CDP), Maine|Bradley]]
|765
|[[Bradley, Maine|Bradley]]
|[[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]]
|-
|{{formatnum:15}}
| [[Bridgton (CDP), Maine|Bridgton]]
| 2,071
|[[Bridgton, Maine|Bridgton]]
| [[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
|-
|{{formatnum:16}}
|[[Brownville Junction, Maine|Brownville Junction]]
|506
|[[Brownville, Maine|Brownville]]
|[[Piscataquis County, Maine|Piscataquis]]
|-
|{{formatnum:17}}
| [[Brunswick (CDP), Maine|Brunswick]]
| 15,175
|[[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{formatnum:18}}
| [[Bucksport (CDP), Maine|Bucksport]]
| 2,885
|[[Bucksport, Maine|Bucksport]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{formatnum:19}}
| [[Camden (CDP), Maine|Camden]]
| 3,570
|[[Camden, Maine|Camden]]
| [[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|-
|20
| [[Casco (CDP), Maine|Casco]]
| 587
|[[Casco, Maine|Casco]]
| Cumberland
|-
|21
| [[Castine (CDP), Maine|Castine]]
| 1,029
|[[Castine, Maine|Castine]]
| Hancock
|-
|22
| [[Clinton (CDP), Maine|Clinton]]
| 1,419
|[[Clinton, Maine|Clinton]]
| [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]]
|-
|23
|[[Corinna (CDP), Maine|Corinna]]
|729
|[[Corinna, Maine|Corinna]]
|Penobscot
|-
|24
|[[Cornish (CDP), Maine|Cornish]]
|764
|[[Cornish, Maine|Cornish]]
|York
|-
|25
| [[Cumberland Center, Maine|Cumberland Center]]
| 2,499
|[[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]
| Cumberland
|-
|26
| [[Damariscotta (CDP), Maine|Damariscotta]]
| 1,142
|[[Damariscotta, Maine|Damariscotta]]
| Lincoln
|-
|27
|[[Danforth (CDP), Maine|Danforth]]
|331
|[[Danforth, Maine|Danforth]]
|Washington
|-
|28
| [[Dexter (CDP), Maine|Dexter]]
| 2,158
|[[Dexter, Maine|Dexter]]
| Penobscot
|-
|29
| [[Dixfield (CDP), Maine|Dixfield]]
| 1,076
|[[Dixfield, Maine|Dixfield]]
| Oxford
|-
|30
| [[Dover-Foxcroft (CDP), Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| 2,528
|[[Dover-Foxcroft, Maine|Dover-Foxcroft]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|31
| [[Eagle Lake (CDP), Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| 625
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|32}}
| [[East Millinocket (CDP), Maine|East Millinocket]]
| 1,567
|[[East Millinocket, Maine|East Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|33}}
|[[South Eliot, Maine|South Eliot]]
|3,550
|[[Eliot, Maine|Eliot]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|34}}
| [[Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fairfield]]
| 2,638
|[[Fairfield, Maine|Fairfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|35}}
| [[Falmouth (CDP), Maine|Falmouth]]
| 1,855
| rowspan="2" |[[Falmouth, Maine|Falmouth]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|36}}
| [[Falmouth Foreside, Maine|Falmouth Foreside]]
| 1,511
|-
|{{nts|37}}
| [[Farmingdale (CDP), Maine|Farmingdale]]
| 1,970
|[[Farmingdale, Maine|Farmingdale]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|38}}
| [[Farmington (CDP), Maine|Farmington]]
| 4,288
|[[Farmington, Maine|Farmington]]
| [[Franklin County, Maine|Franklin]]
|-
|{{nts|39}}
| [[Fort Fairfield (CDP), Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| 1,825
|[[Fort Fairfield, Maine|Fort Fairfield]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|40}}
| [[Fort Kent (CDP), Maine|Fort Kent]]
| 2,488
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|41}}
| [[Freeport (CDP), Maine|Freeport]]
| 1,485
|[[Freeport, Maine|Freeport]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|42}}
| [[Fryeburg (CDP), Maine|Fryeburg]]
| 1,631
|[[Fryeburg, Maine|Fryeburg]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|43}}
| [[Gorham (CDP), Maine|Gorham]]
| 6,882
| rowspan="2" |[[Gorham, Maine|Gorham]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|44}}
|[[Little Falls, Maine|Little Falls]]
|708
|-
|{{nts|45}}
|[[Grand Isle (CDP), Maine|Grand Isle]]
|184
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|46}}
| [[Gray (CDP), Maine|Gray]]
| 884
|[[Gray, Maine|Gray]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|47}}
|[[Greene (CDP), Maine|Greene]]
|750
|[[Greene, Maine|Greene]]
|[[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
|-
|{{nts|48}}
| [[Greenville (CDP), Maine|Greenville]]
| 1,257
|[[Greenville, Maine|Greenville]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|49}}
| [[Guilford (CDP), Maine|Guilford]]
| 903
|[[Guilford, Maine|Guilford]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|50}}
| [[Hampden (CDP), Maine|Hampden]]
| 4,343
|[[Hampden, Maine|Hampden]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|51}}
| [[Hartland (CDP), Maine|Hartland]]
| 813
|[[Hartland, Maine|Hartland]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|52}}
| [[Houlton (CDP), Maine|Houlton]]
| 4,856
|[[Houlton, Maine|Houlton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|53}}
| [[Howland (CDP), Maine|Howland]]
| 1,096
|[[Howland, Maine|Howland]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|54}}
|[[Island Falls (CDP), Maine|Island Falls]]
|309
|[[Island Falls, Maine|Island Falls]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|55}}
|[[Chisholm, Maine|Chisholm]]
|1,380
|[[Jay, Maine|Jay]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|56}}
|[[Jonesport (CDP), Maine|Jonesport]]
|608
|[[Jonesport, Maine|Jonesport]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|57}}
| [[Kennebunk (CDP), Maine|Kennebunk]]
| 5,214
| rowspan="2" |[[Kennebunk, Maine|Kennebunk]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|58}}
|[[West Kennebunk, Maine|West Kennebunk]]
|1,176
|-
|{{nts|59}}
| [[Kennebunkport (CDP), Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| 1,238
|[[Kennebunkport, Maine|Kennebunkport]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|60}}
|[[Kingfield (CDP), Maine|Kingfield]]
|640
|[[Kingfield, Maine|Kingfield]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|61}}
| [[Kittery (CDP), Maine|Kittery]]
| 4,562
| rowspan="2" |[[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]]
| rowspan="2" | York
|-
|{{nts|62}}
| [[Kittery Point, Maine|Kittery Point]]
| 1,012
|-
|{{nts|63}}
| [[Lake Arrowhead, Maine|Lake Arrowhead]]
| 3,071
|[[Waterboro, Maine|Waterboro]]
[[Limerick, Maine|Limerick]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|64}}
| [[Limestone (CDP), Maine|Limestone]]
| 1,075
|[[Limestone, Maine|Limestone]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|65}}
| [[Lincoln (CDP), Maine|Lincoln]]
| 2,884
|[[Lincoln, Maine|Lincoln]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|66}}
|[[Lisbon (CDP), Maine|Lisbon]]
|3,217
| rowspan="2" |[[Lisbon, Maine|Lisbon]]
| rowspan="2" |Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|67}}
| [[Lisbon Falls, Maine|Lisbon Falls]]
| 4,100
|-
|{{nts|68}}
| [[Livermore Falls (CDP), Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| 1,594
|[[Livermore Falls, Maine|Livermore Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|69}}
| [[Lubec (CDP), Maine|Lubec]]
| 349
|[[Lubec, Maine|Lubec]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|70}}
| [[Machias (CDP), Maine|Machias]]
| 1,274
|[[Machias, Maine|Machias]]
| Washington
|-
|{{nts|71}}
| [[Madawaska (CDP), Maine|Madawaska]]
| 2,967
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|72}}
| [[Madison (CDP), Maine|Madison]]
| 2,630
|[[Madison, Maine|Madison]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|73}}
| [[Mapleton (CDP), Maine|Mapleton]]
| 683
|[[Mapleton, Maine|Mapleton]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|74}}
| [[Mars Hill (CDP), Maine|Mars Hill]]
| 980
|[[Mars Hill, Maine|Mars Hill]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|75}}
|[[Mattawamkeag (CDP), Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|422
|[[Mattawamkeag, Maine|Mattawamkeag]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|76}}
| [[Mechanic Falls (CDP), Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| 2,237
|[[Mechanic Falls, Maine|Mechanic Falls]]
| Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|77}}
| [[Mexico (CDP), Maine|Mexico]]
| 1,743
|[[Mexico, Maine|Mexico]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|78}}
|[[Milbridge (CDP), Maine|Milbridge]]
|435
|[[Milbridge, Maine|Milbridge]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|79}}
| [[Milford (CDP), Maine|Milford]]
| 2,233
|[[Milford, Maine|Milford]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|80}}
| [[Millinocket (CDP), Maine|Millinocket]]
| 4,466
|[[Millinocket, Maine|Millinocket]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|81}}
| [[Milo (CDP), Maine|Milo]]
| 1,847
|[[Milo, Maine|Milo]]
| Piscataquis
|-
|{{nts|82}}
|Northeast Harbor
|
|[[Mount Desert, Maine|Mount Desert]]
|Hancock
|-
|{{nts|83}}
| [[Naples (CDP), Maine|Naples]]
| 428
|[[Naples, Maine|Naples]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|84}}
| [[Newcastle (CDP), Maine|Newcastle]]
| 667
|[[Newcastle, Maine|Newcastle]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|85}}
| [[Newport (CDP), Maine|Newport]]
| 1,776
|[[Newport, Maine|Newport]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|86}}
| [[Norridgewock (CDP), Maine|Norridgewock]]
| 1,438
|[[Norridgewock, Maine|Norridgewock]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|87}}
| [[North Berwick (CDP), Maine|North Berwick]]
| 1,615
|[[North Berwick, Maine|North Berwick]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|88}}
| [[North Windham, Maine|North Windham]]
| 4,904
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
| Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|89}}
| [[Norway (CDP), Maine|Norway]]
| 2,748
|[[Norway, Maine|Norway]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|90}}
|[[Oakfield (CDP), Maine|Oakfield]]
|378
|[[Oakfield, Maine|Oakfield]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|91}}
| [[Oakland (CDP), Maine|Oakland]]
| 2,602
|[[Oakland, Maine|Oakland]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|92}}
| [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| 8,624
|[[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]]
| York
|-
|{{nts|93}}
| [[Orono (CDP), Maine|Orono]]
| 9,474
|[[Orono, Maine|Orono]]
| Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|94}}
| [[Oxford (CDP), Maine|Oxford]]
| 1,263
|[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|95}}
|[[South Paris, Maine|South Paris]]
|2,267
|[[Paris, Maine|Paris]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|96}}
|[[Patten (CDP), Maine|Patten]]
|539
|[[Patten, Maine|Patten]]
|Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|97}}
| [[Pittsfield (CDP), Maine|Pittsfield]]
| 3,150
|[[Pittsfield, Maine|Pittsfield]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|98}}
|Kezar Falls
|
|[[Porter, Maine|Porter]]
|Oxford
|-
|{{nts|99}}
| [[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| 1,772
|[[Randolph, Maine|Randolph]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|100}}
|[[Rangeley (CDP), Maine|Rangeley]]
|590
|[[Rangeley, Maine|Rangeley]]
|Franklin
|-
|{{nts|101}}
| [[Richmond (CDP), Maine|Richmond]]
| 1,760
|[[Richmond, Maine|Richmond]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|102}}
| [[Rumford (CDP), Maine|Rumford]]
| 4,218
|[[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]]
| Oxford
|-
|{{nts|103}}
|[[Sabattus (CDP), Maine|Sabattus]]
|787
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|104}}
| [[Searsport (CDP), Maine|Searsport]]
| 992
|[[Searsport, Maine|Searsport]]
| [[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]]
|-
|{{nts|105}}
| [[Skowhegan (CDP), Maine|Skowhegan]]
| 6,297
|[[Skowhegan, Maine|Skowhegan]]
| Somerset
|-
|{{nts|106}}
|[[South Berwick (CDP), Maine|South Berwick]]
|3,825
|[[South Berwick, Maine|South Berwick]]
|York
|-
|{{nts|107}}
|Dunstan
|2,083
| rowspan="2" |[[Scarborough, Maine|Scarborough]]
| rowspan="2" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|108}}
|[[Oak Hill, Maine|Oak Hill]]
|4,403
|-
|{{nts|109}}
| [[Southwest Harbor (CDP), Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| 720
|[[Southwest Harbor, Maine|Southwest Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|110}}
| [[Standish (CDP), Maine|Standish]]
| 469
| rowspan="2" |[[Standish, Maine|Standish]]
| rowspan="2" | Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|111}}
| [[Steep Falls, Maine|Steep Falls]]
| 1,139
|-
|{{nts|112}}
| [[Thomaston (CDP), Maine|Thomaston]]
| 1,875
|[[Thomaston, Maine|Thomaston]]
| Knox
|-
|{{nts|113}}
| [[Topsham (CDP), Maine|Topsham]]
| 5,931
|[[Topsham, Maine|Topsham]]
| Sagadahoc
|-
|{{nts|114}}
|[[Turner (CDP), Maine|Turner]]
|544
|[[Turner, Maine|Turner]]
|Androscoggin
|-
|{{nts|115}}
| [[Unity (CDP), Maine|Unity]]
| 469
|[[Unity, Maine|Unity]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|116}}
| [[Van Buren (CDP), Maine|Van Buren]]
| 1,937
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|117}}
|[[Vanceboro (CDP), Maine|Vanceboro]]
|94
|[[Vanceboro, Maine|Vanceboro]]
|Washington
|-
|{{nts|118}}
|Veazie
|
|[[Veazie, Maine|Veazie]]
|Penobscot
|-
|{{nts|119}}
| [[Waldoboro (CDP), Maine|Waldoboro]]
| 1,233
|[[Waldoboro, Maine|Waldoboro]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|120}}
| [[Washburn (CDP), Maine|Washburn]]
| 997
|[[Washburn, Maine|Washburn]]
| Aroostook
|-
|{{nts|121}}
| [[Wilton (CDP), Maine|Wilton]]
| 2,198
|[[Wilton, Maine|Wilton]]
| Franklin
|-
|{{nts|122}}
|[[South Windham, Maine|South Windham]]
|1,374
|[[Windham, Maine|Windham]]
|Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|123}}
| [[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| 7,794
|[[Winslow, Maine|Winslow]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|124}}
| [[Winter Harbor (CDP), Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| 426
|[[Winter Harbor, Maine|Winter Harbor]]
| Hancock
|-
|{{nts|125}}
| [[Winterport (CDP), Maine|Winterport]]
| 1,340
|[[Winterport, Maine|Winterport]]
| Waldo
|-
|{{nts|126}}
| [[Winthrop (CDP), Maine|Winthrop]]
| 2,650
|[[Winthrop, Maine|Winthrop]]
| Kennebec
|-
|{{nts|127}}
| [[Wiscasset (CDP), Maine|Wiscasset]]
| 1,097
|[[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]]
| Lincoln
|-
|{{nts|128}}
|[[Cousins Island, Maine|Cousins Island]]
|490
| rowspan="3" |[[Yarmouth, Maine|Yarmouth]]
| rowspan="3" |Cumberland
|-
|{{nts|129}}
|[[Littlejohn Island, Maine|Littlejohn Island]]
|118
|-
|{{nts|130}}
| [[Yarmouth (CDP), Maine|Yarmouth]]
| 5,869
|-
|{{nts|131}}
|[[Cape Neddick, Maine|Cape Neddick]]
|2,568
| rowspan="2" |[[York, Maine|York]]
| rowspan="2" |York
|-
|{{nts|132}}
| [[York Harbor, Maine|York Harbor]]
| 3,033
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of places in Maine]]

{{Maine}}
{{Lists of CDPs by state}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Maine| ]]
[[Category:Maine geography-related lists|Census-designated places]]
[[Category:Lists of census-designated places in the United States|Maine]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-21T22:57:11Z

Edwki: Minor fix

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. The most common ancestry of U.S. presidents is [[English people|English]], due to its origins as a group of former English colonies. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]], [[James K. Polk]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Donald Trump]]<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from [[England]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; Polk, Buchanan, and Wilson were of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] ancestry; Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage; Kennedy was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent; and Donald Trump is of German and Scottish heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside of [[Europe]]; his paternal family is of Kenyan [[Luo people|Luo]] ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* ([[Kenyan people|Kenyan]]) [[Luo people|Luo]]{{snds}}1
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter|James Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (7th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton|William Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden|Joseph Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-21T22:55:06Z

Edwki: Fixed H.W. Bush ancestor

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. The most common ancestry of U.S. presidents is [[English people|English]], due to its origins as a group of former English colonies. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]], [[James K. Polk]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Donald Trump]]<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from [[England]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; Polk, Buchanan, and Wilson were of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] ancestry; Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage; Kennedy was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent; and Donald Trump is of German and Scottish heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside of [[Europe]]; his paternal family is of Kenyan [[Luo people|Luo]] ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* ([[Kenyan people|Kenyan]]) [[Luo people|Luo]]{{snds}}1
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (7th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-21T22:51:07Z

Edwki: Fixed table

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. The most common ancestry of U.S. presidents is [[English people|English]], due to its origins as a group of former English colonies. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]], [[James K. Polk]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Donald Trump]]<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from [[England]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; Polk, Buchanan, and Wilson were of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] ancestry; Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage; Kennedy was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent; and Donald Trump is of German and Scottish heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside of [[Europe]]; his paternal family is of Kenyan [[Luo people|Luo]] ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* ([[Kenyan people|Kenyan]]) [[Luo people|Luo]]{{snds}}1
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-21T22:48:10Z

Edwki: Noted the dominance of English ancestry in US presidents

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. The most common ancestry of U.S. presidents is [[English people|English]], due to its origins as a group of former English colonies. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]], [[James K. Polk]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Donald Trump]]<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from [[England]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; Polk, Buchanan, and Wilson were of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] ancestry; Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage; Kennedy was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent; and Donald Trump is of German and Scottish heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside of [[Europe]]; his paternal family is of Kenyan [[Luo people|Luo]] ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* ([[Kenyan people|Kenyan]]) [[Luo people|Luo]]{{snds}}1
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-21T22:09:40Z

Edwki: Ulster Scots ancestry is referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in the United States

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]] and perhaps [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]],<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from the [[British Isles]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. [[John F. Kennedy]] was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent, Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; and Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside [[Western Europe]]; his paternal family is of [[East Africa]]n ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from either [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] or [[Ulster]] which includes 9 counties of Ireland, 6 of which are in modern day [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* ([[Kenyan people|Kenyan]]) [[Luo people|Luo]]{{snds}}1
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Scotch-Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ulster Scots people

2024-07-21T22:06:45Z

Edwki: Minor fix

{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Distinguish|Scotch-Irish Americans|Irish Scottish people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = FIL 2017 - Grande Parade 70 - Ulster Scots Agency Juvenile Pipe Band.jpg
| caption = A juvenile [[pipe band]] of the [[Ulster-Scots Agency]]
| group = Ulster-Scots Scotch-Irish, ''Ulstèr-Scotch''
| poptime =
| popplace =
| region1 = United States
| pop1 = {{ubl
|3,007,722,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/B04006 |title=Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004654/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/B04006 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Webb |first=James |author-link=Jim Webb |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109814129391148708 |title=Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=23 October 2004 |access-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> [[estimation|estimated]]
|''[[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch{{nbh}}Irish]]''
}}
| ref1 =
| region2 = [[Canada]]
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| region3 = [[Northern Ireland]]
| pop3 = {{ubl
|345,101,<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies) |url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011 |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=2011ks>{{cite web |title=Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland |url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_stats_bulletin_2011.pdf |publisher=nisra.gov.uk |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> [[cultural identity|self{{nbh}}identified]]
|{{nowrap|''[[Demographics of Northern Ireland#Religion|Northern Irish Presbyterians]]''}}
}}
| ref3 =
| region4 = [[Republic of Ireland]]
| pop4 = {{ubl
|24,200,<ref>{{cite web |title=8. Religion |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_8_Religion.pdf |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office]] |access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref> [[cultural identity|self{{nbh}}identified]]
|{{nowrap|''[[Religion in the Republic of Ireland#Christianity|Irish Presbyterians]]''}}
}}
| ref4 =
| langs = [[Ulster English]], [[Ulster Irish]], [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]], [[Scots Gaelic]] (small numbers historically)
| rels = Mainly [[Presbyterian]], some [[Church of Ireland]] and other [[Protestant]] denominations
| related = {{hlist
|[[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]]
|[[English people|English]]|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
|[[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish American]]
|[[Scotch-Irish Canadians|Scotch-Irish Canadian]]
|[[Scottish Americans|Scottish-American]]
}}
}}
The '''Ulster Scots people''' are an [[ethnic group]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pKgna9SNaEC&q=ulster+scots%2C+cultural+group&pg=PA415 |title=Pauline Frommer's Ireland|via=google.ie|isbn=9780470502969 |last1=Hourican |first1=Emily |last2=Bain |first2=Keith |date=27 April 2009 |publisher=Wiley }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kennouche |first1=Sofiane |title=The US presidents with the strongest Scottish roots |url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle-2-15039/the-us-presidents-with-the-strongest-scottish-roots-1-4040687 |website=The Scotsman |publisher=JPIMedia |quote=While 33 US Presidents have had ancestral links to Scotland, many of these men have heritage that is classified as Ulster-Scots. This ethnic group has historically been found in the Ulster region of Ireland, and is so-called because of their own historical links to the lowlands of Scotland, where the group's ancestors originated.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeal |first1=Michele |title=The Scots-Irish Americans A Guide to Reference and Information Sources for Research |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED360981.pdf |website=ERIC Institute of Education Sciences |quote=The Scots-Irish coming from the towns and countryside of Ulster County, Ireland, constitute a religiously and culturally distinct population from the remainder of Catholic Ireland. ... The section of "Works devoted to Scots-Irish Americans" provides 3 a wide variety of sources and approaches to the study of this ethnic group.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Mary |title=Kelly on Vann, 'In Search of Ulster-Scots Land: the Birth and Geotheological Imagings of a Transatlantic People' |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/16749/reviews/18290/kelly-vann-search-ulster-scots-land-birth-and-geotheological-imagings |website=H-Albion Resources |quote=The emergence of an Ulster-Scots ethnicity within the broader transatlantic context is his primary focus, as per the headline of his title.}}</ref> descended largely from [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[English people|English]] settlers who moved to the north of [[Ireland]] during the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scots-Irish Definition & Meaning |url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/scots-irish |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=yourdictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Scotch-Irish |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/scotch-irish |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Scotch-Irish |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Scotch-Irish |access-date=18 March 2023 |website=Merriam-Webster.com}}</ref> There is an [[Ulster Scots dialect]] of the [[Scots language]].

Found mostly in the province of [[Ulster]], their ancestors were [[Protestantism|Protestant]] settlers who migrated from the [[Scottish Lowlands]] and [[Northern England]] during the [[Plantation of Ulster]], which was a [[Plantation (settlement or colony)|planned process of colonisation]] following the [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/irish_news/arts2004/may20_I_am_what_I_am__NEmerson.php |title=Ulster blood, English heart – I am what I am |date=20 May 2004 |first=Newton |last=Emerson |publisher=Newshound |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> The largest numbers came from [[Dumfries and Galloway]], [[Lanarkshire]], [[Renfrewshire]], [[Ayrshire]], [[Scottish Borders]], [[Northumberland]], [[Cumbria]], [[county Durham|Durham]], [[Yorkshire]] and, to a lesser extent, from the [[Scottish Highlands]].<ref>{{cite book |first=David Hackett |last=Fischer |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |title=[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]] |series="America: A Cultural History" series, vol. 1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1989 |page=618 |ref=Fischer-1989}}</ref>

Ulster Scots people emigrated in significant numbers to the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]], later the United States, and elsewhere in the [[British Empire]]. In [[North America]], they are called '''Scotch-Irish''' or '''Scots-Irish''',

==History==
{{Main|History of Ireland|History of Scotland}}

===Early development===
{{Further|Plantations of Ireland|Border Reivers}}

The first major influx of border English and Lowland Scots into Ulster came in the first two decades of the 17th century.

First, before the [[Plantation of Ulster]] and even before the [[Flight of the Earls]], there was the 1606 independent Scottish settlement in east [[County Down|Down]] and [[County Antrim|Antrim]]. It was led by adventurers [[James Hamilton, 1st Viscount Claneboye|James Hamilton]] and [[Sir Hugh Montgomery]], two Ayrshire [[laird]]s. Montgomery was granted half of [[Clandeboye|Lord of Upper Clandeboye]] Conn McNeill O'Neill's land, a significant Gaelic lordship in Ulster, as a reward for helping him escape from English captivity. Hamilton forced himself in on this deal when he discovered it and, after three years of bickering, the final settlement gave Hamilton and Montgomery each one-third of the land.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greencastlemuseum.org/Ulsterscots/001/The_Settlement_Story.pdf |title=Greencastle Museum |work=GreencastleMuseum.org}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2020}}

Starting in 1609, Scots began arriving into state-sponsored settlements as part of the [[Plantation of Ulster]]. This scheme was intended to confiscate all the lands of the [[Gaelic nobility of Ireland|Gaelic Irish nobility]] in Ulster and to settle the province with Protestant Scottish and English colonists. Under this scheme, a substantial number of Scots were settled, mostly in the south and west of Ulster, on confiscated land. {{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

While many of the Scottish planters in Ulster came from southwest Scotland, a large number came from the southeast, including the unstable regions right along the border with England (the [[Scottish Borders]] and [[Northumberland]]). These groups were from the Borderers or [[Border Reivers]] culture, which had familial links on both sides of the Anglo-Scottish border. The plan was that moving these Borderers to Ireland would both solve the Borders problem and tie down Ulster. This was of particular concern to [[James VI of Scotland]] when he became King of England, since he knew Scottish instability could jeopardise his chances of ruling both kingdoms effectively.<ref name="auto">[[#Fischer-1989|Fischer (1989)]], pp. 608–611.</ref>

During the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]], the native Irish [[gentry]] attempted to extirpate the English and Scottish settlers in revenge for being driven off their ancestral land, resulting in severe violence, massacres and ultimately leading to the deaths of between four and six thousand settlers over the winter of 1641–42.<ref>{{cite book |first=Patrick |last=Macrory |title=The Siege of Derry |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1980 |pages=97–98}}</ref> Native Irish civilians were massacred in return.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Kenyon |first2=Jane |last2=Ohlmeyer |title=The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638–1660 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |page=74}}</ref> By 1642, native Irish were in ''de facto'' control of much of the island under a [[Confederate Ireland]], with about a third under the control of the opposition. However, many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians joined with the Irish in rebellion and aided them in driving the English out.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://caldwellgenealogy.com/additional-research/irish-rebellion/ |title=Irish Rebellion |website=CaldwellGenealogy.com |date=27 May 2014 |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Rebellion of 1641 |first=R. Barry |last=O'Brien |journal=The Irish Ecclesiastical Record |volume=XVII (4th Ser.) |issue=449 |date=May 1905}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2018}}

The Ulster-Scottish population in Ireland was quite possibly{{weasel inline|date=March 2016}} preserved from complete annihilation{{peacock inline|date=March 2016}} during the subsequent [[Irish Confederate Wars]], when a Scottish [[Covenanter]] army was landed in the province to protect the Ulster-Scottish settlers from native Irish landowners.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} The war itself, part of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]], ended in the 1650s, with the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]. At the head of the army, [[Oliver Cromwell]] conquered all of Ireland. Defeating the Irish Confederates and [[Cavalier|English Royalists]] on behalf of the [[Roundhead|English Parliamentarians]], he and his forces employed methods and inflicted casualties among the civilian Irish population that have long been commonly considered by contemporary sources, historians and the popular culture to be outside of the accepted military ethics of the day (see more on the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland#Historical debate|debate here]]). After the Cromwellian war in Ireland was over, many of their soldiers settled permanently in eastern Ulster.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nicholas |last=Canny |author-link=Nicholas Canny |title=Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2003 |page=562}}</ref>

Under the [[Act of Settlement 1652]], all Catholic-owned land was confiscated and the [[British Plantations in Ireland]], which had been destroyed by the rebellion of 1641, were restored. However, due to the Scots' enmity to the English Parliament in the final stages of the [[English Civil War]], English settlers rather than Scots were the main beneficiary of this scheme.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

There was a generation of calm in Ireland until another war broke out in 1689, again due to political conflict closely aligned with ethnic and religious differences. The [[Williamite war in Ireland]] (1689–91) was fought between [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] who supported the restoration of the Catholic [[James II of England|James II]] to the throne of England and [[Williamite]]s who supported the Protestant [[William III of England|William of Orange]]. The majority of the [[Plantation of Ulster|Protestant colonists]] throughout Ireland but particularly in Ulster, fought on the Williamite side in the war against the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]]. The fear of a repeat of the massacres of 1641, fear of retribution for religious persecution, as well as their wish to hold on to lands which had been confiscated from Catholic landowners, were all principal motivating factors.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

The Williamite forces, composed of British, Dutch, [[Huguenot]] and Danish armies, as well as troops raised in Ulster,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Tim |title=Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720 |publisher=Allen Lane |date=2006 |pages=435–436}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hayton |first=David |title=Ruling Ireland, 1685–1742: Politics, Politicians and Parties |publisher=Boydell Press |date=2004 |page=22}}</ref> ended Jacobite resistance by 1691, confirming the Protestant minority's monopoly on power in Ireland. Their victories at [[siege of Derry|Derry]], [[battle of the Boyne|the Boyne]] and [[battle of Aughrim|Aughrim]] are [[Orange walk|still commemorated]] by the [[Orange Order]] into the 21st century.

Finally, another major influx of Scots into northern Ireland occurred in the late 1690s, when tens of thousands of people fled a famine in Scotland to come to Ulster.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://search.aol.co.uk/aol/redir?src=eu_websearch&requestId=null&clickedItemRank=2&userQuery=scotland+famine+1690s&clickedItemURN=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fplantation%2Fulsterscots%2Findex.shtml&title=BBC+-+History+-+Wars+and+Conflicts+-+Plantation+of+Ulster+-+Ulster+%3Cb%3E...%3C%2Fb%3E&moduleId=matchingsites_uk.jsp.M&clickedItemPageRanking=-8&clickedItemPage=2&clickedItemDescription=WebResults |title=AOL UK – Search |publisher=aol.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.aol.co.uk/aol/redir?src=eu_websearch&requestId=null&clickedItemRank=9&userQuery=scottish+migration+ulster+1690s&clickedItemURN=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fplantation%2Ftranscripts%2Fes11_t01.shtml&title=BBC+-+History+-+Wars+and+Conflicts+-+Plantation+of+%3Cb%3EUlster%3C%2Fb%3E+%3Cb%3E...%3C%2Fb%3E&moduleId=matchingsites_uk.jsp.M&clickedItemPageRanking=9&clickedItemPage=1&clickedItemDescription=WebResults |title=AOL UK – Search |publisher=aol.co.uk}}</ref>

It was only after the 1690s that Scottish settlers and their descendants, the majority of whom were [[Presbyterian]], gained numeric superiority in Ulster, though still a minority in Ireland as a whole. Along with [[Catholics]], they were legally disadvantaged by the [[Penal Laws against Irish Catholics|Penal Laws]], which gave full rights only to members of the [[Church of Ireland]] (the [[Anglican]] [[state church]]), who were mainly [[Anglo-Irish]] (themselves often [[absentee landlord]]s), native Irish [[Protestant Ascendancy|converts or the descendants of English settlers]]. For this reason, up until the 19th century, there was considerable disharmony between [[English Dissenters|Dissenters]] and the ruling [[Protestant Ascendancy]] in Ireland. With the enforcement of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne's]] 1703 [[Test Act]], which caused further discrimination against all who did not participate in the [[established church]], considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots migrated to the colonies in [[British America]] throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |first=Maldwyn |last=Jones |contribution=Scotch-Irish |editor-first=Stephan |editor-last=Thernstrom |title=Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups |date=1980 |publisher=Harvard University Press |pages=895–908}}</ref> In fact, these 'Scots-Irish' from Ulster and Lowland Scotland comprised the most numerous group of immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the American colonies in the years prior the [[American Revolution]], with an estimated 150,000 leaving northern Ireland at the time.<ref name="auto" />

Towards the end of the 18th century, many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians ignored religious differences and, along with many Catholic Gaelic Irish, joined the [[Society of United Irishmen|United Irishmen]] to participate in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]] in support of [[republicanism|republican]] and [[egalitarian]] ideals.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ulsterscotstrail.com/taxonomy/term/5 |title=1798 Rebellion |work=UlsterScotsTrail.com}}</ref>

==Scotch-Irish==
{{Further|Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish Canadians}}
[[File:Andrew Jackson.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|right|[[Andrew Jackson]], seventh [[President of the United States]], was the first of Scots-Irish extraction.]]

Just a few generations after arriving in Ulster, considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots emigrated to [[British America|the North American colonies of Great Britain]]. Between 1717 and 1775, an estimated 200,000 migrated to what became the [[United States|United States of America]].<ref>{{multiref2 |1=[[#Fischer-1989|Fischer (1989)]], p. 606. |2={{cite book |first=Parke S. Jr. |last=Rouse |author-link=Parke S. Rouse, Jr. |title=The Great Wagon Road |publisher=Dietz Press |date=2004 |page=32}} |3={{cite book |last=Leyburn |first=James G. |title=The Scotch-Irish: A Social History |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |date=1962 |page=180}} }}</ref> Around the same time, the British took control of the territory of [[New France]], allowing many Ulster-Scots to migrate to these areas as well. These people are known as the [[Scotch-Irish Canadians]].

In the [[United States census]] of 2000, 4.3 million Americans (1.5% of the population of the United States) claimed [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]] ancestry. Author and former [[United States Senator]] [[Jim Webb]] suggests that the true number of people with some Scots-Irish heritage in the United States is more—over 27 million—possibly because contemporary Americans with some Scotch-Irish heritage may regard themselves as either Irish, Scottish, or simply [[American ethnicity|American]] instead.<ref>[http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_10-03-2004/featured_0 Why You Need To Know The Scotch-Irish].</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America |first=James H. |last=Webb |publisher=Crown |date=2005 |isbn=9780767916899}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |first=Alister |last=McReynolds |url= http://www.nitakeacloserlook.gov.uk/index/american-connections/scots-irish.htm |title=Scots-Irish |work=Northern Ireland: Take a Closer Look |publisher=British Tourist Authority |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090216090343/http://www.nitakeacloserlook.gov.uk/index/american-connections/scots-irish.htm |archive-date=16 February 2009}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
Over the centuries, Ulster Scots culture has contributed to the unique character of the counties in [[Ulster]]. The [[Ulster Scots Agency]] points to industry, language, music, sport, religion and myriad traditions brought to Ulster from the Scottish lowlands. In particular, the origin of [[country and western music]] was extensively from Ulster Scots folk music, in addition to English, German, and African-American styles.

The cultural traditions and aspects of this culture including its links to country music are articulated in [[David Hackett Fischer]]'s book, ''[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]]''. In 2010's documentary ''The Hamely Tongue'', filmmaker Deaglán Ó Mocháin traces back the origins of this culture and language, and relates its manifestations in today's Ireland. The film's title refers to James Fenton's book, ''The Hamely Tongue: A personal record of Ulster-Scots in County Antrim''.

Most Ulster Scots speak [[Ulster English]] as a [[first language]]. [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]] is the local dialect of the [[Scots language|Lowland Scots]] language which has, since the 1980s, also been called "Ullans", a [[portmanteau]] [[neologism]] popularised by the physician, amateur historian and politician [[Ian Adamson]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Falconer |first=G. |date=2006 |title=The Scots Tradition in Ulster |journal=Scottish Studies Review |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=97}}</ref> merging ''Ulster'' and ''[[Lallans]]'' – the Scots for 'Lowlands'<ref>{{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |date=2004 |title=A Sound Atlas of Irish English |series="Topics in English Linguistics" series |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |page=156}}</ref> – but also said to be a [[backronym]] for 'Ulster-Scots language in literature and native speech'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tymoczko |first1=Maria |author-link=Maria Tymoczko |last2=Ireland |first2=C. A. |date=2003 |title=Language and Tradition in Ireland: Continuities and Displacements |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |page=159}}</ref>

==Hereditary disease==
The North American ancestry of the [[X-linked recessive inheritance|X-linked]] form of the genetic disease congenital [[nephrogenic diabetes insipidus]] has been traced to Ulster Scots who travelled to [[Nova Scotia]] in 1761 on the ship ''Hopewell''.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=D. G. |last1=Bichet |first2=M. F. |last2=Arthus |first3=M. |last3=Lonergan |first4=G. N. |last4=Hendy |first5=A. J. |last5=Paradis |first6=T. M. |last6=Fujiwara |first7=K. |last7=Morgan |first8=M. C. |last8=Gregory |first9=W. |last9=Rosenthal |first10=A. |last10=Didwania |title=X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus mutations in North America and the Hopewell hypothesis |journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation |date=September 1993 |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=1262–1268 |doi=10.1172/JCI116698 |publisher=American Society for Clinical Investigation|pmid=8104196 |pmc=288266 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anglo-Irish people]]
* [[British Americans]]
* [[History of Northern Ireland]]
* [[History of Scotland]]
* [[Immigration to the United States]]
* [[Irish Catholics]]
* [[Orange Order]]
* [[Plantation of Ulster]]
* [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]]
* [[Republic of Ireland]]
* [[Scotch-Irish Americans]]
* [[Society of United Irishmen]]
* [[Ulster]]
* [[Ulster Covenant]]
* [[Ulster loyalism]]
* [[Ulster Protestants]]
* [[Ulster-Scots Agency]]
* [[Ulster Scots dialect]]
* [[Unionism in Ireland]]
* [[William III of England]]
{{Div col end}}

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ulsterscotsacademy.com Ulster-Scots Academy]
* [http://www.ulsterscotsagency.com Ulster-Scots Agency]
* [http://www.ulsterscotssociety.com/ The Ulster-Scots Society of America]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ulsterscots/ BBC Ulster-Scots]—culture and language portal
* [http://www.libraryireland.com/scotulster/ The Scot in Ulster: Sketch of the History of the Scottish Population in Ulster (by John Harrison, 1888)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050905204224/http://www.psa.ac.uk/cps/1996/payt.pdf Inconvenient Peripheries Ethnic Identity and the United Kingdom Estate] The cases of "Protestant Ulster" and 'Cornwall' by Prof [[Philip Payton]]
* [http://cscs.academicblogs.co.uk/the-scots-in-ulster-and-the-colonial-enterprise-of-walter-devereux-earl-of-essex-1573-1575/ The Scots in Ulster and the Colonial "Enterprise" of Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, 1573–1575] at [[University of Glasgow]]

{{Irish diaspora}}
{{British diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Ireland topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulster Scots People}}
[[Category:Ulster Scots| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ireland]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Scottish diaspora in Europe]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-18T16:23:12Z

Edwki: Added missing Bush ancestor to table

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]] and perhaps [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]],<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from the [[British Isles]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. [[John F. Kennedy]] was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent, Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; and Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside [[Western Europe]]; his paternal family is of [[East Africa]]n ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from either [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] or [[Ulster]] which includes 9 counties of Ireland, 6 of which are in modern day [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* ([[Kenyan people|Kenyan]]) [[Luo people|Luo]]{{snds}}1
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|John Bush (8th great-grandfather)
[[Messing, Essex|Messing]], England → Massachusetts Bay Colony (c.1640)
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-18T15:25:25Z

Edwki: Fixed summary to match table

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]] and perhaps [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]],<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from the [[British Isles]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. [[John F. Kennedy]] was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent, Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; and Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside [[Western Europe]]; his paternal family is of [[East Africa]]n ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from either [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] or [[Ulster]] which includes 9 counties of Ireland, 6 of which are in modern day [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* ([[Kenyan people|Kenyan]]) [[Luo people|Luo]]{{snds}}1
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Pilgrim" /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Pilgrim" /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-18T15:24:13Z

Edwki: Rearranged base order from alphabetical to by greatest number

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]] and perhaps [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]],<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from the [[British Isles]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. [[John F. Kennedy]] was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent, Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; and Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside [[Western Europe]]; his paternal family is of [[East Africa]]n ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from either [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] or [[Ulster]] which includes 9 counties of Ireland, 6 of which are in modern day [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1
* [[Luo people|Kenyan (Luo)]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Pilgrim" /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Pilgrim" /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Ancestral background of presidents of the United States

2024-07-18T15:18:10Z

Edwki: Rearranged base order from alphabetical to by greatest number

{{Short description|none}}

The '''ancestral background of presidents of the United States''' has been relatively consistent throughout American history. With the exception of [[Martin Van Buren]] and perhaps [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]],<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> every president has ancestors from the [[British Isles]], which in turn makes many of them distantly related to one another. [[John F. Kennedy]] was of pure [[Irish people|Irish]] descent, Van Buren was of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] lineage; and Eisenhower was of [[Germans|German]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] heritage. [[Barack Obama]] is the only president to have ancestry from outside [[Western Europe]]; his paternal family is of [[East Africa]]n ancestry. He is also believed to be a direct descendant of [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], a colonial-era slave born in modern-day [[Cameroon]].<ref name="CBSObama">{{cite web |last=Plante |first=Bill |date=July 30, 2012 |title=Surprising link found in Obama's family tree |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprising-link-found-in-obamas-family-tree/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cbsnews.com}}</ref> Despite speculation, there is no evidence that any of the United States’ presidents have had any [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American]] ancestry.

The most common ethnic groups in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] were those hailing from either [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] or [[Ulster]] which includes 9 counties of Ireland, 6 of which are in modern day [[Northern Ireland]]. Those of other backgrounds (such as Irish, Dutch, German, or [[French people|French]]) would see attempts to assimilate them into the dominant [[English language|English]] and predominately [[Protestant culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/culture-classroom|title=Culture in the colonial classroom: A failed attempt at assimilation|first=Amanada|last=B. Moniz|website=[[National Museum of American History]]|date=September 7, 2018|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>

Some [[Nativism (politics)#United States|nativist]] political groups within the United States were adamantly opposed to identifying with a foreign nation and would coin those who did as [[hyphenated American]]s. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]] were outspoken opponents of hyphenated Americans, with Wilson once remarking, "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him, carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic when he gets ready."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/523044253/during-world-war-i-u-s-government-propaganda-erased-german-culture|title=During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture|first1=Robert|last1=Siegel|first2=Art|last2=Silverman|website=[[NPR]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

== Ancestry table ==
Summary:

* ([[British people|British]]) [[English people|English]]{{snds}}38
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]{{snds}}20
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Scottish people|Scottish]]{{snds}}18
* ([[British people|British]]) [[Welsh people|Welsh]]{{snds}}15
* [[French people|French]]{{snds}}12
* [[Germans|German]]{{snds}}11
* [[Irish people|Irish]]{{snds}}7
* [[Dutch people|Dutch]]{{snds}}5
* [[Swiss people|Swiss]]{{snds}}3
* [[Polish people|Polish]]{{snds}}1
* [[Luo people|Kenyan (Luo)]]{{snds}}1

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! {{vert header|stp=1|No.}}
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|{{larger|President and parents}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[English people|English]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[French people|French]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Germans|German]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Irish people|Irish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Dutch people|Dutch]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Swiss people|Swiss]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Luo people|Luo]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|[[Polish people|Polish]]}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
! [[Patrilineal]] emigrant ancestor
! style="vertical-align: bottom;" class="unsortable"|Citations
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|1
| '''[[George Washington]]''' (1732–1799)
[[Augustine Washington]]

[[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|[[John Washington]] (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Sulgrave]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (1656)
| <ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last=Hardy| first=Rob| title=Ancestry| url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/ancestry/| encyclopedia=The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington| publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association| location=[[Mount Vernon, Virginia]]| access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=FTM062001>{{cite magazine| last=Taylor| first=Maureen A.| url=https://www.familytreemagazine.com/premium/the-french-connection/#| title=The French Connection| date=June 2001| magazine=Family Tree Magazine| access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|2
| '''[[John Adams]]''' (1735–1826)
[[John Adams Sr.]]

[[Susanna Boylston]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989">{{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA838 |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-506905-1 |location=[[New York City]] |pages=834–839 |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline">{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=David |date=October 27, 2017 |title=The American Presidents with family links to Wales |website=walesonline.co.uk |publisher=Media Wales |location=[[Cardiff]], Wales, UK |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/american-presidents-links-wales-13813442 |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|3
| '''[[Thomas Jefferson]]''' (1743–1826)
[[Peter Jefferson]]

[[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Samuel Jefferson
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast">{{cite web |last=Cullen |first=Niall |date=February 21, 2020 |title=A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry |url=https://www.findmypast.com/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=findmypast.com |publisher=DC Thomson |location=[[Dundee]], Scotland, UK}}</ref><ref name="Six09112019Scottish">{{cite web |author= |date=September 11, 2019 |title=Your Queries: From Scotland to the White House… Six presidents with Scottish ancestry |url=https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/scotland-to-the-white-house-six-presidents-with-caledonian-roots/ |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=sundaypost.com |publisher=DC Thomson & Co |location=[[Glasgow]], Scotland, UK}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|4
| '''[[James Madison]]''' (1751–1836)
[[James Madison Sr.]]

[[Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway|Eleanor Madison]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Isaac Madison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Colony of Virginia]] (1608)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="WelshAmerica">{{cite web |date=2016 |title=The Welsh in America |url=http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521015711/http://www.nawf.wales/the-welsh-in-america/4594061642 |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |website=nawf.wales |publisher=North America Wales Foundation |location=[[Penarth]], Wales, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044021203278&view=1up&seq=120 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |year=1915 |pages=92}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|5
| '''[[James Monroe]]''' (1758–1831)
Spence Monroe

Elizabeth Jones
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Andrew Monroe (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1650)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Harry |url=http://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo |title=James Monroe: the quest for national identity |date=1971 |publisher=New York, McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-001582-1}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|6
| '''[[John Quincy Adams]]''' (1767–1848)
[[John Adams]]

[[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Henry Adams (farmer)|Henry Adams]] (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Braintree, Essex|Braintree]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1633)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|7
| '''[[Andrew Jackson]]''' (1767–1845)
Andrew Jackson Sr.

Elizabeth Hutchinson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andrew Jackson Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Boneybefore]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Waxhaws]], [[Carolinas]] (1765)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots">{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Billy |title=Ulster-Scots and the United States Presidents |url=https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/fs/doc/new_range_of_ulster-scots_booklets/US_and_USA_Presidents_BK3_AW_6.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=The Ulster-Scots Agency |location=[[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elmer |first1=Martin Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flxVAAAAMAAJ&q=Yorkshire |title=Keeping the Lamp of Remembrance Lighted: A Genealogical Narrative with Pictures and Charts about the Jacksons and Their Allied Families |date=1885 |publisher=Hagerstown Bookbinding & Printing Co. |location=[[Hagerstown, Maryland]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Presidents with Irish Heritage |url=https://epicchq.com/story/us-presidents-with-irish-heritage/}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|8
| '''[[Martin Van Buren]]''' (1782–1862)
[[Abraham Van Buren (I)|Abraham Van Buren]]

Maria Hoes
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Cornelis Maessen van Buren (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Buurmalsen]], [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Netherland]] (1631)
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Silbey |first=Joel |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Martin Van Buren: Life Before the Presidency |url=https://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |location=[[Charlottesville, Virginia]]}}</ref><ref name="DutchImmigration">{{cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Dutch Immigration |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/USAEholland.htm |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=spartacus-educational.com |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|9
| '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' (1773–1841)
[[Benjamin Harrison V]]

Elizabeth Bassett
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Sean |title=American Presidents with Irish Ancestors |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm |access-date=May 25, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Irish Genealogical and Historical Studies |location=[[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], Ireland}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|10
| '''[[John Tyler]]''' (1790–1862)
[[John Tyler Sr.]]

Mary Marot Armisted
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Henry Tyler (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1652)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="DHFischer1989" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|11
| '''[[James K. Polk]]''' (1795–1849)
[[Samuel Polk]]

Jane Knox
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Robert Bruce Polk (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Lifford]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Maryland]] (c.1680)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|12
| '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' (1784–1850)
[[Richard Taylor (colonel)|Richard Taylor]]

Sarah Dabney Strother
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Taylor (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933">{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Vinmont%2C+Rolf+Benjamin%2C&qt=results_page |title=Our Presidents At A Glance |publisher=Grosset & Dunlap |year=1933 |editor-last=Vinmont |editor-first=Rolf Benjamin |location=New York City |page=77}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|13
| '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' (1800–1874)
[[Nathaniel Fillmore]]

Phoebe Millard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Fillmore Sr (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|14
| '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' (1804–1869)
[[Benjamin Pierce (governor)|Benjamin Pierce]]

Anna Kendrick
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Pierce (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Norwich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1634)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|15
| '''[[James Buchanan]]''' (1791–1868)
James Buchanan Sr.

Elizabeth Speer
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| James Buchanan Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Ramelton]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Pennsylvania]] (1783)
|<ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|16
| '''[[Abraham Lincoln]]''' (1809–1865)
[[Thomas Lincoln]]

[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Samuel Lincoln]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hingham, Norfolk|Hingham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Hingham, Massachusetts|Hingham]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1638)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|17
| '''[[Andrew Johnson]]''' (1808–1875)
[[Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)|Jacob Johnson]]

Mary McDonough
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|18
| '''[[Ulysses S. Grant]]''' (1822–1885)
[[Jesse Root Grant]]

[[Hannah Simpson Grant|Hannah Simpson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Matthew Grant (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|19
| '''[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]''' (1822–1893)
Rutherford Hayes Jr.

Sophia Birchard
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| George Hayes (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] → [[Windsor, Connecticut|Windsor]], [[Connecticut Colony]] (c.1680)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayes Family Genealogy |url=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/ |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=rbhayes.org |publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums |location=Spiegel Grove, [[Fremont, Ohio]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|20
| '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' (1831–1881)
Abram Garfield

Eliza Ballou
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Edward Garfield (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Hillmorton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1630)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|21
| '''[[Chester A. Arthur]]''' (1829–1886)
William Arthur

Malvina Stone
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Arthur (father){{indent|0}}[[Cullybackey]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Lower Canada]] (c.1820){{indent|3}}Lower Canada → [[Vermont]] (c.1822)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|22/24
| '''[[Grover Cleveland]]''' (1837–1908)
[[Richard Falley Cleveland]]

Ann Neal
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Moses Cleveland (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ipswich]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|23
| '''[[Benjamin Harrison]]''' (1833–1901)
[[John Scott Harrison]]

Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Benjamin Harrison (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1630)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|25
| '''[[William McKinley]]''' (1843–1901)
[[William McKinley Sr.]]

Nancy Campbell Allison
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John McKinley (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dervock]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1742)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|26
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]''' (1858–1919)
[[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]]

[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Bulloch]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|<ref name="FTM062001" /><ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="DutchImmigration" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|27
| '''[[William Howard Taft]]''' (1857–1930)
[[Alphonso Taft]]

[[Louise Taft|Louise Maria Torrey]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Robert Taft Sr.]] (4th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Louth]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1675)
|<ref name="Vinmont1933" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|28
| '''[[Woodrow Wilson]]''' (1856–1924)
[[Joseph Ruggles Wilson]]

Janet E. "Jessie" Woodrow
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[James Wilson (journalist)|James Wilson]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ulster]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] (c.1795)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref name="Irishancestors" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|29
| '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' (1865–1923)
[[George Tryon Harding]]

Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Richard Harding (8th great grandfather) [[Northampton]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Braintree, Massachusetts|Braintree]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1623)
|<ref name="findmypast" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|30
| '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' (1872–1933)
[[John Calvin Coolidge Sr.]]

Victoria Josephine Moor
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| John Coolidge (7th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Cottenham]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="DHFischer1989" /><ref name="WelshAmerica" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|31
| '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' (1874–1964)
Jesse Clark Hoover

Hulda Randall Minthorn
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Andreas Huber (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Ellerstadt]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1738)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Burner |first=David |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3183052-herbert-hoover#bookDetails |title=Herbert Hoover: The Public Life |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-394-46134-2 |location=New York City |page=4}}</ref><ref name="Ethnic2000Yang">{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wwO1_XzDKAC&pg=PA214 |title=Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7914-9311-3 |location=[[Albany, New York]] |page=214 |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|32
| '''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]''' (1882–1945)
[[James Roosevelt I]]

[[Sara Roosevelt|Sara Ann Delano]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt (5th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] → [[New Amsterdam]], [[New Netherland]] (c.1649)
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|33
| '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' (1884–1972)
John Anderson Truman

[[Martha Ellen Young Truman|Martha Ellen Young]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
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| {{hid|zed}}
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| Unknown
|<ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Niel |last2=Johnson |first2=Verna Gail |year=1999 |title=Rooted In History: The Genealogy of Harry S. Truman |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/genealogy/?m=g_essay |access-date=May 26, 2020 |website=trumanlibrary.gov |publisher=Harry S. Truman Library |location=[[Independence, Missouri]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|34
| '''[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]''' (1890–1969)
David Jacob Eisenhower

[[Ida Stover Eisenhower|Ida Elizabeth Stover]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{Hid}}
|Johann Peter Eisenhauer (2nd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Karlsbrunn]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] → [[York, Pennsylvania|York]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1741)
|<ref name="Ethnic2000Yang" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barnett |first=Lincoln |date=November 9, 1942 |title=General "Ike" Eisenhower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA112 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York City |pages=112–124 |volume=13 |issue=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eisenhower Ancestry |url=https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/eisenhowers/eisenhower-ancestry |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=eisenhowerlibrary.gov |publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home |location=[[Abilene, Kansas]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|35
| '''[[John F. Kennedy]]''' (1917–1963)
[[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr.]]

[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Patrick Kennedy (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[New Ross]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (c.1848)
|<ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |title=John F. Kennedy and Ireland |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-ireland |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=jfklibrary.org |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum |location=[[Boston]]}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|36
| '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' (1908–1973)
[[Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.]]

Rebekah Baines
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wheeler |first1=Keith |last2=Lambert |first2=William |date=August 14, 1964 |title=The Man Who Is President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |location=New York City |publisher=Time Inc. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=25–29, 77–80 |access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|37
| '''[[Richard Nixon]]''' (1913–1994)
[[Francis A. Nixon|Francis Anthony Nixon]]

[[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Elizabeth Milhous]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="WalesOnline" /><ref name="Irishancestors" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=August 30, 2018 |title=10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon |url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon |access-date=May 30, 2020 |website=history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |location=New York City}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|38
| '''[[Gerald Ford]]''' (1913–2006)
[[Leslie Lynch King Sr.]]

[[Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford|Dorothy Ayer Gardner]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Poland}}
| Philip King {{indent|0}}[[Devonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]] (1730)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/genealog.asp |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=fordlibrarymuseum.gov |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=President Ford was Sadowski descendant| url=https://www.poles.org/db/f_names/Ford_GR/Ford_Sad.html#:~:text=Anthony%20Sadowski%2C%20the%20progenitor%20of,about%20the%20Polish%20bloodline%20later. |access-date=Jul 17, 2024 |website=poles.org |publisher=Poles in America Foundation |author=Edward Pinkowski |year=2007}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|39
| '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' (born 1924)
[[James Earl Carter Sr.]]

[[Lillian Gordy Carter|Bessie Lillian Gordy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Thomas Carter (8th great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kingdom of England|England]] → [[Colony of Virginia]] (c.1635)
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|40
| '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' (1911–2004)
[[Jack Reagan|John Edward Reagan]]

[[Nelle Wilson Reagan|Nelle Clyde Wilson]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Michael O'Regan (great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[County Tipperary]], [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|Ireland]] → [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] (1852){{indent|0}}London, England → [[Carroll County, Illinois|Carroll County]], [[Illinois]] (1856)
|<ref name="LAT02171986">{{cite news |last=Gormley |first=Myra V. |date=February 17, 1986 |title=Digging Up a Potential Presidential Pedigree: 5 Chief Executives Identified as Most Likely Candidates |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-17-vw-9117-story.html |access-date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |title=Ronald Reagan's America: His Voice, His Dreams, and His Vision of Tomorrow |publisher=Sourcebooks MediaFusion |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4022-1258-1 |location=[[Naperville, Illinois]] |page=1}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|41
| '''[[George H. W. Bush]]''' (1924–2018)
[[Prescott Bush|Prescott Sheldon Bush]]

Dorothy Wear Walker
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
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| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Pilgrim" /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/world/dutch-digging-deep-find-bush-s-pilgrim-roots.html|title=Dutch, Digging Deep, Find Bush's Pilgrim Roots|first1=Maureen|last1=Dowd|author-link=Maureen Dowd|date=July 18, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush">{{cite web |title=Ancestry of George W. Bush |publisher=Wargs.com |url=http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|42
| '''[[Bill Clinton]]''' (born 1946)
[[William Jefferson Blythe Jr.]]

[[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| Unknown
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|43
| '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (born 1946)
[[George H. W. Bush|George Herbert Walker Bush]]

[[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ulster}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Netherlands}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|<ref name="findmypast" /><ref name="UlsterScots" /><ref name="Pilgrim" /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />
| <ref name=findmypast /><ref name=UlsterScots /><ref name=Pilgrim /><ref name="Ancestry of George W. Bush" />

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|44
| '''[[Barack Obama]]''' (born 1961)
[[Barack Obama Sr.|Barack Hussein Obama Sr.]]

[[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]]
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Wales}}| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Switzerland}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Kenya}}
| {{hid|zed}}
|Barack Obama Sr. (father){{indent|0}}[[Nyang'oma Kogelo]], [[Kenya Colony]] → [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (1959)<ref name="CBSObama" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kenneally |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEJPBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 |title=The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures |publisher=Schwartz |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-670-02555-8 |location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |page=47}}</ref>
|

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|45
| '''[[Donald Trump]]''' (born 1946)
[[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ Trump Sr.]]

[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Scotland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Germany}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Kallstadt]], [[German Empire|Germany]] → [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1885)
|<ref name="Six09112019Scottish" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Atika |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's German roots: Inside the town that spawned a dynasty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/donald-trump-german-roots-kallstadt/index.html |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=cnn.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="vertical-align: top;"|46
| '''[[Joe Biden]]''' (born 1942)
Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.

Catherine Eugenia Finnegan
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|England}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|France}}
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| {{yes}}{{indent|0}}{{Flagdeco|Ireland}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| {{hid|zed}}
| William Biden (3rd great-grandfather){{indent|0}}[[Westbourne, West Sussex|Westbourne]], [[England]] → [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (c.1820)
|<ref>{{cite book |last=Witcover |first=Jules |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061791987 |title=Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption |publisher=William Morrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-179198-7 |location=New York City |page=8 |author-link=Jules Witcover}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[African-American heritage of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Most royal candidate theory]]
* [[Lists of Americans]] (lists of people from the United States by various criteria, including ethnic or national origin)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last=Roberts| first=Gary Boyd| title=Ancestors of American Presidents| year=2009| edition=2nd| publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]| location=[[Boston]]| isbn=978-0-88082-220-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://famouskin.com/category.php?cat=1+presidents Presidential Family Trees and Famous Kin], ''famouskin.com''

{{United States presidential family political lines}}
{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

[[Category:American genealogy|Presidents]]
[[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency]]
[[Category:Lists of American people by ethnicity|Presidents]]

Yoav Gallant

2024-07-11T23:33:39Z

Edwki: Minor fix

{{short description|Israeli general and politician (born 1958)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Yoav Galant 1.jpg
| caption = Official portrait in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaffa]], Tel Aviv, Israel
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Ministerial roles
| suboffice1 = [[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Minister of Construction]]
| subterm1 = 2015–2019
| suboffice2 = {{nowrap|[[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah & Integration]]}}
| subterm2 = 2019–2020|
| suboffice3 = [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]]
| subterm3 = 2020–2021|
| suboffice4 = [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Minister of Defense]]
| subterm4 = 2022–
| office5 = Faction represented in the [[Knesset]]
| suboffice5 = [[Kulanu]]
| subterm5 = 2015–2019
| suboffice6 = [[Likud]]
| subterm6 = 2019–
| allegiance = Israel
| branch = [[Israeli Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1977–1982, 1984–2012
| rank = [[Aluf|Major general]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]]
| battles = {{ubl|[[Second Lebanon War]]|[[Operation Cast Lead]]}}
| native_name = {{nobold|יוֹאָב גָּלַנְטְ}}
| native_name_lang = he
}}

'''Yoav Gallant''' ({{Lang-he|יוֹאָב גָּלַנְטְ‎}}; born 8 November 1958) is an Israeli politician and retired military general. A member of the [[Knesset]] for [[Likud]], he has served as [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Minister of Defense]] since 2022.

Gallant is a former commander of the [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]] in the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. In January 2015, he entered politics, joining the new [[Kulanu]] party. After being elected to the [[Knesset]], he was appointed [[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Minister of Construction]]. At the end of 2018, he joined Likud. Gallant also previously held the posts of [[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah and Integration]] and [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]].

==Biography==
Yoav Gallant was born on 8 November 1958<ref>{{cite web|title=יואב גלנט|url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/heb/mk.asp?mk_individual_id_t=921|website=Knesset.gov.il|language=he|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150520064945/http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/heb/mk.asp?mk_individual_id_t=921|archive-date=20 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Jaffa]] to Polish Jewish immigrants. His mother, Fruma, was a [[Holocaust survivor]] who had been on the [[SS Exodus|SS ''Exodus'']] as a child.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/first-israeli-monument-to-exodus-inaugurated-in-haifa-500112|title=First Israeli monument to 'Exodus' inaugurated in Haifa|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229003213/https://www.jpost.com///israel-news/first-israeli-monument-to-exodus-inaugurated-in-haifa-500112|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with other Exodus refugees, she was deported by the British to [[Hamburg]], and arrived in Israel in 1948. She was a nurse by profession. His father, Michael, fought the Nazis as a partisan in the forests of Ukraine and Belarus, and also immigrated to Israel in 1948. He served in the [[Givati Brigade]] in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], including the [[Samson's Foxes]] unit, and was considered one of the finest snipers in the IDF. He participated in [[Operation Yoav]], during which he was the first soldier to break into the fort at [[Iraq Suwaydan]].<ref>Amir Rappaport, Operation Yoav, Ma'ariv supplement Saturday, 21 April 2006</ref> He named his son for the operation.<ref name="yediot" /> In Gallant's youth, the family moved to [[Givatayim]], where he studied at David Kalai high school. He received a BA in Business and Finance Management from the [[University of Haifa]].<ref name="greenberg" />

Gallant lives in [[moshav]] [[Amikam]]. He is married to Claudine, a retired IDF lieutenant colonel. They have a son and two daughters.<ref name="yediot" />

In 2011, Gallant was tapped to succeed [[Gabi Ashkenazi]] as the [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of General Staff]] by [[Israeli Defense Minister|Defense Minister]] [[Ehud Barak]]. Although his appointment was approved by the government<ref name="cabinet">{{cite news|last=Lis|first=Jonathan|title=Cabinet votes Galant in as next IDF chief of staff|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/cabinet-votes-galant-in-as-next-idf-chief-of-staff-1.312330|access-date=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=5 September 2010|archive-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908042735/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/cabinet-votes-galant-in-as-next-idf-chief-of-staff-1.312330|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="anshel" /> it was overturned due to allegations of building of an unauthorized access road to his home and planting an olive grove on public land outside the boundaries of his property.

==Military career==
[[File:AlamYoavGalant1995.jpg|thumb|Gallant in 1995 as commander of [[Shayetet 13]]]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Celebration of Rosh ha'Shana in the Southern Command (1).jpg|thumb|Gallant in September 2010]]
[[File:Ilham Aliyev met with Defense Minister of Israel in Munich 01.jpg|thumb|Gallant with Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] at the [[Munich Security Conference]] in Germany, 17 February 2023]]
Gallant began his military career in 1977 as a naval commando in [[Shayetet 13]].<ref name="greenberg" /> In the 1980s, after six years of active service, he moved to [[Alaska]] and worked as a [[lumberjack]].<ref name="Lumberjack">{{cite web| url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Who-is-Yoav-Galant| title=Who is Yoav Galant?| work=The Jerusalem Post| date=22 August 2010| access-date=26 March 2023| author=Katz, Yaakov| archive-date=30 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330144632/https://www.jpost.com/israel/who-is-yoav-galant| url-status=live}}</ref> He then returned to the navy and served on a missile boat (including a position as deputy-commander of INS ''Keshet'')<ref name="israeltoday" /> and again in Shayetet 13. In 1992, Gallant was earmarked by then-navy commander [[Ami Ayalon]] for the command of Shayetet 13, a position he was meant to take up in 1994. Gallant preferred not to study during the two remaining years, and instead moved into the ground forces and in 1993 took up command of the [[Menashe Territorial Brigade]] of the [[West Bank Division|Judea and Samaria Division]].<ref name="yediot" />

After serving for three years as commander of Shayetet 13, Gallant moved up to command the [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="yediot" /> He also commanded the reserve 340th Armored Division (Idan Formation),<ref name="reshet" /> and in 2001 became the Chief of Staff of the [[GOC Army Headquarters]].<ref name="nrg" /> Gallant attained the rank of a major general when he became the Military Secretary of the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] in 2002.<ref name="yediot" /> In 2005, Gallant was appointed as commander of the [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]].<ref name="yediot" /> During his tenure (that lasted until 21 October 2010), [[Hamas]] launched the 25 June [[2006 Gaza cross-border raid]] that resulted in the deaths of two IDF soldiers and the capture of a third, [[Gilad Shalit]]. The IDF then launched [[Operation Summer Rains]], that resulted in a decrease of Hamas rocket-fire for some time but failed to free Shalit. Also during his tenure, the Israel Defense Forces embarked on [[Operation Cast Lead]] against [[Hamas]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] from December 2008 until January 2009, which again temporarily minimized Hamas rocket-fire but also again failed to find and deliver Shalit, who would be eventually [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange|exchanged]] in 2011 for 1,027 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel. Gallant commanded the operation and his role in the field and in what was at that time considered the success of the operation gained praise and helped him in the race to chief of staff.<ref name="greenberg" /> However, Gallant and the IDF were criticized for the implementation of the [[Dahiya doctrine]] of widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure in the [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|Gaza War]] of 2008-09, with the [[Goldstone Report]] concluding that the Israeli strategy was "designed to punish, humiliate and terrorize a civilian population".<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Deterrence and the Israeli-Hezbollah War-Summer 2006|editor=Cain, Anthony C.|date=September 2010|title=Deterrence in the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings (London, UK 18-19 May 2009) |location=London|page=288|isbn=978-1466368187}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session9/MediaSummaryReport_en.doc |title=Media Summary: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324223810/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session9/MediaSummaryReport_en.doc |archive-date=24 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="UN">United Nations General Assembly, [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070929/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |date=28 September 2018 }}, 25 09 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/reconsidering-the-goldstone-report-on-israel-and-war-crimes/2011/04/01/AFg111JC_story.html|title=Reconsidering the Goldstone Report on Israel and war crimes|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|date=2 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110111254/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/reconsidering-the-goldstone-report-on-israel-and-war-crimes/2011/04/01/AFg111JC_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/un-gaza-report-authors-goldstone|title=UN Gaza report co-authors round on Goldstone|work=The Guardian|first1=Ed|last1=Pilkington|first2=Conal|last2=Urquhart|date=11 April 2011|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201224306/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/un-gaza-report-authors-goldstone|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NoSecond">[http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/no%20second%20thoughts_ENG_WEB.pdf "No Second Thoughts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215081903/http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/no%20second%20thoughts_ENG_WEB.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }} The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel</ref>

The Israeli NGO, [[Yesh Gvul]], filed suit against Gallant's appointment as IDF chief of staff, claiming that his command role in Cast Lead confirmed him as a suspect in "grave violations of international law."<ref name=Walla>{{cite news|title=Injunction Against Galant's Appointment: "Suspected of War Crimes"|url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/1747629|newspaper=Walla|date=25 October 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226204942/http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/1747629|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' noted that Gallant lobbied against an investigation of Col. Ilan Malka, the IDF commander who approved the airstrike that killed 21 members of the al-Samouni clan during Cast Lead. Gallant's view was ignored as the military prosecutor general opened an investigation of the incident which was highlighted by the [[Goldstone Report]] as a "possible serious breach of international law".<ref name=Haaretz>{{cite news|title=IDF probes top officers on Gaza war strike that killed 21 family members|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-probes-top-officers-on-gaza-war-strike-that-killed-21-family-members-1.320505|newspaper=Haaretz|first=Amos|last=Harel|first2=Anshel|last2=Pfeffer|date=22 October 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222750/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-probes-top-officers-on-gaza-war-strike-that-killed-21-family-members-1.320505|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chief of Staff candidacy===
On 22 August 2010, Minister of Defense [[Ehud Barak]] presented the candidacy of Gallant for the post of the IDF's twentieth [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of Staff]] to the government.<ref name="greenberg" /> It was expected that he would receive the promotion.<ref name="lis" /> Gallant's appointment followed a controversy, where a forged document was leaked to Israel's [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] purporting to detail plans by Gallant to smear rival candidate [[Benny Gantz]].<ref name="yehoshua" />

On 5 September 2010, the government approved the nomination of Gallant as the next chief of staff, with only [[Likud]] minister [[Michael Eitan]] objecting. Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] said that the incoming IDF chief had "proven his worth during his 33 years of military service at the IDF's frontlines," and that "He's proven himself to be a courageous fighter, an excellent officer, and a responsible and serious battle commander." The PM added that Gallant picked up on a legacy of "dedication and excellence" bequeathed by incumbent IDF chief Gabi Ashkenazi. The cabinet also approved Barak's proposal, according to which Gallant would serve for three years, giving the defense minister power to grant a fourth.<ref name=cabinet />

On 1 February 2011, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Ehud Barak canceled the appointment of Gallant to the post of Israel Defense Forces chief. The announcement came after months of scandal surrounding his appointment due to allegations that he had seized public lands near his home in Moshav [[Amikam]]. After conducting an investigation into the allegations, [[Attorney General of Israel|Attorney General]] [[Yehuda Weinstein]] said that his findings "raise significant legal difficulties for the decision to appoint him." Weinstein said that it was up to the prime minister and defense minister to decide whether or not Gallant could take up the post. Earlier in the day, Weinstein notified Netanyahu that he could not defend Gallant's appointment as chief of staff due to legal impediments.<ref name=appoint_cancel_pmannounce />

On 30 December 2012, the local planning committee administering land ownership issues and building licenses said that Gallant had built his home in the northern community of Amikam on 350m² of property accidentally listed as his, unaware that it was actually public land. The decision did not address two other issues still being investigated by the state comptroller and attorney general: the building of an unauthorized access road to his house and the planting of an olive grove that spilled over the boundaries of his property.<ref name="kalman" />

===Minister of Defense===
[[File:DAZ 0152PS (53406725862).jpg|thumb|Gallant with Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Netanyahu]], US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]], US military chief [[Charles Q. Brown Jr.|CQ Brown]] and IDF Chief [[Herzi Halevi]] in Tel Aviv, 18 December 2023]]
On 8 August 2023, Gallant warned that Israel would not hesitate to attack [[Hezbollah]] and "return [[Lebanon]] to the Stone Age" if Israel was attacked.<ref>{{cite news |title=Defense Minister Gallant Threatens to Send Lebanon Back to 'Stone Age' if Hezbollah Provokes Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-08/ty-article/.premium/gallant-threatens-to-send-lebanon-back-to-stone-age-if-hezbollah-provokes-israel/00000189-d511-d820-aded-dd97f22a0000 |work=Haaretz |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811171021/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-08/ty-article/.premium/gallant-threatens-to-send-lebanon-back-to-stone-age-if-hezbollah-provokes-israel/00000189-d511-d820-aded-dd97f22a0000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the [[Israel–Hamas war]] and attacks in Israel by [[Hamas]] militants, Gallant said he had "ordered a complete [[October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|siege]] on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no water, no fuel. Everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10|work=Business Insider|first=Mia|last=Jankowicz|date=9 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli defence minister orders 'complete siege' on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |date=2023-10-09 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009184220/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105739/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |date=2023-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title="We are fighting human animals" said Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant. #palestine #gaza |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk |access-date=2023-10-18 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510150120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 October 2023, he met with US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]]. Gallant called on Palestinians to [[2023 evacuation of northern Gaza|evacuate northern Gaza]], including [[Gaza City]], saying: "The camouflage of the terrorists is the civilian population. Therefore, we need to separate them. So those who want to save their lives, please go south. We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructure, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military establishment, and take these phenomena out of Gaza and out of the Earth."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischler |first1=Jacob |title=U.S. stresses support for Israel as 1 million residents of North Gaza ordered to evacuate |url=https://coloradonewsline.com/2023/10/13/u-s-stresses-support-for-israel-as-1-million-residents-of-north-gaza-ordered-to-evacuate/ |work=Colorado Newsline |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014071023/https://coloradonewsline.com/2023/10/13/u-s-stresses-support-for-israel-as-1-million-residents-of-north-gaza-ordered-to-evacuate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 October, he said that "Gaza won’t return to what it was before. Hamas won’t be there. We will eliminate everything."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Segal |first1=Raz |title=Israel must stop weaponising the Holocaust |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust |work=The Guardian |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520114649/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust |url-status=live }}</ref> Gallant said he had "released all restraints" as he addressed Israeli troops on the border with the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |work=Al Jazeera |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010004/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)|South Africa's submission]] to the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) that Israel was committing genocide against the Palestinians, the president of the ICJ cited Gallant for using the phrase "[[human animals]]" in reference to Palestinians. Gallant described South Africa’s submission as [[antisemitic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |title=Israeli officials accuse international court of justice of antisemitic bias |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |website=The Guardian |access-date=27 January 2024 |date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240126183324/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

[[File:U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan Visit to Israel. May 19-20, 2024 39.jpg|thumb|Gallant with Joe Biden's National Security Adviser [[Jake Sullivan]] in Israel, 20 May 2024]]
On 25 March 2024, after the UN Security Council [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728|adopted a resolution calling for a ceasefire]] in the Israel–Hamas war, Gallant said that Israel has "no moral right to stop the war in Gaza."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel pushes back on UN ceasefire call; Gallant: We’ve ‘no moral right’ to end war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pushes-back-on-un-ceasefire-call-gallant-weve-no-moral-right-to-end-war/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=25 March 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042036/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pushes-back-on-un-ceasefire-call-gallant-weve-no-moral-right-to-end-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 April 2024, Gallant thanked Lloyd Austin and the entire U.S. Administration for "standing boldly" with Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gallant thanks Austin for ‘standing boldly’ with Israel |url=https://www.jns.org/gallant-thanks-austin-for-standing-boldly-with-israel/ |work=Jewish News Syndicate |date=15 April 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502103344/https://www.jns.org/gallant-thanks-austin-for-standing-boldly-with-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 May 2024, an arrest warrant for Gallant, as well as for other Israeli and Hamas leaders, was requested by the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) prosecutor [[Karim Ahmad Khan|Karim Khan]] as part of the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine#Arrest warrants|ICC investigation in Palestine]], on several counts of [[War crime|war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] during the Israel-Hamas war.<ref name="icc1">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Karim A.A |date=2024-05-20 |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520105912/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state }}</ref><ref name="CNN1">{{Cite web |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |date=2024-05-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE: ICC seeks arrest warrants against Sinwar and Netanyahu for war crimes over October 7 attack and Gaza war |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520113208/https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Ash Carter visit to Israel. 161212-D-GO396-0235 (31233095740).jpg|thumb|Gallant with Prime Minister Netanyahu, Defense Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] and U.S. Defense Secretary [[Ash Carter]] at the [[Nevatim Airbase]] in Israel, 12 December 2016]]
[[File:Olive Branches Search and Rescue Delegation, February 2023 (IDF 105).jpeg|thumb|Gallant and Benjamin Netanyahu on 13 February 2023]]

===Kulanu===
In January 2015 Gallant joined the new [[Kulanu]] party led by [[Moshe Kahlon]]. He was placed second on the party's list for the [[2015 Israeli legislative election|2015 elections]], and was elected to the Knesset as the party won ten seats. He was later appointed Minister of Construction in the [[Thirty-fourth government of Israel|new government]].

In January 2016, the ''New York Times'' published an op-ed by Gallant in which he described how important he believes it is for Jewish and Arab leaders to come together in promoting peace and equality in their shared country. As part of that effort, he and MK [[Ayman Odeh]], leader of the [[Joint List]] alliance of Arab parties, together visited several Arab Israeli towns. "Together, we examined firsthand the challenges facing Arab Israeli communities so that we could bring about solutions," he noted.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/opinion/building-the-future-in-israel.html Building the Future in Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420010144/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/opinion/building-the-future-in-israel.html |date=20 April 2024 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 January 2016</ref>

===Likud===
On 31 December 2018, Gallant quit his post as Housing and Construction Minister to join [[Likud]].<ref name="globes-likud">{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-galant-quits-as-housing-minister-to-join-likud-1001267136|title=Galant quits as housing minister to join Likud|author=Schneider, Tal|work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|date=31 December 2018|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101140743/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-galant-quits-as-housing-minister-to-join-likud-1001267136|url-status=live}}</ref> A day later he was appointed [[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah and Integration]].<ref name="toi-aliyah">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-he-leaves-kulanu-gallant-appointed-immigration-minister/|title=As he leaves Kulanu, Gallant appointed immigration minister|author=Wootliff, Raoul|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=1 January 2019|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101144315/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-he-leaves-kulanu-gallant-appointed-immigration-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next candidate on the Kulanu list, [[Fentahun Seyoum]] on 2 January 2019.<ref>[https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=5 Replacements Among Knesset Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023230034/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=5 |date=23 October 2020 }}, Knesset.gov.il</ref>

After the formation of the [[Thirty-fifth government of Israel]] Gallant was appointed [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]].

On 17 January 2021, reacting to a planned speech by the director-general of [[B'Tselem]] [[Hagai El-Ad]] at the [[Hebrew Reali School]], Gallant, serving as the Minister of Education, published a directive to the Education Ministry to forbid all organizations whose causes contradict the Ministry's vision of the country as democratic, Jewish and Zionist, from entering schools.

Specifically, Gallant wrote that any organization which cites Israel as an "apartheid state", shall be forbidden from entering education centers in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/embeds/pdf_upload/2021/20210117-185903.pdf|title=הנדון: הוראה לאסור הכנסתם לבתי ספר של ארגונים הפועלים בסתירה למטרות|website=Haaretz.co.il|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229122209/https://www.haaretz.co.il/embeds/pdf_upload/2021/20210117-185903.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.9459194|title=שר החינוך: אסור לבתי ספר לארח "ארגונים המכנים את ישראל מדינת אפרטהייד"|website=Haaretz.co.il|language=he|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127080225/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.9459194|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Reuven Rivlin and Yoav Galant in a conversation Israeli educators about distance learning, January 2021 (GPOMN1 6625).jpg|thumb|Gallant and Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Israel|COVID-19 pandemic]], 19 January 2021]]
In 2021, as Minister of Education, Gallant opposed [[Weizmann Institute]] professor [[Oded Goldreich]] receiving the [[Israel Prize]] in mathematics, due to him co-signing a 2019 letter that called for the [[Bundestag]] not to pass legislation defining the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] (BDS) movement as anti-Semitic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-prize-committee-petitions-top-court-over-ministers-veto-of-math-winner/|title=Israel Prize committee petitions top court over minister's veto of math winner|work=The Times of Israel|date=30 March 2021|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411222751/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-prize-committee-petitions-top-court-over-ministers-veto-of-math-winner/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 April 2021 Israel's [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court of Justice]] ruled in favor of Gallant's petition so that Goldreich could not receive the prize and gave Gallant a month to further examine the issue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel's Supreme Court says pro-BDS professor ineligible to receive prestigious prize|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1617883246-israel-s-supreme-court-says-pro-bds-professor-ineligible-to-receive-prestigious-prize|date=8 April 2021|website=i24news.tv|quote=|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207103706/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1617883246-israel-s-supreme-court-says-pro-bds-professor-ineligible-to-receive-prestigious-prize|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2022 the [[High Court of Israel]] ruled that the 2021 prize had to be awarded to Prof. Goldreich.<ref>{{cite news|title=High Court Orders State to Give Left-wing Professor Withheld Israel Prize|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-03-29/ty-article/.premium/high-court-orders-state-to-give-left-wing-professor-withheld-israel-prize/00000180-5bac-d615-a9bf-dffc7bb60000|newspaper=Haaretz|first1=Shira|last1=Kadari-Ovadia|first2=Or|last2=Kashti|date=29 March 2022|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

===Judicial reform===
On 25 March 2023, Gallant spoke out against his own government in support of the protests against the government's proposed [[2023 Israeli judicial reform|judicial reforms]]. He asked for the government to delay the proposed legislation to allow for negotiations between the ruling coalition and the opposition, which resulted in [[Ministry of National Security (Israel)|National Security Minister]] [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] calling for Gallant's dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-735399|title=Defense Minister Gallant calls to stop judicial reform legislation|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Yonah|last=Jeremy Bob|date=25 March 2023|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529105155/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-735399|url-status=live}}</ref> Netanyahu announced on 26 March that he was dismissing Gallant, sparking [[2023 Israeli judicial reform protests#26 March|massive protests]] that night in several major cities across Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netanyahu Fires Defense Minister Gallant for Calling to Stop Judicial Overhaul |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article-live/.premium/senior-likud-members-hint-at-opposing-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1c81-d4ca-afff-1d89ee5b0000 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326110614/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article-live/.premium/senior-likud-members-hint-at-opposing-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1c81-d4ca-afff-1d89ee5b0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following day, Gallant's office stated that he would be continuing in his post, as he had not yet been given an official notice of his dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-future-unclear-as-calls-grow-for-pm-to-roll-back-his-firing/|title=Gallant’s future unclear as calls grow for PM to roll back his firing|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=27 March 2023|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412071336/https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-future-unclear-as-calls-grow-for-pm-to-roll-back-his-firing/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 April, Netanyahu announced that he would not fire Gallant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zeytun |first=Yoav |date=2023-04-10 |title=גלנט סירב להתנצל, בסביבתו קובעים: "אזהרותיו התממשו אחת לאחת" |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjud11r11g2 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429221747/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjud11r11g2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="anshel">{{cite news|first=Anshel|last=Pfeffer|author2=Ravid, Barak|title=Yoav Galant Named as Next Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/yoav-galant-named-as-next-israel-defense-forces-chief-of-staff-1.309511|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=22 August 2010|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-date=23 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823201036/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/yoav-galant-named-as-next-israel-defense-forces-chief-of-staff-1.309511|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="greenberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3941582,00.html|title=1st Chief of Staff from Naval Commando|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|author=Greenberg, Hanan|date=22 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824152525/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3941582,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="yediot">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3943296,00.html|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|title=Yoav Galant's Race to the Top|date=24 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=27 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827015824/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3943296,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="israeltoday">{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=2298|title=Odyssey in Algeria|author=Schmidtberg, Ariel|publisher=[[Israel HaYom]]|date=28 April 2009|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721140203/http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=2298|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="reshet">{{cite web|url=http://reshet.ynet.co.il/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/News/Politics/Security/Article,50141.aspx |publisher=[[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] |title=Barak Announced: Galant Will Be the Next Chief of Staff |date=22 August 2010 |access-date=28 August 2010 |language=he |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824070215/http://reshet.ynet.co.il/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/News/Politics/Security/Article,50141.aspx |archive-date=24 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="nrg">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/147/833.html?hp=1&cat=875|publisher=[[Maariv (newspaper)|nrg Maariv]]|title=From the Flotilla to Chief of Staff: Yoav Galant's Persona|author=Buhbut, Amir|date=22 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|language=he|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629220825/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/147/833.html?hp=1&cat=875|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lis">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/grumbling-aside-galant-s-approval-all-but-assured-1.309615|title=Grumbling Aside, Galant's Approval all but Assured|author=Lis, Jonathan|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=23 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091803/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/grumbling-aside-galant-s-approval-all-but-assured-1.309615|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="yehoshua">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3940641,00.html|title=Suspect in Galant Affair Denies Involvement|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|author=Yehoshua, Yossi|date=20 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824153446/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3940641,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=appoint_cancel_pmannounce>{{cite news|title=Netanyahu, Barak announce Galant no longer new IDF chief|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-barak-announce-galant-no-longer-new-idf-chief-1.340629|access-date=1 February 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|date=1 February 2011|archive-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204123825/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-barak-announce-galant-no-longer-new-idf-chief-1.340629|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="kalman">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-idf-general-partially-cleared-in-land-scandal-that-stopped-his-appointment-as-chief-of-staff/|title=Former IDF general partially cleared in land scandal that stopped his appointment as chief of staff|author=Kalman, Aaron|publisher=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=20 December 2012|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114035745/http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-idf-general-partially-cleared-in-land-scandal-that-stopped-his-appointment-as-chief-of-staff/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{MKlink|id=921}}
*{{cite web|title=Major General Yoav Galant, GOC Southern Command |url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/staff/Yoav_Galant.htm |publisher=Israel Defense Forces |access-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412002244/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/staff/Yoav_Galant.htm |archive-date=12 April 2010 }}

{{Current MKs}}
{{IsraelDefenseMin}}
{{IsraelEduMin}}
{{Israeli Housing and Construction Ministers}}
{{Israeli Immigrant Absorption Ministers}}
{{Chairmen of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee}}
{{IsraelSouthernCommandChiefs}}
{{Military Secretaries to the Prime Minister of Israel}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galant, Yoav}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Israeli military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Israeli military personnel]]
[[Category:Israeli generals]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]]
[[Category:Kulanu politicians]]
[[Category:Likud politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)]]
[[Category:Members of the 21st Knesset (2019)]]
[[Category:Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)]]
[[Category:Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)]]
[[Category:Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–2022)]]
[[Category:Members of the 25th Knesset (2022–)]]
[[Category:People from Jaffa]]
[[Category:University of Haifa alumni]]
[[Category:Ministers of defense of Israel]]

Yoav Gallant

2024-07-11T23:32:16Z

Edwki: Added native name

{{short description|Israeli general and politician (born 1958)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Yoav Galant 1.jpg
| caption = Official portrait in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaffa]], Tel Aviv, Israel
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Ministerial roles
| suboffice1 = [[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Minister of Construction]]
| subterm1 = 2015–2019
| suboffice2 = {{nowrap|[[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah & Integration]]}}
| subterm2 = 2019–2020|
| suboffice3 = [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]]
| subterm3 = 2020–2021|
| suboffice4 = [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Minister of Defense]]
| subterm4 = 2022–
| office5 = Faction represented in the [[Knesset]]
| suboffice5 = [[Kulanu]]
| subterm5 = 2015–2019
| suboffice6 = [[Likud]]
| subterm6 = 2019–
| allegiance = Israel
| branch = [[Israeli Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1977–1982, 1984–2012
| rank = [[Aluf|Major general]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]]
| battles = {{ubl|[[Second Lebanon War]]|[[Operation Cast Lead]]}}
| native_name = יוֹאָב גָּלַנְטְ‎
| native_name_lang = he
}}

'''Yoav Gallant''' ({{Lang-he|יוֹאָב גָּלַנְטְ‎}}; born 8 November 1958) is an Israeli politician and retired military general. A member of the [[Knesset]] for [[Likud]], he has served as [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Minister of Defense]] since 2022.

Gallant is a former commander of the [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]] in the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. In January 2015, he entered politics, joining the new [[Kulanu]] party. After being elected to the [[Knesset]], he was appointed [[Ministry of Construction (Israel)|Minister of Construction]]. At the end of 2018, he joined Likud. Gallant also previously held the posts of [[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah and Integration]] and [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]].

==Biography==
Yoav Gallant was born on 8 November 1958<ref>{{cite web|title=יואב גלנט|url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/heb/mk.asp?mk_individual_id_t=921|website=Knesset.gov.il|language=he|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150520064945/http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/heb/mk.asp?mk_individual_id_t=921|archive-date=20 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Jaffa]] to Polish Jewish immigrants. His mother, Fruma, was a [[Holocaust survivor]] who had been on the [[SS Exodus|SS ''Exodus'']] as a child.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/first-israeli-monument-to-exodus-inaugurated-in-haifa-500112|title=First Israeli monument to 'Exodus' inaugurated in Haifa|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229003213/https://www.jpost.com///israel-news/first-israeli-monument-to-exodus-inaugurated-in-haifa-500112|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with other Exodus refugees, she was deported by the British to [[Hamburg]], and arrived in Israel in 1948. She was a nurse by profession. His father, Michael, fought the Nazis as a partisan in the forests of Ukraine and Belarus, and also immigrated to Israel in 1948. He served in the [[Givati Brigade]] in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], including the [[Samson's Foxes]] unit, and was considered one of the finest snipers in the IDF. He participated in [[Operation Yoav]], during which he was the first soldier to break into the fort at [[Iraq Suwaydan]].<ref>Amir Rappaport, Operation Yoav, Ma'ariv supplement Saturday, 21 April 2006</ref> He named his son for the operation.<ref name="yediot" /> In Gallant's youth, the family moved to [[Givatayim]], where he studied at David Kalai high school. He received a BA in Business and Finance Management from the [[University of Haifa]].<ref name="greenberg" />

Gallant lives in [[moshav]] [[Amikam]]. He is married to Claudine, a retired IDF lieutenant colonel. They have a son and two daughters.<ref name="yediot" />

In 2011, Gallant was tapped to succeed [[Gabi Ashkenazi]] as the [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of General Staff]] by [[Israeli Defense Minister|Defense Minister]] [[Ehud Barak]]. Although his appointment was approved by the government<ref name="cabinet">{{cite news|last=Lis|first=Jonathan|title=Cabinet votes Galant in as next IDF chief of staff|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/cabinet-votes-galant-in-as-next-idf-chief-of-staff-1.312330|access-date=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=5 September 2010|archive-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908042735/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/cabinet-votes-galant-in-as-next-idf-chief-of-staff-1.312330|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="anshel" /> it was overturned due to allegations of building of an unauthorized access road to his home and planting an olive grove on public land outside the boundaries of his property.

==Military career==
[[File:AlamYoavGalant1995.jpg|thumb|Gallant in 1995 as commander of [[Shayetet 13]]]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Celebration of Rosh ha'Shana in the Southern Command (1).jpg|thumb|Gallant in September 2010]]
[[File:Ilham Aliyev met with Defense Minister of Israel in Munich 01.jpg|thumb|Gallant with Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] at the [[Munich Security Conference]] in Germany, 17 February 2023]]
Gallant began his military career in 1977 as a naval commando in [[Shayetet 13]].<ref name="greenberg" /> In the 1980s, after six years of active service, he moved to [[Alaska]] and worked as a [[lumberjack]].<ref name="Lumberjack">{{cite web| url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Who-is-Yoav-Galant| title=Who is Yoav Galant?| work=The Jerusalem Post| date=22 August 2010| access-date=26 March 2023| author=Katz, Yaakov| archive-date=30 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330144632/https://www.jpost.com/israel/who-is-yoav-galant| url-status=live}}</ref> He then returned to the navy and served on a missile boat (including a position as deputy-commander of INS ''Keshet'')<ref name="israeltoday" /> and again in Shayetet 13. In 1992, Gallant was earmarked by then-navy commander [[Ami Ayalon]] for the command of Shayetet 13, a position he was meant to take up in 1994. Gallant preferred not to study during the two remaining years, and instead moved into the ground forces and in 1993 took up command of the [[Menashe Territorial Brigade]] of the [[West Bank Division|Judea and Samaria Division]].<ref name="yediot" />

After serving for three years as commander of Shayetet 13, Gallant moved up to command the [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="yediot" /> He also commanded the reserve 340th Armored Division (Idan Formation),<ref name="reshet" /> and in 2001 became the Chief of Staff of the [[GOC Army Headquarters]].<ref name="nrg" /> Gallant attained the rank of a major general when he became the Military Secretary of the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] in 2002.<ref name="yediot" /> In 2005, Gallant was appointed as commander of the [[Southern Command (Israel)|Southern Command]].<ref name="yediot" /> During his tenure (that lasted until 21 October 2010), [[Hamas]] launched the 25 June [[2006 Gaza cross-border raid]] that resulted in the deaths of two IDF soldiers and the capture of a third, [[Gilad Shalit]]. The IDF then launched [[Operation Summer Rains]], that resulted in a decrease of Hamas rocket-fire for some time but failed to free Shalit. Also during his tenure, the Israel Defense Forces embarked on [[Operation Cast Lead]] against [[Hamas]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] from December 2008 until January 2009, which again temporarily minimized Hamas rocket-fire but also again failed to find and deliver Shalit, who would be eventually [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange|exchanged]] in 2011 for 1,027 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel. Gallant commanded the operation and his role in the field and in what was at that time considered the success of the operation gained praise and helped him in the race to chief of staff.<ref name="greenberg" /> However, Gallant and the IDF were criticized for the implementation of the [[Dahiya doctrine]] of widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure in the [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|Gaza War]] of 2008-09, with the [[Goldstone Report]] concluding that the Israeli strategy was "designed to punish, humiliate and terrorize a civilian population".<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Deterrence and the Israeli-Hezbollah War-Summer 2006|editor=Cain, Anthony C.|date=September 2010|title=Deterrence in the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings (London, UK 18-19 May 2009) |location=London|page=288|isbn=978-1466368187}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session9/MediaSummaryReport_en.doc |title=Media Summary: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324223810/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/SpecialSession/Session9/MediaSummaryReport_en.doc |archive-date=24 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="UN">United Nations General Assembly, [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070929/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf |date=28 September 2018 }}, 25 09 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/reconsidering-the-goldstone-report-on-israel-and-war-crimes/2011/04/01/AFg111JC_story.html|title=Reconsidering the Goldstone Report on Israel and war crimes|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|date=2 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110111254/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/reconsidering-the-goldstone-report-on-israel-and-war-crimes/2011/04/01/AFg111JC_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/un-gaza-report-authors-goldstone|title=UN Gaza report co-authors round on Goldstone|work=The Guardian|first1=Ed|last1=Pilkington|first2=Conal|last2=Urquhart|date=11 April 2011|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201224306/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/un-gaza-report-authors-goldstone|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NoSecond">[http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/no%20second%20thoughts_ENG_WEB.pdf "No Second Thoughts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215081903/http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/no%20second%20thoughts_ENG_WEB.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }} The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel</ref>

The Israeli NGO, [[Yesh Gvul]], filed suit against Gallant's appointment as IDF chief of staff, claiming that his command role in Cast Lead confirmed him as a suspect in "grave violations of international law."<ref name=Walla>{{cite news|title=Injunction Against Galant's Appointment: "Suspected of War Crimes"|url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/1747629|newspaper=Walla|date=25 October 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226204942/http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/1747629|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Haaretz'' noted that Gallant lobbied against an investigation of Col. Ilan Malka, the IDF commander who approved the airstrike that killed 21 members of the al-Samouni clan during Cast Lead. Gallant's view was ignored as the military prosecutor general opened an investigation of the incident which was highlighted by the [[Goldstone Report]] as a "possible serious breach of international law".<ref name=Haaretz>{{cite news|title=IDF probes top officers on Gaza war strike that killed 21 family members|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-probes-top-officers-on-gaza-war-strike-that-killed-21-family-members-1.320505|newspaper=Haaretz|first=Amos|last=Harel|first2=Anshel|last2=Pfeffer|date=22 October 2010|access-date=26 October 2010|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222750/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-probes-top-officers-on-gaza-war-strike-that-killed-21-family-members-1.320505|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chief of Staff candidacy===
On 22 August 2010, Minister of Defense [[Ehud Barak]] presented the candidacy of Gallant for the post of the IDF's twentieth [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of Staff]] to the government.<ref name="greenberg" /> It was expected that he would receive the promotion.<ref name="lis" /> Gallant's appointment followed a controversy, where a forged document was leaked to Israel's [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] purporting to detail plans by Gallant to smear rival candidate [[Benny Gantz]].<ref name="yehoshua" />

On 5 September 2010, the government approved the nomination of Gallant as the next chief of staff, with only [[Likud]] minister [[Michael Eitan]] objecting. Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] said that the incoming IDF chief had "proven his worth during his 33 years of military service at the IDF's frontlines," and that "He's proven himself to be a courageous fighter, an excellent officer, and a responsible and serious battle commander." The PM added that Gallant picked up on a legacy of "dedication and excellence" bequeathed by incumbent IDF chief Gabi Ashkenazi. The cabinet also approved Barak's proposal, according to which Gallant would serve for three years, giving the defense minister power to grant a fourth.<ref name=cabinet />

On 1 February 2011, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Ehud Barak canceled the appointment of Gallant to the post of Israel Defense Forces chief. The announcement came after months of scandal surrounding his appointment due to allegations that he had seized public lands near his home in Moshav [[Amikam]]. After conducting an investigation into the allegations, [[Attorney General of Israel|Attorney General]] [[Yehuda Weinstein]] said that his findings "raise significant legal difficulties for the decision to appoint him." Weinstein said that it was up to the prime minister and defense minister to decide whether or not Gallant could take up the post. Earlier in the day, Weinstein notified Netanyahu that he could not defend Gallant's appointment as chief of staff due to legal impediments.<ref name=appoint_cancel_pmannounce />

On 30 December 2012, the local planning committee administering land ownership issues and building licenses said that Gallant had built his home in the northern community of Amikam on 350m² of property accidentally listed as his, unaware that it was actually public land. The decision did not address two other issues still being investigated by the state comptroller and attorney general: the building of an unauthorized access road to his house and the planting of an olive grove that spilled over the boundaries of his property.<ref name="kalman" />

===Minister of Defense===
[[File:DAZ 0152PS (53406725862).jpg|thumb|Gallant with Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Netanyahu]], US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]], US military chief [[Charles Q. Brown Jr.|CQ Brown]] and IDF Chief [[Herzi Halevi]] in Tel Aviv, 18 December 2023]]
On 8 August 2023, Gallant warned that Israel would not hesitate to attack [[Hezbollah]] and "return [[Lebanon]] to the Stone Age" if Israel was attacked.<ref>{{cite news |title=Defense Minister Gallant Threatens to Send Lebanon Back to 'Stone Age' if Hezbollah Provokes Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-08/ty-article/.premium/gallant-threatens-to-send-lebanon-back-to-stone-age-if-hezbollah-provokes-israel/00000189-d511-d820-aded-dd97f22a0000 |work=Haaretz |date=8 August 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811171021/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-08/ty-article/.premium/gallant-threatens-to-send-lebanon-back-to-stone-age-if-hezbollah-provokes-israel/00000189-d511-d820-aded-dd97f22a0000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the [[Israel–Hamas war]] and attacks in Israel by [[Hamas]] militants, Gallant said he had "ordered a complete [[October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|siege]] on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no water, no fuel. Everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10|work=Business Insider|first=Mia|last=Jankowicz|date=9 October 2023|access-date=13 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102181111/https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-gallant-announces-complete-siege-gaza-no-electricity-food-fuel-2023-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli defence minister orders 'complete siege' on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |date=2023-10-09 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009184220/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Defense minister announces 'complete siege' of Gaza: No power, food or fuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105739/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/defense-minister-announces-complete-siege-of-gaza-no-power-food-or-fuel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |date=2023-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=13 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title="We are fighting human animals" said Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant. #palestine #gaza |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk |access-date=2023-10-18 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510150120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbPdR3E4hCk |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 October 2023, he met with US Secretary of Defense [[Lloyd Austin]]. Gallant called on Palestinians to [[2023 evacuation of northern Gaza|evacuate northern Gaza]], including [[Gaza City]], saying: "The camouflage of the terrorists is the civilian population. Therefore, we need to separate them. So those who want to save their lives, please go south. We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructure, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military establishment, and take these phenomena out of Gaza and out of the Earth."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischler |first1=Jacob |title=U.S. stresses support for Israel as 1 million residents of North Gaza ordered to evacuate |url=https://coloradonewsline.com/2023/10/13/u-s-stresses-support-for-israel-as-1-million-residents-of-north-gaza-ordered-to-evacuate/ |work=Colorado Newsline |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014071023/https://coloradonewsline.com/2023/10/13/u-s-stresses-support-for-israel-as-1-million-residents-of-north-gaza-ordered-to-evacuate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 October, he said that "Gaza won’t return to what it was before. Hamas won’t be there. We will eliminate everything."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Segal |first1=Raz |title=Israel must stop weaponising the Holocaust |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust |work=The Guardian |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520114649/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/24/israel-gaza-palestinians-holocaust |url-status=live }}</ref> Gallant said he had "released all restraints" as he addressed Israeli troops on the border with the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |work=Al Jazeera |date=12 October 2023 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010004/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)|South Africa's submission]] to the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) that Israel was committing genocide against the Palestinians, the president of the ICJ cited Gallant for using the phrase "[[human animals]]" in reference to Palestinians. Gallant described South Africa’s submission as [[antisemitic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |title=Israeli officials accuse international court of justice of antisemitic bias |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |website=The Guardian |access-date=27 January 2024 |date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240126183324/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

[[File:U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan Visit to Israel. May 19-20, 2024 39.jpg|thumb|Gallant with Joe Biden's National Security Adviser [[Jake Sullivan]] in Israel, 20 May 2024]]
On 25 March 2024, after the UN Security Council [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728|adopted a resolution calling for a ceasefire]] in the Israel–Hamas war, Gallant said that Israel has "no moral right to stop the war in Gaza."<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel pushes back on UN ceasefire call; Gallant: We’ve ‘no moral right’ to end war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pushes-back-on-un-ceasefire-call-gallant-weve-no-moral-right-to-end-war/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=25 March 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042036/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-pushes-back-on-un-ceasefire-call-gallant-weve-no-moral-right-to-end-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 April 2024, Gallant thanked Lloyd Austin and the entire U.S. Administration for "standing boldly" with Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gallant thanks Austin for ‘standing boldly’ with Israel |url=https://www.jns.org/gallant-thanks-austin-for-standing-boldly-with-israel/ |work=Jewish News Syndicate |date=15 April 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502103344/https://www.jns.org/gallant-thanks-austin-for-standing-boldly-with-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 May 2024, an arrest warrant for Gallant, as well as for other Israeli and Hamas leaders, was requested by the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) prosecutor [[Karim Ahmad Khan|Karim Khan]] as part of the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine#Arrest warrants|ICC investigation in Palestine]], on several counts of [[War crime|war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] during the Israel-Hamas war.<ref name="icc1">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Karim A.A |date=2024-05-20 |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |url-status=live |access-date=20 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520105912/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state }}</ref><ref name="CNN1">{{Cite web |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |date=2024-05-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE: ICC seeks arrest warrants against Sinwar and Netanyahu for war crimes over October 7 attack and Gaza war |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520113208/https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Ash Carter visit to Israel. 161212-D-GO396-0235 (31233095740).jpg|thumb|Gallant with Prime Minister Netanyahu, Defense Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] and U.S. Defense Secretary [[Ash Carter]] at the [[Nevatim Airbase]] in Israel, 12 December 2016]]
[[File:Olive Branches Search and Rescue Delegation, February 2023 (IDF 105).jpeg|thumb|Gallant and Benjamin Netanyahu on 13 February 2023]]

===Kulanu===
In January 2015 Gallant joined the new [[Kulanu]] party led by [[Moshe Kahlon]]. He was placed second on the party's list for the [[2015 Israeli legislative election|2015 elections]], and was elected to the Knesset as the party won ten seats. He was later appointed Minister of Construction in the [[Thirty-fourth government of Israel|new government]].

In January 2016, the ''New York Times'' published an op-ed by Gallant in which he described how important he believes it is for Jewish and Arab leaders to come together in promoting peace and equality in their shared country. As part of that effort, he and MK [[Ayman Odeh]], leader of the [[Joint List]] alliance of Arab parties, together visited several Arab Israeli towns. "Together, we examined firsthand the challenges facing Arab Israeli communities so that we could bring about solutions," he noted.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/opinion/building-the-future-in-israel.html Building the Future in Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420010144/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/22/opinion/building-the-future-in-israel.html |date=20 April 2024 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 January 2016</ref>

===Likud===
On 31 December 2018, Gallant quit his post as Housing and Construction Minister to join [[Likud]].<ref name="globes-likud">{{cite news|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-galant-quits-as-housing-minister-to-join-likud-1001267136|title=Galant quits as housing minister to join Likud|author=Schneider, Tal|work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|date=31 December 2018|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101140743/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-galant-quits-as-housing-minister-to-join-likud-1001267136|url-status=live}}</ref> A day later he was appointed [[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah and Integration]].<ref name="toi-aliyah">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-he-leaves-kulanu-gallant-appointed-immigration-minister/|title=As he leaves Kulanu, Gallant appointed immigration minister|author=Wootliff, Raoul|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=1 January 2019|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101144315/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-he-leaves-kulanu-gallant-appointed-immigration-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next candidate on the Kulanu list, [[Fentahun Seyoum]] on 2 January 2019.<ref>[https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=5 Replacements Among Knesset Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023230034/https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=5 |date=23 October 2020 }}, Knesset.gov.il</ref>

After the formation of the [[Thirty-fifth government of Israel]] Gallant was appointed [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Minister of Education]].

On 17 January 2021, reacting to a planned speech by the director-general of [[B'Tselem]] [[Hagai El-Ad]] at the [[Hebrew Reali School]], Gallant, serving as the Minister of Education, published a directive to the Education Ministry to forbid all organizations whose causes contradict the Ministry's vision of the country as democratic, Jewish and Zionist, from entering schools.

Specifically, Gallant wrote that any organization which cites Israel as an "apartheid state", shall be forbidden from entering education centers in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/embeds/pdf_upload/2021/20210117-185903.pdf|title=הנדון: הוראה לאסור הכנסתם לבתי ספר של ארגונים הפועלים בסתירה למטרות|website=Haaretz.co.il|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229122209/https://www.haaretz.co.il/embeds/pdf_upload/2021/20210117-185903.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.9459194|title=שר החינוך: אסור לבתי ספר לארח "ארגונים המכנים את ישראל מדינת אפרטהייד"|website=Haaretz.co.il|language=he|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127080225/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/.premium-1.9459194|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Reuven Rivlin and Yoav Galant in a conversation Israeli educators about distance learning, January 2021 (GPOMN1 6625).jpg|thumb|Gallant and Israeli President [[Reuven Rivlin]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Israel|COVID-19 pandemic]], 19 January 2021]]
In 2021, as Minister of Education, Gallant opposed [[Weizmann Institute]] professor [[Oded Goldreich]] receiving the [[Israel Prize]] in mathematics, due to him co-signing a 2019 letter that called for the [[Bundestag]] not to pass legislation defining the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions]] (BDS) movement as anti-Semitic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-prize-committee-petitions-top-court-over-ministers-veto-of-math-winner/|title=Israel Prize committee petitions top court over minister's veto of math winner|work=The Times of Israel|date=30 March 2021|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411222751/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-prize-committee-petitions-top-court-over-ministers-veto-of-math-winner/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 April 2021 Israel's [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court of Justice]] ruled in favor of Gallant's petition so that Goldreich could not receive the prize and gave Gallant a month to further examine the issue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel's Supreme Court says pro-BDS professor ineligible to receive prestigious prize|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1617883246-israel-s-supreme-court-says-pro-bds-professor-ineligible-to-receive-prestigious-prize|date=8 April 2021|website=i24news.tv|quote=|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207103706/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/1617883246-israel-s-supreme-court-says-pro-bds-professor-ineligible-to-receive-prestigious-prize|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2022 the [[High Court of Israel]] ruled that the 2021 prize had to be awarded to Prof. Goldreich.<ref>{{cite news|title=High Court Orders State to Give Left-wing Professor Withheld Israel Prize|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-03-29/ty-article/.premium/high-court-orders-state-to-give-left-wing-professor-withheld-israel-prize/00000180-5bac-d615-a9bf-dffc7bb60000|newspaper=Haaretz|first1=Shira|last1=Kadari-Ovadia|first2=Or|last2=Kashti|date=29 March 2022|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

===Judicial reform===
On 25 March 2023, Gallant spoke out against his own government in support of the protests against the government's proposed [[2023 Israeli judicial reform|judicial reforms]]. He asked for the government to delay the proposed legislation to allow for negotiations between the ruling coalition and the opposition, which resulted in [[Ministry of National Security (Israel)|National Security Minister]] [[Itamar Ben-Gvir]] calling for Gallant's dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-735399|title=Defense Minister Gallant calls to stop judicial reform legislation|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Yonah|last=Jeremy Bob|date=25 March 2023|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529105155/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-735399|url-status=live}}</ref> Netanyahu announced on 26 March that he was dismissing Gallant, sparking [[2023 Israeli judicial reform protests#26 March|massive protests]] that night in several major cities across Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netanyahu Fires Defense Minister Gallant for Calling to Stop Judicial Overhaul |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article-live/.premium/senior-likud-members-hint-at-opposing-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1c81-d4ca-afff-1d89ee5b0000 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326110614/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article-live/.premium/senior-likud-members-hint-at-opposing-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1c81-d4ca-afff-1d89ee5b0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following day, Gallant's office stated that he would be continuing in his post, as he had not yet been given an official notice of his dismissal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-future-unclear-as-calls-grow-for-pm-to-roll-back-his-firing/|title=Gallant’s future unclear as calls grow for PM to roll back his firing|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=27 March 2023|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412071336/https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-future-unclear-as-calls-grow-for-pm-to-roll-back-his-firing/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 April, Netanyahu announced that he would not fire Gallant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zeytun |first=Yoav |date=2023-04-10 |title=גלנט סירב להתנצל, בסביבתו קובעים: "אזהרותיו התממשו אחת לאחת" |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjud11r11g2 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429221747/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/bjud11r11g2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="anshel">{{cite news|first=Anshel|last=Pfeffer|author2=Ravid, Barak|title=Yoav Galant Named as Next Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/yoav-galant-named-as-next-israel-defense-forces-chief-of-staff-1.309511|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=22 August 2010|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-date=23 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823201036/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/yoav-galant-named-as-next-israel-defense-forces-chief-of-staff-1.309511|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="greenberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3941582,00.html|title=1st Chief of Staff from Naval Commando|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|author=Greenberg, Hanan|date=22 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824152525/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3941582,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="yediot">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3943296,00.html|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|title=Yoav Galant's Race to the Top|date=24 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=27 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827015824/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3943296,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="israeltoday">{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=2298|title=Odyssey in Algeria|author=Schmidtberg, Ariel|publisher=[[Israel HaYom]]|date=28 April 2009|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721140203/http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=2298|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="reshet">{{cite web|url=http://reshet.ynet.co.il/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/News/Politics/Security/Article,50141.aspx |publisher=[[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] |title=Barak Announced: Galant Will Be the Next Chief of Staff |date=22 August 2010 |access-date=28 August 2010 |language=he |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824070215/http://reshet.ynet.co.il/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA/News/Politics/Security/Article,50141.aspx |archive-date=24 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="nrg">{{cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/147/833.html?hp=1&cat=875|publisher=[[Maariv (newspaper)|nrg Maariv]]|title=From the Flotilla to Chief of Staff: Yoav Galant's Persona|author=Buhbut, Amir|date=22 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|language=he|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629220825/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/147/833.html?hp=1&cat=875|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lis">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/grumbling-aside-galant-s-approval-all-but-assured-1.309615|title=Grumbling Aside, Galant's Approval all but Assured|author=Lis, Jonathan|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=23 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026091803/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/grumbling-aside-galant-s-approval-all-but-assured-1.309615|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="yehoshua">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3940641,00.html|title=Suspect in Galant Affair Denies Involvement|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|author=Yehoshua, Yossi|date=20 August 2010|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824153446/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3940641,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=appoint_cancel_pmannounce>{{cite news|title=Netanyahu, Barak announce Galant no longer new IDF chief|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-barak-announce-galant-no-longer-new-idf-chief-1.340629|access-date=1 February 2011|newspaper=Haaretz|date=1 February 2011|archive-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204123825/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/netanyahu-barak-announce-galant-no-longer-new-idf-chief-1.340629|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="kalman">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-idf-general-partially-cleared-in-land-scandal-that-stopped-his-appointment-as-chief-of-staff/|title=Former IDF general partially cleared in land scandal that stopped his appointment as chief of staff|author=Kalman, Aaron|publisher=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=20 December 2012|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114035745/http://www.timesofisrael.com/former-idf-general-partially-cleared-in-land-scandal-that-stopped-his-appointment-as-chief-of-staff/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{MKlink|id=921}}
*{{cite web|title=Major General Yoav Galant, GOC Southern Command |url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/staff/Yoav_Galant.htm |publisher=Israel Defense Forces |access-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412002244/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/staff/Yoav_Galant.htm |archive-date=12 April 2010 }}

{{Current MKs}}
{{IsraelDefenseMin}}
{{IsraelEduMin}}
{{Israeli Housing and Construction Ministers}}
{{Israeli Immigrant Absorption Ministers}}
{{Chairmen of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee}}
{{IsraelSouthernCommandChiefs}}
{{Military Secretaries to the Prime Minister of Israel}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galant, Yoav}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Israeli military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century Israeli military personnel]]
[[Category:Israeli generals]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]]
[[Category:Kulanu politicians]]
[[Category:Likud politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)]]
[[Category:Members of the 21st Knesset (2019)]]
[[Category:Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)]]
[[Category:Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)]]
[[Category:Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–2022)]]
[[Category:Members of the 25th Knesset (2022–)]]
[[Category:People from Jaffa]]
[[Category:University of Haifa alumni]]
[[Category:Ministers of defense of Israel]]

Southport, Maine

2024-06-23T18:49:28Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Short description| Town in the state of Maine, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline = Landing at Southport, ME.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Southport Landing in 1910
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal_of_Southport,_Maine.png
| image_map = Updated Lincoln County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Southport highlighted.png
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Location in [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln County]] and the state of [[Maine]].

| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = First settled
| established_date = 1623
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 59.98
| area_land_km2 = 13.93
| area_water_km2 = 46.05
| area_total_sq_mi = 23.16
| area_land_sq_mi = 5.38
| area_water_sq_mi = 17.78

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref name ="wwwcensusgov"/>
| population_total = 622
| population_density_km2 = 44.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 19
| elevation_ft = 62
| coordinates = {{coord|43|49|23|N|69|40|0|W|region:US-ME|display=inline}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 04576, 04570
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-71955
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582737
| website = {{URL|www.townofsouthport.org}}
| footnotes =
| established_title1 = Incorporated as a town
| established_date1 = 1842
| name = Southport
}}
[[File:Hendricks Head Light - sunset.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hendricks Head Light]] at sunset]]
'''Southport''' is a [[New England town|town]] and [[archipelago]] in [[Lincoln County, Maine]], United States. The population was 622 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2301571955|title=Census - Geography Profile: Southport town, Lincoln County, Maine|access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> It includes the neighborhoods of Capitol Island, Cozy Harbor, East Side, Newagen, Pine Cliff, and West Southport, and the village of [[Squirrel Island, Maine|Squirrel Island]]. The majority of the town's residents live on its main island, Southport Island.

==History==
The [[Abenaki]] people who originally inhabited the island called it Capanewagen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bright |first=William Oliver Bright |title=Native American Placenames of the United States |year=2004 |pages=81}}</ref> Cape Newagen, an English corruption of the Abenaki name, was the name of an early [[English people|English]] fishing outpost at the southern tip of the island. The island would later be known as Newagen Island by Europeans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The origin of the name Boothbay, part I |url=https://www.boothbayregister.com/node/43449 |access-date=April 6, 2022 |website=Boothbay Register |language=en}}</ref>

While the first European settlement was established in 1623, the island was abandoned by the English when they were driven from the region by the Abenaki during [[King Philip's War|King Phillip's War]] in 1676. After the war, colonists returned to the island, only to be driven out again during [[King William's War]] in 1689.

After 40 years, colonists again returned to the region in 1730, and established a settlement called Townsend, named after [[Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend|Lord Charles Townshend]].<ref name="Coolidge2">{{Cite book |last=Coolidge |first=Austin J. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ |title=A History and Description of New England |author2=John B. Mansfield |publisher=A.J. Coolidge |year=1859 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n90 59]–60 |quote=coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859.}}</ref> In 1764, the settlement was officially incorporated as the town of [[Boothbay, Maine|Boothbay]].<ref name="Coolidge">{{Cite book |last=Coolidge |first=Austin J. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ |title=A History and Description of New England |author2=John B. Mansfield |publisher=A.J. Coolidge |year=1859 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n348 310] |quote=coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859.}}</ref> On February 12, 1842, the island split from Boothbay, becoming incorporated as Townsend.<ref name="MAGDE">{{cite book |last=Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums |title=Maine: A Guide 'Down East' |publisher=Courier-Gazette, Inc. |year=1970 |editor=Doris A. Isaacson |location=Rockland, Me |pages=325}}</ref> On June 12, 1850, Townsend changed its name to Southport, after [[Southport]], [[England]].

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|23.16|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|5.38|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|17.78|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> Southport is on Southport Island, in the mouth of the [[Sheepscot River]]. The islands of Southport include the Ark, Boston Island, Burnt Island, Cape Island, Capitol Island, Cedarbush Island, the Cuckolds, David Island, the Green Islands, Hunting Island, Lower Mark Island, Mouse Island, Pratts Island, Southport Island, and Squirrel Island.

The main island is crossed by state routes [[Maine State Route 27|27]] and [[Maine State Route 238|238]]. Southport Island is connected by a green [[swing bridge]] to the adjacent town of [[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 543
|1860= 708
|1870= 684
|1880= 679
|1890= 533
|1900= 527
|1910= 409
|1920= 272
|1930= 412
|1940= 405
|1950= 435
|1960= 416
|1970= 473
|1980= 598
|1990= 645
|2000= 684
|2010= 606
|2020=622
|estyear=
|estimate=
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 606 people, 316 households, and 195 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|112.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 1,051 housing units at an average density of {{convert|195.4|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 96.5% [[White Americans|White]], 1.7% from [[Multiracial American|two or more races]], 1.3% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.3% [[African Americans|African American]] and 0.2% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and/or Latino]] of any race were 0.2% of the population.

There were 316 households, of which 14.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.3% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.38.

The median age in the town was 60.1 years. 12% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 13% were from 25 to 44; 35.6% were from 45 to 64; and 37% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 684 people, 331 households, and 218 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert|127.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 912 housing units at an average density of {{convert|169.3|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98.83% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.58% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 0.58% from two or more races.

There were 331 households, out of which 19.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.52.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 14.6% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 15.4% from 25 to 44, 35.7% from 45 to 64, and 30.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $38,125, and the median income for a family was $52,750. Males had a median income of $35,500 versus $24,583 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $33,481. About 4.2% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Sites of interest==
* [[Burnt Island Light]]
* [[The Cuckolds Light]]
* [[Hendricks Head Light]]
* [[Squirrel Island, Maine|Squirrel Island]]

== Notable people ==


* [[Ralph H. Cameron]], U.S. senator from Arizona
* [[Rachel Carson]], marine biologist and conservationist
* [[Margaret Hamilton (actress)|Margaret Hamilton]], film actress
* [[Wilder Hobson]], journalist
* [[Hart Day Leavitt]], educator and editor
* [[Gustaf Tenggren]], illustrator
* [[Claggett Wilson]], painter

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* [https://archive.org/details/historyboothbay00greegoog  Francis Byron Greene, ''History of Boothbay, Southport and Boothbay Harbor, Maine 1623–1905''; Portland, Maine 1906]

==External links==
* [http://www.townofsouthport.org/ Town of Southport, Maine]
* [http://www.librarytechnology.org/lwc-displaylibrary.pl?RC=19415 Southport Memorial Library]
* [http://www.boothbayregister.com/ Boothbay Register newspaper]
* [http://www.boothbayhistorical.org/ Boothbay Region Historical Society]
* [http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2354 Epodunk profile]
*[http://www.mainegenealogy.net/individual_place_record.asp?place=southport Maine Genealogy: Southport, Lincoln County, Maine]

{{Lincoln County, Maine}}

{{coord|43|50|27|N|69|39|31|W|type:city_region:US-ME|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Towns in Lincoln County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Maine]]

Boothbay Harbor, Maine

2024-06-23T18:49:05Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline = BoothbayHarbor.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Boothbay Harbor aerial photo
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal_of_Boothbay_Harbor,_Maine.png
| image_map = Updated Lincoln County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Boothbay Harbor highlighted.png
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Location in [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln County]] and the state of [[Maine]]

| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = 1889

| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name =Gazetteer/>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 23.87
| area_land_km2 = 14.76
| area_water_km2 = 9.11
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi = 
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref name ="Census 2010"/>
| population_total = 2,027
| population_density_km2 = 146.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 40
| coordinates = {{coord|43|51|6|N|69|37|40|W|region:US-ME|display=inline}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 04538, 04575, 04549
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-015-06120
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582359
| website = {{URL|boothbayharbor.org}}
| footnotes =
| name = Boothbay Harbor
}}

'''Boothbay Harbor''' is a [[New England town|town]] in [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln County]], [[Maine]], United States. The population was 2,027 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0600000US2301506120&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1| title=Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Boothbay Harbor town, Lincoln County, Maine| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| website=data.census.gov| access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> It includes the neighborhoods of [[Bayville, Maine|Bayville]], Mount Pisgah, and Sprucewold, and the villages of [[Isle of Springs, Maine|Isle of Springs]] and [[West Boothbay Harbor, Maine|West Boothbay Harbor]]. During summer months, the entire Boothbay Harbor region is a popular [[yachting]] and tourist destination.

==History==
[[File:TotallyFreeImages com-375313-Standard-preview.jpg|thumb|Boothbay Harbor {{circa|1910}}]]
[[File:Maine - Boothbay Harbor through Cobscook - NARA - 23940711 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Boothbay Harbor in 1938]]
The [[Abenaki]] people that lived in the region called it Winnegance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The origin of the name Boothbay, part I |url=https://www.boothbayregister.com/node/43449 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Boothbay Register |language=en}}</ref> The first European presence in the region was an [[English people|English]] fishing outpost called [[Southport, Maine|Cape Newagen]] in 1623. A Englishman by the name of Henry Curtis purchased the right to settle Winnegance from the Abenaki [[Sachem]] Mowhotiwormet in 1666. However, the English were driven from their settlements by the Abenaki in 1676 during [[King Philip's War]] in 1676. The colonists returned after the war ended. In 1689 during [[King William's War]], they were driven out again. Winnegance was abandoned entirely, and remained a desolate waste for 40 years.<ref name="Coolidge2">{{Cite book |last=Coolidge |first=Austin J. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ |title=A History and Description of New England |author2=John B. Mansfield |publisher=A.J. Coolidge |year=1859 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n90 59]–60 |quote=coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859.}}</ref>

In 1730, Colonel David Dunbar, the superintendent and governor of the [[Territory of Sagadahock]], formed a new settlement, named Townsend after [[Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend|Lord Charles Townshend]]. In 1764, the settlement In 1764, the settlement was officially incorporated as the town of [[Boothbay, Maine|Boothbay]]. Despite predations during the [[French and Indian Wars]], and robberies during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] by marauding British sailors, the settlement was successful, not least because of its large, deep and protected harbor. During the [[Penobscot Expedition]] in 1779, Boothbay became a rendezvous point for the [[United States Navy|American naval fleet]] prior to its disastrous encounter with the British at [[Castine, Maine|Castine]].<ref>{{Citation
| last = Varney
| first = George J.
| title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Boothbay
| place = Boston
| publisher = Russell
| year = 1886
| url = http://history.rays-place.com/me/boothbay-me.htm
}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1842, [[Southport, Maine|Townsend]], now called Southport, split from Boothbay and was incorporated as its own town. The harbor continued to develop as a fishing center. In bad weather, it could hold at a time between 400 and 500 vessels, often [[Friendship Sloop]]s, seeking shelter. By 1881, it had a [[fishery]] and [[fish oil]] company, an [[ice]] company, two [[marine railway]]s, a [[fertilizer]] manufacturer, and a factory for [[canning]] [[lobster]]s. On February 16, 1889, the community was set off from Boothbay and incorporated as the town of Boothbay Harbor.<ref name="MAGDE">{{cite book |last= Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums |editor=Doris A. Isaacson |title=Maine: A Guide 'Down East' |year=1970 |publisher=Courier-Gazette, Inc. |location=Rockland, Me | pages = 325 }}</ref> Frank L. Sample shipyard at Boothbay Harbor built [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]] for the [[United States Navy]] during [[World War II]] and into the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/USN-Act/ME.html|title=U.S.Navy Activities World War II by State|publisher=U.S. Naval Historical Center|access-date=2012-03-07}}</ref> Some location filming for the [[Carousel (1956 film)|1956 movie version]] of [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]'s ''[[Carousel (musical)|Carousel]]'', notably the "June Is Bustin' Out All Over" sequence, was done there. Each summer, Boothbay Harbor draws crowds of tourists. Attractions include the state [[aquarium]], art galleries, restaurants, boat tours to coastal islands and [[whale watching]].

==Geography==

The town is in southern Lincoln County, at the south end of a peninsula in the [[Gulf of Maine]], part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered to the west by the tidal [[Sheepscot River]] and to the east by Linekin Bay. The [[Boothbay Harbor (CDP), Maine|town center]] sits at the north end of Boothbay Harbor, which joins Linekin Bay to the south, past Spruce Point. Townsend Gut, to the southwest, separates the town of Boothbay Harbor from Southport Island. The town is bordered to the north and east by the town of [[Boothbay, Maine|Boothbay]], to the south by the town of [[Southport, Maine|Southport]], and to the west, across the Sheepscot River, by the towns of [[Westport, Maine|Westport]] and [[Georgetown, Maine|Georgetown]]. The island community of [[Isle of Springs, Maine|Isle of Springs]] is in the western part of the town, and [[West Boothbay Harbor, Maine|West Boothbay Harbor]] is in the west-central part of the town. [[Bayville, Maine|Bayville]] is next to the eastern border of the town, close to [[East Boothbay, Maine|East Boothbay]].

The town is crossed by state routes [[Maine State Route 27|27]] and [[Maine State Route 96|96]]. Route 27 leads south into Southport and north {{convert|13|mi}} to [[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]]. Route 96 leads east {{convert|2|mi|0}} to the village of East Boothbay and {{convert|5|mi|0}} to its end at Ocean Point.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town of Boothbay Harbor has a total area of {{convert|9.22|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|5.70|sqmi|sqkm|2}} are land and {{convert|3.52|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, or 38.17%, are water.<ref name=Gazetteer>{{cite web| url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_23.txt| title=U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: County Subdivisions: Maine| website=U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division| access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref>[[File:BoothBayHarbor-1.jpg|thumb|Boothbay Harbor, Maine]][[File:BoothbayHarbor-2.jpg|thumb|Ferries in Boothbay Harbor, Maine]]

==Climate==

{{Weather box
|location = Boothbay Harbor (Newcastle Weather Station)
|single line = Y

|Jan high F = 29.7
|Feb high F = 33.1
|Mar high F = 41.5
|Apr high F = 53.2
|May high F = 65.3
|Jun high F = 73.2
|Jul high F = 78.6
|Aug high F = 76.9
|Sep high F = 67.8
|Oct high F = 56.8
|Nov high F = 45.3
|Dec high F = 34.4
|year high F =

|Jan low F = 12.1
|Feb low F = 15.4
|Mar low F = 24.5
|Apr low F = 34.0
|May low F = 44.0
|Jun low F = 52.5
|Jul low F = 58.3
|Aug low F = 57.3
|Sep low F = 49.5
|Oct low F = 39.4
|Nov low F = 30.5
|Dec low F = 18.5
|year low F =

|Jan precipitation inch = 4.35
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.22
|Mar precipitation inch = 4.42
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.24
|May precipitation inch = 4.00
|Jun precipitation inch = 3.58
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.11
|Aug precipitation inch = 2.75
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.83
|Oct precipitation inch = 4.10
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.70
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.63
|source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boothbayharbor.com/documents/BHP-Climate-Precipitation-Norms.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110085606/http://www.boothbayharbor.com/documents/BHP-Climate-Precipitation-Norms.pdf |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==

{{US Census population
|1890= 1699
|1900= 1926
|1910= 2021
|1920= 2025
|1930= 2076
|1940= 2121
|1950= 2290
|1960= 2252
|1970= 2320
|1980= 2207
|1990= 2347
|2000= 2334
|2010= 2165
|estyear=
|estimate=
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|access-date=June 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|archive-date=May 23, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=June 4, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref>
|2020=2027}}
{{See also|Boothbay Harbor (CDP), Maine}}

===2010 census===

As of the census<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref> of 2010, there were 2,165 people, 1,084 households, and 550 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert|379.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 2,175 housing units at an average density of {{convert|381.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97.1% [[White Americans|White]], 0.6% [[African Americans|African American]] or [[Black people|Black]], 0.3% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 0.8% [[Asian Americans|Asian]], 0.1% from other races, and 1.2% from [[Multiracial American|two or more races]]. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] of any race were 0.7% of the population.

There were 1,084 households, of which 14.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.3% were non-families. 41.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.90 and the average family size was 2.52.

The median age in the town was 55.8 years. 11.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.6% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 33.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45.5% male and 54.5% female.

===2000 census===

As of the census<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website |df=mdy }}</ref> of 2000, there were 2,334 people, 1,097 households, and 627 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert|404.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 1,993 housing units at an average density of {{convert|345.2|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.2% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.30% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.73% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.34% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.56% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.90% of the population.

There were 1,097 households, out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.8% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.67.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.4% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 26.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $45,000. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $21,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,146. About 5.9% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.

==Media==

The local newspaper for the [[Boothbay Region]] is the ''Boothbay Register''. The ''Lincoln County News'' also circulates in Boothbay Harbor. The ''[[Portland Press Herald]]'' provides daily newspaper coverage.

== Sites of interest ==

* [[Auld-McCobb House]]
* [[Bayville, Maine|Bayville]]
* [[Boothbay Harbor Memorial Library]]
* [[Boothbay Region High School]]
* [[Opera House at Boothbay Harbor]]
* [[Sprucewold Lodge]]
* [[West Boothbay Harbor, Maine|West Boothbay Harbor]]

== Notable people ==


* [[Nancy Hemenway Barton]], artist
* [[Arthur Bradford]], writer and filmmaker
* [[Lansing Campbell]], illustrator
* [[Charles Chapman (guitarist)|Charles H. Chapman]], jazz musician
* [[Mabel Conkling]], sculptor
* [[Ralph Fuller]], cartoonist
* [[Raymond A. Hare]], American diplomat
* [[Elle Logan]], rower
* [[Terry Morrison (politician)|Terry Morrison]], politician
* [[Anning Smith Prall]], politician
* [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], neo-Nazi politician
* [[Tim Sample]], humorist
* [[Stanley R. Tupper]], politician
* [[Michael van der Veen]], attorney
* [[Arthur Valpey]], American football player and coach
* [[Clarence Wilkinson]], politician
* [[Jay Zeamer Jr.]], US Army Air Forces pilot and Medal of Honor recipient

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

* [https://archive.org/details/historyboothbay00greegoog ''History of Boothbay, Southport and Boothbay Harbor, Maine''], 1623–1905. By Francis Byron Greene. Published 1906. Full image at [[Google Books]].

==External links==

* [http://www.boothbayharbor.org/ Town of Boothbay Harbor official website]
* [http://www.boothbayregister.com/ ''Boothbay Register'']
* [http://www.bmpl.lib.me.us/ Boothbay Harbor Memorial Library]
* [http://www.boothbayharbor.com/ Boothbay Harbor Region Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.boothbayharborwebcams.com Boothbay Harbor Webcams]
* {{Cite web |title=Region History |url=https://boothbayhistorical.org/life-in-the-boothbay-region/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Boothbay Regional Historical Society |language=en-US}}

{{Lincoln County, Maine}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Boothbay Harbor, Maine| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Lincoln County, Maine]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Maine]]
[[Category:1730 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay]]

Boothbay, Maine

2024-06-23T18:48:36Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname =
| motto = ''Pelegrinis Cibum Dedimus'' ([[Latin]]) "We Fed the Pilgrims"
| image_skyline = Farnham's Cove, East Boothbay, ME.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Postcard of Farnham's Cove, 1907
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal_of_Boothbay,_Maine.png
| image_map = Updated Lincoln County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Boothbay highlighted.png
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Location in [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln County]] and the state of [[Maine]].
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = 1764
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 185.96
| area_land_km2 = 56.80
| area_water_km2 = 129.16
| area_total_sq_mi = 71.80
| area_land_sq_mi = 21.93
| area_water_sq_mi = 49.87
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref name ="wwwcensusgov"/>
| population_total = 3,003
| population_density_km2 = 54.9
| population_density_sq_mi = 142.3
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 127
| coordinates = {{coord|43|52|35|N|69|38|01|W|region:US-ME_type:city(3100)|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 04537, 04544, 04571
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-06050
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582358
| website = {{URL|www.townofboothbay.org}}
| footnotes =
| name = Boothbay
}}

'''Boothbay''' is a [[New England town|town]] in [[Lincoln County, Maine]], United States. The population was 3,003 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. It includes the neighborhoods of Back Narrows, Dover, Linekin, Oak Hill, Ocean Point, Spruce Shores, and the villages of East Boothbay and Trevett. The surrounding [[Boothbay Region]] is a center of summer tourist activity, and a significant part of its population does not live there year-round.<ref name="Interview">Information obtained in a February 27th, 2011 interview with a former Boothbay resident.</ref> Five shipyards are located in the town, the largest of which is [[Washburn & Doughty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/us/22boothbay.html | title=A Shipyard Fire Shakes a Tradition-Rich Town to Its Core | work=The New York Times | date=July 22, 2008 | access-date=February 20, 2018}}</ref>

==History==

[[Image:Boothbay.jpg|thumb|left|Welcome to Boothbay sign featuring the motto ''Pelegrinis cibum dedimus'', [[Latin]] for "We fed the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]]"]]

The [[Abenaki]] people who lived in the region called it Winnegance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The origin of the name Boothbay, part I |url=https://www.boothbayregister.com/node/43449 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Boothbay Register |language=en}}</ref> The first European presence in the region was an [[English people|English]] fishing outpost called [[Southport, Maine|Cape Newagen]] in 1623. An Englishman by the name of Henry Curtis purchased the right to settle Winnegance from the Abenaki [[Sachem]] Mowhotiwormet in 1666. However, the English were driven from their settlements by the Abenaki in 1676 during [[King Philip's War]]. The colonists returned after the war ended. In 1689, during [[King William's War]], they were driven out again. Winnegance was abandoned entirely, and remained a desolate waste for 40 years.<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.|author2=John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| publisher = A.J. Coolidge | year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n90 59]–60| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ| quote = coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859. }}</ref>

Colonel David Dunbar, governor of the [[Territory of Sagadahock]], established a settlement called Townsend, after [[Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend|Lord Charles Townshend]], in 1730, and convinced approximately 40 families of [[Scotch-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], largely from the north of [[Ireland]], to settle there. Some were [[veteran]]s of the [[Glorious Revolution|Revolution of 1688]]. The settlement survived and was incorporated as the town of Boothbay on November 3, 1764. In 1842, [[Southport, Maine|Townsend]], now called Southport, split from Boothbay and was incorporated as its own town, followed by [[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]] in 1889. <ref name="MAGDE">{{cite book |last= Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums |editor=Doris A. Isaacson |title=Maine: A Guide 'Down East' |year=1970 |publisher=Courier-Gazette, Inc. |location=Rockland, Me | pages = 325 }}</ref>

==Geography==

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|71.80|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|21.93|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|49.87|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref> Situated on the Cape Newagen [[peninsula]] extending into the [[Gulf of Maine]], Boothbay lies between the [[Sheepscot River]] and [[Damariscotta River]]. The town includes [[Damariscove Island]].

Boothbay is crossed by State Routes [[Maine State Route 27|27]] and [[Maine State Route 96|96]]. It borders the towns of [[Edgecomb, Maine|Edgecomb]] to the north, and [[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]] to the south. Separated by water, it is near the towns of [[Westport, Maine|Westport]] to the west, and [[South Bristol, Maine|South Bristol]] to the east.

===Climate===

This [[climate|climatic]] region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Boothbay has a [[humid continental climate]], abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=593600&cityname=Boothbay%2C+Maine%2C+United+States+of+America&units= Climate Summary for Boothbay, Maine]</ref>

==Demographics==

{{US Census population
|1790= 997
|1800= 1246
|1810= 1582
|1820= 1950
|1830= 2286
|1840= 2631
|1850= 2504
|1860= 2857
|1870= 3200
|1880= 3575
|1890= 1718
|1900= 1766
|1910= 1700
|1920= 1432
|1930= 1345
|1940= 1370
|1950= 1559
|1960= 1617
|1970= 1814
|1980= 2308
|1990= 2648
|2000= 2960
|2010= 3120
|estyear=
|estimate=
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|access-date=June 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|archive-date=May 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=June 4, 2015 }}</ref>
|2020=3003}}

===2010 census===

As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref> of 2010, there were 3,120 people, 1,386 households, and 963 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|142.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 2,474 housing units at an average density of {{convert|112.8|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98.0% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.4% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.4% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 0.8% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.5% of the population.

There were 1,386 households, of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.5% were non-families. Of all households, 23.8% were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.63.

The median age in the town was 51.7 years; 17.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.9% were from 25 to 44; 35.1% were from 45 to 64; and 24.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.

===2000 census===

As of the census<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 2,960 people, 1,261 households, and 881 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert|134.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 2,046 housing units at an average density of {{convert|92.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 99.05% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.03% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.34% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.14% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.34% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.51% of the population.

There were 1,261 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. Of all households, 23.8% were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.77.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,406, and the median income for a family was $45,761. Males had a median income of $30,500 versus $28,370 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $22,036. About 5.5% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

==Sites of interest==

* [[Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences]]
* [[Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens]]
** [[Bosarge Family Education Center]]
* [[Damariscove Island|Damarsicove Island]]
** [[Damariscove Lifesaving Station]]
* [[Knight-Corey House]]
* [[Fisherman Island (Maine)|Fisherman Island]]
* [[Hodgdon Yachts]]
* [[Old Gray House]]
* [[Ram Island Light]]
* [[Washburn & Doughty]]

==Notable people==

* [[George Herbert Baker]], painter
* [[Brenda Bettinson]], artist
* [[Cole Brauer]], sailor
* [[Deborah Bronk]], oceanographer
* [[Mabel Conkling]], sculptor
* [[Robert H. Conn]], government official
* [[Francis C. Florini]], politician
* [[Richard Ford]], author
* [[Matthew Forgues]], racewalker
* [[Jane Gilbert (actress)|Jane Gilbert]], actress
* [[Woodbury S. Grover]], politician
* [[Palmer Hayden]], artist
* [[John B. Hayes]], admiral
* [[Dorothy M. Healy]], English professor and historian
* [[Paul LePage]], Governor of Maine
* [[Beth Orcutt]], oceanographer
* [[Joseph Pollia]], sculptor
* [[Christopher Reeve]], actor
* [[Daniel Rose (politician)|Daniel Rose]], politician
* [[Dixie Selden]], painter
* [[Holly Stover]], politician
* [[T. J. Southard]], shipbuilder, businessman, and politician
* [[John Welsh (biologist)|John Welsh]], biologist

== See also ==

* {{Portal inline|Trains}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* [https://archive.org/details/historyboothbay00greegoog  History of Boothbay, Southport and Boothbay Harbor, Maine], 1623–1905, by Francis Byron Greene; published 1906

==External links==

* [http://www.townofboothbay.org/ Town of Boothbay, Maine]
* [http://www.boothbay.org/ Boothbay Chamber of Commerce]

{{Lincoln County, Maine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Boothbay, Maine| ]]
[[Category:1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1764]]
[[Category:Towns in Lincoln County, Maine]]

Wiscasset, Maine

2024-06-23T18:48:15Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Redirect|Wiscasset}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wiscasset
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname = Maine's Prettiest Village
| image_skyline = Excursion railroad train waits to depart in Wiscasset, a town known as "the prettiest town in Maine" LCCN2011631577.tif
| image_caption = Train waiting to depart in Wiscasset
| image_seal = Seal of Wiscasset, Maine.png
| image_flag = Flag of Wiscasset.gif
| image_map = Lincoln County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Wiscasset highlighted.svg
| map_caption = Location in [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln County]] and the state of [[Maine]].
| pushpin_map = USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = County
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln County]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1660
| established_title2 = Incorporated as Pownalborough
| established_date2 = February 13, 1760
| established_title3 = Incorporated as Wiscasset
| established_date3 = 1802
| government_type = Town Manager - Board of Selectmen
| leader_title = [[Town Manager|Town {{nbsp|3}}Manager]]
| leader_name = Dennis Simmons
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
| area_total_km2 = 71.64
| area_total_sq_mi = 27.66
| area_land_km2 = 63.79
| area_land_sq_mi = 24.63
| area_water_km2 = 7.85
| area_water_sq_mi = 3.03
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_total = 3742
| population_density_km2 = 58.7
| population_density_sq_mi =
| elevation_m =
| timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| website = [http://www.wiscasset.org/ wiscasset.org]
| postal_code_type = ZIP code
| postal_code = 04578
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| official_name =
}}

'''Wiscasset''' is a [[New England town|town]] in and the [[county seat|seat]] of [[Lincoln County, Maine]], United States.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The municipality is located in the state of Maine's [[Mid Coast]] region. The population was 3,742 as of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2301587075|title=Census - Geography Profile: Wiscasset town, Lincoln County, Maine|access-date=January 15, 2022}}</ref> Home to the [[Chewonki Foundation]], Wiscasset is a tourist destination noted for early architecture and as the location of [[Red's Eats]] restaurant.

==History==

In 1605, [[Samuel de Champlain]] is said to have landed here and exchanged gifts with the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indians]]. Situated on the [[Tide|tidal]] [[Sheepscot River]], Wiscasset was first settled by Europeans in 1660. The community was abandoned during the [[French and Indian Wars]], and the [[King Philip's War]] in 1675 and then resettled around 1730. In 1760, it was incorporated as Pownalborough after Colonial Governor [[Thomas Pownall]]. In 1802, it resumed its original [[Abenaki]] name, Wiscasset, which means "coming out from the harbor but you don't see where."<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.|author2=John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| publisher = A.J. Coolidge | year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n402 364]–367| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ| quote = coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859. }}</ref>

During the Revolutionary War, the British warship ''Rainbow'' harbored itself in Wiscasset Harbor and held the town at bay until the town gave the warship essential supplies.

In 1775, Captain Jack Bunker supposedly robbed the payroll of a British supply ship, ''Falmouth Packet'', that was stowed in Wiscasset Harbor. He was chased for days and caught on Little Seal Island. His treasure reportedly has never been found.

Because of the siege during the Revolutionary War, [[Fort Edgecomb]] was built in 1808 on the opposite bank of the Sheepscot to protect the town harbor. Wiscasset's prosperity left behind fine early architecture, particularly in the [[Federal style architecture|Federal style]] when the seaport was important in [[privateering]]. Two dwellings of the period, Castle Tucker and the Nickels-Sortwell House, are now museums operated by [[Historic New England]].

The [[seaport]] became a center for [[shipbuilding]], fishing and [[lumber]].
Wiscasset quickly became the busiest seaport north of Boston until the embargo of 1807 halted much trade with England. Most of Wiscasset's business and trade was destroyed.<ref name="Coolidge"/>

Maine was officially admitted as a state in 1820 with the passage of the Maine-[[Missouri Compromise]]. The town of Wiscasset was considered for the state capital, but lost the position because of its proximity to the ocean.

During the Civil War, Wiscasset had many of its residents that joined the [[20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment]]. Its regiment was commended for fighting bravely at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]].

Rail service to Wiscasset began with the [[Knox and Lincoln Railroad]] in 1871.<ref>{{Citation | last = Varney | first = George J. | title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Wiscasset | place = Boston | publisher = Russell | year = 1886 | url = http://history.rays-place.com/me/wiscasset-me.htm }}</ref> The Knox and Lincoln was merged into the [[Maine Central Railroad]] in 1901. Prior to the completion of the [[Carlton Bridge]] over the [[Kennebec River]] in 1927,<ref>{{cite book| title=Maine Central Railroad Company |author=Peters, Bradley L. |publisher=Maine Central Railroad |year=1976 }}</ref> [[Rockland Branch|Wiscasset was connected]] to the [[national rail network]] by a [[Train ferry|railroad ferry]] crossing.

[[File:Nickels Sortwell House, Wiscasset, Maine, USA 2012.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Nickels-Sortwell House]], built 1807]]
Wiscasset was the seaport terminal and [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]] interchange of the [[2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways|2-foot gauge]] [[Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway]] (WW&F). Construction began in Wiscasset in 1894. Train service began in 1895 as the Wiscasset and [[Quebec]] Railroad. By 1913, the railroad operated daily freight and passenger service 43.5 miles north to [[Albion, Maine|Albion]] with an 11-mile [[freight]] branch from [[China, Maine|Weeks Mills]] to [[Vassalboro, Maine|North Vassalboro]].

Passengers and freight increasingly used highway transportation after [[World War I]]. Frank Winter bought the WW&F railroad about 1930 to move lumber from [[China, Maine|Branch Mills]] to his schooners [[Hesper and Luther Little|''Hesper'' and ''Luther Little'']]. During the early 1930s the early morning train from Albion to Wiscasset and the afternoon train back to Albion carried the last 2-foot gauge [[railway post office]] (RPO) in the United States. A derailment of the morning train in [[Whitefield, Maine|Whitefield]] on June 15, 1933, terminated railroad operations before the schooners could be loaded with lumber for shipment to larger coastal cities.<ref>{{cite book| title=Two Feet to Tidewater The Wiscasset, Waterville & Farmington Railway |author1=Jones, Robert C. |author2=Register, David L. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Pruett Publishing Company |year=1987}}</ref> The two schooners were abandoned in Wiscasset shortly after Winter's premature demise in 1936, and they eventually became tourist attractions. Over the next 62 years, the weathered vessels became widely photographed as they were visible from a bridge along [[U.S. Route 1 in Maine|U.S. 1]] that runs by the town. Wiscasset officials finally removed the rotted remains in 1998, after a violent storm took out the final masts.

<gallery>
Castle Tucker, Wiscasset, Maine, USA - Cropped 2012.jpg|[[Castle Tucker]], built 1807
Main Street in 1900, Wiscasset, ME.jpg|Main Street in 1900
The Jail, Wiscasset, ME.jpg|[[Wiscasset Jail and Museum]] {{circa|1912}}
Custom House & Post Office, Wiscasset, ME.jpg|[[U.S. Customhouse (Old Customhouse) and Post Office|Old Custom House and Post Office Built 1870]]
</gallery>

==Media==

===Wiscasset in literature===

*Author [[Lea Wait]] has written an ongoing series of children's novels that are set in Wiscasset, including: Stopping to Home, set in 1806 (Named a Smithsonian Magazine Notable Children's Book); Seaward Born (1805, the setting of this book moved from Charleston, SC to Boston, MA to Wiscasset); Wintering Well (1820); Finest Kind (1838); and Uncertain Glory (1861).

*Wiscasset is one of many important Maine settings in [[The Moosepath League|The Moosepath Saga]] by [[Van Reid]], an ongoing series of historical novels taking place in the late 1890s and including Cordelia Underwood, or the Marvelous Beginnings of the Moosepath League, which was named a New York Times Notable Book of the Year. In these tales of adventure and humor, events by turns perilous and comic occur in Wiscasset, including the hunt for an escaped circus bear and a pursuit and gun battle on the Sheepscott River off the shores of the town. Certain historic homes and landmarks, including the Old Jail, form part of the settings; and at least two characters — County Sheriff Charles Piper and Jailer Seth Patterson — are based on real people.

==Industry==

From 1972 until 1996, Wiscasset was home to [[Maine Yankee]], a [[pressurized water reactor]] on Bailey Point, and the only [[nuclear power plant]] in the state. The Maine Yankee nuclear power plant was decommissioned in 1996 and is inoperative. Since the closing of Maine Yankee, Wiscasset faced a severe loss in jobs, residents, and public school enrollment. In a high school graduation speech delivered by [[Bradley Whitaker]], he stated, "The loss of those jobs changed our community, the surrounding towns and our school system. We've all had friends move away, our parents have had their taxes rise dramatically, enrollment has plummeted, we've watched teachers and administrators leave, programs and sports eliminated."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBW0XTxt33Q|title=Wiscasset High School - Senior Essay|last=Ethan Whitaker|date=August 22, 2010|access-date=April 18, 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>

The town attempted to replace Maine Yankee with a [[gasification]] plant in 2007, but the plan subsequently failed due to a town vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=115x120219|title=Wiscasset turns down energy project (coal gasification/liquefaction plant, Maine) - Democratic Underground}}</ref>

Wiscasset was also home of the Mason Station, a coal and steam-powered plant along the Sheepscot River south of town that first went online in 1941. The plant went offline in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/central-maine-power-history/|title=History of CENTRAL MAINE POWER – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com|access-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> The property is currently proposed for redevelopment as a mixed-use office, light-industrial, residential and retail complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boothbayregister.com/article/possible-mason-station-abatement/1939|title=Possible Mason Station abatement|website=boothbayregister.com|access-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref>

In 2008, the [[Chewonki Foundation]] announced plans for a [[tidal power]] plant along the Sheepscot River.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coastaljournal.com/website/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=871&Itemid=1|title = Coastal Journal - Portland Press Herald}}</ref> A permit was issued by the [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission|Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chewonki.org/news_detail.asp?news=95|title=Tidal Power Gets Initial Green Light in Town of Wiscasset|last=Stothart Connor| first=Betta|date=June 9, 2009|access-date=April 11, 2014}}</ref> The project has not yet gone forward.

Rynel Inc., founded in 1973, developed and built processing equipment and hydrophilic polyurethane prepolymer products. The company was purchased by [[Mölnlycke Health Care]] company in 2010. In Jan 2014, the company announced its expansion plans for its Wiscasset, Maine manufacturing facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.molnlycke.com/news-media/press-releases/Expansion-of-Wiscasset-/|title=Mölnlycke Health Care expands Wiscasset manufacturing site|date=January 15, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2014}}</ref>

==National news==

[[File:52811.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Main Street ([[U.S. Route 1 in Maine|U.S. Route 1]]) during tourist season in 2005]]
[[File:RedsEatsWiscasset.JPG|250px|thumb|right|[[Red's Eats]], a famous Lobster takeout restaurant]]

On May 1, 1991, a small fire erupted at the Maine Yankee Nuclear Power plant. The fire emitted a substantial amount of smoke which made it seem worse than it was. A video by photographer Keith Brooks was obtained by local media and was presented on [[NBC Nightly News]]. While the fire was not a significant threat, many locals believed it was a major concern for the environment, which caused several referendums to have the nuclear plant closed.

In 2009, the town lost a legal battle to reclaim an original copy of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/us/11declaration.html?ex=1355115600&en=de915056b0e40f3b&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work=The New York Times | title=A Tug of War Over a Declaration of Independence | first=Abby | last=Goodnough | date=December 11, 2007}}</ref> that was accidentally sold by the estate of the daughter of a former town official, Sol Holbrook.
A Virginia court ruled the true owner was Richard L. Adams Jr., who paid {{US$|475000|2002|round=-4|about=yes|long=no|link=no}} for the document in 2002. The State of Maine paid nearly $40,000 in legal fees.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

[[Red's Eats]], a small takeout restaurant located by the Donald E. Davey Bridge on Route 1, has been featured in more than 20 magazines and newspapers, including ''[[USA Today]]'' and ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' and several major television network newscasts, including ''Sunday Morning'' on [[CBS]] and a report by [[Bill Geist]]. The restaurant has been reported to be "the biggest [[traffic jam]] in Maine."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=red's+eats&fr=ush-mail&ygmabtsrchbtn=Web+Search|title=red's eats - Yahoo Search Results|website=search.yahoo.com|access-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref>

From 1958 to 1990, Wiscasset was the home of the [[Union Church (Wiscasset, Maine)| Union Church]], considered by the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] to be the world's smallest church. The church was torn down due to age; however, in April 2024 Wiscasset Speedway erected an exact replica.<ref>{{cite news |last=Speedway |first=Wiscasset |date=April 22, 2024 |title=The story behind Wiscasset Speedway’s newest addition |url=https://wiscassetspeedway.com/2024/04/22/the-story-behind-wiscasset-speedways-newest-addition/ |work= |location= |access-date=May 4, 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|27.66|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|24.63|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|3.03|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref> Wiscasset is drained by the [[Sheepscot River]].

===Climate===

This [[climate|climatic]] region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Wiscasset has a [[humid continental climate]], abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=593625&cityname=Wiscasset,+Maine,+United+States+of+America&units=|title=Wiscasset, Maine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Wiscasset, Maine ([[Wiscasset Airport]]) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1996–present
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 66
|Feb record high F = 62
|Mar record high F = 85
|Apr record high F = 83
|May record high F = 94
|Jun record high F = 94
|Jul record high F = 98
|Aug record high F = 95
|Sep record high F = 95
|Oct record high F = 84
|Nov record high F = 73
|Dec record high F = 66
|year record high F = 98
|Jan high F = 32.2
|Feb high F = 35.0
|Mar high F = 42.6
|Apr high F = 53.9
|May high F = 64.8
|Jun high F = 73.7
|Jul high F = 79.4
|Aug high F = 78.6
|Sep high F = 70.9
|Oct high F = 59.1
|Nov high F = 47.9
|Dec high F = 37.8
|year high F = 56.3
|Jan mean F = 22.1
|Feb mean F = 24.4
|Mar mean F = 32.8
|Apr mean F = 43.3
|May mean F = 53.6
|Jun mean F = 62.9
|Jul mean F = 68.7
|Aug mean F = 67.6
|Sep mean F = 60.0
|Oct mean F = 48.7
|Nov mean F = 38.7
|Dec mean F = 28.6
|year mean F = 45.9
|Jan low F = 12.1
|Feb low F = 13.8
|Mar low F = 23.0
|Apr low F = 32.7
|May low F = 42.3
|Jun low F = 52.0
|Jul low F = 57.9
|Aug low F = 56.6
|Sep low F = 49.1
|Oct low F = 38.4
|Nov low F = 29.4
|Dec low F = 19.5
|year low F = 35.6
|Jan record low F = −20
|Feb record low F = −21
|Mar record low F = −11
|Apr record low F = 15
|May record low F = 27
|Jun record low F = 33
|Jul record low F = 45
|Aug record low F = 40
|Sep record low F = 28
|Oct record low F = 20
|Nov record low F = 4
|Dec record low F = −17
|year record low F = −21
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 3.51
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.08
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.77
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.94
|May precipitation inch = 3.46
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.47
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.44
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.08
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.15
|Oct precipitation inch = 5.13
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.45
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.22
|year precipitation inch = 46.70
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 11.6
|Feb precipitation days = 10.5
|Mar precipitation days = 11.2
|Apr precipitation days = 11.7
|May precipitation days = 13.3
|Jun precipitation days = 14.2
|Jul precipitation days = 12.7
|Aug precipitation days = 12.7
|Sep precipitation days = 11.8
|Oct precipitation days = 13.2
|Nov precipitation days = 11.9
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|year precipitation days = 147.1
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name=nws>
{{cite web
| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=gyx
| title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = May 23, 2021}}</ref><ref name=NCEI>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094623&format=pdf
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| title = Station: Wiscasset AP, ME
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020)
| access-date = May 23, 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==

{{US Census population
| 1800 = 1678
| 1810 = 2083
| 1820 = 2138
| 1830 = 2255
| 1840 = 2314
| 1850 = 2332
| 1860 = 2318
| 1870 = 1977
| 1880 = 1847
| 1890 = 1733
| 1900 = 1273
| 1910 = 1287
| 1920 = 1192
| 1930 = 1186
| 1940 = 1231
| 1950 = 1584
| 1960 = 1800
| 1970 = 2244
| 1980 = 2832
| 1990 = 3339
| 2000 = 3603
| 2010 = 3732
| 2020 = 3742
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
| 1790 = 2055
}}
{{See also|Wiscasset (CDP), Maine}}

===2010 census===

As of the census<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-16}}</ref> of 2010, there were 3,732 people, 1,520 households, and 993 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert|151.5|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 1,782 housing units at an average density of {{convert|72.4|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 96.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.9% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.1% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.4% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.0% of the population.

There were 1,520 households, of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.7% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.79.

The median age in the town was 43.5 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 31.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.6% male and 49.4% female.

===2000 census===

Per the census<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 3,603 people, 1,472 households, and 972 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert|146.5|PD/sqmi|/km2}}. There were 1,612 housing units at an average density of {{convert|65.6|/sqmi|/km2}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98.00% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.31% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.17% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.50% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.31% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.72% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.67% of the population.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,378, and the median income for a family was $46,799. Males had a median income of $31,365 versus $21,831 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,233. About 6.9% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 14.9% of those age 65 or over.

==Sites of interest==

[[File:Old Academy exterior Wiscasset Maine 1936.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Old Academy in 1936]]
* [[Capt. George Scott House|Captain George Scott House]]
* [[Castle Tucker]]
* [[Maine Eastern Railroad]]
* [[Nickels-Sortwell House]]
* [[Red Brick School (Wiscasset, Maine)|Red Brick School]]
* [[United States Customhouse and Post Office (Wiscasset, Maine)|United States Customhouse and Post Office]]
* [[Wiscasset Historic District]]
* [[Wiscasset Jail and Museum]]
* [[Wiscasset Middle High School]]
* [[Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway]]
* [[Union Church (Wiscasset, Maine)]]

== Notable people ==


* [[Hugh J. Anderson]], 20th governor of Maine
* [[Murder of George E. Bailey|George E. Bailey]], murder victim
* [[Jeremiah Bailey]], US congressman
* [[Thomas Bowman (Iowa)|Thomas Bowman]], US congressman
* [[Annie Woodman Stocking Boyce]], missionary teacher in Iran
* [[Mildred Burrage]], artist
* [[Pamela Cahill]], state legislator
* [[Franklin Clark]], US congressman
* [[John H. C. Coffin]], astronomer
* [[Orchard Cook]], US congressman
* [[Leland Cunningham]], astronomer
* [[Charles Gibbons]], state legislator
* [[Ellen F. Golden]], executive
* [[Juliana Hatfield]], musician
* [[Marjoie Kilkelly]], state legislator
* [[John D. McCrate]], US congressman
* [[Joseph Ladd Neal]], architect
* [[Amos Nourse]], US congressman
* [[Edward Polewarczyk]], state legislator<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polewarczyk Edward – Maine House Republicans |url=https://mainehousegop.org/members/polewarczyk-edward/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mainehousegop.org}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Rice (Massachusetts politician, born 1734)|Thomas Rice]], state legislator
* [[Thomas Rice (Massachusetts politician, born 1768)|Thomas Rice]], US congressman
* [[Ted Sannella]], dancer
* [[Joseph Sewall Smith]], Medal of Honor recipient
* [[Samuel E. Smith]], 10th governor of Maine
* [[Richard Hawley Tucker]], astronomer
* [[Abiel Wood]], US congressman
* [[Cadwallader C. Washburn]], 11th governor of Wisconsin
* [[Charles Ames Washburn]], US minister to Paraguay
* [[Israel Washburn Jr.]], 29th governor of Maine
* [[William D. Washburn]], US congressman

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book| title=Two Feet to Tidewater The Wiscasset, Waterville & Farmington Railway|author1=Jones, Robert C. |author2=Register, David L. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Pruett Publishing Company|year=1987}}
* {{cite book| title=The Maine Two-Footers|author=Moody, Linwood W.|publisher=Howell-North|year=1959}}
* {{cite book| title=The Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway: A Technical and Pictorial Review|author=Barney, Peter S.|publisher=A&M Publishing|year=1986}}
* {{cite book| title=Big Dreams and Little Wheels|author=Wiggin, Ruth Crosby|publisher=Ruth Crosby Wiggin|year=1971}}
* {{cite book| title=Albion on the Narrow Gauge|author=Wiggin, Ruth Crosby|publisher=Ruth Crosby Wiggin|year=1964}}
* {{cite book| title=The Weeks Mills "Y" of the Two-Footer|author=Thurlow, Clinton F.|publisher=Clinton F. Thurlow|year=1964}}
* {{cite book| title=The WW&F Two-Footer Hail and Farewell|author=Thurlow, Clinton F.|publisher=Clinton F. Thurlow|year=1964}}
* {{cite book| title=Over the Rails by Steam (A Railroad Scrapbook)|author=Thurlow, Clinton F.|publisher=Clinton F. Thurlow|year=1965}}
* {{cite book| title=Railroad Commissioners' Report|publisher=State of Maine|orig-year=1895 |year=1914 |edition=}}
* {{cite journal | last = Wright | first = Virginia | title = What About Wiscasset? | journal = Down East: The Magazine of Maine | issue = August 2010 }}
* {{cite book| title=Red's Eats: World's Best Lobster Shack|author1=Cronk, Debbie Gagnon |author2=Virginia Wright |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Down East Books|year=2010}}

==External links==

{{AmCyc Poster|Wiscasset}}
* [http://www.wiscasset.org/ Town of Wiscasset, Maine]

{{Coord|44.002808|-69.665864|type:city_region:US|format=dms|display=title}}

{{Lincoln County, Maine}}
{{Maine county seats}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wiscasset, Maine| ]]
[[Category:County seats in Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Lincoln County, Maine]]

Edgecomb, Maine

2024-06-23T18:47:46Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Short description|Town in Maine, United States}}
{{Redirect|Edgecomb}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| image_skyline = EdgecombME TownHall.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Lincoln County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Edgecomb highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Location in [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln County]] and the state of [[Maine]].
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label = Edgecomb
| pushpin_label_position = top 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maine##Location in the United States
| coordinates = {{coord|43|58|25|N|69|38|7|W|region:US-ME|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = March 3, 1774
| government_type =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title =
| leader_name = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
| area_total_km2 = 53.82
| area_total_sq_mi = 20.78
| area_land_km2 = 46.80
| area_land_sq_mi = 18.07
| area_water_km2 = 7.02
| area_water_sq_mi = 2.71
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 25
| elevation_ft = 82
| population_footnotes = <ref name ="wwwcensusgov"/>
| population_total = 1,188
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = 26.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 69.1
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 04556
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-22675
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582462
| website = {{URL|edgecomb.org}}
| footnotes =
| name = Edgecomb
}}
'''Edgecomb''' is a [[New England town|town]] in [[Lincoln County, Maine]], United States. The population was 1,188 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. It includes the neighborhoods of East Edgecomb, North Edgecomb, and Pools Landing. The town was named for [[George Edgcumbe, 1st Earl of Mount Edgcumbe]], a supporter of the colonists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2112|title=Profile for Edgecomb, Maine|publisher=[[ePodunk]]|access-date=May 3, 2010|archive-date=November 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111190906/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2112|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n113 114]}}</ref> [[Fort Edgecomb]] is a Maine State Historic Site.

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|20.78|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|18.07|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|2.71|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref>

== History ==
Although there is little industry in Edgecomb in 2018, there is a diverse and interesting history of ship building, saw mills, brick yards, farming, landing ocean harvests, rock and felspar mining operations.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1790 = 755
| 1800 = 989
| 1810 = 1288
| 1820 = 1629
| 1830 = 1258
| 1840 = 1238
| 1850 = 1231
| 1860 = 1112
| 1870 = 1056
| 1880 = 872
| 1890 = 749
| 1900 = 607
| 1910 = 513
| 1920 = 428
| 1930 = 367
| 1940 = 411
| 1950 = 447
| 1960 = 453
| 1970 = 549
| 1980 = 841
| 1990 = 993
| 2000 = 1090
| 2010 = 1249
| estyear =
| estimate =
| estref = <ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|access-date=June 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034651/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|archive-date=May 23, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=June 4, 2015 }}</ref>
|2020=1188}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 1,249 people, 523 households, and 356 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|69.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 755 housing units at an average density of {{convert|41.8|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 96.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.2% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.5% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 1.8% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 523 households, of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.9% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.82.

The median age in the town was 46.4 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 34.5% were from 45 to 64; and 18% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.1% male and 49.9% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 1,090 people, 466 households, and 328 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert|60.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 572 housing units at an average density of {{convert|31.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98.72% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.28% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.18% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 0.83% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.09% of the population.

There were 466 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.78.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 31.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $43,833, and the median income for a family was $49,861. Males had a median income of $32,321 versus $24,474 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $23,788. About 2.8% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

== Sites of interest ==

* [[Congregational Church of Edgecomb]]
* [[Fort Edgecomb]]
* [[John Moore House (Edgecomb, Maine)|John Moore House]]
* [[Stephen Parsons House]]

== Notable people ==

* [[Nancie Atwell]], educator
* [[Earl Cunningham]], painter
* [[Paul LePage]], businessman and politician; served as 74th [[List of governors of Maine|governor]] of Maine
* [[Lea Wait]], novelist

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.edgecomb.org Town of Edgecomb, Maine]
* [http://www.maine.gov/local/lincoln/edgecomb Maine.gov Profile]
* [http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2112 Epodunk Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111190906/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2112 |date=November 11, 2007 }}
*Edgecomb Historical web site http://www.edgecombhistorical.org

{{Lincoln County, Maine}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Towns in Lincoln County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]

Scarborough, Maine

2024-06-23T18:32:24Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Short description| Town in the state of Maine, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Scarborough
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal of Scarborough, Maine.png

| image_map = Cumberland County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Scarborough highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Location in [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland County]] and the state of [[Maine]].

| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
| parts_type = Villages
| parts = Blue Point [[Dunstan, Maine|Dunstan]] Eight Corners Grand Beach [[Higgins Beach|Higgins Beach]] North Scarborough [[Oak Hill, Maine|Oak Hill]] Pine Point Pleasant Hill [[Prouts Neck|Prouts Neck]] Scarborough
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = Council-Manager
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1635
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| established_date1 = July 14, 1658

| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 182.93
| area_land_km2 = 123.31
| area_water_km2 = 59.62
| area_total_sq_mi = 70.63
| area_land_sq_mi = 47.61
| area_water_sq_mi = 23.02

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 22135
| population_density_km2 = 179.5
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 5
| elevation_ft = 16
| coordinates = {{coord|43|35|0|N|70|21|10|W|region:US-ME|display=inline}}

| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
| postal_code = 04070, 04074
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-66145
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582714
| website = {{official website}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Scarborough''' is a [[New England town|town]] in [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland County]] on the southern coast of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Maine]]. Located about {{convert|7|mi|0}} south of [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], Scarborough is part of the [[Portland, Maine|Portland]]–[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]]–[[Biddeford, Maine|Biddeford]], Maine [[Portland metropolitan area, Maine|metropolitan statistical area]]. The population was 22,135 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]],<ref name="Census 2020">{{Cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2300566145| title=Census - Geography Profile: Scarborough town, Cumberland County, Maine| publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]| access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> making it the most populous town (not city) in Maine.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=0400000US23$0600000&d=DEC+Redistricting+Data+(PL+94-171)&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1| title=P1. Race - All county subdivisions within Maine. 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=November 23, 2022}}</ref>

==History==
In about 1630, John V. Stratton opened a [[trading post]] on Stratton Island in [[Saco Bay (Maine)|Saco Bay]] off Scarborough's shore.<ref name="Town of Scarborough">{{cite web |url= http://www.scarborough.me.us/home/documents/about/index.html |title= About Our Town |author= Town of Scarborough |access-date= August 31, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131013161713/http://www.scarborough.me.us/home/documents/about/index.html |archive-date= October 13, 2013 }}</ref> In 1631, the [[Plymouth Council for New England]] granted the "Black Point Patent" to Captain Thomas Cammock, nephew of the [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]]. Cammock built a house and began residence in 1635 on the {{convert|1500|acre|km2|adj=on}} tract of land, which extended from the [[Spurwink River]] to Black Point—today this area is known as [[Prouts Neck, Maine|Prouts Neck]].<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/> While on a voyage to the West Indies, in 1643, Thomas Cammock died at Barbadoes. Having no heirs, his patent was conveyed to his wife, Margaret Cammock. Settlements developed at Black Point, Blue Point (i.e., [[Pine Point Beach|Pine Point]]), [[Dunstan, Maine|Dunstan]] (i.e., West Scarborough) and Stratton Island.<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/> By 1650, there were fifty homes.<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/> The town offered excellent [[fishing]] and [[Agriculture|farming]]. On July 14, 1658, the [[Massachusetts General Court]] incorporated all of those settlements as Scarborough, named for [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] in [[Yorkshire]], [[England]].<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.|author2=John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| publisher = A.J. Coolidge | year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n330 292]–299| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ| quote = coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859. }}</ref>

At the outbreak of [[King Philip's War]] in 1675, Scarborough was an important coastal settlement with over one hundred houses and one thousand head of [[cattle]].<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/> By 1676, the town had been laid to waste as a result of the war—some settlers were killed and others were taken hostage by the Native Americans.<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/> Subsequently, Massachusetts sent soldiers accompanied by Indian allies in 1677 to secure the town for resettlement. On June 29, 1677, while pursuing some Indians sent as a ruse, the company was ambushed by warriors under Chief Squandro. In the [[New England]] [[militia]] of nearly one hundred soldiers, fifty to sixty were left dead or mortally wounded. Among the casualties was Captain Benjamin Swett. Called the Battle at Moore's Brook. In 1681, a great fort was erected at Black Point. After several attempts to rebuild between [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] incursions during [[King William's War]], the survivors [[Emergency evacuation|evacuated]] in 1690 and moved south to [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] or [[Boston]].<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/>

A [[truce]] was signed in 1699 between the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] and the Eastern Indians. Resettlement of Scarborough started in 1702 when seven settlers arrived from [[Lynn, Massachusetts]], and construction began on a fort located on the western shore of Prout's Neck's Garrison's Cove.<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/> This fort was commanded by Captain John Larrabee.

Despite the treaty, in August 1703, five hundred [[French people|French]] and Indians under command of the Sieur de Beaubassin made a sudden descent upon English settlements from Casco Bay ([[Portland, Maine|Portland]]) to [[Wells, Maine|Wells]]. The fort on Prout's Neck sat atop a bluff. When the French and Native Americans arrived, they were protected from gunfire by the overhanging cliff. They subsequently began tunneling into the bluff to breach the fort from below. Had it not been for a two-day downpour that made the disturbed bank slough, exposing the previously hidden excavators to [[sniper]]s in the fort, the French and Native Americans might have been successful in their attempts to capture the fort and the eight people inside. However, Beaubassin retreated in search of easier prey.

Despite occasional subsequent harassment, the second settlement succeeded. By 1749, it was economically prosperous. Cattle and [[timber]] were important local products for export, with Scarborough's many [[water power]] sites operating a dozen [[sawmill]]s.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Varney
| first = George J.
| title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Scarborough
| place = Boston
| publisher = Russell
| year = 1886
| url = http://history.rays-place.com/me/scarborough-me.htm }}
</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:2015.12-436-031ap Sacco Bay,Gulf of Maine,Prouts Neck Peninsula,Nonsuch River Scarborough(Maine),US sat05dec2015-1226h(UTC-5(EST).jpg|thumb|right|Scarborough from the air, looking to the southeast (December 2015). Note the Prouts Neck Peninsula and the Scarborough River and its tributaries.]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|70.63|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|47.61|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|23.02|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> Drained by the [[Scarborough River]], [[Nonesuch River]], [[Libby River]] and [[Spurwink River]], the town is situated beside the [[Gulf of Maine]], part of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The highest point is Beech Ridge, elevation {{convert|215|ft}}. In early years of Scarborough's settlement [[bonfire]]s were set on Scottow Hill, elevation {{convert|144|ft}}, as warnings to the surrounding countryside of approaching danger.

Scarborough is crossed by [[Interstate 95 in Maine|Interstate 95]], [[Interstate 295 in Maine|Interstate 295]], [[U.S. Route 1 in Maine|U.S. Route 1]], and State Routes [[Maine State Route 9|9]], [[Maine State Route 77|77]], [[Maine State Route 114|114]], and [[Maine State Route 207|207]]. It is bordered by the town of [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]] to the northeast, [[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]] and [[Westbrook, Maine|Westbrook]] to the north and northwest, [[Gorham, Maine|Gorham]] and [[Buxton, Maine|Buxton]] to the west, and [[Saco, Maine|Saco]] and [[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|Old Orchard Beach]] to the south and southwest.

==Demographics==
{{See also|Scarborough (CDP), Maine}}
{{US Census population
|1800= 2099
|1810= 2094
|1820= 2232
|1830= 2106
|1840= 2172
|1850= 1837
|1860= 1807
|1870= 1692
|1880= 1847
|1890= 1794
|1900= 1865
|1910= 1945
|1920= 1832
|1930= 2445
|1940= 2842
|1950= 4600
|1960= 6418
|1970= 7845
|1980= 11347
|1990= 12518
|2000= 16970
|2010= 18919
|2020= 22135
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 18,919 people, 7,506 households, and 5,201 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|397.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 8,617 housing units at an average density of {{convert|181.0|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 94.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.7% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.4% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 7,506 households, of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.7% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the town was 44.5 years. 23.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.9% were from 25 to 44; 31.9% were from 45 to 64; and 17.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 16,790 people, 6,462 households, and 4,678 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert|355.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 7,233 housing units at an average density of {{convert|151.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97.34% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.38% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.18% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.16% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.77% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.48% of the population.

There were 6,462 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $76,491, and the median income for a family was $95,138. Males had a median income of $61,148 versus $31,372 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $40,321. About 3.0% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

==Local government==
Since October 7, 1969, the town has had a [[Council-manager government]].<ref name="Town of Scarborough"/>

==Economy==
Scarborough is home to the headquarters of [[Hannaford Bros. Co.|Hannaford]] supermarkets.<ref>"[http://www.delhaizegroup.com/en/Contacts.aspx Contacts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522055415/http://www.delhaizegroup.com/en/Contacts.aspx |date=2012-05-22 }}." [[Delhaize Group]]. Retrieved on May 17, 2012. "HANNAFORD 145 Pleasant Hill Road Scarborough – ME 04074 - U.S.A. "</ref>

==Public schools==
[[File:Scarborough bus 14.JPG|thumb|right|A Scarborough school bus]]
{{See also|Scarborough Public Schools}}
The town of Scarborough has its own K–12 public school system.

* [[Scarborough High School (Maine)|Scarborough High School]]
* Scarborough Middle School
* Wentworth Intermediate School
* Eight Corners Primary School
* Pleasant Hill Primary School
* Blue Point Primary School

==Neighborhoods==
[[File:Looking South To Prout's Neck - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Higgins Beach]].]]
* Blue Point
* [[Dunstan, Maine|Dunstan]] (known as "West Scarborough" during the railroad era; centered on the intersection of U.S. Route 1 with Broadturn Road and Pine Point Road)
* Eight Corners
* [[Higgins Beach]]
* [[North Scarborough]]
* [[Oak Hill, Maine|Oak Hill]] (the town center, with town hall and the high school, as well as shopping plazas)
* [[Pine Point Beach|Pine Point]] (between the Scarborough Marsh and [[Saco Bay (Maine)|Saco Bay]])
* Pleasant Hill
* [[Prouts Neck, Maine|Prouts Neck]] (projects into the [[Gulf of Maine]] with its southwest shoreline marking the northeast end of [[Saco Bay (Maine)|Saco Bay]])
* [[West Scarborough]], current name for the northwestern part of the town

==Sites of interest==
* [[Beech Ridge Motor Speedway]]
* [[Hannaford Supermarkets]] headquarters
* [[Higgins Beach]]
* Higgins Beach Market
* Scarborough Beach State Park
* [[Scarborough Downs]]
* Scarborough Historical Society & Museum
* [[Scarborough Marsh]]
* Scarborough Marsh Audubon Center
* [[Scarborough Public Library]]
* Scarborough River Wildlife Sanctuary

== Notable people ==


* [[Susan Alfond]], (born 1946) American investor, philanthropist, and billionaire.
* [[Frank Bathe]], (b 1954) Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman for [[NHL]].
* [[Joe Bessey]], (b 1961) [[NASCAR]] owner/driver.
* [[Greg Finley]], (b 1984) American actor,
* [[Linwood M. Higgins]], (b 1948) politician from Maine.
* [[Winslow Homer]], (1836–1910) landscape artist, painter and printmaker.
* [[Rufus King]], (1755–1827) American Founding Father, lawyer, politician, and diplomat. ambassador to [[United Kingdom|Britain]]
* [[Stephen King]], (b 1947) author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, crime, science-fiction, and fantasy novels.
* [[William King (governor)|William King]], (1768–1852) American merchant, shipbuilder, army officer and first [[List of Governors of Maine|Governor of Maine]]
* [[Kelly Moore]], (b 1959) American [[stock car racing]] driver
* [[Ryan Moore (racing driver)|Ryan Moore]], (b 1983) American [[stock car racing]] driver
* [[Kelly Noonan Murphy]] (born 1974 or 1975), American politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Representative Kelly Noonan Murphy |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/housedems/murphy/index.html |access-date=December 24, 2023 |website=www.maine.gov}}</ref>
* [[Wyatt Omsberg]], (b 1995) professional soccer player [[Major League Soccer|MLS]].
* [[Erin Pearl]], (b 1982) former competitive figure skater.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* [http://www.hampton.lib.nh.us/hampton/history/military/mooresbrook.htm The Battle at Moore's Brook – June 29, 1677]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991002101209/http://www.scarboroughmaine.com/historical/trolley.html The Scarborough Trolleys]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website}}
*[https://scarborougheconomicdevelopment.com Scarborough Economic Development Corporation]
* [http://www.scarboroughcommunitychamber.com/ Scarborough Chamber of Commerce]

{{Cumberland County, Maine}}

{{Coord|43|34|41|N|70|19|18|W|type:city_region:US-ME|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scarborough, Maine| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1658]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Cumberland County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]
[[Category:1658 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]

Biddeford, Maine

2024-06-23T18:31:53Z

Edwki: Fixed infobox name

{{Short description|City in Maine, United States}}
{{Distinguish|Bideford}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Biddeford
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname = Twin City
| motto = "A Proud City Rising Where the Water Falls"
| image_skyline = Biddeford_City_Hall_2020.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = City Hall
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal of Biddeford, Maine.png
| pushpin_map = Maine
| pushpin_label = Biddeford
| pushpin_label_position = right 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the state of Maine
| pushpin_mapsize =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[York County, Maine|York]]
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Martin Grohman
| established_title = First Landing
| established_title1 = [[Settled]]
| established_title2 = [[Municipal incorporation|Incorporated]] (town)
| established_title3 = Incorporated (city)
| established_date = 1616
| established_date1 = 1631
| established_date2 = July 5, 1653
| established_date3 = February 10, 1855
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_sq_mi = 59.08
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_23.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 8, 2022}}</ref>
| area_land_sq_mi = 30.09
| area_water_sq_mi = 29.00
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| coordinates = {{coord|43|28|27|N|70|26|46|W|region:US-ME_type:city(22,000)|display=inline,title}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_note =
| population_total = 22552
| population_metro =
| population_urban =
| population_density_sq_mi = 749.61
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| elevation_ft = 69
| website = http://www.Biddefordmaine.org
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 04005–04007
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-04860
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0562119
| footnotes =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_km2 = 153.02
| area_land_km2 = 77.92
| area_water_km2 = 75.10
| population_density_km2 = 289.42
}}

'''Biddeford''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|d|ᵻ|f|ər|d}} {{respell|BID|ə|fərd}}) is a city in [[York County, Maine]], United States. It is the principal commercial center of York County. Its population was 22,552 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2304860|title=Census - Geography Profile: Biddeford city, Maine|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> The twin cities of [[Saco, Maine|Saco]] and Biddeford include the resort communities of [[Biddeford Pool]] and [[Fortunes Rocks, Maine|Fortunes Rocks]]. The town is the site of the [[University of New England (United States)|University of New England]] and the annual [[La Kermesse Franco-Americaine Festival]]. First visited by [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]] in 1616, it is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in the United States. It is home to [[Saint Joseph's Church (Biddeford, Maine)|Saint Joseph's Church]], the tallest building in Maine.<ref>[https://goodshepherdparish.us/documents/Church%20History/St%20Joseph%20history.pdf "History"]. Good Shepherd Parish. Retrieved February 21, 2024.</ref>

Biddeford is a principal population center of the [[Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area|Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan statistical area]].

==History==
[[File:Biddeford Maine Town Hall circa 1855 larger image cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Town hall {{circa|1885}}]]

The first European to settle at Biddeford was physician Richard Vines in the winter of 1616–1617 at Winter Harbor, as he called [[Biddeford Pool]]. This 1616 landing by a European antedates the ''Mayflower'' landing in Plymouth, Massachusetts, (located 100 miles to the south) by about four years, a fact overlooked in much of New England lore.<ref>State Street Trust Company. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IbJLAAAAMAAJ&dq=richard+vines+landing+1616&pg=PA50 ''Towns of New England and Old England'']. Boston, 1921.</ref> In 1630, the [[Plymouth Company]] granted the land south of the [[Saco River|River Swanckadocke]] to Dr. Vines and John Oldham. In 1653, the town included both sides of the river, and was incorporated by the [[Massachusetts General Court]] as Saco.<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.|author2=John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| publisher = A.J. Coolidge | year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n85 54]–56| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ| quote = coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859. }}</ref>

Biddeford was first incorporated as the Town of Saco in 1653.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mainegenealogy.net/individual_place_record.asp?place=biddeford|title=Biddeford, York County - Maine Genealogy|website=www.mainegenealogy.net|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Roger Spencer was granted the right in 1653 to build the first [[sawmill]]. [[Lumber]] and [[fish]] became the community's chief exports. In 1659, Major William Phillips of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] became a proprietor, and constructed a [[garrison]] and [[watermill|mill]] at the falls. Settlers withdrew to Winter Harbor for safety, and their homes and mills upriver at the falls were burned. In 1693, a stone fort was built a short distance below the falls, but it was allegedly captured by Native Americans in 1703, when 11 colonists were killed and 24 taken captive to [[New France|Canada]]. In 1688, [[Fort Mary (Maine)|Fort Mary]] was built near the entrance to Biddeford Pool.<ref>[http://hillfamilyweb.com/hill/fort%20mary_ii.pdf ''Fort Mary, Biddeford Pool'', ''Down East Magazine'', Vol. 51, Issue 4, Nov. 2004, p. 76] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117072829/http://hillfamilyweb.com/hill/fort%20mary_ii.pdf |date=2015-11-17 }}</ref> The town was reorganized in 1718 as Biddeford, after [[Bideford]], a town in [[Devon, England]], from which some settlers had emigrated. After the [[Fall of Quebec]] in 1759, hostilities with the indigenous people ceased.<ref name="Coolidge"/> During [[King Philip's War]] in 1675, the town, once again, was allegedly attacked by Native Americans.

In 1762, the land northeast of the river was set off as Pepperellborough, which in 1805 was renamed Saco. The first bridge to Saco was built in 1767. The river divides into two falls that drop {{convert|40|ft|m}}, providing [[water power]] for mills. Factories were established to make boots and shoes. The developing [[mill town]] also had [[granite]] [[quarry|quarries]] and [[brickmaking|brickyards]], in addition to lumber and [[gristmill|grain]] mills. Major [[textile]] manufacturing facilities were constructed along the riverbanks, including the Laconia Company in 1845, and the Pepperell Company in 1850. Biddeford was incorporated as a city in 1855.<ref>{{Citation| last = Varney| first = George J.| title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Biddeford| place = Boston| publisher = Russell| year = 1886| url = http://history.rays-place.com/me/biddeford.htm}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The mills attracted waves of immigrants, including the [[Irish people|Irish]], [[History of Albanians in Maine|Albanians]], and [[French-Canadian]]s from [[Quebec]]. At one time, the [[textile mill]]s employed as many as 12,000 people, but as happened elsewhere, the industry entered a long period of decline. As of 2009, the last remaining textile company in the city, WestPoint Home, closed. The property occupying the mill has been sold and is being redeveloped into housing and new businesses. The last [[log driving|log drive]] down the Saco River was in 1943, with the last log sawed in 1948. Biddeford's name is engraved near the top level of [[Pilgrim Monument|The Pilgrim Monument]], in [[Provincetown, Massachusetts|Provincetown]], [[Massachusetts]], along with the names of some of the oldest cities and towns in New England.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biddefordmaine.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BE0D8BA08-4BD3-4BF5-9E32-F6AA8A5BBD58%7D |title=In and About Biddeford |access-date=2018-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044152/http://www.biddefordmaine.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BE0D8BA08-4BD3-4BF5-9E32-F6AA8A5BBD58%7D |archive-date=2016-10-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the [[Biddeford Pool Military Reservation]] was established from 1942 to 1945, on what is now the Abenakee Golf Club. It had four circular concrete platforms called "[[Panama mount]]s" for [[155 mm gun M1918|155-mm guns]], three of which remain today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortwiki.com/Biddeford_Pool_Military_Reservation|title=Biddeford Pool Military Reservation - FortWiki Historic U.S. and Canadian Forts|website=www.fortwiki.com|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Tugboat Hersey.jpg|thumb|right|Tugboat ''Hersey'' tied up at Bragdon's Wharf, Biddeford, 1912]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|59.08|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|28.99|sqmi|sqkm|2}} are covered by water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2012-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref> Situated beside [[Saco Bay (Maine)|Saco Bay]] on the Gulf of Maine, Biddeford is drained by the [[Little River (Goosefare Bay)|Little River]] and the [[Saco River]]. The city proper has very diverse geography, from inland rolling hillside, to urban settlement, to coastal sprawl.

The city is crossed by [[Interstate 95 in Maine|Interstate 95]], [[U.S. Route 1 in Maine|U. S. Route 1]], and state routes [[Maine State Route 5|5]], [[Maine State Route 9|9]], [[Maine State Route 111|111]], and [[Maine State Route 208|208]]. It is bordered by the city of [[Saco, Maine|Saco]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east, the towns of [[Dayton, Maine|Dayton]] and [[Lyman, Maine|Lyman]] to the west, and the towns of [[Kennebunkport]] and [[Arundel, Maine|Arundel]] to the south. The Little River forms a portion of the border between Biddeford and the [[Goose Rocks]] neighborhood of Kennebunkport, in Biddeford's most southerly region (Granite Point). East Point, located on the peninsula of Biddeford Pool, is the easternmost point in York County.

Timber Island, the most southerly point in the City of Biddeford, lies in Goosefare Bay at the mouth of the Little River, and is accessible at low tide from Goose Rocks Beach in Kennebunkport. The island and most of adjacent Timber Point became part of the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge in December 2011.

The city has almost {{convert|15|mi|km}} of frontage along the Saco River, and an Atlantic coastline on which the seaside neighborhoods of [[Hills Beach]], Biddeford Pool, Fortunes Rocks and [[Granite Point]] are located. Biddeford includes [[Wood Island Light]], a [[lighthouse]] located about a mile offshore from Biddeford Pool.

===Climate===
This [[climate|climatic]] region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Biddeford has a [[humid continental climate]], ''Dfb'' on climate maps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=943771&cityname=Biddeford,+Maine,+United+States+of+America&units=|title=Biddeford, Maine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1790 = 1018
| 1800 = 1296
| 1810 = 1563
| 1820 = 1738
| 1830 = 1995
| 1840 = 2574
| 1850 = 6095
| 1860 = 9349
| 1870 = 10282
| 1880 = 12651
| 1890 = 14443
| 1900 = 16145
| 1910 = 17079
| 1920 = 18008
| 1930 = 17633
| 1940 = 19790
| 1950 = 20836
| 1960 = 19255
| 1970 = 19983
| 1980 = 19638
| 1990 = 20710
| 2000 = 20942
| 2010 = 21277
| 2020 = 22552
| estyear = 2022
| estimate = 22450
| footnote = sources<ref>[http://www.library.umaine.edu/census/default.htm library.umaine.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220223715/http://www.library.umaine.edu/census/default.htm|date=2008-12-20 }}, retrieved October, 2008.</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
At the 2010 [[census]],<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> there were 21,277 people, 8,598 households and 4,972 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|707.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 10,064 housing units at an average density of {{convert|334.5|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.0% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.5% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.7% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.4% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 8,598 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.2% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 38.3 years. 18.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 15.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

===2000 census===
At the 2000 [[census]],<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> there were 20,942 people, 8,636 households and 5,259 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|697.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 9,631 housing units at an average density of {{convert|320.9|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96.65 percent [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.64 percent [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.40 percent [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.99 percent [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03 percent [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.18 percent from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.12 percent from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.65 percent of the population.

There were 7,636 households, of which 28.4 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4 percent were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.2 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1 percent were non-families. 29.7 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.88.

22.1 percent of the population were under the age of 18, 11.1 percent from 18 to 24, 29.5 percent from 25 to 44, 21.8 percent from 45 to 64, and 15.5 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males.

The [[median household income]] was $37,164 and the median family income was $44,109. Males had a median income of $32,008 versus $24,715 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $18,214. About 8.6 percent of families and 13.8 percent of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 19.8 percent of those under age 18 and 10.3 percent of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
[[File:Biddeford-Saco town line.jpg|thumb|The old mills of Biddeford]]
Biddeford is one of Maine's fastest-growing commercial centers, due to its close proximity to the [[Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)|Seacoast Region]] of New Hampshire and to northern Massachusetts. In recent years, strip malls have developed along the [[Maine State Route 111|State Route 111]] corridor. In late 2006, a {{convert|500000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} shopping center known as The Shops at Biddeford Crossing opened, with 20 stores and five restaurants.

Recent interest in revitalizing the downtown area has brought new life to the old mills. The North Dam Mill is one example of this movement offering retail stores, art studios, cultural events, and upscale housing.

Biddeford is home to large institutions including [[Southern Maine Health Care]] and the [[University of New England, Maine|University of New England]], a fast-growing school located along the coast which includes Maine's only medical school, the [[University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine]].<ref>City of Biddeford website. http://www.biddefordmaine.org/</ref> Telecommunications company [[GWI.net]] is headquartered in the city. The city also possesses a wide array of community facilities including public beaches, an ice arena, a full-service [[YMCA]], and one school which has been recently recognized as a [[Blue Ribbon Schools Program|National School of Excellence]].

==Arts and culture==
[[Image:DowntownBiddeford.png|thumb|Main Street]]

===Tourism===
Anchoring Biddeford's historic downtown are [[McArthur Public Library]] and [[Biddeford's City Theater]]. Biddeford has a number of properties and two Historic Districts entered into the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>NPS-National Register of Historic Places. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreghome.do {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506234758/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreghome.do |date=2015-05-06 }}</ref> The newest addition is the Main Street Historic District, entered into the National Register on December 24, 2009. Other downtown National Register properties include the Biddeford-Saco Mills Historic District, Biddeford City Hall, Dudley Block and the U.S. Post Office. National Register properties outside of downtown and in the Biddeford Pool area include the John Tarr House, [[First Parish Meetinghouse]], Fletcher's Neck Lifesaving Station and the James Montgomery Flagg House.<ref>NPS-National Register of Historic Places. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?briefnav=true {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016040516/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?briefnav=true |date=2011-10-16 }}</ref> There are also many festivals and concerts held around the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatt |first=Coley |date=2022-07-14 |title=Singer Eli Lev performs at Flourish Music Cafe in Biddeford |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2022/07/14/singer-eli-lev-performs-at-flourish-music-cafe-in-biddeford/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Press Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 River Jam & Fringe Fest |url=https://heartofbiddeford.org/riverjam/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=heartofbiddeford.org}}</ref>

===Sites of interest===
*Biddeford Historical Society
*[[First Parish Meetinghouse]]
*[[McArthur Public Library]]
*Franco-American Genealogical Society of York County
*[[City Theater (Biddeford, Maine)|City Theater for the Performing Arts]]
*Biddeford Cultural and Heritage Center
*Biddeford History and Heritage Project//Maine Memory Network
*Biddeford Mills Museum
*[[Marie Joseph Spiritual Center]]

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
Biddeford was the eastern terminus of the now-defunct New England Interstate [[Route 11 (New England)|Route 11]], which ended in [[Manchester, Vermont]]. State Route 111, which travels through Biddeford's main commercial corridor, is now numbered in Old Route 11's place. [[Biddeford Municipal Airport]] is located two miles south of the [[central business district]]. The [[Saco Transportation Center]] Amtrak stop serves downtown Biddeford.

Local bus service in Biddeford is provided by [[Biddeford-Saco-Old Orchard Beach Transit]], connecting the city to destinations in [[Saco, Maine|Saco]] and [[Portland, Maine|Portland]].

== Notable people ==
* [[Cajetan J. B. Baumann]] O.F.B., [[American Institute of Architects|AIA]], (1899–1969), first member of a religious order to be named to the American Institute of Architects earned an honorary degree from [[University of New England (United States)|St. Francis College]] in Biddeford<ref name=bonaventure>[http://web.sbu.edu/friedsam/archives/biographies/cajetan/Default.htm Brother Cajetan Baumann, OFM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527145558/http://web.sbu.edu/friedsam/archives/Biographies/cajetan/Default.htm |date=2011-05-27 }}, [[St. Bonaventure University]], (Accessed 10 February 2011)</ref>
* [[Robert Caret]], current Chancellor Emeritus of The University System of Maryland and formerly President of the University of Massachusetts<ref>{{cite web|url= http://radioboston.wbur.org/2012/02/20/robert-caret-umass|title=A Conversation With UMass President Robert Caret|publisher= Radio Boston|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Ovid Demaris]], author<ref>{{cite book |last1=NA |first1=NA |title=Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers |date=25 December 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-81366-7 |page=456 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_U6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA456 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Susan Deschambault]], State Senator<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislature.maine.gov/senate/senator-susan-deschambault/9363|title=District 32 Sen. Susan Deschambault - Maine State Legislature |website=legislature.maine.gov|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Brian Dumoulin]], NHL Hockey Player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penguins.nhl.com/club/player.htm?id=8475208|title=Brian Dumoulin|publisher=Official Site of the Pittsburgh PenguinsAndover Phillips Academy|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Ryan Fecteau]], State Representative, Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislature.maine.gov/house/hsebios/fectrm.htm|title=Maine House of Representatives: Ryan M. Fecteau|first=Clerk's|last=Office|website=legislature.maine.gov|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[R.A.P. Ferreira]], American rapper and producer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/11/milo-built-an-indie-rap-empire.html|title= Milo Is Building an Indie Rap Empire|website=www.vulture.com|date= November 15, 2017|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[John R. French]], U.S. Congressman<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000378 |title=FRENCH, John Robert, (1819-1890)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date= December 18, 2013}}</ref>
* Rachel Griffin-Accurso, better known as [[Ms. Rachel]], American YouTuber, social media personality, songwriter, and educator<ref>{{Cite web |date= April 10, 2023 |title=Former Maine teacher 'Ms Rachel' posts educational videos for the masses |url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/education/miss-rachel-youtube-videos-maine-teacher-teaching-videos-for-kids-online/97-4d234731-b76b-435c-9f5c-ecd3c027dacc |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=newscentermaine.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ms. Rachel |date=2023-11-10 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ms._Rachel&oldid=1184525378 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-11-11 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Cor van den Heuvel]], poet and editor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://performance.millikin.edu/haiku/writerprofiles/CorvandenHeuval.html|title=Haiku Writer Cor Van Den Heuval|website=performance.millikin.edu|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref>
* [[Mark Langdon Hill]], U.S. Congressman<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000602|title= HILL, Mark Langdon, (1772-1842) |dictionary= Biographical Directory of the United States Congress |access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Linda Kasabian]], former Manson Family member involved in the [[Helter Skelter (Manson scenario)|Helter Skelter Murders]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.biography.com/people/linda-kasabian-20902739|title= Linda Kasabian biography|publisher= Bio.True Story |access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Louis Lausier|Louis B. Lausier]], mayor (1941–1955) and candidate for Governor (1948)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://biddeford.mainememory.net/slideshow/547/display%3Fuse_mmn=&format=list&prev_object_id=1659&prev_object=page&slide_num=1&amp=&amp=.html|title= Louis B. Lausier (1879-1962)|publisher= Biddeford History & Heritage Project|access-date= December 14, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Moses Macdonald]], U.S. Congressman<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000004|title=MACDONALD, Moses, (1815-1869)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Hilary F. Mahaney]], football player
* [[Marc Malon]], politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Representative Marc Malon, II |url=https://legislature.maine.gov/housedems/malon/index.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=legislature.maine.gov}}</ref>
* [[Prentiss Mellen]], U.S. Senator and jurist<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000636|title=MELLEN, Prentiss, (1764-1840)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Bird Mosher]], publisher<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.maine.gov/msl/maine/notdisplay.shtml?id=118566|title= Thomas Bird Mosher, 1852-1923|publisher= Maine State Library|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Wallace H. Nutting]], Four-star general and mayor of Biddeford<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.missionreadiness.org/wp-content/uploads/General%20Nutting.pdf|title= General Wallace H. Nutting|publisher= Mission: Readiness|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Bernard Osher]], businessman and philanthropist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osherfoundation.org/index.php?board_bio|title=The Bernard Osher Foundation - Biographies|website=osherfoundation.org|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Freddy Parent]], professional baseball player<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=parenfr01 |title= Freddy Parent Stats |publisher= Baseball Almanac|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Henry B. Quinby]], physician and 52nd [[List of Governors of New Hampshire|Governor of New Hampshire]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_new_hampshire/col2-content/main-content-list/title_quinby_henry.html|title= New Hampshire Governor Henry Brewer Quinby |publisher= National Governors Association|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Daniel E. Somes]], U.S. Congressman and mayor<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000678|title=SOMES, Daniel Eton, (1815-1888)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Charles A. Shaw]], mayor (1865–1866), inventor and entrepreneur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biddeford.mainememory.net/slideshow/557/display%3Fuse_mmn=&format=list&prev_object_id=1707&prev_object=page&slide_num=1&amp=&amp=.html |title=Charles A ShawBiddeford History & Heritage Project |access-date=December 14, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Bettina Steinke]], muralist, was born here in 1913<ref name=influ>{{cite web|url=http://www.artandinfluence.com/2009/05/bettina-steinke-1913-1999-by-armand.html|title=Art and Influence|access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[James Sullivan (governor)|James Sullivan]], jurist and the seventh [[List of Governors of Massachusetts|Governor of Massachusetts]]<ref name="mcarthurpubliclibrary.org">McArthur Public Library-Biographical Index. http://www.mcarthurpubliclibrary.org/index.php?id=20#s</ref>
* [[George Thatcher]], judge and congressman<ref name="mcarthurpubliclibrary.org"/><ref>McArthur Public Library-Biographical Index. http://biddeford.mainememory.net/slideshow/546/display%3Fuse_mmn=&prev_object_id=1659&prev_object=page.html{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Joanne Twomey]], state representative (1998–2006) and mayor (2006–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maine.gov/legis/house/history/122nd/122bios/twomjt.html |title=Joanne Twomey Maine.gov |access-date=December 14, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Joan Wasser]], singer and songwriter<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-09-25/features/0809240326_1_scissor-sisters-rufus-wainwright-real-life|title= Joan Wasser survives as Joan As Police Woman|newspaper= Chicago Tribune|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Amos Whitney]], engineer and inventor<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cedarhillfoundation.org/notable-residents/amos-whitney/|title= Amos Whitney (1832-1920)|publisher= Cedar Hill Cemetery Foundation|access-date= December 14, 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Neal Manufacturing Company]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* [http://biddeford.mainememory.net Biddeford History & Heritage Project] - A comprehensive history website and exhibit space created by Biddeford's cultural community and hosted by the Maine Memory Network / Maine Historical Society.
* [https://archive.org/details/historysacoandb00folsgoog/page/n17  History of Saco and Biddeford] by George Folsom. Saco, [Me.] : Printed by A. C. Putnam, 1830. (Courtesy of Google Books)

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline|Biddeford, Maine}}

{{Adjacent communities | Centre = Biddeford | North = [[Saco, Maine]] | South = [[Kennebunkport, Maine]] | West = [[Arundel, Maine]] | Northwest = [[Dayton, Maine]]}}
{{York County, Maine}}
{{MELargestCities}}
{{Maine}}
{{Saco River}}
{{Northeast Megalopolis}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Biddeford, Maine| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1616]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area, Maine]]
[[Category:Cities in York County, Maine]]
[[Category:1616 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Cities in Maine]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Maine]]

Auburn, Maine

2024-06-23T18:31:19Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{short description|City in Maine, United States}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Auburn
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname =
| motto = Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum{{spaces|2}}([[Latin]]) "No Steps Backward"
| image_skyline = Auburn (and Lewiston), Maine.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_seal = Seal of Auburn, Maine.jpg
| image_map = Androscoggin County Maine Incorporated Areas Auburn Highlighted.png
| map_caption = Location of Auburn, Maine (in dark blue)
| pushpin_map = Maine#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maine##Location in the United States
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label = Auburn
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{USA}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Maine}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]]
| parts_type = Neighborhoods
| parts = Danville East Auburn Littlefield Corner Marston Corner New Auburn North Auburn Stevens Mill
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Jeff Harmon
| established_title = Incorporated (town)
| established_date = February 24, 1842
| established_title1 = Incorporated (city)
| established_date1 = February 22, 1869 <ref>Merrill, G.D. "History of Androscoggin County, Maine." W. A. FERGUSSON & CO., BOSTON, MASS., 1891, p. 604-611</ref><ref name=AuburnPD />
| area_total_sq_mi = 65.74
| area_land_sq_mi = 59.34
| area_water_sq_mi = 6.40
| area_water_percent =
| area_magnitude =
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_23.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 8, 2022}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 170.27
| area_land_km2 = 153.69
| area_water_km2 = 16.58
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 24061
| population_density_km2 = 156.56
| population_density_sq_mi = 405.48
| population_note =
| timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| elevation_m = 58
| elevation_ft = 190
| coordinates = {{Coord|44|5|N|70|14|W|region:US-ME_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
| postal_code = 04210-04212
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-02060
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0561347
| website = {{URL|www.auburnmaine.gov}}
| footnotes =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Imperial
}}

'''Auburn''' is a city in south-central [[Maine]], within the United States. The city serves as the [[county seat]] of [[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin County]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011 }}</ref> The population was 24,061 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2302060|title=Census - Geography Profile: Auburn city, Maine|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> Auburn and its sister city [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]] are known locally as the Twin Cities or [[Lewiston–Auburn]] (L–A).

==History==
The area was originally part of the Pejepscot Purchase, land bought in 1714 by an association of people from [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] and [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]] following the [[Treaty of Portsmouth (1713)|Treaty of Portsmouth]], which brought peace between the [[Abenaki]] [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indians]] and the settlers of present-day Maine. In 1736, however, the [[Massachusetts General Court]] granted a large section of the land to veterans of the 1690 [[Battle of Quebec (1690)|Battle of Quebec]]. Conflicting claims led to prolonged litigation; consequently, settlement was delayed until after the [[French and Indian Wars]].<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.| author2 = John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| publisher = A.J. Coolidge | year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n65 36]–38| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ| quote = coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859. }}</ref>

Auburn was first settled in 1786 as part of Bakerstown, renamed [[Poland, Maine|Poland]] when it was incorporated by the [[Massachusetts General Court]] in 1795. It was then part of [[Minot, Maine|Minot]], formed from parts of Poland and incorporated in 1802. Auburn would itself be formed from parts of Minot and incorporated on February 24, 1842. The name was apparently inspired by "Auburn", a village (real or fictitious) featured in the 1770 poem "[[The Deserted Village]]" by [[Oliver Goldsmith]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3aQgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FWkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1463%2C5719635 | title=Some Maine town names | work=The Lewiston Daily Sun | date=Jun 13, 1928 | access-date=17 October 2015 | author=Yates, Edgar A.P. | pages=4}}</ref> Originally part of [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland County]], the town became [[county seat]] of [[Androscoggin County]] at its creation in 1854. By annexing land from towns around it, including part of [[Poland, Maine|Poland]] in 1852, Minot in 1873, and all of Danville (first called Pejepscot) in 1867, Auburn grew geographically into one of Maine's largest municipalities. Incorporated as a city on February 22, 1869,<ref name=AuburnPD>{{cite web|url= http://auburnmaine.gov/CMSContent/Police/Auburn%20(ME)%20PD%202016%20revised%209-26-16.pdf |title= Auburn (ME) Police Department Assessment Report |access-date= 2018-06-26}}</ref> Auburn in 1917 would be the first city in the state to adopt a [[council-manager government|council-manager]] form of government.<ref name="Coolidge"/>

Farms supplied grain and produce, but with construction of the bridge across the river to Lewiston in 1823, and especially after arrival of the [[Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad]] from [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] in January 1848, the community developed into a mill town. Mills were built to operate by water power from falls on the [[Androscoggin River]] and [[Little Androscoggin River]]. In 1835, the factory system of shoe manufacture originated at Auburn. Other firms manufactured cotton and woolen textiles, carriages, iron goods, bricks and furniture. The population in 1860 was only about 4,000 but by 1890 it had tripled to 12,000 as a result of its shoe factories attracting many [[French Canadian]] immigrants, many of whom arrived by train from [[Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.rays-place.com//me/auburn.htm|title=Historical Sketch of Auburn, Maine|access-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170504183703/http://history.rays-place.com/me/auburn.htm|archive-date=4 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Steady population growth continued until around 1960, plateauing at roughly 24,500.<ref name="Auburn Historical Highlights">[http://www.auburnmaine.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BF3A6DDCB-9C70-426E-851B-22501666185D%7D Auburn Historical Highlights] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904162748/http://www.auburnmaine.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BF3A6DDCB-9C70-426E-851B-22501666185D%7D |date=September 4, 2011 }}</ref>

In Auburn, shoe manufacturing became the dominant industry by the late 19th century. The City Seal, depicting a spindle with different types of shoes at each outside point, was designed when Auburn was positioning itself as the shoe manufacturing center of Maine in the mid-19th century. In 1917, one factory in Auburn was producing 75 percent of the world's supply of white canvas shoes; however, after [[World War II]] the shoe industry began to decline, and between 1957 and 1961 the largest manufacturers closed their factories.<ref name="Auburn Historical Highlights"/>

The area became noted in 1985 due to the plane crash that took the life of [[Samantha Smith]].

In 2023, [[Joe Biden]] became the first sitting [[President of the United States|United States president]] to visit Auburn in 111 years, with the previous being [[William Howard Taft]] in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=Steve CollinsSun |date=2023-07-26 |title=Biden will be first sitting president to visit Auburn since 1912 |url=https://www.sunjournal.com/2023/07/26/biden-will-be-first-sitting-president-to-visit-auburn-since-1912/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Lewiston Sun Journal}}</ref>

===Lewiston-Auburn Shoe Strike===

{{Main|Lewiston-Auburn Shoe Strike}}
In 1937, one of the largest labor disputes in Maine history occurred in Lewiston and Auburn. The [[Lewiston-Auburn Shoe Strike]] lasted from March to June and at its peak involved 4,000 to 5,000 workers on strike. After workers attempted to march across the Androscoggin River from Lewiston to Auburn, Governor [[Lewis Barrows]] sent in the [[Maine Army National Guard]]. Some labor leaders, CIO Secretary [[Powers Hapgood]], were imprisoned for months after a [[Maine Supreme Judicial Court]] judge issued an injunction seeking to end the strike.

<gallery>
Main Street, Auburn, ME.jpg|Main Street {{circa|1912}}
Bobbin Mill Brook, East Auburn, ME.jpg|Old mill {{circa|1910}}
Goff Block, Court Street, Auburn, ME.jpg|Court Street {{circa|1912}}
High Street, Auburn, ME.jpg|High Street in 1907
</gallery>

==Geography==
Auburn is located at {{Coord|44|5|N|70|14|W|type:city}} (44.089, −70.241).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|65.74|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|59.33|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|6.41|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2012-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref> Auburn is drained by the [[Little Androscoggin River]] and [[Androscoggin River]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1850 = 2840
| 1860 = 4022
| 1870 = 6169
| 1880 = 9555
| 1890 = 11250
| 1900 = 12951
| 1910 = 15064
| 1920 = 16985
| 1930 = 18571
| 1940 = 19817
| 1950 = 23134
| 1960 = 24449
| 1970 = 24151
| 1980 = 23128
| 1990 = 24039
| 2000 = 23203
| 2010 = 23055
| 2020 = 24061
| estyear = 2022
| estimate = 24193
| footnote = sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.umaine.edu/census/townsearch.asp|title=Fogler Library - Maine Census Population Totals - Database Search Results for Minor Civil Divisions|access-date=December 8, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929135907/http://www.library.umaine.edu/census/townsearch.asp|archive-date=September 29, 2011 }}, accessed December, 2007.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20200212053821/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US2338740&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US23%7C16000US2338740&_street=&_county=auburn&_cityTown=auburn&_state=04000US23&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null:null&_keyword=&_industry= Auburn city, Maine – Population Finder – American FactFinder]</ref>
}}
Auburn is one of two principal cities of and included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan [[New England city and town area]] and the [[Lewiston-Auburn, ME MSA|Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (which is part of the [[Portland, Maine|Portland]]-Lewiston-[[South Portland, Maine|South Portland]], Maine [[combined statistical area]]).

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> of 2010, there were 23,055 people, 9,974 households, and 5,818 families living in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|388.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 11,016 housing units at an average density of {{convert|185.7|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 93.7% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.9% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.1% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 9,974 households, of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.7% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 39.9 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 27.9% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 23,203 people, 9,764 households, and 5,907 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|388.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 10,608 housing units at an average density of {{convert|177.4|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97.04% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.59% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.30% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.59% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.05% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.32% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.73% of the population.

There were 9,764 households, out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.

The median income for a family was $44,012. Males had a median income of $32,088 versus $22,349 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $19,942. About 9.0% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 16.6% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.

'''Voter registration'''
{| class=wikitable
! colspan="5" | Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of November 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of November 6, 2012 |publisher=Maine Bureau of Corporations |url=http://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/2013/r-e-active8-13.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190831/http://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/2013/r-e-active8-13.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
!
! Total Voters
! Percentage
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}}
| Unenrolled
|
| align="center" | 4,305
| align="center" | 31.21%
|
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Democratic Party|Democratic]]
|
| align="center" | 4,906
| align="center" | 35.57%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Republican Party|Republican]]
|
| align="center" | 3,880
| align="center" | 28.13%
|-
| {{party color cell|Green Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Green Independent Party|Green Independent]]
|
| align="center" | 674
| align="center" | 4.89%
|-
| {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}}
|[[Libertarian Party of Maine]]
|
| align="center" | 28
| align="center" |0.20%
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
!
! align="center" | 13,793
! align="center" | 100%
|}

==Government==
Auburn is in [[Maine's 2nd congressional district]], [[Maine Senate]] District 20,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legislature.maine.gov/senate/find-your-state-senator/9392|title = Find your State Senator | Maine State Legislature}}</ref> and [[Maine House of Representatives]] Districts 68, 69, and 70.

Due to Auburn's relatively expansive land area, the city is divided up into five [[Ward (subnational entity)|wards]]. The city's governing body is a [[City Council]], consisting of a [[mayor]] and 7 [[councilmember]]s (one from each of the five wards, and two elected at large). The mayor is elected at large.

Auburn's current Mayor is Jeff Harmon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auburnmaine.org/index.asp?Type=B_LIST&SEC={8150265A-3ED5-4DFA-A0B9-117C641EF6A6}|title=City of Auburn, Maine – City Council|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> [[John Jenkins (American politician)|John Jenkins]] is a former mayor and state senator from Auburn.<ref>[http://www.sunjournal.com/city/story/905489 Jenkins explains Blaine House bid] [[Sun Journal (Lewiston)|Lewiston Sun Journal]], September 8, 2010</ref>

==Education==
Public primary and secondary education is provided by the [[Auburn School Department]], including [[Edward Little High School]].

In addition, there are the following schools in the city:
* [[St. Dominic Regional High School]], a Catholic high school
* [[Central Maine Community College]], community college

==Media==
===Newspapers===
* The ''[[Sun Journal (Lewiston, Maine)|Sun Journal]]'' prints a daily newspaper in two different editions statewide. The Sun Journal was the recipient of the 2008 New England Daily Newspaper of the Year and the 2009 [[Maine Press Association]] Newspaper of the Year.

==Transportation==
===Roads===
*[[Interstate 95 in Maine|Interstate 95]]
*[[U.S. Route 202 in Maine|US Route 202]]
*[[Maine State Route 11|State Route 11]]
*[[Maine State Route 4|State Route 4]]
*[[Maine State Route 121|State Route 121]]
*[[Maine State Route 136|State Route 136]]
*[[Maine State Route 122|State Route 122]]

===By air===
Auburn is the home of the [[Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport|Auburn-Lewiston Municipal Airport]], located off Hotel Road.

===Rail===
Two freight railroads pass through the city. [[Pan Am Railways]] (formerly Springfield Terminal Railway and Maine Central Railroad) is the primary rail connection for the city. Pan Am's main line from [[Rotterdam Junction|Rotterdam Junction, New York]] to [[Hermon, Maine|Northern Maine Junction, Maine]] closely parallels US Route 202 through much of Auburn. The [[St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad]]'s main line from Portland to Montreal also runs through the southwestern section of the city, passing near the [[Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport]]; at Lewiston Junction, a branch leased from the [[Lewiston and Auburn Railroad]] runs northwest through Auburn. The branch formerly crossed the [[Androscoggin River]] into [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].

==Sites of interest==
[[File:Lake Grove from Lake, Auburn, ME.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Lake Auburn]] in 1911]]
* Androscoggin Historical Society & Museum — artifacts of local history, [[American Civil War|Civil War]] memorabilia, farming tools and a bird collection
* Auburn Fire Department Museum—a collection of antique fire equipment from the city
* Festival Plaza, completed in 2002—public park and performance space along the Androscoggin River. Two public water sculptures designed by artist [[Ross Miller (artist)|Ross Miller]] operate seasonally – the Falls Fountain, that references the Androscoggin River and Native American legends of being able to hide behind the falls; and the Shoe Fountain, a series of cast bronze shoes recalling the early shoe manufacturing history of the area. A map of the Androscoggin River is cast into the plaza with colored concrete.
* [[Good Shepherd Food Bank]] distributes food to agencies across the state from its main warehouse in Auburn
* Hamster Point—Majestic river side gardens
* Knight House Museum (1796) – the oldest frame house downtown, with a pre-1835 handwork shoe shop
* [[Auburn Mall (Maine)|Auburn Mall]]
* Auburn Riverwalk

==National Register of Historic Places==

[[File:Androscoggin County Buildings, Auburn, ME.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Androscoggin County Courthouse and Jail|Androscoggin County Buildings]] {{circa|1912}}]]
[[File:Public Library, Auburn, ME.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Auburn Public Library (Auburn, Maine)|Auburn Public Library]] {{circa|1910}}]]
* [[A. A. Garcelon House]] (1890)
* [[Androscoggin County Courthouse and Jail]] (1857)
* [[Auburn Public Library (Auburn, Maine)|Auburn Public Library]] (1903)
* [[Barker Mill]] (1873)
* [[Charles A. Jordan House]] (1880)
* [[Charles L. Cushman House]] (1889)
* [[Edward Little House]] (1827)
* [[Engine House (Auburn, Maine)|Engine House]] (1879)
* [[First Universalist Church (Auburn, Maine)|First Universalist Church]] (1876)
* [[Frank L. Dingley House]] (1867)
* [[Free Baptist Church (Auburn, Maine)|Free Baptist Church]]
* [[Gay-Munroe House]] (1878)
* [[Holman Day House]] (1895)
* [[Horace Munroe House]] (1899)
* [[Horatio G. Foss House]] (1914)
* [[Lamoreau Site]]
* [[Main Street Historic District (Auburn)|Main Street Historic District]]
* [[Roak Block]] (1871)
* [[William A. Robinson House]] (1874)
* [[William Briggs Homestead]] (1797)

== Notable people ==
[[File:Corner Court & Main St., Auburn, ME.jpg|thumb|250px|Corner of Court and Main streets {{circa|1908}}]]


* [[Tony Atlas]], wrestler
* [[John Bower]], skier
* [[Lenny Breau]], jazz guitarist
* [[Erwin Canham]], American journalist and author
* [[Alonzo Conant]], judge, Auburn Municipal Court (1946–1958)
* [[Aaron S. Daggett]], last surviving Civil War general
* [[T. A. D. Fessenden]], U.S. congressman
* [[Sara Mae Stinchfield Hawk]], speech pathologist
* [[John Jenkins (American politician)|John Jenkins]], mayor
* [[Adam R. Lee]], state legislator
* [[Edward Little (philanthropist)|Edward Little]], philanthropist, educator
* [[Robert Luce]], U.S. congressman
* [[Cynthia McFadden]], correspondent for ABC News
* [[Dana T. Merrill]], U.S. Army brigadier general
* [[Elmer Drew Merrill]], botanist
* [[George Perkins Merrill]], geologist
* [[Julie Parisien]], skier
* [[Deborah Simpson]], state legislator
* [[Billy Silverman]], referee
* [[Charlie Small|Charles Small]], center fielder with the [[Boston Red Sox]]
* [[Olympia Snowe]], U.S. senator and congresswoman
* [[Peter T. Snowe]], Maine state legislator
* [[John H. Sturgis]], Maine state legislator

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{EB1911 poster|Auburn (Maine)|Auburn, Maine}}
* [http://www.auburnmaine.gov/ City of Auburn, Maine]
* [http://www.auburn.lib.me.us/ Auburn Public Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071223183100/http://www.androscoggincounty.com/ Androscoggin County Chamber of Commerce]
* [https://www.npr.org/2019/12/22/789915857/for-these-three-dots-100-years-of-friendship-fellowship-and-fun Three Auburn women: 100 years of friendship 1919 to 2019] NPR, December 22, 2019

{{Androscoggin County, Maine}}
{{MELargestCities}}
{{Maine}}
{{Androscoggin River}}
{{Maine county seats}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Auburn, Maine| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Maine]]
[[Category:County seats in Maine]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1786]]
[[Category:Cities in Androscoggin County, Maine]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area, Maine]]

South Portland, Maine

2024-06-23T18:30:57Z

Edwki: Fixed name in info box

{{Short description|City in Maine, United States}}
{{Redirect|South Portland|the neighborhood of Portland, Oregon|South Portland, Portland, Oregon}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = South Portland
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname = The Park City,<ref name=nickname>{{cite news|last1=Harrington|first1=Duke|title=Debate hard fought, but likely not over|url=http://sentry.mainelymediallc.com/news/2014-07-25/Front_Page/Debate_hard_fought_but_likely_not_over.html|access-date=25 July 2014|publisher=South Portland Sentry|date=25 July 2014|quote=The new zoning regulation for the Park City – so-called for its 15 public green spaces, including scenic Bug Light Park next to, and largely owned by PPL — bans bulk loading of all crude oil onto ships. It also bans construction of infrastructure needed for that purpose.}}</ref> SoPo<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaplan |first1=Melanie D.G. |title=Things to do in South Portland, Maine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/sunrise-sunset-in-maine-a-place-where-the-sun-is-the-star/2019/10/17/57213274-ea01-11e9-9306-47cb0324fd44_story.html |access-date=19 May 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 October 2019 |quote=SoPo, as it’s called, is a city unto itself, a former shipbuilding center with a working waterfront that feels like a beach town.}}</ref>
| motto = Forward

| image_skyline = South Portland Marina.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = A South Portland marina overlooking the city of Portland
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Seal of South Portland, Maine.png
| image_blank_emblem = South Portland logo.png
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| blank_emblem_size = 150px

| image_map = Cumberland County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas South Portland highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 260px
| map_caption = Location in [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland County]] and the state of [[Maine]].

| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Council-Manager|City Council and City Manager]]
| leader_title = [[City Manager]]
| leader_name = Scott Morelli<ref name="spexec">{{cite web|title=City of South Portland - Executive Department|url=http://southportland.org/departments/executive/|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Misha C. Pride<ref name="mayorcouncil">{{cite web|title=City Council Members & Contact Information|url=https://www.southportland.org/our-city/city-council/city-council-members/|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
| established_title = Incorporated (town)
| established_date = March 15, 1895
| established_title1 = Incorporated (city)
| established_date1 = March 22, 1898

| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_23.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 8, 2022}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 36.29
| area_land_km2 = 31.19
| area_water_km2 = 5.10
| area_total_sq_mi = 14.01
| area_land_sq_mi = 12.04
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.97

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 26498
| population_density_km2 = 849.49
| population_density_sq_mi = 2200.10

| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| elevation_ft = 23
| coordinates = {{Coord|43|37|54|N|70|16|22|W|region:US-ME_type:city(26,000)|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 04106, 04116
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-76750
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0575893
| website = [http://www.southportland.org/ www.southportland.org]
| footnotes =
| pop_est_footnotes =
}}

'''South Portland''' is a city in [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland County]], [[Maine]], United States, and is the [[List of municipalities in Maine|fourth-most populous city]] in the state, incorporated in 1898. At the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]], the city population was 26,498.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2371990|title=Census - Geography Profile: South Portland city, Maine|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2022}}</ref> Known for its working waterfront, South Portland is situated on Portland Harbor and overlooks the skyline of [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] and the islands of [[Casco Bay]]. Due to South Portland's close proximity to air, marine, rail, and highway transportation options, the city has become a center for retail and industry in the region. [[The Maine Mall]], the largest shopping mall in the state, is located in South Portland.

Despite the name, South Portland was never part of the city of Portland, but rather part of [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]], separating in 1895. However, both Cape Elizabeth and Portland were once part of [[Falmouth, Maine#New Casco (1630–1765)|Falmouth]]. Cape Elizabeth, then including what later became South Portland, broke away from Falmouth in 1765. South Portland is a principal city of the [[Portland–South Portland–Biddeford metropolitan area]].

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=February 2024}}[[File:Liberty ship Portland.jpg|thumb|left|Liberty ships being built along the waterfront (August 1942)]]

South Portland was first colonized in 1630, and it grew to become a small residential community with many farms. The village was raided by natives in [[Father Rale's War]] (1724). In 1858, the City of Portland purchased land near the [[Fore River (Maine)|Fore River]] for the [[Forest City Cemetery]]. On March 15, 1895, it was incorporated as a town after it broke away from [[Cape Elizabeth]], based on a disagreement on a future source of public drinking water. Three years later South Portland became a city, destined to receive its drinking water, like Portland, from [[Sebago Lake]], while Cape Elizabeth used wells or other local sources.

On South Portland's waterfront is [[Fort Preble]], which is a military fort established in 1808 to protect Portland Harbor. It was in operation during several American conflicts, including the [[United States Civil War]], [[World War I]], and [[World War II]]. Near Fort Preble is [[Spring Point Ledge Light]], which was constructed by the federal government in 1897 to mark a dangerous rock ledge.

In December 1844, Portland resident [[Ellen G. White]], who became a founder of the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] church, is said to have experienced her first vision during a prayer meeting at the home of Mrs. Haines at 60 Ocean Street, which later became the Griffin Club. The building was torn down in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laaka |first=Juliette |date=2018-04-17 |title='Spirits' remain as South Portland's former Griffin Club disappears |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2018/04/17/spirits-remain-as-south-portlands-former-griffin-club-disappears/ |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Press Herald}}</ref>

In 1940, the Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding Corp (later called the "East Yard") was established to build cargo ships for Britain. When the United States became involved with World War II, the shipyard expanded to include the South Portland Shipbuilding Corp. (aka the “West Yard”), that later combined with the Todd-Bath yard to become the [[New England Shipbuilding Corporation]]. These shipyards built 236 of the 440 foot (134 m) long [[Liberty ship]]s, more than 10 percent of all the Liberty ships constructed during the war years. At its peak, the shipyard employed some 30,000 people, including thousands of women, who took over the jobs vacated by men going into the service. The shipyard gradually ceased operations after the war ended in 1945. Remnants of the shipyards are visible, and there is a memorial to the shipyard and the workers at Bug Light Park. The park is also home to [[Portland Breakwater Lighthouse]], commonly referred to as "Bug Light".

[[File:Long Creek Air Tragedy Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Long Creek Air Tragedy Memorial.]]

On July 11, 1944, at 4:45 p.m.,<ref>{{cite news|last=Billings|first=Randy|title=Fundraising for South Portland air crash memorial faces June deadline|url=http://www.theforecaster.net/content/s-splongcreekmemorial-1|access-date=12 July 2010|newspaper=The Forecaster|date=1 April 2010|quote=It happened at 4:45 p.m. on July 11, 1944.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719004203/http://www.theforecaster.net/content/s-splongcreekmemorial-1|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army]] Lt. Phillip "Phee" Russell was attempting to land his [[Douglas A-26 Invader]] at the [[Portland International Jetport|Portland-Westbrook Municipal Airport]]. For reasons that were never fully determined, Russell lost control of the plane and crashed into a [[trailer park]] in South Portland's Brick Hill neighborhood. Nineteen people were killed and 20 people were injured—mostly the families of South Portland shipyard workers—making it the worst aviation accident in Maine history.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cornish|first=Caroline|title=Long Creek Air Tragedy Memorial is dedicated|url=http://www.wcsh6.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=120288|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210063205/http://www.wcsh6.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=120288|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2012|access-date=12 July 2010|newspaper=WCSH|date=11 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Billings|first=Randy|title=South Portland air crash memorial takes shape, dedication planned for July 11|url=http://www.theforecaster.net/content/s-splongcreekmemorial-3|access-date=12 July 2010|newspaper=The Forecaster|date=1 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719004225/http://www.theforecaster.net/content/s-splongcreekmemorial-3|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> A [[Long Creek Air Tragedy Memorial]] was eventually erected to commemorate the crash and honor the victims, but not until 66 years later.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hudson|first=Diane|title=South Portland honors Long Creek air crash victims|url=http://www.theforecaster.net/content/s-splongcreekmemorial-071610|access-date=21 July 2010|newspaper=The Forecaster|date=16 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720004118/http://www.theforecaster.net/content/s-splongcreekmemorial-071610|archive-date=20 July 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Maine Mall 2023.jpg|right|thumb|The Maine Mall circa 2023.]]

Over the last few decades, South Portland has become the retail capital of Maine. The Mill Creek shopping center, built in the 1950s, was the first such "strip mall" built in Maine: a line of stores under one long roof and a covered walkway. Mill Creek has changed and grown significantly since, but the original layout still forms the core of the stores. The area in Mill Creek known as the Waterfront Market sits at the base of the [[Casco Bay Bridge]] and attracts shoppers from Scarborough, Cape Elizabeth and Portland.

The need for a large mall in Maine emerged in the 1960s, as Portland's downtown district could not accommodate the growing retail market. A former pig farm in South Portland was chosen as the site for the project because it was close to I-95 and convenient from Portland. Beginning construction of the [[Maine Mall]] in the late 1960s marked the start of a major transition in the western part of South Portland: from a rural, agrarian landscape to the large retail center that exists today.

The oldest neighborhood in South Portland, and its former "retail corridor", is Ferry Village. Prior to the Casco Bay Bridge (or the one it replaced, the [[Million Dollar Bridge (Maine)|Million Dollar Bridge]]), ferries transported people and goods back and forth across the harbor to Portland. The landscape and the makeup of residents in Ferry Village were forever changed upon the close of the WWII shipyards. The Village has slowly bounced back and is now one of the more popular places in the city to live.

Ferry Village also has one of the most active and involved neighborhood associations in Southern Maine. The Ferry Village Neighborhood Conservation Association (FVNCA) was formed in August 1985 to address the development boom in the 1980s which was quickly altering the character of the waterfront and many Greater Portland neighborhoods. FVNCA was instrumental in the formation of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515220847/http://www.splandtrust.org/ South Portland Land Trust] as well as the City-managed Land Bank which provides seed money for the acquisition of available open space.

After decades of neglect, the westernmost neighborhoods of South Portland, including Redbank and Brick Hill, experienced new growth and revitalization in 2006 with the redevelopment of the former Maine Youth Center site as a mixed-use neighborhood featuring affordable housing, market rate housing, professional offices and outdoor recreational spaces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brick Hill |url=http://www.portlandlandmarks.org/brick-hill |website=Greater Portland Landmarks |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> The redevelopment of the Brick Hill site spurred additional private development nearby in the form of market rate housing, retail and light industry. The city's 2017 West End Master Plan aims to further encourage such development in that area of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=West End Master Plan |url=https://www.southportland.org/files/7015/0291/5682/Draft_West_End_Neighborhood_Master_Plan_8-16-17.pdf |website=City of South Portland |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

South Portland was voted one of the best places to live in Maine in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Brien |first1=Cameron |title=South Portland Tops the Charts as "Best Place to Live in Maine" in 2018 |url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/amp/article/life/south-portland-tops-the-charts-as-best-place-to-live-in-maine-in-2018/97-eb38f49f-f3a0-4398-b29c-90351a8ec2b5 |website=News Center Maine |date=December 26, 2018 |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
South Portland has a [[council-manager]] form of government.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Portland - City Council | url=http://www.southportland.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={0A44608D-885E-4B6C-9D32-D9DA33DC2D90} | work=City of South Portland | access-date=2009-04-13 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215140928/http://www.southportland.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B0A44608D-885E-4B6C-9D32-D9DA33DC2D90%7D | archive-date=2008-12-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=South Portland - Executive | url=http://southportland.govoffice.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={FF753AA8-A088-4448-9E29-485925ADF3A7} | work=City of South Portland | access-date=2009-04-13 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015232530/http://southportland.govoffice.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BFF753AA8-A088-4448-9E29-485925ADF3A7%7D | archive-date=2008-10-15 }}</ref>

The [[city council]] is made up of seven members elected by the citizens: one member from each of the five districts in the city, and two [[at-large]] members. Voters are allowed to vote for council candidates in all five districts, not just the district where they are registered to vote.

Every December, the members of the council elect one of themselves as [[mayor]], which is primarily a ceremonial title. The mayor serves as chairman of the council.

The city council is responsible for establishing [[policy]], passing [[local ordinance]]s, voting [[Appropriation (law)|appropriation]]s, and developing an overall vision for the city.

The council appoints a [[city manager]] to oversee the daily operations of the government and implement the policies established by the council. The manager is an employee of the city and has a [[contract]] that specifies his or her duties and responsibilities. Ideally, the manager is considered [[Technocracy (bureaucratic)|apolitical]].

===Elections===
'''Voter registration'''
{| class=wikitable
! colspan = 6 | Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of March 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=REGISTERED & ENROLLED VOTERS - STATEWIDE |url=https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/data-pdf/r-e-active.pdf |publisher=[[Secretary of State of Maine]] |access-date=2 June 2024 |date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Total Voters
! Percentage
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Democratic Party|Democratic]]
| align = center | 10,063
| align = center | 53.29%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}}
| Unenrolled
| align = center | 4,960
| align = center | 26.27%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Republican Party|Republican]]
| align = center | 2,852
| align = center | 15.10%
|-
| {{party color cell|Green Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Green Independent Party|Green Independent]]
| align = center | 709
| align = center | 3.75%
|-
| {{party color cell|No Labels}}
| [[No Labels]]
| align = center | 227
| align = center | 1.20%
|-
| {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}}
| [[Libertarian Party of Maine|Libertarian]]
| align = center | 71
| align = center | 0.38%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! align = center | 18,882
! align = center | 100.00%
|}

=== Mayoral controversy ===
In December 2007, then-mayor James Soule made headlines in Maine and across the country when he proposed in his inaugural address that South Portland, along with parts of southern Maine, [[secede]] from the state of Maine and form a new state.<ref name="soule-pph">{{cite news |first=Josie |last=Huang |title=Mayor calls for secession from Maine |work=Portland Press Herald |date=4 December 2007 |access-date=13 April 2009 |url=http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/story.php?id=152570 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128145841/http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/story.php?id=152570 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jenna |last=Russell |title=Mayor says Maine should be two states |work=Boston Globe |date=30 December 2007 |access-date=13 April 2009 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/12/30/mayor_says_maine_should_be_two_states/ }}</ref> Soule referred to the state government of Maine as an "oppressive enemy"<ref>{{cite news|title=Mayor Promotes Secession|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oss98vJuFf4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/oss98vJuFf4| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|access-date=13 June 2010|newspaper=News8 WMTW-TV|date=5 December 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and said that South Portland, along with other southern Maine cities and towns, contributes much more to the state in tax revenue than it receives in education funding. "The state of Maine needs South Portland more than South Portland needs the state of Maine," Soule claimed.<ref name="soule-pph" />

Soule's proposal was panned by the congressional delegation and by [[John Baldacci|Governor Baldacci]], whose spokesman called it "silly" and "counterproductive."<ref name="soule-pph" />

The proposal did not gain any traction, and Soule did not continue to pursue it. Soule nominated himself for reelection as mayor in November 2008, but was defeated by Thomas Blake in a 6–1 vote. Soule voted for himself.<ref>{{cite news |first=Linda |last=Hersey |title=Blake Wins Caucus By 6-1 Vote |work=The South Portlander |date=24 November 2008 |access-date=13 April 2009 |url=http://www.southportlander.com/index.php/article/blake_wins_caucus_by_6_1_vote/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215041427/http://www.southportlander.com/index.php/article/blake_wins_caucus_by_6_1_vote/ |archive-date=15 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[Image:Spring Point Ledge Lighthouse.JPG|thumb|right|Spring Point Ledge Light breakwater under construction (1951)]]

South Portland is bordered by [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] to the north, [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]] and [[Scarborough, Maine|Scarborough]] to the south, and [[Westbrook, Maine|Westbrook]] to the west. The city is located at {{Coord|43|37|54|N|70|16|22|W|region:US-ME_type:city(26,000)}}. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|14.02|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|11.99|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|2.03|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-11-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|archive-date=2012-01-25}}</ref>

=== Villages and neighborhoods ===
[[Image:Passenger trains and freight trains at Rigby Yard 2005.jpg|thumb|right|A ''[[Downeaster (train)|Downeaster]]'' passenger train and a [[Pan Am Railways]] freight train at Rigby Yard in South Portland, 2005.]]
[[File:Jetblue n763jb pwm 07302009.jpg|thumb|right|[[jetBlue]] airliner at [[Portland International Jetport|PWM]], viewed from the South Portland side of the runway, 2009.]]

As defined by the city's Planning Department in a 2018 neighborhood map,<ref>{{cite web |title=Neighborhood Map |url=https://www.southportland.org/files/5615/3356/0345/City_Neightbohood_Map.jpg |website=City of South Portland |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> South Portland comprises the following districts that could be described in some cases as [[Urban village|urban or suburban villages]], listed below in bold; historic neighborhoods are in italics.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Many Villages of South Portland, Maine |last= Eschholz |first= Lori |author2=South Portland Historical Society |year= 2006 |publisher= South Portland Historical Society |location= South Portland, Maine }}</ref>

* '''Ferry Village'''
** Cushing's Point
* '''Knightville'''
** Mill Creek
* '''Ligonia'''
* '''Pleasantdale'''
** Highland Avenue / Stanwood Park
* '''Skunk Hill'''
** Brick Hill
** [[Cash Corner]]
** Country Gardens
** [[The Maine Mall]]
** Meadowbrook
** Redbank
** Sunset Park
** Thornton Heights
* '''Town House Corner'''
** South Portland Heights
* '''Willard'''
** Loveitt's Field
** Meetinghouse Hill
** [[Willard Beach]]

==Education==
[[File:Mahoney Middle School.jpg|thumb|right|Mahoney Middle School.]]

South Portland's public school system has five neighborhood elementary schools: Brown School, Dyer School, Kaler School, Skillin School and Dora L. Small Elementary School. The city has one middle school, South Portland Middle School, which has grades 5-8. <ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Drew |date=2023-05-04 |title=An early look inside: South Portland Middle School set for fall opening |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2023/05/04/an-early-look-inside-south-portland-middle-school-set-for-fall-opening/ |work=The Forecaster |access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref> The city has one high school, [[South Portland High School]], which has an enrollment of about 900 students.

South Portland has two private schools: Holy Cross School, which is a Roman Catholic K–8 school, and Greater Portland Christian School, which is a non-denominational Christian K–12 school.

South Portland also boasts three institutions of higher learning: [[Andover College (Maine)|Kaplan University]], [[New England Bible College]], and [[Southern Maine Community College]].

== Places of worship ==
[[File:Holy Cross Church South Portland.JPG|thumbnail|Holy Cross Church]]

Christian churches in the area include the First Baptist Church of South Portland (Baptist),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spfbc.com/|title=百姓彩票首页-安全购彩|website=www.spfbc.com}}</ref> Holy Cross Church (Roman Catholic),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afternic.com/forsale/saintmax.com?traffic_type=TDFS_DASLNC&traffic_id=daslnc&load=page&page=7|title=saintmax.com|website=www.afternic.com}}</ref> Peoples United Methodist Church and Thornton Heights United Methodist Church (Methodist),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.neumc.org/churches/detail/470 | title=Churches }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thorntonheightsumc.com/|title=Thornton Heights United Methodist Church Touching Lives Through the Power of God's Love|website=www.thorntonheightsumc.com}}</ref> South Portland Church of the Nazarene (Nazarene),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spcnazarene.com/|title=First Light Church|website=First Light Church}}</ref> First Congregational Church of South Portland (United Church of Christ),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fccucc.org/|title=First Congregational Church - United Church of Christ - South Portland ME|website=First Congregational Church - United Church of Christ}}</ref> Christ Fellowship Church, Eastpoint Christian Church and Greater Portland Church of Christ (Christian, nondenominational).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastpoint.church/|title=Eastpoint Christian Church|website=Eastpoint Christian Church}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpcoc.org/|title=Greater Portland Church of Christ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://christfellowshipmaine.org/|title=Christ Fellowship Church: Portland, ME}}</ref>

There is also a Buddhist Peace Center,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keepmecurrent.com/current/news/vietnamese-buddhists-move-into-historic-south-portland-church/article_321790aa-9a04-11e5-8188-5381ab9b38cc.html|title=Vietnamese Buddhists move into historic South Portland church - Keep Me Current: News|date=December 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206202856/http://www.keepmecurrent.com/current/news/vietnamese-buddhists-move-into-historic-south-portland-church/article_321790aa-9a04-11e5-8188-5381ab9b38cc.html |archive-date=2015-12-06 }}</ref> and a Reform Judaism congregation locally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bethaam.org/|title=Congregation Bet Ha'am – Bet Ha'am is a Reform Jewish congregation in Southern Maine|website=www.bethaam.org}}</ref>

==Media==
There are several local media groups that report on the news of the city. The ''South Portland Sentry'' offers a free newspaper that covers the city's events and news. It has a circulation of 17,000 and is distributed to residents free of charge. Regional newspapers such as [[Current Publishing|''The Current'']] and ''The Forecaster'' cover South Portland issues and events, while also serving the communities of Cape Elizabeth and Scarborough. The city also has a local [[Public-access television]] [[cable TV]] television station, ''SPC-TV'' which is sponsored by the city and is broadcast on [[Time Warner Cable]]'s channel 2 and 3.

Media coverage for South Portland is also provided by Portland's television stations, radio stations, and periodicals.

==Economy==
[[Image:Oil Tanker SP.jpg|thumb|right|An oil tanker delivering oil to the Portland Pipeline.]]
[[File:Fedex-727-pwm.jpg|thumb|right|A [[FedEx Express]] cargo jet at [[Portland International Jetport|PWM]], viewed from the South Portland side of the runway, 2009.]]

While the city is considered suburban, it also has a diverse economy, as evidenced by its working waterfront and large retail center.

Home to the [[Portland-Montreal Pipe Line]], millions of barrels of oil are shipped to South Portland each year, which is a major portion of the inbound tonnage entering the Port of Portland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmpl.com/about.php|title=Portland-Montreal Pipe Line: About Us|website=pmpl.com|access-date=5 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202204709/http://www.pmpl.com/about.php|archive-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> It is the northernmost oil port in the United States, and has over 120 oil storage tanks. [[Oil terminal|Tank farm]] emissions such as [[benzene]] and [[Naphthalene]] have been a concern, and [[sea level rise]] projections show a 27% chance that the South Portland Terminal will flood by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/26112019/sea-level-rise-oil-tank-flood-risk-gulf-maine-south-portland-emergency-plan|title=With Giant Oil Tanks on Its Waterfront, This City Wants to Know: What Happens When Sea Level Rises?|last=Shankman|first=Sabrina|date=2019-11-27|website=[[InsideClimate News]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>

[[Rigby Yard]], the largest [[railroad yard]] in New England, built by [[Portland Terminal Company]] in 1922, is still in operation today and is part of the [[Pan Am Railways]] system.

The city is also home to manufacturing facilities for the technology companies [[ON Semiconductor]] (formerly [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fairchildsemi.com/cf/|title=Contact Us at ON Semiconductor|website=www.fairchildsemi.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> and [[Texas Instruments]] (formerly [[National Semiconductor]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2011/09/27/business/texas-instruments-execs-discuss-plans-for-acquired-maine-plant/|title=Texas Instruments execs discuss plans for acquired Maine plant|website=bangordailynews.com|date=27 September 2011|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

The Maine Mall is the largest and busiest mall in the state and attracts thousands of shoppers each year.

The main runway of Maine's busiest airport, the [[Portland International Jetport]], is located within the city of South Portland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Randy Billings |url=http://www.theforecaster.net/node/18212/ |title=Cities, trail groups stall Jetport runway expansion |publisher=The Forecaster |date=2009-06-11 |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630120441/http://www.theforecaster.net/node/18212/ |archive-date=2012-06-30 }}</ref> The passenger terminal is located within the city of Portland.

== Transportation ==
The city-owned [[South Portland Bus Service]] provides public transportation throughout the city.<ref>[https://www.maine.gov/mdot/transit/docs/lcp/2019/apdx-c/_C-21-SouthPortlandBusService.pdf South Portland Bus Service] – State of Maine official website</ref>

== Points of interest ==
[[Image:Buglight.jpg|thumb|"[[Portland Breakwater Light|Bug Light]]" with Portland's Eastern Promenade in the background.]]

South Portland has a number of parks and open spaces. One of the main features of South Portland is the historic Greenbelt walkway, which is a three-mile (5 km) paved trail that crosses through several neighborhoods and provides views of the harbor. Mill Creek Park is located in South Portland's downtown area and has landscaped pond area and rose garden. The park hosts several local events, including summer concerts, Art in the Park, holiday tree lighting and ice skating in the winter. Other local parks include Wainwright Farm, which is a recreational facility and Hinckley Park which is a {{convert|40|acre|m2|adj=on}} wooded area that has two ponds. The city's waterfront has several recreational marinas and is home to the last free beach in the area, [[Willard Beach]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Other attractions:

* [[Calvary Cemetery (South Portland, Maine)|Calvary Cemetery]]
* [[Fort Preble]]
* [[The Maine Mall]]
* [[Portland Breakwater Light]] (known locally as Bug Light)
* [[Shoreway Arboretum]]
* [[South Portland Armory]]
* [[South Portland Historical Society]]
* [[South Portland Municipal Golf Course]]
* [[South Portland Public Library]]
* [[Southern Maine Community College]]
* [[Spring Point Ledge Light]]

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1900 = 6287
| 1910 = 7471
| 1920 = 9254
| 1930 = 13840
| 1940 = 15781
| 1950 = 21866
| 1960 = 22788
| 1970 = 23267
| 1980 = 22712
| 1990 = 23163
| 2000 = 23324
| 2010 = 25002
| 2020 = 26498
| estyear = 2022
| estimate = 27026
| footnote = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/cencounts/files/me190090.txt|title=MAINE Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420105225/https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/cencounts/files/me190090.txt|archive-date=2020-04-20|date=1995-03-17|access-date=2023-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/|title=University of Virginia Library|website=mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> of 2010, there were 25,002 people, 10,877 households, and 6,197 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|2085.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 11,484 housing units at an average density of {{convert|957.8|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.8% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.8% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.0% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.2% of the population.

There were 10,877 households, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.0% were non-families. Of all households, 31.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 39.4 years. 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.4% were from 25 to 44; 27.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 23,324 people, 10,047 households, and 6,038 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1,944.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 10,349 housing units at an average density of {{convert|862.9|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95.80% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.63% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.33% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.59% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.31% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.31% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.13% of the population.

There were 10,047 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. Of all households, 30.7% were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,770, and the median income for a family was $52,833. Males had a median income of $32,256 versus $28,630 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $22,781. About 4.9% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

== Notable people ==


* [[Robert G. Albion]], author, historian, college professor
* [[Jim Beattie (baseball)|Jim Beattie]], baseball pitcher
* [[Larry Bliss]], state senator
* [[Lynn Bromley]], state senator and [[Small Business Administration]] official
* [[Brett Brown]], basketball coach
* [[Peter Buck (restaurateur)|Peter Buck]], co-founder of [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] restaurant chain
* [[Clarke Canfield]], journalist, author
* [[Frank M. Coffin]], judge, U.S. congressman
* [[OkCupid|Chris Coyne]], co-founder of [[OkCupid]]<ref name=chriscoyne>{{cite news|last=Hemmerdinger|first=Jonathan|title=Matchmaking math: 1 + 1 = $50 million|url=http://www.pressherald.com/news/math-of-matchmaking-1-_-1-equals-_50-million_2011-03-03.html|access-date=7 March 2011|newspaper=Portland Press Herald|date=3 March 2011}}</ref>
* [[Robert Crowley (Survivor contestant)|Bob Crowley]], winner of ''[[Survivor: Gabon]]''
* [[Santo DiPietro]], businessperson, city councilor and state legislator
* [[Jane Eberle]], state legislator
* [[Charlie Furbush]], baseball pitcher
* [[Jon Gillies]], hockey goaltender
* [[John W. Gulick]], U.S. Army major general<ref>* {{cite magazine |last=Giffin |first=Stewart S. |date=May 1930 |title=Major General John W. Gulick, Chief of Coast Artillery |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502618.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302041020/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502618.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=March 2, 2017 |magazine=The Coast Artillery Journal |location=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps |access-date=June 18, 2018 |pages=382–384|ref={{sfnRef|”Major General John W. Gulick, Chief of Coast Artillery”}}}}</ref>
* [[Simon M. Hamlin]], U.S. congressman
* [[Frederick Hinckley]], land developer, mayor and state legislator
* [[Ed McAleney]], football player
* [[Wes McCauley]], hockey player and referee
* [[Terry Morrison (politician)|Terry Morrison]], state legislator
* [[Judd Nelson]], actor
* [[James C. Oliver]], U.S. congressman
* [[Edward Reynolds (American politician)|Edward Reynolds]], first Mayor of South Portland (1899–1900), state senator
* [[Bill Swift]], baseball pitcher

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|South Portland, Maine}}
* [http://www.southportland.org/ City of South Portland]
* [http://www.southportlandlibrary.com/ South Portland Public Library]
* [http://www.spsd.org/ South Portland School Department]
* [http://www.visitportland.com/ Greater Portland Casco Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.mainegenealogy.net/individual_place_record.asp?place=south_portland Maine Genealogy: South Portland, Cumberland County, Maine]

{{Cumberland County, Maine}}
{{MELargestCities}}
{{Maine}}
{{Northeast Megalopolis}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:South Portland, Maine| ]]
[[Category:1630 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
[[Category:1630 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Casco Bay]]
[[Category:Cities in Cumberland County, Maine]]
[[Category:Cities in Maine]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Maine]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1630]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area, Maine]]

Lewiston, Maine

2024-06-23T18:30:05Z

Edwki: Fixed infobox name

{{Short description|City in Maine, United States 04240}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lewiston
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in Maine|City]]
| image_skyline = File:Lewiston, Maine, Montage.png
| image_caption = Top: Civil War Memorial Statue, [[Bates College]]'s [[Hathorn Hall]]; Bottom: the Wallace School, Kennedy Park and Lewiston City Hall
| image_flag =
| flag_size = 150
| image_seal = Seal_of_Lewiston,_Maine.svg
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| blank_emblem_size =
| nickname = {{hlist|"The Lew"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Faith By Their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates, 1855–1877|last=Larson|first=Wayde|publisher=Bates College|location=Lewiston, ME}}</ref>|"[[List of city nicknames in Maine|Little Canada]]"<ref name="Barrows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lewistonmaine.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1190|title=Historic Lewiston|last=Barrows|first=Gridley|date=July 1, 1974|website=The Lewiston Historical Commission|access-date=April 21, 2018|archive-date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113201526/http://www.lewistonmaine.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1190|url-status=live}}</ref> |"Petit Canada"<ref name="Barrows" />}}
| motto = {{nowrap|''Industria'' {{smaller|([[Latin]])}} {{smaller|"Industry"}}}}<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the City Seal|via=City of Lewiston, Maine|url=https://www.lewistonmaine.gov/422/History-of-the-City-Seal|last=Skinner|first=Ralph|publisher=WLAM|date=December 22, 1963|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=January 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105023345/http://www.lewistonmaine.gov/422/History-of-the-City-Seal|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=9|title=Lewiston|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#5f5f5f|fill=#5f5f5f|id}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Lewiston
| pushpin_map = Maine#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maine##Location in the United States
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label = Lewiston
| coordinates = {{Coord|44|06|02|N|70|12|55|W|region:US-ME_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of cities in Maine|City]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Androscoggin County|Androscoggin]]
| parts_type = Village
| parts = South Lewiston
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = 1795 (as ''Lewistown'') 1863 (as ''Lewiston'')
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[City council]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Carl Sheline
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_23.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 8, 2022|archive-date=January 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110213700/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_23.txt|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_sq_mi = 35.54
| area_land_sq_mi = 34.15
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.39
| area_water_percent = 4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 66
| elevation_ft = 217
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft =
| population_total = 37121
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 419.74
| population_density_sq_mi = 1087.13
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 = Lewistonion
| population_note =
| demographics2_info1 = English (78.4%) French (14.4%)
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]
| postal_code = 04240, 04241, 04243
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| website = {{URL|www.lewistonmaine.gov}}
| footnotes =
| p2 =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-38740
| area_total_km2 = 92.03
| area_land_km2 = 88.44
| area_water_km2 = 3.60
}}

'''Lewiston''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|ᵻ|s|t|ən}};<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXbC2EFS08gC&pg=PA255|title=The French-Canadian Heritage in New England|last=Brault|first=Gerard J.|date=1986|publisher=UPNE|isbn=9780874513592|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-date=January 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106021727/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXbC2EFS08gC&pg=PA255|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA-fr|luistɔ̃|lang}}) is the [[List of cities in Maine|second most populous city]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Maine]], with the city's population at 37,121 as of the [[2020 United States Census]]. The city lies halfway between [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]], the state's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]], and [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], the state's most populous city. It is one-half of the [[Lewiston–Auburn]] [[Androscoggin County, Maine|Metropolitan Statistical Area]], commonly referred to as "L/A." or "L-A."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bates.edu/about/lewiston-auburn-maine/|title=Lewiston and Auburn, Maine {{!}} About Bates {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|date=June 30, 2009|access-date=2017-05-10|archive-date=May 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501150206/http://www.bates.edu/about/lewiston-auburn-maine/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lewiston exerts a significant impact upon the [[Diversity index|diversity]], religious variety, commerce, education, and economic power of Maine. It is known for having an overall [[Cost of living|low cost of living]], substantial [[Health care|access to medical care]], and a low violent-crime rate.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2017/04/24/news/lewiston-auburn/lewiston-is-one-the-best-places-to-retire-in-the-us-according-to-forbes/|title=Lewiston is one of the best places to retire in the US, according to Forbes|date=April 24, 2017|access-date=2017-04-25|archive-date=April 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426162321/http://bangordailynews.com/2017/04/24/news/lewiston-auburn/lewiston-is-one-the-best-places-to-retire-in-the-us-according-to-forbes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampbarrett/2017/04/20/the-best-places-to-retire-in-2017/#247dfb8bf3ad|title=25 Best Places to Retire in 2017|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=2017-04-25|archive-date=April 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425180948/https://www.forbes.com/sites/williampbarrett/2017/04/20/the-best-places-to-retire-in-2017/#247dfb8bf3ad|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years, the city of Lewiston has also seen a spike in economic and social growth. While the dominant language spoken in the city is [[English language|English]], it is home to a significant [[Somali Americans|Somali]] population as well as the [[New England French|largest French-speaking population]] in the United States (by population) while [[French language in the United States|it is second]] to [[St. Martin Parish, Louisiana]], in percentage of speakers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-03-13/us-english-king-surprising-number-people-maine-also-speak-french|title=In Maine, a little French goes a long way|work=Public Radio International|access-date=2017-05-10|language=en-US|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232831/https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-03-13/us-english-king-surprising-number-people-maine-also-speak-french|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/03/27/521648929/in-maine-a-common-language-connects-french-canadians-african-immigrants|title=In Maine, A Common Language Connects French Canadians, African Immigrants|website=NPR.org|access-date=2017-05-10|archive-date=April 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423034032/https://www.npr.org/2017/03/27/521648929/in-maine-a-common-language-connects-french-canadians-african-immigrants|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com/2016/05/08/little-lewiston-me-has-34-languages-in-the-school-system/|title=Little Lewiston, ME has 34 languages in the school system!|date=2016-05-08|website=Refugee Resettlement Watch|access-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309204327/https://refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com/2016/05/08/little-lewiston-me-has-34-languages-in-the-school-system/|archive-date=March 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Lewiston area traces its roots to 1669 with the early presence of the [[Androscoggin people|Androscoggin tribe]] (the namesake of [[Androscoggin County, Maine|the county in which the city resides]]). In the late 18th century, in 1795, Lewiston was incorporated as Lewistown.<ref name="Coolidge" /> The presence of the [[Androscoggin River]] and Lewistown Falls made the town an attractive area for manufacturing and [[Hydropower|hydro-power]] businesses. The rise of Boston rail and textile tycoon [[Benjamin Bates IV|Benjamin Bates]] saw rapid [[economic growth]] rivaling that of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]]. Irish immigrants were recruited to build the railroad links and dig the canals for the textile mills.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hard Times, Hard Men: Maine and the Irish 1830-1860|last=Mundy|first=James H.|publisher=Harp Publications|year=1990|isbn=0-9626389-0-0|location=Auburn Public Library|pages=59}}</ref> The Irish stayed, and worked the mills and established flourishing businesses, as evidenced by the McGillicuddy, Callahan, and other Blocks and the St. Joseph's and St. Patrick's churches. In the [[1850 U.S. Census]], Lewiston was 23% Irish born.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hard Times, Hard Men: Maine and the Irish 1830-1860|last=Mundy|first=James H.|publisher=Harp Publications|year=1990|isbn=0-9626389-0-0|location=Auburn Public Library|pages=21}}</ref> The increase in economic stimulus prompted thousands of [[French-speaking Quebecer|Quebecers]] to migrate, causing a [[Population growth|population boom]]; the populace rose from 1,801 in 1840 to 21,701 in 1890. In 1855, local preacher [[Oren Burbank Cheney]] founded the [[Bates College|Maine State Seminary]], the first [[Mixed-sex education|coeducational university in New England]] and one of the first universities to admit black students before the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. Lewistown quickly became associated with the liberal arts and was incorporated as "Lewiston" in 1864, a year before the college was chartered as [[Bates College]].

The city is home to the only [[Basilicas in the Catholic Church|basilica]] in Maine, [[Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul (Lewiston, Maine)|Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul]]; 5 colleges and universities; 44 listings on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]; the [[Androscoggin Bank Colisée]]; the [[Stephens Observatory]]; the [[Campus of Bates College|Olin Arts Center]]; the [[Bates College Museum of Art]] (BCMoA); and two significant general hospitals: [[Central Maine Medical Center]] and [[Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center (Maine)|Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center]].

==History==
===Conception===
Prior to [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]], the region of Lewiston was inhabited by the [[Androscoggin people|Androscoggin]], an [[Abenaki]] people. During the 17th century, Androscoggin were among the first [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American tribes]] to make contact with European colonists in Maine. Relations soon deteriorated over colonial expansion, and conflicts with colonists and epidemics of infectious diseases devastated the Androscoggin, which responded by migrating to [[New France]] from 1669 onwards. By 1680, the Androscoggin had been completely driven out of Maine. The [[List of governors general of Canada#Governors general of New France, 1663–1760|governor of New France]], [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac|Louis de Buade]], allocated them two ''[[seigneur]]ies'' on the [[Saint Francis River (Canada–United States)|Saint Francis River]].<ref>Bruce G. Trigger (ed.): ''[[Handbook of North American Indians]]. Vol. 15. Northeast''. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1978 {{ISBN|0-16-004575-4}}</ref>

===Colonial beginnings===
A grant comprising the area of Lewiston was given to Moses Little and Jonathan Bagley, members of the [[Pejepscot Proprietors]], on January 28, 1768, on the condition that fifty families live in the area before June 1, 1774. Bagley and Little named the new town Lewistown. Paul Hildreth was the first man to settle in Lewiston in the fall of 1770. By 1795, Lewiston was officially incorporated as a town.<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.|author2=John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| publisher = A.J. Coolidge | year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n222 188]–191| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ| quote = coolidge mansfield history description new england 1859. }}</ref> At least four houses that have survived from this period are currently listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].

King Avenue and Ralph Avenue were named after Ralph Luthor King, who owned the land near the fairgrounds. Elliott Avenue was named after his wife, Grace O. Elliott, whose son eventually built the family home at 40 Wellman Street.

===Industrial development and Benjamin Bates===

[[File:Benjamin E Bates founder of Bates College.jpg|thumb|Rail and textile tycoon [[Benjamin E. Bates|Benjamin Bates]]|238x238px]]
Lewiston was a slow but steadily growing farm town throughout its early history. By the early-to-mid-19th century, however, as [[water power]] was being honed, Lewiston's location on the Androscoggin River would prove to make it a perfect location for emerging industry.<ref name="Coolidge" /> In 1809, Michael Little built a large wooden sawmill next to the falls. Burned in 1814 by an [[arson]]ist, it was later rebuilt. In 1836, local entrepreneurs—predominantly the Little family and friends—formed the Androscoggin Falls [[Dam]], [[canal lock|Lock]] & [[Canal]] Company:<blockquote>...for the purpose of erecting and constructing dams, locks, canals, mills, works, machines, and buildings on their own lands and also manufacturing cotton, wool, iron, steel, and paper in the towns of Lewiston, [[Minot, Maine|Minot]], and Danville.<ref>Elder, Janus G. ''A History of Lewiston, Maine with a Genealogical Register of Early Families'' page 52.</ref></blockquote>

The sales of stock attracted [[Boston]] investors—including Thomas J. Hill, Lyman Nichols, George L. Ward and [[Alexander De Witt]]. De Witt convinced textile and rail [[Business magnate|tycoon]] [[Benjamin Bates IV|Benjamin Bates]], then-President of the [[Union Pacific Railroad]], to come to Lewiston and fund the emerging Lewiston Water Power Company. Soon after Bates arrived, the company created the first [[canal]] in the city. In the spring of 1850, some 400 Irish men recruited in and around Boston by construction contractor Patrick O'Donnell arrived in Lewiston and began work on the canal system.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hard Times, Hard Men: Maine and the Irish 1830-1860|last=Mundy|first=James H.|publisher=Harp Publications|year=1990|isbn=0-9626389-0-0|location=Auburn Public Library|pages=59}}</ref> Impressed with the labor force and "working spirit" of the Lewistonions, Bates founded the [[Bates Mill|Bates Manufacturing Company]], leading to the construction of 5 [[Mill (grinding)|mills]] starting with [[Bates Mill|Bates Mill No. 1]]. In August 1850, Maine Governor [[John Hubbard (Maine politician)|John Hubbard]] signed the incorporation act and the mill was completed 1852. Bates positioned the mill in Lewiston due to the location of the Lewiston Falls which provided the mill with power. Under Bates' supervision, during the Civil War, the mill produced textiles for the [[Union Army]]. His mills generated employment for thousands of Irish, Canadians, and immigrants from Europe. The mill was Maine's largest employer for three decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Maine_Emigration_and_Immigration|title=Maine Emigration and Immigration {{!}} Learn {{!}} FamilySearch.org|website=familysearch.org|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-date=March 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301034654/https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Maine_Emigration_and_Immigration|url-status=live}}</ref>

This company began Lewiston's transformation from a small [[farming]] town into a textile manufacturing center on the model of [[Lowell, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Coolidge" /> The creation of the Bates manufacturing trusts saw rapid economic growth, positioning the city as the wealthiest city in Maine,<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=The Life of Benjamin E. Bates|last=Johnson|first=Chase|publisher=Adams Media|year=1980}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Bates College was named after Mansfield Man|last=Chase|first=Harry|publisher=National Resources Trust of Mansfield|location=Edmund Muskie Archives|page=5}}</ref> and created budding [[Wealth|affluent]] districts such as the [[Main Street–Frye Street Historic District]]. Although the odd-majority of the population was [[working class]], a distinctive [[upper class]] emerged at this time. The [[Bates Mill]] remained the largest employer in Lewiston from the 1850s to the mid-late 20th century.

[[File:SaintPeterPaulBasilicaLewiston.jpg|thumb|right|Saints Peter and Paul Basilica, one of only a few basilicas in New England, and the only one in Maine, on Ash Street]]

Railroad construction was key to the development of both Lewiston and its neighbor, Auburn. In 1849, the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, running through Lewiston and Auburn, connected these towns to Waterville and the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railway line between Portland, Maine, and Montreal, Quebec. The Androscoggin & Kennebec Railroad was constructed by Irish laborers, many of whom joined the Lewiston canal construction crews in 1850. The Irish laborers and their families lived in shanty-town neighborhoods called "patches".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hard Times, Hard Men|last=Mundy|first=James H.|publisher=Harp Publications|year=1990|isbn=0-9626389-0-0|location=Auburn Public Library|pages=60}}</ref> By 1854, one quarter of Lewiston's population was Irish, the highest concentration in any settlement in Maine.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hard Times, Hard Men|last=Mundy|first=James H.|publisher=Harp Publications|year=1990|isbn=0-9626389-0-0|location=Auburn Public Library|pages=59}}</ref> Subsequently, trains connected [[Quebec]] with Lewiston on a daily schedule. During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the high demand for textiles helped Lewiston develop a strong industrial base through the Bates Enterprise. However, the concentration of wealth in [[Benjamin Bates IV|Benjamin Bates]] sparked the [[Benjamin Bates IV#1861 Lewiston cotton riots|1861 Lewiston cotton riots]] which prompted him to give thousands of dollars back to the city and expand the employment opportunities at his mills. In 1861, a flood of [[French-Canadian]] immigration into Maine began, spawned by industrial work opportunities in Maine cities with [[water power]] from waterfalls.<ref>{{Citation| last = Varney| first = George J.| title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Lewiston| place = Boston| publisher = Russell| year = 1886| url = http://history.rays-place.com/me/lewiston-me.htm| archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170505170556/http://history.rays-place.com/me/lewiston-me.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = May 5, 2017| access-date = January 13, 2011}}</ref> This brought a significant influx of [[French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois]] millworkers who worked alongside Irish immigrants and Yankee mill girls. Lewiston's population boomed between 1840 and 1890 from 1,801 to 21,701. [[Canadiens]] settled in an area downtown that became known as Little Canada, and Lewiston's character has remained largely [[French American|Franco-American]] ever since. In 1855, a Maine preacher traveled from [[Parsonsfield, Maine|Parsonsfield]] to Lewiston to establish an institution of [[Higher education|higher learning]] in the city. In 1855, the [[Maine Legislature|Maine State Legislature]] was petitioned by Lewiston locals to found the [[Bates College|Maine State Seminary]]. The school opened in 1855, and educated the working class of Maine while also providing education for blacks and women at a time when other universities barred their entrance. At its founding, it became the first coeducational college in New England and one of the earliest proponents of [[abolitionism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/150-years/months/september/maine-state-seminary-opens/|title=September 1857: The Maine State Seminary opens {{!}} 150 Years {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|date=March 22, 2010|access-date=2016-02-21|archive-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824220605/http://www.bates.edu/150-years/months/september/maine-state-seminary-opens/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/bates-history.xml |title=Bates College: A Brief History |access-date=2010-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528124020/http://www.bates.edu/bates-history.xml |archive-date=May 28, 2010 }}</ref><ref>Mary Caroline Crawford,[https://archive.org/details/collegegirlamer03crawgoog/page/n404  The College Girl of America and the Institutions which make her what she is], (LC Page, Boston: 1904), pg. 284</ref>

During this time, in 1863, Lewiston was incorporated as a city. In 1872, St. Peter's church was built in Lewiston. This was the first French-Canadian national church in Maine. In 1864, the Maine State Seminary was renamed [[Bates College]] in honor of [[Benjamin Bates IV|Benjamin Bates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/150-years/history/|title=A Brief History {{!}} 150 Years {{!}} Bates College|website=www.bates.edu|date=March 22, 2010|access-date=2017-05-10|archive-date=August 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820080301/http://www.bates.edu/150-years/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1880, ''[[Le Messager (Maine)|Le Messager]]'', a French-language newspaper, began printing in Lewiston to serve its predominant ethnic population. The local [[Shriners|Kora Shrine]] was organized in 1891 and held its first meetings in a [[freemasonry|Masonic temple]] on Lisbon Street. This group would from 1908 to 1910 build the [[Kora Temple]] on Sabattus Street, the largest home of a [[Fraternal and service organisations|fraternal organization]] in the state. Architect [[George M. Coombs]] designed this [[Moors|Moorish]]-style structure.

City leaders decided to build a cathedral to which the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland]] could relocate. Construction of the [[Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul (Lewiston, Maine)|Church of Saints Peter and Paul]] began in 1905 and ended in 1938, funded mostly through thousands of small donations from Lewiston residents. It is the largest Roman Catholic Church in Maine, and Lewiston's most prominent landmark. While the Diocese of Portland did not relocate to Lewiston, the church nevertheless became a [[basilica]] in 2004. It is one of the few American basilicas outside of a major metropolitan area.
{{wide image|Lewiston ME c1910 LOC pan 6a05744.jpg|1000px|Black and white photo of Lewiston factories {{circa|1910}}|alt=Lewiston factories c. 1910}}

===Lewiston-Auburn shoe strike===

{{main|1937 Lewiston–Auburn shoe strike}}
In 1937, one of the largest labor disputes in Maine history occurred in Lewiston and Auburn. The [[1937 Lewiston–Auburn shoe strike|Lewiston-Auburn Shoe Strike]] lasted from March to June and at its peak involved 4,000 to 5,000 workers on strike. After workers attempted to march across the Androscoggin River from Lewiston to Auburn, Governor [[Lewis Barrows]] sent in the [[Maine Army National Guard]]. Some labor leaders, among them CIO Secretary [[Powers Hapgood]], were imprisoned for months after a [[Maine Supreme Judicial Court]] judge issued an injunction seeking to end the strike.

===Textile investment===

[[File:Birds-eye View of Mills & Canal, Lewiston, ME.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bates Mill]] and canal {{circa|1915}}]]

After World War I, profits from the textile industry in New England mill towns such as Lewiston; [[Biddeford, Maine|Biddeford]]; [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]; [[Waterbury, Connecticut]]; and [[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]], [[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]] and [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] began to decline. Businesses began moving to the [[Southern United States|South]] due to lower costs of power from more modern technologies (Lewiston's [[water wheel]] technology gave way to [[hydroelectricity]], cheaper transportation—as most cotton and materials came from the South—and cheaper labor).

Starting in the late 1950s, many of Lewiston's textile mills began closing. This gradually led to a run-down and abandoned downtown area. Chain stores located downtown—[[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth's]], [[W. T. Grant]], [[S. S. Kresge]], [[JC Penney]] and [[Sears Roebuck]]—shut their doors or moved to malls on the outskirts of Lewiston or Auburn. The city's flagship department store, the four-story B. Peck & Co., closed in 1982 after more than a century in business. As businesses and jobs began to leave the city, people followed. The population stopped increasing at its previous rate and began to slowly decline after 1970, then at a greater rate in the 1990s.<ref name="ci.lewiston.me.us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.lewiston.me.us/history/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619020331/http://ci.lewiston.me.us/history/|url-status=dead|title=History of Lewiston, Maine (municipal site)|archivedate=June 19, 2007}}</ref>

===Economic diversification and renaissance===
After a difficult economic period in the 1980s that saw high unemployment and downtown stagnation, several key events have led to economic and cultural growth, including the transformation of the historic [[Bates Mill|Bates Mill Complex]]. Because the city took over the complex in 1992 after back taxes went unpaid, years of taxpayer frustration in the city's need to maintain the {{convert|1.1|e6sqft|m2|adj=on}} behemoth led to two referendums (one non-binding vote, the other binding). Voters soundly supported the need to pursue redevelopment by maintaining the property and selling it to private developers. In 2001, the city sold three mill buildings to local developers. In 2003, Platz Associates sold the Bates Mill Complex, with the exception of Mill 5 and a small support building. For the next four years, a number of business enterprises expanded after Platz redeveloped the mill building.<ref name="ci.lewiston.me.us"/> The Bates Mill complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 2010.

[[File:Lewiston Civil War Statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue in Kennedy Park, Lewiston, commemorating fallen soldiers in the Civil War]]

In May 2004, the city officials announced a plan for [[urban renewal]] near the downtown area. The plan was to demolish several blocks of 19th-century millworker housing, lay new streets with updated infrastructure, construct more owner-occupied, lower-density housing, and build a boulevard through one neighborhood using federal [[Community Development Block Grant]] funds provided over a period of ten years. Some residents of the affected neighborhoods felt that the plan was initially announced with little input from them. They formed a neighborhood group called "The Visible Community", which has since been actively involved in the planning process, and resulted in cooperation between neighbors and city officials to redesign [[Kennedy Park (Lewiston, Maine)|Kennedy Park]], including input on the location of new basketball courts, and feedback regarding creation of the largest all-concrete skate park in Maine.<ref name="Voyer2013">{{cite book|last=Voyer|first=Andrea M.|title=Strangers and Neighbors: Multiculturalism, Conflict, and Community in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQf3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|access-date=November 19, 2014|date=October 21, 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107657748|pages=155–}}</ref>

Downtown is home to a new headquarters for Oxford Networks, along with a $20-million upgrade in local fiber-optics, a new auto parts store, a campus of the for-profit [[Kaplan University]], the headquarters for [[Northeast Bank]], a parking garage, and the newly renovated [[Maine Supply Company Building|Maine Supply Co. building]], listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. That facility is now called the Business Service Center at [[Key Bank]] Plaza, and is home to the local [[Chamber of Commerce]], the Lewiston-Auburn Economic Growth Council, and an arrangement with a number of business service providers.

The area's renaissance has gained local, regional, and national recognition. In 2002 and again in 2006, the L-A area led the state in economic development activity, according to the Maine Department of Economic and Community Development's list of business investments and expansions. In a 2006 [[KPMG International]] study measuring the cost of locating and maintaining a business, Lewiston ranked first among the New England communities analyzed, and finished 24th out of 49 U.S. communities analyzed.

Lewiston earned a 2007 [[All-America City Award]] designation by the [[National Civic League]]. The national competition "recognizes communities whose residents work together to identify and tackle community-wide challenges and achieve measurable, uncommon results." 10 cities are selected as All-America Cities each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laitshappeninghere.com/?p=362|title=LEWISTON NAMED ALL-AMERICA CITY|publisher=Lewiston Auburn Maine It's Happening Here!|access-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031819/http://laitshappeninghere.com/?p=362|archive-date=November 29, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Somali and Bantu migration===
[[File:Hospital Square, Lewiston, ME.jpg|thumb|right|Hospital Square in {{circa|1910}}]]{{Main|History of the Somalis in Maine}}
In 1999, the United States government began preparations to resettle an estimated 12,000 refugees from [[Somalia]] to select cities throughout the United States. Most of the early arrivals in the United States settled in [[Clarkston, Georgia|Clarkston]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], a city adjacent to [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]. However, they were mostly assigned to low-rent, poverty-stricken inner-city areas, so many began to look to resettle elsewhere in the U.S.<ref name="Bates">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bates.edu/pix/PerceivedBarriers09Jan20.pdf|title=Perceived Barriers to Somali Immigrant Employment in Lewiston - A Supplement to Maine's Department of Labor Report|access-date=April 15, 2021|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026180004/http://abacus.bates.edu/pix/PerceivedBarriers09Jan20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Empire Theatre, Lewiston, ME.jpg|thumb|right|Empire Theatre in 1907]]Word soon spread that Lewiston had a low crime rate and cheap housing.<ref name="Jones">[https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2004/03/02_401.html "The New Yankees"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706140332/http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2004/03/02_401.html |date=July 6, 2008 }}, ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'', March/April 2004</ref> In 1999, ethnic [[Somalis]] subsequently began a secondary migration from other states to the former mill town, and after 2005, many [[Somali Bantus]], a separate ethnicity, followed suit.<ref name="Bates" />

In October 2002, then-[[Mayor]] Laurier T. Raymond wrote an [[open letter]] addressed to leaders of the Somali community, predicting a negative impact on the city's social services and requesting that they discourage further relocation to Lewiston.<ref name="Jones" /> The letter angered many and prompted some community leaders and residents to speak out against the mayor, drawing national attention. Demonstrations were held in Lewiston, both by those who supported the immigrants' presence and those who opposed it.<ref name="Great">{{Cite web |url=http://www.amconmag.com/2002/2002_11_18/cover4.html |title=The Great Somali Welfare Hunt |access-date=June 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172040/http://www.amconmag.com/2002/2002_11_18/cover4.html |archive-date=August 21, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 2003, about 32 members of a [[white nationalist]] group from Illinois demonstrated in Lewiston to denounce Somali immigrants.<ref name="AP2003">{{cite news|title=Maine Somalis Generate Dueling Protests Small white nationalist group is outnumbered by 4,000 who show up to rally against racism.|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/12/nation/na-somalis12|access-date=2 November 2016|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=12 January 2003|archive-date=November 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104022714/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/12/nation/na-somalis12|url-status=live}}</ref> This prompted a simultaneous counter-demonstration on the campus of [[Bates College]] to demonstrate support of the Somali community.<ref name="AP2003" /> The rally repudiating the white nationalists attracted 4,000 attendees, including governor [[John Baldacci]], Senators [[Olympia Snowe]] and [[Susan Collins]] and other officials.<ref name="AP2003" /> Mayor Raymond was reportedly out of town on vacation on the day of the protests.<ref name="AP2003" />

In August 2010, the ''[[Lewiston Sun Journal]]'' reported that Somali entrepreneurs had helped reinvigorate downtown Lewiston by opening shops in previously closed storefronts. Amicable relations were also reported by the local [[Franco-Americans|Franco-American]] merchants and the Somali storekeepers.<ref>[http://www.sunjournal.com/city/story/897656 Somali stores bring people back to Lisbon Street] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831172051/http://www.sunjournal.com/city/story/897656 |date=August 31, 2010 }} Lewiston Sun-Journal, August 30, 2010</ref>

Somali farmers have had a positive impact on Lewiston agriculture life. Farming was known to be "low caste"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-12-01/somali-refugees-build-future-farmers-maine|title=Somali refugees build a future as farmers — in Maine|website=The World from PRX|access-date=December 8, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209001409/https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-12-01/somali-refugees-build-future-farmers-maine|url-status=live}}</ref> to Somalis, before they were forced to labor during slavery. Since migrating to Maine farming has become a part of life to some Somalis.

Somali-American players contributed to the [[Lewiston High School (Maine)|Lewiston High School]] boys soccer team's state championship wins in 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Champions and Runners-up in Soccer|url=https://www.mpa.cc/index.php/interscholastic-activities-and-committees/soccer/past-champions|website=Maine Principals Association|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=April 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124713/https://www.mpa.cc/index.php/interscholastic-activities-and-committees/soccer/past-champions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PPH2017">{{cite news|last1=Vortherms|first1=Taylor|title=Boys' soccer: Lewiston earns Class A title with OT win over Portland|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2017/11/04/boys-soccer-lewiston-earns-class-a-title-with-ot-win-over-portland/|access-date=12 April 2018|newspaper=Portland Press Herald|date=4 November 2017|archive-date=April 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043443/https://www.pressherald.com/2017/11/04/boys-soccer-lewiston-earns-class-a-title-with-ot-win-over-portland/|url-status=live}}</ref> under coach Mike McGraw.

===Spree shooting===
{{Main|2023 Lewiston shootings}}
On October 25, 2023, a [[Spree killer|spree shooting]] occurred at two locations in Lewiston. Eighteen people were killed, and 13 others were injured. The first [[mass shooting]] occurred at a bowling alley during a [[Youth sports|youth league]] event, while the second occurred minutes later at a restaurant. After a two-day manhunt, the shooter, 40-year-old Robert R. Card, was found dead on October 27 from an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound in a wooded area near [[Lisbon, Maine|Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Curran |first1=Kathy |last2=Pescaro |first2=Mike |date=October 28, 2023 |title=Maine mass shooting suspect found dead, sources say |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/maine-mass-shooting-suspect-found-dead-sources-say/3173562/ |access-date=October 28, 2023 |website=NBC Boston |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 28, 2023 |title=Maine Shootings: Update from The New York Times |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/27/us/maine-shooting-lewiston-manhunt |access-date=October 28, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was the deadliest [[mass shooting]] in the history of Maine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/suspect-maine-mass-shooting-dead-senior-law-enforcement-sources-say-rcna122409|title=Suspect in Maine mass shooting is dead, senior law enforcement sources say|publisher=NBC News|last1=Helsel|first1=Phil|last2=Romero|first2=Dennis|date=October 27, 2023|accessdate=October 27, 2023}}</ref>

==National Register of Historic Places listings==
{{div col|colwidth=44em}}
* [[Androscoggin Mill Block]]
* [[Atkinson Building]]
* [[Bergin Block]]
* [[Bradford House (Lewiston, Maine)|Bradford House]]
* [[Captain Holland House]]
* [[College Block-Lisbon Block]]
* [[Continental Mill Housing]]
* [[Cowan Mill]]
* [[Dominican Block]]
* [[Dr. Louis J. Martel House]]
* [[Dr. Milton Wedgewood House]]
* [[First Callahan Building]]
* [[First McGillicuddy Block]]
* [[First National Bank (Lewiston, Maine)|First National Bank]]
* [[Grand Trunk Station (Lewiston)|Grand Trunk Railroad Station]]
* [[Hathorn Hall]], [[Bates College]]
* [[Healey Asylum]]
* [[Holland-Drew House]]
* [[James C. Lord House]]
* [[John D. Clifford House]]
* [[Jordan School]]
* [[Kora Temple]]
* [[Lewiston City Hall (Lewiston, Maine)|Lewiston City Hall]]
* [[Lewiston Public Library]]
* [[Lewiston Trust and Safe Deposit Company]]
* [[Lord Block]]
* [[Lower Lisbon Street Historic District]]
* [[Lyceum Hall]]
* [[Maine Supply Company Building]]
* [[Manufacturer's National Bank]]
* [[Marcotte Nursing Home]]
* [[Oak Street School (Lewiston, Maine)|Oak Street School]]
* [[Odd Fellows Block (Lewiston, Maine)|Odd Fellows Block]]
* [[Osgood Building]]
* [[Pilsbury Block]]
* [[Philip M. and Deborah N. Isaacson House]]
* [[Saint Mary's General Hospital]]
* [[Savings Bank Block]]
* [[Second Callahan Block]]
* [[Sen. William P. Frye House]]
* [[St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Lewiston, Maine)|St. Joseph's Catholic Church]]
* [[Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul (Lewiston, Maine)|Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul]]
* [[Trinity Episcopal Church (Lewiston, Maine)|Trinity Episcopal Church]]
* [[US Post Office-Lewiston Maine]]
* [[Union Block (Lewiston, Maine)|Union Block]]
{{div col end}}

==Geography==
[[File:Kennedy Park, Lewiston, Maine.jpg|thumb|right|Kennedy Park in 2017]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|35.54|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|34.15|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|1.39|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=November 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090031/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 12, 2012 }}</ref> Lewiston is drained by the [[Androscoggin River]], which forms its western border. The city is bordered by Auburn beyond the river, as well as the towns of [[Greene, Maine|Greene]], [[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]], and [[Lisbon, Maine|Lisbon]]. It is between [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], the state's largest city and cultural center, and the state capital of [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]].

===Neighborhoods===
====Downtown====
Downtown Lewiston runs from Oxford Street up to Jefferson Street, and from Adams Avenue to Main Street. This is the city's most densely settled area, home to about half the population. It contains mostly housing, although on Lisbon Street and Main Street, it is entirely businesses. This neighborhood was once the commercial hub of the whole county, but with the city's economic decline, many downtown stores closed and the former mill housing became run-down, resulting in fallen land values. But like many post-industrial centers, there has followed a period of renovation and revitalization that continues today.

[[File:Kora Temple, Lewiston, Maine Shriners.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kora Temple]] Shrine]]
[[File:Holy Family Catholic Church, Lewiston, Maine.jpg|thumb|Holy Family Catholic Church]]
[[File:Lewiston City Hall, Maine.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Lewiston City Hall]]

This neighborhood includes:
* Lisbon Street Business District
* Country Kitchen Bread Factory
* Tree Street Youth Center
* Lewiston City Hall
* Lewiston Public Library
* Bates Mill Complex
* The Root Cellar
* Kennedy Park
* The Public Theatre
* S.S. Peter and Paul Basilica
* [[Agora Grand Event Center]], formerly St. Patrick's Church
* [[St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Lewiston, Maine)|St. Joseph's Church]]
* [[Central Maine Medical Center]]
* Railroad Park
* [[Androscoggin Bank Colisée]]
* Webb's Market
* Farmers Market

====Webster Street neighborhood====
Consisting mostly of suburban mid-income housing, this neighborhood runs between Lisbon and Webster Streets, East Avenue, and Alfred Plourde Parkway. Schools that serve this neighborhood are Farwell Elementary, Martel Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School.

====Pond Road neighborhood====
This neighborhood is bounded by the triangle formed by Pond Road, Randall Road, and Sabattus Street (Route 126). This neighborhood is mostly mid-income suburban residential. McMahon Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School serve the area.

===Climate===
Lewiston has a [[humid continental climate]], with very significant temperature variation throughout the year. Summers are usually short, warm, and humid, while winters tend to be very cold, long, and snowy. Lewiston averages {{convert|74|in|cm}} of snow annually, although this number varies greatly from winter to winter. Snow tends to be the dominant form of precipitation between late November and late March, although [[freezing rain]], [[ice pellets|sleet]], and [[rain]] can also occur in the winter when large low pressure systems track directly over or west of the city. Summer in Lewiston typically consists of pleasant temperatures, although high humidity can make the temperature feel more uncomfortable at times. Severe summertime storms, such as [[tornado]]es and [[tropical cyclone]]s are rare, but not unheard of.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Lewiston, Maine (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–2006)
|single line = Y

|Jan record high F = 64
|Feb record high F = 65
|Mar record high F = 85
|Apr record high F = 91
|May record high F = 101
|Jun record high F = 99
|Jul record high F = 102
|Aug record high F = 100
|Sep record high F = 97
|Oct record high F = 90
|Nov record high F = 75
|Dec record high F = 67

|Jan high F = 28.4
|Feb high F = 31.6
|Mar high F = 40.3
|Apr high F = 52.9
|May high F = 65.3
|Jun high F = 74.1
|Jul high F = 79.9
|Aug high F = 79.2
|Sep high F = 70.3
|Oct high F = 57.6
|Nov high F = 45.0
|Dec high F = 34.2
|year high F = 54.9
|Jan mean F = 20.0
|Feb mean F = 22.6
|Mar mean F = 31.4
|Apr mean F = 43.9
|May mean F = 55.6
|Jun mean F = 64.9
|Jul mean F = 70.8
|Aug mean F = 69.8
|Sep mean F = 61.3
|Oct mean F = 49.4
|Nov mean F = 38.2
|Dec mean F = 27.3
|year mean F = 46.3
|Jan low F = 11.6
|Feb low F = 13.7
|Mar low F = 22.6
|Apr low F = 34.8
|May low F = 46.0
|Jun low F = 55.8
|Jul low F = 61.8
|Aug low F = 60.4
|Sep low F = 52.2
|Oct low F = 41.2
|Nov low F = 31.4
|Dec low F = 20.4
|year low F = 37.7

|Jan record low F = -28
|Feb record low F = -28
|Mar record low F = -18
|Apr record low F = 5
|May record low F = 26
|Jun record low F = 34
|Jul record low F = 44
|Aug record low F = 37
|Sep record low F = 28
|Oct record low F = 20
|Nov record low F = 2
|Dec record low F = -27

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 3.28
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.24
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.53
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.04
|May precipitation inch = 3.18
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.28
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.51
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.36
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.74
|Oct precipitation inch = 4.90
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.94
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.18
|year precipitation inch = 45.18
|Jan snow inch = 19.4
|Feb snow inch = 17.3
|Mar snow inch = 12.3
|Apr snow inch = 2.9
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 1.6
|Dec snow inch = 11.6
|year snow inch = 65.1
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.0
|Feb precipitation days = 8.2
|Mar precipitation days = 10.3
|Apr precipitation days = 9.9
|May precipitation days = 11.5
|Jun precipitation days = 11.5
|Jul precipitation days = 10.7
|Aug precipitation days = 9.8
|Sep precipitation days = 8.7
|Oct precipitation days = 9.4
|Nov precipitation days = 9.3
|Dec precipitation days = 10.9
|year precipitation days = 120.2
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 6.4
|Feb snow days = 5.7
|Mar snow days = 4.6
|Apr snow days = 0.8
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.9
|Dec snow days = 5.0
|year snow days = 23.4
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name=NCEI>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00174566&format=pdf
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| title = Station: Lewiston, ME
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020)
| access-date = May 22, 2021
| archive-date = May 22, 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210522121547/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00174566&format=pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name = XMACIS2>{{cite web
|url = https://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = xmACIS2
|access-date = June 14, 2023
|archive-date = August 15, 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190815183401/http://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1790 = 532
| 1800 = 948
| 1810 = 1038
| 1820 = 1312
| 1830 = 1549
| 1840 = 1801
| 1850 = 3584
| 1860 = 7424
| 1870 = 13600
| 1880 = 19083
| 1890 = 21701
| 1900 = 23761
| 1910 = 26247
| 1920 = 31791
| 1930 = 34948
| 1940 = 38598
| 1950 = 40974
| 1960 = 40804
| 1970 = 41779
| 1980 = 40481
| 1990 = 39757
| 2000 = 35690
| 2010 = 36592
| 2020 = 37121
| estyear = 2022
| estimate = 38493
| footnote = sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.umaine.edu/census/townsearch.asp|title=Fogler Library - Maine Census Population Totals - Database Search Results for Minor Civil Divisions|access-date=December 8, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929135907/http://www.library.umaine.edu/census/townsearch.asp|archive-date=September 29, 2011 }}, accessed December 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&_name=lewiston&_state=04000US23&_county=lewiston&_cityTown=lewiston&_zip=&_sse=on&_lang=en&pctxt=fph|title=Lewiston city, Maine - Population Finder - American FactFinder|access-date=January 10, 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212053032/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&_name=lewiston&_state=04000US23&_county=lewiston&_cityTown=lewiston&_zip=&_sse=on&_lang=en&pctxt=fph|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Lewiston city, Maine – Racial and ethnic composition''' {{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}
!Race / Ethnicity (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Lewiston city, Maine|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=160XX00US2338740&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=October 26, 2023|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026180010/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?q=160XX00US2338740|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Lewiston city, Maine|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US2338740&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=October 26, 2023|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026180010/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?g=160XX00US2338740|url-status=live}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Lewiston city, Maine|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US2338740&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=October 26, 2023|archive-date=October 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026180012/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?g=160XX00US2338740|url-status=live}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|33,896
|31,273
|style='background: #ffffe6; |28,621
|94.97%
|85.46%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |77.10%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|361
|3,129
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5,108
|1.01%
|8.55%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |13.76%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|100
|141
|style='background: #ffffe6; |143
|0.28%
|0.39%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.39%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|299
|384
|style='background: #ffffe6; |431
|0.84%
|1.05%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.16%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|10
|14
|style='background: #ffffe6; |27
|0.03%
|0.04%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.07%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|30
|53
|style='background: #ffffe6; |173
|0.08%
|0.14%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.47%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race or Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|546
|868
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1,700
|1.53%
|2.37%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.58%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|448
|730
|style='background: #ffffe6; |918
|1.26%
|1.99%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.47%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''35,690'''
|'''36,592'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''37,121'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

As of the 2020 [[census]], there were 37,121 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 77.9% White, 13.9% Black or African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.4% Native American, and 1.0% some other race. 5.5% were of two or more races.<ref name="2020census">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=U.S. Census | title=Explore Census Data | website=Explore Census Data | url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US2338740&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 | access-date=2023-06-13 | archive-date=June 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613103120/https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US2338740&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===2010 census===
As of the 2010 [[census]], there were 36,592 people, 15,267 households, and 8,622 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1071.5|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 16,731 housing units at an average density of {{convert|489.9|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 86.6% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 8.7% Black, 0.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|American Indian]] and Alaska Native, 1.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 2.0% [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] (of any race), 0.6% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|some other race]], and 2.6% from two or more races.<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212055711/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 23, 2012}}</ref>

In 2010, there were 15,267 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5% were non-families. Of all households, 34.4% were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the city was 37.4 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

===2000 census===
As of the 2000 census, there were 35,690 people, 15,290 households, and 8,658 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1,047.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 16,470 housing units at an average density of {{convert|483.2|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 1.3% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.4% from some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov/ |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=August 4, 2013 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/http://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

People of French-American descent were by far the most represented ethnic group in Lewiston, with 29.4% being of French-Canadian descent and 18.3% French (the two were listed as separate categories in the census although the vast majority were of French-Canadian descent). Following French were [[Irish American|Irish]] at 10.2% and [[English American|English]] at 9.9%.

There were 15,290 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.4% were non-families. Of all households, 35.9% were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.81.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,743, and the median income for a family was $46,289. Males had a median income of $38,881 versus $30,465 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $20,014. About 16% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.8% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over.

===Native language===
Survey Year 2000 Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D23%26county_id%3D%26mode%3D%26zip%3D%26place_id%3D38740%26cty_id%3D%26a%3D%26ea%3D%26order%3D%26ll%3Dall|title=Data Center Results|website=apps.mla.org|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=September 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902021352/https://apps.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D23%26county_id%3D%26mode%3D%26zip%3D%26place_id%3D38740%26cty_id%3D%26a%3D%26ea%3D%26order%3D%26ll%3Dall|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language
! Population
! Percentage (%)
|-
| [[English Language|English]]
| 24,250
| 72.51%
|-
| [[French Language|French]]
| 8,620
| 25.77%
|-
| [[Spanish Language|Spanish]]
| 280
| 0.83%
|-
| Other languages
| 293
| 0.88%
|}

===Voter registration===
{| class=wikitable
! colspan = 6 | Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of January 2015<ref>{{cite web |title = Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of January 7, 2015 |publisher = Maine Bureau of Corporations |url = http://maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/r-e-active.pdf |access-date = June 18, 2015 |archive-date = September 25, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190925052309/https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/r-e-active.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Total Voters
! Percentage
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Democratic Party|Democratic]]
| align = center | 10,400
| align = center | 42.11%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}}
| Unenrolled
| align = center | 8,636
| align = center | 34.97%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Republican Party|Republican]]
| align = center | 4,307
| align = center | 17.44%
|-
| {{party color cell|Green Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Green Independent Party|Green Independent]]
| align = center | 1,351
| align = center | 5.47%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! align = center | 24,694
! align = center | 100%
|}

==Politics==
{| border = "2"
|+ Lewiston city vote by party in presidential elections
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! Year
! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
! [[Third party (United States)|Third Parties]]

|-
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/index.html|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=December 27, 2020|archive-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013104910/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''55.30%''' ''9,616''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}}|41.59% ''7,232''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}}|3.11% ''540''
|-
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]<ref name="auto"/>
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''48.96%''' ''8,222''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}}|43.69% ''7,336''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}}|7.35% ''1,185''
|-
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]<ref name="auto"/>
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''60.61%''' ''9,624''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}}|36.50% ''5,796''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}}|2.89% ''459''
|-
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[2008 United States presidential election|2008]]<ref name="auto"/>
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''62.84%''' ''10,629''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}}|35.24% ''5,961''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}}|1.92% ''324''
|-
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]<ref name="auto"/>
|align="center" {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''61.73%''' ''11,021''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Republican}}|36.53% ''6,523''
|align="center" {{Party shading/Independent}}|1.74% ''311''
|-
|}

==Economy==
===Large businesses===
* [[Central Maine Medical Center]]: Founded by Edward H. Hill in the mid-1860s CMMC (Central Maine Medical Center) is downtown at High Street. The campus includes several large parking facilities, a LifeFlight of Maine helipad. In recent years the hospital has created the Central Maine Heart and Vascular Institute, and the Patrick Dempsey Center for Cancer Hope & Healing. The hospital has approximately 250 beds, and approximately 300 physicians. It is a Level II trauma center. Central Maine Medical Center is the flagship hospital of Central Maine Medical Family. The organization runs two other hospitals, one in [[Bridgton, Maine|Bridgton]] and another in [[Rumford, Maine|Rumford]]. It also operates CMMC College of Nursing and Health Professions; and many affiliated long-term care facilities, clinics and practices throughout central and western Maine. The current president of the hospital chain is Peter E. Chalke. The Central Maine Medical Family is a block away from the hospital on Bates Street in the Lowell Square Building, a refurbished textile factory. CMMC recently underwent major renovations to their emergency department.[[File:Sun-Journal office, Lewiston, Maine.jpg|thumb|right|''The Lewiston Sun Journal'' on Park Street]]
* Country Kitchen Bakery: Country Kitchen is downtown between Lisbon and Park streets. Owned by Georgia-based [[Flowers Foods]], Country Kitchen currently services all of the United States. It operates a second factory a few hundred feet away between Canal and Lincoln streets.
* [[Walmart]] Distribution Center: Walmart currently operates a {{convert|485000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} warehousing facility in Lewiston. It is the state's largest facility, and is one mile (1.6 km) from exit 80 on I-95 on Alfred A. Plourde Parkway. This facility currently services all New England Walmarts.
* ''[[Sun Journal (Lewiston, Maine)|Sun Journal]]'': The Sun Journal is a daily newspaper that is headquartered on Park Street. It operates several different offices throughout Central and Western Maine. In Androscoggin County it prints the City Edition, news about the Lewiston-Auburn area. They also print the Oxford County, Franklin County, and State Editions. It is the third largest newspaper in the state.
* Modula - System Logistics: An engineering and manufacturing company which designs and builds automated storage equipment used in distribution centers around the country.
* [[Sazerac Company]], the owner of Boston Brands of Maine, purchased the White Rock bottling plant in Lewiston on Saratoga Street where they run a 24/7 production of the popular [[Fireball Cinnamon Whisky|Fireball Cinnamon Whiskey]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunjournal.com/2020/02/17/maker-of-fireball-cinnamon-whisky-moving-to-24-7-production-in-lewiston-adding-46-jobs/|title=Maker of Fireball Cinnamon Whisky moving to 24/7 production in Lewiston, adding 46 jobs|last=Journal|first=Kathryn SkeltonSun|date=2020-02-17|website=Lewiston Sun Journal|access-date=2020-04-01|archive-date=April 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420110951/https://www.sunjournal.com/2020/02/17/maker-of-fireball-cinnamon-whisky-moving-to-24-7-production-in-lewiston-adding-46-jobs/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Lisbon Street===
* Downtown Lisbon Street: Lisbon Street is the commercial and government center of Lewiston. In its downtown section, it features many law offices, the city library, the district court, Senator [[Susan Collins]]' office, several stores created by and for the Somali community, and a variety of restaurants and shops. Downtown Lisbon Street is also home to the Emerge Film Festival as well as Art Walks on the last Friday of each month during summer.
* Upper Lisbon Street: Past downtown features several malls, including the Lewiston Promenade Mall and the Lewiston Mall. There are also many chain restaurants, some car dealerships, and many other private businesses.

===Main Street===
[[File:Lewiston Home 1.jpg|thumb|right|A home in Lewiston, off Main-street]]
[[U.S. Route 202 in Maine|U.S. Route 202]] and Maine State Routes [[Maine State Route 11|11]] and [[Maine State Route 100|100]] are co-signed along Main Street.

* Downtown Main Street: Main Street starts near the downtown area at the Governor James B. Longley Memorial Bridge, which crosses from Auburn. Crossing into Lewiston, one passes Veterans Memorial Park, a large park on the waterfront that commemorates all veterans. Next is a small hydro-plant that was used to power the textile mills on Canal Street. After the canal bridge there is the downtown section of Main Street. It features the [[L.L. Bean]] Call Center in the Peck Building, a [[TD Bank, N.A.|TD Bank]] branch, the former St. Joseph's Church, Central Maine Medical Center, in addition to many other businesses.
* Upper Main Street: Past downtown there are several businesses and several chain stores and restaurants, but it is mostly residential. The street is lined with large 19th-century [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] mansions, some of which remain houses and some which have been converted into doctors' offices.

===Top employers===
According to Lewiston's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.lewiston.me.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/5489|archiveurl= |url-status= |title=City of Lewiston ACFR}}</ref> the top employers in the city are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
|1
| [[Central Maine Medical Center]]
|2,135
|-
|2
| [[Covenant Health Systems|Sisters of Charity Health Systems]]
|1,169
|-
|3
| [[TD Bank, N.A.|TD Bank]]
|989
|-
|4
| [[Bates College]]
|947
|-
|5
| [[Wal-Mart Stores]]
|622
|-
|6
| [[McKesson Corporation|McKesson]]
|380
|-
|7
| [[Lepage Bakeries]]
|375
|-
|8
| [[Sazerac Company|Sazerac/Boston Brands of Maine]]
|279
|-
|9
| Androscoggin Home Health
|273
|-
|10
| State of Maine
|250
|}

==Arts and culture==
===Library===
* The [[Lewiston Public Library]] has played a major role in the emerging culture of Lewiston. It was renovated and expanded in 1996. The library is downtown on the corner of Lisbon Street and Pine Street and has over 150,000 items in its collection. Recently, it opened the [[Marsden Hartley]] Cultural Center, holding various community events such as concerts, lectures, and film festivals.
[[File:BatesCollegeMuseum2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bates College Museum of Art]]]]

===Museums===
* Museum L-A: Museum L-A is a museum in a former textile factory building. It honors the people who worked and lived in this community. At [[Museum L-A]] visitors can walk through a simulated production line, then view exhibits covering the textile, shoe, and brick industries that once thrived in Lewiston and Auburn. The museum is in Bates Mill Number 4 in the Bates Mill Complex. In June 2009 the museum acquired Camden Mill and plans on moving to those facilities once it is refurbished.
* The [[Bates College Museum of Art]] features a wide variety of art. The art students at this school create much of this city's art life.
* The Atrium Gallery: at the [[University of Southern Maine]] campus in Lewiston. This Museum features a wide variety of art.

===The Franco Center===
The Franco Center opened in 2000 in what was formerly St. Mary's Parish. The performing arts center programs events for both Franco-American related performances as well as other cultural displays, such as the center's Piano and Celtic Series. The diverse programming of the venue hosts both local and international performers. The center also hosts events and serves as a museum of the city's Franco-American past with historical artifacts and documentation on display as well as a small library.

===The Public Theatre===
Lewiston also features The Public Theatre, which puts on different plays throughout the year with about six to eight productions per season. It is downtown on Maple St. It was on Park street. It features all types of plays, with actors from all over the world. Its offices are in Auburn at the Great Falls Plaza.

===Events===
====Emerge Film Festival====
The Emerge Film Festival was first held in June 2014 in downtown Lewiston and Auburn. In 2019 the festival was held at Rinck Advertising and the Franco Center.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Schedule {{!}} Emerge Film Festival|url=http://emergefilmfestival.org/schedule|website=emergefilmfestival.org|access-date=2020-05-04|archive-date=February 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217114155/http://emergefilmfestival.org/schedule|url-status=live}}</ref>

====The Great Falls Balloon Festival====
The [[Great Falls Balloon Festival]] is an event that is held one weekend in August every year. The Festival includes launching of balloons, games, and carnival rides. The launch sites take place at several open parks on the Lewiston-Auburn Androscoggin Riverfront. People come from all around the country and Canada to see the festivities.

====Festival Franco====
Formerly known as Festival de Joie, Festival FrancoFun is held annually at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée and is a celebration of the city's Franco-American heritage. The festival features performances from [[French-Canadian]] musicians as well as native [[Cuisine of Quebec|French-Canadian food]].

====Liberty Festival====
Held on July 4 of each year, the festival is the name given to the fireworks event over the Great Falls of the [[Androscoggin River]] in between the twin cities. The fireworks are launched in West Pitch Park in Auburn. Major viewpoints of the fireworks are Veterans Park, railroad Park and Great Falls Plaza in Auburn.

====Patrick Dempsey Challenge====
Lewiston hosts the annual Dempsey Challenge, which began in 2009. The event, hosted by Lewiston-native [[Patrick Dempsey]], in a run/walk and cycling fundraiser for cancer research. In its opening year the event raised over one million dollars. The event has attracted famous athletes from all around including participants in the [[Tour de France]]. All the proceeds go to the Patrick Dempsey Center for Cancer Hope at the Central Maine Medical Center.

==Sports and recreation==
===The Androscoggin Bank Colisée===

The center of sports in Lewiston is the [[Androscoggin Bank Colisée]] (formerly known as the Central Maine Civic Center). The [[Lewiston Maineiacs]], the only American team to have played in the [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]], played their first season in 2003–2004 and dissolved the team after the 2010–2011 season. The Colisée is also the home to the state Class A and Class B high school hockey championships each year. The city as a whole is known for its strong passion for the game of hockey, likely related to its [[French American]] heritage. Two Lewiston schools, Lewiston High School and [[St. Dominic Regional High School]] (now in Auburn), combine for over half of the state class A high school hockey championships in the state's history. During the 2013–2014 American Hockey League season, the [[Portland Pirates]] played their first 12 home games at the Colisée while the [[Cumberland County Civic Center]] is being renovated.

The junior [[Maine Nordiques (junior hockey)|Maine Nordiques]] of the [[North American Hockey League]] have played their home games at the Colisée since 2019.

===Ali vs. Liston rematch===
In May 1965, Lewiston became the venue for a [[Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston#Liston vs. Clay I|heavyweight title rematch]] between [[Muhammad Ali]] and [[Sonny Liston]]; Ali had defeated Liston in a controversial fight in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], in February 1964, and the [[World Boxing Council]] was demanding an immediate rematch, which was against [[World Boxing Association]] rules (the WBA eventually stripped Ali of his title). The rematch was originally planned to be held in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], but was halted by [[Massachusetts]] boxing authorities due to licensing issues. Promoters were eventually able to frame a lucrative deal moving the fight to the Colisée in Lewiston. As the venue held less than 3,700 spectators, only 2,434 fans were present, setting an all-time record for the lowest attendance for a [[List of heavyweight boxing champions|heavyweight championship]] match. The fight was the scene of the famous photograph of Ali standing over Liston taunting him with his glove.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/gallery/featured/GAL1152502/1/index.htm | work=CNN | title=Most Popular | access-date=June 1, 2011 | archive-date=August 22, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822080438/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/gallery/featured/GAL1152502/1/index.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Ali won by first-round knockout.

===Lewiston Twins (1891–1930) ===
Lewiston was home to [[minor league baseball]]. Beginning in 1891, Lewiston was home to the [[Lewiston Twins]] and other teams, who played in various seasons through 1930. Lewiston teams played as members of the [[New England League]] (1891–1896, 1901), [[Maine State League]] (1907), [[Atlantic Association]] (1908) and New England League (1914–1915, 1919, 1926–1930). [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] member [[Jesse Burkett]] managed the Lewiston Twins in 1928 and 1929. Between 1901 and 1919, Lewiston teams played home games at A.A.A. Park. Beginning in 1926, the Lewiston Twins played home games at Lewiston Athletic Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=burket001jes|title=Jesse Burkett Minor Leagues Statistics & History|website=Baseball-Reference.com|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308141613/https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=burket001jes|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/430656953/|title=The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts on April 21, 1914 · 7|website=Newspapers.com|date=April 21, 1914|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209132623/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/430656953/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-1460|title=AAA Park in Lewiston, ME history and teams on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=January 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131030005/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-1460|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-1461|title=Lewiston Athletic Park in Lewiston, ME history and teams on StatsCrew.com|website=www.statscrew.com|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208235751/https://www.statscrew.com/venues/v-1461|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Maine Nordiques (1973–1977)===
The [[Maine Nordiques]] were a professional hockey team that operated in the former [[North American Hockey League (1973–77)|North American Hockey League]] from 1973 to 1977. They were based at the Central Maine Youth Center in Lewiston. The Nordiques served as a farm club for the [[Quebec Nordiques]] of the [[World Hockey Association]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Maine Nordiques Statistics and History | publisher = hockeyDB.com | url = http://www.hockeydb.com/stte/maine-nordiques-6717.html | access-date = December 23, 2014 | archive-date = May 22, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140522181306/http://www.hockeydb.com/stte/maine-nordiques-6717.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Lewiston Maineiacs===
The [[Lewiston Maineiacs]] were a [[junior ice hockey|major junior hockey]] team that played in the [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]] (QMJHL). The Maineiacs moved to Lewiston in 2003 from [[Sherbrooke]], Quebec, and were the only team in the QMJHL in the United States. They played their home games at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée. In 2006–2007, the Maineiacs won the [[Jean Rougeau Trophy]] for having the best record in the QMJHL, won the [[President's Cup (QMJHL)|President's Cup]] as QMJHL playoff champion, and represented the league at the [[2007 Memorial Cup]]. Several Maineiacs alumni have played in the [[National Hockey League]], including [[Jaroslav Halák]], [[Jonathan Bernier]], [[David Perron]] and [[Alexandre Picard (ice hockey)|Alexandre Picard]]. The Maineiacs were disbanded in 2011.

===Lewiston/Auburn Nordiques===
The [[Lewiston/Auburn Nordiques]] were a [[Junior ice hockey#Tier III|Tier III junior ice hockey]] team that played in the [[North American 3 Hockey League]]. During the 2018–2019 season the team recorded a 50–5 record, winning the NA3HL regular season championship and the Coastal Division championship. The team also made it to the Fraser Cup finals this season, losing a close game to the [[Texas Brahmas]] 2–1. The team ceased operations after the 2019–2020 season.

===Maine Nordiques (2019–present)===
{{main|Maine Nordiques (junior hockey)}}
The Maine Nordiques are a [[Junior ice hockey#Tier II|Tier II junior ice hockey]] team in the [[North American Hockey League]]'s East Division. They started play during the 2019–2020 season at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée.<ref>{{cite web |title=NAHL team in Lewiston, Maine approved for the 2019-20 season |url=http://www.nahl.com/news/story.cfm?id=26277 |website=NAHL.com |date=February 28, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-date=January 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192522/http://www.nahl.com/news/story.cfm?id=26277 |url-status=live }}</ref> The team is coached by Nolan Howe, grandson of [[Gordie Howe]] and son of [[Mark Howe]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fournier |first1=Nathan |title=Maine Nordiques name Howe as first Head Coach |url=https://www.sunjournal.com/2019/03/25/junior-hockey-nolan-howe-will-be-maine-nordiques-first-nahl-coach-staff-added-throughout-the-organization/ |website=SunJournal.com |date=March 25, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2020 |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826182618/https://www.sunjournal.com/2019/03/25/junior-hockey-nolan-howe-will-be-maine-nordiques-first-nahl-coach-staff-added-throughout-the-organization/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Hathorn Hall (extended).jpg|thumb|right|[[Bates College]] in central Lewiston|289x289px]]
Lewiston's public education system consists of five elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school with a regional technical center that serves multiple school districts. The district is home to relatively new buildings constructed for Farwell Elementary School and Pettingill School, now replaced with the 600 student capacity Geiger Elementary School. In 2019, Martel and Longley combined into Robert V. Connors Elementary School and houses around 650 students pre-k to 6.

===Colleges and universities===
* [[Maine College of Health Professions]]
* [[Bates College]]
* [[University of Southern Maine]] – Lewiston/Auburn Campus
* [[Central Maine Community College]] – Auburn

===Public schools===
[[Lewiston Public Schools]] operates public schools.
* [[Lewiston High School (Maine)|Lewiston High School]] (9–12) 1,446 students
* Lewiston Regional Technical Center (9–12)
* [[Lewiston Middle School]] (7–8)
* Farwell Elementary School (K–6)
* Raymond A Geiger Elementary School (K–6)
* Robert V. Connors Elementary School (K–6)
* Montello School (K–6)
* Thomas J McMahon Elementary School (K–6)

===Private schools===
* The Discovery School (PK-12)
* [[Saint-Dominic Academy]]
* Vineyard Christian School (PK-12)

===Charter Schools===
* Acadia Academy (PK-6)

==Media==
===Newspapers===
* The ''[[Sun Journal (Lewiston, Maine)|Sun Journal]]'' prints a daily newspaper in four different editions statewide. The Sun Journal was the recipient of the 2008 New England Daily Newspaper of the Year and the 2009 Maine Press Association Newspaper of the Year.
* ''Lewiston Evening Journal'' ran from 1866 to 1989.
* ''The Twin City Times'' is a free weekly newspaper printed in Auburn. It is publicly available in Lewiston as well. It features local news and short articles.

===Radio===
Five radio stations are licensed to serve the city of Lewiston. These stations are:
* [[WARX]]/93.9, airing a non-commercial religious format. It is the former sister station of WCOU, now WIGY.
* [[WIGY (AM)|WIGY]]/1240, airing an adult contemporary format simulcasting [[WEZR (AM)|WEZR]].
* [[WFNK]] 107.5, which is branded as ''107.5 Frank FM'' and airs a [[classic hits]] format that is targeted primarily at [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] area listeners.
* [[WLAM]] 1470, which airs a standards format branded as ''The Memories Station''.
* [[WRBC]] 91.5, which is the [[college radio]] station of [[Bates College]].

{{Lewiston-Auburn Radio}}

===Television===
Lewiston is part of the [[Template:Portland Maine TV|Portland television market]], and receives all major channels in that market. [[WGME-TV]] and [[WCSH]] both have local bureaus in the city, and are across the street from each other on Main Street.{{citation needed |reason=No source given for their location. |date=January 2019}}

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
====Public transportation====
The city of Lewiston uses the Citylink or Purple Bus system. Passengers use Citylink in collaboration with Auburn and Lisbon.

The downtown shuttle runs through the downtown of both Lewiston and Auburn. It maintains only one line that goes into Lisbon. The Citylink services on average approximately 235,000 people a year.

====Roadways and major routes====
* [[Interstate 95 in Maine|Interstate 95 / Maine Turnpike]]: Formerly [[Falmouth Spur|Interstate 495]], runs through Lewiston. Exit 80 serves the city via Alfred Plourde Parkway in the Industrial Park. I-95 provides a connection to [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] being 40 minutes away, [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]] about 90 minutes away, and [[Boston]], about two hours away from the Lewiston Exit.
* [[U.S. Route 202 in Maine|U.S. Route 202]] / Maine State Routes [[Maine State Route 11|11]] and [[Maine State Route 100|100]]: These three routes run through Lewiston along Main Street. It runs straight through the center of downtown to the business parks outside town, and the northern Lewiston suburbs. Connects Lewiston to [[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]] and [[Greene, Maine|Greene]]. Provides fast transportation to [[Augusta, Maine|Augusta]] and Kennebec Valley.
* [[Maine State Route 196]]: Starts in Lewiston at U.S. Route 202, Main Street. In Lewiston it is Canal Street, which turns into Lisbon Street. This route connects Lewiston to Lisbon, and provides easy access to the towns of [[Topsham, Maine|Topsham]] and Brunswick. This route ends on [[U.S. Route 1 in Maine|U.S. Route 1]] in the City of [[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]]. It connects to Interstate 295 in Topsham.
* [[Maine State Route 126]]: Starts in Lewiston at US Route 202, Main Street. In Lewiston it is Sabattus Street and connects Lewiston to the town of [[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]].

====Bridges====
* Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge: Built in 1973 to commemorate the veterans of the [[Vietnam War]]. It connects Lewiston to Auburn. It provides fast transportation from Russell Street, and Main Street to Auburn's Mt. Auburn Ave, and shopping centers on Center Street and the Mall Area.
* Governor James B. Longley Memorial Bridge: Connects Main Street in downtown Lewiston to Court Street in Downtown Auburn. Named after Lewiston resident and Governor of Maine [[James B. Longley]].
* Bernard Lown Peace Bridge: Connects Little Canada and New Auburn. Starts in Lewiston as Cedar Street and starts in Auburn as Broad Street. Commemorates former Lewiston resident and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] recipient [[Bernard Lown]].

====Airports and bus station====

* [[Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport]]: The official airport of the two cities. It currently provides general aviation facilities. Although the city is serviced by an airport, most people use the [[Portland International Jetport]] for commercial flights in and out of the state.
* Oak Street Bus Station: [[Greyhound Lines]] operates a bus line out of Lewiston. The bus lines go as far as Bangor and Boston. From those two destinations more travel opportunities are available.
* [[Concord Coach Lines]] – Great Falls Plaza/[[Bates College]]: Provides bus direct transportation to Logan International Airport and South Station in Boston, with multiple trips daily.

===Hydroelectric Energy Generation===
* In outer Lewiston at the end of Switzerland Road there is the Gulf Island hydroelectric dam operated by Brookfield White Pine Hydro and Central Maine Power Company. It generates electricity via the waterflow of the Androscoggin River. Its nameplate capacity is 19.2MW
* Further down the river is the Deer Rips hydroelectric dam, also operated by Brookfield White Pine Hydro and Central Maine Power Company. Its nameplate capacity is 10.1MW
* Further down the river is the Charles E. Monty hydroelectric dam, also operated by Brookfield White Pine Hydro and Central Maine Power Company. Its nameplate capacity is 28.4MW

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Lewiston, Maine}}

==In popular culture==
* The ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' is printed in Lewiston.
* Lewiston is the setting for the fictitious ''[[Kingdom Hospital]]'', featured in the thirteen-episode miniseries developed by horror writer [[Stephen King]] and based on a [[Denmark|Danish]] mini-series, ''[[The Kingdom (miniseries)|The Kingdom]]''. In 1999 when King was struck by a car while walking in [[Lovell, Maine|Lovell]], he was flown by helicopter and treated at Central Maine Medical Center in Lewiston. In the mini-series, the hospital is built on the site of a textile mill which made military uniforms during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], which the [[Bates Mill]] and other Lewiston textile factories actually did. King attended elementary school in the nearby town of [[Durham, Maine|Durham]] and high school in the neighboring town of [[Lisbon Falls, Maine|Lisbon Falls]].
* Twins [[Francis Edgar Stanley]] and [[Freelan O. Stanley]] invented the photographic dry plate process, that they used in their studio on Lisbon Street in the late 19th century. They later sold the patent to a company that became [[Eastman Kodak]]. They eventually went on to invent the [[Stanley Steamer]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Elder, Janus G., ''A History of Lewiston, Maine with a Genealogical Register of Early Families.'' Heritage Books, Inc., 1989
* Hodgkin, Douglas I., ''Lewiston Memories: A Bicentennial Pictorial.'' Jostens Printing & Publishing, 1994
* Finnegan, William, ''Letter from Maine: New in Town, the Somalis of Lewiston.'' The New Yorker, December 11, 2006
* Hodgkin, Douglas I., ''Frontier to Industrial City:Lewiston Town Politics 1768–1863''. Just Write Books, Topsham, ME, 2008
* Richard, Mark Paul. ''Loyal but French: The Negotiation of Identity by French-Canadian Descendants in the United States'' (2008) on acculturation in Lewiston since 1860

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Lewiston (Maine)}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.ci.lewiston.me.us/}}
* Downtown Lewiston Association [http://www.downtownlewiston.com/ Downtown Lewiston Maine]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lewiston |short=x}}

{{Androscoggin County, Maine}}
{{Greater Portland, Maine}}
{{MELargestCities}}
{{Maine}}
{{Androscoggin River}}
{{Northeast Megalopolis}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lewiston, Maine| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1770]]
[[Category:Cities in Androscoggin County, Maine]]
[[Category:1770 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay]]
[[Category:Cities in Maine]]

Flag of New England

2024-06-23T18:26:19Z

Edwki: /* Gallery */

{{Short description|Most common and prominent symbol of New England}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = New England
| Article =
| Type =
| Image = Ensign of New England (pine only).svg
| Nickname =
| Morenicks =
| Use = Regional and Cultural
| Symbol = {{IFIS|defacto}}
| Proportion =
| Adoption = 17th Century, ''de facto''
| Design = Red Ensign with image of a pine tree on a white field in the canton.
| Designer =
| Image2 = Ensign of New England (St George's Cross).svg
| Nickname2 =
| Morenicks2 =
| Use2 =
| Symbol2 =
| Proportion2 =
| Adoption2 =
| Design2 = Variant Red Ensign with St. George's Cross in the Canton and an image of a pine tree in the top left corner
| Designer2 =
| Image3 = Ensign of New England (St George's Cross, blue field).svg
| Nickname3 =
| Morenicks3 =
| Use3 =
| Symbol3 =
| Proportion3 =
| Adoption3 =
| Design3 = Variant Blue Ensign with St. George's Cross in the Canton and an image of a pine tree in the top left corner
| Designer3 =
}}
[[New England]] has no official flag. However, there have been many historical or modern banners used to represent the region in its history. While there are some variations, common designs include a plain colored field (usually red) with a pine tree in the [[canton (flag)|canton]]. The eastern white pine (''[[Pinus strobus]]'') is the most common and prominent symbol of New England and is featured on many of the region's flags.

==Design==
{{Main| Red Ensign|St. George's Cross|Flag of England}}
The flag of New England has two prominent symbols: a pine tree and red color. Other features, like the [[St. George's Cross]], are not always displayed on the flag, but the pine almost always is. There is a blue ensign and a red ensign variant. In each, St. George's cross is in the canton, whose top left corner is [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with an image of a pine. Sometimes the blue ensign<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/bunker-hill-flag.html|title=Bunker Hill Flag|website=Revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com}}</ref> is defaced with six stars in a circle symbolizing the six states of New England. Another variant has a red ensign with an image of a pine tree over a white field in the canton, and contains no cross; which is commonly used by the [[New England Revolution]] [[Major League Soccer]] team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revolutionsoccer.net/supporters/the-flag-of-new-england|title=The Flag of New England | New England Revolution|website=Revolutionsoccer.net|date=23 February 2012}}</ref> The red ensign was a common banner for other American colonies as well, but the addition of a pine tree distinguished the New England colonies from their neighbors.<ref>Testi, Arnaldo (2010). Capture the Flag: The Stars and Stripes in American History. New York, N.Y: New York University Press.</ref><ref>David B. Martucci. "The New England Flag". D. Martucci. Archived from the original</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/revolutionary-flags-fell-stars-stripes/|title=The Revolutionary Flags That Fell to the Stars and Stripes|date=June 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bucklinsociety.net/colonial-history/early-flags/|title=Early Flags | The Joseph Bucklin Society|website=Bucklinsociety.net}}</ref>

==History==
===Background and early designs===
[[File:English Red Ensign 1620.svg|thumb|English Red Ensign]]
The origin of the New England flag lay with the [[Red Ensign]] of the [[Royal Navy]]. The red ensign was first used in 1625, with merchant vessels being granted its usage by 1663. Although it was an official flag of Great Britain there was no official or standardized design of the banner. What was consistent was all the flags featured the [[St. George's Cross|Cross of St. George]]. These designs sometimes greatly varied by location, the type of vessel flying the flag, the rank of the commanding officer of the vessel, or the position of the vessel within the royal fleet.<ref>Furlong, McCandless 1981, pp. 32–34</ref>

The lack of uniformity of the red ensign existed with land forces of the British Empire as well. In North America, the colonists relied for a large part on their own militias for security and defense. The same issues with naval flags were also found here. The designs of the flags changed by location. This included style, color of the ensigns' field, and any defacements. As with the military on the British Isles, the colonists' military banners corresponded more to an individual commander rather than an emblem of a national force. Colonial militias were relatively limited in size compared to the larger forces in Britain and so these changes never exceeded the defacements found on [[Company (military unit)|company]] sized regiments. Defacements could include circles, flames, or any distinguishing mark. Each regiment also had a particular color associated with it. A company with a green ensign could be referred to as the "green regiment", a blue ensign referred to as the "blue regiment", and so on. These differences are evident in colonial flags in the New England Colonies. Greens ensigns are associated with [[Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]] and red ensigns were flown in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Saybrook Colony]] for some units.<ref>Furlong, McCandless 1981, pp. 35–36</ref><ref>Martucci 2005, pp. 8–9</ref>

===Puritan religious influence===
[[File:Bedford Minutemen Flag (1775).svg|thumb|[[Bedford Flag]]]]
[[Puritan]] influence can be seen on some company and settlement banners as well. Influenced by the [[Commonwealth of England]] and the parliamentary forces of the [[English Civil War]], some flags in New England bore similar motifs and symbols. One of the Newburyport green ensigns depicted mailed hands arranged in a circle, which is a symbol of the divine in Puritan iconography. As Puritan militias grew in size, more units necessitated additional banners. Around 1652 new cavalry regiments were created. Examples of such flags are the "Three County Troop" flag or the militia flag, known today as the [[Bedford Flag]]. These banners depicted an armored arm reaching from the heavens holding a sword. This was a symbol also seen in the English Civil War and was supposed to symbolize divine justice being carried out in defense of true believers. Other Puritan and religious symbols such as anchors, grapevines, oak trees were also flown. Grapevines were prominent in the [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] and [[Saybrook Colony|Saybrook]] colonies, and remain on the current state of Connecticut's flag and state seal. The anchor, a symbol of hope and providence, was common in [[Rhode Island]] and is still a symbol of the state today. Other symbols that can be seen as derived from [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s [[New Model Army]] are hearts ([[Worcester, Massachusetts]]), and the motif of an armored divine arm still exists in Massachusetts today as a component of the state's official seal as the crest, and well as the symbol of the Massachusetts National Guard (the Massachusetts National Guard contains the oldest units in the United States Army and is a direct successor/continuation of these early militias).<ref>Martucci 2005, pp. 8–9</ref><ref>Fisher 2004</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, pp. 21–22</ref>

The use of the red ensign with the [[flag of England]] in the canton was controversial in the region. The cross of St. George was seen by many Puritans as a symbol of the [[Papacy]] and a symbol of religious heresy. [[William Hubbard (clergyman)|Reverend William Hubbard]] was an early opponent of the use of the cross on New England banners. [[Roger Williams]], a prominent religious leader then based in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] declared the symbol counter to the [[Reformation]] and a vestige of papal authority over the king. [[John Endicott]] who was inspired by Williams and then a member of the [[Massachusetts Governor's Council|Council of Assistants]] ordered that the cross be cut out from flags in the colony. Richard Davenport of [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], the bearer of the flag was to be the one to remove it. A freeman of the colony named Richard Browne was disturbed by this and feared it could signal to authorities in England that the colonists were rebelling. Browne brought the matter before the [[Massachusetts General Court|Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay]]. The Council of Assistants reviewed the matter and the case was dismissed against Endicott and Davenport. The General Court did rule however that the defaced flag was not to be used in any official capacity. The controversy remained, and some units refused to train for militia duty under a flag bearing St George's Cross.<ref>Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 38–39</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, pp. 11–12</ref>
[[File:New England blank flag.svg|thumb|Red ensign stripped of the Cross of St. George]]
In 1636 the General Court made another ruling concerning banners in the colony. It ordered that commissioners be made to standardize military banners. The commissioners ordered that the cross-less banners be used. An exception to the cross-less flags would be on [[Castle Island (Massachusetts)|Castle Island]]. The fort, which was Boston's main defense naval fort, would be seen by all ships entering Boston harbor and therefore it was considered necessary for an English flag to be flown there. For a time, a version of the red ensign with the [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom#Royal standards 1198–1837|Royal Standard]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles I]] in place of the cross of St. George was used, but this practice ended following the outbreak of the [[English Civil War|Civil War]] in 1642 and the eventual [[Execution of Charles I|abolition of the monarchy]] in 1649. In 1651, the [[Commonwealth of England]]'s [[Rump Parliament|Puritan parliament]] officially revived the standard red ensign, emphasizing the need for the flag to be used in Boston. To not fly the colors in such a manner could be seen as rebellious. Governor [[John Winthrop]] therefore ordered that the red ensign containing the cross be kept on Castle Island for this reason.<ref>Martucci 2004, pp. 17–18</ref><ref>Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 38–39</ref>

The issue of the cross-less flag remained unresolved in 1665. Royal Commissioners arrived in the colony and delivered a royal edict demanding the standard ensign be flown. Their demands were not met and the red ensign with the blank canton continued to be used in the colony. Some leading moderates in the colony sought to restore the use of the standard ensign. According to the moderates, the symbol was not a religious one but a political one. Though the cross had idolatrous origins, the Reformation, they claimed, stripped these issues away. By the 1680s the moderates won out and the standard ensign containing the cross was restored. Some New Englanders were still not wholly comfortable with its presence. Judge [[Samuel Sewall]], who ordered the royal ensign be restored wrote in his diary, "I was and am in great exercise about the Cross to be put into the Colours, and afraid if I should have a hand in 't whether it may not hinder my Entrance into the Holy Land."<ref>Martucci 2004, p. 25</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, p. 15</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, pp. 17–18</ref><ref>Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 40–41</ref>

===Pine tree flags===
[[File:New England Flag hanging.jpg|thumb|New England Red Ensign hanging]]
The most enduring symbol of New England iconography is the Pine tree. New Englanders wished to further distinguish themselves from other parts of the Empire and so made an addition to the flag. This new design would use the cross of St George but would also contain the image of a tree in the top left corner of the flag. The first recorded sighting of the flag came from Jack Graydon in 1686 and was featured in his book ''Insignia Navalia by Lt. Graydon, 1686'', where the ensign is referred to as "The Red Flag of New England". Other sources such as John Beaumont's ''The Present State of the Universe'' from 1701 also portrays an English flag defaced with a tree. Along with some French and Dutch sources, it appears towards the end of the 17th century this design was growing more popular for New England ships. Some accounts say there is an Oak rather than a pine (Oak trees were seen on other New England flags such as the "Moulton Flag"), and others describe a globe or armillary sphere. It is not clear what exactly is the case however since some of these accounts may have been from poor sourcing or a misinterpretation of an illustration.<ref>Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 40–41</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, p. 26</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, p. 30</ref>

[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] in 1708 ordered that all British vessels use the British Ensign. This new version would have the flag of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in its canton rather than the English one. Despite this, many New England vessels continued to fly the older version with the pine tree defacement. A version of the New England flag that aims to fit these new specifications seems to have also existed. In 1768 an illustration featuring a colonist holding a banner showed this design. The colonist, dressed in hunting clothes and wearing a [[phrygian cap]], holds a flag which is an ensign of the Kingdom of Great Britain with a pine tree on a white background in the top left corner. This period in New England's history also marked a shift in political feeling. With the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony, the distinction New Englanders felt from Great Britain was chiefly a religious one. They saw themselves as a separate nation founded on Puritan religious teaching that was attempting to establish a pure society. As the New England settlements grew, Puritan based separatism waned with a want for greater political and commercial autonomy taking its place. One chief reason for the reorganization of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies into the Dominion of New England and the province of Massachusetts Bay was the inhabitants of New England were not abiding by the crown's trade policy and political mandates. The New England colonies were largely autonomous with an emphasis on direct democracy and localized authority. These attitudes can be seen as a driving force for New Englanders to create a flag of their own and as a symbol of their independent attitudes. Despite the attempts by Great Britain to further standardize the usage of the ensign of Great Britain, New England pine flags were still flown at the time. One such example is a New England pine flag with a gold or a buff field which was flown in the [[Connecticut Colony]].<ref>Furlong and McCandless 1981, p. 42</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, p. 33</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, p. 36</ref><ref>Barnes 1962, pp. 1–25</ref>
[[File:Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy]] displaying the [[Tree of Peace]]]]
By the time of the [[American Revolution]] the pine flags gained more prominence. Pine flags were seen on [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] New Englander naval vessels off the coast of [[Nova Scotia]] and on the [[Charles River]]. There are varying designs for these flags. These flags were red ensigns and featured an image of a pine, sometimes having the cross of St. George and sometimes without it. The banners without the cross were reminiscent of the blank ensign of the Massachusetts Bay Colony however the blank field was now defaced with a green pine.<ref>Furlong and McCandless 1981, p. 87</ref>
[[File:An Appeal to Heaven Flag.svg|thumb|Banner of the Massachusetts Bay Navy]]
Some controversy exists concerning which flag flew at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 at the onset of the American Revolutionary War. An officer of the Royal Marines reported that no flags were used by the Americans, but [[John Trumbull]] placed a red flag with a pine tree in his 1786 painting ''[[The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775]]''. However, he later painted another version of this painting for the family of the fallen general which depicts a blue flag. Another variation commonly used to represent the battle has a blue field with a white canton, the canton quartered with St. George's Cross and a tree.<ref>Furlong and McCandless 1981, p. 67</ref>
[[File:NE Flag red.jpg|thumb|left|The flag of New England is a cultural and regional symbol]]
According to author Boleslaw Mastai, the blue field was due to an error in a wood engraving which caused confusion among painters. The printing error might have been caused by incorrect "hatching", whereby parallel lines represent heraldic tinctures or colors; horizontal lines represent blue and vertical ones represent red. However, Benson John Lossing writes in Field Book of the Revolution that he interviewed the daughter of a Bunker Hill veteran who told her that he hoisted a blue flag on Breed's Hill prior to the battle. Regardless of its authenticity, the blue variation has become a symbol of the Battle of Bunker Hill and also of Charlestown, Boston, the neighborhood encompassing Bunker and Breed's hills. It was also featured on a 1968 US Postage Stamp.<ref name="Mastai, pg 16">Mastai, p. 16</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=heraldic+hatching|title=heraldic hatching - Google Search|website=Google.com|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref>

There were other pine flags flown in the region as well. One of the most well known examples is the [[Pine Tree Flag]], sometimes known as the "Appeal to Heaven" flag. This flag was the ensign of the [[Massachusetts Navy|Massachusetts Bay Navy]] and the early colonial patriot naval force. This flag was not used outside of New England as it was not deemed suitable to represent the entire United Colonies, with the pine being so strongly associated with New England and Massachusetts Bay in particular.<ref>Mastai 1973, pp. 19, 58</ref>

[[File:Ensign of New England (St George's Cross).svg|thumb|The Red Flag of New England]]
[[File:Bunker Hill Flag - Historic Flag Series - 6c 1968 issue U.S. stamp.jpg|left|thumb|1968 [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States|U.S. stamp]] featuring the Bunker Hill Flag]]
The exact origin of the pine tree as a symbol of New England is unclear. Some point to the use of the pine as a symbol in the region before European colonization. The [[Iroquois|Five Nations Confederacy]] used such a symbol. Referred to as the "[[Tree of Peace]]" it symbolized the bringing together of different tribes into the confederacy. A common symbol of the confederacy was a tall thin pine with an eagle mounted on the top. Though the Iroquois were largely concentrated outside of New England they exerted influence on neighboring tribes. The [[Pennacook]] tribe (Pennacook meaning "Children of the Pine Tree") was located in what is now northern Massachusetts and New Hampshire. This tribe had an influence on the early New England settlers, the Massachusetts Bay Colony even featuring a Pennacook tribe member on their seal (This seal also features a pine and oak tree). The oak tree which had been seen as a symbol for England for centuries was also used as a [[Charter Oak|symbol]] in Connecticut. The use of the pine could be theorized to be an extension of the tree motif this time for New England. Another theory refers more to the love of the New England settlers to their new homeland, a homeland they viewed as bestowed by divine providence. This new world was to be a holy land, and provided the inhabitants with many forests of pine and other natural bounty. The pine could then be seen as a simple motif, in keeping with Puritan tradition of the New Englanders religious ideals. Other researchers have pointed to the use of the pine in the ship building of the region, and suggested the importance of the symbol may be due to New England's maritime culture. Regardless of origin, the pine had become in the 17th century a symbol for New England. Another usage was [[Pine tree shilling]] which began being minted in 1652 under [[John Hull (merchant)|John Hull]]. Pine trees were also featured on the New Hampshire colonial seal, and today feature prominently on the state flags and seals of [[Flag of maine|Maine]] and [[Flag of Vermont|Vermont]]. The reverse of the flag of Massachusetts featured a pine tree from 1908 to 1971.<ref>McCandless and Grosvenor 1917, p. 345</ref><ref>Martucci 2004, pp. 26–30</ref>

==Other flags==

A flag designed by William Cork was presented to Le Congres Mondial Acadien in Nova Scotia in 2004. Cork's flag was presented on behalf of the Acadian New Englanders who were attending the congress. The New England Acadian flag features a redesigned [[Flag of Acadia]] tricolor with blue and white vertical stripes becoming sideways triangles. The flag features the traditional "[[Our Lady, Star of the Sea|Star of the Sea]]" in the blue stripe, and in the white stripe a traditional New England pine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wquercus.com/acadie/flag.htm |title=A New England Acadian Flag |access-date=2011-10-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907234058/http://www.wquercus.com/acadie/flag.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 }}</ref>
[[File:Flag adopted by the New England Governors' Conference in 1998.jpg|thumb|Flag adopted by the [[New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers' Annual Conference|New England Governors' Conference]]]]

On June 8, 1998, K. Albert Ebinger of [[Ipswich, Massachusetts]] made a presentation to the New England Governor's Conference (NEGC) promoting a new design as the official flag of the NEGC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html |title=The Flag of New England Page |website=Midcoast.com |access-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401075528/http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html |archive-date=April 1, 2007 }}</ref> It is the blue "Bunker Hill Flag" [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with six five-pointed stars in a circle in the [[Glossary of vexillology#Flag elements|fly]] to represent the six New England states. Ebinger had copyrighted this design in 1965,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flagofnewengland.com/flaghome/Default.htm|title=THE FLAG OF NEW ENGLAND: NEW ENGLAND'S OFFICIAL SYMBOL|date=February 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202121255/http://www.flagofnewengland.com/flaghome/Default.htm|archive-date=2009-02-02}}</ref> which the NEGC was unaware of when they adopted it. The New England Vexillological Association sent a letter of concern to the NEGC, which responded:

<blockquote>In 1998, Mr. Ebinger appeared before the New England Governors' Conference, in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada during the annual Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers and suggested [that] the promotion of New England tourism would benefit from the use of a common symbol, such as his "New England Flag". At that meeting, the governors approved a motion to adopt the flag as the "official emblem of the New England Conference". They did not make any claims as to its legitimacy as an official or authentic flag of the six-state region, nor did they adopt it as the official flag of the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html |title=The New England Flag by David B. Martucci |access-date=14 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401075528/http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html |archive-date=April 1, 2007 }}</ref></blockquote>

==Gallery==
'''Flags with modern usage'''
<gallery>
File:Ensign of New England (pine only).svg|New England red ensign (without St. George's Cross)
File:Ensign of New England (St George's Cross).svg|Red Ensign with St. George's cross in the canton
File:Ensign of New England (St George's Cross, blue field).svg|Blue Ensign of New England, also known as the [[Battle of Bunker Hill|Bunker Hill]] flag
Flag of the New England Governor's Conference.svg| Blue ensign, field defaced with six stars. Flag of the [[New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers' Annual Conference|New England Governor's Conference]]
File:Flag of the New England Acadians.svg|New England [[Acadians]]
</gallery>

'''Historical flags'''
<gallery>
File:Red Ensign of England (Square Canton).svg|[[Red Ensign]] of the [[Kingdom of England]]
File:Ensign of New England (blank).svg|Red ensign with cross removed
File:New_England_Jack_Flag.svg|[[Naval jack]] drawn by [[John Graydon]] in 1686, consisting of [[St George's cross]] with a pine tree in the canton.<ref name="Historical Flags of Our Ancestors">{{cite web|author=Historical Flags of Our Ancestors|url=http://www.loeser.us/flags/colonies.html|title=Flags of the Early North American Colonies and Explorers|website=Loeser.is|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>
File:NE endicott flag.png| [[John Endecott|Endecott Flag]] of early New England<ref>Crouthers 1962, p. 24.</ref>
File:NE Flag sphere.png| Blue ensign variant with [[armillary sphere]] in canton instead of the Pine<ref>Crouthers 1962, p. 26.</ref>
File:Ensign of New England (union flag).svg|New England variant of the [[Union Flag]]<ref>Lossing, Chapter 23, endnote 19</ref>
File:NE Flag 1775.png|[[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] variant flag of New England<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/us-neng.html|title=New England flags (U.S.)|website=Fotw.info|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref>
File:NE AMER REV.png|[[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] variant flag of New England<ref>Hulme 1896, fig. 14.</ref>
File:Flag of New England under Sir Edmund Andros.svg|[[Dominion of New England]] banner, also known as the [[Edmund Andros|Andros Flag]]<ref>Crouthers 1962, p. 25.</ref>
File:Salem Green Ensign.svg|New England Green Ensign<ref>Martucci 2006, p.12</ref>
File:Defaced green ensign.png|New England green ensign after defacement<ref>Martucci 2006, p. 14</ref>
</gallery>
'''Military'''
<gallery>
File:An Appeal to Heaven Flag.svg|[[Pine Tree Flag]] of the [[Massachusetts Navy|Massachusetts Bay Navy]]
File:New England Buff Banner.svg|New England [[Buff (color)|Buff]] banner. Flown by [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] militia<ref>Martucci 2006, p. 33.</ref>
File:Bedford Minutemen Flag (1775).svg|[[Bedford Flag]]
File:Saybrook militia flag.png|[[Saybrook Colony|Saybrook]] militia<ref>Martucci 2006, p. 24.</ref>
File:Suffolk County Regiment flag MG.png|[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]] [[Massachusetts National Guard|militia]] [[Major (rank)|Major's]] regiment<ref>Martucci 2006, p. 23.</ref>
File:Suffolk County Regiment flag Lt col.png| [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]] [[Massachusetts National Guard|militia]] [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant colonel's]] regiment<ref>Martucci 2006, p. 23.</ref>
File:Suffolk County Regiment flag Colonel.png| [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]] [[Massachusetts National Guard|militia]] [[Colonel|Colonel's]] regiment<ref>Martucci 2006, p. 23.</ref>
</gallery>

'''Territorial'''
<gallery>
File:Ensign of New England (pine only).svg|[[Lincoln County, Maine]]
File:Flag of Haverhill, Massachusetts.svg|[[Haverhill, Massachusetts]], green ensign defaced with town seal
File:Flag of Newbury, Massachusetts.svg|[[Newbury, Massachusetts]]
</gallery>

'''Related flags'''
<gallery>
File:Flag of Maine (1901–1909).svg|[[1901 Maine Flag]]
File:Ensign of Maine.svg|[[Flag of Maine|Maine ensign]]
File:Naval Ensign of Massachusetts.svg|[[Flag of Massachusetts|Ensign of Massachusetts]]
File:Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg|Flag of the [[Iroquois]], showing use of the pine
File:Bandera Pennacook Abnaki.png|[[Pennacook]] tribe flag, usage of pine symbolism
File:Flag of Massachusetts (1908–1971).svg|[[Flag of Massachusetts]] reverse (1908–1971)
File:Flag of Washington County, Maine.gif|Flag of [[Washington County, Maine]]
File:Flag of the Vermont Republic.svg|[[Vermont Republic]], also known as [[Green Mountain Boys flag]]
File:Flag of Vermont.svg|[[Flag of Vermont]], featuring the New England pine tree
Flag of the State of Maine.svg|[[Flag of Maine]], featuring the New England pine
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Pine Tree Flag]]
* [[1901 Maine Flag]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
*{{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Viola Florence|title=The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy|year=1923|isbn=978-0-8044-1065-6|oclc=395292}}
* {{cite book
|last= Crouthers
|first= David
|date= 1962
|title= Flags of American History
|location= Maplewood, New Jersey
|publisher= Hammond and Company
|isbn=9780843730807
}}
*{{cite book
|last= Hulme
|first= F. Edward
|date= 1896
|title=THE Flags of The World:THEIR HISTORY, BLAZONRY, AND ASSOCIATIONS. FROM THE BANNER OF THE CRUSADER TO THE BURGEE OF THE YACHTSMAN; FLAGS NATIONAL, COLONIAL, PERSONAL; THE ENSIGNS OF MIGHTY EMPIRES; THE SYMBOLS OF LOST CAUSES.
|location= London
|publisher= Frederick Warne and Co.
|isbn= 9781176617360
}}
* {{cite book |last= Fischer |first= David Hackett |date= 2004|title= Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of America's Founding Ideas |location= Oxford and New York |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780195162530}}
* {{cite book |author1=Furlong, William Rea |author2=McCandless, Byron |author-link2=Byron McCandless |year=1981 |title=So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-87474-448-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehailh00furl }}
* {{cite book |last=Lossing |first=Benson J. |author-link=Benson John Lossing|title=Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/pictorialfieldbo00loss |year=1850|publisher=New York }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mastai |first1=Boleslaw |last2=Mastai |first2=Marie-Louise D'Otrange |title=The Stars and the Stripes. The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present |year=1973 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-394-47217-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/starsstripesamer0000mast }}
* {{cite book |last=Martucci|first=David|title=Flag and Symbol Usage in Early New England |publisher=North American Vexillological Association |date=2005|page=33|url= http://nava.org/digital-library/raven/Raven_v13_2006_p001-040.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1= McCandless|first1= Byron|last2= Grosvenor|first2= Gilbert Hovery|date= 1917 |title= Flags of the World |location= Washington D.C. |publisher= The National Geographic Society}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070401075528/http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html A History of the New England Flag] with several variations
*[http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~wcarr1/Lossing1/Chap23.html#e019 Lossing's version of the flag]

{{New England}}

[[Category:Flags of the American Revolution|New England]]
[[Category:History of New England]]

Lincoln County, Maine

2024-06-23T18:24:21Z

Edwki: Fixed flag

{{short description|County in Maine, United States}}
{{Distinguish|Lincoln, Maine}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. county
| county = Lincoln County
| state = Maine
| flag = Ensign of New England (pine only).svg
| founded year = {{start date and age|1760}}
| seat wl = Wiscasset
| largest city wl = Waldoboro
| city type = town
| area_total_sq_mi = 700
| area_land_sq_mi = 456
| area_water_sq_mi = 244
| area percentage = 35%
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_total = 35237
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_est =
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| named for = [[Lincoln, England]]
| web = www.lincolncountymaine.me
| ex image = WiscassetME LincolnCountyCourthouse.jpg
| ex image cap = Lincoln County Courthouse
| district = 1st
| time zone = Eastern
}}

'''Lincoln County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Maine]]. As of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]], the population was 35,237.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census - Geography Profile: Lincoln County, Maine|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0500000US23015|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref> Its [[county seat|seat]] is [[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The county was founded in 1760 by the [[Massachusetts General Court]] from a portion of [[York County, Massachusetts]] and named after the English city [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]],<ref name="DETMoM">{{cite journal|date=June 2008|title=north by east|journal=Down East: The Magazine of Maine|pages=19}}</ref> the birthplace of [[Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts Bay Provincial Governor]] [[Thomas Pownall]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lincolncountymaine.me/|title=Lincoln County Maine|website=lincolncountymaine|language=en|access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref>

At its founding, Lincoln County accounted for three-fifths of the state's land, and stretched east to [[Nova Scotia]]. Thirteen counties were cut out of this land including [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc County]] to the west and a portion of [[Kennebec County]] to the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://co.lincoln.me.us/county.html|title=Lincoln County information |access-date=February 11, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926193921/http://co.lincoln.me.us/county.html|archive-date=September 26, 2009}}</ref> The county flag is a traditional [[Flag of New England|New England flag]], adopted in 1977.<ref>[http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html The Flag of New England Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401075528/http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html |date=April 1, 2007 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Boothbay Harbor, summer morning at low tide.jpg|thumb|right|Boothbay Harbor]]

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|700|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|456|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|244|sqmi}} (35%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_23.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 7, 2014|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909034104/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_23.txt|archive-date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> It is the third-smallest county in Maine by area.

===Adjacent counties===
*[[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec County]] — north
*[[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo County]] — northeast
*[[Knox County, Maine|Knox County]] — east
*[[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc County]] — west

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1790= 29733
|1800= 30225
|1810= 42992
|1820= 53189
|1830= 57192
|1840= 63517
|1850= 74875
|1860= 27860
|1870= 25597
|1880= 24821
|1890= 21996
|1900= 19669
|1910= 18216
|1920= 15976
|1930= 15498
|1940= 16294
|1950= 18004
|1960= 18497
|1970= 20537
|1980= 25691
|1990= 30357
|2000= 33616
|2010= 34457
|2020= 35237
|estyear=2023
|estimate=36507
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 3, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> 1790–1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> 1900–1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/me190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> 1990–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref> 2010–2016<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/23/23015.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152109/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/23/23015.html|archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> 2018<ref name=2018pop>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/lincolncountymaine/PST045218 |title=QuickFacts. Lincoln County, Maine. |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=July 26, 2019 }}</ref>
}}

===2000 census===
As of the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]], there were 14,158 households, and 9,542 families living in the county. The [[population density]] was {{convert|74|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people |people|}}. There were 20,849 housing units at an average density of {{convert|46|/mi2|/km2|}}. The racial makeup of the county was 98.46% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.17% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.26% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.37% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.61% from two or more races. 0.46% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race. 25.3% were of [[English people|English]], 15.4% [[United States]] or American, 11.2% [[Irish people|Irish]], 9.0% [[German people|German]] and 7.3% [[French people|French]] ancestry. Most of those claiming to be of "American" ancestry are actually of English descent, but have family that has been in the country for so long, in many cases since the early seventeenth century that they choose to identify simply as "American".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&pg=PA57 Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref><ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref> 97.7% spoke [[English language|English]] and 1.0% [[French language|French]] as their first language.

There were 14,158 households, out of which 28.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.10% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.60% were non-families. 26.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.70% under the age of 18, 5.50% from 18 to 24, 25.60% from 25 to 44, 28.10% from 45 to 64, and 18.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $38,686, and the median income for a family was $45,427. Males had a median income of $31,209 versus $23,161 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the county was $20,760. About 6.60% of families and 10.10% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 12.80% of those under age 18 and 9.50% of those age 65 or over.

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census]], there were 34,457 people, 15,149 households, and 9,749 families living in the county.<ref name="census-dp1">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US23015
|title=DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data
|access-date=January 21, 2016
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213025114/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US23015
|archive-date=February 13, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The population density was {{convert|75.6|PD/sqmi}}. There were 23,493 housing units at an average density of {{convert|51.5|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units |units|}}.<ref name="census-density">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY07/0500000US23015
|access-date=January 21, 2016
|title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213192915/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY07/0500000US23015
|archive-date=February 13, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The racial makeup of the county was 97.6% white, 0.5% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.1% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population.<ref name="census-dp1"/> In terms of ancestry, 30.4% were [[English people|English]], 17.7% were [[Irish people|Irish]], 13.4% were [[Germans|German]], 8.6% were [[Scottish people|Scottish]], and 8.5% were [[Americans|American]].<ref name="census-dp2">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US23015
|title=DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
|access-date=January 21, 2016
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213031615/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US23015
|archive-date=February 13, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Of the 15,149 households, 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.6% were non-families, and 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age was 48.1 years.<ref name="census-dp1"/>

The median income for a household in the county was $47,678 and the median income for a family was $58,028. Males had a median income of $40,816 versus $31,473 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,003. About 7.7% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.<ref name="census-dp3">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0500000US23015
|title=DP03 Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
|access-date=January 21, 2016
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213021146/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0500000US23015
|archive-date=February 13, 2020
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Politics==
===Voter registration===
{| class=wikitable
! colspan = 6 | Voter registration and party enrollment as of March 2024<ref name="Maine SOS">{{cite web |author1=Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions |title=Registered & Enrolled Voters Statewide |url=https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/data-pdf/r-e-active.pdf |website=Maine SOS |access-date=April 9, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| align = center | {{formatnum: 9713}}
| align = center | {{Percentage |9713 |27765 |2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}}
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| align = center | {{formatnum: 8558}}
| align = center | {{Percentage |8558 |27765 |2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}}
| Unenrolled
| align = center | {{formatnum: 7912}}
| align = center | {{Percentage |7912 |27765 |2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Green Party (United States)}}
| [[Maine Green Independent Party|Green Independent]]
| align = center | {{formatnum: 1098}}
| align = center | {{Percentage |1098 |27765 |2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|No Labels}}
| [[No Labels]]
| align = center | {{formatnum: 394}}
| align = center | {{Percentage |394 |27765 |2}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}}
| [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
| align = center | {{formatnum: 90}}
| align = center | {{Percentage |90 |27765 |2}}
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! align = center | {{formatnum: 27765}}
! align = center | {{Percentage |100}}
|}
{{clear}}

{{PresHead|place=Lincoln County, Maine|whig=no|source1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref>}}

{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|10,256|12,684|654|Maine}}
{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|9,727|10,241|1,535|Maine}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|8,899|11,315|543|Maine}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|9,287|11,886|411|Maine}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|10,370|11,351|421|Maine}}
{{PresRow|2000|Republican|9,457|8,634|1,580|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|6,372|8,130|3,671|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|6,405|6,714|5,917|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|9,837|5,939|144|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|10,312|4,869|55|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|7,434|4,776|2,049|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1976|Republican|7,554|4,818|425|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|7,580|2,903|4|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1968|Republican|5,659|3,380|222|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|3,984|5,099|11|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1960|Republican|7,562|2,337|0|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1956|Republican|7,191|1,164|0|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1952|Republican|6,766|1,299|9|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1948|Republican|4,743|1,095|56|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1944|Republican|4,919|2,102|9|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1940|Republican|5,244|2,415|5|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1936|Republican|5,252|1,850|130|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1932|Republican|4,666|2,602|41|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|4,470|1,181|18|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1924|Republican|3,311|878|91|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|3,668|1,256|59|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1916|Republican|1,781|1,718|65|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|457|1,633|1,631|Maine}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|1,693|1,196|111|Maine}}
|}

== Communities ==
[[File:Damariscotta River sunset - 20070722 07981.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Damariscotta River]] near the [[Whaleback Shell Midden]] State Historic Site]]

===Towns===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Alna, Maine|Alna]]
*[[Boothbay, Maine|Boothbay]]
*[[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
*[[Bremen, Maine|Bremen]]
*[[Bristol, Maine|Bristol]]
*[[Damariscotta, Maine|Damariscotta]]
*[[Dresden, Maine|Dresden]]
*[[Edgecomb, Maine|Edgecomb]]
*[[Jefferson, Maine|Jefferson]]
*[[Newcastle, Maine|Newcastle]]
*[[Nobleboro, Maine|Nobleboro]]
*[[Somerville, Maine|Somerville]]
*[[South Bristol, Maine|South Bristol]]
*[[Southport, Maine|Southport]]
*[[Waldoboro, Maine|Waldoboro]]
*[[Westport Island, Maine|Westport Island]]
*[[Whitefield, Maine|Whitefield]]
*[[Wiscasset, Maine|Wiscasset]]
{{div col end}}

=== Plantations ===

* [[Monhegan, Maine|Monhegan]]

=== Unorganized Territories ===

* [[Hibberts Gore, Maine|Hibberts Gore]]
* [[Louds Island, Maine|Louds Island]]

===Census-designated places===
*[[Boothbay Harbor (CDP), Maine|Boothbay Harbor]]
*[[Damariscotta (CDP), Maine|Damariscotta]]
*[[Newcastle (CDP), Maine|Newcastle]]
*[[Waldoboro (CDP), Maine|Waldoboro]]
*[[Wiscasset (CDP), Maine|Wiscasset]]

==Transportation==
[[U.S. Route 1]] passes through the county in a northeast–southwest fashion. North-south Maine state routes, notably Maine 27, Maine 129, Maine 130 and Maine 32 travel north to the interior of the county and south to the peninsulas by the coast.

Until 1958, the [[Maine Central Railroad]] ran passenger trains from [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], along the [[Rockland Branch]] from [[Brunswick, Maine|Brunswick]] to [[Rockland, Maine|Rockland]] to the east, three trains a day on days besides Sunday and fewer trains on Sunday. Stations consisted of [[Wiscasset]], Newcastle, Damariscotta Mills, Nobleboro, Winslow Mills and [[Waldoboro]]. In Portland's [[Union Station (Portland, Maine)|Union Station]], these trains made connections to trains to Boston, New York City, Bangor and the Canadian Maritimes.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Maine Central Railroad, Table 3 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=91 |issue=3 |date=August 1958}}</ref> In the final months, service diminished to one daily except Sunday trip in each direction, until finally discontinuing on April 4, 1959.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Maine Central Railroad, Table 3 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=91 |issue=11 |date=April 1959}}</ref>

From 2003 to 2015, the [[Maine Eastern Railroad]] offered seasonal excursion service to [[Rockland, Maine]] which connected to [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Downeaster (train)|Downeaster]]'' at Brunswick. In October 2017, the Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority announced plans to extend one weekend ''Downeaster'' round trip to Rockland between Memorial Day and Labor Day beginning in 2018. Intermediate stops would be made at Bath, Wiscasset, and Newcastle.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangordailynews.com/2017/10/24/business/rail-group-eyes-amtrak-service-to-rockland-by-summer-2018/ |url-access=subscription |title=Rail group eyes Amtrak service to Rockland by summer 2018|last=Abbate|first=Lauren|date=October 24, 2017|newspaper=Bangor Daily News|access-date=October 25, 2017}}</ref> As part of preparation, Amtrak, along with the Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority, [[Maine Department of Transportation]] and the [[Central Maine and Quebec Railway|Central Maine and & Quebec Railroad]], made a test run of a train on August 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Betts |first=Stephen |date=August 15, 2019 |title=Train backers ride rails to Rockland |url=https://knox.villagesoup.com/p/train-backers-ride-rails-to-rockland/1828630 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725220554/https://knox.villagesoup.com/2019/08/15/train-backers-ride-rails-to-rockland-1828630/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |website=Courier-Gazette |publisher=Knox County VillageSoup}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Maine]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023094052/http://co.lincoln.me.us/ Official Website of Lincoln County]
* [http://www.mainegenealogy.net/individual_place_record.asp?place=lincoln_county Maine Genealogy: Lincoln County, Maine]
* [http://www.lctv.org/ Lincoln County Television, a Public, Educational and Government access television station serving 10 towns in Lincoln County]
* [http://www.wiscassetnewspaper.com/ Wiscasset Newspaper, serving the Lincoln County Seat and its Route 1 neighbors since 1970]
* [http://www.boothbayregister.com/ Boothbay Register, serving Boothbay, Boothbay Harbor, Edgecomb and Southport since 1876]

{{Geographic Location
| Centre = Lincoln County, Maine
| North = [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec County]]
| Northeast = [[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo County]]
| East = [[Knox County, Maine|Knox County]]
| Southeast =
| South = ''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''
| Southwest =
| West = [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc County]]
| Northwest =
}}
{{Lincoln County, Maine}}
{{Maine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|44.00|-69.53|type:adm2nd_region:US-ME_source:UScensus1990|display=title}}

[[Category:Lincoln County, Maine| ]]
[[Category:1760 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay]]
[[Category:Maine counties]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1760]]

New England French

2024-06-23T17:06:07Z

Edwki: /* French-speakers by state */

{{Short description|French variety of New England, US}}
{{infobox language
| name = New England French
| nativename = français de Nouvelle-Angleterre
| pronunciation =
| states = [[United States]] ([[New England]]) (primarily [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Vermont]])
| speakers = {{sigfig|173,740|2}}
| date = 2015
| ref = <ref name="NewEnglandStates">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Connecticut, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160643/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160004/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Massachusetts, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155716/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155423/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Rhode Island, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160629/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213154915/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|Including all dialects of French spoken in New England, except French Creole}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4 = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5 = [[Western Romance languages|Western]]
| fam6 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
| fam7 = [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
| fam8 = [[French language|French]]
| ancestor = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Latin]]
| ancestor3 = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old Gallo-Romance]]
| ancestor5 = [[Old French]]
| ancestor6 = [[Middle French]]
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = none
| lingua = 51-AAA-iid
| map = Population speaking French at home in New England, percent by county.svg
| mapcaption = Percentage of population speaking French at home, including other dialects but excluding French-based creoles (2015)<ref name=NewEnglandStates/>
{{Legend|#2e648c|10–15%}}
{{Legend|#628aa8|5–10%}}
{{Legend|#97b4c7|1–5%}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|0.5-1%}}
{{hidden|Speakers by total population|[[File:Population speaking French at home in New England, sum by county.svg|220px]]Population speaking French at home, including other dialects (2015) 
{{Legend|#12568a|>15000}}
{{Legend|#2e648c|10000-15000}}
{{Legend|#4d7a9e|5000-10000}}
{{Legend|#6d93b0|2500-5000}}
{{Legend|#8dadc2|1000-2500}}
{{Legend|#aec6d4|500-1000}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|<500}}
}}
}}
'''New England French''' ({{lang-fr|français de Nouvelle-Angleterre}}) is a variety of French spoken in the [[New England]] region of the United States.<ref name=Ammon>{{cite book |title=Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties |last= Ammon|first= Ulrich|author2=International Sociological Association |year= 1989|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 978-0899253565|pages= 306–308|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC|access-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref> It descends from [[Canadian French]] because it originally came from [[French Canadians]] who immigrated to New England during the [[Grande Hémorragie]].

New England French is one of the major forms of the [[French language]] that developed in what is now the United States, the others being [[Louisiana French]] and the nearly extinct [[Missouri French]], [[Muskrat French]] and [[Métis French]]. The dialect is the predominant form of French spoken in New England (apart from standard French), except in the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John Valley]] of northern [[Aroostook County, Maine]], where [[Brayon French]] predominates.

The dialect is endangered. After the First World War, laws were instituted banning immersive bilingual teaching outside of dedicated foreign-language classes, and during the 1960s and 1970s some public schools disciplined students for speaking French in school; however, in recent years it has seen renewed interest and is supported by bilingual education programs in place since 1987.<ref name=Ammon/> A continuing trend of reduced bilingual and foreign-language education has affected the language's prevalence in younger generations.<ref name="CivilRightsReport">{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvgOAdP_aTsC&pg=PA21|publisher=Vermont Advisory Committee to the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]|date=May 1983|title=Franco-Americans In Vermont; A Civil Rights Perspective|oclc=123220631|last1=Pendleton|first1=Clarence M. Jr.|last2=Smith|first2=Mary Louise|last3=Berry|first3=Mary Frances|last4=Ramirez|first4=Blandina Cardenas|last5=Ruckshaus|first5=Jill S.|last6=Saltzman|first6=Murray|last7=Hoff|first7=Philip H.}}</ref><ref name="2019decline">{{cite news |title=French is dying in northern Maine. Here's why |work=News Center Maine |url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd |date=April 30, 2019 |location=Portland, Maine |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501004613/https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd}}</ref> However, cultural programs in recent years have led to renewed interest between older generations speaking the dialect, and the language has also been bolstered by newly arrived refugee populations from [[Francophone Africa]] in cities such as [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521174857/https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |url=https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |title=In Maine, French Culture Experiences a Revival |last=Fillak |first=Jessica |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |website=Frenchly |publisher=French Morning Media Group |location=New York |date=August 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="lesfrancoNE">{{cite book|title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71|pages=70–77|publisher=Université Laval|last=Louder|first=Dean R|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Champlain's Map of Plymouth Harbor.jpg|left|thumb|1605 map of [[Plymouth Harbor]] and its natives, by French colonist and geographer [[Samuel de Champlain]], creator of the first accurate coastal map of the [[Maritime Provinces|Maritimes]] and New England]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| align = right
| footer = ''Top to bottom'': French-Canadian American potato farmers in [[Caribou, Maine]] (1940); a bilingual ad for Hampden Ale (1948); three girls holding a banner for [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]'s Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste (1986)
| image1 = French-Canadian potato farmers near Caribou, Maine.jpg
| image2 = Hampden Ale ad en français in La Justice (30 Septembre 1948).jpg
| image3 = Three girls hold a banner for Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste, Franco American Day, St. Jean Baptiste, Lowell, Massachusetts.jpg }}
Dating back to the earliest colonial period, a French presence remained in New England with its proximity to [[Quebec]], even after many Acadians were exiled in ''[[Expulsion of the Acadians|Le Grand Dérangement]]'' and later settled in [[Spanish Louisiana]]. Although the [[French and Indian War]] would leave distance between the Yankee and Franco settlers, the role of [[France in the American Revolutionary War#North American operations|France in the American Revolution]] as well as the contributions of French military figures like [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] in the [[Siege of Yorktown]], engendered an alliance against [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] at that time.

Early figures from French stock who would become a part of the American narrative included [[Peter Faneuil]], Gov. [[James Bowdoin]], and [[Paul Revere]], all descendants of [[Huguenots]] who fled persecution to the New World. However, while Faneuil and Bowdoin both spoke fluently, the latter encouraged his son [[James Bowdoin III]] to learn the language, but was described as decidedly pro-British after the Revolution, for his disdain at France's reversion of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref>{{cite book |title=James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZaY5Vxx0qIC&pg=PA60 |pages=60–61 |chapter=Huguenot Memories |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=2004 |last1=Manuel |first1=Frank E. |last2=Manuel |first2=Fritzie P.|isbn = 9780871692474}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Connecting Worlds and People: Early Modern Diasporas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8-iDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 |page=52 |editor1=Dagmar Freist |editor2=Susanne Lachenicht |quote=Peter Faneuil who inherited his uncle's firm on condition that he remained unmarried, spoke English and French; in his private correspondence he used French as his main language |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |location=New York|isbn = 9781317162001}}</ref> In contrast, born to a French household, Revere (anglicized from ''Rivoire'') only spoke the English of the Bay Province, though he had family who spoke the French language in Boston and overseas, and would correspond with them, having replies translated for him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Paul Revere: American Patriot |last=Ford |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNBjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |page=70 |publisher=Enslow Publishers |year=2015 |location=Berkeley Heights, N. J.|isbn=9780766064867 }}</ref>

The French language remained extant in Boston during its time as a British colony, though not abundant, one reason being a fear of the influence of [[Catholicism]]; academically this prevented the language from gaining early acceptance at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], when its first instructor was dismissed in 1735, after two years of teaching, due to rumors of converting students from [[Protestantism]].<ref name="LOCBlog">{{cite web|website=4 Corners of the World; International Collections|last=Spiegel|first=Taru|date=September 30, 2019|archive-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006135426/https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|title=Teaching French at Harvard and L'Abeille Françoise|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Six decades later, one of the first publishers of a French textbook in the Americas was Harvard's first salaried French instructor, Joseph Nancrède, who compiled then-contemporary French texts and published them alongside limited English translations in his ''L'Abeille Françoise'' in 1792. Years before, in 1789, Nancrède established the first French newspaper of Boston, a short-lived weekly published for six months that year which he described in its [[prospectus (finance)|prospectus]] as a means to foster commerce between the Americans and French-speaking world, and "to convey adequate ideas of the Majesty of Congress to nations who scarcely know that there is one existing."<ref name="LOCBlog"/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volume=LXX|issue=1|date=Spring 1976|title=Joseph Nancrede, Franco-American Bookseller-Publisher, 1761-1841 |pages=1–88 |last=Stern |first=Madeleine B.|doi=10.1086/pbsa.70.1.24302257|jstor = 24302257|s2cid=183547078}}</ref>

Outside of Boston, prior to the [[Industrial Revolution in the United States|Industrial Revolution]] and the [[Second Industrial Revolution]], the influence of French settlers in New England was diminished almost entirely following the end of the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], which gave control of the region to the British. During this time many of [[Vermont]]'s earliest settlers returned to Quebec; however, the Vermont Archaeological Society has noted in the past that a small number of French remained settled, at farms too remote to meet the notice of the fledgling colonial government.<ref name="overview">{{cite book|title=A Franco-American Overview|publisher=National Assessment and Dissemination Center, Lesley College; US Department of Education|location=Cambridge, Mass.|date=May 1979|volume=I|page=208|last1=Albert|first1=Renaud S. |last2=Martin |first2=Andre |last3=Giguere |first3=Madeleine |last4=Allain |first4=Mathe |last5=Brasseaux |first5=Carl A. |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED260000.pdf |via=Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)}}</ref> Similarly, [[Maine]] was claimed by the French to the east of the [[Kennebec River]], and during the expulsion of the Acadians, French culture largely left that landscape as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=William D. |title=The History of the State of Maine; from its Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7soTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 |volume=II |year=1832 |pages=27, 266, 293 |publisher=Hallowell}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Quebec diaspora|Great Migration]] of the Québécois during the Second Industrial Revolution, one of the earliest examples of New England French arose from the [[Papineau Rebellion]] in [[Lower Canada]]. Following the rebellion, [[Ludger Duvernay]], one of the 26 patriot leaders arrested by Canadian authorities for printing articles critical of the British colonial government, went into exile in the States. Formerly publishing ''La Minerve'' in [[Montreal]], he issued a prospectus for a French-language paper in 1838, hoping Americans would support a journal that promoted civil rights and independence in Lower Canada. He set up in [[Burlington, Vermont]], what was described as the first French-Canadian American newspaper, publishing the first issue of ''Le Patriote Canadien'' on August 7, 1839, for both Canadians across the border and a [[Patriote movement|patriot community]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Le Patriote canadien. (Montréal) 1839-1840 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927122427/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |publisher=Library of Congress |author=South Dakota State Historical Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft |publisher=L'Opinion Publique |language=fr|year=1911 |location=Worcester, Mass. |last=Belisle |first=Alexandre}}</ref>

===The Great Migration===
[[File:Bulletin de la société historique franco-américaine.jpg|thumb|left|160px|The ''Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-américaine'' for 1943, one of many institution created from ''[[La Survivance]]'']]
Beginning in the late 1840s, greater numbers of French Canadians began to settle in the States, at first for seasonal agricultural jobs, and then eventually brought in by horse and later train, to serve as factory workers for the large mill towns being built by [[the Boston Associates]] and others all across the six New England states. By 1899 there were reportedly 120 French-language parishes in New England, and by that time of the 1.5 million people of French-speaking Canada, about 600,000 had migrated to the U.S., primarily to New England.<ref>Sacha Richard, "American Perspectives on La fièvre aux États-Unis, 1860–1930: A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' (2002) 32#1 pp: 105-132.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Influence of French in New England|work=Times-Picayune|location=New Orleans, La.|page=10|date=July 15, 1899}}</ref> To a degree these newcomers integrated and learned the English language; however, ''[[La Survivance]]'' also endured.<ref name="Laurier">{{cite book |title=Souvenir du banquet Laurier, Boston, Mass, Hôtel Vendôme, Mardi, 17 Novembre, 1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_03527/page/53 |editor=R. C. de Beaumont |year=1892 |publisher=Imprimerie du National |location=Lowell, Mass. |isbn=9780665035272 |language=fr}}</ref> On the eve of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]], in 1881 [[Carroll D. Wright]] described the newly-arrived French as the "Chinese of the Eastern States" for their refusal to entirely integrate, the use of their labor by mill owners to subvert union wages, and the creation of separate French-language institutions. This statement would serve as a flashpoint of controversy for decades, but others in the Yankee political class would welcome the newcomers, with Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] remarking in a 1908 immigration speech to the Boston City Club that they "represent one of the oldest settlements on this continent. They have been, in the broad sense, Americans for generations, and their coming to the United States is merely a movement of Americans across an imaginary line."<ref>{{cite book|title=Uniform hours of labor from the Twelfth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, for 1881 |last=Wright |first=Carroll D. |year=1889 |page=150 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058537515;view=1up;seq=168 |publisher=Wright & Potter Printing Co. |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPHUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=The Belles of New England |page=123 |last=Moran |first=William |chapter=Voyagers South |year=2002 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |location=New York|isbn=9780312326005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=United States Congressional serial set, Issue 5265 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-83AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA316|chapter=Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on Immigration |date=March 20, 1908}}</ref> Industrial cities as large as [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], and as small as [[Somersworth, New Hampshire]], would often have bilingual signs, and American customs such as baseball gradually adopted by younger generations had their own francized jargon, with it being as common for a muff{{efn|An error by an outfielder in failing to catch an easy play.}} to be met with an outcry of "sacré nom" by spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=French in New England; Old Time Raiders' Stock Majority of Population in Many Towns |via=Boston Transcript |work=Oregonian |location=Portland, Or. |page=3|date=March 5, 1906 |quote=Of course they have to pick up some English, but even the little boys who are grandsons of 'the original French' prefer the Gaelic tongue. When they are playing baseball a muff is more than likely to call out a 'sac' nom' than one of the epithets familiar on the lips of Yankee critics.}}</ref>

One of the earliest examples of New England French being differentiated from Canadian French and [[Acadian French]] came in an 1898 study in [[Johns Hopkins University]]'s ''[[Modern Language Notes]]'', noting variants of [[phonology]], and studies would continue sporadically covering vocabulary into the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Modern Language Notes |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=xiii |issue=4 |pages=105–112 |doi=10.2307/2917284 |date=April 1898 |title=American-French Dialect Comparison|jstor=2917284 |last1=Geddes |first1=James |hdl=2027/njp.32101073049387 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |title=Notes on the Vocabulary of the French-Canadian Dialect Spoken in Brunswick, Maine |last=Locke |first=William N. |volume=XIX |issue=6 |date=May 1946 |pages=416–422|jstor=380393 }}</ref><ref name="vocabulary2">{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |volume=XXXV |issue=2 |date=December 1961 |pages=163–175 |publisher=American Association of Teachers of French |title=New England French Vocabulary |last=Brault |first=Gerard J.}}</ref> By 1924, approximately 1.5 million people, regardless of origin, spoke French in New England,<ref name="French in New England">{{cite news |title=French in New England |work=St. Albans Daily Messenger |page=8 |location=St. Albans, VT |date=September 9, 1924 |quote=New England has more than 1,500,000 French-speaking people.}}</ref>{{efn|It is unclear if this represents native fluency or fluency as a second-language.}} which at the [[1920 US Census]] was recorded at 7.4 million residents, placing the proportion of French speakers at about one-fifth of the population, or nearly the same proportion as that of French speakers in Canada in 2016.<ref name="French in New England"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] |last=Canada |first=Government of Canada, Statistics |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=8 February 2017 |language=en |access-date=2017-10-03}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Historical newspapers===
[[File:Alliance des Journaux Franco-Americains de la Nouvelle Angleterre.png|left|thumb|150px|Seal of the Alliance des Journaux Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle Angleterre, a trade organization of French-language newspapers in New England extant from 1937 to 1963.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}]]

[[File:Total New England French-language newspapers of by municipality (1838-1938).svg|right|thumb|270px|A map showing a total of 242 Franco-American newspapers published in New England in the French language, extant for some period between the years 1838 and 1938.]]
During the late 19th through mid-20th centuries, the dialect was supported with more than 250 French newspapers extant in New England, many being published weekly and only seeing publication for a few years, while some would endure from the late 1800s and early 1900s into the [[interwar period]], with 21 newspapers and four monthlies in existence in 1937, and a handful publishing through the 1960s, such as ''[[Le Messager (Maine)|Le Messager]]'' in [[Lewiston, Maine]], ''L'Indépendent'' in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/ |website=Chronicling America |title=About L'Indépendente |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521164527/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/|author=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> and ''[[La Justice]]'' in [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]].<ref name="NEReview">{{cite journal |title=Journalism and the French Survival in New England |last=Ham |first=Edward Billings |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1938 |pages=89–107 |publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc. |jstor=360562 |doi=10.2307/360562 }}</ref> However, competition with the daily English press, a lack of public support from non-speakers, and the availability of larger Quebec publications like ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'' in [[Montreal]] led to a gradual decline of the New England French newspaper trade. In one 1936 editorial in the [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island|Woonsocket]] ''L'Union'', the editorship described an apathy that had set in with the French community in response to an increase in advertising for financial support-<ref name="NEReview"/>{{efn|Original in French: "Notre presse réussit à peine à se maintenir...Un de nos hebdomadaires vient encore d'expirer; d'autres vivent presque exclusivement des annonces; plusieurs n'obtiennent que blâme et dénigrement en retour de la publicité gratuite qu'ils donnent aux œuvres franco-américaines...C'est surtous l'hostilité, l'apathie, l'indifférence des Franco-Américains qui empêchent nos journaux d'atteindre la perfection...Leurs défauts proviennent de leur impuissance relative bien plus que de leur incompétence"}}

<blockquote>"Our press is barely able to maintain itself ... One of our weeklies has just expired; others live almost exclusively on ads; many get only blame and denigration in return for the free publicity they give to Franco-American works ... It's all the hostility, the apathy, the indifference of Franco-Americans that prevent our newspapers from achieving perfection ... Their defects come from their relative helplessness rather than from their incompetence."</blockquote>

Many of these ads would increasingly appear in English, and changing mediums like radio, as well as a frustration with the helpless financial situation leading to more ads only aggravated the decline.<ref name="NEReview"/> One exception to this was Lewiston's ''Le Messager'', whose publisher-owner, Jean-Baptiste Couture, founded central Maine's first, and New England's only radio station owned by a Franco-American weekly, [[WIGY (AM)|WCOU]], in 1938.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|256}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Shadows of the Trees, The Story of French-Canadians in New England|last=Ducharme|first=Jacques|publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]]|location=New York & London|year=1943|oclc=5824785|pages=200–202}}</ref> The bilingual WCOU would outlive the paper, broadcasting regular French programming through at least 1972.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Le Canado-Américain|magazine=Le Canado-Américain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT3ZAAAAMAAJ|quote=He directed two French radio programs, the first at WCOU of Lewiston from 1960 to 1972…|location=Manchester, N.H.|year=1979|page=7|volume=5}}</ref> A few newspapers were able to retain a readership beyond the 1960s independently. This included ''Le Travailleur'', a Worcester French-language weekly that folded in 1978 which, in its final years, could hardly be described as in the tradition of its predecessors, as it was mainly syndicated news from France.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Travailleur (Worcester, Mass.) 1931-1978|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn86072008/|website=Library of Congress|access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref> During a period of revival in preserving New England French in academia and civics, the Ligue des Sociétés de Langue Française ("League of French Language Societies") in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]] launched its monthly ''L'Unité'', which published from 1976 through 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fac-l-unite/index.html|website=USM Digital Commons|publisher=University of Southern Maine|location=Portland, Me.|title=L'Unité Collection, Franco Publications|access-date=November 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="brault">{{cite book|title=The French Canadian Heritage in New England|last=Brault|first=Gerard J.|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXbC2EFS08gC|location=Hanover, N.H.|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=9780874513592}}</ref>{{rp|100}} The only New England French news outlet to endure into [[History of the Internet|the emergence of the internet]] was ''Le Journal de Lowell''; founded in 1975, the monthly paper would continue to produce French-language content, including the translation of English ads, until December 1995, when it abruptly ceased publication.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919180851/https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|url=https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|title=Le Journal de Lowell|date=8 January 2014 |publisher=Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = center
| width1 = 186
| width2 = 160
| width3 = 205
| footer = ''Left to right:'' The ''Courier de Boston'', published in 1789, was the city's first French newspaper, coverage including [[George Washington]]'s inaugural speech in French and English in its [[:File:Courier de Boston (14 Mai 1789).jpg|May 14, 1789 issue]]; an 1893 issue of ''Le Défenseur'', a [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]] French weekly extant from 1884 to 1894; a 1943 issue of ''La Justice de Biddeford'', published from 1896 to about 1950
| image1 = Courier de Boston.jpg
| image2 = Le Défenseur (Mars 16, 1893).jpg|200px
| image3 = La Justice de Biddeford (11 Septembre 1943).jpg}}

===Decline===
A combination of cultural and economic forces would drive a decline in the use of the French language in New England through the end of the 20th century. Attitudes varied among Anglophone Yankees. During a speech in 1891 in Boston, Canadian Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] urged a French-Canadian audience, "One of the things that is absolutely essential is to study the English language, the language of [this] country...most of you, if you are now over a million on this side of the 45th line, you have not come for any other object than that of earning your daily bread. So, while not losing the memory of your origin, remember that you have duties to fulfill as citizens of the Republic and that you must love your adopted homeland."<ref name="Laurier"/>{{efn|Original in French:[I]l y a une chose qui est tout a fait indispensable, c'est d'etudier la langue anglaise, la langue du pays... Car, apres tout, la grande chose s'est d'abord de gagner le pain de chaque jour; et si vous etes etablis sur le sol americain, la plupart d'entre vous, si vouts etes maintenant au dela d'un million de ce cote-ci de la ligne 45ieme, vous n'y etes pas venus pour d'autre object que celui de gagner votre pain quotidien. Ainsi, tout en ne perdant pas le souvenir de votre origine, souvenez-vous que vous avez des devoirs a remplir comme citoyens de la Republique et que vous devez aimer votre patrie d'adoption.}}

While a sense of civic solidarity with Americans was expressed by Laurier and other French-American and Canadian leaders, economic discrimination also disfavored New England French speakers. Not unlike the exclusion some Francophones in [[Louisiana]] would witness,<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Language Loss in Cajun Louisiana: Integrative Evolutionary Approaches in Linguistic Anthropology |last=Fiedler |first=Michelle Y. |date=May 2006 |publisher=Washington State University |degree=Master of Arts in Anthropology |citeseerx=10.1.1.457.9908 }}</ref> attitudes towards French speakers in New England would also result in disparate outcomes. In a 1983 study by the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights|US Commission on Civil Rights]], a Vermont committee found that though the French language was spoken by a large part of its population, they often held disparately lower wealth and educational outcomes than monolingual English-speaking peers, with few resources given to bilingual education. The committee would attribute this in part to the [[Americanization (immigration)|Americanization]] Department of the [[United States Department of Education|US Bureau of Education]] program, begun in 1919, requiring all students to be taught in English alone, prompting laws in Rhode Island, Maine, and New Hampshire prohibiting immersive teaching, requiring only English in classes not specifically dedicated to foreign language. Connecticut and Vermont would both see bills introduced for preventing the use of French in Catholic schools, but neither would pass their legislatures.<ref name="CivilRightsReport"/> A consequence of those laws that were enacted however, were that entire communities where only French was spoken were subject to scrutiny by the state. A threat of penalty or termination of funding for speaking French outside of French classes led to measures in Maine which suppressed the language. Most notably, children were often asked to refrain from speaking anything but English when state officials were present, leading to "silent playgrounds" during days schools were being inspected.<ref>{{cite magazine|language=en|magazine=The Forum|last=Bouchard Morin|first=Amy|title=Nos Histories de L'Ile Stories - Some of the Reasons French Children Were Encouraged to Assimilate|pages=6–7|date=Spring 2017|quote=Now my mother spoke only French until she went to college to become a teacher. Her first teaching assignment was to teach kindergarten in Madawaska, Maine. All the children came to her speaking only French, and she had to teach them in English. Imagine her stress. It would have been so much easier for her and for those little ones to teach them in French. Occasionally inspectors from the State would visit the schools. When word came that the inspectors were coming the teachers were told to be sure that only English was spoken in the school and on the grounds. So when the children went out for recess they were told to be sure to only speak English. These little French children played in silent playgrounds when the inspectors were in the area. I can't even imagine a silent playground.|publisher=Le Centre Franco-Américain, Université du Maine|editor=Lisa Desjardins Michaud}}</ref>

In turn, as the economy of Canada improved, a number of those whose families had moved to the United States would return to Quebec, [[Ontario]], and [[New Brunswick]], as well, into the latter half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Canadian Emigration to the United States 1840-1930 |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620073138/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |publisher=Marianopolis College |date=August 23, 2000}}</ref>

===Preservation efforts===
[[File:Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre by Paul P Chassé (1976).jpg|right|thumb|''Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre'', compiled by Paul Chassé for the [[United States Bicentennial|American Bicentennial]], represents the most complete collection of Franco-American poetry, with most works in New England French.]]
A decline in the French language was evident by the mid-20th century, with Joseph Ubalde-Paquin, a president of the [[Société Historique Franco-Américaine]], noting during the 2nd Congress of the French Language in Boston in 1937 (''2e Congrès de la Langue française''), that "the Franco-Americans always speak valiantly the French Language, but the French spirit disappears from their families; their children think in English and therefore speak more easily in the English language." Paquin went on to urge families to francize their prayer and song, so future generations "may serve as an extension of ourselves and our ancestors".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-Américaine |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci |language=fr|page=[https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci/page/7 7] |title=Discours du President [Region du Conseil d'Administration; Le dimanche 14 février 1937 au Touraine à Boston; Les Franco-Américains et le 2e Congrès de la Langue française; Tous les comités régionaux des États-Unis] |year=1935 |publisher=Société historique Franco-Américaine |location=Manchester, N. H.}}</ref>{{efn|Original in French: Ce soir, après vingt-cinq ans, nous pouvons dire à notre tour: les Franco-Américains parlent toujours vaillamment la Langue française, mais l'esprit français disparit de leurs familles; leurs enfants pensent en anglais et par conséquent, s'expriment plus facilement dans la Langue anglaise. Le Deuxieme Congrès devra marquer le commencement d'une ère nouvelle. Esperons que les campagnes d'idées qui le precedent, l'agitation des esprits, les sentiments qu'auront fait germer dans nos coeurs les missionnaires de la pensé française qui nous visitent, nous inciteront comme chefs de famille, à prendre la ferme résolution de franciser l'atmosphere de nos prière et la chanson, afin que nos enfants ressentent le besoin de parler français et d'être le prolongement de nous-mêmes et de nos aïeux.}} Such groups, organized at a national and international level in New England, represented more than gatherings of [[Franco-Americans|Franco-American]]s, but rather other speakers of the French language as well. For example, a 1938 reception for [[René Doynel de Saint-Quentin]] saw representation from Louisiana and from Boston's [[Greater Lebanon|Syro-Lebanais]] community. In 1938 as well, New Englanders saw representation at the [[Second Congress on the French Language in Canada]] (''Deuxième Congrès de la langue française au Canada''), which included resolutions to establish 12 ''survivance'' committees in the New England states, promoting press, cultural institutions and similar.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Le Canada-français|date=June 1939|title=Les Livres|page=1000|url=https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2678624|via=Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Quebec}}</ref> To some degree a Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique would remain active into the 1950s,<ref>{{cite book|title=La Vie Franco-Américaine 1950; Treizième Rapport Annuel|publisher=Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique; Imprimerie Ballard Frères|year=1950|location=Manchester, N.H}}</ref> while meetings of the Société Historique Franco-Américaine would continue in cooperation with other French-speaking communities through the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71 |pages=70–71 |publisher=Université Laval |last=Louder |first=Dean R. |oclc=1097785488 |location=Sainte-Foy, Qc. |language=fr|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

In 2012 the state of Maine, one of two states (along with Vermont) where French was the second-most spoken language, created a Franco-American Task Force to evaluate the current status of the language among Franco-Americans in Maine. Among its findings were that of this population, only 12.3% over the age of 5, about 40,000 individuals, spoke French. Some 98.5% of these Franco-Americans had been born in the United States, indicating the persistence of New England French. Nevertheless, the report concluded the French language was no longer inherently part of French-American identity.<ref name="Maine2012Report">{{cite report |title=Franco-Americans in Maine: Statistics from the American Community Survey |last=Myall |first=James |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053313/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |publisher=State of Maine Legislative Franco-American Task Force |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> As part of this effort, in 2012 Maine launched an immersive Maine French Heritage Language Program, designed to have at least four in five classes conducted in French, catering to both the New England dialect and those of immigrants and refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maine French Heritage Language Program |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215202521/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |author=Doris A. Bonneau |publisher=University of Southern Maine |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> However, this program was cut by 2014, when the French Department of the [[University of Southern Maine]], providing program curricula, was closed entirely.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129014414/https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |date=October 27, 2014 |work=Portland Press Herald |location=Portland, Me. |title=Language arts dying out at USM |last=Gallagher |first=Noel K.}}</ref> By 2019, the decline had not seen any changes in trend despite the language's centuries-old presence in the state. Even with renewed bilingualism initiatives, a lack of support for foreign-language programs and a shortage of teachers, as well as the stigmatism of the previous English-only laws were blamed in part for a lack of knowledge in French in Maine's youngest generation.<ref name="2019decline"/>

The Massachusetts American and French Canadian Cultural Exchange Commission, though not strictly a linguistic body like Louisiana's [[CODOFIL]], maintains, and develops cultural ties between French-Canadians and Franco-Americans, as well as a number of Francophone organizations.<ref name="lesfrancoNE"/><ref>{{cite web|website=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|publisher=Commonowealth of Massachusetts|archive-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316191923/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|title=Citizens' Guide to State Services, Housing/Community Development- Commissions}}</ref>

Although not taught strictly in the New England dialect, in recent years new efforts have arisen to preserve the language, with a Maine chapter of the [[Alliance Française]] established in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] in August 2019, adding to others in Hartford, Providence, [[Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area|Greater Burlington]], the Centre Franco-Americain in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], and the French Cultural Center in Boston. The New England dialect, and some of the vocabulary and mannerisms that characterize it, not unlike Acadian, Canadian, and Cajun French, however, have faced less institutional support, in favor of [[Standard French]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203105316/http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |url=http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |title=Ending the Damaging Myth of "Bad French" in New England |date=April 15, 2016 |last=Myall |first=James |website=Parlez-Vous American? |publisher=Bangor Daily News}}</ref> A number of smaller local cultural and language preservation groups remain extant, including Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell and L'Association Francophone de Fall River in Massachusetts.

While not approached from a preservation standpoint, in recent years a "French Friendly" policy has been adopted through the Northern Border Regional Commission by the state of New Hampshire and its [[chambers of commerce]], and Burlington, Vermont, providing training for service industry employees to provide Canadian French service to a substantial French-Canadian tourist demographic.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bienvenue au NH |language=en, fr |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014025538/https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |url=https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |publisher=Plymouth State University}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=France-Amérique |location=New York |language=fr|title=Burlington, le Vermont 'french friendly' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811184541/https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/ |archive-date=August 11, 2019 |url=https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Population==
As the French language is only differentiated from [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] in [[US Census Bureau]] figures, this provides an estimate of the French-speaking population but speakers of the dialect are not enumerated specifically. According to the 2016 [[American Community Survey]], in total there were about 160,000 residents in New England who spoke some form of the language at home, with the highest population in [[Massachusetts]], and the highest per capita residential population in Maine. By county, the 2015 American Community Survey showed the highest populations of French speakers in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]], with 16,593 household speakers, and [[Hartford County, Connecticut]], with 11,620. Per capita, the only county with more than 10% of residents speaking any form of French at home was [[Aroostook County, Maine]] (9,800 or 14.6%), due to its geographic proximity to Canada and speakers of [[Acadian French|Acadian]] and [[Quebec French]]. [[Coos County, New Hampshire]] (2,923 or 9.6%), [[Androscoggin County, Maine]] (8,913 or 8.8%) and [[Essex County, Vermont]] (374 or 6.3%) were the only other counties with more than 5% of the population speaking French, with Androscoggin County, home to [[Lewiston, Maine]], being the sole county not bordering Canada with such a proportion of speakers.<ref name="NewEnglandStates"/><ref name="State ACS">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All States Within United States, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213114833/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===French-speakers by state===
{{main|French language in the United States}}

The figures below include speakers of any [[French dialect]], as estimated during the 2012-2016 [[American Community Survey]]:<ref name="State ACS"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
!French name
!Number of speakers!! Percent French-speaking
|-
|[[Maine]]
|''Maine''
|38,695
|3.06%
|-
|[[New Hampshire]]
|''Nouveau Hampshire''
|21,260
|1.68%
|-
|[[Vermont]]
|''Vert Mont''
|8,508
|1.43%
|-
|[[Rhode Island]]
|''Île Rhode''
|9,382
|0.94%
|-
|[[Massachusetts]]
|''Massachusetts''
|54,710
|0.86%
|-
|[[Connecticut]]
|''Connecticut''
|25,828
|0.76%
|}

===Francophone communities===
French language spoken at home by more than 10% of the population, as estimated for the 2011-2015 American Community Survey:<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Community
!French name!! State !! Percent French-speaking !! Total population of community (2010 census)
|-
|[[Frenchville, Maine|Frenchville]]
|''Ville-Française''
|Maine
|67.4%
|1,087
|-
|[[Hamlin, Maine|Hamlin]]
|''Hamlin''
|Maine
|62.8%
|219
|-
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|''Grande Île''
|Maine
|62.6%
|467
|-
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
|''Madawaska''
|Maine
|61.8%
|4,035
|-
|[[Dennistown Plantation, Maine|Dennistown Plantation]]
|''Plantation de Dennistown''
|Maine
|59.3%
|30
|-
|[[St. Agatha, Maine|St. Agatha]]
|''Sainte-Agathe''
|Maine
|56.6%
|747
|-
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
|''Van Buren''
|Maine
|56.5%
|2,171
|-
|[[Cyr Plantation, Maine|Cyr Plantation]]
|''Plantation Cyr''
|Maine
|55.9%
|103
|-
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
|''Fort-Kent''
|Maine
|47.5%
|4,097
|-
|[[Wallagrass, Maine|Wallagrass]]
|''Wallagrass''
|Maine
|46.9%
|546
|-
|[[St. John Plantation, Maine|St. John Plantation]]
|''Plantation de Saint-Jean''
|Maine
|44.2%
|267
|-
|[[New Canada, Maine|New Canada]]
|''Nouveau-Canada''
|Maine
|40.7%
|321
|-
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
|''Lac Aigle''
|Maine
|40.1%
|864
|-
|[[Winterville Plantation, Maine|Winterville Plantation]]
|''Plantation de la Ville d'hiver''
|Maine
|39.0%
|224
|-
|[[St. Francis, Maine|St. Francis]]
|''Saint-François''
|Maine
|38.2%
|485
|-
|[[Ferdinand, Vermont|Ferdinand]]
|''Ferdinand''
|Vermont
|30.0%
|32
|-
|[[Norton, Vermont|Norton]]
|''Norton''
|Vermont
|24.2%
|169
|-
|[[Canaan, Vermont|Canaan]]
|''Canaan''
|Vermont
|22.8%
|972
|-
|[[Clarksville, New Hampshire|Clarksville]]
|''Ville de Clark''
|New Hampshire
|17.2%
|265
|-
|[[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]]
|''Berlin''
|New Hampshire
|16.7%
|10,051
|-
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|''Stewartstown''
|New Hampshire
|16.0%
|1,004
|-
|[[Portage Lake, Maine|Portage Lake]]
|''Lac Portage''
|Maine
|15.7%
|391
|-
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
|''Lewiston''
|Maine
|14.7%
|36,592
|-
|[[Caswell, Maine|Caswell]]
|''Caswell''
|Maine
|14.7%
|306
|-
|[[Milan, New Hampshire|Milan]]
|''Milan''
|New Hampshire
|13.6%
|1,337
|-
|[[Errol, New Hampshire|Errol]]
|''Errol''
|New Hampshire
|13.1%
|291
|-
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|''Sabattus''
|Maine
|12.9%
|4,876
|-
|[[Dummer, New Hampshire|Dummer]]
|''Dummer''
|New Hampshire
|12.2%
|304
|-
|[[Wentworth Location, New Hampshire|Wentworth Location]]
|''Emplacement de Wentworth''
|New Hampshire
|12.1%
|33
|-
|[[Averill, Vermont|Averill]]
|''Averill''
|Vermont
|11.1%
|24
|-
|[[Lyman, Maine|Lyman]]
|''Lyman''
|Maine
|10.1%
|4,344
|}

==Vocabulary==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Christian speaking New England French.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=177|Interview in New England French with a New Hampshire resident discussing common criticisms of the dialect, as well as the mélange of others spoken in the northern New England states, 2015]]
Although many variations of French are spoken by populations within New England, including Quebec, Acadian, and European French, a 1961 speaking study conducted by the [[:simple:United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare|United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] found a number of features of the New England dialect that were prevalent in the mid-20th century. Some colloquialisms found in New England French are similar to rural Quebec French with the use of words like ''char'' (roughly, "chariot"), compared with the standard French word for car, ''voiture'' ("vehicle", "automobile"), and represent words regarded as archaic in standardized French or words used in other dialects but of similar, yet distinct, usages. When respondents were presented with more advanced Standard French prompts, however, they generally demonstrated comprehension and [[code switching]]. Some examples of responses provided in the study and other regional literature include:<ref name="vocabulary2"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Standard French !! Laurentian French !! New England French
|-
| bottleneck || goulot || goulot || gougeau
|-
| corn || maïs || blé d'Inde || blé d'Inde
|-
| car || voiture || voiture/auto/char || char
|-
| dollar || dollar || dollar/piastre || piastre
|-
| heavy || lourd || lourd/pesant || pesant
|-
| midwife || sage-femme || sage-femme || baboche<ref>{{cite book|title=As I Live and Dream|first=Gertrude M.|last=Coté|oclc=8811829|publisher=Dirigo Edition; Book Craftsmen Associates|location=Manchester, Me.|year=1953|language=English|page=5|quote="Even the ''baboche'' (midwife, to you) made it her business to be on hand...")}}</ref>
|-
| mirror || miroir || miroir || glace
|-
| now || maintenant || maintenant/astheure ||astheure<ref>{{cite book|page=69|url=http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtxt/179630.pdf|publisher=L'Action Sociale|location=Quebec City|title=Glossaire du Parler Français au Canada|year=1930}}
* {{cite web|website=moé pi toé|publisher=Franco American Women's Institute|url=http://www.fawi.net/ezine/vol3no4/2AdeleStPierre.html|title='Asteure'|accessdate=March 4, 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Contraction of "à cette heure", also found in Louisiana French and colloquially in Northwest parts of France.}}
|-
| pineapple || ananas || ananas || pomme de pin<ref>{{cite book|title=Language in the Real World: An Introduction to Linguistics|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinrealwo0000unse/page/96/mode/2up|page=96|quote=Pauline Courchesne (2007), a Franco-American speaker of French from Holyoke, Massachusetts, recounts an episode in which, while in France, she use the term from her region for pineapple, which is ''pomme de pin'' (literally, 'apple of pine'). Unaware that the word for pineapple in France is ''ananas'', she wrote ''pommes de pin'' on a customs form for a box of pineapples that she was sending to Czechoslovakia. The French postal worker gave her a strange look but passed the box through...It wasn't until later that she learned that, in the eyes of the French postal worker, she had sent a box of pine cones...}}</ref>
|-
| potato || pomme de terre || patate || pétate
|-
| strainer || passoire || passoire || tamis
|-
| sweeper || balayeuse || balayeuse || balai
|-
|}

===Code switching in English===
Given the ubiquity of English in the region as well as the close proximity of French and English speaking groups, oftentimes code switching is used extensively by Franco-American families even when French is not spoken by all members of the household. Many of these words are used as terms of endearment between grandparents referring to their grandchildren, or by their parents, and often picked up by the children themselves, in households of Franco-American families whose youngest generations primarily speak English.

Examples include substitutions as simple as calling grandparents ''mémère'' (shortened ''mémé'') or ''pépère'' (''pépé''), while a 1969 study found other more opaque examples, a small sample of which includes:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Romance Notes|volume=XI|issue=1|date=Autumn 1969|title=New England Franco-American Terms Used in Spoken English|pages=219–225|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|last=Cagnon|first=Maurice}}</ref>

* ''baboune'' (noun), to press one's lips together and outwards in a pouty expression or "[[duck face]]". For example- "Don't make a ''baboune'' like that, your face will stay that way."
* ''pépéte'' (noun), bird, as in "Do you see the little ''pépétes''?"
* ''quenoeil'' (noun), eye, as in "Make pretty ''quenoeils'' for ''mémère''."
* ''séssi'' (verb), sit down, particularly in the context of an exclamation as in "''Séssi!'' You ''séssi'' now!"
* ''matante'' or ''mononcle'', aunt or uncle

==Media==
{{see also|Franco American literature}}
Though not offering weekly or monthly coverage, the [[New York City|New York]]-based bilingual ''[[France-Amérique]]'' magazine writes periodic news stories on [[Francophone]] community events and institutions in New England.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320143124/https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le français, un investissement dans le Vermont et le New Hampshire}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=September 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919173139/https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le retour du français (et de l'Alliance Française) dans le Maine}}</ref> With the exception of Francophone group publications such as the newsletter of ''Boston Accueil'', no regular French periodicals are extant within New England today. In other mediums the language is rarely found, with the exception of [[Canadian French]] AM repeaters of [[Radio-Canada]] from Quebec, and an online forum maintained by the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], "Bienvenue à Boston".<ref>{{cite web|title=French Associations in New England|archive-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408071229/https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|url=https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|language=en|publisher=Consulate General of France in Boston; République Française}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903052715/https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|archive-date=September 3, 2018|url=https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|title=Bienvenue à Boston|publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|United States}}
* [[Acadian French]]
* [[American French]]
* [[Canadian French]]
* [[Early Franco-American newspapers]]
* [[French in New Hampshire]]
* [[French language in Canada]]
* [[French language in the United States]]
* [[Louisiana French]]
* [[New England English]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book|title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft|publisher=L'Opinion Publique|language=fr|year=1911|location=Worcester, Mass.|last=Belisle|first=Alexandre}}
* {{cite journal|title=À la recherche du français en Nouvelle-Angleterre: une enquête de terrain à travers six États|volume=XXIV|issue=3|pages=377–401|last1=DuBois|first1=Sylvie|first2=Carole|last2=Salmon|doi=10.1017/S095926951300029X|date=November 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=Journal of French Language Studies|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=The Future Past: The Social Context of Franco-American Schooling in New England|last=Jacobson|first=Phyllis|oclc=424854889|publisher=UCLA Graduate School of Education; US Dept. of Education|series=Bilingual Education; Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED231223|year=1983}}
* {{cite book|title=Phonological Variables in a New England French Speech Community|last=Kelley|first=Henry Edward|publisher=Cornell University|year=1980|oclc=13275797}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Miller|last2=Yelsma|last3=Heap|first1=Mary R|first2=Paul L|first3=Norman A|year=1971|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa (Ala.)|oclc=737567|title=Bilingualism in northern New England}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5gqAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Association internationale pour la recherche et la diffusion des méthodes audio-visuelles et structuro-globales|language=en, fr|location=Manchester (N.H.)|year=1973|oclc=1046242|last=Poulin|first=Norman A.|title=Oral and Nasal Vowel Diphthongization of a New England French Dialect}}
*{{cite book|title=Franco-Americans in Massachusetts: 'No French no mo' 'round here'|last=Szlezák|first=Edith|publisher=Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co|language=en|location=Langewiesen, Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQZ_DwAAQBAJ|oclc=794490594|year=2010|isbn=9783823374497}}

==External links==
* [http://www.villesfrancoamerique.com/ Réseau des Villes Francophones et Francophiles de l'Amérique], ''en français'', (Network of Francophone and Francophile Cities of America)
* [https://boston.consulfrance.org/Les-ecoles-francaises-en-Nouvelle-Angleterre Les écoles françaises en Nouvelle-Angleterre], Consulat Général de France à Boston
* [http://credo.library.umass.edu/search?q=subject:%22Franco-Americans--Massachusetts%22 Recordings of New England French], Eloise A. Briere, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections
* [https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/franco-publications-and-programs/ Franco Publications and Programs], University of Southern Maine Digital Commons; includes examples of weekly and monthly newspapers
* [https://www.loc.gov/collections/lowell-folklife-project/?fa=subject:franco-americans Franco-American Recordings, Documents, and Photographs], Lowell Folklife Project, Library of Congress

{{French dialects by continent}}
{{Gallo-Romance languages and dialects}}

[[Category:Culture of New England]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:French dialects]]
[[Category:French-Canadian American history]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Maine]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in New Hampshire]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Vermont]]
[[Category:French language in the United States]]
[[Category:French language in the Americas]]

New England French

2024-06-23T17:01:12Z

Edwki: Fixed table

{{Short description|French variety of New England, US}}
{{infobox language
| name = New England French
| nativename = français de Nouvelle-Angleterre
| pronunciation =
| states = [[United States]] ([[New England]]) (primarily [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Vermont]])
| speakers = {{sigfig|173,740|2}}
| date = 2015
| ref = <ref name="NewEnglandStates">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Connecticut, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160643/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160004/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Massachusetts, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155716/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155423/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Rhode Island, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160629/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213154915/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|Including all dialects of French spoken in New England, except French Creole}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4 = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5 = [[Western Romance languages|Western]]
| fam6 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
| fam7 = [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
| fam8 = [[French language|French]]
| ancestor = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Latin]]
| ancestor3 = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old Gallo-Romance]]
| ancestor5 = [[Old French]]
| ancestor6 = [[Middle French]]
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = none
| lingua = 51-AAA-iid
| map = Population speaking French at home in New England, percent by county.svg
| mapcaption = Percentage of population speaking French at home, including other dialects but excluding French-based creoles (2015)<ref name=NewEnglandStates/>
{{Legend|#2e648c|10–15%}}
{{Legend|#628aa8|5–10%}}
{{Legend|#97b4c7|1–5%}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|0.5-1%}}
{{hidden|Speakers by total population|[[File:Population speaking French at home in New England, sum by county.svg|220px]]Population speaking French at home, including other dialects (2015) 
{{Legend|#12568a|>15000}}
{{Legend|#2e648c|10000-15000}}
{{Legend|#4d7a9e|5000-10000}}
{{Legend|#6d93b0|2500-5000}}
{{Legend|#8dadc2|1000-2500}}
{{Legend|#aec6d4|500-1000}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|<500}}
}}
}}
'''New England French''' ({{lang-fr|français de Nouvelle-Angleterre}}) is a variety of French spoken in the [[New England]] region of the United States.<ref name=Ammon>{{cite book |title=Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties |last= Ammon|first= Ulrich|author2=International Sociological Association |year= 1989|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 978-0899253565|pages= 306–308|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC|access-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref> It descends from [[Canadian French]] because it originally came from [[French Canadians]] who immigrated to New England during the [[Grande Hémorragie]].

New England French is one of the major forms of the [[French language]] that developed in what is now the United States, the others being [[Louisiana French]] and the nearly extinct [[Missouri French]], [[Muskrat French]] and [[Métis French]]. The dialect is the predominant form of French spoken in New England (apart from standard French), except in the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John Valley]] of northern [[Aroostook County, Maine]], where [[Brayon French]] predominates.

The dialect is endangered. After the First World War, laws were instituted banning immersive bilingual teaching outside of dedicated foreign-language classes, and during the 1960s and 1970s some public schools disciplined students for speaking French in school; however, in recent years it has seen renewed interest and is supported by bilingual education programs in place since 1987.<ref name=Ammon/> A continuing trend of reduced bilingual and foreign-language education has affected the language's prevalence in younger generations.<ref name="CivilRightsReport">{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvgOAdP_aTsC&pg=PA21|publisher=Vermont Advisory Committee to the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]|date=May 1983|title=Franco-Americans In Vermont; A Civil Rights Perspective|oclc=123220631|last1=Pendleton|first1=Clarence M. Jr.|last2=Smith|first2=Mary Louise|last3=Berry|first3=Mary Frances|last4=Ramirez|first4=Blandina Cardenas|last5=Ruckshaus|first5=Jill S.|last6=Saltzman|first6=Murray|last7=Hoff|first7=Philip H.}}</ref><ref name="2019decline">{{cite news |title=French is dying in northern Maine. Here's why |work=News Center Maine |url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd |date=April 30, 2019 |location=Portland, Maine |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501004613/https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd}}</ref> However, cultural programs in recent years have led to renewed interest between older generations speaking the dialect, and the language has also been bolstered by newly arrived refugee populations from [[Francophone Africa]] in cities such as [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521174857/https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |url=https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |title=In Maine, French Culture Experiences a Revival |last=Fillak |first=Jessica |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |website=Frenchly |publisher=French Morning Media Group |location=New York |date=August 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="lesfrancoNE">{{cite book|title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71|pages=70–77|publisher=Université Laval|last=Louder|first=Dean R|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Champlain's Map of Plymouth Harbor.jpg|left|thumb|1605 map of [[Plymouth Harbor]] and its natives, by French colonist and geographer [[Samuel de Champlain]], creator of the first accurate coastal map of the [[Maritime Provinces|Maritimes]] and New England]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| align = right
| footer = ''Top to bottom'': French-Canadian American potato farmers in [[Caribou, Maine]] (1940); a bilingual ad for Hampden Ale (1948); three girls holding a banner for [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]'s Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste (1986)
| image1 = French-Canadian potato farmers near Caribou, Maine.jpg
| image2 = Hampden Ale ad en français in La Justice (30 Septembre 1948).jpg
| image3 = Three girls hold a banner for Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste, Franco American Day, St. Jean Baptiste, Lowell, Massachusetts.jpg }}
Dating back to the earliest colonial period, a French presence remained in New England with its proximity to [[Quebec]], even after many Acadians were exiled in ''[[Expulsion of the Acadians|Le Grand Dérangement]]'' and later settled in [[Spanish Louisiana]]. Although the [[French and Indian War]] would leave distance between the Yankee and Franco settlers, the role of [[France in the American Revolutionary War#North American operations|France in the American Revolution]] as well as the contributions of French military figures like [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] in the [[Siege of Yorktown]], engendered an alliance against [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] at that time.

Early figures from French stock who would become a part of the American narrative included [[Peter Faneuil]], Gov. [[James Bowdoin]], and [[Paul Revere]], all descendants of [[Huguenots]] who fled persecution to the New World. However, while Faneuil and Bowdoin both spoke fluently, the latter encouraged his son [[James Bowdoin III]] to learn the language, but was described as decidedly pro-British after the Revolution, for his disdain at France's reversion of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref>{{cite book |title=James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZaY5Vxx0qIC&pg=PA60 |pages=60–61 |chapter=Huguenot Memories |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=2004 |last1=Manuel |first1=Frank E. |last2=Manuel |first2=Fritzie P.|isbn = 9780871692474}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Connecting Worlds and People: Early Modern Diasporas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8-iDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 |page=52 |editor1=Dagmar Freist |editor2=Susanne Lachenicht |quote=Peter Faneuil who inherited his uncle's firm on condition that he remained unmarried, spoke English and French; in his private correspondence he used French as his main language |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |location=New York|isbn = 9781317162001}}</ref> In contrast, born to a French household, Revere (anglicized from ''Rivoire'') only spoke the English of the Bay Province, though he had family who spoke the French language in Boston and overseas, and would correspond with them, having replies translated for him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Paul Revere: American Patriot |last=Ford |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNBjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |page=70 |publisher=Enslow Publishers |year=2015 |location=Berkeley Heights, N. J.|isbn=9780766064867 }}</ref>

The French language remained extant in Boston during its time as a British colony, though not abundant, one reason being a fear of the influence of [[Catholicism]]; academically this prevented the language from gaining early acceptance at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], when its first instructor was dismissed in 1735, after two years of teaching, due to rumors of converting students from [[Protestantism]].<ref name="LOCBlog">{{cite web|website=4 Corners of the World; International Collections|last=Spiegel|first=Taru|date=September 30, 2019|archive-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006135426/https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|title=Teaching French at Harvard and L'Abeille Françoise|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Six decades later, one of the first publishers of a French textbook in the Americas was Harvard's first salaried French instructor, Joseph Nancrède, who compiled then-contemporary French texts and published them alongside limited English translations in his ''L'Abeille Françoise'' in 1792. Years before, in 1789, Nancrède established the first French newspaper of Boston, a short-lived weekly published for six months that year which he described in its [[prospectus (finance)|prospectus]] as a means to foster commerce between the Americans and French-speaking world, and "to convey adequate ideas of the Majesty of Congress to nations who scarcely know that there is one existing."<ref name="LOCBlog"/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volume=LXX|issue=1|date=Spring 1976|title=Joseph Nancrede, Franco-American Bookseller-Publisher, 1761-1841 |pages=1–88 |last=Stern |first=Madeleine B.|doi=10.1086/pbsa.70.1.24302257|jstor = 24302257|s2cid=183547078}}</ref>

Outside of Boston, prior to the [[Industrial Revolution in the United States|Industrial Revolution]] and the [[Second Industrial Revolution]], the influence of French settlers in New England was diminished almost entirely following the end of the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], which gave control of the region to the British. During this time many of [[Vermont]]'s earliest settlers returned to Quebec; however, the Vermont Archaeological Society has noted in the past that a small number of French remained settled, at farms too remote to meet the notice of the fledgling colonial government.<ref name="overview">{{cite book|title=A Franco-American Overview|publisher=National Assessment and Dissemination Center, Lesley College; US Department of Education|location=Cambridge, Mass.|date=May 1979|volume=I|page=208|last1=Albert|first1=Renaud S. |last2=Martin |first2=Andre |last3=Giguere |first3=Madeleine |last4=Allain |first4=Mathe |last5=Brasseaux |first5=Carl A. |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED260000.pdf |via=Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)}}</ref> Similarly, [[Maine]] was claimed by the French to the east of the [[Kennebec River]], and during the expulsion of the Acadians, French culture largely left that landscape as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=William D. |title=The History of the State of Maine; from its Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7soTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 |volume=II |year=1832 |pages=27, 266, 293 |publisher=Hallowell}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Quebec diaspora|Great Migration]] of the Québécois during the Second Industrial Revolution, one of the earliest examples of New England French arose from the [[Papineau Rebellion]] in [[Lower Canada]]. Following the rebellion, [[Ludger Duvernay]], one of the 26 patriot leaders arrested by Canadian authorities for printing articles critical of the British colonial government, went into exile in the States. Formerly publishing ''La Minerve'' in [[Montreal]], he issued a prospectus for a French-language paper in 1838, hoping Americans would support a journal that promoted civil rights and independence in Lower Canada. He set up in [[Burlington, Vermont]], what was described as the first French-Canadian American newspaper, publishing the first issue of ''Le Patriote Canadien'' on August 7, 1839, for both Canadians across the border and a [[Patriote movement|patriot community]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Le Patriote canadien. (Montréal) 1839-1840 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927122427/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |publisher=Library of Congress |author=South Dakota State Historical Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft |publisher=L'Opinion Publique |language=fr|year=1911 |location=Worcester, Mass. |last=Belisle |first=Alexandre}}</ref>

===The Great Migration===
[[File:Bulletin de la société historique franco-américaine.jpg|thumb|left|160px|The ''Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-américaine'' for 1943, one of many institution created from ''[[La Survivance]]'']]
Beginning in the late 1840s, greater numbers of French Canadians began to settle in the States, at first for seasonal agricultural jobs, and then eventually brought in by horse and later train, to serve as factory workers for the large mill towns being built by [[the Boston Associates]] and others all across the six New England states. By 1899 there were reportedly 120 French-language parishes in New England, and by that time of the 1.5 million people of French-speaking Canada, about 600,000 had migrated to the U.S., primarily to New England.<ref>Sacha Richard, "American Perspectives on La fièvre aux États-Unis, 1860–1930: A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' (2002) 32#1 pp: 105-132.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Influence of French in New England|work=Times-Picayune|location=New Orleans, La.|page=10|date=July 15, 1899}}</ref> To a degree these newcomers integrated and learned the English language; however, ''[[La Survivance]]'' also endured.<ref name="Laurier">{{cite book |title=Souvenir du banquet Laurier, Boston, Mass, Hôtel Vendôme, Mardi, 17 Novembre, 1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_03527/page/53 |editor=R. C. de Beaumont |year=1892 |publisher=Imprimerie du National |location=Lowell, Mass. |isbn=9780665035272 |language=fr}}</ref> On the eve of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]], in 1881 [[Carroll D. Wright]] described the newly-arrived French as the "Chinese of the Eastern States" for their refusal to entirely integrate, the use of their labor by mill owners to subvert union wages, and the creation of separate French-language institutions. This statement would serve as a flashpoint of controversy for decades, but others in the Yankee political class would welcome the newcomers, with Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] remarking in a 1908 immigration speech to the Boston City Club that they "represent one of the oldest settlements on this continent. They have been, in the broad sense, Americans for generations, and their coming to the United States is merely a movement of Americans across an imaginary line."<ref>{{cite book|title=Uniform hours of labor from the Twelfth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, for 1881 |last=Wright |first=Carroll D. |year=1889 |page=150 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058537515;view=1up;seq=168 |publisher=Wright & Potter Printing Co. |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPHUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=The Belles of New England |page=123 |last=Moran |first=William |chapter=Voyagers South |year=2002 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |location=New York|isbn=9780312326005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=United States Congressional serial set, Issue 5265 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-83AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA316|chapter=Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on Immigration |date=March 20, 1908}}</ref> Industrial cities as large as [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], and as small as [[Somersworth, New Hampshire]], would often have bilingual signs, and American customs such as baseball gradually adopted by younger generations had their own francized jargon, with it being as common for a muff{{efn|An error by an outfielder in failing to catch an easy play.}} to be met with an outcry of "sacré nom" by spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=French in New England; Old Time Raiders' Stock Majority of Population in Many Towns |via=Boston Transcript |work=Oregonian |location=Portland, Or. |page=3|date=March 5, 1906 |quote=Of course they have to pick up some English, but even the little boys who are grandsons of 'the original French' prefer the Gaelic tongue. When they are playing baseball a muff is more than likely to call out a 'sac' nom' than one of the epithets familiar on the lips of Yankee critics.}}</ref>

One of the earliest examples of New England French being differentiated from Canadian French and [[Acadian French]] came in an 1898 study in [[Johns Hopkins University]]'s ''[[Modern Language Notes]]'', noting variants of [[phonology]], and studies would continue sporadically covering vocabulary into the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Modern Language Notes |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=xiii |issue=4 |pages=105–112 |doi=10.2307/2917284 |date=April 1898 |title=American-French Dialect Comparison|jstor=2917284 |last1=Geddes |first1=James |hdl=2027/njp.32101073049387 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |title=Notes on the Vocabulary of the French-Canadian Dialect Spoken in Brunswick, Maine |last=Locke |first=William N. |volume=XIX |issue=6 |date=May 1946 |pages=416–422|jstor=380393 }}</ref><ref name="vocabulary2">{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |volume=XXXV |issue=2 |date=December 1961 |pages=163–175 |publisher=American Association of Teachers of French |title=New England French Vocabulary |last=Brault |first=Gerard J.}}</ref> By 1924, approximately 1.5 million people, regardless of origin, spoke French in New England,<ref name="French in New England">{{cite news |title=French in New England |work=St. Albans Daily Messenger |page=8 |location=St. Albans, VT |date=September 9, 1924 |quote=New England has more than 1,500,000 French-speaking people.}}</ref>{{efn|It is unclear if this represents native fluency or fluency as a second-language.}} which at the [[1920 US Census]] was recorded at 7.4 million residents, placing the proportion of French speakers at about one-fifth of the population, or nearly the same proportion as that of French speakers in Canada in 2016.<ref name="French in New England"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] |last=Canada |first=Government of Canada, Statistics |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=8 February 2017 |language=en |access-date=2017-10-03}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Historical newspapers===
[[File:Alliance des Journaux Franco-Americains de la Nouvelle Angleterre.png|left|thumb|150px|Seal of the Alliance des Journaux Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle Angleterre, a trade organization of French-language newspapers in New England extant from 1937 to 1963.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}]]

[[File:Total New England French-language newspapers of by municipality (1838-1938).svg|right|thumb|270px|A map showing a total of 242 Franco-American newspapers published in New England in the French language, extant for some period between the years 1838 and 1938.]]
During the late 19th through mid-20th centuries, the dialect was supported with more than 250 French newspapers extant in New England, many being published weekly and only seeing publication for a few years, while some would endure from the late 1800s and early 1900s into the [[interwar period]], with 21 newspapers and four monthlies in existence in 1937, and a handful publishing through the 1960s, such as ''[[Le Messager (Maine)|Le Messager]]'' in [[Lewiston, Maine]], ''L'Indépendent'' in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/ |website=Chronicling America |title=About L'Indépendente |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521164527/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/|author=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> and ''[[La Justice]]'' in [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]].<ref name="NEReview">{{cite journal |title=Journalism and the French Survival in New England |last=Ham |first=Edward Billings |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1938 |pages=89–107 |publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc. |jstor=360562 |doi=10.2307/360562 }}</ref> However, competition with the daily English press, a lack of public support from non-speakers, and the availability of larger Quebec publications like ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'' in [[Montreal]] led to a gradual decline of the New England French newspaper trade. In one 1936 editorial in the [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island|Woonsocket]] ''L'Union'', the editorship described an apathy that had set in with the French community in response to an increase in advertising for financial support-<ref name="NEReview"/>{{efn|Original in French: "Notre presse réussit à peine à se maintenir...Un de nos hebdomadaires vient encore d'expirer; d'autres vivent presque exclusivement des annonces; plusieurs n'obtiennent que blâme et dénigrement en retour de la publicité gratuite qu'ils donnent aux œuvres franco-américaines...C'est surtous l'hostilité, l'apathie, l'indifférence des Franco-Américains qui empêchent nos journaux d'atteindre la perfection...Leurs défauts proviennent de leur impuissance relative bien plus que de leur incompétence"}}

<blockquote>"Our press is barely able to maintain itself ... One of our weeklies has just expired; others live almost exclusively on ads; many get only blame and denigration in return for the free publicity they give to Franco-American works ... It's all the hostility, the apathy, the indifference of Franco-Americans that prevent our newspapers from achieving perfection ... Their defects come from their relative helplessness rather than from their incompetence."</blockquote>

Many of these ads would increasingly appear in English, and changing mediums like radio, as well as a frustration with the helpless financial situation leading to more ads only aggravated the decline.<ref name="NEReview"/> One exception to this was Lewiston's ''Le Messager'', whose publisher-owner, Jean-Baptiste Couture, founded central Maine's first, and New England's only radio station owned by a Franco-American weekly, [[WIGY (AM)|WCOU]], in 1938.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|256}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Shadows of the Trees, The Story of French-Canadians in New England|last=Ducharme|first=Jacques|publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]]|location=New York & London|year=1943|oclc=5824785|pages=200–202}}</ref> The bilingual WCOU would outlive the paper, broadcasting regular French programming through at least 1972.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Le Canado-Américain|magazine=Le Canado-Américain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT3ZAAAAMAAJ|quote=He directed two French radio programs, the first at WCOU of Lewiston from 1960 to 1972…|location=Manchester, N.H.|year=1979|page=7|volume=5}}</ref> A few newspapers were able to retain a readership beyond the 1960s independently. This included ''Le Travailleur'', a Worcester French-language weekly that folded in 1978 which, in its final years, could hardly be described as in the tradition of its predecessors, as it was mainly syndicated news from France.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Travailleur (Worcester, Mass.) 1931-1978|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn86072008/|website=Library of Congress|access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref> During a period of revival in preserving New England French in academia and civics, the Ligue des Sociétés de Langue Française ("League of French Language Societies") in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]] launched its monthly ''L'Unité'', which published from 1976 through 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fac-l-unite/index.html|website=USM Digital Commons|publisher=University of Southern Maine|location=Portland, Me.|title=L'Unité Collection, Franco Publications|access-date=November 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="brault">{{cite book|title=The French Canadian Heritage in New England|last=Brault|first=Gerard J.|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXbC2EFS08gC|location=Hanover, N.H.|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=9780874513592}}</ref>{{rp|100}} The only New England French news outlet to endure into [[History of the Internet|the emergence of the internet]] was ''Le Journal de Lowell''; founded in 1975, the monthly paper would continue to produce French-language content, including the translation of English ads, until December 1995, when it abruptly ceased publication.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919180851/https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|url=https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|title=Le Journal de Lowell|date=8 January 2014 |publisher=Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = center
| width1 = 186
| width2 = 160
| width3 = 205
| footer = ''Left to right:'' The ''Courier de Boston'', published in 1789, was the city's first French newspaper, coverage including [[George Washington]]'s inaugural speech in French and English in its [[:File:Courier de Boston (14 Mai 1789).jpg|May 14, 1789 issue]]; an 1893 issue of ''Le Défenseur'', a [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]] French weekly extant from 1884 to 1894; a 1943 issue of ''La Justice de Biddeford'', published from 1896 to about 1950
| image1 = Courier de Boston.jpg
| image2 = Le Défenseur (Mars 16, 1893).jpg|200px
| image3 = La Justice de Biddeford (11 Septembre 1943).jpg}}

===Decline===
A combination of cultural and economic forces would drive a decline in the use of the French language in New England through the end of the 20th century. Attitudes varied among Anglophone Yankees. During a speech in 1891 in Boston, Canadian Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] urged a French-Canadian audience, "One of the things that is absolutely essential is to study the English language, the language of [this] country...most of you, if you are now over a million on this side of the 45th line, you have not come for any other object than that of earning your daily bread. So, while not losing the memory of your origin, remember that you have duties to fulfill as citizens of the Republic and that you must love your adopted homeland."<ref name="Laurier"/>{{efn|Original in French:[I]l y a une chose qui est tout a fait indispensable, c'est d'etudier la langue anglaise, la langue du pays... Car, apres tout, la grande chose s'est d'abord de gagner le pain de chaque jour; et si vous etes etablis sur le sol americain, la plupart d'entre vous, si vouts etes maintenant au dela d'un million de ce cote-ci de la ligne 45ieme, vous n'y etes pas venus pour d'autre object que celui de gagner votre pain quotidien. Ainsi, tout en ne perdant pas le souvenir de votre origine, souvenez-vous que vous avez des devoirs a remplir comme citoyens de la Republique et que vous devez aimer votre patrie d'adoption.}}

While a sense of civic solidarity with Americans was expressed by Laurier and other French-American and Canadian leaders, economic discrimination also disfavored New England French speakers. Not unlike the exclusion some Francophones in [[Louisiana]] would witness,<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Language Loss in Cajun Louisiana: Integrative Evolutionary Approaches in Linguistic Anthropology |last=Fiedler |first=Michelle Y. |date=May 2006 |publisher=Washington State University |degree=Master of Arts in Anthropology |citeseerx=10.1.1.457.9908 }}</ref> attitudes towards French speakers in New England would also result in disparate outcomes. In a 1983 study by the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights|US Commission on Civil Rights]], a Vermont committee found that though the French language was spoken by a large part of its population, they often held disparately lower wealth and educational outcomes than monolingual English-speaking peers, with few resources given to bilingual education. The committee would attribute this in part to the [[Americanization (immigration)|Americanization]] Department of the [[United States Department of Education|US Bureau of Education]] program, begun in 1919, requiring all students to be taught in English alone, prompting laws in Rhode Island, Maine, and New Hampshire prohibiting immersive teaching, requiring only English in classes not specifically dedicated to foreign language. Connecticut and Vermont would both see bills introduced for preventing the use of French in Catholic schools, but neither would pass their legislatures.<ref name="CivilRightsReport"/> A consequence of those laws that were enacted however, were that entire communities where only French was spoken were subject to scrutiny by the state. A threat of penalty or termination of funding for speaking French outside of French classes led to measures in Maine which suppressed the language. Most notably, children were often asked to refrain from speaking anything but English when state officials were present, leading to "silent playgrounds" during days schools were being inspected.<ref>{{cite magazine|language=en|magazine=The Forum|last=Bouchard Morin|first=Amy|title=Nos Histories de L'Ile Stories - Some of the Reasons French Children Were Encouraged to Assimilate|pages=6–7|date=Spring 2017|quote=Now my mother spoke only French until she went to college to become a teacher. Her first teaching assignment was to teach kindergarten in Madawaska, Maine. All the children came to her speaking only French, and she had to teach them in English. Imagine her stress. It would have been so much easier for her and for those little ones to teach them in French. Occasionally inspectors from the State would visit the schools. When word came that the inspectors were coming the teachers were told to be sure that only English was spoken in the school and on the grounds. So when the children went out for recess they were told to be sure to only speak English. These little French children played in silent playgrounds when the inspectors were in the area. I can't even imagine a silent playground.|publisher=Le Centre Franco-Américain, Université du Maine|editor=Lisa Desjardins Michaud}}</ref>

In turn, as the economy of Canada improved, a number of those whose families had moved to the United States would return to Quebec, [[Ontario]], and [[New Brunswick]], as well, into the latter half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Canadian Emigration to the United States 1840-1930 |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620073138/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |publisher=Marianopolis College |date=August 23, 2000}}</ref>

===Preservation efforts===
[[File:Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre by Paul P Chassé (1976).jpg|right|thumb|''Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre'', compiled by Paul Chassé for the [[United States Bicentennial|American Bicentennial]], represents the most complete collection of Franco-American poetry, with most works in New England French.]]
A decline in the French language was evident by the mid-20th century, with Joseph Ubalde-Paquin, a president of the [[Société Historique Franco-Américaine]], noting during the 2nd Congress of the French Language in Boston in 1937 (''2e Congrès de la Langue française''), that "the Franco-Americans always speak valiantly the French Language, but the French spirit disappears from their families; their children think in English and therefore speak more easily in the English language." Paquin went on to urge families to francize their prayer and song, so future generations "may serve as an extension of ourselves and our ancestors".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-Américaine |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci |language=fr|page=[https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci/page/7 7] |title=Discours du President [Region du Conseil d'Administration; Le dimanche 14 février 1937 au Touraine à Boston; Les Franco-Américains et le 2e Congrès de la Langue française; Tous les comités régionaux des États-Unis] |year=1935 |publisher=Société historique Franco-Américaine |location=Manchester, N. H.}}</ref>{{efn|Original in French: Ce soir, après vingt-cinq ans, nous pouvons dire à notre tour: les Franco-Américains parlent toujours vaillamment la Langue française, mais l'esprit français disparit de leurs familles; leurs enfants pensent en anglais et par conséquent, s'expriment plus facilement dans la Langue anglaise. Le Deuxieme Congrès devra marquer le commencement d'une ère nouvelle. Esperons que les campagnes d'idées qui le precedent, l'agitation des esprits, les sentiments qu'auront fait germer dans nos coeurs les missionnaires de la pensé française qui nous visitent, nous inciteront comme chefs de famille, à prendre la ferme résolution de franciser l'atmosphere de nos prière et la chanson, afin que nos enfants ressentent le besoin de parler français et d'être le prolongement de nous-mêmes et de nos aïeux.}} Such groups, organized at a national and international level in New England, represented more than gatherings of [[Franco-Americans|Franco-American]]s, but rather other speakers of the French language as well. For example, a 1938 reception for [[René Doynel de Saint-Quentin]] saw representation from Louisiana and from Boston's [[Greater Lebanon|Syro-Lebanais]] community. In 1938 as well, New Englanders saw representation at the [[Second Congress on the French Language in Canada]] (''Deuxième Congrès de la langue française au Canada''), which included resolutions to establish 12 ''survivance'' committees in the New England states, promoting press, cultural institutions and similar.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Le Canada-français|date=June 1939|title=Les Livres|page=1000|url=https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2678624|via=Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Quebec}}</ref> To some degree a Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique would remain active into the 1950s,<ref>{{cite book|title=La Vie Franco-Américaine 1950; Treizième Rapport Annuel|publisher=Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique; Imprimerie Ballard Frères|year=1950|location=Manchester, N.H}}</ref> while meetings of the Société Historique Franco-Américaine would continue in cooperation with other French-speaking communities through the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71 |pages=70–71 |publisher=Université Laval |last=Louder |first=Dean R. |oclc=1097785488 |location=Sainte-Foy, Qc. |language=fr|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

In 2012 the state of Maine, one of two states (along with Vermont) where French was the second-most spoken language, created a Franco-American Task Force to evaluate the current status of the language among Franco-Americans in Maine. Among its findings were that of this population, only 12.3% over the age of 5, about 40,000 individuals, spoke French. Some 98.5% of these Franco-Americans had been born in the United States, indicating the persistence of New England French. Nevertheless, the report concluded the French language was no longer inherently part of French-American identity.<ref name="Maine2012Report">{{cite report |title=Franco-Americans in Maine: Statistics from the American Community Survey |last=Myall |first=James |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053313/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |publisher=State of Maine Legislative Franco-American Task Force |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> As part of this effort, in 2012 Maine launched an immersive Maine French Heritage Language Program, designed to have at least four in five classes conducted in French, catering to both the New England dialect and those of immigrants and refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maine French Heritage Language Program |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215202521/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |author=Doris A. Bonneau |publisher=University of Southern Maine |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> However, this program was cut by 2014, when the French Department of the [[University of Southern Maine]], providing program curricula, was closed entirely.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129014414/https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |date=October 27, 2014 |work=Portland Press Herald |location=Portland, Me. |title=Language arts dying out at USM |last=Gallagher |first=Noel K.}}</ref> By 2019, the decline had not seen any changes in trend despite the language's centuries-old presence in the state. Even with renewed bilingualism initiatives, a lack of support for foreign-language programs and a shortage of teachers, as well as the stigmatism of the previous English-only laws were blamed in part for a lack of knowledge in French in Maine's youngest generation.<ref name="2019decline"/>

The Massachusetts American and French Canadian Cultural Exchange Commission, though not strictly a linguistic body like Louisiana's [[CODOFIL]], maintains, and develops cultural ties between French-Canadians and Franco-Americans, as well as a number of Francophone organizations.<ref name="lesfrancoNE"/><ref>{{cite web|website=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|publisher=Commonowealth of Massachusetts|archive-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316191923/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|title=Citizens' Guide to State Services, Housing/Community Development- Commissions}}</ref>

Although not taught strictly in the New England dialect, in recent years new efforts have arisen to preserve the language, with a Maine chapter of the [[Alliance Française]] established in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] in August 2019, adding to others in Hartford, Providence, [[Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area|Greater Burlington]], the Centre Franco-Americain in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], and the French Cultural Center in Boston. The New England dialect, and some of the vocabulary and mannerisms that characterize it, not unlike Acadian, Canadian, and Cajun French, however, have faced less institutional support, in favor of [[Standard French]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203105316/http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |url=http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |title=Ending the Damaging Myth of "Bad French" in New England |date=April 15, 2016 |last=Myall |first=James |website=Parlez-Vous American? |publisher=Bangor Daily News}}</ref> A number of smaller local cultural and language preservation groups remain extant, including Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell and L'Association Francophone de Fall River in Massachusetts.

While not approached from a preservation standpoint, in recent years a "French Friendly" policy has been adopted through the Northern Border Regional Commission by the state of New Hampshire and its [[chambers of commerce]], and Burlington, Vermont, providing training for service industry employees to provide Canadian French service to a substantial French-Canadian tourist demographic.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bienvenue au NH |language=en, fr |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014025538/https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |url=https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |publisher=Plymouth State University}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=France-Amérique |location=New York |language=fr|title=Burlington, le Vermont 'french friendly' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811184541/https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/ |archive-date=August 11, 2019 |url=https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Population==
As the French language is only differentiated from [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] in [[US Census Bureau]] figures, this provides an estimate of the French-speaking population but speakers of the dialect are not enumerated specifically. According to the 2016 [[American Community Survey]], in total there were about 160,000 residents in New England who spoke some form of the language at home, with the highest population in [[Massachusetts]], and the highest per capita residential population in Maine. By county, the 2015 American Community Survey showed the highest populations of French speakers in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]], with 16,593 household speakers, and [[Hartford County, Connecticut]], with 11,620. Per capita, the only county with more than 10% of residents speaking any form of French at home was [[Aroostook County, Maine]] (9,800 or 14.6%), due to its geographic proximity to Canada and speakers of [[Acadian French|Acadian]] and [[Quebec French]]. [[Coos County, New Hampshire]] (2,923 or 9.6%), [[Androscoggin County, Maine]] (8,913 or 8.8%) and [[Essex County, Vermont]] (374 or 6.3%) were the only other counties with more than 5% of the population speaking French, with Androscoggin County, home to [[Lewiston, Maine]], being the sole county not bordering Canada with such a proportion of speakers.<ref name="NewEnglandStates"/><ref name="State ACS">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All States Within United States, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213114833/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===French-speakers by state===
{{main|French language in the United States}}

The figures below include speakers of any [[French dialect]], as estimated during the 2012-2016 [[American Community Survey]]:<ref name="State ACS"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
!Number of speakers!! Percent French-speaking
|-
|Maine
|38,695
|3.06%
|-
|New Hampshire
|21,260
|1.68%
|-
|Vermont
|8,508
|1.43%
|-
|Rhode Island
|9,382
|0.94%
|-
|Massachusetts
|54,710
|0.86%
|-
|Connecticut
|25,828
|0.76%
|}

===Francophone communities===
French language spoken at home by more than 10% of the population, as estimated for the 2011-2015 American Community Survey:<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Community
!French name!! State !! Percent French-speaking !! Total population of community (2010 census)
|-
|[[Frenchville, Maine|Frenchville]]
|''Ville-Française''
|Maine
|67.4%
|1,087
|-
|[[Hamlin, Maine|Hamlin]]
|''Hamlin''
|Maine
|62.8%
|219
|-
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|''Grande Île''
|Maine
|62.6%
|467
|-
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
|''Madawaska''
|Maine
|61.8%
|4,035
|-
|[[Dennistown Plantation, Maine|Dennistown Plantation]]
|''Plantation de Dennistown''
|Maine
|59.3%
|30
|-
|[[St. Agatha, Maine|St. Agatha]]
|''Sainte-Agathe''
|Maine
|56.6%
|747
|-
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
|''Van Buren''
|Maine
|56.5%
|2,171
|-
|[[Cyr Plantation, Maine|Cyr Plantation]]
|''Plantation Cyr''
|Maine
|55.9%
|103
|-
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
|''Fort-Kent''
|Maine
|47.5%
|4,097
|-
|[[Wallagrass, Maine|Wallagrass]]
|''Wallagrass''
|Maine
|46.9%
|546
|-
|[[St. John Plantation, Maine|St. John Plantation]]
|''Plantation de Saint-Jean''
|Maine
|44.2%
|267
|-
|[[New Canada, Maine|New Canada]]
|''Nouveau-Canada''
|Maine
|40.7%
|321
|-
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
|''Lac Aigle''
|Maine
|40.1%
|864
|-
|[[Winterville Plantation, Maine|Winterville Plantation]]
|''Plantation de la Ville d'hiver''
|Maine
|39.0%
|224
|-
|[[St. Francis, Maine|St. Francis]]
|''Saint-François''
|Maine
|38.2%
|485
|-
|[[Ferdinand, Vermont|Ferdinand]]
|''Ferdinand''
|Vermont
|30.0%
|32
|-
|[[Norton, Vermont|Norton]]
|''Norton''
|Vermont
|24.2%
|169
|-
|[[Canaan, Vermont|Canaan]]
|''Canaan''
|Vermont
|22.8%
|972
|-
|[[Clarksville, New Hampshire|Clarksville]]
|''Ville de Clark''
|New Hampshire
|17.2%
|265
|-
|[[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]]
|''Berlin''
|New Hampshire
|16.7%
|10,051
|-
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|''Stewartstown''
|New Hampshire
|16.0%
|1,004
|-
|[[Portage Lake, Maine|Portage Lake]]
|''Lac Portage''
|Maine
|15.7%
|391
|-
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
|''Lewiston''
|Maine
|14.7%
|36,592
|-
|[[Caswell, Maine|Caswell]]
|''Caswell''
|Maine
|14.7%
|306
|-
|[[Milan, New Hampshire|Milan]]
|''Milan''
|New Hampshire
|13.6%
|1,337
|-
|[[Errol, New Hampshire|Errol]]
|''Errol''
|New Hampshire
|13.1%
|291
|-
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|''Sabattus''
|Maine
|12.9%
|4,876
|-
|[[Dummer, New Hampshire|Dummer]]
|''Dummer''
|New Hampshire
|12.2%
|304
|-
|[[Wentworth Location, New Hampshire|Wentworth Location]]
|''Emplacement de Wentworth''
|New Hampshire
|12.1%
|33
|-
|[[Averill, Vermont|Averill]]
|''Averill''
|Vermont
|11.1%
|24
|-
|[[Lyman, Maine|Lyman]]
|''Lyman''
|Maine
|10.1%
|4,344
|}

==Vocabulary==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Christian speaking New England French.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=177|Interview in New England French with a New Hampshire resident discussing common criticisms of the dialect, as well as the mélange of others spoken in the northern New England states, 2015]]
Although many variations of French are spoken by populations within New England, including Quebec, Acadian, and European French, a 1961 speaking study conducted by the [[:simple:United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare|United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] found a number of features of the New England dialect that were prevalent in the mid-20th century. Some colloquialisms found in New England French are similar to rural Quebec French with the use of words like ''char'' (roughly, "chariot"), compared with the standard French word for car, ''voiture'' ("vehicle", "automobile"), and represent words regarded as archaic in standardized French or words used in other dialects but of similar, yet distinct, usages. When respondents were presented with more advanced Standard French prompts, however, they generally demonstrated comprehension and [[code switching]]. Some examples of responses provided in the study and other regional literature include:<ref name="vocabulary2"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Standard French !! Laurentian French !! New England French
|-
| bottleneck || goulot || goulot || gougeau
|-
| corn || maïs || blé d'Inde || blé d'Inde
|-
| car || voiture || voiture/auto/char || char
|-
| dollar || dollar || dollar/piastre || piastre
|-
| heavy || lourd || lourd/pesant || pesant
|-
| midwife || sage-femme || sage-femme || baboche<ref>{{cite book|title=As I Live and Dream|first=Gertrude M.|last=Coté|oclc=8811829|publisher=Dirigo Edition; Book Craftsmen Associates|location=Manchester, Me.|year=1953|language=English|page=5|quote="Even the ''baboche'' (midwife, to you) made it her business to be on hand...")}}</ref>
|-
| mirror || miroir || miroir || glace
|-
| now || maintenant || maintenant/astheure ||astheure<ref>{{cite book|page=69|url=http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtxt/179630.pdf|publisher=L'Action Sociale|location=Quebec City|title=Glossaire du Parler Français au Canada|year=1930}}
* {{cite web|website=moé pi toé|publisher=Franco American Women's Institute|url=http://www.fawi.net/ezine/vol3no4/2AdeleStPierre.html|title='Asteure'|accessdate=March 4, 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Contraction of "à cette heure", also found in Louisiana French and colloquially in Northwest parts of France.}}
|-
| pineapple || ananas || ananas || pomme de pin<ref>{{cite book|title=Language in the Real World: An Introduction to Linguistics|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinrealwo0000unse/page/96/mode/2up|page=96|quote=Pauline Courchesne (2007), a Franco-American speaker of French from Holyoke, Massachusetts, recounts an episode in which, while in France, she use the term from her region for pineapple, which is ''pomme de pin'' (literally, 'apple of pine'). Unaware that the word for pineapple in France is ''ananas'', she wrote ''pommes de pin'' on a customs form for a box of pineapples that she was sending to Czechoslovakia. The French postal worker gave her a strange look but passed the box through...It wasn't until later that she learned that, in the eyes of the French postal worker, she had sent a box of pine cones...}}</ref>
|-
| potato || pomme de terre || patate || pétate
|-
| strainer || passoire || passoire || tamis
|-
| sweeper || balayeuse || balayeuse || balai
|-
|}

===Code switching in English===
Given the ubiquity of English in the region as well as the close proximity of French and English speaking groups, oftentimes code switching is used extensively by Franco-American families even when French is not spoken by all members of the household. Many of these words are used as terms of endearment between grandparents referring to their grandchildren, or by their parents, and often picked up by the children themselves, in households of Franco-American families whose youngest generations primarily speak English.

Examples include substitutions as simple as calling grandparents ''mémère'' (shortened ''mémé'') or ''pépère'' (''pépé''), while a 1969 study found other more opaque examples, a small sample of which includes:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Romance Notes|volume=XI|issue=1|date=Autumn 1969|title=New England Franco-American Terms Used in Spoken English|pages=219–225|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|last=Cagnon|first=Maurice}}</ref>

* ''baboune'' (noun), to press one's lips together and outwards in a pouty expression or "[[duck face]]". For example- "Don't make a ''baboune'' like that, your face will stay that way."
* ''pépéte'' (noun), bird, as in "Do you see the little ''pépétes''?"
* ''quenoeil'' (noun), eye, as in "Make pretty ''quenoeils'' for ''mémère''."
* ''séssi'' (verb), sit down, particularly in the context of an exclamation as in "''Séssi!'' You ''séssi'' now!"
* ''matante'' or ''mononcle'', aunt or uncle

==Media==
{{see also|Franco American literature}}
Though not offering weekly or monthly coverage, the [[New York City|New York]]-based bilingual ''[[France-Amérique]]'' magazine writes periodic news stories on [[Francophone]] community events and institutions in New England.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320143124/https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le français, un investissement dans le Vermont et le New Hampshire}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=September 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919173139/https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le retour du français (et de l'Alliance Française) dans le Maine}}</ref> With the exception of Francophone group publications such as the newsletter of ''Boston Accueil'', no regular French periodicals are extant within New England today. In other mediums the language is rarely found, with the exception of [[Canadian French]] AM repeaters of [[Radio-Canada]] from Quebec, and an online forum maintained by the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], "Bienvenue à Boston".<ref>{{cite web|title=French Associations in New England|archive-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408071229/https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|url=https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|language=en|publisher=Consulate General of France in Boston; République Française}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903052715/https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|archive-date=September 3, 2018|url=https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|title=Bienvenue à Boston|publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|United States}}
* [[Acadian French]]
* [[American French]]
* [[Canadian French]]
* [[Early Franco-American newspapers]]
* [[French in New Hampshire]]
* [[French language in Canada]]
* [[French language in the United States]]
* [[Louisiana French]]
* [[New England English]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book|title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft|publisher=L'Opinion Publique|language=fr|year=1911|location=Worcester, Mass.|last=Belisle|first=Alexandre}}
* {{cite journal|title=À la recherche du français en Nouvelle-Angleterre: une enquête de terrain à travers six États|volume=XXIV|issue=3|pages=377–401|last1=DuBois|first1=Sylvie|first2=Carole|last2=Salmon|doi=10.1017/S095926951300029X|date=November 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=Journal of French Language Studies|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=The Future Past: The Social Context of Franco-American Schooling in New England|last=Jacobson|first=Phyllis|oclc=424854889|publisher=UCLA Graduate School of Education; US Dept. of Education|series=Bilingual Education; Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED231223|year=1983}}
* {{cite book|title=Phonological Variables in a New England French Speech Community|last=Kelley|first=Henry Edward|publisher=Cornell University|year=1980|oclc=13275797}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Miller|last2=Yelsma|last3=Heap|first1=Mary R|first2=Paul L|first3=Norman A|year=1971|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa (Ala.)|oclc=737567|title=Bilingualism in northern New England}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5gqAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Association internationale pour la recherche et la diffusion des méthodes audio-visuelles et structuro-globales|language=en, fr|location=Manchester (N.H.)|year=1973|oclc=1046242|last=Poulin|first=Norman A.|title=Oral and Nasal Vowel Diphthongization of a New England French Dialect}}
*{{cite book|title=Franco-Americans in Massachusetts: 'No French no mo' 'round here'|last=Szlezák|first=Edith|publisher=Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co|language=en|location=Langewiesen, Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQZ_DwAAQBAJ|oclc=794490594|year=2010|isbn=9783823374497}}

==External links==
* [http://www.villesfrancoamerique.com/ Réseau des Villes Francophones et Francophiles de l'Amérique], ''en français'', (Network of Francophone and Francophile Cities of America)
* [https://boston.consulfrance.org/Les-ecoles-francaises-en-Nouvelle-Angleterre Les écoles françaises en Nouvelle-Angleterre], Consulat Général de France à Boston
* [http://credo.library.umass.edu/search?q=subject:%22Franco-Americans--Massachusetts%22 Recordings of New England French], Eloise A. Briere, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections
* [https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/franco-publications-and-programs/ Franco Publications and Programs], University of Southern Maine Digital Commons; includes examples of weekly and monthly newspapers
* [https://www.loc.gov/collections/lowell-folklife-project/?fa=subject:franco-americans Franco-American Recordings, Documents, and Photographs], Lowell Folklife Project, Library of Congress

{{French dialects by continent}}
{{Gallo-Romance languages and dialects}}

[[Category:Culture of New England]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:French dialects]]
[[Category:French-Canadian American history]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Maine]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in New Hampshire]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Vermont]]
[[Category:French language in the United States]]
[[Category:French language in the Americas]]

New England French

2024-06-23T16:58:28Z

Edwki: /* Francophone communities */

{{Short description|French variety of New England, US}}
{{infobox language
| name = New England French
| nativename = français de Nouvelle-Angleterre
| pronunciation =
| states = [[United States]] ([[New England]]) (primarily [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Vermont]])
| speakers = {{sigfig|173,740|2}}
| date = 2015
| ref = <ref name="NewEnglandStates">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Connecticut, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160643/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160004/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Massachusetts, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155716/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155423/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Rhode Island, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160629/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213154915/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|Including all dialects of French spoken in New England, except French Creole}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4 = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5 = [[Western Romance languages|Western]]
| fam6 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
| fam7 = [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
| fam8 = [[French language|French]]
| ancestor = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Latin]]
| ancestor3 = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old Gallo-Romance]]
| ancestor5 = [[Old French]]
| ancestor6 = [[Middle French]]
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = none
| lingua = 51-AAA-iid
| map = Population speaking French at home in New England, percent by county.svg
| mapcaption = Percentage of population speaking French at home, including other dialects but excluding French-based creoles (2015)<ref name=NewEnglandStates/>
{{Legend|#2e648c|10–15%}}
{{Legend|#628aa8|5–10%}}
{{Legend|#97b4c7|1–5%}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|0.5-1%}}
{{hidden|Speakers by total population|[[File:Population speaking French at home in New England, sum by county.svg|220px]]Population speaking French at home, including other dialects (2015) 
{{Legend|#12568a|>15000}}
{{Legend|#2e648c|10000-15000}}
{{Legend|#4d7a9e|5000-10000}}
{{Legend|#6d93b0|2500-5000}}
{{Legend|#8dadc2|1000-2500}}
{{Legend|#aec6d4|500-1000}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|<500}}
}}
}}
'''New England French''' ({{lang-fr|français de Nouvelle-Angleterre}}) is a variety of French spoken in the [[New England]] region of the United States.<ref name=Ammon>{{cite book |title=Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties |last= Ammon|first= Ulrich|author2=International Sociological Association |year= 1989|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 978-0899253565|pages= 306–308|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC|access-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref> It descends from [[Canadian French]] because it originally came from [[French Canadians]] who immigrated to New England during the [[Grande Hémorragie]].

New England French is one of the major forms of the [[French language]] that developed in what is now the United States, the others being [[Louisiana French]] and the nearly extinct [[Missouri French]], [[Muskrat French]] and [[Métis French]]. The dialect is the predominant form of French spoken in New England (apart from standard French), except in the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John Valley]] of northern [[Aroostook County, Maine]], where [[Brayon French]] predominates.

The dialect is endangered. After the First World War, laws were instituted banning immersive bilingual teaching outside of dedicated foreign-language classes, and during the 1960s and 1970s some public schools disciplined students for speaking French in school; however, in recent years it has seen renewed interest and is supported by bilingual education programs in place since 1987.<ref name=Ammon/> A continuing trend of reduced bilingual and foreign-language education has affected the language's prevalence in younger generations.<ref name="CivilRightsReport">{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvgOAdP_aTsC&pg=PA21|publisher=Vermont Advisory Committee to the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]|date=May 1983|title=Franco-Americans In Vermont; A Civil Rights Perspective|oclc=123220631|last1=Pendleton|first1=Clarence M. Jr.|last2=Smith|first2=Mary Louise|last3=Berry|first3=Mary Frances|last4=Ramirez|first4=Blandina Cardenas|last5=Ruckshaus|first5=Jill S.|last6=Saltzman|first6=Murray|last7=Hoff|first7=Philip H.}}</ref><ref name="2019decline">{{cite news |title=French is dying in northern Maine. Here's why |work=News Center Maine |url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd |date=April 30, 2019 |location=Portland, Maine |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501004613/https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd}}</ref> However, cultural programs in recent years have led to renewed interest between older generations speaking the dialect, and the language has also been bolstered by newly arrived refugee populations from [[Francophone Africa]] in cities such as [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521174857/https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |url=https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |title=In Maine, French Culture Experiences a Revival |last=Fillak |first=Jessica |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |website=Frenchly |publisher=French Morning Media Group |location=New York |date=August 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="lesfrancoNE">{{cite book|title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71|pages=70–77|publisher=Université Laval|last=Louder|first=Dean R|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Champlain's Map of Plymouth Harbor.jpg|left|thumb|1605 map of [[Plymouth Harbor]] and its natives, by French colonist and geographer [[Samuel de Champlain]], creator of the first accurate coastal map of the [[Maritime Provinces|Maritimes]] and New England]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| align = right
| footer = ''Top to bottom'': French-Canadian American potato farmers in [[Caribou, Maine]] (1940); a bilingual ad for Hampden Ale (1948); three girls holding a banner for [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]'s Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste (1986)
| image1 = French-Canadian potato farmers near Caribou, Maine.jpg
| image2 = Hampden Ale ad en français in La Justice (30 Septembre 1948).jpg
| image3 = Three girls hold a banner for Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste, Franco American Day, St. Jean Baptiste, Lowell, Massachusetts.jpg }}
Dating back to the earliest colonial period, a French presence remained in New England with its proximity to [[Quebec]], even after many Acadians were exiled in ''[[Expulsion of the Acadians|Le Grand Dérangement]]'' and later settled in [[Spanish Louisiana]]. Although the [[French and Indian War]] would leave distance between the Yankee and Franco settlers, the role of [[France in the American Revolutionary War#North American operations|France in the American Revolution]] as well as the contributions of French military figures like [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] in the [[Siege of Yorktown]], engendered an alliance against [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] at that time.

Early figures from French stock who would become a part of the American narrative included [[Peter Faneuil]], Gov. [[James Bowdoin]], and [[Paul Revere]], all descendants of [[Huguenots]] who fled persecution to the New World. However, while Faneuil and Bowdoin both spoke fluently, the latter encouraged his son [[James Bowdoin III]] to learn the language, but was described as decidedly pro-British after the Revolution, for his disdain at France's reversion of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref>{{cite book |title=James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZaY5Vxx0qIC&pg=PA60 |pages=60–61 |chapter=Huguenot Memories |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=2004 |last1=Manuel |first1=Frank E. |last2=Manuel |first2=Fritzie P.|isbn = 9780871692474}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Connecting Worlds and People: Early Modern Diasporas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8-iDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 |page=52 |editor1=Dagmar Freist |editor2=Susanne Lachenicht |quote=Peter Faneuil who inherited his uncle's firm on condition that he remained unmarried, spoke English and French; in his private correspondence he used French as his main language |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |location=New York|isbn = 9781317162001}}</ref> In contrast, born to a French household, Revere (anglicized from ''Rivoire'') only spoke the English of the Bay Province, though he had family who spoke the French language in Boston and overseas, and would correspond with them, having replies translated for him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Paul Revere: American Patriot |last=Ford |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNBjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |page=70 |publisher=Enslow Publishers |year=2015 |location=Berkeley Heights, N. J.|isbn=9780766064867 }}</ref>

The French language remained extant in Boston during its time as a British colony, though not abundant, one reason being a fear of the influence of [[Catholicism]]; academically this prevented the language from gaining early acceptance at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], when its first instructor was dismissed in 1735, after two years of teaching, due to rumors of converting students from [[Protestantism]].<ref name="LOCBlog">{{cite web|website=4 Corners of the World; International Collections|last=Spiegel|first=Taru|date=September 30, 2019|archive-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006135426/https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|title=Teaching French at Harvard and L'Abeille Françoise|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Six decades later, one of the first publishers of a French textbook in the Americas was Harvard's first salaried French instructor, Joseph Nancrède, who compiled then-contemporary French texts and published them alongside limited English translations in his ''L'Abeille Françoise'' in 1792. Years before, in 1789, Nancrède established the first French newspaper of Boston, a short-lived weekly published for six months that year which he described in its [[prospectus (finance)|prospectus]] as a means to foster commerce between the Americans and French-speaking world, and "to convey adequate ideas of the Majesty of Congress to nations who scarcely know that there is one existing."<ref name="LOCBlog"/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volume=LXX|issue=1|date=Spring 1976|title=Joseph Nancrede, Franco-American Bookseller-Publisher, 1761-1841 |pages=1–88 |last=Stern |first=Madeleine B.|doi=10.1086/pbsa.70.1.24302257|jstor = 24302257|s2cid=183547078}}</ref>

Outside of Boston, prior to the [[Industrial Revolution in the United States|Industrial Revolution]] and the [[Second Industrial Revolution]], the influence of French settlers in New England was diminished almost entirely following the end of the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], which gave control of the region to the British. During this time many of [[Vermont]]'s earliest settlers returned to Quebec; however, the Vermont Archaeological Society has noted in the past that a small number of French remained settled, at farms too remote to meet the notice of the fledgling colonial government.<ref name="overview">{{cite book|title=A Franco-American Overview|publisher=National Assessment and Dissemination Center, Lesley College; US Department of Education|location=Cambridge, Mass.|date=May 1979|volume=I|page=208|last1=Albert|first1=Renaud S. |last2=Martin |first2=Andre |last3=Giguere |first3=Madeleine |last4=Allain |first4=Mathe |last5=Brasseaux |first5=Carl A. |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED260000.pdf |via=Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)}}</ref> Similarly, [[Maine]] was claimed by the French to the east of the [[Kennebec River]], and during the expulsion of the Acadians, French culture largely left that landscape as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=William D. |title=The History of the State of Maine; from its Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7soTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 |volume=II |year=1832 |pages=27, 266, 293 |publisher=Hallowell}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Quebec diaspora|Great Migration]] of the Québécois during the Second Industrial Revolution, one of the earliest examples of New England French arose from the [[Papineau Rebellion]] in [[Lower Canada]]. Following the rebellion, [[Ludger Duvernay]], one of the 26 patriot leaders arrested by Canadian authorities for printing articles critical of the British colonial government, went into exile in the States. Formerly publishing ''La Minerve'' in [[Montreal]], he issued a prospectus for a French-language paper in 1838, hoping Americans would support a journal that promoted civil rights and independence in Lower Canada. He set up in [[Burlington, Vermont]], what was described as the first French-Canadian American newspaper, publishing the first issue of ''Le Patriote Canadien'' on August 7, 1839, for both Canadians across the border and a [[Patriote movement|patriot community]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Le Patriote canadien. (Montréal) 1839-1840 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927122427/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |publisher=Library of Congress |author=South Dakota State Historical Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft |publisher=L'Opinion Publique |language=fr|year=1911 |location=Worcester, Mass. |last=Belisle |first=Alexandre}}</ref>

===The Great Migration===
[[File:Bulletin de la société historique franco-américaine.jpg|thumb|left|160px|The ''Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-américaine'' for 1943, one of many institution created from ''[[La Survivance]]'']]
Beginning in the late 1840s, greater numbers of French Canadians began to settle in the States, at first for seasonal agricultural jobs, and then eventually brought in by horse and later train, to serve as factory workers for the large mill towns being built by [[the Boston Associates]] and others all across the six New England states. By 1899 there were reportedly 120 French-language parishes in New England, and by that time of the 1.5 million people of French-speaking Canada, about 600,000 had migrated to the U.S., primarily to New England.<ref>Sacha Richard, "American Perspectives on La fièvre aux États-Unis, 1860–1930: A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' (2002) 32#1 pp: 105-132.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Influence of French in New England|work=Times-Picayune|location=New Orleans, La.|page=10|date=July 15, 1899}}</ref> To a degree these newcomers integrated and learned the English language; however, ''[[La Survivance]]'' also endured.<ref name="Laurier">{{cite book |title=Souvenir du banquet Laurier, Boston, Mass, Hôtel Vendôme, Mardi, 17 Novembre, 1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_03527/page/53 |editor=R. C. de Beaumont |year=1892 |publisher=Imprimerie du National |location=Lowell, Mass. |isbn=9780665035272 |language=fr}}</ref> On the eve of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]], in 1881 [[Carroll D. Wright]] described the newly-arrived French as the "Chinese of the Eastern States" for their refusal to entirely integrate, the use of their labor by mill owners to subvert union wages, and the creation of separate French-language institutions. This statement would serve as a flashpoint of controversy for decades, but others in the Yankee political class would welcome the newcomers, with Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] remarking in a 1908 immigration speech to the Boston City Club that they "represent one of the oldest settlements on this continent. They have been, in the broad sense, Americans for generations, and their coming to the United States is merely a movement of Americans across an imaginary line."<ref>{{cite book|title=Uniform hours of labor from the Twelfth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, for 1881 |last=Wright |first=Carroll D. |year=1889 |page=150 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058537515;view=1up;seq=168 |publisher=Wright & Potter Printing Co. |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPHUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=The Belles of New England |page=123 |last=Moran |first=William |chapter=Voyagers South |year=2002 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |location=New York|isbn=9780312326005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=United States Congressional serial set, Issue 5265 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-83AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA316|chapter=Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on Immigration |date=March 20, 1908}}</ref> Industrial cities as large as [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], and as small as [[Somersworth, New Hampshire]], would often have bilingual signs, and American customs such as baseball gradually adopted by younger generations had their own francized jargon, with it being as common for a muff{{efn|An error by an outfielder in failing to catch an easy play.}} to be met with an outcry of "sacré nom" by spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=French in New England; Old Time Raiders' Stock Majority of Population in Many Towns |via=Boston Transcript |work=Oregonian |location=Portland, Or. |page=3|date=March 5, 1906 |quote=Of course they have to pick up some English, but even the little boys who are grandsons of 'the original French' prefer the Gaelic tongue. When they are playing baseball a muff is more than likely to call out a 'sac' nom' than one of the epithets familiar on the lips of Yankee critics.}}</ref>

One of the earliest examples of New England French being differentiated from Canadian French and [[Acadian French]] came in an 1898 study in [[Johns Hopkins University]]'s ''[[Modern Language Notes]]'', noting variants of [[phonology]], and studies would continue sporadically covering vocabulary into the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Modern Language Notes |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=xiii |issue=4 |pages=105–112 |doi=10.2307/2917284 |date=April 1898 |title=American-French Dialect Comparison|jstor=2917284 |last1=Geddes |first1=James |hdl=2027/njp.32101073049387 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |title=Notes on the Vocabulary of the French-Canadian Dialect Spoken in Brunswick, Maine |last=Locke |first=William N. |volume=XIX |issue=6 |date=May 1946 |pages=416–422|jstor=380393 }}</ref><ref name="vocabulary2">{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |volume=XXXV |issue=2 |date=December 1961 |pages=163–175 |publisher=American Association of Teachers of French |title=New England French Vocabulary |last=Brault |first=Gerard J.}}</ref> By 1924, approximately 1.5 million people, regardless of origin, spoke French in New England,<ref name="French in New England">{{cite news |title=French in New England |work=St. Albans Daily Messenger |page=8 |location=St. Albans, VT |date=September 9, 1924 |quote=New England has more than 1,500,000 French-speaking people.}}</ref>{{efn|It is unclear if this represents native fluency or fluency as a second-language.}} which at the [[1920 US Census]] was recorded at 7.4 million residents, placing the proportion of French speakers at about one-fifth of the population, or nearly the same proportion as that of French speakers in Canada in 2016.<ref name="French in New England"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] |last=Canada |first=Government of Canada, Statistics |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=8 February 2017 |language=en |access-date=2017-10-03}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Historical newspapers===
[[File:Alliance des Journaux Franco-Americains de la Nouvelle Angleterre.png|left|thumb|150px|Seal of the Alliance des Journaux Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle Angleterre, a trade organization of French-language newspapers in New England extant from 1937 to 1963.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}]]

[[File:Total New England French-language newspapers of by municipality (1838-1938).svg|right|thumb|270px|A map showing a total of 242 Franco-American newspapers published in New England in the French language, extant for some period between the years 1838 and 1938.]]
During the late 19th through mid-20th centuries, the dialect was supported with more than 250 French newspapers extant in New England, many being published weekly and only seeing publication for a few years, while some would endure from the late 1800s and early 1900s into the [[interwar period]], with 21 newspapers and four monthlies in existence in 1937, and a handful publishing through the 1960s, such as ''[[Le Messager (Maine)|Le Messager]]'' in [[Lewiston, Maine]], ''L'Indépendent'' in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/ |website=Chronicling America |title=About L'Indépendente |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521164527/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/|author=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> and ''[[La Justice]]'' in [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]].<ref name="NEReview">{{cite journal |title=Journalism and the French Survival in New England |last=Ham |first=Edward Billings |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1938 |pages=89–107 |publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc. |jstor=360562 |doi=10.2307/360562 }}</ref> However, competition with the daily English press, a lack of public support from non-speakers, and the availability of larger Quebec publications like ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'' in [[Montreal]] led to a gradual decline of the New England French newspaper trade. In one 1936 editorial in the [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island|Woonsocket]] ''L'Union'', the editorship described an apathy that had set in with the French community in response to an increase in advertising for financial support-<ref name="NEReview"/>{{efn|Original in French: "Notre presse réussit à peine à se maintenir...Un de nos hebdomadaires vient encore d'expirer; d'autres vivent presque exclusivement des annonces; plusieurs n'obtiennent que blâme et dénigrement en retour de la publicité gratuite qu'ils donnent aux œuvres franco-américaines...C'est surtous l'hostilité, l'apathie, l'indifférence des Franco-Américains qui empêchent nos journaux d'atteindre la perfection...Leurs défauts proviennent de leur impuissance relative bien plus que de leur incompétence"}}

<blockquote>"Our press is barely able to maintain itself ... One of our weeklies has just expired; others live almost exclusively on ads; many get only blame and denigration in return for the free publicity they give to Franco-American works ... It's all the hostility, the apathy, the indifference of Franco-Americans that prevent our newspapers from achieving perfection ... Their defects come from their relative helplessness rather than from their incompetence."</blockquote>

Many of these ads would increasingly appear in English, and changing mediums like radio, as well as a frustration with the helpless financial situation leading to more ads only aggravated the decline.<ref name="NEReview"/> One exception to this was Lewiston's ''Le Messager'', whose publisher-owner, Jean-Baptiste Couture, founded central Maine's first, and New England's only radio station owned by a Franco-American weekly, [[WIGY (AM)|WCOU]], in 1938.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|256}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Shadows of the Trees, The Story of French-Canadians in New England|last=Ducharme|first=Jacques|publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]]|location=New York & London|year=1943|oclc=5824785|pages=200–202}}</ref> The bilingual WCOU would outlive the paper, broadcasting regular French programming through at least 1972.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Le Canado-Américain|magazine=Le Canado-Américain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT3ZAAAAMAAJ|quote=He directed two French radio programs, the first at WCOU of Lewiston from 1960 to 1972…|location=Manchester, N.H.|year=1979|page=7|volume=5}}</ref> A few newspapers were able to retain a readership beyond the 1960s independently. This included ''Le Travailleur'', a Worcester French-language weekly that folded in 1978 which, in its final years, could hardly be described as in the tradition of its predecessors, as it was mainly syndicated news from France.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Travailleur (Worcester, Mass.) 1931-1978|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn86072008/|website=Library of Congress|access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref> During a period of revival in preserving New England French in academia and civics, the Ligue des Sociétés de Langue Française ("League of French Language Societies") in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]] launched its monthly ''L'Unité'', which published from 1976 through 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fac-l-unite/index.html|website=USM Digital Commons|publisher=University of Southern Maine|location=Portland, Me.|title=L'Unité Collection, Franco Publications|access-date=November 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="brault">{{cite book|title=The French Canadian Heritage in New England|last=Brault|first=Gerard J.|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXbC2EFS08gC|location=Hanover, N.H.|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=9780874513592}}</ref>{{rp|100}} The only New England French news outlet to endure into [[History of the Internet|the emergence of the internet]] was ''Le Journal de Lowell''; founded in 1975, the monthly paper would continue to produce French-language content, including the translation of English ads, until December 1995, when it abruptly ceased publication.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919180851/https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|url=https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|title=Le Journal de Lowell|date=8 January 2014 |publisher=Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = center
| width1 = 186
| width2 = 160
| width3 = 205
| footer = ''Left to right:'' The ''Courier de Boston'', published in 1789, was the city's first French newspaper, coverage including [[George Washington]]'s inaugural speech in French and English in its [[:File:Courier de Boston (14 Mai 1789).jpg|May 14, 1789 issue]]; an 1893 issue of ''Le Défenseur'', a [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]] French weekly extant from 1884 to 1894; a 1943 issue of ''La Justice de Biddeford'', published from 1896 to about 1950
| image1 = Courier de Boston.jpg
| image2 = Le Défenseur (Mars 16, 1893).jpg|200px
| image3 = La Justice de Biddeford (11 Septembre 1943).jpg}}

===Decline===
A combination of cultural and economic forces would drive a decline in the use of the French language in New England through the end of the 20th century. Attitudes varied among Anglophone Yankees. During a speech in 1891 in Boston, Canadian Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] urged a French-Canadian audience, "One of the things that is absolutely essential is to study the English language, the language of [this] country...most of you, if you are now over a million on this side of the 45th line, you have not come for any other object than that of earning your daily bread. So, while not losing the memory of your origin, remember that you have duties to fulfill as citizens of the Republic and that you must love your adopted homeland."<ref name="Laurier"/>{{efn|Original in French:[I]l y a une chose qui est tout a fait indispensable, c'est d'etudier la langue anglaise, la langue du pays... Car, apres tout, la grande chose s'est d'abord de gagner le pain de chaque jour; et si vous etes etablis sur le sol americain, la plupart d'entre vous, si vouts etes maintenant au dela d'un million de ce cote-ci de la ligne 45ieme, vous n'y etes pas venus pour d'autre object que celui de gagner votre pain quotidien. Ainsi, tout en ne perdant pas le souvenir de votre origine, souvenez-vous que vous avez des devoirs a remplir comme citoyens de la Republique et que vous devez aimer votre patrie d'adoption.}}

While a sense of civic solidarity with Americans was expressed by Laurier and other French-American and Canadian leaders, economic discrimination also disfavored New England French speakers. Not unlike the exclusion some Francophones in [[Louisiana]] would witness,<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Language Loss in Cajun Louisiana: Integrative Evolutionary Approaches in Linguistic Anthropology |last=Fiedler |first=Michelle Y. |date=May 2006 |publisher=Washington State University |degree=Master of Arts in Anthropology |citeseerx=10.1.1.457.9908 }}</ref> attitudes towards French speakers in New England would also result in disparate outcomes. In a 1983 study by the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights|US Commission on Civil Rights]], a Vermont committee found that though the French language was spoken by a large part of its population, they often held disparately lower wealth and educational outcomes than monolingual English-speaking peers, with few resources given to bilingual education. The committee would attribute this in part to the [[Americanization (immigration)|Americanization]] Department of the [[United States Department of Education|US Bureau of Education]] program, begun in 1919, requiring all students to be taught in English alone, prompting laws in Rhode Island, Maine, and New Hampshire prohibiting immersive teaching, requiring only English in classes not specifically dedicated to foreign language. Connecticut and Vermont would both see bills introduced for preventing the use of French in Catholic schools, but neither would pass their legislatures.<ref name="CivilRightsReport"/> A consequence of those laws that were enacted however, were that entire communities where only French was spoken were subject to scrutiny by the state. A threat of penalty or termination of funding for speaking French outside of French classes led to measures in Maine which suppressed the language. Most notably, children were often asked to refrain from speaking anything but English when state officials were present, leading to "silent playgrounds" during days schools were being inspected.<ref>{{cite magazine|language=en|magazine=The Forum|last=Bouchard Morin|first=Amy|title=Nos Histories de L'Ile Stories - Some of the Reasons French Children Were Encouraged to Assimilate|pages=6–7|date=Spring 2017|quote=Now my mother spoke only French until she went to college to become a teacher. Her first teaching assignment was to teach kindergarten in Madawaska, Maine. All the children came to her speaking only French, and she had to teach them in English. Imagine her stress. It would have been so much easier for her and for those little ones to teach them in French. Occasionally inspectors from the State would visit the schools. When word came that the inspectors were coming the teachers were told to be sure that only English was spoken in the school and on the grounds. So when the children went out for recess they were told to be sure to only speak English. These little French children played in silent playgrounds when the inspectors were in the area. I can't even imagine a silent playground.|publisher=Le Centre Franco-Américain, Université du Maine|editor=Lisa Desjardins Michaud}}</ref>

In turn, as the economy of Canada improved, a number of those whose families had moved to the United States would return to Quebec, [[Ontario]], and [[New Brunswick]], as well, into the latter half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Canadian Emigration to the United States 1840-1930 |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620073138/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |publisher=Marianopolis College |date=August 23, 2000}}</ref>

===Preservation efforts===
[[File:Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre by Paul P Chassé (1976).jpg|right|thumb|''Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre'', compiled by Paul Chassé for the [[United States Bicentennial|American Bicentennial]], represents the most complete collection of Franco-American poetry, with most works in New England French.]]
A decline in the French language was evident by the mid-20th century, with Joseph Ubalde-Paquin, a president of the [[Société Historique Franco-Américaine]], noting during the 2nd Congress of the French Language in Boston in 1937 (''2e Congrès de la Langue française''), that "the Franco-Americans always speak valiantly the French Language, but the French spirit disappears from their families; their children think in English and therefore speak more easily in the English language." Paquin went on to urge families to francize their prayer and song, so future generations "may serve as an extension of ourselves and our ancestors".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-Américaine |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci |language=fr|page=[https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci/page/7 7] |title=Discours du President [Region du Conseil d'Administration; Le dimanche 14 février 1937 au Touraine à Boston; Les Franco-Américains et le 2e Congrès de la Langue française; Tous les comités régionaux des États-Unis] |year=1935 |publisher=Société historique Franco-Américaine |location=Manchester, N. H.}}</ref>{{efn|Original in French: Ce soir, après vingt-cinq ans, nous pouvons dire à notre tour: les Franco-Américains parlent toujours vaillamment la Langue française, mais l'esprit français disparit de leurs familles; leurs enfants pensent en anglais et par conséquent, s'expriment plus facilement dans la Langue anglaise. Le Deuxieme Congrès devra marquer le commencement d'une ère nouvelle. Esperons que les campagnes d'idées qui le precedent, l'agitation des esprits, les sentiments qu'auront fait germer dans nos coeurs les missionnaires de la pensé française qui nous visitent, nous inciteront comme chefs de famille, à prendre la ferme résolution de franciser l'atmosphere de nos prière et la chanson, afin que nos enfants ressentent le besoin de parler français et d'être le prolongement de nous-mêmes et de nos aïeux.}} Such groups, organized at a national and international level in New England, represented more than gatherings of [[Franco-Americans|Franco-American]]s, but rather other speakers of the French language as well. For example, a 1938 reception for [[René Doynel de Saint-Quentin]] saw representation from Louisiana and from Boston's [[Greater Lebanon|Syro-Lebanais]] community. In 1938 as well, New Englanders saw representation at the [[Second Congress on the French Language in Canada]] (''Deuxième Congrès de la langue française au Canada''), which included resolutions to establish 12 ''survivance'' committees in the New England states, promoting press, cultural institutions and similar.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Le Canada-français|date=June 1939|title=Les Livres|page=1000|url=https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2678624|via=Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Quebec}}</ref> To some degree a Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique would remain active into the 1950s,<ref>{{cite book|title=La Vie Franco-Américaine 1950; Treizième Rapport Annuel|publisher=Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique; Imprimerie Ballard Frères|year=1950|location=Manchester, N.H}}</ref> while meetings of the Société Historique Franco-Américaine would continue in cooperation with other French-speaking communities through the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71 |pages=70–71 |publisher=Université Laval |last=Louder |first=Dean R. |oclc=1097785488 |location=Sainte-Foy, Qc. |language=fr|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

In 2012 the state of Maine, one of two states (along with Vermont) where French was the second-most spoken language, created a Franco-American Task Force to evaluate the current status of the language among Franco-Americans in Maine. Among its findings were that of this population, only 12.3% over the age of 5, about 40,000 individuals, spoke French. Some 98.5% of these Franco-Americans had been born in the United States, indicating the persistence of New England French. Nevertheless, the report concluded the French language was no longer inherently part of French-American identity.<ref name="Maine2012Report">{{cite report |title=Franco-Americans in Maine: Statistics from the American Community Survey |last=Myall |first=James |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053313/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |publisher=State of Maine Legislative Franco-American Task Force |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> As part of this effort, in 2012 Maine launched an immersive Maine French Heritage Language Program, designed to have at least four in five classes conducted in French, catering to both the New England dialect and those of immigrants and refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maine French Heritage Language Program |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215202521/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |author=Doris A. Bonneau |publisher=University of Southern Maine |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> However, this program was cut by 2014, when the French Department of the [[University of Southern Maine]], providing program curricula, was closed entirely.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129014414/https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |date=October 27, 2014 |work=Portland Press Herald |location=Portland, Me. |title=Language arts dying out at USM |last=Gallagher |first=Noel K.}}</ref> By 2019, the decline had not seen any changes in trend despite the language's centuries-old presence in the state. Even with renewed bilingualism initiatives, a lack of support for foreign-language programs and a shortage of teachers, as well as the stigmatism of the previous English-only laws were blamed in part for a lack of knowledge in French in Maine's youngest generation.<ref name="2019decline"/>

The Massachusetts American and French Canadian Cultural Exchange Commission, though not strictly a linguistic body like Louisiana's [[CODOFIL]], maintains, and develops cultural ties between French-Canadians and Franco-Americans, as well as a number of Francophone organizations.<ref name="lesfrancoNE"/><ref>{{cite web|website=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|publisher=Commonowealth of Massachusetts|archive-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316191923/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|title=Citizens' Guide to State Services, Housing/Community Development- Commissions}}</ref>

Although not taught strictly in the New England dialect, in recent years new efforts have arisen to preserve the language, with a Maine chapter of the [[Alliance Française]] established in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] in August 2019, adding to others in Hartford, Providence, [[Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area|Greater Burlington]], the Centre Franco-Americain in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], and the French Cultural Center in Boston. The New England dialect, and some of the vocabulary and mannerisms that characterize it, not unlike Acadian, Canadian, and Cajun French, however, have faced less institutional support, in favor of [[Standard French]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203105316/http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |url=http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |title=Ending the Damaging Myth of "Bad French" in New England |date=April 15, 2016 |last=Myall |first=James |website=Parlez-Vous American? |publisher=Bangor Daily News}}</ref> A number of smaller local cultural and language preservation groups remain extant, including Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell and L'Association Francophone de Fall River in Massachusetts.

While not approached from a preservation standpoint, in recent years a "French Friendly" policy has been adopted through the Northern Border Regional Commission by the state of New Hampshire and its [[chambers of commerce]], and Burlington, Vermont, providing training for service industry employees to provide Canadian French service to a substantial French-Canadian tourist demographic.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bienvenue au NH |language=en, fr |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014025538/https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |url=https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |publisher=Plymouth State University}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=France-Amérique |location=New York |language=fr|title=Burlington, le Vermont 'french friendly' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811184541/https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/ |archive-date=August 11, 2019 |url=https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Population==
As the French language is only differentiated from [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] in [[US Census Bureau]] figures, this provides an estimate of the French-speaking population but speakers of the dialect are not enumerated specifically. According to the 2016 [[American Community Survey]], in total there were about 160,000 residents in New England who spoke some form of the language at home, with the highest population in [[Massachusetts]], and the highest per capita residential population in Maine. By county, the 2015 American Community Survey showed the highest populations of French speakers in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]], with 16,593 household speakers, and [[Hartford County, Connecticut]], with 11,620. Per capita, the only county with more than 10% of residents speaking any form of French at home was [[Aroostook County, Maine]] (9,800 or 14.6%), due to its geographic proximity to Canada and speakers of [[Acadian French|Acadian]] and [[Quebec French]]. [[Coos County, New Hampshire]] (2,923 or 9.6%), [[Androscoggin County, Maine]] (8,913 or 8.8%) and [[Essex County, Vermont]] (374 or 6.3%) were the only other counties with more than 5% of the population speaking French, with Androscoggin County, home to [[Lewiston, Maine]], being the sole county not bordering Canada with such a proportion of speakers.<ref name="NewEnglandStates"/><ref name="State ACS">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All States Within United States, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213114833/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===French-speakers by state===
{{main|French language in the United States}}

The figures below include speakers of any [[French dialect]], as estimated during the 2012-2016 [[American Community Survey]]:<ref name="State ACS"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State!! Number of speakers!! Proportion of state's population
|-
| Maine || 38,695 || 3.06%
|-
| New Hampshire || 21,260 || 1.68%
|-
| Vermont || 8,508 || 1.43%
|-
| Rhode Island || 9,382 || 0.94%
|-
| Massachusetts || 54,710 || 0.86%
|-
| Connecticut || 25,828 || 0.76%
|}

===Francophone communities===
French language spoken at home by more than 10% of the population, as estimated for the 2011-2015 American Community Survey:<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Community
!French name!! State !! Percent French-speaking !! Total population of community (2010 census)
|-
|[[Frenchville, Maine|Frenchville]]
|''Ville-Française''
|Maine
|67.4%
|1,087
|-
|[[Hamlin, Maine|Hamlin]]
|''Hamlin''
|Maine
|62.8%
|219
|-
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|''Grande Île''
|Maine
|62.6%
|467
|-
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
|''Madawaska''
|Maine
|61.8%
|4,035
|-
|[[Dennistown Plantation, Maine|Dennistown Plantation]]
|''Plantation de Dennistown''
|Maine
|59.3%
|30
|-
|[[St. Agatha, Maine|St. Agatha]]
|''Sainte-Agathe''
|Maine
|56.6%
|747
|-
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
|''Van Buren''
|Maine
|56.5%
|2,171
|-
|[[Cyr Plantation, Maine|Cyr Plantation]]
|''Plantation Cyr''
|Maine
|55.9%
|103
|-
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
|''Fort-Kent''
|Maine
|47.5%
|4,097
|-
|[[Wallagrass, Maine|Wallagrass]]
|''Wallagrass''
|Maine
|46.9%
|546
|-
|[[St. John Plantation, Maine|St. John Plantation]]
|''Plantation de Saint-Jean''
|Maine
|44.2%
|267
|-
|[[New Canada, Maine|New Canada]]
|''Nouveau-Canada''
|Maine
|40.7%
|321
|-
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
|''Lac Aigle''
|Maine
|40.1%
|864
|-
|[[Winterville Plantation, Maine|Winterville Plantation]]
|''Plantation de la Ville d'hiver''
|Maine
|39.0%
|224
|-
|[[St. Francis, Maine|St. Francis]]
|''Saint-François''
|Maine
|38.2%
|485
|-
|[[Ferdinand, Vermont|Ferdinand]]
|''Ferdinand''
|Vermont
|30.0%
|32
|-
|[[Norton, Vermont|Norton]]
|''Norton''
|Vermont
|24.2%
|169
|-
|[[Canaan, Vermont|Canaan]]
|''Canaan''
|Vermont
|22.8%
|972
|-
|[[Clarksville, New Hampshire|Clarksville]]
|''Ville de Clark''
|New Hampshire
|17.2%
|265
|-
|[[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]]
|''Berlin''
|New Hampshire
|16.7%
|10,051
|-
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|''Stewartstown''
|New Hampshire
|16.0%
|1,004
|-
|[[Portage Lake, Maine|Portage Lake]]
|''Lac Portage''
|Maine
|15.7%
|391
|-
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
|''Lewiston''
|Maine
|14.7%
|36,592
|-
|[[Caswell, Maine|Caswell]]
|''Caswell''
|Maine
|14.7%
|306
|-
|[[Milan, New Hampshire|Milan]]
|''Milan''
|New Hampshire
|13.6%
|1,337
|-
|[[Errol, New Hampshire|Errol]]
|''Errol''
|New Hampshire
|13.1%
|291
|-
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|''Sabattus''
|Maine
|12.9%
|4,876
|-
|[[Dummer, New Hampshire|Dummer]]
|''Dummer''
|New Hampshire
|12.2%
|304
|-
|[[Wentworth Location, New Hampshire|Wentworth Location]]
|''Emplacement de Wentworth''
|New Hampshire
|12.1%
|33
|-
|[[Averill, Vermont|Averill]]
|''Averill''
|Vermont
|11.1%
|24
|-
|[[Lyman, Maine|Lyman]]
|''Lyman''
|Maine
|10.1%
|4,344
|}

==Vocabulary==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Christian speaking New England French.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=177|Interview in New England French with a New Hampshire resident discussing common criticisms of the dialect, as well as the mélange of others spoken in the northern New England states, 2015]]
Although many variations of French are spoken by populations within New England, including Quebec, Acadian, and European French, a 1961 speaking study conducted by the [[:simple:United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare|United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] found a number of features of the New England dialect that were prevalent in the mid-20th century. Some colloquialisms found in New England French are similar to rural Quebec French with the use of words like ''char'' (roughly, "chariot"), compared with the standard French word for car, ''voiture'' ("vehicle", "automobile"), and represent words regarded as archaic in standardized French or words used in other dialects but of similar, yet distinct, usages. When respondents were presented with more advanced Standard French prompts, however, they generally demonstrated comprehension and [[code switching]]. Some examples of responses provided in the study and other regional literature include:<ref name="vocabulary2"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Standard French !! Laurentian French !! New England French
|-
| bottleneck || goulot || goulot || gougeau
|-
| corn || maïs || blé d'Inde || blé d'Inde
|-
| car || voiture || voiture/auto/char || char
|-
| dollar || dollar || dollar/piastre || piastre
|-
| heavy || lourd || lourd/pesant || pesant
|-
| midwife || sage-femme || sage-femme || baboche<ref>{{cite book|title=As I Live and Dream|first=Gertrude M.|last=Coté|oclc=8811829|publisher=Dirigo Edition; Book Craftsmen Associates|location=Manchester, Me.|year=1953|language=English|page=5|quote="Even the ''baboche'' (midwife, to you) made it her business to be on hand...")}}</ref>
|-
| mirror || miroir || miroir || glace
|-
| now || maintenant || maintenant/astheure ||astheure<ref>{{cite book|page=69|url=http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtxt/179630.pdf|publisher=L'Action Sociale|location=Quebec City|title=Glossaire du Parler Français au Canada|year=1930}}
* {{cite web|website=moé pi toé|publisher=Franco American Women's Institute|url=http://www.fawi.net/ezine/vol3no4/2AdeleStPierre.html|title='Asteure'|accessdate=March 4, 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Contraction of "à cette heure", also found in Louisiana French and colloquially in Northwest parts of France.}}
|-
| pineapple || ananas || ananas || pomme de pin<ref>{{cite book|title=Language in the Real World: An Introduction to Linguistics|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinrealwo0000unse/page/96/mode/2up|page=96|quote=Pauline Courchesne (2007), a Franco-American speaker of French from Holyoke, Massachusetts, recounts an episode in which, while in France, she use the term from her region for pineapple, which is ''pomme de pin'' (literally, 'apple of pine'). Unaware that the word for pineapple in France is ''ananas'', she wrote ''pommes de pin'' on a customs form for a box of pineapples that she was sending to Czechoslovakia. The French postal worker gave her a strange look but passed the box through...It wasn't until later that she learned that, in the eyes of the French postal worker, she had sent a box of pine cones...}}</ref>
|-
| potato || pomme de terre || patate || pétate
|-
| strainer || passoire || passoire || tamis
|-
| sweeper || balayeuse || balayeuse || balai
|-
|}

===Code switching in English===
Given the ubiquity of English in the region as well as the close proximity of French and English speaking groups, oftentimes code switching is used extensively by Franco-American families even when French is not spoken by all members of the household. Many of these words are used as terms of endearment between grandparents referring to their grandchildren, or by their parents, and often picked up by the children themselves, in households of Franco-American families whose youngest generations primarily speak English.

Examples include substitutions as simple as calling grandparents ''mémère'' (shortened ''mémé'') or ''pépère'' (''pépé''), while a 1969 study found other more opaque examples, a small sample of which includes:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Romance Notes|volume=XI|issue=1|date=Autumn 1969|title=New England Franco-American Terms Used in Spoken English|pages=219–225|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|last=Cagnon|first=Maurice}}</ref>

* ''baboune'' (noun), to press one's lips together and outwards in a pouty expression or "[[duck face]]". For example- "Don't make a ''baboune'' like that, your face will stay that way."
* ''pépéte'' (noun), bird, as in "Do you see the little ''pépétes''?"
* ''quenoeil'' (noun), eye, as in "Make pretty ''quenoeils'' for ''mémère''."
* ''séssi'' (verb), sit down, particularly in the context of an exclamation as in "''Séssi!'' You ''séssi'' now!"
* ''matante'' or ''mononcle'', aunt or uncle

==Media==
{{see also|Franco American literature}}
Though not offering weekly or monthly coverage, the [[New York City|New York]]-based bilingual ''[[France-Amérique]]'' magazine writes periodic news stories on [[Francophone]] community events and institutions in New England.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320143124/https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le français, un investissement dans le Vermont et le New Hampshire}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=September 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919173139/https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le retour du français (et de l'Alliance Française) dans le Maine}}</ref> With the exception of Francophone group publications such as the newsletter of ''Boston Accueil'', no regular French periodicals are extant within New England today. In other mediums the language is rarely found, with the exception of [[Canadian French]] AM repeaters of [[Radio-Canada]] from Quebec, and an online forum maintained by the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], "Bienvenue à Boston".<ref>{{cite web|title=French Associations in New England|archive-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408071229/https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|url=https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|language=en|publisher=Consulate General of France in Boston; République Française}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903052715/https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|archive-date=September 3, 2018|url=https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|title=Bienvenue à Boston|publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|United States}}
* [[Acadian French]]
* [[American French]]
* [[Canadian French]]
* [[Early Franco-American newspapers]]
* [[French in New Hampshire]]
* [[French language in Canada]]
* [[French language in the United States]]
* [[Louisiana French]]
* [[New England English]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book|title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft|publisher=L'Opinion Publique|language=fr|year=1911|location=Worcester, Mass.|last=Belisle|first=Alexandre}}
* {{cite journal|title=À la recherche du français en Nouvelle-Angleterre: une enquête de terrain à travers six États|volume=XXIV|issue=3|pages=377–401|last1=DuBois|first1=Sylvie|first2=Carole|last2=Salmon|doi=10.1017/S095926951300029X|date=November 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=Journal of French Language Studies|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=The Future Past: The Social Context of Franco-American Schooling in New England|last=Jacobson|first=Phyllis|oclc=424854889|publisher=UCLA Graduate School of Education; US Dept. of Education|series=Bilingual Education; Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED231223|year=1983}}
* {{cite book|title=Phonological Variables in a New England French Speech Community|last=Kelley|first=Henry Edward|publisher=Cornell University|year=1980|oclc=13275797}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Miller|last2=Yelsma|last3=Heap|first1=Mary R|first2=Paul L|first3=Norman A|year=1971|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa (Ala.)|oclc=737567|title=Bilingualism in northern New England}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5gqAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Association internationale pour la recherche et la diffusion des méthodes audio-visuelles et structuro-globales|language=en, fr|location=Manchester (N.H.)|year=1973|oclc=1046242|last=Poulin|first=Norman A.|title=Oral and Nasal Vowel Diphthongization of a New England French Dialect}}
*{{cite book|title=Franco-Americans in Massachusetts: 'No French no mo' 'round here'|last=Szlezák|first=Edith|publisher=Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co|language=en|location=Langewiesen, Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQZ_DwAAQBAJ|oclc=794490594|year=2010|isbn=9783823374497}}

==External links==
* [http://www.villesfrancoamerique.com/ Réseau des Villes Francophones et Francophiles de l'Amérique], ''en français'', (Network of Francophone and Francophile Cities of America)
* [https://boston.consulfrance.org/Les-ecoles-francaises-en-Nouvelle-Angleterre Les écoles françaises en Nouvelle-Angleterre], Consulat Général de France à Boston
* [http://credo.library.umass.edu/search?q=subject:%22Franco-Americans--Massachusetts%22 Recordings of New England French], Eloise A. Briere, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections
* [https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/franco-publications-and-programs/ Franco Publications and Programs], University of Southern Maine Digital Commons; includes examples of weekly and monthly newspapers
* [https://www.loc.gov/collections/lowell-folklife-project/?fa=subject:franco-americans Franco-American Recordings, Documents, and Photographs], Lowell Folklife Project, Library of Congress

{{French dialects by continent}}
{{Gallo-Romance languages and dialects}}

[[Category:Culture of New England]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:French dialects]]
[[Category:French-Canadian American history]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Maine]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in New Hampshire]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Vermont]]
[[Category:French language in the United States]]
[[Category:French language in the Americas]]

New England French

2024-06-10T13:59:17Z

Edwki: Rearranged base order from alphabetical to by population

{{Short description|French variety of New England, US}}
{{infobox language
| name = New England French
| nativename = français de Nouvelle-Angleterre
| pronunciation =
| states = [[United States]] ([[New England]]) (primarily [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Vermont]])
| speakers = {{sigfig|173,740|2}}
| date = 2015
| ref = <ref name="NewEnglandStates">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Connecticut, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160643/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US09.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160004/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Massachusetts, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155716/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US25.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155423/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Rhode Island, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213160629/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US44.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213154915/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.05000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|Including all dialects of French spoken in New England, except French Creole}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4 = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5 = [[Western Romance languages|Western]]
| fam6 = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
| fam7 = [[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
| fam8 = [[French language|French]]
| ancestor = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Latin]]
| ancestor3 = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old Gallo-Romance]]
| ancestor5 = [[Old French]]
| ancestor6 = [[Middle French]]
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = none
| lingua = 51-AAA-iid
| map = Population speaking French at home in New England, percent by county.svg
| mapcaption = Percentage of population speaking French at home, including other dialects but excluding French-based creoles (2015)<ref name=NewEnglandStates/>
{{Legend|#2e648c|10–15%}}
{{Legend|#628aa8|5–10%}}
{{Legend|#97b4c7|1–5%}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|0.5-1%}}
{{hidden|Speakers by total population|[[File:Population speaking French at home in New England, sum by county.svg|220px]]Population speaking French at home, including other dialects (2015) 
{{Legend|#12568a|>15000}}
{{Legend|#2e648c|10000-15000}}
{{Legend|#4d7a9e|5000-10000}}
{{Legend|#6d93b0|2500-5000}}
{{Legend|#8dadc2|1000-2500}}
{{Legend|#aec6d4|500-1000}}
{{Legend|#ffffff|<500}}
}}
}}
'''New England French''' ({{lang-fr|français de Nouvelle-Angleterre}}) is a variety of French spoken in the [[New England]] region of the United States.<ref name=Ammon>{{cite book |title=Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties |last= Ammon|first= Ulrich|author2=International Sociological Association |year= 1989|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 978-0899253565|pages= 306–308|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC|access-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref> It descends from [[Canadian French]] because it originally came from [[French Canadians]] who immigrated to New England during the [[Grande Hémorragie]].

New England French is one of the major forms of the [[French language]] that developed in what is now the United States, the others being [[Louisiana French]] and the nearly extinct [[Missouri French]], [[Muskrat French]] and [[Métis French]]. The dialect is the predominant form of French spoken in New England (apart from standard French), except in the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John Valley]] of northern [[Aroostook County, Maine]], where [[Brayon French]] predominates.

The dialect is endangered. After the First World War, laws were instituted banning immersive bilingual teaching outside of dedicated foreign-language classes, and during the 1960s and 1970s some public schools disciplined students for speaking French in school; however, in recent years it has seen renewed interest and is supported by bilingual education programs in place since 1987.<ref name=Ammon/> A continuing trend of reduced bilingual and foreign-language education has affected the language's prevalence in younger generations.<ref name="CivilRightsReport">{{cite report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvgOAdP_aTsC&pg=PA21|publisher=Vermont Advisory Committee to the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]|date=May 1983|title=Franco-Americans In Vermont; A Civil Rights Perspective|oclc=123220631|last1=Pendleton|first1=Clarence M. Jr.|last2=Smith|first2=Mary Louise|last3=Berry|first3=Mary Frances|last4=Ramirez|first4=Blandina Cardenas|last5=Ruckshaus|first5=Jill S.|last6=Saltzman|first6=Murray|last7=Hoff|first7=Philip H.}}</ref><ref name="2019decline">{{cite news |title=French is dying in northern Maine. Here's why |work=News Center Maine |url=https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd |date=April 30, 2019 |location=Portland, Maine |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501004613/https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/french-is-dying-in-northern-maine-heres-why/97-4e543ab8-445a-48fd-8068-668000da93fd}}</ref> However, cultural programs in recent years have led to renewed interest between older generations speaking the dialect, and the language has also been bolstered by newly arrived refugee populations from [[Francophone Africa]] in cities such as [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521174857/https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |url=https://frenchly.us/the-decline-of-francophone-communities-in-maine/ |title=In Maine, French Culture Experiences a Revival |last=Fillak |first=Jessica |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |website=Frenchly |publisher=French Morning Media Group |location=New York |date=August 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="lesfrancoNE">{{cite book|title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71|pages=70–77|publisher=Université Laval|last=Louder|first=Dean R|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Champlain's Map of Plymouth Harbor.jpg|left|thumb|1605 map of [[Plymouth Harbor]] and its natives, by French colonist and geographer [[Samuel de Champlain]], creator of the first accurate coastal map of the [[Maritime Provinces|Maritimes]] and New England]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| align = right
| footer = ''Top to bottom'': French-Canadian American potato farmers in [[Caribou, Maine]] (1940); a bilingual ad for Hampden Ale (1948); three girls holding a banner for [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]'s Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste (1986)
| image1 = French-Canadian potato farmers near Caribou, Maine.jpg
| image2 = Hampden Ale ad en français in La Justice (30 Septembre 1948).jpg
| image3 = Three girls hold a banner for Chorale St. Jean-Baptiste, Franco American Day, St. Jean Baptiste, Lowell, Massachusetts.jpg }}
Dating back to the earliest colonial period, a French presence remained in New England with its proximity to [[Quebec]], even after many Acadians were exiled in ''[[Expulsion of the Acadians|Le Grand Dérangement]]'' and later settled in [[Spanish Louisiana]]. Although the [[French and Indian War]] would leave distance between the Yankee and Franco settlers, the role of [[France in the American Revolutionary War#North American operations|France in the American Revolution]] as well as the contributions of French military figures like [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] in the [[Siege of Yorktown]], engendered an alliance against [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] at that time.

Early figures from French stock who would become a part of the American narrative included [[Peter Faneuil]], Gov. [[James Bowdoin]], and [[Paul Revere]], all descendants of [[Huguenots]] who fled persecution to the New World. However, while Faneuil and Bowdoin both spoke fluently, the latter encouraged his son [[James Bowdoin III]] to learn the language, but was described as decidedly pro-British after the Revolution, for his disdain at France's reversion of the [[Edict of Nantes]].<ref>{{cite book |title=James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZaY5Vxx0qIC&pg=PA60 |pages=60–61 |chapter=Huguenot Memories |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=2004 |last1=Manuel |first1=Frank E. |last2=Manuel |first2=Fritzie P.|isbn = 9780871692474}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Connecting Worlds and People: Early Modern Diasporas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8-iDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 |page=52 |editor1=Dagmar Freist |editor2=Susanne Lachenicht |quote=Peter Faneuil who inherited his uncle's firm on condition that he remained unmarried, spoke English and French; in his private correspondence he used French as his main language |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |location=New York|isbn = 9781317162001}}</ref> In contrast, born to a French household, Revere (anglicized from ''Rivoire'') only spoke the English of the Bay Province, though he had family who spoke the French language in Boston and overseas, and would correspond with them, having replies translated for him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Paul Revere: American Patriot |last=Ford |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNBjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |page=70 |publisher=Enslow Publishers |year=2015 |location=Berkeley Heights, N. J.|isbn=9780766064867 }}</ref>

The French language remained extant in Boston during its time as a British colony, though not abundant, one reason being a fear of the influence of [[Catholicism]]; academically this prevented the language from gaining early acceptance at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], when its first instructor was dismissed in 1735, after two years of teaching, due to rumors of converting students from [[Protestantism]].<ref name="LOCBlog">{{cite web|website=4 Corners of the World; International Collections|last=Spiegel|first=Taru|date=September 30, 2019|archive-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006135426/https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/09/teaching-french-at-harvard-and-labeille-franoise/|title=Teaching French at Harvard and L'Abeille Françoise|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Six decades later, one of the first publishers of a French textbook in the Americas was Harvard's first salaried French instructor, Joseph Nancrède, who compiled then-contemporary French texts and published them alongside limited English translations in his ''L'Abeille Françoise'' in 1792. Years before, in 1789, Nancrède established the first French newspaper of Boston, a short-lived weekly published for six months that year which he described in its [[prospectus (finance)|prospectus]] as a means to foster commerce between the Americans and French-speaking world, and "to convey adequate ideas of the Majesty of Congress to nations who scarcely know that there is one existing."<ref name="LOCBlog"/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volume=LXX|issue=1|date=Spring 1976|title=Joseph Nancrede, Franco-American Bookseller-Publisher, 1761-1841 |pages=1–88 |last=Stern |first=Madeleine B.|doi=10.1086/pbsa.70.1.24302257|jstor = 24302257|s2cid=183547078}}</ref>

Outside of Boston, prior to the [[Industrial Revolution in the United States|Industrial Revolution]] and the [[Second Industrial Revolution]], the influence of French settlers in New England was diminished almost entirely following the end of the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]], which gave control of the region to the British. During this time many of [[Vermont]]'s earliest settlers returned to Quebec; however, the Vermont Archaeological Society has noted in the past that a small number of French remained settled, at farms too remote to meet the notice of the fledgling colonial government.<ref name="overview">{{cite book|title=A Franco-American Overview|publisher=National Assessment and Dissemination Center, Lesley College; US Department of Education|location=Cambridge, Mass.|date=May 1979|volume=I|page=208|last1=Albert|first1=Renaud S. |last2=Martin |first2=Andre |last3=Giguere |first3=Madeleine |last4=Allain |first4=Mathe |last5=Brasseaux |first5=Carl A. |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED260000.pdf |via=Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)}}</ref> Similarly, [[Maine]] was claimed by the French to the east of the [[Kennebec River]], and during the expulsion of the Acadians, French culture largely left that landscape as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=William D. |title=The History of the State of Maine; from its Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7soTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 |volume=II |year=1832 |pages=27, 266, 293 |publisher=Hallowell}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Quebec diaspora|Great Migration]] of the Québécois during the Second Industrial Revolution, one of the earliest examples of New England French arose from the [[Papineau Rebellion]] in [[Lower Canada]]. Following the rebellion, [[Ludger Duvernay]], one of the 26 patriot leaders arrested by Canadian authorities for printing articles critical of the British colonial government, went into exile in the States. Formerly publishing ''La Minerve'' in [[Montreal]], he issued a prospectus for a French-language paper in 1838, hoping Americans would support a journal that promoted civil rights and independence in Lower Canada. He set up in [[Burlington, Vermont]], what was described as the first French-Canadian American newspaper, publishing the first issue of ''Le Patriote Canadien'' on August 7, 1839, for both Canadians across the border and a [[Patriote movement|patriot community]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Le Patriote canadien. (Montréal) 1839-1840 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927122427/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90000507/ |publisher=Library of Congress |author=South Dakota State Historical Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft |publisher=L'Opinion Publique |language=fr|year=1911 |location=Worcester, Mass. |last=Belisle |first=Alexandre}}</ref>

===The Great Migration===
[[File:Bulletin de la société historique franco-américaine.jpg|thumb|left|160px|The ''Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-américaine'' for 1943, one of many institution created from ''[[La Survivance]]'']]
Beginning in the late 1840s, greater numbers of French Canadians began to settle in the States, at first for seasonal agricultural jobs, and then eventually brought in by horse and later train, to serve as factory workers for the large mill towns being built by [[the Boston Associates]] and others all across the six New England states. By 1899 there were reportedly 120 French-language parishes in New England, and by that time of the 1.5 million people of French-speaking Canada, about 600,000 had migrated to the U.S., primarily to New England.<ref>Sacha Richard, "American Perspectives on La fièvre aux États-Unis, 1860–1930: A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' (2002) 32#1 pp: 105-132.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Influence of French in New England|work=Times-Picayune|location=New Orleans, La.|page=10|date=July 15, 1899}}</ref> To a degree these newcomers integrated and learned the English language; however, ''[[La Survivance]]'' also endured.<ref name="Laurier">{{cite book |title=Souvenir du banquet Laurier, Boston, Mass, Hôtel Vendôme, Mardi, 17 Novembre, 1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_03527/page/53 |editor=R. C. de Beaumont |year=1892 |publisher=Imprimerie du National |location=Lowell, Mass. |isbn=9780665035272 |language=fr}}</ref> On the eve of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]], in 1881 [[Carroll D. Wright]] described the newly-arrived French as the "Chinese of the Eastern States" for their refusal to entirely integrate, the use of their labor by mill owners to subvert union wages, and the creation of separate French-language institutions. This statement would serve as a flashpoint of controversy for decades, but others in the Yankee political class would welcome the newcomers, with Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] remarking in a 1908 immigration speech to the Boston City Club that they "represent one of the oldest settlements on this continent. They have been, in the broad sense, Americans for generations, and their coming to the United States is merely a movement of Americans across an imaginary line."<ref>{{cite book|title=Uniform hours of labor from the Twelfth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, for 1881 |last=Wright |first=Carroll D. |year=1889 |page=150 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058537515;view=1up;seq=168 |publisher=Wright & Potter Printing Co. |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPHUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=The Belles of New England |page=123 |last=Moran |first=William |chapter=Voyagers South |year=2002 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |location=New York|isbn=9780312326005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=United States Congressional serial set, Issue 5265 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-83AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA316|chapter=Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on Immigration |date=March 20, 1908}}</ref> Industrial cities as large as [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], and as small as [[Somersworth, New Hampshire]], would often have bilingual signs, and American customs such as baseball gradually adopted by younger generations had their own francized jargon, with it being as common for a muff{{efn|An error by an outfielder in failing to catch an easy play.}} to be met with an outcry of "sacré nom" by spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=French in New England; Old Time Raiders' Stock Majority of Population in Many Towns |via=Boston Transcript |work=Oregonian |location=Portland, Or. |page=3|date=March 5, 1906 |quote=Of course they have to pick up some English, but even the little boys who are grandsons of 'the original French' prefer the Gaelic tongue. When they are playing baseball a muff is more than likely to call out a 'sac' nom' than one of the epithets familiar on the lips of Yankee critics.}}</ref>

One of the earliest examples of New England French being differentiated from Canadian French and [[Acadian French]] came in an 1898 study in [[Johns Hopkins University]]'s ''[[Modern Language Notes]]'', noting variants of [[phonology]], and studies would continue sporadically covering vocabulary into the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Modern Language Notes |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=xiii |issue=4 |pages=105–112 |doi=10.2307/2917284 |date=April 1898 |title=American-French Dialect Comparison|jstor=2917284 |last1=Geddes |first1=James |hdl=2027/njp.32101073049387 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |title=Notes on the Vocabulary of the French-Canadian Dialect Spoken in Brunswick, Maine |last=Locke |first=William N. |volume=XIX |issue=6 |date=May 1946 |pages=416–422|jstor=380393 }}</ref><ref name="vocabulary2">{{cite journal |journal=The French Review |volume=XXXV |issue=2 |date=December 1961 |pages=163–175 |publisher=American Association of Teachers of French |title=New England French Vocabulary |last=Brault |first=Gerard J.}}</ref> By 1924, approximately 1.5 million people, regardless of origin, spoke French in New England,<ref name="French in New England">{{cite news |title=French in New England |work=St. Albans Daily Messenger |page=8 |location=St. Albans, VT |date=September 9, 1924 |quote=New England has more than 1,500,000 French-speaking people.}}</ref>{{efn|It is unclear if this represents native fluency or fluency as a second-language.}} which at the [[1920 US Census]] was recorded at 7.4 million residents, placing the proportion of French speakers at about one-fifth of the population, or nearly the same proportion as that of French speakers in Canada in 2016.<ref name="French in New England"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] |last=Canada |first=Government of Canada, Statistics |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=8 February 2017 |language=en |access-date=2017-10-03}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Historical newspapers===
[[File:Alliance des Journaux Franco-Americains de la Nouvelle Angleterre.png|left|thumb|150px|Seal of the Alliance des Journaux Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle Angleterre, a trade organization of French-language newspapers in New England extant from 1937 to 1963.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}]]

[[File:Total New England French-language newspapers of by municipality (1838-1938).svg|right|thumb|270px|A map showing a total of 242 Franco-American newspapers published in New England in the French language, extant for some period between the years 1838 and 1938.]]
During the late 19th through mid-20th centuries, the dialect was supported with more than 250 French newspapers extant in New England, many being published weekly and only seeing publication for a few years, while some would endure from the late 1800s and early 1900s into the [[interwar period]], with 21 newspapers and four monthlies in existence in 1937, and a handful publishing through the 1960s, such as ''[[Le Messager (Maine)|Le Messager]]'' in [[Lewiston, Maine]], ''L'Indépendent'' in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/ |website=Chronicling America |title=About L'Indépendente |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521164527/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89062110/|author=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> and ''[[La Justice]]'' in [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]].<ref name="NEReview">{{cite journal |title=Journalism and the French Survival in New England |last=Ham |first=Edward Billings |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1938 |pages=89–107 |publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc. |jstor=360562 |doi=10.2307/360562 }}</ref> However, competition with the daily English press, a lack of public support from non-speakers, and the availability of larger Quebec publications like ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'' in [[Montreal]] led to a gradual decline of the New England French newspaper trade. In one 1936 editorial in the [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island|Woonsocket]] ''L'Union'', the editorship described an apathy that had set in with the French community in response to an increase in advertising for financial support-<ref name="NEReview"/>{{efn|Original in French: "Notre presse réussit à peine à se maintenir...Un de nos hebdomadaires vient encore d'expirer; d'autres vivent presque exclusivement des annonces; plusieurs n'obtiennent que blâme et dénigrement en retour de la publicité gratuite qu'ils donnent aux œuvres franco-américaines...C'est surtous l'hostilité, l'apathie, l'indifférence des Franco-Américains qui empêchent nos journaux d'atteindre la perfection...Leurs défauts proviennent de leur impuissance relative bien plus que de leur incompétence"}}

<blockquote>"Our press is barely able to maintain itself ... One of our weeklies has just expired; others live almost exclusively on ads; many get only blame and denigration in return for the free publicity they give to Franco-American works ... It's all the hostility, the apathy, the indifference of Franco-Americans that prevent our newspapers from achieving perfection ... Their defects come from their relative helplessness rather than from their incompetence."</blockquote>

Many of these ads would increasingly appear in English, and changing mediums like radio, as well as a frustration with the helpless financial situation leading to more ads only aggravated the decline.<ref name="NEReview"/> One exception to this was Lewiston's ''Le Messager'', whose publisher-owner, Jean-Baptiste Couture, founded central Maine's first, and New England's only radio station owned by a Franco-American weekly, [[WIGY (AM)|WCOU]], in 1938.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|256}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Shadows of the Trees, The Story of French-Canadians in New England|last=Ducharme|first=Jacques|publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]]|location=New York & London|year=1943|oclc=5824785|pages=200–202}}</ref> The bilingual WCOU would outlive the paper, broadcasting regular French programming through at least 1972.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Le Canado-Américain|magazine=Le Canado-Américain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT3ZAAAAMAAJ|quote=He directed two French radio programs, the first at WCOU of Lewiston from 1960 to 1972…|location=Manchester, N.H.|year=1979|page=7|volume=5}}</ref> A few newspapers were able to retain a readership beyond the 1960s independently. This included ''Le Travailleur'', a Worcester French-language weekly that folded in 1978 which, in its final years, could hardly be described as in the tradition of its predecessors, as it was mainly syndicated news from France.<ref name="overview"/>{{rp|258}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Travailleur (Worcester, Mass.) 1931-1978|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn86072008/|website=Library of Congress|access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref> During a period of revival in preserving New England French in academia and civics, the Ligue des Sociétés de Langue Française ("League of French Language Societies") in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]] launched its monthly ''L'Unité'', which published from 1976 through 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fac-l-unite/index.html|website=USM Digital Commons|publisher=University of Southern Maine|location=Portland, Me.|title=L'Unité Collection, Franco Publications|access-date=November 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="brault">{{cite book|title=The French Canadian Heritage in New England|last=Brault|first=Gerard J.|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXbC2EFS08gC|location=Hanover, N.H.|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=9780874513592}}</ref>{{rp|100}} The only New England French news outlet to endure into [[History of the Internet|the emergence of the internet]] was ''Le Journal de Lowell''; founded in 1975, the monthly paper would continue to produce French-language content, including the translation of English ads, until December 1995, when it abruptly ceased publication.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919180851/https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|url=https://francolowellma.wordpress.com/newspapers/le-journal-de-lowell/|title=Le Journal de Lowell|date=8 January 2014 |publisher=Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = center
| width1 = 186
| width2 = 160
| width3 = 205
| footer = ''Left to right:'' The ''Courier de Boston'', published in 1789, was the city's first French newspaper, coverage including [[George Washington]]'s inaugural speech in French and English in its [[:File:Courier de Boston (14 Mai 1789).jpg|May 14, 1789 issue]]; an 1893 issue of ''Le Défenseur'', a [[Holyoke, Massachusetts|Holyoke]] French weekly extant from 1884 to 1894; a 1943 issue of ''La Justice de Biddeford'', published from 1896 to about 1950
| image1 = Courier de Boston.jpg
| image2 = Le Défenseur (Mars 16, 1893).jpg|200px
| image3 = La Justice de Biddeford (11 Septembre 1943).jpg}}

===Decline===
A combination of cultural and economic forces would drive a decline in the use of the French language in New England through the end of the 20th century. Attitudes varied among Anglophone Yankees. During a speech in 1891 in Boston, Canadian Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] urged a French-Canadian audience, "One of the things that is absolutely essential is to study the English language, the language of [this] country...most of you, if you are now over a million on this side of the 45th line, you have not come for any other object than that of earning your daily bread. So, while not losing the memory of your origin, remember that you have duties to fulfill as citizens of the Republic and that you must love your adopted homeland."<ref name="Laurier"/>{{efn|Original in French:[I]l y a une chose qui est tout a fait indispensable, c'est d'etudier la langue anglaise, la langue du pays... Car, apres tout, la grande chose s'est d'abord de gagner le pain de chaque jour; et si vous etes etablis sur le sol americain, la plupart d'entre vous, si vouts etes maintenant au dela d'un million de ce cote-ci de la ligne 45ieme, vous n'y etes pas venus pour d'autre object que celui de gagner votre pain quotidien. Ainsi, tout en ne perdant pas le souvenir de votre origine, souvenez-vous que vous avez des devoirs a remplir comme citoyens de la Republique et que vous devez aimer votre patrie d'adoption.}}

While a sense of civic solidarity with Americans was expressed by Laurier and other French-American and Canadian leaders, economic discrimination also disfavored New England French speakers. Not unlike the exclusion some Francophones in [[Louisiana]] would witness,<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Language Loss in Cajun Louisiana: Integrative Evolutionary Approaches in Linguistic Anthropology |last=Fiedler |first=Michelle Y. |date=May 2006 |publisher=Washington State University |degree=Master of Arts in Anthropology |citeseerx=10.1.1.457.9908 }}</ref> attitudes towards French speakers in New England would also result in disparate outcomes. In a 1983 study by the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights|US Commission on Civil Rights]], a Vermont committee found that though the French language was spoken by a large part of its population, they often held disparately lower wealth and educational outcomes than monolingual English-speaking peers, with few resources given to bilingual education. The committee would attribute this in part to the [[Americanization (immigration)|Americanization]] Department of the [[United States Department of Education|US Bureau of Education]] program, begun in 1919, requiring all students to be taught in English alone, prompting laws in Rhode Island, Maine, and New Hampshire prohibiting immersive teaching, requiring only English in classes not specifically dedicated to foreign language. Connecticut and Vermont would both see bills introduced for preventing the use of French in Catholic schools, but neither would pass their legislatures.<ref name="CivilRightsReport"/> A consequence of those laws that were enacted however, were that entire communities where only French was spoken were subject to scrutiny by the state. A threat of penalty or termination of funding for speaking French outside of French classes led to measures in Maine which suppressed the language. Most notably, children were often asked to refrain from speaking anything but English when state officials were present, leading to "silent playgrounds" during days schools were being inspected.<ref>{{cite magazine|language=en|magazine=The Forum|last=Bouchard Morin|first=Amy|title=Nos Histories de L'Ile Stories - Some of the Reasons French Children Were Encouraged to Assimilate|pages=6–7|date=Spring 2017|quote=Now my mother spoke only French until she went to college to become a teacher. Her first teaching assignment was to teach kindergarten in Madawaska, Maine. All the children came to her speaking only French, and she had to teach them in English. Imagine her stress. It would have been so much easier for her and for those little ones to teach them in French. Occasionally inspectors from the State would visit the schools. When word came that the inspectors were coming the teachers were told to be sure that only English was spoken in the school and on the grounds. So when the children went out for recess they were told to be sure to only speak English. These little French children played in silent playgrounds when the inspectors were in the area. I can't even imagine a silent playground.|publisher=Le Centre Franco-Américain, Université du Maine|editor=Lisa Desjardins Michaud}}</ref>

In turn, as the economy of Canada improved, a number of those whose families had moved to the United States would return to Quebec, [[Ontario]], and [[New Brunswick]], as well, into the latter half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Canadian Emigration to the United States 1840-1930 |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620073138/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/readings/leaving.htm |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |publisher=Marianopolis College |date=August 23, 2000}}</ref>

===Preservation efforts===
[[File:Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre by Paul P Chassé (1976).jpg|right|thumb|''Anthologie de la poésie Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre'', compiled by Paul Chassé for the [[United States Bicentennial|American Bicentennial]], represents the most complete collection of Franco-American poetry, with most works in New England French.]]
A decline in the French language was evident by the mid-20th century, with Joseph Ubalde-Paquin, a president of the [[Société Historique Franco-Américaine]], noting during the 2nd Congress of the French Language in Boston in 1937 (''2e Congrès de la Langue française''), that "the Franco-Americans always speak valiantly the French Language, but the French spirit disappears from their families; their children think in English and therefore speak more easily in the English language." Paquin went on to urge families to francize their prayer and song, so future generations "may serve as an extension of ourselves and our ancestors".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bulletin de la Société Historique Franco-Américaine |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci |language=fr|page=[https://archive.org/details/bulletindelasoci193745soci/page/7 7] |title=Discours du President [Region du Conseil d'Administration; Le dimanche 14 février 1937 au Touraine à Boston; Les Franco-Américains et le 2e Congrès de la Langue française; Tous les comités régionaux des États-Unis] |year=1935 |publisher=Société historique Franco-Américaine |location=Manchester, N. H.}}</ref>{{efn|Original in French: Ce soir, après vingt-cinq ans, nous pouvons dire à notre tour: les Franco-Américains parlent toujours vaillamment la Langue française, mais l'esprit français disparit de leurs familles; leurs enfants pensent en anglais et par conséquent, s'expriment plus facilement dans la Langue anglaise. Le Deuxieme Congrès devra marquer le commencement d'une ère nouvelle. Esperons que les campagnes d'idées qui le precedent, l'agitation des esprits, les sentiments qu'auront fait germer dans nos coeurs les missionnaires de la pensé française qui nous visitent, nous inciteront comme chefs de famille, à prendre la ferme résolution de franciser l'atmosphere de nos prière et la chanson, afin que nos enfants ressentent le besoin de parler français et d'être le prolongement de nous-mêmes et de nos aïeux.}} Such groups, organized at a national and international level in New England, represented more than gatherings of [[Franco-Americans|Franco-American]]s, but rather other speakers of the French language as well. For example, a 1938 reception for [[René Doynel de Saint-Quentin]] saw representation from Louisiana and from Boston's [[Greater Lebanon|Syro-Lebanais]] community. In 1938 as well, New Englanders saw representation at the [[Second Congress on the French Language in Canada]] (''Deuxième Congrès de la langue française au Canada''), which included resolutions to establish 12 ''survivance'' committees in the New England states, promoting press, cultural institutions and similar.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Le Canada-français|date=June 1939|title=Les Livres|page=1000|url=https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2678624|via=Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Quebec}}</ref> To some degree a Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique would remain active into the 1950s,<ref>{{cite book|title=La Vie Franco-Américaine 1950; Treizième Rapport Annuel|publisher=Comité de la Survivance française en Amérique; Imprimerie Ballard Frères|year=1950|location=Manchester, N.H}}</ref> while meetings of the Société Historique Franco-Américaine would continue in cooperation with other French-speaking communities through the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le Québec et les francophones de la Nouvelle-Angleterre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EeYknI87c4C&pg=PA71 |pages=70–71 |publisher=Université Laval |last=Louder |first=Dean R. |oclc=1097785488 |location=Sainte-Foy, Qc. |language=fr|isbn = 9782763772738|year = 1991}}</ref>

In 2012 the state of Maine, one of two states (along with Vermont) where French was the second-most spoken language, created a Franco-American Task Force to evaluate the current status of the language among Franco-Americans in Maine. Among its findings were that of this population, only 12.3% over the age of 5, about 40,000 individuals, spoke French. Some 98.5% of these Franco-Americans had been born in the United States, indicating the persistence of New England French. Nevertheless, the report concluded the French language was no longer inherently part of French-American identity.<ref name="Maine2012Report">{{cite report |title=Franco-Americans in Maine: Statistics from the American Community Survey |last=Myall |first=James |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053313/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/JamesMyallFATFReport.pdf |publisher=State of Maine Legislative Franco-American Task Force |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> As part of this effort, in 2012 Maine launched an immersive Maine French Heritage Language Program, designed to have at least four in five classes conducted in French, catering to both the New England dialect and those of immigrants and refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maine French Heritage Language Program |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215202521/https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |url=https://www.maine.gov/legis/opla/FrancoAmericanMFHLPpresentation92412.pptx |author=Doris A. Bonneau |publisher=University of Southern Maine |date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> However, this program was cut by 2014, when the French Department of the [[University of Southern Maine]], providing program curricula, was closed entirely.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129014414/https://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/27/language-arts-dying-usm/ |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |date=October 27, 2014 |work=Portland Press Herald |location=Portland, Me. |title=Language arts dying out at USM |last=Gallagher |first=Noel K.}}</ref> By 2019, the decline had not seen any changes in trend despite the language's centuries-old presence in the state. Even with renewed bilingualism initiatives, a lack of support for foreign-language programs and a shortage of teachers, as well as the stigmatism of the previous English-only laws were blamed in part for a lack of knowledge in French in Maine's youngest generation.<ref name="2019decline"/>

The Massachusetts American and French Canadian Cultural Exchange Commission, though not strictly a linguistic body like Louisiana's [[CODOFIL]], maintains, and develops cultural ties between French-Canadians and Franco-Americans, as well as a number of Francophone organizations.<ref name="lesfrancoNE"/><ref>{{cite web|website=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|publisher=Commonowealth of Massachusetts|archive-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316191923/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciscig/j/j8j10.htm|title=Citizens' Guide to State Services, Housing/Community Development- Commissions}}</ref>

Although not taught strictly in the New England dialect, in recent years new efforts have arisen to preserve the language, with a Maine chapter of the [[Alliance Française]] established in [[Portland, Maine|Portland]] in August 2019, adding to others in Hartford, Providence, [[Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area|Greater Burlington]], the Centre Franco-Americain in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], and the French Cultural Center in Boston. The New England dialect, and some of the vocabulary and mannerisms that characterize it, not unlike Acadian, Canadian, and Cajun French, however, have faced less institutional support, in favor of [[Standard French]].<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203105316/http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |url=http://myall.bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/maine/ending-the-damaging-myth-of-bad-french-in-new-england/ |title=Ending the Damaging Myth of "Bad French" in New England |date=April 15, 2016 |last=Myall |first=James |website=Parlez-Vous American? |publisher=Bangor Daily News}}</ref> A number of smaller local cultural and language preservation groups remain extant, including Le Comité Franco-Américain de Lowell and L'Association Francophone de Fall River in Massachusetts.

While not approached from a preservation standpoint, in recent years a "French Friendly" policy has been adopted through the Northern Border Regional Commission by the state of New Hampshire and its [[chambers of commerce]], and Burlington, Vermont, providing training for service industry employees to provide Canadian French service to a substantial French-Canadian tourist demographic.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bienvenue au NH |language=en, fr |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014025538/https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |url=https://www.bienvenuenh.org/about-us/ |publisher=Plymouth State University}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=France-Amérique |location=New York |language=fr|title=Burlington, le Vermont 'french friendly' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811184541/https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/ |archive-date=August 11, 2019 |url=https://france-amerique.com/en/burlington-le-vermont-french-friendly/}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Population==
As the French language is only differentiated from [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] in [[US Census Bureau]] figures, this provides an estimate of the French-speaking population but speakers of the dialect are not enumerated specifically. According to the 2016 [[American Community Survey]], in total there were about 160,000 residents in New England who spoke some form of the language at home, with the highest population in [[Massachusetts]], and the highest per capita residential population in Maine. By county, the 2015 American Community Survey showed the highest populations of French speakers in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]], with 16,593 household speakers, and [[Hartford County, Connecticut]], with 11,620. Per capita, the only county with more than 10% of residents speaking any form of French at home was [[Aroostook County, Maine]] (9,800 or 14.6%), due to its geographic proximity to Canada and speakers of [[Acadian French|Acadian]] and [[Quebec French]]. [[Coos County, New Hampshire]] (2,923 or 9.6%), [[Androscoggin County, Maine]] (8,913 or 8.8%) and [[Essex County, Vermont]] (374 or 6.3%) were the only other counties with more than 5% of the population speaking French, with Androscoggin County, home to [[Lewiston, Maine]], being the sole county not bordering Canada with such a proportion of speakers.<ref name="NewEnglandStates"/><ref name="State ACS">{{Cite web| url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All States Within United States, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 11, 2018| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213114833/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B16001/0100000US.04000| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===French-speakers by state===
{{main|French language in the United States}}

The figures below include speakers of any [[French dialect]], as estimated during the 2012-2016 [[American Community Survey]]:<ref name="State ACS"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State!! Number of speakers!! Proportion of state's population
|-
| Maine || 38,695 || 3.06%
|-
| New Hampshire || 21,260 || 1.68%
|-
| Vermont || 8,508 || 1.43%
|-
| Rhode Island || 9,382 || 0.94%
|-
| Massachusetts || 54,710 || 0.86%
|-
| Connecticut || 25,828 || 0.76%
|}

===Francophone communities===
French language spoken at home by more than 10% of the population, as estimated for the 2011-2015 American Community Survey:<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US23.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Maine, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US33.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within New Hampshire, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B16001/0400000US50.06000| title=Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All County Subdivisions within Vermont, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder| access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Community !! State !! Percent French-speaking !! Total population of community (2010 census)
|-
|[[Frenchville, Maine|Frenchville]]
|Maine
|67.4%
|1,087
|-
|[[Hamlin, Maine|Hamlin]]
|Maine
|62.8%
|219
|-
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|Grand Isle]]
|Maine
|62.6%
|467
|-
|[[Madawaska, Maine|Madawaska]]
|Maine
|61.8%
|4,035
|-
|[[Dennistown Plantation, Maine|Dennistown Plantation]]
|Maine
|59.3%
|30
|-
|[[St. Agatha, Maine|St. Agatha]]
|Maine
|56.6%
|747
|-
|[[Van Buren, Maine|Van Buren]]
|Maine
|56.5%
|2,171
|-
|[[Cyr Plantation, Maine|Cyr Plantation]]
|Maine
|55.9%
|103
|-
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
|Maine
|47.5%
|4,097
|-
|[[Wallagrass, Maine|Wallagrass]]
|Maine
|46.9%
|546
|-
|[[St. John Plantation, Maine|St. John Plantation]]
|Maine
|44.2%
|267
|-
|[[New Canada, Maine|New Canada]]
|Maine
|40.7%
|321
|-
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|Eagle Lake]]
|Maine
|40.1%
|864
|-
|[[Winterville Plantation, Maine|Winterville Plantation]]
|Maine
|39.0%
|224
|-
|[[St. Francis, Maine|St. Francis]]
|Maine
|38.2%
|485
|-
|[[Ferdinand, Vermont|Ferdinand]]
|Vermont
|30.0%
|32
|-
|[[Norton, Vermont|Norton]]
|Vermont
|24.2%
|169
|-
|[[Canaan, Vermont|Canaan]]
|Vermont
|22.8%
|972
|-
|[[Clarksville, New Hampshire|Clarksville]]
|New Hampshire
|17.2%
|265
|-
|[[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]]
|New Hampshire
|16.7%
|10,051
|-
|[[Stewartstown, New Hampshire|Stewartstown]]
|New Hampshire
|16.0%
|1,004
|-
|[[Portage Lake, Maine|Portage Lake]]
|Maine
|15.7%
|391
|-
|[[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]]
|Maine
|14.7%
|36,592
|-
|[[Caswell, Maine|Caswell]]
|Maine
|14.7%
|306
|-
|[[Milan, New Hampshire|Milan]]
|New Hampshire
|13.6%
|1,337
|-
|[[Errol, New Hampshire|Errol]]
|New Hampshire
|13.1%
|291
|-
|[[Sabattus, Maine|Sabattus]]
|Maine
|12.9%
|4,876
|-
|[[Dummer, New Hampshire|Dummer]]
|New Hampshire
|12.2%
|304
|-
|[[Wentworth Location, New Hampshire|Wentworth Location]]
|New Hampshire
|12.1%
|33
|-
|[[Averill, Vermont|Averill]]
|Vermont
|11.1%
|24
|-
|[[Lyman, Maine|Lyman]]
|Maine
|10.1%
|4,344
|}

==Vocabulary==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Christian speaking New England French.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=177|Interview in New England French with a New Hampshire resident discussing common criticisms of the dialect, as well as the mélange of others spoken in the northern New England states, 2015]]
Although many variations of French are spoken by populations within New England, including Quebec, Acadian, and European French, a 1961 speaking study conducted by the [[:simple:United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare|United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] found a number of features of the New England dialect that were prevalent in the mid-20th century. Some colloquialisms found in New England French are similar to rural Quebec French with the use of words like ''char'' (roughly, "chariot"), compared with the standard French word for car, ''voiture'' ("vehicle", "automobile"), and represent words regarded as archaic in standardized French or words used in other dialects but of similar, yet distinct, usages. When respondents were presented with more advanced Standard French prompts, however, they generally demonstrated comprehension and [[code switching]]. Some examples of responses provided in the study and other regional literature include:<ref name="vocabulary2"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Standard French !! Laurentian French !! New England French
|-
| bottleneck || goulot || goulot || gougeau
|-
| corn || maïs || blé d'Inde || blé d'Inde
|-
| car || voiture || voiture/auto/char || char
|-
| dollar || dollar || dollar/piastre || piastre
|-
| heavy || lourd || lourd/pesant || pesant
|-
| midwife || sage-femme || sage-femme || baboche<ref>{{cite book|title=As I Live and Dream|first=Gertrude M.|last=Coté|oclc=8811829|publisher=Dirigo Edition; Book Craftsmen Associates|location=Manchester, Me.|year=1953|language=English|page=5|quote="Even the ''baboche'' (midwife, to you) made it her business to be on hand...")}}</ref>
|-
| mirror || miroir || miroir || glace
|-
| now || maintenant || maintenant/astheure ||astheure<ref>{{cite book|page=69|url=http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtxt/179630.pdf|publisher=L'Action Sociale|location=Quebec City|title=Glossaire du Parler Français au Canada|year=1930}}
* {{cite web|website=moé pi toé|publisher=Franco American Women's Institute|url=http://www.fawi.net/ezine/vol3no4/2AdeleStPierre.html|title='Asteure'|accessdate=March 4, 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Contraction of "à cette heure", also found in Louisiana French and colloquially in Northwest parts of France.}}
|-
| pineapple || ananas || ananas || pomme de pin<ref>{{cite book|title=Language in the Real World: An Introduction to Linguistics|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinrealwo0000unse/page/96/mode/2up|page=96|quote=Pauline Courchesne (2007), a Franco-American speaker of French from Holyoke, Massachusetts, recounts an episode in which, while in France, she use the term from her region for pineapple, which is ''pomme de pin'' (literally, 'apple of pine'). Unaware that the word for pineapple in France is ''ananas'', she wrote ''pommes de pin'' on a customs form for a box of pineapples that she was sending to Czechoslovakia. The French postal worker gave her a strange look but passed the box through...It wasn't until later that she learned that, in the eyes of the French postal worker, she had sent a box of pine cones...}}</ref>
|-
| potato || pomme de terre || patate || pétate
|-
| strainer || passoire || passoire || tamis
|-
| sweeper || balayeuse || balayeuse || balai
|-
|}

===Code switching in English===
Given the ubiquity of English in the region as well as the close proximity of French and English speaking groups, oftentimes code switching is used extensively by Franco-American families even when French is not spoken by all members of the household. Many of these words are used as terms of endearment between grandparents referring to their grandchildren, or by their parents, and often picked up by the children themselves, in households of Franco-American families whose youngest generations primarily speak English.

Examples include substitutions as simple as calling grandparents ''mémère'' (shortened ''mémé'') or ''pépère'' (''pépé''), while a 1969 study found other more opaque examples, a small sample of which includes:<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Romance Notes|volume=XI|issue=1|date=Autumn 1969|title=New England Franco-American Terms Used in Spoken English|pages=219–225|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|last=Cagnon|first=Maurice}}</ref>

* ''baboune'' (noun), to press one's lips together and outwards in a pouty expression or "[[duck face]]". For example- "Don't make a ''baboune'' like that, your face will stay that way."
* ''pépéte'' (noun), bird, as in "Do you see the little ''pépétes''?"
* ''quenoeil'' (noun), eye, as in "Make pretty ''quenoeils'' for ''mémère''."
* ''séssi'' (verb), sit down, particularly in the context of an exclamation as in "''Séssi!'' You ''séssi'' now!"
* ''matante'' or ''mononcle'', aunt or uncle

==Media==
{{see also|Franco American literature}}
Though not offering weekly or monthly coverage, the [[New York City|New York]]-based bilingual ''[[France-Amérique]]'' magazine writes periodic news stories on [[Francophone]] community events and institutions in New England.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320143124/https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/investing-in-french-in-vermont-and-new-hampshire/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le français, un investissement dans le Vermont et le New Hampshire}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=France-Amérique|language=fr|archive-date=September 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919173139/https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|url=https://france-amerique.com/fr/french-is-back-in-maine-and-so-is-the-alliance-francaise/|last=Thiery|first=Clément|date=March 7, 2019|title=Le retour du français (et de l'Alliance Française) dans le Maine}}</ref> With the exception of Francophone group publications such as the newsletter of ''Boston Accueil'', no regular French periodicals are extant within New England today. In other mediums the language is rarely found, with the exception of [[Canadian French]] AM repeaters of [[Radio-Canada]] from Quebec, and an online forum maintained by the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], "Bienvenue à Boston".<ref>{{cite web|title=French Associations in New England|archive-date=April 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408071229/https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|url=https://boston.consulfrance.org/French-Associations-in-New-England|language=en|publisher=Consulate General of France in Boston; République Française}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903052715/https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|archive-date=September 3, 2018|url=https://www.bienvenueaboston.org/|title=Bienvenue à Boston|publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|United States}}
* [[Acadian French]]
* [[American French]]
* [[Canadian French]]
* [[Early Franco-American newspapers]]
* [[French in New Hampshire]]
* [[French language in Canada]]
* [[French language in the United States]]
* [[Louisiana French]]
* [[New England English]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book|title=Histoire de la presse Franco-Américaine et des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelapres00beliuoft|publisher=L'Opinion Publique|language=fr|year=1911|location=Worcester, Mass.|last=Belisle|first=Alexandre}}
* {{cite journal|title=À la recherche du français en Nouvelle-Angleterre: une enquête de terrain à travers six États|volume=XXIV|issue=3|pages=377–401|last1=DuBois|first1=Sylvie|first2=Carole|last2=Salmon|doi=10.1017/S095926951300029X|date=November 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=Journal of French Language Studies|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=The Future Past: The Social Context of Franco-American Schooling in New England|last=Jacobson|first=Phyllis|oclc=424854889|publisher=UCLA Graduate School of Education; US Dept. of Education|series=Bilingual Education; Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED231223|year=1983}}
* {{cite book|title=Phonological Variables in a New England French Speech Community|last=Kelley|first=Henry Edward|publisher=Cornell University|year=1980|oclc=13275797}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Miller|last2=Yelsma|last3=Heap|first1=Mary R|first2=Paul L|first3=Norman A|year=1971|publisher=University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa (Ala.)|oclc=737567|title=Bilingualism in northern New England}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5gqAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Association internationale pour la recherche et la diffusion des méthodes audio-visuelles et structuro-globales|language=en, fr|location=Manchester (N.H.)|year=1973|oclc=1046242|last=Poulin|first=Norman A.|title=Oral and Nasal Vowel Diphthongization of a New England French Dialect}}
*{{cite book|title=Franco-Americans in Massachusetts: 'No French no mo' 'round here'|last=Szlezák|first=Edith|publisher=Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co|language=en|location=Langewiesen, Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQZ_DwAAQBAJ|oclc=794490594|year=2010|isbn=9783823374497}}

==External links==
* [http://www.villesfrancoamerique.com/ Réseau des Villes Francophones et Francophiles de l'Amérique], ''en français'', (Network of Francophone and Francophile Cities of America)
* [https://boston.consulfrance.org/Les-ecoles-francaises-en-Nouvelle-Angleterre Les écoles françaises en Nouvelle-Angleterre], Consulat Général de France à Boston
* [http://credo.library.umass.edu/search?q=subject:%22Franco-Americans--Massachusetts%22 Recordings of New England French], Eloise A. Briere, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections
* [https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/franco-publications-and-programs/ Franco Publications and Programs], University of Southern Maine Digital Commons; includes examples of weekly and monthly newspapers
* [https://www.loc.gov/collections/lowell-folklife-project/?fa=subject:franco-americans Franco-American Recordings, Documents, and Photographs], Lowell Folklife Project, Library of Congress

{{French dialects by continent}}
{{Gallo-Romance languages and dialects}}

[[Category:Culture of New England]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:French dialects]]
[[Category:French-Canadian American history]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Maine]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in New Hampshire]]
[[Category:French-Canadian culture in Vermont]]
[[Category:French language in the United States]]
[[Category:French language in the Americas]]

St. Francis, Maine

2024-06-10T13:44:30Z

Edwki: Added French name

{{Short description| Town in the state of Maine, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = St. Francis
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = 
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label = St. Francis
| pushpin_label_position = bottom 
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| image_map = Aroostook County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas St. Francis highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of St. Francis, Maine
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 = 
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
| parts_type = Villages
| parts = St. Francis Back Settlement Bradbury
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 78.63
| area_land_km2 = 77.49
| area_water_km2 = 1.14
| area_total_sq_mi = 30.36
| area_land_sq_mi = 29.92
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.44

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 438
| population_density_km2 = 5.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 378
| elevation_ft = 1240
| coordinates = {{coord|47|9|50|N|68|52|22|W|region:US-ME|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[Zip Code]]
| postal_code = 04774
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-65025
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582708
| website = {{URL|http://stfrancisme.com/}}
| footnotes =
| native_name = Saint-François
| native_name_lang = fr
}}
'''St. Francis''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Saint-François'') is a town in [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook County]], [[Maine]], United States on the [[Canada–United States border]] at the junction of the [[St. Francis River (Maine)|St. Francis River]] and the [[Saint John River (New Brunswick)|Saint John River]]. The population was 438 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2300365025|title=Census - Geography Profile: St. Francis town, Aroostook County, Maine|access-date=February 26, 2022}}</ref> First settled by English speakers from southern Maine, the original population has been supplanted by French-speaking [[Acadians]].<ref name="MAGDE">{{cite book |last= Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums |editor=Doris A. Isaacson |title=Maine: A Guide 'Down East' |year=1970 |publisher=Courier-Gazette, Inc. |location=Rockland, Me | pages = 298–299 }}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|30.36|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|29.92|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.44|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1870= 253
|1880= 299
|1890= 461
|1900= 568
|1910= 918
|1920= 1241
|1930= 1367
|1940= 1489
|1950= 1384
|1960= 1058
|1970= 811
|1980= 839
|1990= 683
|2000= 577
|2010= 485
|2020= 438
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 485 people, 234 households, and 143 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|16.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 316 housing units at an average density of {{convert|10.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 96.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.9% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], and 1.2% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 234 households, of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.9% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.61.

The median age in the town was 51.3 years. 15.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.2% were from 25 to 44; 36.8% were from 45 to 64; and 22.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.1% male and 49.9% female.

===2000 census===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Languages (2000) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=23&place_id=65025&cty_id=3| title=Data Center Results }}</ref> !! Percent
|-
| Spoke [[French language|French]] at home || 61.06%
|-
| Spoke [[English language|English]] at home || 38.94%
|}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 577 people, 236 households, and 172 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was 19.4 people per square mile (7.5/km{{sup|2}}). There were 336 housing units at an average density of 11.3 per square mile (4.4/km{{sup|2}}). The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]].

There were 236 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $25,125, and the median income for a family was $35,333. Males had a median income of $24,688 versus $20,469 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $13,496. About 3.8% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including none of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==

There was one school, which was called the St. Francis Elementary School, and was part of the [[Maine School Administrative District 27]]. The school was closed in 2016. Pre-K–5 students from St. Francis now attend Fort Kent Elementary School in [[Fort Kent, Maine]], which is also part of the [[Maine School Administrative District 27]]. The St. Francis town office now occupies the building.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://stfrancisme.com/ Town of St. Francis]
{{Aroostook County, Maine}}
{{Saint John River}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Francis, Maine}}
[[Category:Towns in Aroostook County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]

Winterville Plantation, Maine

2024-06-10T13:42:52Z

Edwki: Added French name

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Winterville Plantation
| settlement_type = [[Plantation (Maine)|Plantation]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = |
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the state of Maine
| pushpin_mapsize =
| image_map = Aroostook County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Winterville Plantation highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Winterville Plantation, Maine
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 = 
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 101.0
| area_land_km2 = 92.2
| area_water_km2 = 8.8
| area_total_sq_mi = 39.0
| area_land_sq_mi = 35.6
| area_water_sq_mi = 3.4
| population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2020|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 194
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 177
| elevation_ft = 581
| coordinates = {{coord|46|58|13|N|68|34|16|W|region:US-ME|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 04739
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-86865
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582823
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name = Plantation de la Ville d'hiver
| native_name_lang = fr
}}
'''Winterville Plantation''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Plantation de la Ville d'hiver'') is a [[Plantation (Maine)|plantation]] in [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook County]], [[Maine]], United States. The population was 194 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2300386865| title=Census - Geography Profile: Winterville plantation, Aroostook County, Maine| publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]| access-date=January 9, 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the plantation has a total area of {{convert|101.0|km2|disp=flip}}, of which {{convert|92.2|km2|disp=flip}} is land and {{convert|8.8|km2|disp=flip}}, or 8.74%, is water.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US2300386865| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212143213/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US2300386865| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Winterville plantation, Aroostook County, Maine| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 101
|1890= 72
|1900= 124
|1910= 267
|1920= 353
|1930= 408
|1940= 462
|1950= 373
|1960= 215
|1970= 164
|1980= 235
|1990= 217
|2000= 196
|2010= 224
|2020= 194
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
At the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]] there were 196 people, 79 households, and 57 families living in the plantation. The population density was {{convert|5.5|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 261 housing units at an average density of {{convert|7.3|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census#2000 census|racial makeup]] of the plantation was 97.96% White, 0.51% Native American, and 1.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02%.<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>

Of the 79 households 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 24.1% of households were one person and 12.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.86.

The age distribution was 25.0% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 31.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.2 males.

The median household income was $27,917 and the median family income was $33,250. Males had a median income of $29,167 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the plantation was $14,376. About 10.1% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 or over.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Aroostook County, Maine}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Plantations in Aroostook County, Maine]]
[[Category:Plantations in Maine]]

{{Maine-geo-stub}}

Eagle Lake, Maine

2024-06-10T13:40:06Z

Edwki: Added French name

{{Short description| Town in the state of Maine, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Eagle Lake
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = 
| image_map = Aroostook County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Eagle Lake highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Eagle Lake, Maine
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 = 
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
| parts_type = Villages
| parts = [[Eagle Lake (CDP), Maine|Eagle Lake]] Plaisted
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_23.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 8, 2022}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 11.04
| area_land_km2 = 10.24
| area_water_km2 = 0.80
| area_total_sq_mi = 4.26
| area_land_sq_mi = 3.96
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.31

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 553
| population_density_km2 = 53.99
| population_density_sq_mi = 139.82

| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 292
| elevation_ft = 958
| coordinates = {{coord|47|3|38|N|68|35|53|W|region:US-ME|display=inline}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 04739
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-19420
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582451
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|https://www.townofeaglelake.org/}}
| pop_est_footnotes =
| native_name = Lac Aigle
| native_name_lang = fr
}}

'''Eagle Lake''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Lac Aigle'') is a [[New England town|town]] in [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook County]], [[Maine]], United States. The population was 772 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2300319420|title=Census - Geography Profile: Eagle Lake town, Aroostook County, Maine|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> The town was named by a body of troops heading from Bangor to the [[Aroostook War]] for the many eagles that they saw around the lake.<ref name="MAGDE">{{cite book |last= Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums |editor=Doris A. Isaacson |title=Maine: A Guide 'Down East' |year=1970 |publisher=Courier-Gazette, Inc. |location=Rockland, Me | pages = 299 }}</ref> A total of 49.0% of the population speaks French, reflecting a trend in Northeastern Maine.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|39.48|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|37.36|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|2.12|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1870= 143
|1880= 233
|1890= 313
|1900= 406
|1910= 1421
|1920= 1772
|1930= 1780
|1940= 1891
|1950= 1516
|1960= 1138
|1970= 908
|1980= 1019
|1990= 942
|2000= 815
|2010= 864
|2020= 772
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015 }}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 864 people, 378 households, and 221 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|23.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 667 housing units at an average density of {{convert|17.9|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 97.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.1% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.1% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.3% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.7% of the population.

There were 378 households, of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.5% were non-families. 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.69.

The median age in the town was 52.7 years. 15.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.2% were from 25 to 44; 32.9% were from 45 to 64; and 28.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 815 people, 330 households, and 203 families living in the town. The population density was {{convert|21.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 599 housing units at an average density of {{convert|16.1|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98.65% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.12% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.74% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 0.49% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.12% of the population.

There were 330 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.77.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.5% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $22,159, and the median income for a family was $34,375. Males had a median income of $30,956 versus $17,917 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $14,315. About 11.4% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 40.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Notable person==


* [[John Martin (American politician)|John Martin]], state representative, former speaker of the [[Maine House of Representatives]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.townofeaglelake.org/ Town of Eagle Lake]

{{Aroostook County, Maine}}
{{Saint John River}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|47|02|24|N|68|35|22|W|type:city_region:US-ME|display=title}}

[[Category:Towns in Aroostook County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]

University of Maine at Fort Kent

2024-06-10T13:39:16Z

Edwki: Fixed French name

{{Short description|Public college in Maine, United States}}
{{about|the University of Maine at Fort Kent|the flagship campus in Orono|University of Maine}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Maine at Fort Kent
| native_name = {{lang|fr|Université du Maine à Fort-Kent}}
| image =
| image_upright = 0.7
| former_name = Madawaska Training School (1878-1955) Fort Kent Normal School (1955-1961) Fort Kent State Teachers College (1961-1966) Fort Kent State College (1966-1971)
| established = {{start date and age|1878}}
| parent = [[University of Maine System]]
| type = [[Public college]]
| faculty = 75
| president = Deborah Hedeen<ref name=Hedeen>{{cite press release |title=Dr. Deborah Hedeen Named President / Provost of the University of Maine at Fort Kent |url=https://www.umfk.edu/about/presidential-search/ |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=www.umfk.edu |date=March 24, 2020}}</ref>
| city = [[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
| state = [[Maine]]
| country = United States
| coor = {{coord|47|15|0|N|68|35|15|W |region:US-ME_type:edu |display=inline,title}}
| students = 1,557
| campus = [[Rural]], {{convert|54|acre}}
| colors = {{color box|#005941}} Green {{color box|#f3cf1e}} Gold
| sporting_affiliations = [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics|NAIA]], [[USCAA]]
| sports_nickname = [[Bengal tiger|Bengals]]
| mascot = [[Bengal tiger]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo = [[Image:University of Maine at Fort Kent logo.svg|200px|University of Maine at Fort Kent]]
}}

The '''University of Maine at Fort Kent''' ('''UMaine Fort Kent''' or '''UMFK'''; {{Lang-fr|Université du Maine à Fort-Kent}}) is a [[public college]] in [[Fort Kent, Maine]]. It is the northernmost campus of the [[University of Maine System]]. It is an academic center for [[Acadian]] and [[French American]] culture and heritage, and French-speaking Mainers from throughout the state. It currently has an enrollment of 1,557 students.<ref name="Facts">"[http://www.umfk.edu/ie/facts/ Quick Facts]." University of Maine at Fort Kent. Retrieved on November 18, 2011.</ref> The Saint John Valley region is a center of [[French American]] culture, and the majority of adults in the region are [[Multilingualism|bilingual]] in French and English.<ref>"[http://www.umfk.edu/french/ French]" University of Maine at Fort Kent.</ref>

The college offers academic programs leading to [[Associate degree|associate]] and [[bachelor's degree]]s.<ref name="Academics">"[http://www.umfk.edu/ie/facts/page.cfm?page=page_content&id_page_content=QF_ACADEMIC_PROGRAMS Academic Programs]." University of Maine at Fort Kent. Retrieved on November 18, 2011.</ref> It is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "Baccalaureate Colleges - General".<ref name="Facts"/>

==History==
On February 21, 1878, [[Governor of Maine|Governor]] [[Selden Connor]] signed an act establishing a [[Normal school|teachers' school]] in the northern border region of the state (then known as the Madawaska territory) in an effort to Americanize the French settlers of the area.<ref name="History">"[http://www.umfk.edu/about/history/ History of the University]." University of Maine at Fort Kent.</ref> This became known as the Madawaska Training School. The institution held its first classes on September 30, 1878.<ref name="Facts"/>

In 1955 the name was changed to "Fort Kent Normal School" to more precisely reflect its location. The name would change three more times, beginning in 1961 to become "Fort Kent State Teachers College" and then "Fort Kent State College". The institution adopted its current name in 1970.<ref name="History"/>

===Fiddlers Jamboree===
UMFK hosts an annual Fiddlers Jamboree where fiddlers, guitarists, banjo pickers, drummers and accordion players from both Canada and the United States perform.<ref>Bayly, Julia. [http://bangornews.com/detail/100093.html “Hundreds flock to fiddle jamboree”], ''[[Bangor Daily News]]''. February 22, 2009. Accessed 2009-03-07.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acadian Archives |url=https://www.umfk.edu/offices/archives/ |website=UMFK |access-date=March 7, 2009}}</ref>

==Academics==
The college offers several academic programs including 4 [[Associate of Science]] degrees, 1 [[Bachelor of Arts]], and 14 [[Bachelor of Science]] degrees. The highest enrollments are in Nursing, Business Management, and Behavioral Sciences.<ref name="Academics"/>

== Acadian Archives/Archives acadiennes ==
The Acadian Archives/Archives acadiennes are located at the University of Maine at Fort Kent. The Archives secured state funding in 1989 and officially opened the following year. They are entrusted with providing representation to a culture that is distinct from Franco-American communities in other areas of Maine. In 2004, during the tenure of Lisa Ornstein, the founding director, the Archives moved to larger premises on the UMFK campus. This is the only research center dedicated specifically to the Acadian story in the U.S. Northeast.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ornstein |first1=Lisa |title=Les Archives acadiennes à l’Université du Maine à Fort-Kent |journal=Rabaska |date=2004 |volume=2 |page=325-327}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ornstein |first1=Lisa |last2=Thériault |first2=Gisèle |title=Archives acadiennes à l’Université du Maine à Fort-Kent |journal=Rabaska |date=2006 |volume=4 |page=246-249}}</ref>

The Archives document the language, culture, and history of the borderland communities of the Upper St. John Valley as well as a larger, transnational Acadian story. Collections include an array of English- and French-language manuscript materials kept in a climate-controlled space: rare newspapers like the ''Journal du Madawaska'', nineteenth-century maps, scrapbooks, the ledgers and corporate documents of local businesses, songbooks, diaries, and more than 20,000 photographs. The oldest item is a seventeenth-century commission awarded to Charles de Saint-Etienne de la Tour for the colonization of Acadia by Louis XIV. The Archives are also a genealogical research center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acadian Archives: About Us |url=https://www.umfk.edu/offices/archives/about/ |website=University of Maine at Fort Kent |access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref>

The Archives work with local historical societies to digitize and disseminate resources. The center also hosts thematic exhibits in its gallery and organizes cultural events, including book launches, educational activities for K-12 students, oral interviews, and an annual lecture series.

==Athletics==
The Maine–Fort Kent (UMFK) athletic teams are called the Bengals. The college is a member of the [[United States Collegiate Athletic Association]] (USCAA), primarily competing as an Independent since the 2011–12 academic year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahoney|first=Larry|work=[[Bangor Daily News]]|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2011/06/17/sports/umfk-umpi-umm-leave-naia-for-new-association/|title=UMFK, UMPI, UMM leave NAIA for new association|date=June 17, 2011|access-date=July 2, 2011}}</ref> The Bengals previously participated in the [[Sunrise Athletic Conference]] of the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]] (NAIA) from 2002–03 to 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunriseconference.com/members.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411065649/http://www.sunriseconference.com/members.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2010|title=Sunrise Conference - Members|date=11 April 2010|access-date=13 July 2018}}</ref>

UMFK competes in seven intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, soccer, track & field and volleyball. UMFK also has a number of [[Intramural sports|intramural]] teams.<ref>"[http://athletics.umfk.maine.edu/ Athletics]." University of Maine at Fort Kent.</ref>

=== Soccer ===
The varsity men's soccer team won the USCAA National Championship in 2010 and 2015. It was runner up at the 2013 and 2014 tournaments. The varsity "Lady Bengals " women's soccer team won the USCAA National Championship in 2010 and 2011, and then every year from 2013 to 2017, and again in 2019. The UMFK women's soccer team also finished as the runner-up in the 2012 USCAA National Championship Tournament.{{cn|date=December 2023}} Professional soccer players Matt Dunn (who plays for New York City FC) and [[Kimika Forbes]] (goalie for the Trinidad & Tobago women's national team) are UMFK alumni.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

=== Biathlon ===
In 2002, UMFK signed an agreement with the United States Biathlon Association allowing the USBA to nominate up to five [[Biathlon|biathletes]] for a UMFK scholarship program which allows them to attend the university at the Maine in-state [[tuition]] rate and gives them access to the university's training facilities. The agreement was also aimed at training possible [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] contestants at the university.<ref>[http://www.umfk.edu/valleyvision/release/default.cfm?release=02219 "UMFK and U.S. Biathlon Association sign letter of understanding that will benefit student athletes]" (press release) (December 11, 2002). University of Maine at Fort Kent.</ref>

UMFK also assists with the organization of Biathlon events hosted at the nearby 10th Mountain Ski Center such as the 2005,<ref>[http://www.umfk.maine.edu/valleyvision/release/default.cfm?release=05184 "Upcoming 'Festival at Fort Kent' and U.S. Olympic biathlon team trials topic of UMFK community breakfast."] Press release, (November 15, 2005), UMFK. Accessed 2009-03-06.</ref> and upcoming 2009 [[International Biathlon Union|IBU]] Biathlon World Cup, March 12–15, 2009, the only U.S. venue on the IBU’s 2008/09 schedule. The 2009 event is expected to host nearly 300 world-class athletes and coaches, draw hundreds of spectators to the Saint John Valley, and capture a worldwide television audience for the three-day competition.<ref>[http://www.umfk.maine.edu/valleyvision/release/default.cfm?release=08001 "UMFK Professor, Foundation Director, to lead trip to Italy for World Cup biathlon event."] Press release, (January 11, 2008), UMFK. Accessed 2009-03-07.</ref>

=== Can-Am Crown International Sled Dog Race ===
UMFK promotes new learning experiences, such as when members of the UMFK men’s soccer team from [[Jamaica]], [[Trinidad]], and [[South Africa]] volunteered at the start of the [[Can-Am Crown International Sled Dog Race]] in March 2009. For many of the players, it was the first time they had ever seen snow, a sled dog, or a competitive distance race.<ref>Bayly, Julia. [http://bangornews.com/detail/100613.html “Can-Am sled dog race creates new fans among volunteers: UMFK athletes from tropical climes lend a hand.”] ''Bangor Daily News''. March 1, 2009. Accessed 2009-03-07.</ref>

==Notable people==
===Alumni===
* [[Kimika Forbes]], [[association football]] goalkeeper for [[Trinidad and Tobago women's national football team]]
* [[Helen Hamlin]] (1917 - 2004), author of two books on northern Maine

==See also==
*[[University of Maine System]]
*[[Fort Kent, Maine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.umfk.edu Official website]
* [http://athletics.umfk.edu Official athletics website]
* [https://www.umfk.edu/offices/archives/ Acadian Archives]

{{University of Maine system}}

{{Universities and colleges in Maine}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maine at Fort Kent, University of}}

[[Category:University of Maine at Fort Kent| ]]
[[Category:University of Maine System|Fort Kent]]
[[Category:Public universities and colleges in Maine|University of Maine at Fort Kent]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1878]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Aroostook County, Maine|University of Maine at Fort Kent]]
[[Category:USCAA member institutions]]
[[Category:Liberal arts colleges in Maine|University of Maine Fort Kent]]
[[Category:1878 establishments in Maine]]

New Canada, Maine

2024-06-10T13:36:35Z

Edwki: Added French name

{{Short description| Town in the state of Maine, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = New Canada
| settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = 
| image_map = Aroostook County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas New Canada highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of New Canada, Maine
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 = 
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]]
| parts_type = Village
| parts = [[Daigle, Maine|Daigle]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 94.17
| area_land_km2 = 92.67
| area_water_km2 = 1.50
| area_total_sq_mi = 36.36
| area_land_sq_mi = 35.78
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.58

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 310
| population_density_km2 = 3.3
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = EDT
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 268
| elevation_ft = 879
| coordinates = {{coord|47|11|20|N|68|30|32|W|region:US-ME|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 04743
| area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 23-48575
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0582616
| website =
| footnotes =
| native_name = Nouveau-Canada
| native_name_lang = fr
}}
'''New Canada''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Nouveau-Canada'') is a [[town]] in [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook County]], [[Maine]], United States. The population was 310 at the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2300348575|title=Census - Geography Profile: New Canada town, Aroostook County, Maine|access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref>

Mayor: [[Chris Lamothe]]

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|36.36|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|35.78|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.58|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1890= 301
|1900= 419
|1910= 590
|1920= 573
|1930= 538
|1940= 633
|1950= 444
|1960= 288
|1970= 300
|1980= 269
|1990= 253
|2000= 306
|2010= 321
|2020= 310
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 16, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 321 people, 115 households, and 88 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|9.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 146 housing units at an average density of {{convert|4.1|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the town was 95.0% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], and 4.7% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 115 households, of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 11.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.5% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.10.

The median age in the town was 41.3 years. 27.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 30.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 53.9% male and 46.1% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 306 people, 108 households, and 89 families living in the town. The [[population density]] was 8.5 people per square mile (3.3/km{{sup|2}}). There were 121 housing units at an average density of 3.4 per square mile (1.3/km{{sup|2}}). The racial makeup of the town was 99.02% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.33% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]] and 0.65% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]].

There were 108 households, out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 1.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 13.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $38,000, and the median income for a family was $39,500. Males had a median income of $30,962 versus $13,750 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $15,415. About 8.2% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 16.1% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Aroostook County, Maine}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Towns in Aroostook County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]

List of municipalities in Maine

2024-06-10T13:34:20Z

Edwki: Fixed name

{{short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Municipalities of Maine
| alt_name =
| alt_name1 =
| alt_name2 =
| alt_name3 =
| alt_name4 =
| map = Maine_Municipalities.png
| category = [[Municipality]]
| territory = [[Maine|State of Maine]]
| upper_unit = [[County]]
| start_date = 1647 ([[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]])
| current_number = 482
| number_date =
| type =
| type1 = [[City]]
| type2 = [[Town]]
| type3 = [[Plantation (Maine)|Plantation]]
| type4 =
| status =
| status1 =
| status2 =
| status3 =
| status4 =
| exofficio =
| exofficio1 =
| exofficio2 =
| exofficio3 =
| exofficio4 =
| population_range = 5 ([[Glenwood Plantation, Maine|Glenwood Plantation]]) – 68,408 ([[Portland, Maine|Portland]])
| area_range = {{Convert|0.9|sqmi}} ([[Monhegan, Maine|Monhegan]]) – {{Convert|128.6|sqmi}} ([[Allagash, Maine|Allagash]])
| government =
| government1 = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]
| government2 = [[Town meeting]]
| government3 = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| government4 = [[Select Board]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision1 = [[Village]]
| subdivision2 = [[Neighborhood]]
| subdivision3 =
| subdivision4 =
}}[[Maine]] is a [[U.S. state|state]] located in the [[Northeastern United States]]. According to the [[2020 United States census]], Maine is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|9th least populous state]], with 1,372,247 inhabitants, and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|12th smallest by land area]], spanning {{convert|30842.92|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web
| url = http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.ST10/0400000US01
| title = GCT-PH1 – Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – State — P900lace and (in selected states) County Subdivision
| publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]]
| work = [[2010 United States Census]]
| access-date = August 25, 2016
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20200213114736/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.ST10/0400000US01
| archive-date = February 13, 2020
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Maine is divided into 16 [[County (United States)|counties]] and contains 482 [[Municipal corporation|municipalities]] consisting of cities, towns, and plantations.<ref name="Census Maine 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-21.pdf|title=Maine: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing | date = September 2012|publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]]| work = [[2010 United States Census]]| access-date = August 25, 2016|page=III-2}}</ref> In Maine, a [[Plantation (Maine)|plantation]] is an organized form of municipal self-government similar to but with less power than a town or a city. One difference is that plantations cannot make [[local ordinance]]s. Unlike towns or cities, with few exceptions, this type of municipality usually includes the word Plantation as part of its full name, which is also commonly used locally.

As of 2023, Maine has 23 cities, 430 towns, and 29 plantations, listed below.
__TOC__

== List of municipalities ==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:center"
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
! Municipality
! Type
! County
! Population (2020)
! Land area (sq mi)
! Year incorporated {{cn|date=December 2023}}
|-
|[[Portland, Maine|'''Portland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | [[Cumberland County, Maine|Cumberland]] ([[County seat|seat]])
|68,408
|21.6
|1786
|-
|[[Lewiston, Maine|'''Lewiston''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|37,121
|34.2
|1795
|-
|[[Bangor, Maine|'''Bangor''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | [[Penobscot County, Maine|Penobscot]] (seat)
|31,753
|34.3
|1834
|-
|[[South Portland, Maine|'''South Portland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|26,498
|12.1
|1895
|-
|[[Auburn, Maine|'''Auburn''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | [[Androscoggin County, Maine|Androscoggin]] (seat)
|24,061
|59.3
|1842
|-
|[[Biddeford, Maine|'''Biddeford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|22,552
|30.1
|1653
|-
|[[Scarborough, Maine|'''Scarborough''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|22,135
|47.6
|1658
|-
|[[Sanford, Maine|'''Sanford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|21,982
|47.8
|1768
|-
|[[Brunswick, Maine|'''Brunswick''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|21,756
|46.7
|1739
|-
|[[Westbrook, Maine|'''Westbrook''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|20,400
|17.2
|1814
|-
|[[Saco, Maine|'''Saco''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|20,381
|38.6
|1775
|-
|[[Augusta, Maine|'''Augusta''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City ([[Capital city|capital]])
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | [[Kennebec County, Maine|Kennebec]] (seat)
|18,899
|55.2
|1797
|-
|[[Windham, Maine|'''Windham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|18,434
|46.6
|1762
|-
|[[Gorham, Maine|'''Gorham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|18,336
|50.6
|1764
|-
|[[Waterville, Maine|'''Waterville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|15,828
|13.5
|1802
|-
|'''[[York, Maine|York]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|13,723
|54.7
|1652
|-
|[[Falmouth, Maine|'''Falmouth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|12,444
|29.4
|1718
|-
|[[Kennebunk, Maine|'''Kennebunk''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|11,536
|35.1
|1820
|-
|[[Wells, Maine|'''Wells''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|11,314
|57.6
|1653
|-
|[[Orono, Maine|'''Orono''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|11,183
|18.2
|1806
|-
|[[Standish, Maine|'''Standish''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|10,244
|59.0
|1785
|-
|[[Kittery, Maine|'''Kittery''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|10,070
|17.8
|1647
|-
|[[Lisbon, Maine|'''Lisbon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|9,711
|22.8
|1799
|-
|[[Brewer, Maine|'''Brewer''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|9,672
|15.2
|1812
|-
|[[Topsham, Maine|'''Topsham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|9,560
|32.2
|1764
|-
|[[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|'''Cape Elizabeth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|9,535
|14.7
|1765
|-
|[[Yarmouth, Maine|'''Yarmouth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|8,990
|13.3
|1849
|-
|[[Old Orchard Beach, Maine|'''Old Orchard Beach''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|8,960
|7.4
|1883
|-
|[[Presque Isle, Maine|'''Presque Isle''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|8,797
|75.8
|1859
|-
|[[Bath, Maine|'''Bath''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | [[Sagadahoc County, Maine|Sagadahoc]] (seat)
|8,766
|9.1
|1781
|-
|[[Freeport, Maine|'''Freeport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|8,737
|34.7
|1789
|-
|[[Skowhegan, Maine|'''Skowhegan''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | [[Somerset County, Maine|Somerset]] (seat)
|8,620
|58.9
|1823
|-
|'''[[Cumberland, Maine|Cumberland]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|8,473
|22.9
|1821
|-
|[[Ellsworth, Maine|'''Ellsworth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | [[Hancock County, Maine|Hancock]] (seat)
|8,399
|79.3
|1800
|-
|[[Buxton, Maine|'''Buxton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|8,376
|52.2
|1762
|-
|[[Gray, Maine|'''Gray''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|8,269
|43.3
|1788
|-
|[[Berwick, Maine|'''Berwick''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|7,950
|37.5
|1713
|-
|[[Winslow, Maine|'''Winslow''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|7,948
|36.8
|1771
|-
|[[Waterboro, Maine|'''Waterboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|7,936
|55.3
|1787
|-
|[[Hampden, Maine|'''Hampden''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|7,709
|37.9
|1794
|-
|[[Farmington, Maine|'''Farmington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | [[Franklin County, Maine|Franklin]] (seat)
|7,592
|55.7
|1794
|-
|[[South Berwick, Maine|'''South Berwick''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|7,467
|32.1
|1814
|-
|[[Old Town, Maine|'''Old Town''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|7,431
|38.8
|1840
|-
|[[Caribou, Maine|'''Caribou''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|7,396
|79.3
|1859
|-
|[[Belfast, Maine|'''Belfast''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | [[Waldo County, Maine|Waldo]] (seat)
|6,938
|12.8
|1773
|-
|[[Rockland, Maine|'''Rockland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Knox" | [[Knox County, Maine|Knox]] (seat)
|6,936
|34.0
|1848
|-
|[[Eliot, Maine|'''Eliot''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|6,717
|19.8
|1810
|-
|[[Fairfield, Maine|'''Fairfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|6,484
|53.8
|1788
|-
|[[Lebanon, Maine|'''Lebanon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|6,469
|55.0
|1767
|-
|[[Hermon, Maine|'''Hermon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|6,461
|35.9
|1814
|-
|[[Oakland, Maine|'''Oakland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|6,230
|25.7
|1873
|-
|[[Winthrop, Maine|'''Winthrop''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|6,121
|31.2
|1771
|-
|[[Houlton, Maine|'''Houlton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook]] (seat)
|6,055
|36.7
|1831
|-
|[[Gardiner, Maine|'''Gardiner''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|5,961
|15.7
|1803
|-
|[[Poland, Maine|'''Poland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|5,906
|42.2
|1795
|-
|[[Rumford, Maine|'''Rumford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|5,858
|68.6
|1800
|-
|[[Turner, Maine|'''Turner''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|5,817
|59.3
|1786
|-
|[[New Gloucester, Maine|'''New Gloucester''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|5,676
|47.1
|1774
|-
|[[Bridgton, Maine|'''Bridgton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|5,418
|56.8
|1794
|-
|[[Camden, Maine|'''Camden''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|5,232
|18.2
|1791
|-
|[[Paris, Maine|'''Paris''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | [[Oxford County, Maine|Oxford]] (seat)
|5,179
|40.8
|1793
|-
|[[Waldoboro, Maine|'''Waldoboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|5,154
|71.5
|1773
|-
|[[Bar Harbor, Maine|'''Bar Harbor''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|5,098
|42.2
|1796
|-
|[[Norway, Maine|'''Norway''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|5,077
|45.0
|1797
|-
|[[Sabattus, Maine|'''Sabattus''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|5,044
|25.7
|1840
|-
|[[Harpswell, Maine|'''Harpswell''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|5,031
|24.2
|1775
|-
|[[North Berwick, Maine|'''North Berwick''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|4,978
|38.0
|1831
|-
|[[Bucksport, Maine|'''Bucksport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|4,944
|51.5
|1792
|-
|[[Warren, Maine|'''Warren''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|4,865
|46.5
|1776
|-
|'''[[Lincoln, Maine|Lincoln]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|4,853
|67.8
|1829
|-
|[[Hollis, Maine|'''Hollis''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|4,745
|32.0
|1798
|-
|[[Madison, Maine|'''Madison''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|4,726
|51.9
|1804
|-
|[[Glenburn, Maine|'''Glenburn''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|4,648
|27.2
|1822
|-
|[[Sidney, Maine|'''Sidney''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|4,645
|42.3
|1792
|-
|[[Jay, Maine|'''Jay''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|4,620
|48.4
|1795
|-
|[[Raymond, Maine|'''Raymond''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|4,536
|33.2
|1803
|-
|[[Lyman, Maine|'''Lyman''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|4,525
|39.0
|1778
|-
|[[Vassalboro, Maine|'''Vassalboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|4,520
|44.3
|1771
|-
|[[Dover-Foxcroft, Maine|'''Dover-Foxcroft''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | [[Piscataquis County, Maine|Piscataquis]] (seat)
|4,422
|67.8
|1822
|-
|[[China, Maine|'''China''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|4,408
|49.9
|1818
|-
|[[Greene, Maine|'''Greene''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|4,376
|32.3
|1788
|-
|[[Arundel, Maine|'''Arundel''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|4,264
|23.9
|1915
|-
|'''[[Oxford, Maine|Oxford]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|4,229
|38.7
|1829
|-
|[[Durham, Maine|'''Durham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|4,173
|38.3
|1789
|-
|[[Millinocket, Maine|'''Millinocket''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|4,114
|16.0
|1901
|-
|[[North Yarmouth, Maine|'''North Yarmouth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|4,072
|21.2
|1680
|-
|[[Fort Kent, Maine|'''Fort Kent''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|4,067
|54.2
|1869
|-
|[[Monmouth, Maine|'''Monmouth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|4,066
|34.0
|1792
|-
|[[Naples, Maine|'''Naples''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|3,925
|31.8
|1834
|-
|[[Pittsfield, Maine|'''Pittsfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|3,908
|48.2
|1819
|-
|[[Limington, Maine|'''Limington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|3,892
|41.9
|1792
|-
|[[Madawaska, Maine|'''Madawaska''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|3,867
|55.6
|1831
|-
|[[Wilton, Maine|'''Wilton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|3,835
|41.3
|1803
|-
|[[Winterport, Maine|'''Winterport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|3,817
|35.5
|1860
|-
|[[Orrington, Maine|'''Orrington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|3,812
|25.0
|1788
|-
|[[Dexter, Maine|'''Dexter''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|3,803
|35.1
|1816
|-
|[[Wiscasset, Maine|'''Wiscasset''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | [[Lincoln County, Maine|Lincoln]] (seat)
|3,742
|24.6
|1760
|-
|[[West Gardiner, Maine|'''West Gardiner''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|3,671
|24.6
|1850
|-
|[[Casco, Maine|'''Casco''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|3,646
|31.2
|1841
|-
|[[Rockport, Maine|'''Rockport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|3,644
|21.6
|1891
|-
|[[Kennebunkport, Maine|'''Kennebunkport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|3,629
|18.6
|1653
|-
|[[Litchfield, Maine|'''Litchfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|3,586
|37.4
|1795
|-
|[[Richmond, Maine|'''Richmond''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|3,522
|30.4
|1823
|-
|[[Clinton, Maine|'''Clinton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|3,370
|43.9
|1795
|-
|[[Fryeburg, Maine|'''Fryeburg''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|3,369
|58.3
|1777
|-
|[[Fort Fairfield, Maine|'''Fort Fairfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|3,322
|76.7
|1858
|-
|[[Norridgewock, Maine|'''Norridgewock''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|3,278
|50.0
|1788
|-
|[[Holden, Maine|'''Holden''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|3,277
|31.3
|1852
|-
|[[Belgrade, Maine|'''Belgrade''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|3,250
|43.2
|1796
|-
|[[Limerick, Maine|'''Limerick''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|3,188
|27.1
|1787
|-
|[[Bowdoin, Maine|'''Bowdoin''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|3,136
|43.5
|1788
|-
|[[Newport, Maine|'''Newport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|3,133
|29.5
|1814
|-
|[[Mechanic Falls, Maine|'''Mechanic Falls''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|3,107
|11.0
|1893
|-
|[[Calais, Maine|'''Calais''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|3,079
|34.3
|1809
|-
|[[Alfred, Maine|'''Alfred''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | [[York County, Maine|York]] (seat)
|3,073
|27.3
|1794
|-
|[[Milford, Maine|'''Milford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|3,069
|45.6
|1833
|-
|[[Woolwich, Maine|'''Woolwich''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|3,068
|35.1
|1775
|-
|[[Livermore Falls, Maine|'''Livermore Falls''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|3,060
|19.7
|1844
|-
|[[Bowdoinham, Maine|'''Bowdoinham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|3,047
|34.4
|1762
|-
|[[Boothbay, Maine|'''Boothbay''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|3,003
|21.9
|1764
|-
|[[Farmingdale, Maine|'''Farmingdale''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,995
|11.2
|1852
|-
|[[Levant, Maine|'''Levant''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|2,940
|30.1
|1813
|-
|[[Shapleigh, Maine|'''Shapleigh''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|2,921
|38.8
|1785
|-
|[[Corinth, Maine|'''Corinth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|2,900
|40.3
|1811
|-
|[[Pittston, Maine|'''Pittston''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,875
|32.2
|1779
|-
|[[Carmel, Maine|'''Carmel''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|2,867
|36.5
|1811
|-
|[[Bristol, Maine|'''Bristol''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|2,834
|34.0
|1765
|-
|[[Blue Hill, Maine|'''Blue Hill''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|2,792
|62.5
|1789
|-
|[[Chelsea, Maine|'''Chelsea''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,778
|19.5
|1851
|-
|[[Mexico, Maine|'''Mexico''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|2,756
|23.3
|1818
|-
|[[Thomaston, Maine|'''Thomaston''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|2,739
|10.9
|1777
|-
|[[Benton, Maine|'''Benton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,715
|28.4
|1842
|-
|[[Acton, Maine|'''Acton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|2,671
|37.7
|1830
|-
|[[Searsport, Maine|'''Searsport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|2,649
|28.7
|1845
|-
|[[Windsor, Maine|'''Windsor''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,632
|34.7
|1809
|-
|[[Readfield, Maine|'''Readfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,597
|29.2
|1791
|-
|[[St. George, Maine|'''St. George''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|2,594
|25.0
|1803
|-
|[[Hallowell, Maine|'''Hallowell''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,570
|5.9
|1771
|-
|[[Jefferson, Maine|'''Jefferson''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|2,551
|52.6
|1807
|-
|[[Bethel, Maine|'''Bethel''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|2,504
|64.6
|1796
|-
|'''[[Hancock, Maine|Hancock]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|2,466
|30.0
|1828
|-
|[[Manchester, Maine|'''Manchester''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,456
|21.4
|1850
|-
|[[Harrison, Maine|'''Harrison''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|2,447
|33.1
|1805
|-
|[[Whitefield, Maine|'''Whitefield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|2,408
|46.8
|1809
|-
|[[Union, Maine|'''Union''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|2,383
|32.2
|1786
|-
|'''[[Lincolnville, Maine|Lincolnville]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|2,312
|37.3
|1802
|-
|[[Damariscotta, Maine|'''Damariscotta''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|2,297
|12.4
|1848
|-
|[[Unity, Maine|'''Unity''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|2,292
|39.4
|1804
|-
|[[Anson, Maine|'''Anson''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|2,291
|47.5
|1798
|-
|[[Leeds, Maine|'''Leeds''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|2,262
|40.1
|1801
|-
|[[Dixfield, Maine|'''Dixfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|2,253
|41.3
|1803
|-
|[[Minot, Maine|'''Minot''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|2,251
|29.6
|1802
|-
|[[Milo, Maine|'''Milo''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|2,251
|33.0
|1823
|-
|[[Orland, Maine|'''Orland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|2,221
|47.0
|1800
|-
|[[Corinna, Maine|'''Corinna''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|2,221
|38.7
|1816
|-
|[[Eddington, Maine|'''Eddington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|2,194
|25.0
|1811
|-
|[[Deer Isle, Maine|'''Deer Isle''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|2,194
|29.7
|1789
|-
|[[Canaan, Maine|'''Canaan''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|2,193
|41.2
|1788
|-
|[[Phippsburg, Maine|'''Phippsburg''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|2,155
|28.6
|1814
|-
|[[Mount Desert, Maine|'''Mount Desert''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|2,146
|36.9
|1789
|-
|[[Dayton, Maine|'''Dayton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|2,129
|17.9
|1854
|-
|[[Livermore, Maine|'''Livermore''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|2,127
|37.6
|1795
|-
|[[Machias, Maine|'''Machias''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | [[Washington County, Maine|Washington]] (seat)
|2,060
|13.9
|1784
|-
|[[St. Albans, Maine|'''St. Albans''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|2,045
|44.8
|1813
|-
|[[Van Buren, Maine|'''Van Buren''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|2,038
|33.8
|1881
|-
|[[Boothbay Harbor, Maine|'''Boothbay Harbor''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|2,027
|5.7
|1889
|-
|[[Albion, Maine|'''Albion''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|2,006
|38.8
|1804
|-
|[[Buckfield, Maine|'''Buckfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,983
|37.5
|1793
|-
|[[Palmyra, Maine|'''Palmyra''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|1,924
|40.2
|1807
|-
|[[Sebago, Maine|'''Sebago''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|1,911
|32.8
|1826
|-
|[[West Bath, Maine|'''West Bath''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|1,910
|11.8
|1844
|-
|[[Mapleton, Maine|'''Mapleton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,886
|34.0
|1880
|-
|[[Otisfield, Maine|'''Otisfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,853
|39.9
|1798
|-
|[[Newcastle, Maine|'''Newcastle''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|1,848
|29.1
|1775
|-
|[[Veazie, Maine|'''Veazie''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,814
|3.0
|1853
|-
|[[Parsonsfield, Maine|'''Parsonsfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|1,791
|58.9
|1785
|-
|[[Nobleboro, Maine|'''Nobleboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|1,791
|18.9
|1788
|-
|[[West Paris, Maine|'''West Paris''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,766
|24.2
|1957
|-
|[[Southwest Harbor, Maine|'''Southwest Harbor''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,756
|13.5
|1905
|-
|[[Randolph, Maine|'''Randolph''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|1,743
|2.1
|1887
|-
|[[Dresden, Maine|'''Dresden''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|1,725
|30.5
|1794
|-
|[[Mount Vernon, Maine|'''Mount Vernon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|1,721
|37.9
|1792
|-
|[[Lamoine, Maine|'''Lamoine''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,720
|17.8
|1870
|-
|[[Hartland, Maine|'''Hartland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|1,705
|37.1
|1820
|-
|[[Gouldsboro, Maine|'''Gouldsboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,703
|52.8
|1789
|-
|[[Hope, Maine|'''Hope''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,698
|22.0
|1804
|-
|[[Newfield, Maine|'''Newfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|1,648
|32.3
|1794
|-
|[[Dedham, Maine|'''Dedham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,648
|39.3
|1837
|-
|[[Brownfield, Maine|'''Brownfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,631
|44.5
|1802
|-
|[[Surry, Maine|'''Surry''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,623
|37.0
|1803
|-
|[[Hiram, Maine|'''Hiram''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,609
|37.6
|1814
|-
|[[Wales, Maine|'''Wales''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Androscoggin" | Androscoggin
|1,608
|16.0
|1816
|-
|[[Porter, Maine|'''Porter''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,600
|31.5
|1807
|-
|[[Newburgh, Maine|'''Newburgh''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,595
|31.0
|1819
|-
|'''[[Washington, Maine|Washington]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,592
|38.0
|1811
|-
|[[Trenton, Maine|'''Trenton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,584
|18.1
|1789
|-
|[[Ogunquit, Maine|'''Ogunquit''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|1,577
|4.2
|1980
|-
|[[East Millinocket, Maine|'''East Millinocket''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,572
|7.1
|1907
|-
|[[Waterford, Maine|'''Waterford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,570
|50.2
|1797
|-
|[[Palermo, Maine|'''Palermo''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,570
|40.5
|1804
|-
|'''[[Franklin, Maine|Franklin]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,567
|36.5
|1825
|-
|[[Pownal, Maine|'''Pownal''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|1,566
|22.9
|1808
|-
|[[Charleston, Maine|'''Charleston''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,551
|40.6
|1811
|-
|[[Northport, Maine|'''Northport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,550
|23.8
|1796
|-
|[[Tremont, Maine|'''Tremont''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,544
|16.8
|1848
|-
|[[Stockton Springs, Maine|'''Stockton Springs''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,533
|19.6
|1857
|-
|[[Bradley, Maine|'''Bradley''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,532
|49.5
|1835
|-
|[[Washburn, Maine|'''Washburn''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,527
|34.2
|1861
|-
|[[Limestone, Maine|'''Limestone''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,526
|40.5
|1855
|-
|[[Baldwin, Maine|'''Baldwin''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|1,520
|35.3
|1802
|-
|[[South Thomaston, Maine|'''South Thomaston''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,511
|11.4
|1848
|-
|[[Cornish, Maine|'''Cornish''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="York" | York
|1,508
|22.2
|1794
|-
|[[Owls Head, Maine|'''Owls Head''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,504
|8.9
|1921
|-
|[[Cushing, Maine|'''Cushing''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,502
|19.2
|1789
|-
|[[Peru, Maine|'''Peru''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,488
|46.7
|1821
|-
|[[New Sharon, Maine|'''New Sharon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|1,458
|46.2
|1794
|-
|[[Greenbush, Maine|'''Greenbush''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,444
|43.8
|1834
|-
|[[Greenville, Maine|'''Greenville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|1,437
|42.3
|1836
|-
|[[Enfield, Maine|'''Enfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,435
|27.7
|1835
|-
|[[Hudson, Maine|'''Hudson''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,416
|37.6
|1824
|-
|[[Appleton, Maine|'''Appleton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,411
|32.7
|1829
|-
|[[Searsmont, Maine|'''Searsmont''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,400
|37.7
|1814
|-
|[[Swanville, Maine|'''Swanville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,377
|19.7
|1818
|-
|[[Milbridge, Maine|'''Milbridge''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,375
|24.3
|1848
|-
|[[Mars Hill, Maine|'''Mars Hill''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,360
|35.1
|1867
|-
|[[Woodstock, Maine|'''Woodstock''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,352
|45.7
|1815
|-
|[[Kenduskeag, Maine|'''Kenduskeag''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,346
|16.8
|1852
|-
|[[Chesterville, Maine|'''Chesterville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|1,328
|36.2
|1802
|-
|[[East Machias, Maine|'''East Machias''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,326
|34.8
|1826
|-
|[[Plymouth, Maine|'''Plymouth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,325
|29.7
|1826
|-
|[[Easton, Maine|'''Easton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,320
|38.7
|1865
|-
|[[Castine, Maine|'''Castine''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,320
|7.8
|1796
|-
|[[Baileyville, Maine|'''Baileyville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,318
|37.2
|1828
|-
|[[Cornville, Maine|'''Cornville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|1,317
|40.7
|1798
|-
|[[Sangerville, Maine|'''Sangerville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|1,306
|38.4
|1814
|-
|[[Hodgdon, Maine|'''Hodgdon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,290
|39.8
|1821
|-
|[[Eastport, Maine|'''Eastport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 1 (City)" | City
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,288
|3.6
|1798
|-
|[[Vinalhaven, Maine|'''Vinalhaven''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,279
|23.5
|1789
|-
|[[Guilford, Maine|'''Guilford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|1,267
|34.9
|1816
|-
|[[Jonesport, Maine|'''Jonesport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,245
|28.5
|1832
|-
|[[Lubec, Maine|'''Lubec''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,237
|33.3
|1811
|-
|[[Frankfort, Maine|'''Frankfort''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,231
|24.6
|1789
|-
|[[Etna, Maine|'''Etna''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,226
|24.8
|1820
|-
|[[Hebron, Maine|'''Hebron''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,223
|22.4
|1792
|-
|[[Rangeley, Maine|'''Rangeley''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|1,222
|41.5
|1855
|-
|[[Sullivan, Maine|'''Sullivan''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,219
|26.7
|1789
|-
|'''[[Woodland, Aroostook County, Maine|Woodland]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,217
|35.3
|1880
|-
|[[Dixmont, Maine|'''Dixmont''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,211
|36.3
|1807
|-
|[[Hartford, Maine|'''Hartford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,203
|43.9
|1798
|-
|[[Sedgwick, Maine|'''Sedgwick''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,202
|27.0
|1789
|-
|[[Ashland, Maine|'''Ashland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,202
|80.4
|1862
|-
|[[Denmark, Maine|'''Denmark''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,197
|46.1
|1807
|-
|[[Edgecomb, Maine|'''Edgecomb''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|1,188
|18.1
|1774
|-
|[[Medway, Maine|'''Medway''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,187
|41.0
|1875
|-
|[[Stetson, Maine|'''Stetson''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,186
|35.0
|1831
|-
|[[Bradford, Maine|'''Bradford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,184
|41.2
|1820
|-
|[[Fayette, Maine|'''Fayette''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|1,160
|29.2
|1795
|-
|[[Rome, Maine|'''Rome''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|1,148
|25.4
|1804
|-
|[[Addison, Maine|'''Addison''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,148
|42.4
|1797
|-
|[[Friendship, Maine|'''Friendship''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|1,142
|14.1
|1807
|-
|[[Brownville, Maine|'''Brownville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|1,139
|44.0
|1824
|-
|[[Penobscot, Maine|'''Penobscot''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,136
|39.9
|1787
|-
|[[Wayne, Maine|'''Wayne''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|1,129
|19.3
|1798
|-
|[[Steuben, Maine|'''Steuben''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,129
|43.0
|1795
|-
|[[South Bristol, Maine|'''South Bristol''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|1,127
|13.1
|1915
|-
|[[Canton, Maine|'''Canton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,125
|29.1
|1821
|-
|[[Strong, Maine|'''Strong''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|1,122
|28.4
|1801
|-
|[[Cherryfield, Maine|'''Cherryfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|1,107
|44.4
|1816
|-
|[[Lovell, Maine|'''Lovell''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|1,104
|43.2
|1800
|-
|[[Burnham, Maine|'''Burnham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,096
|38.9
|1824
|-
|[[Howland, Maine|'''Howland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,094
|34.9
|1826
|-
|[[Georgetown, Maine|'''Georgetown''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|1,058
|18.6
|1716
|-
|[[Stonington, Maine|'''Stonington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|1,056
|9.8
|1897
|-
|[[Frenchville, Maine|'''Frenchville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|1,052
|28.7
|1869
|-
|[[Garland, Maine|'''Garland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|1,026
|37.7
|1811
|-
|[[Montville, Maine|'''Montville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,020
|42.7
|1807
|-
|[[Troy, Maine|'''Troy''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,018
|34.9
|1812
|-
|[[Brooks, Maine|'''Brooks''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|1,010
|24.7
|1816
|-
|[[Littleton, Maine|'''Littleton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|997
|38.4
|1856
|-
|[[Sumner, Maine|'''Sumner''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|994
|44.3
|1798
|-
|[[Solon, Maine|'''Solon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|978
|39.7
|1809
|-
|[[Belmont, Maine|'''Belmont''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|976
|13.6
|1814
|-
|[[Morrill, Maine|'''Morrill''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|971
|16.6
|1855
|-
|[[Exeter, Maine|'''Exeter''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|963
|38.6
|1811
|-
|[[Machiasport, Maine|'''Machiasport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|962
|21.4
|1826
|-
|[[Harrington, Maine|'''Harrington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|962
|21.1
|1797
|-
|[[Kingfield, Maine|'''Kingfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|960
|43.1
|1816
|-
|[[Athens, Maine|'''Athens''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|952
|43.6
|1804
|-
|[[Linneus, Maine|'''Linneus''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|947
|44.3
|1836
|-
|[[Brooksville, Maine|'''Brooksville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|935
|31.1
|1817
|-
|[[Liberty, Maine|'''Liberty''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|934
|26.0
|1827
|-
|[[Monroe, Maine|'''Monroe''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|931
|38.9
|1818
|-
|[[Smithfield, Maine|'''Smithfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|925
|19.9
|1840
|-
|[[Lee, Maine|'''Lee''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|916
|38.7
|1832
|-
|[[Embden, Maine|'''Embden''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|902
|39.6
|1804
|-
|[[Phillips, Maine|'''Phillips''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|898
|50.8
|1812
|-
|[[Detroit, Maine|'''Detroit''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|885
|20.3
|1828
|-
|[[Patten, Maine|'''Patten''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|881
|38.2
|1841
|-
|[[Bingham, Maine|'''Bingham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|866
|34.9
|1812
|-
|[[Clifton, Maine|'''Clifton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|840
|34.5
|1848
|-
|[[Alton, Maine|'''Alton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|829
|42.3
|1844
|-
|[[Brooklin, Maine|'''Brooklin''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|827
|17.9
|1849
|-
|[[Harmony, Maine|'''Harmony''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|825
|38.7
|1803
|-
|[[Bremen, Maine|'''Bremen''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|823
|16.5
|1828
|-
|[[Sherman, Maine|'''Sherman''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|815
|40
|1862
|-
|'''[[Knox, Maine|Knox]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|811
|29.0
|1819
|-
|[[Perry, Maine|'''Perry''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|802
|29.3
|1818
|-
|[[Waldo, Maine|'''Waldo''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|795
|19.3
|1845
|-
|[[Pembroke, Maine|'''Pembroke''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|788
|27.4
|1832
|-
|[[Industry, Maine|'''Industry''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|788
|29.8
|1803
|-
|[[Jackman, Maine|'''Jackman''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|782
|41.3
|1895
|-
|[[Thorndike, Maine|'''Thorndike''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|774
|25.3
|1819
|-
|[[Greenwood, Maine|'''Greenwood''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|774
|41.7
|1816
|-
|[[Eagle Lake, Maine|'''Eagle Lake''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|772
|37.4
|1859
|-
|[[New Portland, Maine|'''New Portland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|765
|43.9
|1808
|-
|[[Island Falls, Maine|'''Island Falls''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|758
|36.0
|1872
|-
|[[Andover, Maine|'''Andover''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|752
|57.4
|1804
|-
|[[Parkman, Maine|'''Parkman''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|747
|45.2
|1822
|-
|[[Princeton, Maine|'''Princeton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|745
|36.9
|1832
|-
|[[Monticello, Maine|'''Monticello''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|737
|38.2
|1846
|-
|[[St. Agatha, Maine|'''St. Agatha''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|730
|29.5
|1899
|-
|[[New Vineyard, Maine|'''New Vineyard''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|721
|35.7
|1802
|-
|[[Westport Island, Maine|'''Westport Island''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|719
|8.8
|1828
|-
|[[Freedom, Maine|'''Freedom''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|711
|21.5
|1813
|-
|[[Alna, Maine|'''Alna''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|710
|20.9
|1794
|-
|[[Mercer, Maine|'''Mercer''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|709
|26.7
|1804
|-
|[[Prospect, Maine|'''Prospect''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|698
|18.1
|1794
|-
|[[Otis, Maine|'''Otis''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|673
|24.8
|1835
|-
|[[Carrabassett Valley, Maine|'''Carrabassett Valley''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|673
|77.5
|1971
|-
|[[Blaine, Maine|'''Blaine''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|667
|18.6
|1862
|-
|[[Sebec, Maine|'''Sebec''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|665
|36.8
|1812
|-
|[[Oakfield, Maine|'''Oakfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|661
|35.2
|1831
|-
|[[Abbot, Maine|'''Abbot''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|650
|34.5
|1827
|-
|[[Eustis, Maine|'''Eustis''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|641
|39.1
|1871
|-
|[[Lagrange, Maine|'''LaGrange''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|635
|49.5
|1832
|-
|[[Southport, Maine|'''Southport''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|622
|5.4
|1842
|-
|[[Jackson, Maine|'''Jackson''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|610
|25.3
|1812
|-
|[[Monson, Maine|'''Monson''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|609
|46.8
|1822
|-
|[[Somerville, Maine|'''Somerville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|600
|21.9
|1858
|-
|[[Mattawamkeag, Maine|'''Mattawamkeag''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|596
|37.7
|1860
|-
|[[Starks, Maine|'''Starks''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|593
|31.6
|1795
|-
|[[Danforth, Maine|'''Danforth''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|587
|54.0
|1860
|-
|[[Islesboro, Maine|'''Islesboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Waldo" | Waldo
|583
|14.3
|1789
|-
|[[Jonesboro, Maine|'''Jonesboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|579
|36.6
|1809
|-
|[[Vienna, Maine|'''Vienna''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Kennebec" | Kennebec
|578
|24.3
|1802
|-
|[[New Sweden, Maine|'''New Sweden''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|577
|34.6
|1870
|-
|[[New Limerick, Maine|'''New Limerick''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|574
|18.4
|1837
|-
|[[Chester, Maine|'''Chester''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|549
|45.8
|1834
|-
|[[Robbinston, Maine|'''Robbinston''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|539
|28.2
|1811
|-
|[[Bridgewater, Maine|'''Bridgewater''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|532
|38.8
|1858
|-
|[[Marshfield, Maine|'''Marshfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|528
|17.0
|1846
|-
|[[Temple, Maine|'''Temple''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|527
|35.5
|1803
|-
|[[Alexander, Maine|'''Alexander''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|525
|40.1
|1825
|-
|[[Cutler, Maine|'''Cutler''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|524
|47.0
|1826
|-
|[[Wallagrass, Maine|'''Wallagrass''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|519
|40.1
|1979
|-
|[[Carthage, Maine|'''Carthage''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|509
|33.3
|1826
|-
|[[Verona Island, Maine|'''Verona Island''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|507
|6.2
|1839
|-
|[[Chapman, Maine|'''Chapman''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|491
|38.4
|1874
|-
|[[Ripley, Maine|'''Ripley''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|484
|24.6
|1816
|-
|[[Whiting, Maine|'''Whiting''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|482
|46.7
|1825
|-
|[[Arrowsic, Maine|'''Arrowsic''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Sagadahoc" | Sagadahoc
|477
|7.8
|1841
|-
|[[Columbia Falls, Maine|'''Columbia Falls''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|476
|24.6
|1863
|-
|[[Moscow, Maine|'''Moscow''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|475
|45.9
|1816
|-
|[[Mariaville, Maine|'''Mariaville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|472
|38.7
|1836
|-
|[[Winter Harbor, Maine|'''Winter Harbor''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|461
|14.4
|1895
|-
|[[Westfield, Maine|'''Westfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|455
|40.3
|1905
|-
|[[Avon, Maine|'''Avon''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|450
|41.4
|1802
|-
|[[Cambridge, Maine|'''Cambridge''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|443
|19.3
|1834
|-
|[[Beals, Maine|'''Beals''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|443
|5.6
|1925
|-
|[[Smyrna, Maine|'''Smyrna''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|439
|35.1
|1839
|-
|[[St. Francis, Maine|'''St. Francis''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|438
|30.0
|1875
|-
|[[Columbia, Maine|'''Columbia''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|435
|36.3
|1796
|-
|[[Ludlow, Maine|'''Ludlow''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|434
|22.0
|1864
|-
|[[Eastbrook, Maine|'''Eastbrook''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|424
|33.4
|1837
|-
|[[North Haven, Maine|'''North Haven''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|417
|11.6
|1846
|-
|[[Newry, Maine|'''Newry''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|411
|61.5
|1805
|-
|[[Sweden, Maine|'''Sweden''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|406
|28.8
|1813
|-
|[[Winn, Maine|'''Winn''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|399
|43.7
|1857
|-
|[[Chebeague Island, Maine|'''Chebeague Island''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|396
|3.6
|2007
|-
|[[Stow, Maine|'''Stow''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|393
|24.3
|1833
|-
|[[Stacyville, Maine|'''Stacyville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|380
|39.5
|1860
|-
|[[Weld, Maine|'''Weld''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|376
|59.5
|1816
|-
|[[Castle Hill, Maine|'''Castle Hill''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|373
|35.7
|1903
|-
|[[Burlington, Maine|'''Burlington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|373
|54.0
|1832
|-
|[[Perham, Maine|'''Perham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|371
|36.5
|1867
|-
|[[Lowell, Maine|'''Lowell''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|368
|38.3
|1837
|-
|[[Grand Isle, Maine|'''Grand Isle''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|366
|34.6
|1869
|-
|[[Roxbury, Maine|'''Roxbury''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|361
|42.9
|1835
|-
|[[Portage Lake, Maine|'''Portage Lake''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|359
|30.8
|1909
|-
|[[Passadumkeag, Maine|'''Passadumkeag''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|356
|22.9
|1835
|-
|[[Swan's Island, Maine|'''Swan's Island''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|355
|12.4
|1897
|-
|[[Charlotte, Maine|'''Charlotte''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|337
|31.0
|1825
|-
|[[Waltham, Maine|'''Waltham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|332
|29.7
|1833
|-
|[[New Canada, Maine|'''New Canada''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|310
|35.8
|1881
|-
|[[Dallas Plantation, Maine|'''Dallas Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|304
|39.0
|1845
|-
|[[Dennysville, Maine|'''Dennysville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|300
|14.9
|1818
|-
|[[Wade, Maine|'''Wade''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|299
|36.1
|1913
|-
|[[Roque Bluffs, Maine|'''Roque Bluffs''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|296
|10.4
|1891
|-
|[[Springfield, Maine|'''Springfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|293
|38.5
|1834
|-
|[[Caswell, Maine|'''Caswell''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|293
|41.3
|1878
|-
|[[Hanover, Maine|'''Hanover''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|286
|7.0
|1843
|-
|[[Sorrento, Maine|'''Sorrento''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|279
|4.0
|1895
|-
|'''[[St. John Plantation, Maine|St. John Plantation]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|263
|50.3
|1874
|-
|[[Stoneham, Maine|'''Stoneham''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|261
|33.8
|1834
|-
|[[Amity, Maine|'''Amity''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|253
|41.7
|1836
|-
|[[Shirley, Maine|'''Shirley''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|251
|53.3
|1834
|-
|[[Stockholm, Maine|'''Stockholm''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|250
|34.2
|1911
|-
|[[Crystal, Maine|'''Crystal''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|248
|40.4
|1878
|-
|[[Amherst, Maine|'''Amherst''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|248
|39.3
|1831
|-
|[[Weston, Maine|'''Weston''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|245
|30.6
|1835
|-
|[[Allagash, Maine|'''Allagash''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|237
|128.6
|1885
|-
|[[Long Island, Maine|'''Long Island''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|234
|1.4
|1993
|-
|[[Medford, Maine|'''Medford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|230
|42.3
|1824
|-
|[[Wellington, Maine|'''Wellington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|229
|39.9
|1828
|-
|[[Dyer Brook, Maine|'''Dyer Brook''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|215
|38.5
|1858
|-
|[[Merrill, Maine|'''Merrill''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|208
|37.4
|1876
|-
|[[Masardis, Maine|'''Masardis''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|204
|38.7
|1839
|-
|[[Whitneyville, Maine|'''Whitneyville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|202
|14.9
|1845
|-
|[[Woodville, Maine|'''Woodville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|201
|42.7
|1895
|-
|[[Baring Plantation, Maine|'''Baring Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|201
|20.9
|1825
|-
|[[Gilead, Maine|'''Gilead''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|195
|18.9
|1804
|-
|[[Winterville Plantation, Maine|'''Winterville Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|194
|35.6
|1884
|-
|[[Moose River, Maine|'''Moose River''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|188
|40.1
|1903
|-
|[[Mount Chase, Maine|'''Mount Chase''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|187
|36.7
|1864
|-
|[[Rangeley Plantation, Maine|'''Rangeley Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|184
|40.7
|1895
|-
|[[Topsfield, Maine|'''Topsfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|179
|50.1
|1838
|-
|[[Northfield, Maine|'''Northfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|178
|43.6
|1838
|-
|[[Cooper, Maine|'''Cooper''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|168
|30.7
|1822
|-
|[[Hamlin, Maine|'''Hamlin''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|166
|23.4
|1859
|-
|[[Cranberry Isles, Maine|'''Cranberry Isles''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|160
|3.2
|1830
|-
|[[Orient, Maine|'''Orient''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|156
|35.5
|1856
|-
|[[Lake View Plantation, Maine|'''Lake View Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|150
|41.5
|1892
|-
|[[Meddybemps, Maine|'''Meddybemps''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|139
|13.1
|1841
|-
|[[Carroll Plantation, Maine|'''Carroll Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|138
|43.9
|1845
|-
|[[Bowerbank, Maine|'''Bowerbank''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|136
|41.9
|1907
|-
|[[Willimantic, Maine|'''Willimantic''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|134
|43.2
|1881
|-
|[[Edinburg, Maine|'''Edinburg''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|134
|35.0
|1835
|-
|[[Beaver Cove, Maine|'''Beaver Cove''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|133
|31.9
|1975
|-
|[[Coplin Plantation, Maine|'''Coplin Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|131
|33.1
|1866
|-
|[[Reed Plantation, Maine|'''Reed Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|129
|59.0
|1843
|-
|[[Sandy River Plantation, Maine|'''Sandy River Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Franklin" | Franklin
|128
|34.1
|1905
|-
|[[Grand Lake Stream, Maine|'''Grand Lake Stream''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|125
|44.2
|1897
|-
|[[Wesley, Maine|'''Wesley''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|122
|49.9
|1833
|-
|[[Lakeville, Maine|'''Lakeville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|104
|58.3
|1868
|-
|[[Byron, Maine|'''Byron''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|103
|51.8
|1833
|-
|[[Vanceboro, Maine|'''Vanceboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|102
|20.1
|1871
|-
|[[Haynesville, Maine|'''Haynesville''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|97
|41.4
|1876
|-
|[[Crawford, Maine|'''Crawford''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|93
|34.5
|1828
|-
|[[Aurora, Maine|'''Aurora''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|93
|37.7
|1831
|-
|[[Isle au Haut, Maine|'''Isle au Haut''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|92
|12.5
|1874
|-
|[[Hammond, Maine|'''Hammond''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|91
|39.1
|1885
|-
|[[Maxfield, Maine|'''Maxfield''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|89
|18.9
|1840
|-
|[[Pleasant Ridge Plantation, Maine|'''Pleasant Ridge Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|85
|22.0
|1840
|-
|[[Caratunk, Maine|'''Caratunk''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|81
|52.3
|1840
|-
|[[Westmanland, Maine|'''Westmanland''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|79
|35.6
|1870
|-
|[[Garfield Plantation, Maine|'''Garfield Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|79
|38.3
|1885
|-
|[[Cyr Plantation, Maine|'''Cyr Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|78
|38.3
|1870
|-
|[[Deblois, Maine|'''Deblois''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|74
|35.9
|1852
|-
|[[Hersey, Maine|'''Hersey''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|73
|39.7
|1873
|-
|[[Talmadge, Maine|'''Talmadge''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|70
|37.8
|1875
|-
|[[Upton, Maine|'''Upton''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|69
|39.5
|1860
|-
|[[Webster Plantation, Maine|'''Webster Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|68
|36.6
|1856
|-
|[[Waite, Maine|'''Waite''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|66
|44.0
|1876
|-
|[[Osborn, Maine|'''Osborn''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|65
|35.2
|1976
|-
|[[Monhegan, Maine|'''Monhegan''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Lincoln" | Lincoln
|64
|0.9
|1839
|-
|[[Macwahoc, Maine|'''Macwahoc Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|62
|29.4
|1844
|-
|[[Brighton Plantation, Maine|'''Brighton Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|62
|39.3
|1816
|-
|[[Great Pond, Maine|'''Great Pond''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|61
|37.8
|1840
|-
|[[Dennistown, Maine|'''Dennistown Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|61
|38.8
|1873
|-
|[[Beddington, Maine|'''Beddington''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Washington" | Washington
|60
|34.6
|1833
|-
|[[West Forks, Maine|'''West Forks''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|58
|48.9
|1893
|-
|[[Matinicus Isle, Maine|'''Matinicus Isle''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Knox" | Knox
|53
|2.3
|1840
|-
|[[Highland Plantation, Maine|'''Highland Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|52
|42.0
|1886
|-
|[[The Forks, Maine|'''The Forks''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Somerset" | Somerset
|48
|39.6
|1840
|-
|[[Moro Plantation, Maine|'''Moro Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|44
|35.4
|1891
|-
|'''[[Lincoln Plantation, Maine|Lincoln Plantation]]'''
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Oxford" | Oxford
|41
|32.5
|1875
|-
|[[Seboeis Plantation, Maine|'''Seboeis Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Penobscot" | Penobscot
|40
|40.0
|1890
|-
|[[Frye Island, Maine|'''Frye Island''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Cumberland" | Cumberland
|32
|1.3
|1998
|-
|[[Frenchboro, Maine|'''Frenchboro''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 2 (Town)" | Town
| data-sort-value="Hancock" | Hancock
|29
|4.8
|1979
|-
|[[Kingsbury Plantation, Maine|'''Kingsbury Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Piscataquis" | Piscataquis
|28
|44.1
|1836
|-
|[[Nashville Plantation, Maine|'''Nashville Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|27
|35.2
|1895
|-
|[[Glenwood Plantation, Maine|'''Glenwood Plantation''']]
| data-sort-value="Municipality 3 (Plantation)" | Plantation
| data-sort-value="Aroostook" | Aroostook
|5
|38.1
|1863
|}

== Former municipalities ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Former municipality
!Now part of
!County
!Year disincorporated
|-
|Drew Plantation
|[[Drew, Maine|Drew UT]]
|Penobscot
|2023
|-
|[[Magalloway, Maine|Magalloway Plantation]]
|[[North Oxford, Maine|North Oxford UT]]
|Oxford
|2021
|-
|[[Atkinson, Maine|Atkinson]]
|[[Southeast Piscataquis, Maine|Southeast Piscataquis UT]]
|Piscataquis
|2019
|-
|[[Cary, Maine|Cary Plantation]]
|[[South Aroostook, Maine|South Aroostook UT]]
|Aroostook
|2019
|-
|[[Codyville, Maine|Codyville Plantation]]
|[[North Washington, Maine|North Washington UT]]
|Washington
|2019
|-
|[[Oxbow, Maine|Oxbow]]
|[[Northwest Aroostook, Maine|Northwest Aroostook UT]]
|Aroostook
|2017
|-
|Bancroft
|[[Bancroft, Maine|Bancroft UT]]
|Aroostook
|2015
|-
|[[Centerville, Maine|Centerville]]
|[[North Washington, Maine|North Washington UT]]
|Washington
|2004
|-
|[[Madrid, Maine|Madrid]]
|[[East Central Franklin, Maine|East Central Franklin UT]]
|Franklin
|2000
|-
|Greenfield
|[[East Central Penobscot, Maine|East Central Penobscot UT]]
|Penobscot
|1993
|-
|[[E Township, Maine|E Plantation]]
|[[Central Aroostook, Maine|Central Aroostook UT]]
|Aroostook
|1990
|-
|Prentiss
|[[Prentiss, Maine|Prentiss UT]]
|Penobscot
|1990
|-
|Benedicta
|[[South Aroostook, Maine|South Aroostook UT]]
|Aroostook
|1987
|-
|Cathance
|[[East Central Washington, Maine|East Central Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1986
|-
|Blanchard
|[[Blanchard, Maine|Blanchard UT]]
|Piscataquis
|1984
|-
|Elliottsville
|[[Northeast Piscataquis, Maine|Northeast Piscataquis UT]]
|Piscataquis
|1983
|-
|Big Lake
|[[North Washington, Maine|North Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1983
|-
|Barnard
|[[Northeast Piscataquis, Maine|Northeast Piscataquis UT]]
|Piscataquis
|1982
|-
|Grand Falls
|[[East Central Penobscot, Maine|East Central Penobscot UT]]
|Penobscot
|1981
|-
|Dead River
|[[Northwest Somerset, Maine|Northwest Somerset UT]]
|Somerset
|1951
|-
|[[Flagstaff, Maine|Flagstaff]]
|[[Northwest Somerset, Maine|Northwest Somerset UT]]
|Somerset
|1951
|-
|Connor
|[[Connor, Maine|Connor UT]]
|Aroostook
|1945
|-
|Orneville
|[[Southeast Piscataquis, Maine|Southeast Piscataquis UT]]
|Piscataquis
|1945
|-
|Trescott
|[[East Central Washington, Maine|East Central Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1945
|-
|Kingman
|[[Kingman, Maine|Kingman UT]]
|Penobscot
|1945
|-
|Salem
|[[East Central Franklin, Maine|East Central Franklin UT]]
|Franklin
|1945
|-
|Milton Plantation
|[[Milton, Maine|Milton UT]]
|Oxford
|1944
|-
|Unity Plantation
|[[Unity, Kennebec County, Maine|Unity UT]]
|Kennebec
|1942
|-
|[[Brookton, Maine|Brookton]]
|[[North Washington, Maine|North Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1942
|-
|Silver Ridge
|[[South Aroostook, Maine|South Aroostook UT]]
|Aroostook
|1941
|-
|Williamsburg
|[[Northeast Piscataquis, Maine|Northeast Piscataquis UT]]
|Piscataquis
|1940
|-
|Bigelow
|[[Northwest Somerset, Maine|Northwest Somerset UT]]
|Somerset
|1940
|-
|[[Lexington, Maine|Lexington]]
|[[Central Somerset, Maine|Central Somerset UT]]
|Somerset
|1940
|-
|[[Concord, Maine|Concord]]
|[[Central Somerset, Maine|Central Somerset UT]]
|Somerset
|1939
|-
|Marion
|[[East Central Washington, Maine|East Central Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1939
|-
|Argyle
|[[Argyle, Maine|Argyle UT]]
|Penobscot
|1938
|-
|Freeman
|[[East Central Franklin, Maine|East Central Franklin UT]]
|Franklin
|1938
|-
|Edmunds
|[[East Central Washington, Maine|East Central Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1938
|-
|Mayfield
|[[Northeast Somerset, Maine|Northeast Somerset UT]]
|Somerset
|1937
|-
|Mason
|[[South Oxford, Maine|South Oxford UT]]
|Oxford
|1936
|-
|Lang
|[[North Franklin, Maine|North Franklin UT]]
|Franklin
|1935
|-
|[[Chesuncook, Maine|Chesuncook]]
|[[Northwest Piscataquis, Maine|Northwest Piscataquis UT]]
|Piscataquis
|1933
|-
|Long Pond
|[[Northeast Somerset, Maine|Northeast Somerset UT]]
|Somerset
|1929
|-
|Criehaven
|[[Criehaven, Maine|Criehaven UT]]
|Knox
|1925
|-
|[[Forest City, Maine|Forest City]]
|[[North Washington, Maine|North Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1924
|-
|Grafton
|[[North Oxford, Maine|North Oxford UT]]
|Oxford
|1919
|-
|Perkins
|[[Perkins Township, Maine|Perkins UT]]
|Sagadahoc
|1918
|-
|Muscle Ridge
|[[Muscle Ridge Islands, Maine|Muscle Ridge Islands UT]]
|Knox
|1916
|-
|Fletchers Landing
|[[Central Hancock, Maine|Central Hancock UT]]
|Hancock
|1913
|-
|Mattamiscontis
|[[North Penobscot, Maine|North Penobscot UT]]
|Penobscot
|1907
|-
|[[Lambert Lake, Maine|Lambert Lake]]
|[[North Washington, Maine|North Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1903
|-
|[[Deering, Maine|Deering]]
|[[Portland, Maine|Portland]]
|Cumberland
|1899
|-
|Kossuth
|[[North Washington, Maine|North Washington UT]]
|Washington
|1895
|-
|Berlin
|[[West Central Franklin, Maine|West Central Franklin UT]], [[Phillips, Maine|Phillips]]
|Franklin
|1878
|-
|Danville
|[[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]]
|Androscoggin
|1867
|-
|Harlem
|[[China, Maine|China]]
|Kennebec
|1822
|}

==See also==
* [[List of places in Maine]]
** [[List of counties in Maine]]
** [[List of unorganized territories in Maine]]
* [[Minor civil division]]
* [[Township]]
* [[List of cities in the United States]]
* [[New England town]]
* [[List of New England towns]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category|Cities in Maine}}
* [http://www.maine.gov/local/ Maine Local Government county, city and town search]
{{Maine}}{{Lists of cities by U.S. state}}

[[Category:Cities in Maine|*]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in the United States by state|Maine]]
[[Category:Maine geography-related lists|municipalities]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine| ]]
[[Category:Lists of towns in the United States|Maine]]
[[Category:Plantations in Maine|*]]

Talk:Saint John Plantation, Maine

2024-06-10T13:33:14Z

Edwki: Edwki moved page Talk:Saint John Plantation, Maine to Talk:St. John Plantation, Maine: "St." Is more commonly used

#REDIRECT [[Talk:St. John Plantation, Maine]]

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Talk:St. John Plantation, Maine

2024-06-10T13:33:14Z

Edwki: Edwki moved page Talk:Saint John Plantation, Maine to Talk:St. John Plantation, Maine: "St." Is more commonly used

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Saint John Plantation, Maine

2024-06-10T13:33:13Z

Edwki: Edwki moved page Saint John Plantation, Maine to St. John Plantation, Maine over redirect: "St." Is more commonly used

#REDIRECT [[St. John Plantation, Maine]]

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