Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion

2024-09-18T03:38:21Z

Emoritz2017: /* Draft:Margaret Chew Barringer */ new section

{{Short description|Wikimedia project page}}
{{Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion/header}}
<noinclude>{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}</noinclude>
{{archives|auto=no|search=yes|age=7|index=/Archive index|editbox=no}}
{{TOC limit|2}}
__TOC__
__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Non-talk pages that are automatically signed]]
[[Category:Wikipedia requests]]
[[Category:Wikipedia deletion]]

{{NOINDEX}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archiveheader = {{Aan}}
|maxarchivesize = 450k
|counter = 401
|minthreadsleft = 0
|minthreadstoarchive = 1
|algo = old(5d)
|key = a71a19ee1a63ed672fb386eb7b81a57fd491e7640dc82f65124acb99f02e6ecf
|archive = Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion/Archive %(counter)d
}}
{{no admin backlog}}

== File:My Son (movie lobby card).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:My Son (movie lobby card).jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 21:03, 11 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|Wiiformii}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 11:50, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:On the Stroke of Twelve.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:On the Stroke of Twelve.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 21:12, 11 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|Wiiformii}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 11:50, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:One Clear Call (film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:One Clear Call (film).jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 21:14, 11 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|Wiiformii}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 11:50, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Rolling Home (1926 film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Rolling Home (1926 film).jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 21:18, 11 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|Wiiformii}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 11:51, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:The Role Of Women in Mau Mau Liberation Movement In Kenya ==

*{{revisions|Draft:The Role Of Women in Mau Mau Liberation Movement In Kenya}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/41.209.57.142|41.209.57.142]] ([[User talk:41.209.57.142|talk]]) 12:40, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. It claims to have done a critical review of literature, so reference that literature plaese and summarise that to make an article. [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 11:59, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:WCTECentralTNPBS2020.png ==

*{{revisions|File:WCTECentralTNPBS2020.png}}
Image is now in the public domain and previous revision was deleted due to size restrictions of non-free images —[[User:Salavat|Salavat]] ([[User talk:Salavat|talk]]) 15:09, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

:{{ping|DMacks}} Should this be on hold as well? - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 20:25, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Fred Sulis ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Fred Sulis}}

Hi, I'm FloridaArmy, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:FloridaArmy|FloridaArmy]] ([[User talk:FloridaArmy|talk]]) 18:19, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|FloridaArmy}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a draft that was deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. However, the [[Wikipedia:Drafts|draft namespace]], though it is intended to provide some breathing room to create and develop a page without the time pressure of immediate review, is not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the [[WP:MAINSPACE|article mainspace]]. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion and then submit it for review—at the least, prior to another six months elapsing. When you are ready, a review can be requested by placing this code at the top of the page and then saving: {{tlsc|submit}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 20:25, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

== List of regions in Faerûn ==

*{{revisions|List of regions in Faerûn}}
I found this title when I discovered [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of regions in Faerûn]]; I have since recreated it as a redirect towards [[Faerûn#Fictional geography]]. Since this target either was not considered or did not exist during the respective AfD, '''I am requesting that the deleted edit history be restored''' (but the redirection I established maintained) for potential [[WP:A]]/[[WP:CWW]] purposes. —[[User:Steel1943|'''''Steel1943''''']] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) 19:40, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Steel1943}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 20:24, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Organization of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Organization of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}
Deleted as stale draft. My attention had been diverted to other projects, and I am now ready to complete the draft. —[[User:John P. Sadowski (NIOSH)|John P. Sadowski (NIOSH)]] ([[User talk:John P. Sadowski (NIOSH)|talk]]) 20:52, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|John P. Sadowski (NIOSH)}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a draft that was deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. However, the [[Wikipedia:Drafts|draft namespace]], though it is intended to provide some breathing room to create and develop a page without the time pressure of immediate review, is not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the [[WP:MAINSPACE|article mainspace]]. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion and then submit it for review—at the least, prior to another six months elapsing. When you are ready, a review can be requested by placing this code at the top of the page and then saving: {{tlsc|submit}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:51, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Tom and His Pals.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Tom and His Pals.jpg}}
Please undelete the previous versions of this image so it can be transferred to Commons. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 22:16, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}}. [[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 22:22, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:The Beggar Countess.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:The Beggar Countess.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 22:23, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}}. [[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 22:29, 12 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:The Eleven Schill Officers (1926 film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:The Eleven Schill Officers (1926 film).jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 22:40, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:51, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:White Mice (film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:White Mice (film).jpg}}
Please undelete the previous versions of this image so it can be transferred to Commons. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 22:51, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:51, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Three Nights.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Three Nights.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 22:58, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:52, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== User:Levivich/NFooty AfDs ==

*{{revisions|User:Levivich/NFooty AfDs}}
Also [[User talk:Levivich/Footy AfDs]] and [[User talk:Levivich/Footy AfDs/Archive 1]]. I don't believe there are any other subpages besides /Archive 1, but if an admin wouldn't mind checking with the special glasses, I'd greatly appreciate it. Looking to restore all pages/talk pages/talk page archives related to this userspace page. These are old U1's that I'd like to refer to (and neglected to save before requesting deletion, sorry). Thank you! —[[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 23:10, 12 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Levivich}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:52, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:You can check your deleted contributions like this: [[Special:DeletedContributions/Levivich]]. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:55, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::Non-admins can't do that, unfortunately. {{u|Levivich}}, I've undeleted [[User talk:Levivich/NFooty AfDs/Archive 1]] (the actual archive page) at no additional charge. [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] ([[User talk:Extraordinary Writ|talk]]) 04:20, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Thank you both! :-) [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] ([[User talk:Levivich|talk]]) 06:21, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:::"No additional charge...." But what if they needed those extra electrons?? XD - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 10:38, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Kissing Is No Sin (1926 film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Kissing Is No Sin (1926 film).jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 00:27, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:56, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Die Austreibung poster.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Die Austreibung poster.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 00:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:56, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Triumph -1924.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Triumph -1924.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image so it can be transferred to Commons. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 00:53, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:56, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Za La Mort (film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Za La Mort (film).jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 01:04, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 01:14, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Wfvx 2008.png ==

*{{revisions|File:Wfvx 2008.png}}
Not believed to be non-free; restore old versions to facilitate transfer to Commons —[[User:Mvcg66b3r|Mvcg66b3r]] ([[User talk:Mvcg66b3r|talk]]) 01:47, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Mvcg66b3r}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 10:37, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Aizaz Ul Hassan ==

*{{revisions|Page name goes here}}
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Publish changes" button below —[[User:Aizazulhassan10|Aizazulhassan10]] ([[User talk:Aizazulhassan10|talk]]) 07:32, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Aizazulhassan10}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done and ''will not'' be done''' User is blocked. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 10:37, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Ntshepe Tsekere Bopape ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Ntshepe Tsekere Bopape}}

Hi, I'm Carohan2019, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Carohan2019|Carohan2019]] ([[User talk:Carohan2019|talk]]) 09:17, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Carohan2019}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 10:39, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== User:ABuddhavarapu ==

*{{revisions|User:ABuddhavarapu}}
Could you please userfy or provide the material deleted from this page? I would like to use it for future reference and improvement. The content was removed under speedy deletion criteria U5. Thank you. —[[User:ABuddhavarapu|ABuddhavarapu]] ([[User talk:ABuddhavarapu|talk]]) 10:20, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|ABuddhavarapu}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' – this page was deleted in accordance with the [[Wikipedia:criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you believe that this decision was made in error, or that significant new information has come to light since the deletion, please contact the [[WP:administrator|administrator]] who carried out the deletion, {{user1|Bbb23}}. If you have already done so, your concerns can be taken to [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 10:40, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::I have new information since last year so I am ready to resubmit. Addressed to: @[[User:ABuddhavarapu|ABuddhavarapu]] and @[[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] and @[[User:Bbb23|Bbb23]] as indicated above. [[User:Carohan2019|Carohan2019]] ([[User talk:Carohan2019|talk]]) 12:07, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Carohan2019}} Is your new information for [[Draft:Ntshepe Tsekere Bopape]] or for [[User:ABuddhavarapu]]? You submitted the draft for review without any changes, and the user page will not be restored. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 13:11, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::::no I want to complete change it with my new understanding of referencing etc. Do I just start from scratch in that case? [[User:Carohan2019|Carohan2019]] ([[User talk:Carohan2019|talk]]) 13:13, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Change what? - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 18:31, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:Bbb23|Bbb23]] and @[[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] for this valuable information.
::If there is any chance that I can retrieve the data in the pages Draft:Athreya Buddhavarapu or User:Athreya Buddhavarapu, that would be great. I hope to keep working on it and see the quality of the work improved. [[User:ABuddhavarapu|ABuddhavarapu]] ([[User talk:ABuddhavarapu|talk]]) 05:41, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:::That page will not be accepted at any namespace - article, draft or userspace, because it was same as a resume, and promotional, so I don't see a point of working on it unless you establish notability like you claimed in an edit summary. [[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 08:59, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks Jay for your insightful response.
::::This website reference [1] implies that 65% of Google Knowledge Panels coincide with a wikipedia article.
::::In the edit summary I mentioned that have a Google Knowledge Panel and am the entity "Athreya Buddhavarapu" on the Google Knowledge Graph (https://g.co/kgs/xigy1T6).
::::I was hoping this provides support for establishing notability?
::::Great work with Wikipedia!
::::Reference:
::::[1] https://kalicube.com/learning-spaces/faq/knowledge-panels/sources-for-knowledge-panel-descriptions/#:~:text=Sources%20for%20Knowledge%20Panel%20Descriptions&text=About%2065%25%20of%20Knowledge%20Panel,and%20Trustworthy%20for%20the%20entity. [[User:ABuddhavarapu|ABuddhavarapu]] ([[User talk:ABuddhavarapu|talk]]) 09:37, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::That may qualify for a Wikidata entry, but even I have an entry, so no evidence of notability. [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:19, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::Thanks @[[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]].
::::::I have made a Wikidata entry similar to yours, however I am unsure how to add my Identifier (Orcid iD). Let me know if you can help. [[User:ABuddhavarapu|ABuddhavarapu]] ([[User talk:ABuddhavarapu|talk]]) 13:14, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::Read our article on [[ORCID]] and register for an entry. When you publish an article you can provide the ORCIDid for unique identification. [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 22:28, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Thanks @[[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]]. [[User:ABuddhavarapu|ABuddhavarapu]] ([[User talk:ABuddhavarapu|talk]]) 00:29, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Google results (or the knowledge panel) are not a criterion for notability. See [[WP:GHITS]], [[WP:N]].[[User:Jay| Jay]][[User talk:Jay| 💬]] 10:36, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

==draft:Oz_Journal==

*{{revisions|draft:Oz_Journal}}
Hi, I'm 68.102.102.250, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you! [[Special:Contributions/68.102.102.250|68.102.102.250]] ([[User talk:68.102.102.250|talk]]) 12:29, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 13:06, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Potential Studios LLP ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Potential Studios LLP}}

Hi, I'm KualaLumpurian, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:KualaLumpurian|KualaLumpurian]] ([[User talk:KualaLumpurian|talk]]) 12:51, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|KualaLumpurian}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 13:07, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Van Rysel logo.png ==

*{{revisions|File:Van Rysel logo.png}}
This logo is free media. I need that the previous version be undeleted to transfer the file to the Commons. —'''[[User:ZandDev|Zand]][[User talk:ZandDev|Dev]]''' 13:51, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|ZandDev}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 09:02, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Michel de Kemmeter ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Michel de Kemmeter}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:A03F:6189:D201:C85A:A856:4D87:B89D|2A02:A03F:6189:D201:C85A:A856:4D87:B89D]] ([[User talk:2A02:A03F:6189:D201:C85A:A856:4D87:B89D|talk]]) 15:05, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 09:05, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:GDT European Wildlife Photographer of the Year ==

*{{revisions|Draft:GDT European Wildlife Photographer of the Year}}

Hi, I'm Angelis81, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Angelis81|Angelis81]] ([[User talk:Angelis81|talk]]) 15:19, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Angelis81}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 17:53, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Johan Siggesson ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Johan Siggesson}}

Hi, I'm Angelis81, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Angelis81|Angelis81]] ([[User talk:Angelis81|talk]]) 15:22, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Angelis81}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 17:58, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Theodore Hamby ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Theodore Hamby}}

Hi, I'm Johnnyrepo, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Johnnyrepo|Johnnyrepo]] ([[User talk:Johnnyrepo|talk]]) 15:31, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Johnnyrepo}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 18:33, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:UPEC rvb.gif ==

*{{revisions|File:UPEC rvb.gif}}
This logo is copyright-free and I need that the previous version be undeleted in order to be transferred to Commons. Thanks. —'''[[User:ZandDev|Zand]][[User talk:ZandDev|Dev]]''' 16:07, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|ZandDev}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 18:34, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Premiership of Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool ==

*{{revisions|Premiership of Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool}}
Please restore revisions from prior to 05:34, 18 August 2024. —‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 16:08, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

:{{not done}}. @[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]]: The page was deleted under the [[WP:G5]] criteria and is not eligible for restoration through [[WP:REFUND]]. Your best bet would be to post on @[[User:CactusWriter|CactusWriter]]'s user talk page. There was an AfD started on this topic after @[[User:Asilvering|Asilvering]] declined an initial G5 request, but a user, for some reason, felt that Asilvering's judgement wasn't appropriate and restored the tag, which is what was processed eventually. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 17:39, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::{{re|Hey man im josh}} I meant the revisions prior to the page's contributions by the banned/blocked user. I created this as a redirect several years ago. ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 17:41, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Following the move log, it looks like the revisions from your originally created redirect ended up at [[Robert Jenkinson as prime minister]]. Are you sure this is what you want restored? I actually pretty strongly disagree with the G5 deletion, as did Asilvering when they declined it. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 17:43, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::::I'm not quite sure now. Do you think it would be better if the G5 deletion was reversed, while the article goes through the process at AfD? ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 17:47, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::@[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]]: The subject is either notable or it isn't, right? If you thought the subject was notable, which I think you do based on how many edits you made to that page, then I think it may make sense to give it a chance and go through AfD if the person still wants to do so. In reading the nomination rationale at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Premiership of Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|the AfD]], it looks mostly centered on having been created by the sock, as opposed to the content itself (which you had been copyediting extensively it looks like). [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 17:51, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::I agree, I think it should be given a chance and go through AfD. Would you be OK with restoring it or should I ask the deleting admin? ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 17:53, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::@[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]]: Reach out to them on their talk page and ping me. I don't want to overturn the action of another admin without discussion or notice first. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 17:55, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
::::::::Thanks, Josh. I appreciate that consideration. I have responded to the request on my [[User talk:CactusWriter#Premiership of Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|talk page]]. The short answer is that although Neveselbert made numerous edits to the page, all were minor copyediting edits (clean-up, spaces, links, markup, etc.) -- none was a "substantial edit" of content. More importantly all indications suggest the page would be a [[WP:G12]] copyright violation (per the AFD and the sock's previous admission and blocks). Therefore I cannot restore the page. — [[User:CactusWriter|CactusWriter ]][[User talk:CactusWriter|(talk)]] 16:29, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::::::I understand {{u|CactusWriter}}, thanks for taking the time to respond. Would you be OK then with restoring revisions prior to 05:34, 18 August 2024? I created the page before the banned/blocked user made their contributions. ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 17:57, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
{{od}}I don't understand. What does that time marker refer to? The history shows that the article was a new page created at 03:44, 15 August 2024 by [[User:Altonydean]]. Your first edit was not made until five days later on 20 August 2024 -- after much of the article was already created. As Josh said above, you created a redirect at [[Robert Jenkinson as prime minister]] in 2016. Is that what you want restored? — [[User:CactusWriter|CactusWriter ]][[User talk:CactusWriter|(talk)]] 21:09, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|CactusWriter}} yes, but do you think you could reverse the move of that page as well? ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 17:37, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
::I've restored the [[Robert Jenkinson as prime minister]] redirect page. — [[User:CactusWriter|CactusWriter ]][[User talk:CactusWriter|(talk)]] 19:47, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:::{{re|CactusWriter}} can you please move it back to {{-r|Premiership of Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool}} without leaving a redirect, thereby restoring the situation prior to the deleted article being created? Thanks, ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 19:17, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Moved. Please note that any editor can make a page move, directions are found at [[WP:MOVE]]. — [[User:CactusWriter|CactusWriter ]][[User talk:CactusWriter|(talk)]] 22:31, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Thanks {{u|CactusWriter}}, I didn't make the move myself as I didn't want to leave a redirect, which only those with [[WP:PMR]] are able to do. Can you restore the [[Premiership of Lord Liverpool]], [[Premiership of the Earl of Liverpool]], [[Prime ministership of Lord Liverpool]], [[Prime ministership of the Earl of Liverpool]] redirects as well, please? Thanks again, ‑‑[[User:Neveselbert|Neveselbert]] ([[User talk:Neveselbert|talk]] · [[Special:Contribs/Neveselbert|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Neveselbert|email]]) 18:36, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:BDE-Juan ==

*{{revisions|Draft:BDE-Juan}}

Hi, I'm Louisvjr, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Louisvjr|Louisvjr]] ([[User talk:Louisvjr|talk]]) 17:32, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Louisvjr}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a draft that was deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. However, the [[Wikipedia:Drafts|draft namespace]], though it is intended to provide some breathing room to create and develop a page without the time pressure of immediate review, is not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the [[WP:MAINSPACE|article mainspace]]. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion and then submit it for review—at the least, prior to another six months elapsing. When you are ready, a review can be requested by placing this code at the top of the page and then saving: {{tlsc|submit}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 18:35, 13 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:The Sedonas (band) ==

*{{revisions|Draft:The Sedonas (band)}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C5D:5DF0:A380:44F1:F6E0:C421:9DB3|2600:6C5D:5DF0:A380:44F1:F6E0:C421:9DB3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C5D:5DF0:A380:44F1:F6E0:C421:9DB3|talk]]) 19:50, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 09:56, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Dr. Tina Thomas ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Dr. Tina Thomas}}

Hi, I'm Glana2, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Glana2|Glana2]] ([[User talk:Glana2|talk]]) 21:34, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. {{yo|Glana2}} see [[Draft:Tina Thomas]] [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 09:59, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Ahmed Matar (Parkour) ==

*{{revisions|Page name goes here}}
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Publish changes" button below —[[User:Wecanchange|Wecanchange]] ([[User talk:Wecanchange|talk]]) 22:25, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
:The page [[Draft:Ahmed Matar (Parkour)]] is not deleted, so nothing for us to do here. [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:09, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

==Draft:Placeholder Texture==

*{{revisions|Draft:Placeholder Texture}}
Hi, I'm RainbowGuy182, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you! [[User:RainbowGuy182|RainbowGuy182]] ([[User talk:RainbowGuy182|talk]]) 03:51, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
 p.s. please userfy to [[User:RainbowGuy182/sandbox/Placeholder Texture|here]] after undeletion please
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Userfied''' – the page has been restored to the [[Wikipedia:Userfication|userspace]] at [[User:RainbowGuy182/sandbox/Placeholder Texture]]. {{yo|RainbowGuy182}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:16, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Hassan Bin Aziz ==

*{{revisions|Hassan Bin Aziz}}

Hi, I'm Its hassan79, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Its hassan79|Its hassan79]] ([[User talk:Its hassan79|talk]]) 10:27, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' But you may discuss this with the deleter: [[user:Shirt58]]. Also please look at [[WP:Autobiography]] and see if this is applicable. [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 11:55, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Its hassan79}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done and ''will not'' be done''' Your non-notable autobiography will not be restored. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:55, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Mose Cassaro ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Mose Cassaro}}

Hi, I'm Mosecassaro, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Mosecassaro|Mosecassaro]] ([[User talk:Mosecassaro|talk]]) 13:57, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Mosecassaro}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a draft that was deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. However, the [[Wikipedia:Drafts|draft namespace]], though it is intended to provide some breathing room to create and develop a page without the time pressure of immediate review, is not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the [[WP:MAINSPACE|article mainspace]]. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion and then submit it for review—at the least, prior to another six months elapsing. When you are ready, a review can be requested by placing this code at the top of the page and then saving: {{tlsc|submit}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 13:59, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Swedish LO.svg ==

*{{revisions|File:Swedish LO.svg}}
Please undelete one previous version which has been deleted. The logo is too simple to be copyrighted. —[[User:Jonteemil|Jonteemil]] ([[User talk:Jonteemil|talk]]) 14:36, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Jonteemil}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' There are no deleted versions. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 14:59, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
::@[[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] There are no ''hidden'' versions but there is one deleted one. See log. [[User:Jonteemil|Jonteemil]] ([[User talk:Jonteemil|talk]]) 16:53, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
::*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|Jonteemil}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:48, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Romina Gingasu ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Romina Gingasu}}

Hi, I'm Editortest1112, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Editortest1112|Editortest1112]] ([[User talk:Editortest1112|talk]]) 15:48, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Editortest1112}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' – this page was deleted as a [[WP:CSD#G11|blatant advertisement]] under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion and Wikipedia is not to be used as a [[WP:NOTADVERT|vehicle for promotion]]. This does not necessarily mean a suitable article on this topic cannot be created. If it is a [[WP:N|notable]] topic, e.g., multiple [[WP:IRS|reliable]], [[WP:SECONDARY|secondary]], published sources that are entirely [[WP:INDEPENDENT|independent]] of the subject have written about it in substantive detail (not just mere mentions), then a [[WP:NPOV|neutrally]] written article may be possible. This one was written like a commercial. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 16:17, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you.
::Regarding the subject, Romina Gingasu, there are tens of independent and reliable sources about her work: https://www.google.com/search?q=romina+gingasu&rlz=1C5CHFA_enRO1073RO1073&oq=romina+gingas&aqs=chrome.0.0i512j69i57j0i512l3j69i60l3&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
::There is even a Google Knowledge panel created automatically.
::The feedback is that the article should be written more neutral, right? Is there a place where the old article draft can be found? [[User:Editortest1112|Editortest1112]] ([[User talk:Editortest1112|talk]]) 11:17, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Architect / Designer Wu Ziqin ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Architect / Designer Wu Ziqin}}

Hi, I'm Rr192, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Rr192|Rr192]] ([[User talk:Rr192|talk]]) 17:15, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Rr192}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:16, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Ifakemi Elebuibon ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Ifakemi Elebuibon}}

Hi, I'm Juanito Murphy, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Juanito Murphy|Juanito Murphy]] ([[User talk:Juanito Murphy|talk]]) 17:50, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Juanito Murphy}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:16, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Kate Werble Gallery ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Kate Werble Gallery}}

Hi, I'm Slipmats, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Slipmats|Slipmats]] ([[User talk:Slipmats|talk]]) 18:06, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Slipmats}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:16, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== College Gate ==

*{{revisions|College Gate}}
The article mentioned relates to a Pakistani Television show deleted under [[WP: Proposed Deletion]], however, there's already season 2 releasing in 2025 so kindly consider my request for undeleting as it has been renewed for season 2 and is a notable show. —[[Special:Contributions/182.182.17.205|182.182.17.205]] ([[User talk:182.182.17.205|talk]]) 21:08, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored upon request. However, I have moved the article to [[Draft:College Gate]], pending resolution of the concerns that led to the PROD. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:18, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Kerry Magro ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Kerry Magro}}

Hi, I'm KFMMakingADifference86, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:KFMMakingADifference86|KFMMakingADifference86]] ([[User talk:KFMMakingADifference86|talk]]) 21:49, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|KFMMakingADifference86}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:19, 14 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Joseph Kaufmann (actor) ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Joseph Kaufmann (actor)}}

Hi, I'm Greatgoldfish, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Greatgoldfish|Greatgoldfish]] ([[User talk:Greatgoldfish|talk]]) 03:35, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Greatgoldfish}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 03:38, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Mac Griswold ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Mac Griswold}}

Hi, I'm Thriley, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Thriley|Thriley]] ([[User talk:Thriley|talk]]) 04:31, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. {{yo|Thriley}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:51, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Woo Hyun-jin ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Woo Hyun-jin}}

Hi, I'm Randompersonediting, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Randompersonediting|K-Pop contributor]] ([[User talk:Randompersonediting|✍️]]•[[Special:Contributions/Randompersonediting|📚]]) 08:18, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Randompersonediting}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] ([[User talk:Extraordinary Writ|talk]]) 08:30, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Silver Valley poster.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Silver Valley poster.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 16:26, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Wiiformii}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:35, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Grinning Guns poster.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Grinning Guns poster.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 16:27, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Wiiformii}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:36, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Hearts and Spangles.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Hearts and Spangles.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 16:27, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Wiiformii}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:36, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Rintry of the Desert.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Rintry of the Desert.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 16:28, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Wiiformii}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:36, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Aniruddh_Roy ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Aniruddh_Roy}}
{{maroon|(This user used the preload form for G13 undeletion, but did not specify the name of the Draft they would like undeleted. Consider checking their [[special:deletedcontributions/Aniruddh304|deleted contributions]].)}} [[User:Aniruddh304|Aniruddh304]] ([[User talk:Aniruddh304|talk]]) 18:11, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Aniruddh304?markasread=295812513&markasreadwiki=enwiki#c-Liz-20231103162200-Your_draft_article,_Draft:Aniruddh_Roy
:{{re|Aniruddh304}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}.

:Please read [[WP:AUTOB]] and understand that writing about yourself is '''''strongly discouraged'''''. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:38, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== Joey Primiani ==

*{{revisions|Joey Primiani}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/2603:8002:B40:66:817A:8101:D816:85E7|2603:8002:B40:66:817A:8101:D816:85E7]] ([[User talk:2603:8002:B40:66:817A:8101:D816:85E7|talk]]) 19:14, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:[[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' – this Requests for Undeletion process is only for articles that were deleted uncontroversially, and does not apply to articles deleted after a [[Wikipedia:Deletion discussions|deletion discussion]]. Since the article you are here about was deleted after a discussion took place at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joey Primiani]], it cannot be undeleted through this process. However, if you believe that the outcome of the discussion did not reflect the consensus of the participants, or that significant new information has come to light since the article was deleted, you may contact the [[WP:administrator|administrator]] who closed the discussion, {{user1|Fastily}}. After you do so, if your concerns are not addressed and you still seek undeletion, a request may be made at [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:38, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Mudlarking: Lost and Found on the River Thames ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Mudlarking: Lost and Found on the River Thames}}

Hi, I'm Thriley, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Thriley|Thriley]] ([[User talk:Thriley|talk]]) 19:18, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Thriley}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:39, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

==Draft:Robert_Edelman==

*{{revisions|Draft:Robert_Edelman}}
Hi, I'm 2003:D1:726:45CF:45BF:B6F0:8D28:AFBA, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you! [[Special:Contributions/2003:D1:726:45CF:45BF:B6F0:8D28:AFBA|2003:D1:726:45CF:45BF:B6F0:8D28:AFBA]] ([[User talk:2003:D1:726:45CF:45BF:B6F0:8D28:AFBA|talk]]) 21:24, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:40, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

== Punknews.org ==

*{{revisions|Punknews.org}}
I'd like to see if there are any other sources available in the deleted copy, barring the ''Billboard'' article mentioned in the AfD. In a cursory search, I've found some additional sources that might justify an article{{em dash}}see this [[User:Bridget/Punknews.org|draft]]. Thanks! —[[User:Bridget|Bridget]] [[User talk:Bridget|(talk)]] 23:34, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
*{{u|Bridget}}, [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''': see [[Draft:Punknews.org]]. [[User:Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]] ([[User talk:Extraordinary Writ|talk]]) 08:18, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Rank-and-file strategy ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Rank-and-file strategy}}

I intend to come back to this at some point. Could you please restore to [[User:Voorts/Rank-and-file strategy]]? [[User:Voorts|voorts]] ([[User talk:Voorts|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Voorts|contributions]]) 00:07, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' — [[User:TheresNoTime|TheresNoTime]] ([[User talk:TheresNoTime|talk]] • they/them) 03:16, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Gasturb ==

*{{revisions|Gasturb}}
I created this article many years ago about a piece of specialist software I was using at the time, which was prominent within the industry but not documented on WP. It was deleted at an AfD in 2009 while I was on Wikibreak. The software continues to be considered an industry standard solution within the aerospace sector and is the subject of, or significantly referenced by, several academic articles. I would like the page to be restored so that I can bring it up to date with appropriate citations. —[[User:Yummifruitbat|YFB]] [[User talk:Yummifruitbat|¿]] 00:16, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Yummifruitbat}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' – this Requests for Undeletion process is only for articles that were deleted uncontroversially, and does not apply to articles deleted after a [[Wikipedia:Deletion discussions|deletion discussion]]. Since the article you are here about was deleted after a discussion took place at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gasturb]], it cannot be undeleted through this process. However, if you believe that the outcome of the discussion did not reflect the consensus of the participants, or that significant new information has come to light since the article was deleted, you may contact the [[WP:administrator|administrator]] who closed the discussion, {{user1|Ronhjones}}. After you do so, if your concerns are not addressed and you still seek undeletion, a request may be made at [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:11, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi UtherSRG, thanks for your reply. I think I must have followed a wrong link somewhere as I think Deletion Review was what I intended anyway - I will raise it there. Unfortunately I can't follow your suggestion of contacting the administrator who closed the AfD as this took place 15 years ago and sadly it appears from their user page that they are deceased. [[User:Yummifruitbat|YFB]] [[User talk:Yummifruitbat|¿]] 18:39, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Carolina Aura ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Carolina Aura}}

Hi, I'm CiaraDiara, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:CiaraDiara|CiaraDiara]] ([[User talk:CiaraDiara|talk]]) 03:11, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|CiaraDiara}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:12, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Disney Music Parade ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Disney Music Parade}}

Hi, I'm DolimiccanDragon, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:DolimiccanDragon|DolimiccanDragon]] ([[User talk:DolimiccanDragon|talk]]) 04:49, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|DolimiccanDragon}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:13, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Eurypontid dynasty ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Eurypontid dynasty}}

Hi, I'm T8612, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Draft:Eurypontid dynasty|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:T8612|T8612]] [[User talk:T8612|(talk)]] 08:27, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|T8612}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:13, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Arjun Kaushal ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Arjun Kaushal}}

Hi, I'm Saashaa1304, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Saashaa1304|Saashaa1304]] ([[User talk:Saashaa1304|talk]]) 08:40, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Saashaa1304}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:13, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Ikarus, the Flying Man.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Ikarus, the Flying Man.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 09:04, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:14, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:The Lost House (1922 film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:The Lost House (1922 film).jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 09:25, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:14, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Eyes Open, Harry!.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Eyes Open, Harry!.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 09:48, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:14, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Lebenswogen.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Lebenswogen.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image so it can be transferred to Commons. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 10:40, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:15, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Eternal River.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Eternal River.jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 10:57, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Hinnk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 11:15, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:The Courier of Lyon (1923 film).jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:The Courier of Lyon (1923 film).jpg}}
Please undelete the original version of this image now that it has entered the public domain in the U.S. —[[User:hinnk|hinnk]] ([[User talk:hinnk|talk]]) 11:27, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

==(empty section header)==

*{{revisions|}}
{{maroon|(This user used the preload form for G13 undeletion, but did not specify the name of the Draft they would like undeleted. Consider checking their [[special:deletedcontributions/Amzadkhankk|deleted contributions]].)}} [[User:Amzadkhankk|Amzadkhankk]] ([[User talk:Amzadkhankk|talk]]) 12:06, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Amzadkhankk}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' invalid request. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 14:53, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Ladusar ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Ladusar}}
Enter your reasoning here and then click the "Publish changes" button below —[[User:Amzadkhankk|Amzadkhankk]] ([[User talk:Amzadkhankk|talk]]) 12:07, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Amzadkhankk}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 15:57, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Little Shop of Halloween Horrors ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Little Shop of Halloween Horrors}}

Hi, I'm KingArti, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:KingArti|KingArti]] ([[User talk:KingArti|talk]]) 12:28, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|KingArti}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 14:51, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== Quitter (social network) ==

*{{revisions|Quitter (social network)}}
I plan to add information about Quitter to the [[GNU social]] article, and being able to look through the history of the redirect to find references of its former article page would aid in this. —[[User:LemurianPatriot|LemurianPatriot]] ([[User talk:LemurianPatriot|talk]]) 17:22, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|LemurianPatriot}} [[File:X mark.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done''' It was never more than a redirect. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:George F. West ==

*{{revisions|Draft:George F. West}}

Hi, I'm Namiba, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Namiba]] 17:25, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Namiba}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a draft that was deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. However, the [[Wikipedia:Drafts|draft namespace]], though it is intended to provide some breathing room to create and develop a page without the time pressure of immediate review, is not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the [[WP:MAINSPACE|article mainspace]]. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion and then submit it for review—at the least, prior to another six months elapsing. When you are ready, a review can be requested by placing this code at the top of the page and then saving: {{tlsc|submit}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:20, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Ready Set Learn.PNG ==

*{{revisions|File:Ready Set Learn.PNG}}
[[WP:Non-free content|Non-free television-block logo]], used in [[Ready Set Learn!|its now-restored/fully-sourced parent article]]. —[[User:Slgrandson|Slgrandson]] ([[User talk:Slgrandson|How's my]] [[Special:Contributions/Slgrandson|egg-throwing coleslaw?]]) 18:46, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Slgrandson}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a non-free file deleted as orphaned, this has been restored upon request. Please note that the file needs to be de-orphaned within 7 days, otherwise it may be deleted again per [[WP:F5|CSD F5]]. Once the file is in use on an article, please remove the {{tlx|di-orphaned fair use}} tag. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Martin Scheufler ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Martin Scheufler}}

Hi, I'm Anielusz2002, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Anielusz2002|Anielusz2002]] ([[User talk:Anielusz2002|talk]]) 18:57, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Anielusz2002}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Crazy Horse (2011 film) ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Crazy Horse (2011 film)}}

Hi, I'm Thriley, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Thriley|Thriley]] ([[User talk:Thriley|talk]]) 20:53, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Thriley}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a draft that was deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. However, the [[Wikipedia:Drafts|draft namespace]], though it is intended to provide some breathing room to create and develop a page without the time pressure of immediate review, is not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the [[WP:MAINSPACE|article mainspace]]. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion and then submit it for review—at the least, prior to another six months elapsing. When you are ready, a review can be requested by placing this code at the top of the page and then saving: {{tlsc|submit}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:21, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:VALORANT Champions Tour 2023: LOCK//IN São Paulo ==

*{{revisions|Draft:VALORANT Champions Tour 2023: LOCK//IN São Paulo}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/76.176.226.219|76.176.226.219]] ([[User talk:76.176.226.219|talk]]) 21:05, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

VCT LOCK//IN is one of only two international VCT tournaments that does not have any info or article on Wikipedia, with the other being the very first tournament back in 2021. I believe that this article's existence has a lot of relevance towards the entire VCT history as a whole.
:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:22, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Hotel Northampton ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Hotel Northampton}}

Hi, I'm Thriley, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Thriley|Thriley]] ([[User talk:Thriley|talk]]) 22:25, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Thriley}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] (AfC) submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please note that you never submitted the entry for review. When you are ready, you need to click on the button in the AfC submission template that says {{button|Submit the draft for review!}}. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:22, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Frank Sylvano ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Frank Sylvano}}

Hi, I'm Solo4701, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Solo4701|Solo4701]] ([[User talk:Solo4701|talk]]) 23:09, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Solo4701}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 00:22, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:McDermott International logo.svg ==

*{{revisions|File:McDermott International logo.svg}}
Undelete previous revision(s) to facilitate move to commons. —--[[User:Minorax|Min☠︎rax]]«¦[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]¦» 00:51, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|Minorax}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 08:26, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== REAPER ==

*{{revisions|REAPER}}
REAPER is a popular Digital Audio Workstation; an article about it provides resources for understanding its purpose and history; and any problems with that article should have been addressed with requests for section rewrites rather than complete unilateral article deletion —[[User:Transmothra|~transmothra]] ([[User talk:Transmothra|talk]]) 03:54, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' speedy delete overridden {{yo|transmothra}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 08:40, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Film Critics Guild ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Film Critics Guild}}

Hi, I'm SerChevalerie, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:SerChevalerie|SerChevalerie]] ([[User talk:SerChevalerie|talk]]) 06:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. {{yo|SerChevalerie}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 08:43, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Ishtiyaque Alam Shahbazi ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Ishtiyaque Alam Shahbazi}}

Hi, I'm Mdnaseemk, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Mdnaseemk|Mdnaseemk]] ([[User talk:Mdnaseemk|talk]]) 07:13, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Symbol possible vote.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] Declined pending further information. This was undeleted over six months ago with a pledge that it would be worked on, but no edits were made to improve the entry for resubmission. [[Wikipedia:Drafts|Draft space]] is not an indefinite hosting service for material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia's article [[Wikipedia:What is an article?#Namespace|mainspace]]. We may be willing to restore it again, but only if you provide a definite assurance that you actually intend to work on it and provide a short description of what you intend to do to improve it to meet our policies and guidelines. Please advise. {{yo|Mdnaseemk}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 08:44, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*:Hi,
:*:Sorry for the same. Now I have to edit and re submit the draft so that My draft would be approved and live.
:*:Thanks
:*:Naseem Khan [[User:Mdnaseemk|Mdnaseemk]] ([[User talk:Mdnaseemk|talk]]) 12:42, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Pixelschatten (film) ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Pixelschatten (film)}}

Hi, I'm Pheadx, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Pheadx|Pheadx]] ([[User talk:Pheadx|talk]]) 10:14, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a [[WP:Drafts|draft]] or [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. They are not for the indefinite hosting of material that is unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Please continue to work on the draft so that it meets Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for inclusion, prior to another six months elapsing. {{yo|Pheadx}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:27, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:The Deep cover.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:The Deep cover.jpg}}
Please restore [[:File:The Deep cover.jpg]], which is used in [[The Deep (Dunmore novel)]]. I've reverted the redirect and added sources to ''The Deep''. —[[User:Cunard|Cunard]] ([[User talk:Cunard|talk]]) 10:26, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' {{yo|Cunard}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 10:34, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
::*Thank you! [[User:Cunard|Cunard]] ([[User talk:Cunard|talk]]) 11:11, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== AutoMowheelz ==

*{{revisions|AutoMowheelz}}
Soft deleted at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AutoMowheelz]]. Request for undeletion to further develop and improve the article page —[[User:Ollutons GB|Ollutons GB]] ([[User talk:Ollutons GB|talk]]) 11:29, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Draftified''' – the page has been restored to the [[WP:DRAFTIFY|draft space]] at [[Draft:AutoMowheelz]]. {{yo|Ollutons GB}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 12:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Comedy Bazaar Maaran ==

*{{revisions|Comedy Bazaar Maaran}}
The page was deleted by my request. Please restore the page and move it to the draft space. —[[User:Manick22|Manick22]] ([[User talk:Manick22|talk]]) 11:50, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Draftified''' – the page has been restored to the [[WP:DRAFTIFY|draft space]] at [[Draft:Comedy Bazaar Maaran]]. {{yo|Manick22}} [[User:Graeme Bartlett|Graeme Bartlett]] ([[User talk:Graeme Bartlett|talk]]) 11:58, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:*:Thanks 🙏 [[User:Manick22|Manick22]] ([[User talk:Manick22|talk]]) 12:19, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Stuart Kinder ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Stuart Kinder}}

Hi, I'm FloridaArmy, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:FloridaArmy|FloridaArmy]] ([[User talk:FloridaArmy|talk]]) 12:41, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|FloridaArmy}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 14:48, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:List of accolades received by The Fault in Our Stars (film) ==

*{{revisions|Draft:List of accolades received by The Fault in Our Stars (film)}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/223.178.84.105|223.178.84.105]] ([[User talk:223.178.84.105|talk]]) 14:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 14:49, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Jesus Chrysler Supercar ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Jesus Chrysler Supercar}}

Hi, I'm EnochRoot1969, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:EnochRoot1969|EnochRoot1969]] ([[User talk:EnochRoot1969|talk]]) 15:08, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|EnochRoot1969}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:Hey man im josh|Hey man im josh]] ([[User talk:Hey man im josh|talk]]) 15:32, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Andromeda Software Development ==

*{{revisions|Andromeda Software Development}}
Soft deleted at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andromeda Software Development]].

This was deleted because proper sources were not found by editors.

But actually there is some sources. For instance
*Botz, Daniel 2011 ''Kunst, Code und Maschine – Die Ästhetik der Computer-Demoszene'', page 288, transcript Verlag, Bielefeld.
*Scholz, Alexander 2007: Iconoclash. Opium for the masses. SCEEN#2, 2007, pp. 50–56.
*Polymeropoulou, Marilou 2018: "Digital Music Creativity - Chipmusic in/from Greece" in Tragaki Dafni (ed.), ''Made in Greece – Studies in Popular Music'', Taylor & Francis

The first source has around half pages about the demogroup in question and the second source is a six pages long article about the group (and their demo called "Iconoclash"). Third source also contains a long paragraph about the topic. —[[User:Jarkka Saariluoma|Jarkka Saariluoma]] ([[User talk:Jarkka Saariluoma|talk]]) 15:35, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Jarkka Saariluoma}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as a contested [[Wikipedia:Deletion process#No quorum|soft deletion]], the article has been restored upon request.

:However, as this would be eligible for deletion immediately upon its restoration, I have chosen to instead draftify it as [[Draft:Andromeda Software Development]]. This will provide you the time and space to address the issue(s) raised in the deletion discussion. When you have done so, please do not move this into main article space yourself, but instead submit it for further review. - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:30, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Garlicoin ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Garlicoin}}

Hi, I'm Maximilian.puig, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[Draft:Garlicoin]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Maximilian.puig|Maximilian.puig]] ([[User talk:Maximilian.puig|talk]]) 16:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Maximilian.puig}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia.

:Restored by {{u|Graeme Bartlett}} - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:34, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Christof Paar ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Christof Paar}}

Hi, I'm Mander1000, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[Draft:Christof Paar|Draft:Christof Paar]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Mander1000|Mander1000]] ([[User talk:Mander1000|talk]]) 17:06, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|Mander1000}} [[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:32, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Diploma in Building Surveying (Glasgow) ==
*{{revisions|Draft:Diploma in Building Surveying (Glasgow)}}

Hi, I'm SMRobb, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:SMRobb|SMRobb]] ([[User talk:SMRobb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:restored from history. --[[User:Minorax|Min☠︎rax]]«¦[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]¦» 17:53, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:{{re|SMRobb}} [[File:Symbol possible vote.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] Declined pending further information. This was undeleted over six months ago with a pledge that it would be worked on, but no edits were made to improve the entry for resubmission. [[Wikipedia:Drafts|Draft space]] is not an indefinite hosting service for material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia's article [[Wikipedia:What is an article?#Namespace|mainspace]]. We may be willing to restore it again, but only if you provide a definite assurance that you actually intend to work on it and provide a short description of what you intend to do to improve it to meet our policies and guidelines. Please advise. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:33, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Age Bakker ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Age Bakker}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:A450:DE1A:0:91E1:5D9C:B020:7FD4|2A02:A450:DE1A:0:91E1:5D9C:B020:7FD4]] ([[User talk:2A02:A450:DE1A:0:91E1:5D9C:B020:7FD4|talk]]) 19:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px|link=|alt=]] '''Done''' – as an [[Wikipedia:Articles for creation|Articles for creation]] submission deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]], the page has been restored upon request. Please edit the page to address any issues raised, and re-submit it; "Articles for creation" is not for the indefinite hosting of material found to be unsuitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] [[User_talk:UtherSRG|(talk)]] 21:33, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Alexander Litvinovsky ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Alexander Litvinovsky}}

Hi, I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/37.214.58.211|37.214.58.211]] ([[User talk:37.214.58.211|talk]]) 22:55, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Black Paradise.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Black Paradise.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 23:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Bigger Than Barnum's.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Bigger Than Barnum's.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 23:04, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== File:Daytime Wives.jpg ==

*{{revisions|File:Daytime Wives.jpg}}
Please undelete as poster was published before January 1, 1929 in U.S (home country) and is in the public domain —[[User:Wiiformii|Wiiformii]] ([[User talk:Wiiformii|talk]]) 23:05, 17 September 2024 (UTC)

== Draft:Margaret Chew Barringer ==

*{{revisions|Draft:Margaret Chew Barringer}}

Hi, I'm Emoritz2017, and I would like to request the undeletion of this [[WP:Drafts|draft]] deleted under [[WP:CSD#G13|CSD G13]]. Please restore the page so that I can make edits to it. Thank you. [[User:Emoritz2017|Emoritz2017]] ([[User talk:Emoritz2017|talk]]) 03:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC)

Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration

2024-09-17T00:05:12Z

Emoritz2017: Expanding article and linking to official documents

An '''Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration''' enables the evaluation of mature advanced technology for usage by the United States military. These demonstrations allow technology evaluation earlier and cheaper than is possible through the formal acquisition of new production capabilities. They must be sponsored by an operational user with approval and oversight from the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Advanced Systems and Concepts. None have been initiated since 2006, when the deputy under secretary initiated the follow-on Joint Concept Technology Demonstration program to emphasize multiservice technology development and improved planning for transition to operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2009/OSD/0603648D8Z.pdf|title=OSD RDT&E Budget item justification (R2 Exhibit) |accessdate=8 May 2023}}</ref>

Some of the [[Congressional Budget Office]] assessments, such as the 1998 CBO 1998 Memorandum <ref> THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE’S ADVANCED CONCEPT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS
September 1998 https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/105th-congress-1997-1998/reports/actd.pdf</ref> review progress since the program's initiation in 1994 until the 1998 assessment. The memorandum summarized the the results as "From 1995 through 1998, DoD has spent $3.2 billion on 46 ACTDs. The $3.2 billion represents about 2 percent of DoD’s entire budget for research and development during that time." The memorandum provided some details about the 46 ACTDs as of 1998, and highlighted the Medium-Altitude Endurance UAV (Predator) as on if its then successes, having transitioned into a formal [[DOD]] Acquisition Program.

==Programs==
{{dynamic list}}

The following programs were completed under the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration framework
* [[Global Hawk]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1473.html |title=Innovative Development: Global Hawk and DarkStar: Their Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator Program Experience, Executive Summary |publisher=RAND |date= January 2002|accessdate=2012-05-02|last1=Drezner |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Leonard |first2=Robert S. }}</ref>
* JSTOW ACTD as part of [[Joint Semi-Automated Forces]]

* [[RQ-3 DarkStar|DarkStar]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[JPADS]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://faculty.nps.edu/oayakime/ADSC/PATCAD%20-%20Benney%20-%20The%20Joint%20Precision%20Airdrop%20System%20Advanced%20Concept%20Technology%20Demonstration.pdf | title=The Joint Precision Airdrop System Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration | publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|website=www.aiaa.org| accessdate=May 1, 2012 | author=Benney, Richard|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/army/docs/astmp/c1/P1E1.htm | title=Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) | publisher=Federation of American Scientists|website=www.fas.org| date=March 21, 1997 | accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
* {{cite web|url=https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623160112/https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-06-23 |title=Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) |publisher=American Helicopter Society International|website=vtol.org|date=2000 |accessdate=May 2, 2012 |author=Haas, David J. |display-authors=etal }}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTD) Website |url=https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US |publisher=Defense Acquisitions University |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231029/https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}

[[Category:Military technology]]
[[Category:Evaluation methods]]

Soar (cognitive architecture)

2024-09-16T23:46:59Z

Emoritz2017: /* Simulated pilots */ Adding/removing wikilink(s)

{{Short description|Symbolic cognitive architecture}}
'''Soar'''<ref name="Laird 2012"/> is a [[cognitive architecture]],<ref name="Newell 1990"/> originally created by [[John E. Laird|John Laird]], [[Allen Newell]], and [[Paul Rosenbloom]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]].

The goal of the Soar project is to develop the fixed computational building blocks necessary for general [[intelligent agent]]s – agents that can perform a wide range of tasks and encode, use, and learn all types of knowledge to realize the full range of cognitive capabilities found in humans, such as decision making, problem solving, planning, and natural-language understanding. It is both a theory of what [[cognition]] is and a computational implementation of that theory. Since its beginnings in 1983 as [[John E. Laird|John Laird’s]] thesis, it has been widely used by AI researchers to create intelligent agents and [[cognitive model]]s of different aspects of [[human behavior]]. The most current and comprehensive description of Soar is the 2012 book, ''The Soar Cognitive Architecture.''<ref name="Laird 2012"/>

Rosenbloom continued to serve as co-principal investigator after moving to [[Stanford University]], then to the [[University of Southern California]]'s Information Sciences Institute. It is now [https://soar.eecs.umich.edu/ maintained and developed] by John Laird's research group at the [[University of Michigan]].
==Theory==
Soar embodies multiple hypotheses about the computational structures underlying [[Artificial general intelligence|general intelligence]], many of which are shared with other cognitive architectures, including [[ACT-R]], which was created by [[John Robert Anderson (psychologist)|John R. Anderson]], and [[LIDA (cognitive architecture)|LIDA]], which was created by [[Stan Franklin]]. Recently, the emphasis on Soar has been on general AI (functionality and efficiency), whereas the emphasis on ACT-R has always been on [[cognitive model]]ing (detailed modeling of human cognition).

The original theory of cognition underlying Soar is the Problem Space Hypothesis, which is described in [[Allen Newell]]'s book, ''[[Unified theories of cognition|Unified Theories of Cognition]]''.<ref name="Newell 1990"/> and dates back to one of the first AI systems created, Newell, [[Herbert A. Simon|Simon]], and [[Cliff Shaw|Shaw]]'s [[Logic Theorist]], first presented in 1955. The Problem Space Hypothesis contends that all goal-oriented behavior can be cast as search through a space of possible states (a ''problem space'') while attempting to achieve a goal. At each step, a single operator is selected, and then applied to the agent’s current state, which can lead to internal changes, such as retrieval of knowledge from long-term memory or modifications or external actions in the world. (Soar’s name is derived from this basic cycle of State, Operator, And Result; however, it is no longer regarded as an acronym.) Inherent to the Problem Space Hypothesis is that all behavior, even a complex activity such as planning, is decomposable into a sequence of selection and application of primitive operators, which when mapped onto human behavior take ~50ms.

A second hypothesis of Soar’s theory is that although only a single operator can be selected at each step, forcing a serial bottleneck, the processes of selection and application are implemented through parallel rule firings, which provide context-dependent retrieval of procedural knowledge.

A third hypothesis is that if the knowledge to select or apply an operator is incomplete or uncertain, an impasse arises and the architecture automatically creates a substate. In the substate, the same process of problem solving is recursively used, but with the goal to retrieve or discover knowledge so that decision making can continue. This can lead to a stack of substates, where traditional problem methods, such as [[planning]] or [[Hierarchical task network|hierarchical task decomposition]], naturally arise. When results created in the substate resolve the impasse, the substate and its associated structures are removed. The overall approach is called Universal Subgoaling.

These assumptions lead to an architecture that supports three levels of processing. At the lowest level, is bottom-up, parallel, and automatic processing. The next level is the deliberative level, where knowledge from the first level is used to propose, select, and apply a single action. These two levels implement fast, skilled behavior, and roughly correspond to [[Daniel Kahneman|Kahneman’s]] System 1 processing level. More complex behavior arises automatically when knowledge is incomplete or uncertain, through a third level of processing using substates, roughly corresponding to System 2.

A fourth hypothesis in Soar is that the underlying structure is modular, but not in terms of task or capability based modules, such as planning or language, but instead as task independent modules including: a decision making module; memory modules (short-term spatial/visual and working memories; long-term procedural, declarative, and episodic memories), learning mechanisms associated with all long-term memories; and perceptual and motor modules. There are further assumptions about the specific properties of these memories described below, including that all learning is online and incremental.

A fifth hypothesis is that memory elements (except those in the spatial/visual memory) are represented as symbolic, relational structures. The hypothesis that a [[symbolic artificial intelligence|symbolic system]] is necessary for general [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]] is known as the ''[[physical symbol system]] hypothesis''. An important evolution in Soar is that all symbolic structures have associated statistical metadata (such as information on recency and frequency of use, or expected future reward) that influences retrieval, maintenance, and learning of the symbolic structures.

==Architecture==

===Processing cycle – decision procedure===
Soar’s main processing cycle arises from the interaction between [[procedural memory]] (its knowledge about how to do things) and [[working memory]] (its representation of the current situation) to support the selection and application of operators. Information in working memory is represented as a [[symbolic system|symbolic graph structure]], rooted in a ''state.'' The knowledge in procedural memory is represented as if-then [[Production (computer science)|rules]] (sets of conditions and actions), that are continually matched against the contents of working memory. When the conditions of a rule matches structures in working memory, it ''fires'' and performs its actions. This combination of rules and working memory is also called a [[Production system (computer science)|production system]]. In contrast to most production systems, in Soar, all rules that match, fire in parallel.

Instead of having the selection of a single rule being the crux of decision making, Soar’s decision making occurs through the selection and applications of ''operators'', that are proposed, evaluated, and applied by rules. An operator is proposed by rules that test the current state and create a representation of the operator in working memory as well as an ''acceptable preference'', which indicates that the operator should be considered for selection and application. Additional rules match with the proposed operator and create additional preferences that compare and evaluate it against other proposed operators. The preferences are analyzed by a decision procedure, which selects the preferred operator and installs it as the current operator in working memory. Rules that match the current operator then fire to apply it and make changes to working memory. The changes to working memory can be simple inferences, queries for retrieval from Soar’s long-term semantic or episodic memories, commands to the motor system to perform actions in an environment, or interactions with the Spatial Visual System (SVS), which is working memory’s interface to perception. These changes to working memory lead to new operators being proposed and evaluated, followed by the selection of one and its application.

===Reinforcement learning===
Soar supports [[reinforcement learning]], which tunes the values of rules that create numeric preferences for evaluating operators, based on reward. To provide maximal flexibility, there is a structure in working memory where reward is created.

===Impasses, substates, and chunking===
If the preferences for the operators are insufficient to specify the selection of a single operator, or there are insufficient rules to apply an operator, an impasse arises. In response to an impasse, a substate is created in working memory, with the goal being to resolve the impasse. Additional procedural knowledge can then propose and select operators in the substate to gain more knowledge, and either create preferences in the original state or modify that state so the impasse is resolved. Substates provide a means for on-demand complex reasoning, including hierarchical task decomposition, planning, and access to the declarative long-term memories. Once the impasse is resolved, all of the structures in the substate are removed except for any results. Soar’s chunking mechanism compiles the processing in the substate which led to results into rules. In the future, the learned rules automatically fire in similar situations so that no impasse arises, incrementally converting complex reasoning into automatic/reactive processing. Recently, the overall Universal Subgoaling procedure has been extended through a mechanism of goal-directed and automatic knowledge base augmentation that allows to solve an impasse by recombining, in an innovative and problem-oriented way, the knowledge possessed by a Soar agent.<ref name="Lieto 2019"/>

===Symbolic input and output===
Symbolic input and output occurs through working memory structures attached to the top state called the input-link and the output-link. If structures are created on the output-link in working memory, these are translated into commands for external actions (e.g., motor control).

===Spatial visual system and mental imagery===
To support interaction with vision systems and non-symbolic reasoning, Soar has its Spatial Visual System (SVS). SVS internally represents the world as a ''scene graph'', a collection of objects and component subobjects each with spatial properties such as shape, location, pose, relative position, and scale. A Soar agent using SVS can create filters to automatically extract features and relations from its scene graph, which are then added to working memory. In addition, a Soar agent can add structures to SVS and use it for mental imagery. For example, an agent can create a hypothetical object in SVS at a given location and query to see if it collides with any perceived objects.

===Semantic memory===
[[Semantic memory|Semantic Memory]] (SMEM) in Soar is designed to be a very large long-term memory of fact-like structures. Data in SMEM is represented as directed cyclic graphs. Structures can be stored or retrieved by rules that create commands in a reserved area of working memory. Retrieved structures are added to working memory.

SMEM structures have activation values that represent the frequency or recency of usage of each memory, implementing the ''base-level activation'' scheme originally developed for ACT-R. During retrieval, the structure in SMEM that matches the query and has the highest activation is retrieved. Soar also supports ''[[spreading activation]]'', where activation spreads from SMEM structures that have been retrieved into working memory to other long-term memories that they are linked to.<ref name="Jones 2016"/> These memories in turn spread activation to their neighbor memories, with some decay. Spreading activation is a mechanism for allowing the current context to influence retrievals from semantic memory.

===Episodic memory===
[[Episodic memory|Episodic Memory]] (EPMEM) automatically records snapshots of working memory in a temporal stream. Prior episodes can be retrieved into working memory through query. Once an episode has been retrieved, the next (or previous) episode can then be retrieved. An agent may employ EPMEM to sequentially play through episodes from its past (allowing it to predict the effects of actions), retrieve specific memories, or query for episodes possessing certain memory structures.

===Learning===
Each of Soar’s long-term memories have associated online learning mechanisms that create new structures or modify metadata based on an agent’s experience. For example, Soar learns new rules for procedural memory through a process called ''chunking'' and uses reinforcement learning to tune rules involved in the selection of operators.

==Agent development==
The standard approach to developing an agent in Soar starts with writing rules that are loaded into procedural memory, and initializing semantic memory with appropriate declarative knowledge.
The process of agent development is explained in detail in the official Soar manual as well as in several tutorials which are provided at the research group's [http://soar.eecs.umich.edu/articles/articles website].

==Software==
[[File:Extending the Soar Cognitive Architecture by John Laird of University of Michigan.jpg|thumb|Extending the Soar Cognitive Architecture by John Laird, 2008.]]
The Soar architecture is maintained and extended by John Laird's research group at the University of Michigan. The current architecture is written in a combination of C and C++, and is freely available (BSD license) at the research group's [http://soar.eecs.umich.edu/ website].

Soar can interface with external language environments including C++, Java, Tcl, and Python through the Soar Markup Language (SML). SML is a primary mechanism for creating instances of Soar agents and interacting with their I/O links.

JSoar is an implementation of Soar written in Java. It is maintained by [http://soartech.com/ SoarTech], an AI research and development company. JSoar closely follows the University of Michigan architecture implementation, although it generally does not reflect the latest developments and changes of that C/C++ version.<ref name="JSoar"/>

==Applications==
Below is a historical list of different areas of applications that have been implemented in Soar. There have been over a hundred systems implemented in Soar, although the vast majority of them are toy tasks or puzzles.

===Puzzles and games===
Throughout its history, Soar has been used to implement a wide variety of classic AI puzzles and games, such as Tower of Hanoi, Water Jug, Tic Tac Toe, Eight Puzzle, Missionaries and Cannibals, and variations of the [[Blocks world]]. One of the initial achievements of Soar was showing that many different weak methods would naturally arise from the task knowledge that was encoded in it, a property called, the ''Universal Weak Method.'' <ref name="Laird 1983"/>

===Computer configuration===
The first large-scale application of Soar was R1-Soar, a partial reimplementation by Paul Rosenbloom of the R1 ([[XCON]]) [[expert system]] John McDermott developed for configuring DEC computers. R1-Soar demonstrated the ability of Soar to scale to moderate-size problems, use hierarchical task decomposition and planning, and convert deliberate planning and problem solving to reactive execution through chunking.<ref name="Rosenbloom 1985"/>

===Natural-language understanding===
NL-Soar was a [[natural-language understanding]] system developed in Soar by Jill Fain Lehman, Rick Lewis, Nancy Green, Deryle Lonsdale and Greg Nelson. It included capabilities for natural-language comprehension, generation, and dialogue, emphasizing real-time incremental parsing and generation. NL-Soar was used in an experimental version of TacAir-Soar and in NTD-Soar.<ref name="Rubinoff 1994"/>

===Simulated pilots===
The second large-scale application of Soar involved developing agents for use in training in large-scale distributed simulation. Two major systems for flying U.S. tactical air missions were co-developed at the University of Michigan and Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of University of Southern California. The Michigan system was called TacAir-Soar and flew (in simulation) [[Fixed-wing aircraft|fixed-wing]] U. S. military tactical missions (such as close-air support, strikes, [[Civil Air Patrol|CAPs]], refueling, and [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|SEAD]] missions). The ISI system was called RWA-Soar and flew rotary-wing (helicopter) missions. Some of the capabilities incorporated in TacAir-Soar and RWA-Soar were attention, situational awareness and adaptation, real-time planning and dynamic replanning, and complex communication, coordination, and cooperation among combinations of Soar agents and humans. These systems participated in [[DARPA]]’s [[Synthetic natural environment|Synthetic Theater of War]] (STOW-97) [[Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration]] (ACTD), which at the time was the largest fielding of synthetic agents in a joint battlespace over a 48-hour period, and involved training of active duty personnel. These systems demonstrated the viability of using AI agents for large-scale training.<ref name="Jones 1999"/>

===STEAM===
One of the important outgrowths of the RWA-Soar project was the development of STEAM by [[Milind Tambe]],<ref name="Tambe 1997"/> a framework for flexible teamwork in which agents maintained models of their teammates using the joint intentions framework by Cohen & [[Hector Levesque|Levesque]].<ref name="Cohen 1991"/>

===NTD-Soar===
NTD-Soar was a simulation of the [[Launch Control Center|NASA Test Director]] (NTD), the person responsible for coordinating the preparation of the [[NASA]] [[Space Shuttle]] before launch. It was an integrated cognitive model that incorporated many different complex cognitive capabilities including [[natural language processing|natural-language processing]], [[attention]] and [[visual search]], and problem solving in a broad agent model.<ref name="Nelson 1994"/>

===Virtual humans===
Soar has been used to simulate virtual humans supporting face-to-face dialogues and collaboration within a virtual world developed at the Institute of Creative Technology at USC. Virtual humans have integrated capabilities of [[perception]], [[natural-language understanding]], [[emotions]], body control, and action, among others.<ref name="VanLent 2002"/>

===Game AIs and mobile apps===
Game AI agents have been built using Soar for games such as [[StarCraft: Brood War|StarCraft]],<ref name="Turner 2013"/> [[Quake II]],<ref name="Laird 2001a"/> [[Descent 3]],<ref name="vanLent 1999"/> [[Unreal Tournament]],<ref name="Wray 2002"/> and [[Minecraft]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}, supporting capabilities such as [[Spatial–temporal reasoning|spatial reasoning]], [[real-time strategy]], and opponent [[Anticipation (artificial intelligence)|anticipation]]. AI agents have also been created for video games including Infinite [[Mario]]<ref name="Mohan 2009"/> which used reinforcement learning, and [[Frogger II]], [[Space Invaders]], and Fast Eddie, which used both reinforcement learning and [[mental image]]ry.<ref name="Wintermute 2010"/>

Soar can run natively on [[mobile device]]s. A mobile [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/michigan-liars-dice/id562997948 application] for the game [[Liar's dice|Liar’s Dice]] has been developed for [[iOS]] which runs the Soar architecture directly from the phone as the engine for opponent AIs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/SoarGroup/Domains-DiceiOS|title=Michigan Liar's Dice|author=University of Michigan|date=19 May 2015|publisher=GitHub|access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

===Robotics===
Many different robotic applications have been built using Soar since the original Robo-Soar was implemented in 1991 for controlling a Puma robot arm.<ref name="Laird 2001b"/> These have ranged from mobile robot control to humanoid service [[REEM]] robots,<ref name="Puigbo 2013"/> taskable robotic mules<ref name="Taylor 2014"/> and [[unmanned underwater vehicle]]s.<ref name="NavyOffice 2014"/>

===Interactive task learning===
A current focus of research and development in the Soar community is Interactive Task Learning (ITL), the automatic learning of new tasks, environment features, behavioral constraints, and other specifications through natural instructor interaction.<ref name="Laird 2014"/> Research in ITL has been applied to tabletop game playing<ref name="Kirk 2016"/> and multi-room navigation.<ref name="Mininger 2016"/>

===Scheduling===
Early on, Merle-Soar demonstrated how Soar could learn a complex scheduling task modeled after the lead human scheduler in a windshield production plant located near Pittsburgh.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prietula|first1=Michael|last2=Hsu|first2=Wen-Ling|last3=Steier|first3=David|last4=Newell|date=1993|editor4-first=Allen|title=Applying an architecture for general intelligence to reduce scheduling effort|journal=ORSA Journal on Computing|volume=5|issue=3|pages=304–320|doi=10.1287/ijoc.5.3.304|s2cid=6813564 }}</ref> Later, a generalized version of Merle-Soar (Dispatcher-Soar) was used to demonstrate a symbolic, constraint propagation approach in learning to improve schedules and to define task-independent knowledge metrics of architecture-specific learning -- knowledge efficiency, knowledge utility, and knowledge effectiveness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=D. |last2=Prietula |first2=M. |last3=Hsu |first3=W-L. |date=1997 |title=When Processes Learn: Steps Toward Crafting an Intelligent Organization |url=https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.3.302 |journal=Information Systems Research |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=302–317 |doi=10.1287/isre.8.3.302 |via=}}</ref>

=== Music ===
Melody-Soar demonstrated how the Soar architecture could explain and demonstrate creativity in simple melody generation using hierarchies of problems spaces that parallel the hierarchical structure of melody, allowing unique melodies to be generated from preferences of existing styles (e.g., Bach).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vicinanza |first1=S. |title=The Soar Papers: Research on Integrated Intelligence |last2=Prietula |first2=M. |publisher=MIT Press |editor-last=Rosenbloom |editor-first=P. |volume=2 |publication-place=Cambridge, MA |chapter=Chapter 45: A Computational Model of Musical Creativity |editor-last2=Laird |editor-first2=J. |editor-last3=Newell |editor-first3=A.}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Cognitive architecture|Cognitive Architecture]]
* [[ACT-R]]

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="Laird 2012">{{cite book|last=Laird|first=John E.|date=2012|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/soar-cognitive-architecture|title=The Soar Cognitive Architecture |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn= 978-0262122962}}</ref>

<ref name="Laird 1983">{{cite journal|last1=Laird|first1=John|last2=Newell|first2=Allen|date=1983|title= A Universal Weak Method: Summary of results|journal=IJCAI|volume=2|pages=771–772|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1623558}}</ref>

<ref name="Rosenbloom 1985">{{cite journal|last1=Rosenbloom|first1=Paul|last2=Laird|first2=John|last3=Mcdermott|first3=John|title=R1-Soar: An Experiment in Knowledge-Intensive Programming in a Problem-Solving Architecture|journal=IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence|date=27 January 2009|volume=PAMI-7|issue=5|pages=561–569|doi=10.1109/TPAMI.1985.4767703|pmid=21869293|s2cid=16133794}}</ref>

<ref name="Newell 1990">{{cite book |last=Newell |first=Allen |date=December 1990 |title=Unified Theories of Cognition |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674920996 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/unifiedtheorieso0000newe }}</ref>

<ref name="Cohen 1991">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Philip|last2=Levesque|first2=Hector|title=Confirmations and joint action|journal=IJCAI|date=1991|volume=2|pages=951–957|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1631603}}</ref>

<ref name="Rubinoff 1994">{{cite journal|last1=Rubinoff|first1=Robert|last2=Lehman|first2=Jill|title=Real-time natural language generation in NL-Soar|journal=INLG|volume=Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Natural Language Generation|date=1994|pages=199–206|doi=10.3115/1641417.1641440|s2cid=13885938|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Nelson 1994">{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=G|last2=Lehman|first2=J|last3=John|first3=B|title=Integrating cognitive capabilities in a real-time task|journal=Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society|date=1994|pages=658–663|url=https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/d8033d7496b2f034268d170b45686fb7}}</ref>

<ref name="Tambe 1997">{{cite journal|last1=Tambe|first1=Milind|title=Agent Architectures for Flexible, Practical Teamwork|journal=AAAI|volume=Proceedings of the fourteenth national conference on artificial intelligence and ninth conference on Innovative applications of artificial intelligence|date=1997|pages=22–28|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1867410}}</ref>

<ref name="vanLent 1999">{{cite journal|last1=van Lent|first1=Michael|last2=Laird|first2=John|title=Developing an artificial intelligence engine|date=1991|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243763189}}</ref>

<ref name="Laird 2001a">{{cite book|last1=Laird|first1=John|title=Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents |chapter=It knows what you're going to do: Adding anticipation to a Quakebot |date=2001|volume=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents|pages=385–392|doi=10.1145/375735.376343|isbn=978-1581133264|s2cid=3509100}}</ref>

<ref name="Laird 2001b">{{cite journal|last1=Laird|first1=John|last2=Yager|first2=Eric|last3=Hucka|first3=Michael|last4=Tuck|first4=Christopher|title=Robo-Soar: An integration of external interaction, planning, and learning using Soar|journal=Robotics and Autonomous Systems|date=November 1991|volume=8|issue=1–2|pages=113–129|doi=10.1016/0921-8890(91)90017-f|citeseerx=10.1.1.726.7247|hdl=2027.42/29045}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieto 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Lieto|first1=Antonio|last2=Perrone|first2=Federico|last3=Pozzato|first3=Gian Luca|last4=Chiodino|first4=Eleonora|date=2019|title= Beyond Subgoaling: A Dynamic Knowledge Generation Framework for Creative Problem Solving in Cognitive Architectures|journal=Cognitive Systems Research|volume=58|pages=305–316|doi=10.1016/j.cogsys.2019.08.005|hdl=2318/1726157|s2cid=201127492|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Wray 2002">{{cite journal|last1=Wray|first1=Robert|display-authors=etal|title=Intelligent opponents for virtual reality trainers|journal=I/Itsec|date=December 2002|volume=Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference|citeseerx=10.1.1.549.2187}}</ref>

<ref name="Mohan 2009">{{cite journal|last1=Mohan|first1=Shiwali|last2=Laird|first2=John|title=Learning to Play Mario|journal=Technical Report|date=2009|volume=CCA-TR-2009-03|citeseerx=10.1.1.387.5972}}</ref>

<ref name="Wintermute 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Wintermute|title=Imagery in Cognitive Architecture: Representation and Control at Multiple Levels of Abstraction|journal=Cognitive Systems Research|date=September 2012|volume=19-20|pages=1–29|doi=10.1016/j.cogsys.2012.02.001|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2619015|citeseerx=10.1.1.387.5894|s2cid=15399199}}</ref>

<ref name="Turner 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Alex|title=Soar-SC: A Platform for AI Research in StarCraft|date=2013|url=https://github.com/bluechill/Soar-SC}}</ref>

<ref name="NavyOffice 2014">{{cite journal|date=February 2013|journal=Office of Naval Research|volume=11|title=The Mystery of Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.onr.navy.mil/Science-Technology/Directorates/office-innovation/~/media/Files/03I/DoI-News-FEB2014-Vol11pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Laird 2014">{{cite journal|date=2014|last1=Laird|first1=John|title=NSF Report: Interactive Task Learning|url=http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~soar/sitemaker/docs/pubs/ITL_Report_NSF_1419590.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Kirk 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Kirk|first1=James|last2=Laird|first2=John|title=Learning General and Efficient Representations of Novel Games Through Interactive Instruction|journal=Advanced Cognitive Systems|date=2016|volume=4|url=http://www.cogsys.org/papers/ACS2016/Papers/Kirk_Laird-ACS-2016.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Mininger 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Mininger|first1=Aaron|last2=Laird|first2=John|title=Interactively Learning Strategies for Handling References to Unseen or Unknown Objects|journal=Advanced Cognitive Systems|date=2016|url=http://www.cogsys.org/papers/ACS2016/Papers/Mininger_Laird-ACS-2016.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="VanLent 2002">{{cite journal|date=2001|last1=van Lent|first1=Mike|display-authors=etal|url=http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~soar/sitemaker/workshop/22/vanLentMRE-S22.PDF|title=ICT Mission Rehearsal Exercise}}</ref>

<ref name="Jones 1999">{{cite journal|last1=Jones|display-authors=etal|title=Automated Intelligent Pilots for Combat Flight Simulation|journal=AAAI|date=1999|volume=20|issue=1|url=http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1438|access-date=2017-01-21|archive-date=2018-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035635/https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1438|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Puigbo 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Puigbo|first1=Jordi-Ysard|display-authors=etal|title=Controlling a General Purpose Service Robot By Means Of a Cognitive Architecture|journal=AIC|date=2013|volume=45|citeseerx=10.1.1.402.5541}}</ref>

<ref name="Taylor 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Talor|first1=Glen|display-authors=etal|title=Multi-Modal Interaction for Robotic Mules|journal=Soar Technology Inc.|date=February 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Jones 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Steven|display-authors=etal|title=Efficient Computation of Spreading Activation Using Lazy Evaluation|journal=ICCM|date=2016|volume=Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling|pages=182–187|url=http://acs.ist.psu.edu/iccm2016/proceedings/jones2016iccm.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="JSoar">[https://github.com/soartech/jsoar ''SoarTech: JSoar'']</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
* Laird, 2012 [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/soar-cognitive-architecture The Soar Cognitive Architecture]
* Lehman, Laird, and Rosenbloom, 2006 [https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~soar/sitemaker/docs/misc/GentleIntroduction-2006.pdf A Gentle Introduction to Soar: 2006 update]
* Rosenbloom, Laird, and Newell, 1993 [http://www.isi.edu/soar/papers/soar-papers-book/soar-papers.html The Soar Papers: Readings on Integrated Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923193018/http://www.isi.edu/soar/papers/soar-papers-book/soar-papers.html |date=2016-09-23 }}, [[Information Sciences Institute]]

==External links==
*[http://soar.eecs.umich.edu/ Soar Homepage] on [[University of Michigan]]
*[http://acs.ist.psu.edu/projects/soar-faq/soar-faq.html Soar: Frequently Asked Questions List]
*[http://soartech.com/ Soar Tech Homepage]
*[https://ict.usc.edu/profile/paul-rosenbloom/ Paul Rosenbloom]

[[Category:Agent-based programming languages]]
[[Category:Cognitive architecture]]

Joint Semi-Automated Forces

2024-09-16T23:42:08Z

Emoritz2017: Adding/removing wikilink(s)

'''Joint Semi-Automated Forces''' ('''JSAF''') is a U.S. government owned and developed simulation system. It is widely used in training and experimentation. Current users include the [[United States Joint Forces Command|Joint Forces Command]], the [[Navy Warfare Development Command]] (NWDC), and the USMC [[DVTE]] program. JSAF was developed as part of the [[DARPA]] Synthetic Theater of War (STOW) [[Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration]] (ACTD).

== External links ==
*[http://spider.adlnet.gov/ HPC Spider]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100826022758/http://www.nwdc.navy.mil/ Navy Warfare Development Command] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100826022758/http://www.nwdc.navy.mil/ NWDC])

[[Category:Military simulation]]

Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration

2024-09-16T23:40:04Z

Emoritz2017: /* Programs */ Adding/removing wikilink(s)

An '''Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration''' enables the evaluation of mature advanced technology for usage by the United States military. These demonstrations allow technology evaluation earlier and cheaper than is possible through the formal acquisition of new production capabilities. They must be sponsored by an operational user with approval and oversight from the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Advanced Systems and Concepts. None have been initiated since 2006, when the deputy under secretary initiated the follow-on Joint Concept Technology Demonstration program to emphasize multiservice technology development and improved planning for transition to operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/descriptivesum/Y2009/OSD/0603648D8Z.pdf|title=OSD RDT&E Budget item justification (R2 Exhibit) |accessdate=8 May 2023}}</ref>

==Programs==
{{dynamic list}}

The following programs were completed under the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration framework
* [[Global Hawk]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1473.html |title=Innovative Development: Global Hawk and DarkStar: Their Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrator Program Experience, Executive Summary |publisher=RAND |date= January 2002|accessdate=2012-05-02|last1=Drezner |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Leonard |first2=Robert S. }}</ref>
* JSTOW ACTD as part of [[Joint Semi-Automated Forces]]

* [[RQ-3 DarkStar|DarkStar]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[JPADS]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://faculty.nps.edu/oayakime/ADSC/PATCAD%20-%20Benney%20-%20The%20Joint%20Precision%20Airdrop%20System%20Advanced%20Concept%20Technology%20Demonstration.pdf | title=The Joint Precision Airdrop System Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration | publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|website=www.aiaa.org| accessdate=May 1, 2012 | author=Benney, Richard|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/army/docs/astmp/c1/P1E1.htm | title=Army Science and Technology Master Plan: (section 1): Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) | publisher=Federation of American Scientists|website=www.fas.org| date=March 21, 1997 | accessdate=May 2, 2012}}
* {{cite web|url=https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623160112/https://vtol.org/store/templates/product/createPreview.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-06-23 |title=Joint Advanced Health and Usage Monitoring System (JAHUMS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) |publisher=American Helicopter Society International|website=vtol.org|date=2000 |accessdate=May 2, 2012 |author=Haas, David J. |display-authors=etal }}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTD) Website |url=https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US |publisher=Defense Acquisitions University |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231029/https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=37609&lang=en-US |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}

[[Category:Military technology]]
[[Category:Evaluation methods]]

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-14T17:16:46Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

=== NAVY Program Contributions ===
A notable project under his direction was the FY 2004 Joint Unmanned Systems Common Control (JUSC2) project
to conduct an [[Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration]] of the ability to link operations of different kinds of
unmanned vehicles to a single control system.<ref> https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/insipent.20.8.07</ref>

=== NOAA Program Contributions ===

Under Portmann's leadership, the world's first operational unmanned system used as a tsunameter was placed in service in 2012. The system used Wave Glider for the launch, and is integrated into NOAA's Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) network.
<ref>https://www.weather.gov/news/130329-waves</ref>

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf</ref> <ref> https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24828409</ref>

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0f/8c/1d/fff29ee54fd6ad/US7467579.pdf</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/b1/7e/9c5461b1386e0a/US7735781.pdf</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-14T17:11:20Z

Emoritz2017: /* NAVY Program Contributions */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

=== NAVY Program Contributions ===
A notable project under his direction was the FY 2004 Joint Unmanned Systems Common Control (JUSC2) project
to conduct an [[Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration]] of the ability to link operations of different kinds of
unmanned vehicles to a single control system.<ref> https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/insipent.20.8.07</ref>

=== NOAA Program Contributions ===

Under Portmann's leadership, the world's first operational unmanned system used as a tsunameter was placed in service in 2012. The system used Wave Glider for the launch, and is integrated into NOAA's Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) network.
<ref>https://www.weather.gov/news/130329-waves</ref>

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0f/8c/1d/fff29ee54fd6ad/US7467579.pdf</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/b1/7e/9c5461b1386e0a/US7735781.pdf</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-14T17:07:35Z

Emoritz2017: /* NOAA Program Contributions */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

=== NAVY Program Contributions ===
A notable project under his direction was the FY 2004 Joint Unmanned Systems Common Control (JUSC2) project
to conduct an advanced concept technology demonstration of the ability to link operations of different kinds of
unmanned vehicles to a single control system.<ref> https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/insipent.20.8.07</ref>

=== NOAA Program Contributions ===

Under Portmann's leadership, the world's first operational unmanned system used as a tsunameter was placed in service in 2012. The system used Wave Glider for the launch, and is integrated into NOAA's Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) network.
<ref>https://www.weather.gov/news/130329-waves</ref>

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0f/8c/1d/fff29ee54fd6ad/US7467579.pdf</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/b1/7e/9c5461b1386e0a/US7735781.pdf</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-14T16:49:47Z

Emoritz2017: /* Career */ NOAA contributions

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

=== NOAA Program Contributions ===

Under Portmann's leadership, the world's first operational unmanned system used as a tsunameter was placed in service in 2012. The system used Wave Glider for the launch, and is integrated into NOAA's Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) network.
<ref>https://www.weather.gov/news/130329-waves</ref>

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0f/8c/1d/fff29ee54fd6ad/US7467579.pdf</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/b1/7e/9c5461b1386e0a/US7735781.pdf</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft talk:Helmut Hans Portmann

2024-09-14T16:36:41Z

Emoritz2017: Emoritz2017 moved page Draft talk:Helmut Hans Portmann to Draft talk:Helmut Portmann: Easier to identify

#REDIRECT [[Draft talk:Helmut Portmann]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Draft talk:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-14T16:36:41Z

Emoritz2017: Emoritz2017 moved page Draft talk:Helmut Hans Portmann to Draft talk:Helmut Portmann: Easier to identify

Draft:Helmut Hans Portmann

2024-09-14T16:36:40Z

Emoritz2017: Emoritz2017 moved page Draft:Helmut Hans Portmann to Draft:Helmut Portmann: Easier to identify

#REDIRECT [[Draft:Helmut Portmann]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-14T16:36:39Z

Emoritz2017: Emoritz2017 moved page Draft:Helmut Hans Portmann to Draft:Helmut Portmann: Easier to identify

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0f/8c/1d/fff29ee54fd6ad/US7467579.pdf</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/b1/7e/9c5461b1386e0a/US7735781.pdf</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft talk:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T20:15:57Z

Emoritz2017: Adding WikiProject tags (assisted)

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T20:10:08Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0f/8c/1d/fff29ee54fd6ad/US7467579.pdf</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/b1/7e/9c5461b1386e0a/US7735781.pdf</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T20:07:01Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/55/b1/7e/9c5461b1386e0a/US7735781.pdf</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T19:52:37Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1, <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/</ref>

* Launch and recovery system for unmanned underwater vehicles, US Patent <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US6779475B1/, https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3d/e8/ff/8026bfe046d5ee/US6779475.pdf</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T19:17:15Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/</ref>

* Method and system for deployment of ordnance from an aircraft in mid-flight, US Patent US7735781B1 <ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7735781B1/</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T19:14:34Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher, US Patent US7264204B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion, US Patent US7484447B1 <ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

* Mine clearing device incorporating pneumatic thrust and unbiased motion, US Patent US7467579B1<ref> https://patents.google.com/patent/US7467579B1/</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T19:07:25Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

* Patent US7264204B1: Unmanned aerial vehicle catcher<ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7264204B1/</ref>

* Patent US7484447B1: Mine clearing device incorporating unbiased motion<ref>https://patents.google.com/patent/US7484447B1/</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T18:19:53Z

Emoritz2017: /* Works */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s. (This is the first of a planned Alex Beck series of novels).
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-09-05T18:06:39Z

Emoritz2017: /* Works */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s.
* Book In progress -Gulf of Mexico

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

John Read Cronin

2024-06-24T23:09:52Z

Emoritz2017: Clean up/copyedit

{{Short description|American biochemist and organic geochemist (1936–2010)}}
{{Only primary sources|date=June 2024}}
'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

== Early life ==
John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Education ==
Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Career ==
In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

The meteorite center explained the significance of Cronin's findings and contributions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://meteorites.asu.edu/aboutus/history | title=History – Buseck Center for Meteorite Studies }}</ref> As the world consensus at the time was skeptical about the presence of [[amino acids]] in [[meteorites]], John Cronin and his colleagues conducted independent tests using different analytical techniques to detect amino acids in various meteorites, including Murchison, Murray, and Allende. Their findings showed that:

* [[Murchison meteorite| Murchison]] and [[Lake Murray meteorite|Murray]] contained amino acids, while
* [[Allende meteorite|Allende]] did not, proving that contamination wasn't an issue.

This led Cronin and his team to further study the organics present in meteorites. They identified various compounds, including [[carboxylic acids]], complex amino acids, and [[aliphatic hydrocarbons]] also using [[nuclear magnetic resonance]].

The team also collaborated with [[Samuel_Epstein_(geochemist)| Samuel Epstein]] from [[Caltech]] to examine the [[isotopic signatures]] of [[organic molecules]] in meteorites, which further supported their [[extraterrestrial]] origin. Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello discovered the asymmetry of organic molecules before they fell to Earth, which might have originated from the interstellar medium. This research is significant because the exclusively left-handed nature of life's molecules is essential for the structures and functions of terrestrial biopolymers and is assumed to be crucial for the emergence of life.

== Research Contributions ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

'''Key Publication:'''
* {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-1936-8_9 |chapter=Organic Matter in Meteorites: Molecular and Isotopic Analyses of the Murchison Meteorite |title=The Chemistry of Life's Origins |date=1993 |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Chang |first2=Sherwood |pages=209–258 |isbn=978-94-010-4856-9 }}

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
* {{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Pizzarello |first2=Sandra |title=Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids |journal=Science |date=14 February 1997 |volume=275 |issue=5302 |pages=951–955 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5302.951 |pmid=9020072 |bibcode=1997Sci...275..951C }}

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
* {{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Pizzarello |first2=Sandra |title=Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids |journal=Science |date=14 February 1997 |volume=275 |issue=5302 |pages=951–955 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5302.951 |pmid=9020072 |bibcode=1997Sci...275..951C }}

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
* {{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Pizzarello |first2=Sandra |title=Enantiomeric analyses of chiral organic compounds from the Murchison meteorite |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere |date=October 1996 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=248 |doi=10.1007/BF02459738 |bibcode=1996OLEB...26..248C }}

== Additional Selected Publications ==
* {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-011-1936-8_9 |chapter=Organic Matter in Meteorites: Molecular and Isotopic Analyses of the Murchison Meteorite |title=The Chemistry of Life's Origins |date=1993 |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Chang |first2=Sherwood |pages=209–258 |isbn=978-94-010-4856-9 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Pizzarello |first2=Sandra |title=Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids |journal=Science |date=14 February 1997 |volume=275 |issue=5302 |pages=951–955 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5302.951 |pmid=9020072 |bibcode=1997Sci...275..951C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Pizzarello |first2=Sandra |title=Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids |journal=Science |date=14 February 1997 |volume=275 |issue=5302 |pages=951–955 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5302.951 |pmid=9020072 |bibcode=1997Sci...275..951C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=John R. |last2=Pizzarello |first2=Sandra |title=Enantiomeric analyses of chiral organic compounds from the Murchison meteorite |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere |date=October 1996 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=248 |doi=10.1007/BF02459738 |bibcode=1996OLEB...26..248C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Di Giulio |first1=Massimo |title=The phylogeny of trnas seems to confirm the predictions of the coevolution theory of the origin of the genetic code |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere |date=December 1995 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=549–564 |doi=10.1007/BF01582024 |pmid=7494635 |bibcode=1995OLEB...25..549D }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cronin, John Reed}}
[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:Meteorites]]
[[Category:Prebiotic chemistry]]

John Read Cronin

2024-06-24T23:09:00Z

Emoritz2017: Clean up/copyedit removed living person warning ... John Read Cronin passed away in 2010

John Read Cronin

2024-06-08T02:50:31Z

Emoritz2017: added Category:Prebiotic chemistry using HotCat

{{Short description|American biochemist and organic geochemist (1936–2010)}}
{{Only primary sources|date=June 2024}}
'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

== Early life ==
John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Education ==
Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Career ==
In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

The meteorite center explained the significance of Cronin's findings and contributions<ref> https://meteorites.asu.edu/aboutus/history</ref>. As the world consensus at the time was skeptical about the presence of [[amino acids]] in [[meteorites]], John Cronin and his colleagues conducted independent tests using different analytical techniques to detect amino acids in various meteorites, including Murchison, Murray, and Allende. Their findings showed that:

* [[Murchison meteorite| Murchison]] and [[Lake Murray meteorite|Murray]] contained amino acids, while
* [[Allende meteorite|Allende]] did not, proving that contamination wasn't an issue.

This led Cronin and his team to further study the organics present in meteorites. They identified various compounds, including [[carboxylic acids]], complex amino acids, and [[aliphatic hydrocarbons]] also using [[nuclear magnetic resonance].

The team also collaborated with [[Samuel_Epstein_(geochemist)| Samuel Epstein]] from [[Caltech]] to examine the [[isotopic signatures]] of [[organic molecules]] in meteorites, which further supported their [[extraterrestrial]] origin. Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello discovered the asymmetry of organic molecules before they fell to Earth, which might have originated from the interstellar medium. This research is significant because the exclusively left-handed nature of life's molecules is essential for the structures and functions of terrestrial biopolymers and is assumed to be crucial for the emergence of life.

== Research Contributions ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>

== Additional Selected Publications ==
* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72.<ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237–251.<ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cronin, John Reed}}
[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:Meteorites]]
[[Category:Prebiotic chemistry]]

Talk:John Read Cronin

2024-06-08T02:39:37Z

Emoritz2017:

{{WikiProject banner shell|class=Stub|living=yes|listas=Cronin, John Read|
{{WikiProject Biography|s&a-work-group=yes|s&a-priority=|listas=Cronin, John Read}}
{{WikiProject United States|importance=Low}}
}}

The subject of the article as been dead for over a decade
... the LIVING PERSON alert for the subject. Many the other people mentioned are deceased as well. All information included here by the originator of the article are positive and sourced, not speculated, information.[[User:Emoritz2017|Emoritz2017]] ([[User talk:Emoritz2017|talk]]) 02:39, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T21:00:17Z

Emoritz2017: /* Career */ Adding/removing wikilink(s)

{{Short description|American biochemist and organic geochemist (1936–2010)}}
{{Only primary sources|date=June 2024}}
'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

== Early life ==
John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Education ==
Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Career ==
In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

The meteorite center explained the significance of Cronin's findings and contributions<ref> https://meteorites.asu.edu/aboutus/history</ref>. As the world consensus at the time was skeptical about the presence of [[amino acids]] in [[meteorites]], John Cronin and his colleagues conducted independent tests using different analytical techniques to detect amino acids in various meteorites, including Murchison, Murray, and Allende. Their findings showed that:

* [[Murchison meteorite| Murchison]] and [[Lake Murray meteorite|Murray]] contained amino acids, while
* [[Allende meteorite|Allende]] did not, proving that contamination wasn't an issue.

This led Cronin and his team to further study the organics present in meteorites. They identified various compounds, including [[carboxylic acids]], complex amino acids, and [[aliphatic hydrocarbons]] also using [[nuclear magnetic resonance].

The team also collaborated with [[Samuel_Epstein_(geochemist)| Samuel Epstein]] from [[Caltech]] to examine the [[isotopic signatures]] of [[organic molecules]] in meteorites, which further supported their [[extraterrestrial]] origin. Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello discovered the asymmetry of organic molecules before they fell to Earth, which might have originated from the interstellar medium. This research is significant because the exclusively left-handed nature of life's molecules is essential for the structures and functions of terrestrial biopolymers and is assumed to be crucial for the emergence of life.

== Research Contributions ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>

== Additional Selected Publications ==
* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72.<ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237–251.<ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cronin, John Reed}}
[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:Meteorites]]

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T20:55:16Z

Emoritz2017: /* Career */

{{Short description|American biochemist and organic geochemist (1936–2010)}}
{{Only primary sources|date=June 2024}}
'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

== Early life ==
John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Education ==
Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Career ==
In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

The meteorite center explained the significance of Cronin's findings and contributions<ref> https://meteorites.asu.edu/aboutus/history</ref>. As the world consensus at the time was skeptical about the presence of [[amino acids]] in [[meteorites]], John Cronin and his colleagues conducted independent tests using different analytical techniques to detect amino acids in various meteorites, including Murchison, Murray, and Allende. Their findings showed that:

* Murchison and Murray contained amino acids, while
* Allende did not, proving that contamination wasn't an issue.

This led Cronin and his team to further study the organics present in meteorites. They identified various compounds, including [[carboxylic acids]], complex amino acids, and [[aliphatic hydrocarbons]] also using [[nuclear magnetic resonance].

The team also collaborated with [[Samuel_Epstein_(geochemist)| Samuel Epstein]] from [[Caltech]] to examine the [[isotopic signatures]] of [[organic molecules]] in meteorites, which further supported their [[extraterrestrial]] origin. Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello discovered the asymmetry of organic molecules before they fell to Earth, which might have originated from the interstellar medium. This research is significant because the exclusively left-handed nature of life's molecules is essential for the structures and functions of terrestrial biopolymers and is assumed to be crucial for the emergence of life.

== Research Contributions ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>

== Additional Selected Publications ==
* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72.<ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237–251.<ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cronin, John Reed}}
[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:Meteorites]]

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T20:52:26Z

Emoritz2017: added Category:Meteorites using HotCat

{{Short description|American biochemist and organic geochemist (1936–2010)}}
{{Only primary sources|date=June 2024}}
'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

== Early life ==
John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Education ==
Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Career ==
In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

The meteorite center has discussed and explained the signficance of Cronin's findings and contributions<ref> https://meteorites.asu.edu/aboutus/history</ref>. As the world consensus at the time was skeptical about the presence of [[amino acids]] in [[meteorites]], John Cronin and his colleagues conducted independent tests using different analytical techniques to detect amino acids in various meteorites, including Murchison, Murray, and Allende. Their findings showed that:

* Murchison and Murray contained amino acids, while
* Allende did not, proving that contamination wasn't an issue.

This led Cronin and his team to further study the organics present in meteorites. They identified various compounds, including [[carboxylic acids]], complex amino acids, and [[aliphatic hydrocarbons]] also using [[nuclear magnetic resonance].

The team also collaborated with [[Samuel_Epstein_(geochemist)| Samuel Epstein]] from [[Caltech]] to examine the [[isotopic signatures]] of [[organic molecules]] in meteorites, which further supported their [[extraterrestrial]] origin. Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello discovered the asymmetry of organic molecules before they fell to Earth, which might have originated from the interstellar medium. This research is significant because the exclusively left-handed nature of life's molecules is essential for the structures and functions of terrestrial biopolymers and is assumed to be crucial for the emergence of life.

== Research Contributions ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>

== Additional Selected Publications ==
* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72.<ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237–251.<ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cronin, John Reed}}
[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:Meteorites]]

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T20:51:12Z

Emoritz2017: /* Career */ Expanding article

{{Short description|American biochemist and organic geochemist (1936–2010)}}
{{Only primary sources|date=June 2024}}
'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

== Early life ==
John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Education ==
Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

== Career ==
In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

The meteorite center has discussed and explained the signficance of Cronin's findings and contributions<ref> https://meteorites.asu.edu/aboutus/history</ref>. As the world consensus at the time was skeptical about the presence of [[amino acids]] in [[meteorites]], John Cronin and his colleagues conducted independent tests using different analytical techniques to detect amino acids in various meteorites, including Murchison, Murray, and Allende. Their findings showed that:

* Murchison and Murray contained amino acids, while
* Allende did not, proving that contamination wasn't an issue.

This led Cronin and his team to further study the organics present in meteorites. They identified various compounds, including [[carboxylic acids]], complex amino acids, and [[aliphatic hydrocarbons]] also using [[nuclear magnetic resonance].

The team also collaborated with [[Samuel_Epstein_(geochemist)| Samuel Epstein]] from [[Caltech]] to examine the [[isotopic signatures]] of [[organic molecules]] in meteorites, which further supported their [[extraterrestrial]] origin. Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello discovered the asymmetry of organic molecules before they fell to Earth, which might have originated from the interstellar medium. This research is significant because the exclusively left-handed nature of life's molecules is essential for the structures and functions of terrestrial biopolymers and is assumed to be crucial for the emergence of life.

== Research Contributions ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2024}}

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>

== Additional Selected Publications ==
* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61–72.<ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X] (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951–955.<ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951] (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4–5), 317–321.<ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912] (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237–251.<ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cronin, John Reed}}
[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T05:42:33Z

Emoritz2017: +Category:Biochemists; +Category:Arizona State University faculty using HotCat Clean up/copyedit

'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

= Early Life =

John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

= Education =

Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

= Career =

In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

= Research Contributions =

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.{{citation needed|date= June 2024}}

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.

= Additional Selected Publications =

* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. <ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237-251. <ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>.

=== External Links ===
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T05:26:37Z

Emoritz2017: /* Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules */

'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

= Early Life =

John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].

= Education =

Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].

= Career =

In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Research Contributions =

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Additional Selected Publications =

* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. <ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237-251. <ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>.

=== External Links ===
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T05:25:01Z

Emoritz2017: /* Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules */ Adding/improving reference(s)

'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

= Early Life =

John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].

= Education =

Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].

= Career =

In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Research Contributions =

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules. They investigated and published significant work on the [[Murchison meteorite]]{{cite journal |last1=Pizzarello |first1=Sandra |last2=Cronin |first2=JR |title=Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=394 |page=236 |doi=10.1038/28306 |pmid=9685155 |issue=6690|bibcode = 1998Natur.394..236P |s2cid=4424928 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Additional Selected Publications =

* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. <ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237-251. <ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>.

=== External Links ===
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T05:13:08Z

Emoritz2017: /* Career */ Adding/removing wikilink(s) connecting to Sandra Pizzarello

'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

= Early Life =

John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].

= Education =

Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].

= Career =

In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth. John worked closely with [[Sandra Pizzarello]] with whom he made a number of important discoveries and collaborated extensively.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Research Contributions =

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Additional Selected Publications =

* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. <ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237-251. <ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>.

=== External Links ===
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

Sandra Pizzarello

2024-06-07T05:09:34Z

Emoritz2017: Adding/removing wikilink(s)

{{short description|Italian biochemist}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sandra Pizzarello
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Ool pic 03092015.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1933
| birth_place = [[Venice]], [[Italy]]
| death_date = October 24, 2021
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| nationality = [[Italian people|Italian]]
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Padua]]
| occupation = Biochemist
| employer = [[Arizona State University]]
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| television =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://webapp4.asu.edu/directory/person/274781}}
}}
'''Sandra Pizzarello,''' [[Doctorate|D.Bi.Sc.]] was a Venetian biochemist known for her co-discovery of [[amino acid]] [[enantiomeric excess]] in [[carbonaceous chondrites|carbonaceous chondrite meteorites]]. Her research interests concerned the characterization of meteoritic [[organic compound]]s in elucidating the [[Stellar nucleosynthesis|evolution]] of planetary [[homochirality]]. Pizzarello was a project collaborator and co-investigator for the [[NASA Astrobiology Institute]] (NAI), the president of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (2014-2017), and an [[emeritus|emerita]] professor at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU).

==Early life and education==
Sandra Pizzarello was born in [[Venice]], [[Italy]] in 1933. In 1955, she graduated ''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]'' from the [[University of Padua]] earning her [[Doctorate|Doctor of Biological Sciences]] degree under her adviser Professor Roncato. Pizzarello went on to work as a research associate developing tranquilizers for Farmitalia Research Laboratories in the Department of Neuropharmacology. Over the course of several years, Pizzarello transitioned from research to raising a family. Following a career opportunity for her husband, an aeronautical engineer and computer scientist, she moved her family to [[Phoenix, Arizona]] in 1970.

Once Pizzarello's youngest of four children finished primary school, her focus returned to her career after a decade away from [[scientific research]]. She audited a graduate [[biochemistry]] seminar course at [[Arizona State University|ASU]] where she met Professor [[John Read Cronin]], future co-discoverer of [[amino acid]] [[enantiomeric excess]] in [[meteorite]]s. Due to her outstanding performance in the course, she was offered a job to work with Cronin at the university as a research professor in analyzing the recently recovered [[Murchison meteorite]].

Sandra Pizzarello died on October 24, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Memoriam: Sandra Pizzarello|url=https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/in-memoriam-sandra-pizzarello/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=astrobiology.nasa.gov|language=en-EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-29|title=In Memoriam: Emeritus Professor Sandra Pizzarello|url=https://news.asu.edu/20211029-memoriam-emeritus-professor-sandra-pizzarello|access-date=2021-11-22|website=ASU News|language=en}}</ref>

==Research==
Sandra Pizzarello's research over the last forty years involved the analysis of [[organic compound]]s in several [[carbonaceous chondrite]]s, particularly [[Molecule|molecular]], [[Chirality (chemistry)|chiral]], and [[Isotopic signature|isotopic]] characterization of [[amino acid]]s. Because the formation of these organic-rich meteorites pre-date the [[Abiogenesis|origin of life]], they had been under investigation as potential sites of primal [[organic compound]]s which could shed light on [[abiogenesis]], specifically the origin of biological [[homochirality]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Cronin|first1=John R.|last2=Pizzarello|first2=Sandra|date=1997|title=Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids|journal=Science|language=en|volume=275|issue=5302|pages=951–955|bibcode=1997Sci...275..951C|doi=10.1126/science.275.5302.951|issn=0036-8075|pmid=9020072|s2cid=10979716}}</ref> Such studies, however, had been inconclusive until 1997 when Cronin and Pizzarello detected 7-9% L-[[enantiomeric excess]]es of three abiological amino acids while analyzing the [[Murchison meteorite]].<ref name=":0" />

Given Earth's history of meteoric impacts and the observation that meteors contain an excess of the biologically relevant L-[[Stereoisomerism|stereoisomer]] of certain [[amino acid]]s, Pizzarello studied the effect of meteoritic [[amino acid]]s in [[enantiomeric excess]] on the formation of other [[Biomolecule|biological molecules]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Pizzarello|first1=Sandra|last2=Weber|first2=Arthur L.|date=2004|title=Prebiotic Amino Acids as Asymmetric Catalysts|journal=Science|language=en|volume=303|issue=5661|pages=1151|citeseerx=10.1.1.1028.833|doi=10.1126/science.1093057|issn=0036-8075|pmid=14976304|s2cid=42199392}}</ref> In one study, Pizzarello found that nonracemic solutions of abiological [[isovaline]] and [[Proteinogenic amino acid|proteinogenic]] [[alanine]] can direct the condensation of [[glycolaldehyde]] to produce nonracemic solutions of [[threose]] and [[erythrose]] via an [[aldol reaction]] concluding that [[amino acid]]s can act as [[asymmetric catalyst]]s in [[carbohydrate]] synthesis.<ref name=":1" /> These findings support the origin of life hypothesis that homochirality originated prior to life and from [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] origins.<ref name=":1" /> However, Pizzarello's theoretical inquiries into [[Cosmochemistry|cosmochemical evolution]] remain debated based on suspect analytical evidence of meteoritic [[enantiomeric excess]]es.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Elsila|first1=Jamie E.|last2=Glavin|first2=Daniel P.|last3=Dworkin|first3=Jason P.|last4=Martins|first4=Zita|last5=Bada|first5=Jeffrey L.|date=2012-11-27|title=Inconclusive evidence for nonterrestrial isoleucine enantiomeric excesses in primitive meteorites|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=109|issue=48|pages=E3288|doi=10.1073/pnas.1213261109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3511738|pmid=23064644|bibcode=2012PNAS..109E3288E|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pizzarello|first1=Sandra|last2=Monroe|first2=Adam A.|date=2012|title=Reply to Elsila et al.: Large enantiomeric excesses in primitive meteorites, an analytical and computational supplement|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=109|issue=48|pages=E3289|bibcode=2012PNAS..109E3289P|doi=10.1073/pnas.1213714109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3511719|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pizzarello|first1=Sandra|last2=Schrader|first2=Devin L.|last3=Monroe|first3=Adam A.|last4=Lauretta|first4=Dante S.|date=2012|title=Large enantiomeric excesses in primitive meteorites and the diverse effects of water in cosmochemical evolution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=109|issue=30|pages=11949–11954|bibcode=2012PNAS..10911949P|doi=10.1073/pnas.1204865109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3409747|pmid=22778439|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==External links==
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20011117041042/http://www.issol.org/ # https://nai.nasa.gov/directory/pizzarello-sandra/ NASA.gov]
# https://webapp4.asu.edu/directory/person/274781

==References==
<references />
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pizzarello, Sandra}}
[[Category:Biochemists]]
[[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Padua alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Venice]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Italian emigrants to the United States]]

John Read Cronin

2024-06-07T04:42:43Z

Emoritz2017: Initial Page for John Read Cronin

'''John Read Cronin''' (August 3, 1936 – June 30, 2010) was an American biochemist and organic geochemist renowned for his pioneering research in the field of meteoritic [[organic chemistry]]. His work significantly advanced the understanding of the role of extraterrestrial organic molecules in the [[origin of life]].

= Early Life =

John Read Cronin was born on August 3, 1936, in Marietta, Ohio. He grew up in New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he developed an early interest in science and nature. Cronin's fascination with chemistry and the natural world led him to pursue a career in [[biochemistry]].

= Education =

Cronin attended The [[College of Wooster]], where he obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry. He then went on to earn a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the [[University of Colorado]] School of Medicine in Denver. His doctoral research laid the foundation for his later work in [[organic chemistry]] and [[prebiotic chemistry]].

= Career =

In 1966, Cronin joined the faculty at [[Arizona State University]] (ASU) as a professor of biochemistry. At ASU, he became involved in the emerging field of [[exobiology]], focusing on the study of organic materials in extraterrestrial environments. His work at the [[ASU Center for Meteorite Studies]], particularly with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, positioned him as a leading figure in the field.

Cronin's research explored the organic chemistry of meteorites, with a specific focus on [[carbonaceous chondrites]] like the [[Murchison meteorite]]. His work provided valuable insights into the diversity and complexity of extraterrestrial organic compounds and their potential role in the origin of life on Earth.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Research Contributions =

== Organic Compounds in Meteorites ==

Cronin's extensive analysis of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites revealed a rich diversity of organic molecules, including amino acids, hydrocarbons, and nucleobases. His research demonstrated that these meteorites contain complex organic compounds that could have been significant in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:''' Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).

== Chirality and Enantiomeric Excess ==

Cronin's research on the chirality of meteoritic amino acids provided evidence of non-racemic mixtures, suggesting a potential extraterrestrial source of chiral asymmetry. This finding has implications for the development of [[homochirality]] in biological molecules on Earth.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Isotopic Composition of Organic Molecules ==

Cronin conducted isotopic analyses of meteoritic organic compounds, revealing distinct isotopic compositions that supported their non-terrestrial origin. This work provided crucial insights into the extraterrestrial sources of prebiotic molecules.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>

== Impact Chemistry and Prebiotic Synthesis ==

Cronin's research explored how meteorite impacts could synthesize organic compounds from simpler precursors, highlighting the potential role of impact-generated environments in prebiotic chemistry.

'''Key Publication:'''
Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.

= Personal Life =

John Cronin was married to Muriel Cronin for 47 years. They had three children: Paul, Martha, and Sarah. Cronin was known for his love of traveling, biking, woodworking, golfing, and attending Diamondbacks games. He passed away on June 30, 2010, in Tempe, Arizona.

= Additional Selected Publications =

* Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993). "Organic matter in meteorites: Molecular and isotopic analyses of the Murchison meteorite." *Advances in Space Research*, 12(4), 61-72. <ref>[DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(92)90172-X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027311779290172X).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1999). "Enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic amino acids." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951).</ref>
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1997). "Carbon isotopic compositions of individual amino acids in the Murchison meteorite." *Science*, 275(5302), 951-955. <ref>[DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.951](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5302.951)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (2000). "Impact synthesis of organic compounds: Potential pathways for prebiotic chemistry." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 30(4-5), 317-321. <ref>[DOI: 10.1023/A:1006516309912](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006516309912)</ref>.
* Cronin, J. R., & Pizzarello, S. (1995). "The chemical origins of organic matter in meteorites: Implications for the origins of life." *Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biospheres*, 25(3), 237-251. <ref>DOI: 10.1007/BF01582024 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01582024)</ref>.

=== External Links ===
*[[Arizona State University]] (https://search.asu.edu/profile/47413)
* Obituary (https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/john-cronin-obituary?id=22397144)

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:49:24Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

{{AfC submission|t||ts=20240426015143|u=Emoritz2017|ns=118|demo=}}

{{short description|American author}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Helmut Hans Portmann
|image = Helmut Hans Portmann.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|3}}
|birth_place = [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|relatives =
|religion =
|nationality =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[Johns Hopkins University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Unmanned systems]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|residence =
|spouse = Julie Ann Cowen
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}

'''Helmut Hans Portmann''' an American electrical and systems engineer, inventor, and novelist, best known for his thrillers based on his real-life adventures in the offshore oil fields, secret nuclear missile systems, and unmanned systems development.

==Early Life and Education==

Portmann was born on November 3, 1954, in [[Ennetbaden]], [[Switzerland]], to Irmgard Leonore Portmann, originally [[German]] and his father Helmut. The family moved to the United States at a young age and grew up in [[Stone Mountain]], [[Georgia]]. Portmann earned his B.S.E.E.[[Electrical Engineering]] degree from the [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] and later obtained his graduate degree in underwater acoustics from [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref> https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/ocala/name/irmgard-portmann-obituary?id=20467750</ref>

==Career==

Portmann's early career was marked by work in the defense industry, where he analyzed and mitigated detectable acoustic and non-acoustic signatures of US submarines. He later became a sonar analyst at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City, Florida. In 2009, Portmann was selected to become a member of the [[Senior Executive Service]] (SES) and director of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] [[NOAA]] [[National Data Buoy Center]]<ref>https://www.weather.gov/organization/portmann_helmut</ref>.

== Works ==

Portmann has published several novels, including:

* Adios El Jefe <ref> Portmann, H.H. Adios El Jefe! Xlibris US, https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9798369414965. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1422742092 </ref> : Cold War thriller that follows five young Cuban boys who seek vengeance against Fidel Castro's revolutionaries. The novel is inspired by Portmann's experiences launching Pershing 1a missiles into the Atlantic Ocean from [[Cape Canaveral]] in the 1980s.

== Personal Life ==

Portmann has been married twice, first to Dona K. Aaron, an artist, and then to Julie Ann Cowen. He has one son, Alex Hans Portmann, with his second wife.

==Achievements and Awards ==

Portmann's achievements include:

* 2004 [[Association_for_Uncrewed_Vehicle_Systems_International|AUVSI (Association of Unmanned Vehicles International)]] Pioneer Award

* 2003 [[Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City |NSWC Panama City]] Commanding Officer/Executive Director 2003 Guy C. Dilworth Award.

* Portmann led a team that investigating novel submarine acoustic signature patterns documented in a highly classified report.
* Small Business Innovative Research ([[SBIR]]) Government Contracts : Portmann was responsible for multiple SBIR government contracts while employed at [[Applied Mathematics, Inc]]. in [[Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].

== Technical Publications and Patents ==

* 2014 Counter-vandalism at NDBC <ref> Beets, Raymond, Christopher Hill, Robert Coniglione, and Helmut Portmann. "Counter-vandalism at NDBC." In 2014 Oceans-St. John's, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7003182 </ref>

* 2001 Shaping the Future of Naval Warfare with Unmanned Systems (CSS/TR-01/09) <ref> Summey, Delbert C., Rafael R. Rodriguez, David P. Demartino, H. H. Portmann, and Elan Moritz. Shaping the future of naval warfare with unmanned systems. No. CSS/TR-01/09. Naval Surface Warfare Center (US). Dahlgren Division, 2001. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270, https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/15270/dot_15270_DS1.pdf
</ref>.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:37:07Z

Emoritz2017: /* Early Life and Education */

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:33:54Z

Emoritz2017: /* Early Life and Education */

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:25:48Z

Emoritz2017:

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:23:43Z

Emoritz2017: /* Technical Publications and Patents */

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:16:19Z

Emoritz2017:

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:14:03Z

Emoritz2017: /* Achievements and Awards */

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:11:52Z

Emoritz2017: /* Achievements and Awards */

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:09:30Z

Emoritz2017:

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T05:06:13Z

Emoritz2017: /* Career */

Draft:Helmut Portmann

2024-04-26T01:52:08Z

Emoritz2017: -- Draft creation using the WP:Article wizard --

Informetrics

2024-03-24T21:46:19Z

Emoritz2017: /* See also */ Adding/removing wikilink(s)

{{short description|Study of the quantitative aspects of information}}
{{distinguish|Informatics (disambiguation){{!}}Informatics|Info-metrics}}
{{Information science}}
'''Informetrics''' is the study of quantitative aspects of information,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=D. |url=https://archive.org/details/appliedinformetr0000wolf |title=Applied Informetrics for Information Retrieval Research |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=2003 |isbn=9780313319709 |url-access=registration}}</ref> it is an extension and evolution of traditional [[bibliometrics]] and [[scientometrics]]. Informetrics uses bibliometrics and scientometrics methods to study mainly the problems of literature information management and evaluation of science and technology.<ref name="zhao">{{Cite book |last1=Qiu |first1=Junping |title=Informetrics |last2=Zhao |first2=Rongying |last3=Yang |first3=Siluo |last4=Dong |first4=Ke |date=2017 |isbn=978-981-10-4031-3 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-4032-0}}</ref> Informetrics is an independent discipline that uses quantitative methods from [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]] to study the process, phenomena, and law of informetrics.<ref name=":0" /> Informetrics has gained more attention as it is a common scientific method for academic evaluation, research hotspots in discipline, and trend analysis.

Informetrics includes the production, [[information dissemination|dissemination]], and use of all forms of information, regardless of its form or origin. Informetrics encompasses the following fields:<ref>{{cite journal | last = Tague-Sutcliffe | first = Jean | title = An Introduction to Informetrics | journal = Information Processing and Management | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–3 | year = 1992 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4573(92)90087-G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| first = Concepción S. | last = Wilson | title = Informetrics | journal = Annual Review of Information Science and Technology | volume = 34 | year = 1999 | pages = 107–247 | place = Medford, NJ | publisher = Information Today }}</ref>

* Scientometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of science
* [[Webometrics]], which studies quantitative aspects of the [[World Wide Web]]
* Bibliometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of ''recorded'' information
* [[File:Bibliometrics definition.svg|thumb|350x350px|The relationship between the metrics terms]][[Webometrics|Cybermetrics]], which is similar to [[webometrics]], but broadens its definition to include electronic resources

== Origin and Development ==
The term informetrics ([[French language|French]]: ''Informetrie'') was coined by German scholars Otto Nacke in 1979,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Nacke | first = O. | title = Informetrie: eine neuer Name für eine neue Disziplin | journal = Nachrichten für Dokumentation | volume = 30 | issue = 6 | pages = 219–226 | year = 1979 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Bar-Ilan | first = Judit | authorlink= Judit Bar-Ilan | title = Informetrics at the beginning of the 21st century: A review | journal = Journal of Informetrics | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–52 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.joi.2007.11.001 }}</ref> and came from the German word 'informetrie’. The corresponding English terminology soon appeared in the subsequent literature.

In September 1980, Professor Otto Nacke introduced the term 'informetrics' at the first seminar on Informetrics in Frankfurt, Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=I. N. |date=1992 |title=Bibliometrics, Informetrics, Scientometrics and Librametrics: An Overview |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/libr.1992.42.2.75/html |journal=Libri |volume=42 |issue=2 |doi=10.1515/libr.1992.42.2.75 |s2cid=143826699 |issn=0024-2667}}</ref> Later, Committee on Informetrics has established through [[International Federation for Information and Documentation|The International Federation for Information and Documentation]] (FID).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tague-Sutcliffe |first=Jean |date=January 1992 |title=An introduction to informetrics |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030645739290087G |journal=Information Processing & Management |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(92)90087-G}}</ref>

In 1987, informetrics started to be officially recognized by the international information community and several foreign information scientists.<ref name="zhao" />

In 1988, at [https://www.issi-society.org/conferences/ First International Conference on Bibliometrics and Theoretical Aspects of Information Retrieval], Brooks suggested bibliometrics and scientometrics can be included in the field of informetrics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brookes |first=B.C. |date=1990 |title=Biblio-, sciento-, infor-metrics??? What are we talking about? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242522199 |journal=In L. Egghe and R. Rousseau (Eds.). Inforrnefrics 89/90, 31-43.}}</ref>

In 1990, Leo Egghe and [[Ronald Rousseau]] proposed the formation of the discipline of informetrics: [[Bibliography|statistical bibliography]] (1923) to bibliometrics and scientometrics (1969) and then to informetrics (1979).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholls |first=Paul |date=January 1991 |title=Introduction to informetrics: Quantitative methods in library, documentation and information science |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030645739190073U |journal=Information Processing & Management |language=en |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=592 |doi=10.1016/0306-4573(91)90073-U}}</ref>

In 1993, '''[https://www.issi-society.org/about/ the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI)]''' was founded at the International Conference on Bibliometrics, Informetrics and Scientometrics in Berlin, and the first one was held in Belgium and organized by Leo Egghe and Ronald Rousseau.<ref name=":3" /> The society was formally incorporated in 1994 in the Netherlands<ref name=":3" /> and plays a significant role in the development of informetrics.

The ISSI aims to promote the "exchange and communication of professional information in the fields of scientometrics and informetrics, including improve standards, theory and practice, as well as promote research, education and training".<ref name=":3" /> In addition, to "engage in relevant public conversation and policy discussions".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics website |date=2018 |title=About the society |url=https://www.issi-society.org/about/}}</ref>

In the western world, 20th century's Informetrics is mostly based on [[Lotka's law]], named after [[Alfred J. Lotka]], [[Zipf's law]], named after George Kingsley Zipf, [[Bradford law|Bradford's law]] named after Samuel C. Bradford and on the work of [[Derek J. de Solla Price]], [[Gerard Salton]], Leo Egghe, [[Ronald Rousseau]], [[Tibor Braun]], Olle Persson, Peter Ingwersen, [[Manfred Bonitz]], and [[Eugene Garfield]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Tabah |first=Albert |title=Information Epidemics and the Growth of Physics |year=1996 |url=http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35404&silo_library=GEN01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Egghe |first1=Leo |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00003297/ |title=Introduction to Informetrics: Quantitative Methods in Library, Documentation, and Information Science |last2=Rousseau |first2=Ronald |publisher=Elsevier |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-444-88493-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Braam |first=Robert R. |title=Mapping of science: Foci of intellectual interest in scientific literature |publisher=DSWO Press |year=1991 |isbn=90-6695-049-8}}</ref>

== Difference Between Informetrics, Bibliometrics and Scientometrics ==
[[File:3 metric terms.png|thumb|300x300px|Three metrics terms overlap with each other]]
Since the 1960s, three similar terms have emerged in the fields of [[library science]], [[philology]] and [[Metascience|science of science]], they are bibliometrics, scientometrics and informetrics, representing three very similar quantitative sub-disciplines.{{cn|date=June 2022}} The three metrics terms can be confusing and often misused. Informetrics and bibliometrics interpenetrate each other but have different aspects in research object, research scope, and measuring unit. Informetrics and scientometrics are very different in their research purpose and research object, as well as the research scope and application.

'''Bibliometrics''' is categorised under the field of library science, it uses mathematical and statistical methods to describe, evaluate, and predict the current status and trends of science and technology. Also to study the "distribution structure, quantitative relationship, change law and quantitative management of literature information, quantitative relationships, patterns and quantitative management of literature and information".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tian |first1=Hua |last2=Chen |first2=Jie |date=January 2022 |title=A bibliometric analysis on global eHealth |journal=Digital Health |language=en |volume=8 |pages=205520762210913 |doi=10.1177/20552076221091352 |issn=2055-2076 |pmc=9006363 |pmid=35433016 }}</ref> The term was first used by [[Alan Pritchard]] in 1969 in his paper ''Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics?''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pritchard |first=Alan |date=1969 |title=Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics? |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=25 |pages=348–349}}</ref>

'''Scientometrics''' is a branch of science that quantitatively evaluates and predicts the process and management of scientific activities in order to reveal their development patterns and trends.{{cn|date=June 2022}} The definition of scientometrics was described by [[Derek J. de Solla Price|Derek De Solla Price]] in his book ''Science to Science'' <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Danesh |first1=Farshid |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110646610-006/html |title=1.4 Derek De Solla Price: The Father of Scientometrics |last2=Mardani-Nejad |first2=Ali |date=2020-12-07 |publisher=De Gruyter Saur |isbn=978-3-11-064661-0 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110646610-006|s2cid=235871925 }}</ref> as the “quantitative study of science, communication in science, and science policy”.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Kelly |last2=Hess |first2=David J. |date=May 1999 |title=Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654168 |journal=Contemporary Sociology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=315 |doi=10.2307/2654168 |jstor=2654168 |issn=0094-3061}}</ref>

=== Links between the three metrics terms ===
The most prominent connection between the three metrics terms is in their research objects. Since all three disciplines use literature information as their research object, therefore, they have some similarities and overlaps in their research methods and fields. Moreover, they all use mathematical methods as the basic research methods and they all apply the three basic laws, Bradford's law, Lotka's law and Zipf's law.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shelton |first=R. D. |date=2020-02-22 |title=Scientometric laws connecting publication counts to national research funding |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03392-x |journal=Scientometrics |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=181–206 |doi=10.1007/s11192-020-03392-x |s2cid=211234771 |issn=0138-9130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bailón-Moreno |first1=R. |last2=Jurado-Alameda |first2=E. |last3=Ruiz-Baños |first3=R. |last4=Courtial |first4=J. P. |date=April 2005 |title=Bibliometric laws: Empirical flaws of fit |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-005-0211-5 |journal=Scientometrics |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=209–229 |doi=10.1007/s11192-005-0211-5 |s2cid=16762648 |issn=0138-9130}}</ref>

=== Distinctions between the three metrics terms ===
The distinction between the three metrics terms can tell from their research object and research purpose. The research of bibliometrics focuses on the analysis of "scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, and others".<ref>{{Cite journal |title=OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-science-technology-and-industry-working-papers_18151965 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |year=2022 |language=en |doi=10.1787/18151965|doi-access=free }}</ref> Scientometrics is to measure the basic characteristics and laws of scientific activities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=Saddam |last2=Batcha |first2=M. Sadik |date=2021-10-02 |title=A Scientometric Analysis and Visualization on Beta Thalassemia Research at Global Perspectives |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15323269.2021.1982261 |journal=Journal of Hospital Librarianship |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=391–404 |doi=10.1080/15323269.2021.1982261 |s2cid=244575953 |issn=1532-3269}}</ref> Where informetrics is to investigate information sources and information distribution process.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bawden |first1=David |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781783300761/type/book |title=Introduction to Information Science |last2=Robinson |first2=Lyn |date=2015-06-10 |publisher=Facet |isbn=978-1-78330-076-1 |edition=1 |doi=10.29085/9781783300761.015}}</ref>

== Concept and System Structure ==

=== Purpose of Informetrics Research ===
[[File:Subject-structure-of-informetrics.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Subject structure of informetrics]]
The main purpose of informetrics is to use its theocratical research to solve the methodological issues in the research process, and to discover and reveal the basic laws of information distribution through the study of information process and phenomenon. In this way, makes information management more scientific and provides a quantitative basis for information services and information management decisions.

For informetrics, it is necessary to bring [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analysis]] methods to further reveal the structure of information units and the "quantitative change law of literature information”.<ref name="zhao" /> Further to this, to improve the scientific accuracy of information science from a theoretical point of view. At the same time, to better solve the basic contradictions in the information service, overcome the information crisis, and make the information management work more effective to serve science and technology, economic and social development.

Quantitative analysis of bibliographic data was pioneered by [[Robert K. Merton]] in an article called ''Science, Technology, and Society in [[Early modern Britain|Seventeenth Century England]]'' and originally published by Merton in 1938.<ref>Merton, Robert K. ''Studies on the History and Philosophy of Science, and on the History of Learning and Culture''. Bruges, The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., 1938, Osiris, IV, 2, 360-632.(Extended edition, Humanities Press, 1970. Reprinted 1978. Reissued: Howard Fertig, 2001)</ref>

=== The Significance of Informetrics Research ===
The significance of informetrics research is to summarize various [[empirical law]]s from the theoretical point of view, at the same time test and modify the various empirical laws in the new information unit conditions, and explore its new applicability, therefore, the scientific nature of information science can be improved, but also to provide theoretical guidance for practical work.

=== The Objects of Informetrics Research ===
The object of informetrics is broader than the field of bibliometrics and scientometrics, including "messages, data, events, objects, text, and documents”.<ref name="zhao" /> Informetrics is often used to inform policies and decisions across a broad range of fields, such as [[economy]], [[politics]], [[technology]] and [[social sphere]]s that "influence the flow and use patterns of information".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maluleka |first1=Jan R. |last2=Onyancha |first2=Omwoyo B. |date=2017-02-17 |title=RESEARCH COLLABORATION AMONG LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN SOUTH AFRICA (1991â€"2012): AN INFORMETRICS STUDY |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0027-2639/1082 |journal=Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=36–59 |doi=10.25159/0027-2639/1082 |issn=2663-659X}}</ref> Tague-Sutcliffe describes the following uses of informetrics:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Almind |first1=Tomas C. |last2=Ingwersen |first2=Peter |date=1997-10-01 |title=Informetric analyses on the world wide web: methodological approaches to 'webometrics' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000007205 |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=404–426 |doi=10.1108/eum0000000007205 |issn=0022-0418}}</ref>

* [[Citation analysis]];
* Characteristics of authors;
* Use of recorded information;
* Obsolescence of the literature;
* Concomitant growth of new concepts;
* Characteristics of publication sources;
* Definition and measurement o information;
* Growth of subject literature, databases, libraries;
* Types and characteristics of retrieval performance measures;
* Statistical aspects of language, word, and phrase frequencies.

== Basic Laws ==
In the field of informetrics research, there are many outstanding contributors in the discipline with a solid knowledge of quantitative research methods. In the early 20th century, several scientists contributed empirical applications that have become the three basic laws of informetrics, [[Bradford's law]], [[Lotka's law]], and [[Zipf's law]], which promote the development of informetrics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Galyavieva |first=M. S. |date=April 2013 |title=On the formation of the concept of informetrics (Review) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.3103/S014768821302007X |journal=Scientific and Technical Information Processing |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=89–96 |doi=10.3103/S014768821302007X |s2cid=17097560 |issn=0147-6882}}</ref>

=== Bradford's Law ===
The British [[documentalist]] and [[librarian]] [[Samuel C. Bradford]] first discovered the law of concentration and scattering of literature, and in 1934, it has been described as Bradford's l''aw of scattering''. It reveals the law of concentration and scattering of [[scientific papers]] in journals in a quantitative way, which is the most basic law and an important part of bibliometrics, as well as informetrics and its research still has important irreplaceable theoretical value and practical significance. Bradford found a pattern in the distribution of disciplinary literature among journals, papers from one discipline often appear in journals of another discipline. Eventually, there is a pattern for a large number of papers in a given discipline to be concentrated in a certain number of journals, while the others are scattered in a large number of other related journals. He ranked journals by the number of papers published in a particular discipline, "in their descending order of productivity",<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wardikar |first=Vijay |date=2013-12-15 |title=Application of Bradford's Law of Scattering to the Literature of Library & Information Science: A Study of Doctoral Theses Citations Submitted to the Universities of Maharashtra, India |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1054 |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)}}</ref> then can dividing articles into three different zones, first is the nuclear zone with high productivity; "the second zone moderately productive zone; and the third as the low productive zone".<ref name=":4" /> In summary, Bradford's law described the relationship between the number of journals and papers.

=== Lotka's Law ===
Lotka's law is an [[empirical law]] describing the productivity of science, also known as the [[Inverse-square law|inverse square law]], pioneered by the American [[statistician]] [[Alfred J. Lotka]] in 1926. It reveals scientific productivity and the quantitative relationship between authors and papers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=B |first=Mini |date=2013-09-06 |title=LOKTA'S LAW REVISITED IN TOXICOLOGY LITERATURE |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1019 |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)}}</ref> Lotka's law is mainly used to predict the number of authors and papers in a specific discipline, to grasp the trend of the growth of literature, thus, facilitating scientific management of literature information.

=== Zipf's Law ===
Zipf's law is proposed by [[Linguistics|linguist]] [[George Kingsley Zipf]] in 1949, it is obtained from the statistics of natural language vocabulary.<ref name="zhao" /> It is a summary of the "literature vocabulary frequency distribution rule".<ref name="zhao" /> The frequency of different words has a certain statistical regularity. Zipf's law has significant use in the fields of [[Library information science|library information]], [[Resource management|information resources management]], [[Technology management|science and technology management]].<ref name="zhao" />

== Informetrics Education in Library and Information Science (LIS) ==
Informetrics study is usually offered to [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] students. Only a few universities offer informetrics as an independent course, such as China, Germany and Japan. Most Universities include informetrics in the department of [[library and information science]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zungu |first=Nkosingiphile |date=2020-10-11 |title=Informetrics Education in Library and Information Science (LIS) Academic Department in South Africa |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/4295 |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)}}</ref>

In fact, many challenges and the need for improvements have been shown in informetrics education across the world. Constant examination and adjustment in Informetrics education are needed as the rapid evolvement of information technologies in the field of LIS, for example, the emergence of webometrics/cybermetrics.<ref name=":2" /> On the other hand, technological development has become a challenge that affects the learning environment of informetrics education, for example, the shortage of research expertise in the informetrics field, and the insufficient skills of research specialists and data collection tools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajiferuke |first=Isola |date=2011-01-10 |title=How to overcome some of the challenges that African scholars are facing in conducting informetrics research |url=http://sajlis.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/59 |journal=South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science |volume=77 |issue=2 |doi=10.7553/77-2-59 |issn=2304-8263|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Irene |last=Wormell |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/854801244 |title=Informetrics:an emerging sub-discipline in information science |date=1998 |oclc=854801244}}</ref> Moreover, most countries have limited resources in informetrics education, as some Universities only offer the course if there is a demand among students.<ref>Sun, Y., Nishizawa, M. & Markscheffel, B. (2016). “Education in informetrics: A case study for Japan. In Proc. of the 13th Int”, Conference on Webometrics, Informetrics, and Scientometrics (WIS) and the 18th COLLNET Meeting 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318394574_Education_in_Informetrics_A_Case_Study_for_Japan.</ref>

Although many countries do not offer informetrics education, it is still important and necessary to maintain and continue further development in the field of informetrics as it is useful in [[science policy]] and management, as well as plays an essential role in the domain of research evaluation.<ref name=":2" /> Informetrics education can provide an in-depth understanding of "information user communities and the boundaries of specific fields".<ref name=":2" /> As science and technology are continuously innovating and developing, using the methods and applications of informetrics allows for "research monitoring and evaluation purpose in an objective way".<ref name=":2" /> Moreover, informetrics research is benefited almost all scientific fields,<ref name=":0" /> as it is multidisciplinary.

== Future Development ==
With the advent of digitalization and the development of technologies, [[Virtual library|virtual libraries]] and [[online journal]]s have become the main way for researchers and scholars to access [[scientific literature]] information, which has made the measurement and evaluation of web-based literature information more important. Webometrics/cybermetrics is the expansion of informetrics and bibliometrics, that has great theoretical significance and broad application prospects.{{cn|date=June 2022}} Network and information are the relationships of inheritance and development, hence, webometrics/cybermetrics as a new sub-discipline under the field of informetrics has rapidly developed to adapt to the network environment.

'''Webometrics/cybermetrics''' is a discipline in science that integrates bibliometrics, informetrics, statistical methods, and [[Computer Technology|computer technology]] to measure and analyze information and documents on the web,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thelwall |first=Michael |date=January 2009 |title=Introduction to Webometrics: Quantitative Web Research for the Social Sciences |url=http://www.morganclaypool.com/doi/abs/10.2200/S00176ED1V01Y200903ICR004 |journal=Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–116 |doi=10.2200/S00176ED1V01Y200903ICR004 |s2cid=25489497 |issn=1947-945X}}</ref> which covers "quantitative aspects of both the construction side and the usage side of the Web".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Björneborn |first1=Lennart |last2=Ingwersen |first2=Peter |date=2004 |title=Toward a basic framework for webometrics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20077 |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology |volume=55 |issue=14 |pages=1216–1227 |doi=10.1002/asi.20077 |issn=1532-2882}}</ref> The concept of webometrics was introduced in 1997 by T.C. Almind and P. Ingwersen <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Udartseva |first=O. M. |date=July 2018 |title=An Overview of Webometrics in Libraries: History and Modern Development Tendencies |url=http://link.springer.com/10.3103/S0147688218030115 |journal=Scientific and Technical Information Processing |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=174–181 |doi=10.3103/S0147688218030115 |s2cid=53207645 |issn=0147-6882}}</ref> and became a research hotspot in 1999. In 2000, scientists began to explore the disciplinary system and theoretical framework of webometrics and conducted meaningful application research. Its research areas include [[link analysis]], [[search engine]]s and web citation analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=P Chellappandi |last2=C S Vijayakumar |date=2018-12-31 |title=Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, Webometrics/ Cybermetrics, Informetrics and Altmetrics - An Emerging Field in Library and Information Science Research |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Education |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2529398 |language=en |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.2529398}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Burden of knowledge]]
* [[Content analysis]]
* [[Data mining]]
* [[Diplomatics]]
* ''[[Journal of Informetrics]]''
* [[Library collection development]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808162843/http://www.issi-society.info/ International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics website]
* [https://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/qss ''Quantitative Science Studies'' E-ISSN 2641-3337]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Information science]]

Burden of knowledge

2024-03-24T20:56:53Z

Emoritz2017: Adding/improving reference(s)

{{Essay-like|date=March 2024}}
The idea of '''Burden of Knowledge''' has been around for a long time. Explicit scholarship of this idea has entered mainstream with the works of [[Benjamin Jones (economist)]], in particular ''The Burden of Knowledge and the Death of the Renaissance Man'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Benjamin F. |title=The Burden of Knowledge and the 'Death of the Renaissance Man': Is Innovation Getting Harder? |journal=Review of Economic Studies |date=January 2009 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=283–317 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00531.x |url=http://papers.nber.org/papers/w11360.pdf }}</ref> and with the works of
[[Jan Brendel]] and [[Sascha Schweitzer ]] ''The Burden of Knowledge in Mathematics''.<ref name= "brendel2019">{{cite journal |last1=Brendel |first1=Jan |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Sascha |title=The Burden of Knowledge in Mathematics |journal=Open Economics |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.1515/openec-2019-0012 }}</ref>

Theory and empirical studies reflect the case that researchers and innovators are not born with the required expertise and must first undertake education. With accumulating information and discoveries, the time to digest and improve on extant knowledge takes longer. Similarly, frontiers of knowledge advance at an overall increasing rate and are shifting over time. The “burden of knowledge” refers to the difficulty of catching up with this evolving knowledge frontier.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

A hard metric used by Brendel and Schweitzer for mathematics burden is age at first publication. They specifically point to "a significant increase of the average age of researchers at their first publication in one of our top-ranking journals." <ref name="brendel2019">{{cite journal |last1=Brendel |first1=Jan |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Sascha |title=The Burden of Knowledge in Mathematics |journal=Open Economics |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.1515/openec-2019-0012 }}</ref>

Findings associated with Burden of Knowledge investigations point to declining productivity in sole researchers and developers and increasing productivity by teams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wuchty |first1=Stefan |last2=Jones |first2=Benjamin F. |last3=Uzzi |first3=Brian |title=The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge |journal=Science |date=18 May 2007 |volume=316 |issue=5827 |pages=1036–1039 |doi=10.1126/science.1136099 |jstor=20036287 |bibcode=2007Sci...316.1036W }}</ref> Prominent examples of highly effective team research in [[basic science]] include those of [[Nobel Prize]] awardees [[Francis Crick]] and [[James Watson]]'s work on [[DNA structure]], [[Yang Chen-Ning]] and [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]'s work on [[Parity (physics)#Parity violation|parity violation]], and [[Katalin Karikó]] and [[Drew Weissman]]'s [[mRNA vaccine]] discoveries and development [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates]])

Research also point to better outcomes in gender diverse teams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yang |last2=Tian |first2=Tanya Y. |last3=Woodruff |first3=Teresa K. |last4=Jones |first4=Benjamin F. |last5=Uzzi |first5=Brian |title=Gender-diverse teams produce more novel and higher-impact scientific ideas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=6 September 2022 |volume=119 |issue=36 |pages=e2200841119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2200841119 |doi-access=free |pmid=36037387 |pmc=9456721 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11900841Y }}</ref> Interestingly, research points to better development by large teams and more R&D novelty and disruption by small teams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Lingfei |last2=Wang |first2=Dashun |last3=Evans |first3=James A. |title=Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology |journal=Nature |date=February 2019 |volume=566 |issue=7744 |pages=378–382 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9 |pmid=30760923 |bibcode=2019Natur.566..378W }}</ref>

[[Christian Turner (Professor of Law)]] uses the term BURDEN OF KNOWLEDGE in a different way,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Christian |title=The Burden of Knowledge |journal=Georgia Law Review |date=Winter 2009 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=297–365 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/fac_artchop/722/ |ssrn=1166402 }}</ref> referring to situations where one may be better off not knowing things, for example avoiding painful and uncomfortable details of ones health.

== Burden of Knowledge Challenges in other areas ==
Challenges due to increasing complexity and data are found in other fields. There are observed productivity challenges in [[pharmaceutical]] [[drug discovery]] R&D.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pammolli |first1=Fabio |last2=Magazzini |first2=Laura |last3=Riccaboni |first3=Massimo |title=The productivity crisis in pharmaceutical R&D |journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |date=June 2011 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=428–438 |doi=10.1038/nrd3405 |pmid=21629293 }}</ref> The challenges also manifest in an overall trend of patents, papers, and discoveries being less disruptive.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Michael |last2=Leahey |first2=Erin |last3=Funk |first3=Russell J. |title=Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time |journal=Nature |date=5 January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x |pmid=36600070 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..138P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bloom |first1=Nicholas |last2=Jones |first2=Charles I. |last3=Van Reenen |first3=John |last4=Webb |first4=Michael |title=Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find? |journal=American Economic Review |date=April 2020 |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=1104–1144 |doi=10.1257/aer.20180338 |url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1496.pdf }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bibliometrics]]
[[Category:Metascience]]
[[Category:Science and technology studies]]

Burden of knowledge

2024-03-24T20:19:53Z

Emoritz2017: added Category:Science and technology studies using HotCat

{{Essay-like|date=March 2024}}
The idea of '''Burden of Knowledge''' has been around for a long time. Explicit scholarship of this idea has entered mainstream with the works of [[Benjamin Jones (economist)]], in particular ''The Burden of Knowledge and the Death of the Renaissance Man'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Benjamin F. |title=The Burden of Knowledge and the 'Death of the Renaissance Man': Is Innovation Getting Harder? |journal=Review of Economic Studies |date=January 2009 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=283–317 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00531.x |url=http://papers.nber.org/papers/w11360.pdf }}</ref> and with the works of
[[Jan Brendel]] and [[Sascha Schweitzer ]] ''The Burden of Knowledge in Mathematics''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brendel |first1=Jan |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Sascha |title=The Burden of Knowledge in Mathematics |journal=Open Economics |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.1515/openec-2019-0012 }}</ref>

Theory and empirical studies reflect the case that researchers and innovators are not born with the required expertise and must first undertake education. With accumulating information and discoveries, the time to digest and improve on extant knowledge takes longer. Similarly, frontiers of knowledge advance at an overall increasing rate and are shifting over time. The “burden of knowledge” refers to the difficulty of catching up with this evolving knowledge frontier.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

A hard metric used by Brendel and Schweitzer for mathematics burden is age at first publication. They specifically point to "a significant increase of the average age of researchers at their first publication in one of our top-ranking journals."{{cite quote|date=March 2024}}

Findings associated with Burden of Knowledge investigations point to declining productivity in sole researchers and developers and increasing productivity by teams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wuchty |first1=Stefan |last2=Jones |first2=Benjamin F. |last3=Uzzi |first3=Brian |title=The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge |journal=Science |date=18 May 2007 |volume=316 |issue=5827 |pages=1036–1039 |doi=10.1126/science.1136099 |jstor=20036287 |bibcode=2007Sci...316.1036W }}</ref> Prominent examples of highly effective team research in [[basic science]] include those of [[Nobel Prize]] awardees [[Francis Crick]] and [[James Watson]]'s work on [[DNA structure]], [[Yang Chen-Ning]] and [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]'s work on [[Parity (physics)#Parity violation|parity violation]], and [[Katalin Karikó]] and [[Drew Weissman]]'s [[mRNA vaccine]] discoveries and development.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

Research also point to better outcomes in gender diverse teams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yang |last2=Tian |first2=Tanya Y. |last3=Woodruff |first3=Teresa K. |last4=Jones |first4=Benjamin F. |last5=Uzzi |first5=Brian |title=Gender-diverse teams produce more novel and higher-impact scientific ideas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=6 September 2022 |volume=119 |issue=36 |pages=e2200841119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2200841119 |doi-access=free |pmid=36037387 |pmc=9456721 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11900841Y }}</ref> Interestingly, research points to better development by large teams and more R&D novelty and disruption by small teams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Lingfei |last2=Wang |first2=Dashun |last3=Evans |first3=James A. |title=Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology |journal=Nature |date=February 2019 |volume=566 |issue=7744 |pages=378–382 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9 |pmid=30760923 |bibcode=2019Natur.566..378W }}</ref>

[[Christian Turner (Professor of Law)]] uses the term BURDEN OF KNOWLEDGE in a different way,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Christian |title=The Burden of Knowledge |journal=Georgia Law Review |date=Winter 2009 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=297–365 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/fac_artchop/722/ |ssrn=1166402 }}</ref> referring to situations where one may be better off not knowing things, for example avoiding painful and uncomfortable details of ones health.

== Burden of Knowledge Challenges in other areas ==
Challenges due to increasing complexity and data are found in other fields. There are observed productivity challenges in [[pharmaceutical]] [[drug discovery]] R&D.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pammolli |first1=Fabio |last2=Magazzini |first2=Laura |last3=Riccaboni |first3=Massimo |title=The productivity crisis in pharmaceutical R&D |journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |date=June 2011 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=428–438 |doi=10.1038/nrd3405 |pmid=21629293 }}</ref> The challenges also manifest in an overall trend of patents, papers, and discoveries being less disruptive.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Michael |last2=Leahey |first2=Erin |last3=Funk |first3=Russell J. |title=Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time |journal=Nature |date=5 January 2023 |volume=613 |issue=7942 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x |pmid=36600070 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..138P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bloom |first1=Nicholas |last2=Jones |first2=Charles I. |last3=Van Reenen |first3=John |last4=Webb |first4=Michael |title=Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find? |journal=American Economic Review |date=April 2020 |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=1104–1144 |doi=10.1257/aer.20180338 |url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1496.pdf }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bibliometrics]]
[[Category:Metascience]]
[[Category:Science and technology studies]]