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{{Infobox file format
| name = Portable Document Format
| image =
| icon = [[File:Adobe PDF.svg|frameless|SVG logo|150px]]
| iconcaption = Adobe PDF icon
| extension = .pdf
| mime = application/pdf,<ref name="rfc3778">{{citation |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3778 |title=The application/pdf Media Type, RFC 3778, Category: Informational |year=2004}}</ref> application/x-pdf, application/x-bzpdf, application/x-gzpdf
| typecode = 'PDF '<ref name="rfc3778" /> (including a single space)
| uniform type = com.adobe.pdf
| magic = <code>%PDF</code>
| owner = [[Adobe Systems]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1993}}
| latest release version = 1.7
| latest release date = 
| genre =
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from =
| extended to = [[PDF/A]], [[PDF/E]], [[PDF/UA]], [[PDF/VT]], [[PDF/X]]
| standard = ISO 32000-1
| free = Yes
| url = {{URL|https://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive.html}}
}}
'''Portable Document Format''' ('''PDF''') is a [[file format]] used to present [[document]]s in a manner independent of [[application software]], [[Computer hardware|hardware]] and [[operating system]]s.<ref name="pdf-ref-1.7">Adobe Systems Incorporated, [https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf PDF Reference, Sixth edition, version 1.23 (30 MB)], Nov 2006, p. 33.</ref> Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics and other information needed to display it.  In 1991, [[Adobe Systems]]' co-founder [[John Warnock]] outlined a system called "Camelot"<ref>{{cite web
|title=The Camelot Project
|last=Warnock
|first= J.
|authorlink=John Warnock
|url=http://www.planetpdf.com/planetpdf/pdfs/warnock_camelot.pdf
|publisher=PlanetPDF
|format=PDF
|year=1991
|quote=This document describes the base technology and ideas behind the project named “Camelot.” This project’s goal is to solve a fundamental problem [...] there is no universal way to communicate and view ... printed information electronically.}}</ref> that evolved into PDF.

While Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993, PDF was a [[proprietary format]], controlled by Adobe, until it was officially released as an [[open standard]] on July 1, 2008, and published by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] as ISO 32000-1:2008,<ref name="iso-standard">{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51502 |title=ISO 32000-1:2008 - Document management – Portable document format – Part 1: PDF 1.7 |publisher=Iso.org |date=2008-07-01 |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Orion | first = Egan | title = PDF 1.7 is approved as ISO 32000 | work = [[The Inquirer]] | publisher = [[The Inquirer]] | date = 2007-12-05 | url = http://www.theinquirer.net/gb/inquirer/news/2007/12/05/pdf-approved-iso-32000 | accessdate = 2007-12-05 }}{{dead link|date=February 2015}}; {{cite web | url = http://dmozu.com/adobe-wins-backing-for-pdf-1-7 | title = Adobe wins backing for PDF 1.7 | publisher = vnunet.com }}</ref> at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting [[royalty-free]] rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF compliant implementations.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.adobe.com/pdf/pdfs/ISO32000-1PublicPatentLicense.pdf |title=Public Patent License, ISO 32000-1: 2008 – PDF 1.7 |author=Adobe Systems Incorporated |year=2008 |accessdate=2011-07-06}}</ref> However, there are still some proprietary technologies defined only by Adobe, such as [[XFA|Adobe XML Forms Architecture]] and JavaScript for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as normative and indispensable for the application of the ISO 32000-1 specification. These proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2013:0224:FIN:EN:PDF |title=Guide for the procurement of standards-based ICT - Elements of Good Practice, Against lock-in: building open ICT systems by making better use of standards in public procurement |quote=Example: ISO/IEC 29500, ISO/IEC 26300 and ISO 32000 for document formats reference information that is not accessible by all parties (references to proprietary technology and brand names, incomplete scope or dead web links). |publisher=European Commission |date=2013-06-25 |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref><ref name="iso-meeting-n603">{{citation |url=http://pdf.editme.com/files/pdfREF-meetings/ISO-TC171-SC2-WG8_N0603_SC2WG8_MtgRept_SLC.pdf |title=ISO/TC 171/SC 2/WG 8 N 603 - Meeting Report |quote=XFA is not to be ISO standard just yet. ... The Committee urges Adobe Systems to submit the XFA Specification, XML Forms Architecture (XFA), to ISO for standardization ... The Committee is concerned about the stability of the XFA specification ... Part 2 will reference XFA 3.1 |date=2011-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchSingleRepresentation.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069446.s001 |title=Embedding and publishing interactive, 3-dimensional, scientificfigures in Portable Document Format (PDF) files |quote=... the implementation of the U3D standard was not complete and proprietary extensions were used. |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref><ref name="rosenthol-adobe-2012" /><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.planetpdf.com/enterprise/article.asp?ContentID=Is_PDF_an_open_standard&page=1 |title=Is PDF an open standard? - Adobe Reader is the de facto Standard, not PDF |author=Duff Johnson |date=2010-06-10 |accessdate=2014-01-19}}</ref> The ISO committee is actively standardizing many of these as part of ISO 32000-2.

== History ==
PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share documents, including text formatting and inline images, among computer users of disparate platforms who may not have access to mutually-compatible [[application software]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetpdf.com/planetpdf/pdfs/warnock_camelot.pdf|title=The Camelot Project}}</ref> It was among a number of competing formats such as [[DjVu]] (still developing), [[Envoy (WordPerfect)|Envoy]], Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]]'s own [[PostScript]] format (.ps). In those early years before the rise of the [[World Wide Web]] and [[HTML]] documents, PDF was popular mainly in [[desktop publishing]] [[workflow]]s.

PDF's adoption in the early days of the format's history was slow.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.prepressure.com/pdf/basics/history |title=The history of PDF|author=Laurens Leurs|accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> [[Adobe Acrobat]], Adobe's suite for reading and creating PDF files, was not freely available; early versions of PDF had no support for external hyperlinks, reducing its usefulness on the Internet; the larger size of a PDF document compared to plain text required longer download times over the slower [[modem]]s common at the time; and rendering PDF files was slow on the less powerful machines of the day.

Adobe distributed its Acrobat Reader (now Adobe Reader) program free of charge from version 2.0 onwards,<ref>{{citation | url = http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2038 | first = Charles | last = Geschke | publisher = The Wharton School of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] | title = Driving Adobe: Co-founder Charles Geschke on Challenges, Change and Values }}</ref> and continued supporting the original PDF, which eventually became the [[de facto standard|''de facto'' standard]] for fixed-format electronic documents.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://duff-johnson.com/2014/02/17/the-8-most-popular-document-formats-on-the-web |title=The 8 most popular document formats on the web|author=Duff Johnson|accessdate=2014-03-02}}</ref>

In 2008 Adobe Systems' PDF Reference 1.7 became ISO 32000:1:2008. Thereafter, further development of PDF (including PDF 2.0) is conducted by ISO's TC 171 SC 2 WG 8 with the participation of Adobe Systems and other subject matter experts.

=== Adobe specifications ===
From 1993-2006 Adobe Systems changed the PDF specification several times to add new features. Various aspects of Adobe's Extension Levels published after 2006 have been accepted into working drafts of ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0), but developers are cautioned that Adobe's Extensions are not part of the PDF standard.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.acrobatusers.com/blogs/leonardr/history-of-pdf-openness/ | last = R | first = Leonard | publisher = Acrobat users | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071014010805/http://www.acrobatusers.com/blogs/leonardr/history-of-pdf-openness/ | archivedate = 2007-10-14 | title = History of PDF Openness}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="width: 100%"
|-
! Version !! Edition<ref name="iso-standard"/> !! Year of publication !! New features !! Acrobat Reader version support
|-
| 1.0 || First || 1993 ||<ref name="pdf-reference-10">{{citation | url = http://acroeng.adobe.com/PDFReference/PDF%20Reference%201.0.pdf|title=Portable Document Format Reference Manual| author = Adobe Systems Incorporated |date=1993-06 |accessdate=2015-06-17}}</ref> || Carousel
|-
| 1.1 || First, revised || 1996 || Passwords, encryption (MD5, RC4 40bit), device-independent color, threads and links<ref name = "pdf-reference-11">{{citation | url = http://www.pdf-tools.com/public/downloads/pdf-reference/pdfreference12.pdf |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051103044315/http://www.pdf-tools.com/public/downloads/pdf-reference/pdfreference12.pdf|archivedate=2005-11-03|format=PDF |title=Portable Document Format Reference Manual Version 1.2 | author = Adobe Systems Incorporated |date=1996-11-12 |accessdate=2015-06-17}}</ref> || 2.0
|-
| 1.2 || First, revised || 1996 || Interactive page elements (radio buttons, checkboxes &c); interactive, fill-in forms (AcroForm); Forms Data Format (FDF) for interactive form data that can be imported, exported, transmitted and received from the Web; mouse events; external movie reproduction; external or embedded sound reproduction; [[zlib]]/[[deflate]] compression of text or binary data; Unicode; advanced color features and image proxying<ref name = "pdf-reference-11" /> || 3.0
|-
| 1.3 || Second || 2000 || Digital signatures; [[ICC profile|ICC]] and DeviceN color spaces; JavaScript actions; embedded file streams of any type (e.g. used for attachments); new annotation types; new features of the Adobe PostScript Language Level 3 imaging model; masked images; alternate representations for images; smooth shading; enhanced page numbering; Web capture, a facility for capturing information from World Wide Web and converting it to PDF; representation of logical structure independently of graphical structure; additional support for CIDFonts; data structures for mapping strings and numbers to PDF objects; information for prepress production workflows support; new functions for several function object types that represent parameterized classes of functions;<ref name = "pdf-reference-13">{{citation | url = http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/pdf/PDFReference13.pdf | format = PDF | title = PDF Reference second edition – Adobe Portable Document Format Version 1.3 | author= Adobe Systems | year=2000 | accessdate= 2010-02-23}}</ref><ref name="pdf-reference-archive">{{cite web |url= https://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive.html | title= Adobe PDF Reference Archives |author= Adobe Systems | accessdate= 2010-02-23}}</ref> Acrobat Forms JavaScript Object Specification Version 4.05 || 4.0
|-
| 1.4 || Third || 2001 || [[JBIG2]]; transparency; RC4 encryption key lengths greater than 40 bits (40–128 bits); enhancements to interactive forms and Forms Data Format (FDF), XML form submissions, embedded FDF files, Unicode specification of field export values, remote collaboration and digital signatures in FDF files; accessibility to disabled users; metadata streams using [[Extensible Metadata Platform]] (XMP); tagged PDF; inclusion of printer’s marks; display and preview of production-related page boundaries; new predefined CMaps; alternate presentations; importing content from one PDF document into another; EmbeddedFiles entry in the PDF document’s name dictionary, a standard location for the embedded data.;<ref name="pdf-reference-archive" /><ref name="pdf-reference-14">{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/pdf/PDFReference.pdf |format=PDF |title= PDF Reference third edition – Adobe Portable Document Format Version 1.4 |author= Adobe Systems |year= 2001 |accessdate= 2010-02-23}}</ref> Acrobat Forms JavaScript Object Specification Version 4.05<ref>{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/acrobat/sdk/5186AcroJS.pdf |title=Technical Note # 5186 Acrobat JavaScript Object Specification Version 5.1 |year=2003}}</ref> || 5.0
|-
| 1.5 || Fourth || 2003 || [[JPEG 2000]]; enhanced support for embedding and playback of multimedia; object streams; cross reference streams; XML Forms Data Format (XFDF) for interactive form submission (replaced the XML format in PDF 1.4); support for forms, rich text elements and attributes based on Adobe’s [[XML Forms Architecture]] (XFA) 2.02 (which defines only static XFA forms); public-key security handlers using [[PKCS#7]] (introduced in PDF 1.3 but not documented in the Reference until 1.5), public-key encryption, permissions, usage rights (UR) signatures (does not require document encryption), PKCS#7 with SHA-1, RSA up to 4096-bits; security handler can use its own encryption and decryption algorithms; document sections selectively viewed or hidden by authors or readers for items such as [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] drawings, [[layers (digital image editing)|layered]] artwork, maps, and multi-language documents; Alternate Presentations – the only type is slideshow – invoked by means of JavaScript actions (Adobe Reader supports only [[SVG]] 1.0);<ref name="pdf-reference-archive" /><ref name="pdf-reference-15">{{citation |url=https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/pdf_reference_archives/PDFReference15_v6.pdf |format= PDF |title= PDF Reference fourth edition – Adobe Portable Document Format Version 1.5 | author= Adobe Systems |year= 2003 | accessdate= 2010-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://help.adobe.com/en_US/Illustrator/14.0/WS25210BC7-2345-4e30-A05C-80903A3B36EE.html | title = PDF compatibility levels | accessdate = 2010-04-01}}</ref> Acrobat JavaScript Scripting Reference, Version 6.0;<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.pdfill.com/download/Acro6JSGuide.pdf |title=Acrobat JavaScript Scripting Guide, Technical Note #5430, Version: Acrobat 6.0 |date=May 2003}}</ref> support for MS [[Windows 98]] dropped.|| 6.0
|-
| 1.6 || Fifth || 2004 || 3D artwork, e.g. support for [[Universal 3D]] file format; [[OpenType]] font embedding; support for XFA 2.2 rich text elements and attributes (XFA 2.1 and 2.2 defined for example the following features: dynamic XFA forms, W3C XML digital signatures for XFA, XFA support for Web Services, XFA 'doc-literal' SOAP operations over HTTP, the Web Service's WSDL defines SOAP binding operations, etc.); [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] encryption; PKCS#7 with SHA256, DSA up to 4096-bits; NChannel color spaces; additional support for embedded file attachments, including cross-document linking to and from embedded files; enhancements and clarifications to digital signatures related to usage rights and modification detection and prevention signatures;<ref name="pdf-reference-archive" /> Acrobat JavaScript Scripting Reference, Version 7.0<ref>{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/acrobat/sdk/AcroJS.pdf |title=Acrobat JavaScript Scripting Reference |date=2005-06-27}}</ref> || 7.0
|-
| 1.7 (ISO 32000-1:2008 <ref name="iso-standard"/><ref name="pdf-ref"/>) || Sixth (ISO first) || 2006 (ISO 2008) || Increased presentation of 3D artwork; XFA 2.4 rich text elements and attributes; multiple file attachments (portable collections); document requirements for a PDF consumer application; PKCS#7 with SHA384, SHA512 and RIPEMD160; JavaScript for Acrobat API Reference Version 8.0 (the documentation of the objects, properties and methods of the JavaScript extensions for Adobe Acrobat Professional, Acrobat Standard and Adobe Reader)<ref>{{citation |url=http://wwwimages.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/js_api_reference.pdf |title=JavaScript for Acrobat API Reference, Version 8 |date=April 2007}}</ref> || 8
|-
| 1.7 Adobe Extension Level 1<ref>{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/xfa_spec_2_6.pdf |title=XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification Version 2.6 |date=2008-01-25 |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref> || || 2008 || XFA 2.5 (Extensions Level 1) and XFA 2.6 (Extensions Level 2) (XFA 2.6 defined for example the following features: XFA Secure submit, new profile - XFA Foreground (XFAF) - each page of the XFA form overlays a PDF background, etc.)<ref name="extension-level3">{{citation |url=http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/adobe_supplement_iso32000.pdf |title=Adobe Supplement to the ISO 32000 BaseVersion: 1.7 ExtensionLevel: 3 |date=2008-06 |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref> || 8.1
|-
| 1.7 Adobe Extension Level 3 || || 2008 || 256-bit [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] encryption; incorporation of XFA Datasets into a file conforming PDF/A-2; improved attachment of [[Adobe Flash]] applications ([[SWF]]), video (including Flash video with [[H.264]]), audio, and other multimedia, two-way scripting bridge between Flash player and conforming applications, navigator SWF file may be loaded as an Adobe Flex 2 module or as an ordinary SWF; XFA 2.5 and 2.6 rich text conventions,<ref name="extension-level3" /> XFA 2.7 and 2.8<ref>{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/xfa_spec_2_8.pdf |title=XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification Version 2.8 |date=2008-10-23 |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref> (XFA 2.7 and 2.8 defined for example the following features: Authentication policy for web services, Submit via WSDL/SOAP, locale set typefaces, etc.) || 9
|-
| 1.7 Adobe Extension Level 5<ref>{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/xfa_spec_3_0.pdf |title=XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification Version 3.0 |date=2009-03-12 |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref> || || 2009 || XFA 3.0 || 9.1
|-
| 1.7 Adobe Extension Level 6<ref>{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/xfa_spec_3_1.pdf |title=XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification Version 3.1 |date=2009-11-16 |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref> || || 2009 || XFA 3.1 || 9.1
|-
| 1.7 Adobe Extension Level 8<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.pdflib.com/fileadmin/pdflib/pdf/manuals/PDFlib-8.0.2-API-reference-Windows.pdf |format= PDF |title= PDFlib API Reference 8.0.2 |quote=1.7ext8 – PDF 1.7 extension level 8 requires Acrobat X |accessdate= 2011-03-07}}</ref> || || 2011 || XFA 3.3 (e.g. Flash/SWF integration in XFA),<ref name="xfa33">{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/xfa_spec_3_3.pdf |title=XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification Version 3.3 |date=2012-01-09 |accessdate=2014-04-09}}</ref> AES-256 different password handling than in Extension Level 3, because of a weakness in the password checking algorithm.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.pdflib.com/knowledge-base/pdf-security/encryption/ |title=PDFlib - PDF Security - Encryption Algorithms and Key Length |accessdate=2012-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.pdflib.com/knowledge-base/pdf-security/recommendations/ |title=PDFlib - PDF Security - Security Recommendations |quote=AES-256 according to PDF 1.7 Adobe Extension Level 3 (Acrobat 9) should be avoided because it contains a weakness in the password checking algorithm which facilitates brute-force attacks against the password. For this reason Acrobat X no longer offers Acrobat 9 encryption for protecting new documents (only for decrypting existing documents). In summary, AES-256 according to PDF 1.7 Adobe Extension Level 8/PDF 2.0 or AES-128 according to PDF 1.6/1.7 should be used, depending on whether or not Acrobat X is available. Passwords should be longer than 6 characters and should contain non-alphabetic characters. |accessdate=2012-09-26}}</ref> Specification not published as of November 2014.<ref name="pdf-ref" /> || X (10)
|}

The ISO standard [[ISO 32000-1]]:2008 and Adobe PDF 1.7 are technically consistent.<ref name="pdf-ref" /><ref>{{citation | author = ISO 32000 U.S. Committee | title = Statement on PDF 1.7 | url = http://pdf.editme.com/statement | publisher = Editme}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://pdf.editme.com/files/PDFREF/isoformatting_070719.pdf |title=ISO Draft of the PDF 1.7 Reference - Adobe's change summary |date=2007-06-04 |accessdate=2014-01-19}}</ref> Adobe declared that it is not producing a PDF 1.8 Reference. Future versions of the PDF Specification will be produced by ISO technical committees. However, Adobe published documents specifying what proprietary extended features for PDF, beyond ISO 32000-1 (PDF 1.7), are supported in its newly released products. This makes use of the extensibility features of PDF as documented in ISO 32000-1 in Annex E.<ref name="pdf-ref" />

The specifications for PDF are backward inclusive. The PDF 1.7 specification includes all of the functionality previously documented in the Adobe PDF Specifications for versions 1.0 through 1.6. Where Adobe removed certain features of PDF from their standard, they are not contained in ISO 32000-1<ref name = "iso-standard" /> either. Some features are marked as deprecated.

PDF documents conforming to ISO 32000-1 carry the PDF version number 1.7. Documents containing Adobe extended features still carry the PDF base version number 1.7 but also contain an indication of which extension was followed during document creation.<ref name="pdf-ref">{{cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html |title=Adobe Developer Connection: PDF Reference and Adobe Extensions to the PDF Specification |publisher=Adobe Systems |accessdate=2010-12-13}}</ref>

=== ISO Standardization ===
Since 1995, Adobe participated in some of the working groups that create technical specifications for publication by ISO and cooperated within the ISO process on specialized subsets of PDF standards for specific industries and purposes (e.g. PDF/X or PDF/A).<ref name="iso32000" /> The purpose of specialized subsets of the full PDF specification is to remove those functions that are not needed or can be problematic for specific purposes and to require some usage of functions that are only optional (not mandatory) in the full PDF specification.

On January 29, 2007, Adobe announced that it would release the full Portable Document Format 1.7 specification to the [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI) and the [[Association for Information and Image Management#Enterprise Content Management Association|Enterprise Content Management Association (AIIM)]], for the purpose of publication by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).<ref name="iso32000" /> ISO will produce future versions of the PDF specification and Adobe will be only one of the ISO technical committee members.<ref name="pdf-ref" />

ISO standards for "full function PDF"<ref name="iso32000" /> are published under the formal number ISO 32000. Full function PDF specification means that it is not only a subset of Adobe PDF specification; in the case of ISO 32000-1 the full function PDF includes everything defined in Adobe's PDF 1.7 specification. However, Adobe later published extensions that are not part of the ISO standard.<ref name="pdf-ref" /> There are also proprietary functions in the PDF specification, that are only referenced as external specifications.<ref name="iso-meeting-n603" /><ref name="rosenthol-adobe-2012" />

==== Standardized subsets of PDF ====
The following specialized subsets of PDF specification has been standardized as ISO standards (or are in standardization process):<ref name="iso-standard" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=53674&published=on&development=on&withdrawn=on |title=ISO standards by Technical committee - TC 171/SC 2 - Document management applications / Application issues |accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=52214&published=on&development=on&withdrawn=on |title=ISO standards by Technical committee - TC 130 - Graphic technology |accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref name="press-iso-start">{{cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressreleases/200701/012907OpenPDFAIIM.html |title=AIIM to Facilitate ISO Standards Process for Leading Electronic Document Format |date=2007-01-29 |accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref>
* [[PDF/X]] (since 2001 - series of ISO 15929 and ISO 15930 standards) - a.k.a. "PDF for Exchange" - for the ''Graphic technology - Prepress digital data exchange'' - (working in ISO Technical committee 130), based on PDF 1.3, PDF 1.4 and later also PDF 1.6
* [[PDF/A]] (since 2005 - series of ISO 19005 standards) - a.k.a. "PDF for Archive" - ''Document management - Electronic document file format for long-term preservation'' (working in ISO Technical committee 171), based on PDF 1.4 and later also ISO 32000-1 - PDF 1.7
* [[PDF/E]] (since 2008 - ISO 24517) - a.k.a. "PDF for Engineering" - ''Document management - Engineering document format using PDF'' (working in ISO Technical committee 171), based on PDF 1.6
* [[PDF/VT]] (since 2010 - ISO 16612-2) - a.k.a. "PDF for exchange of variable data and transactional (VT) printing" - ''Graphic technology - Variable data exchange'' (working in ISO Technical committee 130), based on PDF 1.6 as restricted by PDF/X-4 and PDF/X-5<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=46428 |title=ISO 16612-2:2010 - Graphic technology -- Variable data exchange -- Part 2: Using PDF/X-4 and PDF/X-5 (PDF/VT-1 and PDF/VT-2) |accessdate=2011-02-25}}</ref>
* [[PDF/UA]] (since 2012 - ISO 14289-1) - a.k.a. "PDF for Universal Accessibility" - ''Document management applications - Electronic document file format enhancement for accessibility'' (working in ISO Technical committee 171), based on ISO 32000-1 - PDF 1.7

There is also the ''PDF/H'', a.k.a. ''PDF Healthcare'', a best practices guide (BPG), supplemented by an Implementation Guide (IG), published in 2008. PDF Healthcare is not a standard or proposed standard, but only a guide for use with existing standards and other technologies. It is supported by the standards development organizations [[ASTM]] and [[AIIM]]. PDF/H BPG is based on PDF 1.6.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiim.org/article.aspx?ID=31979 |title=PDF Healthcare Frequently Asked Questions |date=2006-09-25 |accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiim.org/Research-and-Publications/Standards/Committees/PDFH |title=PDF Healthcare (PDF/H) Committee |accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pdf.editme.com/pdfhiguidemtls |title=PDF/H Implementation Guide Materials |accessdate=2011-01-11}}</ref>

==== PDF 1.7 ====
The final revised documentation for PDF 1.7 was approved by ISO Technical Committee 171 in January 2008 and published as ISO 32000-1:2008 on July 1, 2008 and titled ''Document management – Portable document format – Part 1: PDF 1.7''.

ISO 32000-1:2008 is the first ISO standard for full function PDF. The previous ISO PDF standards (PDF/A, PDF/X, etc.) are intended for more specialized uses. ISO 32000-1 includes all of the functionality previously documented in the Adobe PDF Specifications for versions 1.0 through 1.6. Adobe removed certain features of PDF from previous versions; these features are not contained in PDF 1.7 either.<ref name="iso-standard" />

The ISO 32000-1 document was prepared by Adobe Systems Incorporated based upon ''PDF Reference, sixth edition, Adobe Portable Document Format version 1.7, November 2006''. It was reviewed, edited and adopted under a special fast-track procedure, by ''ISO Technical Committee 171 (ISO/TC 171), Document management application, Subcommittee SC 2, Application issues'', in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies.

According to the ISO PDF standard abstract:<ref>ISO 32000-1:2008, Page 1, section "1 Scope"</ref>

<blockquote>''ISO 32000-1:2008 specifies a digital form for representing electronic documents to enable users to exchange and view electronic documents independent of the environment they were created in or the environment they are viewed or printed in. It is intended for the developer of software that creates PDF files (conforming writers), software that reads existing PDF files and interprets their contents for display and interaction (conforming readers) and PDF products that read and/or write PDF files for a variety of other purposes (conforming products).''
</blockquote>

Some proprietary specifications under the control of Adobe Systems (e.g. Adobe Acrobat JavaScript or XML Forms Architecture) are in the normative references of ISO 32000-1 and are indispensable for the application of ISO 32000-1.<ref name="iso32000" />

==== PDF 2.0 ====
A new version of the PDF specification, ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0) is under development by ISO's TC 171 SC 2 WG 8 Committee. To provide more time to develop the document the original ISO project was cancelled in 2012 and a New Project item was started.<ref name="pdf2-new">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=63534 |title=ISO/CD 32000-2 - Document management -- Portable document format -- Part 2: PDF 2.0 |date=2013-07-26 |accessdate=2013-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://pdf.editme.com/PDFREF |title=ISO 32000-2 (under development)|author=Duff Johnson|accessdate=2014-03-02}}</ref>

The goals of the ISO committee developing PDF 2.0 include evolutionary enhancement and refinement of the PDF language and deprecation of features that are no longer used (e.g. Form XObject names) and standardization of Adobe proprietary specifications (e.g. Adobe JavaScript, Rich Text).<ref name="rosenthol-adobe-2012">{{cite web |url=http://cdn.parleys.com/p/5148922a0364bc17fc56c6e5/iSUM2012_00_LRO_presentation.pdf |title=PDF and Standards |author=Leonard Rosenthol, Adobe Systems |year=2012 |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Matthew-Hardy-PDF-Standard-2012-03-27.pdf |title=Seven Minutes with a PDF Standard – PDF (ISO 32000) |author=Dr. Matthew Hardy, Adobe Systems |year=2012 |accessdate=2013-10-20}}</ref>

==== ISO TC 171 SC 2 WG 8 ====
Formed in 2008 to curate the PDF Reference as an ISO Standard, Working Group 8 typically meets twice a year, with members from ten or more countries attending in each instance. Meetings of the ISO Committee for ISO 32000 are open to accredited Subject Matter Experts. Interested parties should contact their respective ISO Member Body for information about joining ISO 32000.

'''Current Project Leadership:''' Cherie Ekholm, [[Microsoft]], and Duff Johnson, Independent Consultant, Project Co-Leaders<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pdf.editme.com/PDFREF |title=ISO 32000 Committee Organization |author=AIIM |accessdate=2014-02-15}}</ref>

'''Past Project Leadership:''' 2008-2011: James King, PhD, [[Adobe Systems]]

'''ISO Secretariat:''' Betsy Fanning, [[AIIM]]

== Technical foundations ==
Anyone may create applications that can read and write PDF files without having to pay royalties to [[Adobe Systems]]; Adobe holds patents to PDF, but licenses them for [[royalty-free]] use in developing software complying with its PDF specification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/support/topic_legal_notices.html|title=Developer Resources|work=adobe.com}}</ref>

The PDF combines three technologies:
* A subset of the [[PostScript]] page description programming language, for generating the layout and graphics.
* A font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents.
* A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, with [[data compression]] where appropriate.

=== PostScript ===
[[PostScript]] is a [[page description language]] run in an [[interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle not just graphics, but standard features of [[programming language]]s such as <code>if</code> and <code>loop</code> commands. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, while graphics commands such as <code>lineto</code> remain.

Often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and [[Lexical analysis|tokenized]]; any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected; then, everything is compressed to a single file. Therefore, the entire PostScript world (fonts, layout, measurements) remains intact.

As a document format, PDF has several advantages over PostScript:
* PDF contains tokenized and interpreted results of the PostScript source code, for direct correspondence between changes to items in the PDF page description and changes to the resulting page appearance.
* PDF (from version 1.4) supports true [[transparency (graphic)|graphic transparency]]; PostScript does not.
* PostScript is an [[interpreted programming language]] with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the correct appearance of a given page, whereas each page in a PDF document is unaffected by the others. As a result, PDF viewers allow the user to quickly jump to the final pages of a long document, whereas a PostScript viewer needs to process all pages sequentially before being able to display the destination page (unless the optional PostScript [[Document Structuring Conventions]] have been carefully complied with).

== Technical overview ==

=== File structure ===
A PDF file is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. COS is also used with FDF files.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jimpravetz.com/blog/2012/12/in-defense-of-cos/|title=In Defense of COS, or Why I Love JSON and Hate XML|author=Jim Pravetz|work=jimpravetz.com}}</ref> A COS tree file consists primarily of ''objects'', of which there are eight types:<ref>Adobe Systems, PDF Reference, p. 51.</ref>
* [[Boolean data type|Boolean]] values, representing ''true'' or ''false''
* Numbers
* [[String (computer science)|Strings]]
* Names
* [[Array data type|Array]]s, ordered collections of objects
* [[Dictionary (data structure)|Dictionaries]], collections of objects indexed by Names
* [[Stream (computing)|Streams]], usually containing large amounts of data
* The [[Pointer (computer programming)|null]] object

Objects may be either ''direct'' (embedded in another object) or ''indirect''. Indirect objects are numbered with an ''object number'' and a ''generation number''. An index table called the ''xref table'' gives the byte offset of each indirect object from the start of the file.<ref>Adobe Systems, PDF Reference, pp. 39–40.</ref> This design allows for efficient [[random access]] to the objects in the file, and also allows for small changes to be made without rewriting the entire file (''incremental update''). Beginning with PDF version 1.5, indirect objects may also be located in special streams known as ''object streams''. This technique reduces the size of files that have large numbers of small indirect objects and is especially useful for ''Tagged PDF''.

There are two layouts to the PDF files: non-linear (not "optimized") and linear ("optimized"). Non-linear PDF files consume less disk space than their linear counterparts, though they are slower to access because portions of the data required to assemble pages of the document are scattered throughout the PDF file. Linear PDF files (also called "optimized" or "web optimized" PDF files) are constructed in a manner that enables them to be read in a Web browser plugin without waiting for the entire file to download, since they are written to disk in a linear (as in page order) fashion.<ref name="pdf-ref"/> PDF files may be optimized using [[Adobe Acrobat]] software or [[QPDF]].

=== Imaging model ===
The basic design of how [[graphics]] are represented in PDF is very similar to that of PostScript, except for the use of [[transparency (graphic)|transparency]], which was added in PDF 1.4.

PDF graphics use a [[device independent]] [[Cartesian coordinate system]] to describe the surface of a page. A PDF page description can use a [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] to [[scale (ratio)|scale]], [[rotate]], or [[Shear mapping|skew]] graphical elements. A key concept in PDF is that of the ''graphics state'', which is a collection of graphical parameters that may be changed, saved, and restored by a ''page description''. PDF has (as of version 1.6) 24 graphics state properties, of which some of the most important are:
* The ''current transformation matrix'' (CTM), which determines the coordinate system
* The ''[[clipping path]]''
* The ''[[color space]]''
* The ''[[alpha compositing|alpha constant]]'', which is a key component of transparency

==== Vector graphics ====
[[Vector graphics]] in PDF, as in PostScript, are constructed with ''paths''. Paths are usually composed of lines and cubic [[Bézier curve]]s, but can also be constructed from the outlines of text. Unlike PostScript, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines and curves. Paths can be stroked, filled, or used for [[clipping path|clipping]]. Strokes and fills can use any color set in the graphics state, including ''patterns''.

PDF supports several types of patterns. The simplest is the ''tiling pattern'' in which a piece of artwork is specified to be drawn repeatedly. This may be a ''colored tiling pattern'', with the colors specified in the pattern object, or an ''uncolored tiling pattern'', which defers color specification to the time the pattern is drawn. Beginning with PDF 1.3 there is also a ''shading pattern'', which draws continuously varying colors. There are seven types of shading pattern of which the simplest are the ''axial shade'' (Type 2) and ''radial shade'' (Type 3). 

==== Raster images ====
[[Raster graphics|Raster images]] in PDF (called ''Image XObjects'') are represented by dictionaries with an associated stream. The dictionary describes properties of the image, and the stream contains the image data. (Less commonly, a raster image may be embedded directly in a page description as an ''inline image''.) Images are typically ''filtered'' for compression purposes. Image filters supported in PDF include the general purpose filters
* '''ASCII85Decode''' a filter used to put the stream into 7-bit [[ASCII]]
* '''ASCIIHexDecode''' similar to ASCII85Decode but less compact
* '''FlateDecode''' a commonly used filter based on the [[deflate]] algorithm defined in RFC 1951 (deflate is also used in the [[gzip]], [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]], and [[ZIP (file format)|zip]] file formats among others); introduced in PDF 1.2; it can use one of two groups of predictor functions for more compact zlib/deflate compression: ''Predictor 2'' from the [[TIFF]] 6.0 specification and predictors (filters) from the [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] specification (RFC 2083)
* '''LZWDecode''' a filter based on [[LZW]] Compression; it can use one of two groups of predictor functions for more compact LZW compression: ''Predictor 2'' from the TIFF 6.0 specification and predictors (filters) from the PNG specification
* '''RunLengthDecode''' a simple compression method for streams with repetitive data using the [[run-length encoding]] algorithm and the image-specific filters
* '''DCTDecode''' a [[lossy]] filter based on the [[JPEG]] standard
* '''CCITTFaxDecode''' a [[lossless]] [[bi-level image|bi-level]] (black/white) filter based on the Group 3 or [[Group 4 compression|Group 4]] [[CCITT]] (ITU-T) [[fax]] compression standard defined in ITU-T [[T.4]] and T.6
* '''JBIG2Decode''' a lossy or lossless bi-level (black/white) filter based on the [[JBIG2]] standard, introduced in PDF 1.4
* '''JPXDecode''' a lossy or lossless filter based on the [[JPEG 2000]] standard, introduced in PDF 1.5

Normally all image content in a PDF is embedded in the file. But PDF allows image data to be stored in external files by the use of ''external streams'' or ''Alternate Images''. Standardized subsets of PDF, including [[PDF/A]] and [[PDF/X]], prohibit these features.

==== Text ====
Text in PDF is represented by ''text elements'' in page content streams. A text element specifies that ''characters'' should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the ''encoding'' of a selected ''font resource''.

===== Fonts =====
A font object in PDF is a description of a digital [[typeface]]. It may either describe the characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded ''font file''. The latter case is called an ''embedded font'' while the former is called an ''unembedded font''. The font files that may be embedded are based on widely used standard digital font formats: '''[[PostScript fonts|Type 1]]''' (and its compressed variant '''CFF'''), '''[[TrueType]]''', and (beginning with PDF 1.6) '''[[OpenType]]'''. Additionally PDF supports the '''Type 3''' variant in which the components of the font are described by PDF graphic operators. 

===== Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts) =====
Fourteen typefaces, known as the ''standard 14 fonts'', have a special significance in PDF documents:
* [[Times Roman|Times]] (v3) (in regular, italic, bold, and bold italic)
* [[Courier (typeface)|Courier]] (in regular, oblique, bold and bold oblique)
* [[Helvetica]] (v3) (in regular, oblique, bold and bold oblique)
* [[Symbol (typeface)|Symbol]]
* [[Zapf Dingbats]]
These fonts are sometimes called the ''base fourteen fonts''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://desktoppub.about.com/od/glossary/g/base14fonts.htm|title=Desktop Publishing: Base 14 Fonts - Definition|work=About.com Tech}}</ref> These fonts, or suitable substitute fonts with the same metrics, must always be available in all PDF readers and so need not be embedded in a PDF.<ref>[http://www.planetpdf.com/planetpdf/pdfs/pdf2k/03e/merz_fontaquarium.pdf The PDF Font Aquarium]</ref> PDF viewers must know about the metrics of these fonts. Other fonts may be substituted if they are not embedded in a PDF.

===== Encodings =====
Within text strings, characters are shown using ''character codes'' (integers) that map to glyphs in the current font using an ''encoding''. There are a number of predefined encodings, including ''WinAnsi'', ''MacRoman'', and a large number of encodings for East Asian languages, and a font can have its own built-in encoding. (Although the WinAnsi and MacRoman encodings are derived from the historical properties of the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Macintosh]] operating systems, fonts using these encodings work equally well on any platform.) PDF can specify a predefined encoding to use, the font's built-in encoding or provide a lookup table of differences to a predefined or built-in encoding (not recommended with TrueType fonts).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf |title=PDF Referencem Sixth Edition, version 1.7, table 5.11}}</ref> The encoding mechanisms in PDF were designed for Type 1 fonts, and the rules for applying them to TrueType fonts are complex.

For large fonts or fonts with non-standard glyphs, the special encodings ''Identity-H'' (for horizontal writing) and ''Identity-V'' (for vertical) are used. With such fonts it is necessary to provide a ''ToUnicode'' table if semantic information about the characters is to be preserved.

==== Transparency ====
The original imaging model of PDF was, like PostScript's, ''opaque'': each object drawn on the page completely replaced anything previously marked in the same location. In PDF 1.4 the imaging model was extended to allow transparency. When transparency is used, new objects interact with previously marked objects to produce blending effects. The addition of transparency to PDF was done by means of new extensions that were designed to be ignored in products written to the PDF 1.3 and earlier specifications. As a result, files that use a small amount of transparency might view acceptably in older viewers, but files making extensive use of transparency could be viewed incorrectly in an older viewer without warning.

The transparency extensions are based on the key concepts of ''transparency groups'', ''blending modes'', ''shape'', and ''alpha''. The model is closely aligned with the features of [[Adobe Illustrator]] version 9. The blend modes were based on those used by [[Adobe Photoshop]] at the time. When the PDF 1.4 specification was published, the formulas for calculating blend modes were kept secret by Adobe. They have since been published.<ref>[https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/pdf_reference_archives/blend_modes.pdf PDF Blend Modes Addendum]</ref>

The concept of a transparency group in PDF specification is independent of existing notions of "group" or "layer" in applications such as Adobe Illustrator. Those groupings reflect logical relationships among objects that are meaningful when editing those objects,
but they are not part of the imaging model.

=== Interactive elements ===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}
PDF files may contain interactive elements such as annotations, form fields, video and Flash animation.

'''Rich Media PDF''' is a term that is used to describe interactive content that can be embedded or linked to inside of a PDF. This content must be produced using the Flash file format. When Adobe bought Macromedia, the jewel of the company was Flash, and the Flash player was embedded inside Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader, removing the need for third-party plug-ins such as Flash, QuickTime, or Windows Media. Unfortunately, this caused a rift with Apple as QuickTime video was prohibited from PDF. Rich Media expert [[Bob Connolly (Canadian film director)#Books, eBooks and Magazine Articles|Robert Connolly]] believes this event triggered the war between Apple and Adobe over the Flash iPhone/iPad dispute. Rich Media PDF will not operate in Apple's iOS devices such as the iPad and interactivity is limited.

'''Interactive Forms''' is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format.

PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in PDF specification:<ref name="iso32000">{{citation |url=https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf |title=Document Management – Portable Document Format – Part 1: PDF 1.7, First Edition |author=Adobe Systems Incorporated |date=2008-07-01 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gnupdf.org/Forms_Data_Format |title=Gnu PDF - PDF Knowledge - Forms Data Format |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101054615/http://www.gnupdf.org/Forms_Data_Format |archivedate=2013-01-01 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://livedocs.adobe.com/coldfusion/8/htmldocs/help.html?content=formsPDF_02.html |title=About PDF forms |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forums.adobe.com/thread/301733 |title=Convert XFA Form to AcroForm? |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref>
* '''AcroForms''' (also known as '''Acrobat forms'''), introduced in the PDF 1.2 format specification and included in all later PDF specifications.
* '''[[XML Forms Architecture|Adobe XML Forms Architecture]] (XFA)''' forms, introduced in the PDF 1.5 format specification. The XFA specification is not included in the PDF specification, it is only referenced as an optional feature. Adobe XFA Forms are not compatible with AcroForms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tips/topic_tip2.html |title=Migrating from Adobe Acrobat forms to XML forms |accessdate=2010-02-22}}</ref>

==== AcroForms ====
AcroForms were introduced in the PDF 1.2 format. AcroForms permit using objects (''e.g.'' [[text box]]es, [[Radio button]]s, ''etc.'') and some code (''e.g.'' [[JavaScript]]).

Alongside the standard PDF action types, interactive forms (AcroForms) support submitting, resetting, and importing data. The "submit" action transmits the names and values of selected interactive form fields to a specified uniform resource locator (URL). Interactive form field names and values may be submitted in any of the following formats, (depending on the settings of the action’s ExportFormat, SubmitPDF, and XFDF flags):<ref name="iso32000" />
* HTML Form format (HTML 4.01 Specification since PDF 1.5; HTML 2.0 since 1.2)
* Forms Data Format (FDF)
* XML Forms Data Format (XFDF) (external XML Forms Data Format Specification, Version 2.0; supported since PDF 1.5; it replaced the "XML" form submission format defined in PDF 1.4)
* PDF (the entire document can be submitted rather than individual fields and values). (defined in PDF 1.4)

AcroForms can keep form field values in external stand-alone files containing key:value pairs. The external files may use Forms Data Format (FDF) and XML Forms Data Format (XFDF) files.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/325/325874.html |title=Using Acrobat forms and form data on the web |author=Adobe Systems Incorporated |date=2007-10-15 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref><ref name="xfdf">{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/xfdf_2.0.pdf |format=PDF |title=XML Forms Data Format Specification, version 2 |date=September 2007 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref><ref name="fdf-exchange">{{citation |url=https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/fdf_data_exchange.pdf |format=PDF |title=FDF Data Exchange Specification |date=2007-02-08 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> The usage rights (UR) signatures define rights for import form data files in FDF, XFDF and text ([[comma-separated values|CSV]]/[[delimiter-separated values|TSV]]) formats, and export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats.<ref name="iso32000" />

===== Forms Data Format (FDF) =====
{{Infobox file format
| name = Forms Data Format (FDF)
| icon =
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| extension = .fdf
| mime = application/vnd.fdf<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/ |title=IANA Application Media Types - vnd.fdf |accessdate=2010-02-22}}</ref>
| type code = 'FDF'
| uniform type =
| magic =
| owner = [[Adobe Systems]]
| released = {{Start date|1996}} (PDF 1.2)
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| genre =
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from = PDF
| extended to = XFDF
| standard = ISO 32000-1:2008
| free = Yes
| url =
}}

The Forms Data Format (FDF) is based on PDF, it uses the same syntax and has essentially the same file structure, but is much simpler than PDF, since the body of an FDF document consists of only one required object. Forms Data Format is defined in the PDF specification (since PDF 1.2). The Forms Data Format can be used when submitting form data to a server, receiving the response, and incorporating into the interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. Beginning in PDF 1.3, FDF can be used to define a container for annotations that are separate from the PDF document they apply to. FDF typically encapsulates information such as [[X.509|X.509 certificates]], requests for certificates, directory settings, timestamp server settings, and embedded PDF files for network transmission.<ref name="fdf-exchange" /> The FDF uses the MIME content type application/vnd.fdf, filename extension .fdf and on Mac OS it uses file type 'FDF'.<ref name="iso32000" /> Support for importing and exporting FDF stand-alone files is not widely implemented in free or freeware PDF software. For example, there is no import/export support in Evince, Okular, Poppler, KPDF or Sumatra PDF, however, Evince, Okular and Popller support filling in of PDF Acroforms and saving filled data inside the PDF file. Import support for stand-alone FDF files is implemented in Adobe Reader; export and import support (including saving of FDF data in PDF) is for example implemented in Foxit Reader and PDF-XChange Viewer Free; saving of FDF data in a PDF file is also supported in pdftk.

===== XML Forms Data Format (XFDF) =====
{{Infobox file format
| name = XML Forms Data Format (XFDF)
| icon =
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| extension = .xfdf
| mime = application/vnd.adobe.xfdf<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/vnd.adobe.xfdf |title=IANA Application Media Types - Vendor Tree - vnd.adobe.xfdf |accessdate=2010-02-22}}</ref>
| type code = 'XFDF'
| uniform type =
| magic =
| owner = [[Adobe Systems]]
| released = {{Start date|2003|07|df=yes}} (referenced in PDF 1.5)
| latest release version = 3.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2009|08|df=yes}}
| genre =
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from = PDF, FDF, [[XML]]
| extended to =
| standard = No (under standardization as ISO/CD 19444-1<ref name="iso-xfdf">{{citation |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=240&ics3=30&csnumber=64911 |title=ISO/CD 19444-1 - Document management - XML forms data format - Part 1: XFDF 3.0 |accessdate=2014-11-26}}</ref>)
| free =
| url = [https://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/XFDF_Spec_3.0.pdf XFDF 3.0 specification]
}}

XML Forms Data Format (XFDF) is the XML version of Forms Data Format, but the XFDF implements only a subset of FDF containing forms and annotations. There are not XFDF equivalents for some entries in the FDF dictionary - such as the Status, Encoding, JavaScript, Pages keys, EmbeddedFDFs, Differences and Target. In addition, XFDF does not allow the spawning, or addition, of new pages based on the given data; as can be done when using an FDF file. The XFDF specification is referenced (but not included) in PDF 1.5 specification (and in later versions). It is described separately in ''XML Forms Data Format Specification''.<ref name="xfdf" /> The PDF 1.4 specification allowed form submissions in XML format, but this was replaced by submissions in XFDF format in the PDF 1.5 specification. XFDF conforms to the XML standard. As of November 2014, XFDF 3.0 is in the ISO/IEC standardization process under the formal name ''ISO/CD 19444-1 - Document management - XML forms data format - Part 1: XFDF 3.0''.<ref name="iso-xfdf"/>

XFDF can be used the same way as FDF; e.g., form data is submitted to a server, modifications are made, then sent back and the new form data is imported in an interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. A support for importing and exporting XFDF stand-alone files is not widely implemented in free or freeware PDF software. Import of XFDF is implemented in Adobe Reader 5 and later versions; import and export is implemented in PDF-XChange Viewer Free; embedding of XFDF data in PDF form is implemented in pdftk (pdf toolkit).

==== Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) ====
{{Main|XFA|l1=XML Forms Architecture}}
In the PDF 1.5 format, [[Adobe Systems]] introduced a new, proprietary format for forms, namely Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) forms. The XFA 2.02 is referenced in the PDF 1.5 specification (and also in later versions) but is described separately in ''Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification'', which has several versions.<ref name="xfa-adobe">{{cite web |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/xml/index_arch.html |title=Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) |author=Adobe Systems Incorporated |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref> XFA specification is not included in ISO 32000-1 PDF 1.7 and is only referenced as an external proprietary specification created by Adobe. XFA was not standardized as an ISO standard. In 2011 the ISO Committee (TC 171/SC 2/WG 8) urged Adobe Systems to submit the XFA Specification for standardization.<ref name="iso-meeting-n603" />

Adobe XFA Forms are not compatible with AcroForms. Adobe Reader contains "disabled features" for use of XFA Forms, that activate only when opening a PDF document that was created using enabling technology available only from Adobe.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.adobe.com/products/eulas/pdfs/Reader_Player_AIR_WWEULA-Combined-20080204_1313.pdf |format=PDF |title=Adobe Reader - Software license agreement |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/go/readerextensions |title=LiveCycle Reader Extensions ES features and benefits |accessdate=2010-02-19}}{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref> The XFA Forms are not compatible with Adobe Reader prior to version 6.

XFA forms can be created and used as PDF files or as XDP ([[XML Data Package]]) files. The format of an XFA resource in PDF is described by the XML Data Package Specification.<ref name="iso32000" /> The XDP may be a standalone document or it may in turn be carried inside a PDF document. XDP provides a mechanism for packaging form components within a surrounding XML container. An XDP can also package a PDF file, along with XML form and template data.<ref name="xfa-adobe" /> PDF may contain XFA (in XDP format), but also XFA may contain PDF.<ref name="xfa-adobe" /> When the XFA (XML Forms Architecture) grammars used for an XFA form are moved from one application to another, they must be packaged as an XML Data Package.<ref name="xfa25">{{citation |url=http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xml/xfa_spec_2_5.pdf |format=PDF |title=XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification Version 2.5 |date=2007-06-08 |accessdate=2010-02-19}}</ref>

When the PDF and XFA are combined, the result is a form in which each page of the XFA form overlays a PDF background. This architecture is
sometimes referred to as XFAF (XFA Foreground). The alternative is to express all of the form, including boilerplate, directly in XFA (without using PDF, or only using "Shell PDF" which is a container for XFA with minimal skeleton of PDF markup, or using a pre-rendered depiction of a static XFA form as PDF pages). It is sometimes called ''full'' XFA.<ref name="xfa25" />

Starting with PDF 1.5, the text contents of variable text form fields, as well as markup annotations may include formatting information (style information). These rich text strings are XML documents that conform to the rich text conventions specified for the XML Forms Architecture specification 2.02, which is itself a subset of the XHTML 1.0 specification, augmented with a restricted set of CSS2 style attributes.<ref name="iso32000" />
In PDF 1.6, PDF supports the rich text elements and attributes specified in the XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification, 2.2.
In PDF 1.7, PDF supports the rich text elements and attributes specified in the XML Forms Architecture (XFA) Specification, 2.4.<ref name="iso32000" />

Most PDF processors do not handle XFA content. When generating a shell PDF it is recommended to include in the PDF markup a simple one-page PDF image displaying a warning message (e.g. "To view the full contents of this document, you need a later version of the PDF viewer.", etc.). PDF processors that can render XFA content should either not display the supplied warning page image or replace it quickly with the dynamic form content.<ref name="xfa33" /> Examples of PDF software with some support of XFA rendering include Adobe Reader for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X (but not Adobe Reader Mobile for Android or iOS) or Nuance PDF Reader.

=== Logical structure and accessibility ===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}
A "tagged" PDF (ISO 32000-1:2008 14.8) includes document structure and semantics information to enable reliable text extraction and accessibility. Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes.<ref>[http://www.planetpdf.com/enterprise/article.asp?ContentID=6067 What is Tagged PDF?]</ref>

Tagged PDF is not required in situations where a PDF file is intended only for print. Since the feature is optional, and since the rules for Tagged PDF as specified in ISO 32000-1 are relatively vague, support for tagged PDF amongst consuming devices, including assistive technology (AT), is uneven.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/Stem/articles?1002|title=Is PDF accessible?|work=washington.edu}}</ref>

An [[AIIM]] project to develop an ISO-standardized subset of PDF specifically targeted at accessibility began in 2004, eventually becoming [[PDF/UA]].

=== Security and signatures ===
{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}
A PDF file may be encrypted for security, or digitally signed for authentication.

The standard security provided by Acrobat PDF consists of two different methods and two different passwords, ''user password'', which encrypts the file and prevents opening, and ''owner password'', which specifies operations that should be restricted even when the document is decrypted, which can include: printing, copying text and graphics out of the document, modifying the document, or adding or modifying text notes and [[Acroforms|AcroForm]] fields. The user password (controls opening) encrypts the file and requires [[password cracking]] to defeat, with difficulty depending on password strength and encryption method – it is potentially very secure (assuming good password and encryption method without known attacks). The owner password (controls operations) does not encrypt the file, and instead relies on client software to respect these restrictions, and is not secure. An "owner password" can be removed by many commonly available "PDF cracking" software, including some free online services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freemypdf.com/|title=FreeMyPDF.com - Removes passwords from viewable PDFs|work=freemypdf.com}}</ref> Thus, the use restrictions that a document author places on a PDF document are not secure, and cannot be assured once the file is distributed; this warning is displayed when applying such restrictions using Adobe Acrobat software to create or edit PDF files.

Even without removing the password, most freeware or open source PDF readers ignore the permission "protections" and allow the user to print or make copy of excerpts of the text as if the document were not limited by password protection.

Some solutions, like Adobe's LiveCycle Rights Management, are more robust means of information rights management, which can not only restrict who can open documents but also reliably enforce permissions in ways that the standard security handler does not.

==== Usage rights ====
Beginning with PDF 1.5, Usage rights (UR) signatures are used to enable additional interactive features that are not available by default in a particular PDF viewer application. The signature is used to validate that the permissions have been granted by a bona fide granting authority. For example, it can be used to allow a user:<ref name="iso32000" />
* to save the PDF document along with modified form and/or annotation data
* import form data files in FDF, XFDF and text (CSV/TSV) formats
* export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats
* submit form data
* instantiate new pages from named page templates
* apply a [[Digital data|digital]] [[signature]] to existing [[digital signature]] form field
* create, delete, modify, copy, import, export annotations

For example, Adobe Systems grants permissions to enable additional features in Adobe Reader, using public-key [[cryptography]]. Adobe Reader verifies that the signature uses a [[Public key certificate|certificate]] from an Adobe-[[authorize]]d certificate authority. The PDF 1.5 specification declares that other PDF viewer applications are free to use this same mechanism for their own purposes.<ref name="iso32000" />

=== File attachments ===
{{Expand section|date=August 2008}}

PDF files can have document-level and page-level file attachments, which the reader can access and open or save to their local filesystem. PDF attachments can be added to existing PDF files for example using [[pdftk]]. Adobe Reader provides support for attachments, and [[poppler (software)|poppler]] based readers like [[Evince]] or [[Okular]] also have some support for document-level attachments.

=== Metadata ===
PDF files can contain two types of metadata.<ref>[https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf Adobe PDF reference version 1.7], section 10.2</ref> The first is the Document Information Dictionary, a set of key/value fields such as author, title, subject, creation and update dates. This is stored in the optional Info trailer of the file. A small set of fields is defined, and can be extended with additional text values if required.

Later, in PDF 1.4, support was added for the Metadata Streams, using the [[Extensible Metadata Platform]] (XMP) to add XML standards-based extensible metadata as used in other file formats. This allows metadata to be attached to any stream in the document, such as information about embedded illustrations, as well as the whole document (attaching to the document catalog), using an extensible schema.

== Future ==

=== ISO 32000-2: Next-generation PDF ===
Known in PDF syntax terms as "PDF-2.0", ISO 32000-2 will be the first update to the PDF specification developed entirely within the ISO Committee process (TC 171 SC 2 WG 8). Publication of ISO 32000-2 is expected in the first half of 2016. Interested parties resident in TC 171 Member or Observer countries and wishing to participate should contact their country's Member Body or the secretary of TC 171 SC 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/other_bodies/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=53674|title=ISO - Technical committees - ISO/TC 171/SC 2 - Application issues|work=iso.org}}</ref> Members of the PDF Association may review and comment on drafts via the PDF Association's Category A liaison with ISO TC 171 SC 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdfa.org/pdf-association/|title=PDF Association|work=pdfa.org}}</ref>

=== Mars ===
{{See also|Page description markup language}}

Adobe was exploring an XML-based next-generation PDF [[code name|code-named]] Mars.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://klangblick.de/adobe-plunges-pdf-xml|title=Adobe plunges PDF into XML|publisher=Government Computer News|date=2006-12-07|accessdate=2008-01-12|first=Joab|last=Jackson}}{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref>

The format of graphic elements of Mars was sometimes described simply as ''[[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]]'',<ref>{{cite web | |title=Mars|author=Adobe Systems|accessdate=2014-03-17}}</ref> but according to the version 0.8 draft specification of November 2007 (§3 Mars SVG Support) the format was actually merely similar to SVG: it contained both additions to and subtractions from SVG, so it was in general neither viewable by nor creatable with standard SVG tools: some things looked noticeably different between SVG viewers and Mars viewers.

Adobe Systems ceased development of Mars in 2008.<ref>[http://labs.adobe.com/technologies/mars/]{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref>

== Technical issues ==

=== Scanned documents ===
PDF files created by [[Image scanner|scanning]] hard-copy documents containing primarily text do not have the same structure as a PDF file of the same document created directly. The scanned document internally contains a picture of the document, with no information about the text. As far as a user can see it is just another PDF file, with a name and extension indistinguishable from any other; a good scan may look exactly the same as a native PDF file, although a visually poor-quality file, often with skewed pages, gives away its nature. However, the file size will be different, and it will not be possible to search for text. For a scan of adequate quality it is possible with suitable software to regenerate the text of the document with [[Optical character recognition]] (OCR), and embed it in the file so as to make it searchable, subject to the accuracy of the OCR.

=== Accessibility ===
PDF files can be created specifically to be accessible for disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webaim.org/techniques/acrobat/ |title=PDF Accessibility |publisher=WebAIM |accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alistapart.com/articles/pdf_accessibility |title=Facts and Opinions About PDF Accessibility |author=Joe Clark |date=2005-08-22 |accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wac.osu.edu/pdf/ |title=Accessibility and PDF documents |publisher=Web Accessibility Center |accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/futuremedia/accessibility/accessible_pdf.shtml |title=PDF Accessibility Standards v1.2 |accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.csus.edu/training/handouts/workshops/creating_accessible_pdfs.pdf |format=PDF |title=PDF Accessibility |publisher=California State University |accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref> PDF file formats in use {{As of|2014|lc=on}} can include tags ([[XML]]), text equivalents, captions, audio descriptions, etc. Tagged PDF is required in the [[PDF/A]]-1a specification.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aiim.org/documents/standards/PDF-A/19005-1_FAQ.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – ISO 19005-1:2005 – PDF/A-1, Date: July 10, 2006 |format=PDF |date=2006-07-10 |accessdate=2011-07-06}}</ref><ref name="pdfa1-tech">{{cite web |url=http://www.pdfa.org/doku.php?id=artikel:en:pdfa_a_look_at_the_technical-side |title=PDF/A – A Look at the Technical Side |accessdate=2011-07-06}}</ref> Some software can automatically produce tagged PDFs, but this feature is not always enabled by default.<ref>{{citation |url=http://help.libreoffice.org/Common/Export_as_PDF#PDF.2FA-1a |title=LibreOffice Help - Export as PDF |accessdate=2012-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.oooninja.com/2008/01/generating-pdfa-for-long-term-archiving.html |title=Exporting PDF/A for long-term archiving |date=2008-01-11}}</ref> Leading [[screen reader]]s, including [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]], [[Window-Eyes]], Hal, and [[Kurzweil Educational Systems|Kurzweil 1000 and 3000]] can read tagged PDFs aloud, as can later versions of the Acrobat and Acrobat Reader programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://help.adobe.com/en_US/Reader/8.0/help.html?content=WS58a04a822e3e50102bd615109794195ff-7d15.html |title=Adobe Reader 8 - Read a PDF with Read Out Loud |accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/10/tip-of-the-week-adobe-readers-read-aloud-feature/ |title=Tip of the Week: Adobe Reader’s ‘Read Aloud’ Feature |accessdate=2010-04-24 | work=The New York Times | date=2009-04-10 |first=J.D. |last=Biersdorfer}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.adobe.com/accessibility/pdfs/accessing-pdf-sr.pdf |format=PDF |title=Accessing PDF documents with assistive technology: A screen reader user's guide |publisher=Adobe |accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref> Moreover, tagged PDFs can be re-flowed and magnified for readers with visual impairments. Problems remain with adding tags to older PDFs and those that are generated from scanned documents. In these cases, accessibility tags and re-flowing are unavailable, and must be created either manually or with OCR techniques. These processes are inaccessible to some disabled people.

One of the significant challenges with PDF accessibility is that PDF documents have three distinct views, which, depending on the document's creation, can be inconsistent with each other. The three views are (i) the physical view, (ii) the tags view, and (iii) the content view. The physical view is displayed and printed (what most people consider a PDF document). The tags view is what screen readers and other assistive technologies use to deliver a high-quality navigation and reading experience to users with disabilities. The content view is based on the physical order of objects within the PDF's content stream and may be displayed by software that does not fully support the tags view, such as the Reflow feature in Adobe's Reader.

[[PDF/UA]], the International Standard for accessible PDF based on ISO 32000-1 was published as ISO 14289-1 in 2012, and establishes normative language for accessible PDF technology.

=== Viruses and exploits ===
{{see also2|[[Adobe Acrobat#Security|Adobe Acrobat Security]]}}
PDF attachments carrying viruses were first discovered in 2001. The virus, named ''OUTLOOK.PDFWorm'' or ''Peachy'', uses [[Microsoft Outlook]] to send itself as an attachment to an Adobe PDF file. It was activated with Adobe Acrobat, but not with Acrobat Reader.<ref>Adobe Forums, [http://www.adobeforums.com/webx/.ef39082 Announcement: PDF Attachment Virus "Peachy"]{{dead link|date=February 2015}}, 15 August 2001.</ref>

From time to time, new vulnerabilities are discovered<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adobe.com/support/security/#readerwin |title=Security bulletins and advisories |publisher=Adobe |date= |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref> in various versions of Adobe Reader, prompting the company to issue security fixes. Other PDF readers are also susceptible. One aggravating factor is that a PDF reader can be configured to start automatically if a web page has an embedded PDF file, providing a vector for attack. If a malicious web page contains an infected PDF file that takes advantage of a vulnerability in the PDF reader, the system may be compromised even if the browser is secure. Some of these vulnerabilities are a result of the PDF standard allowing PDF documents to be scripted with JavaScript. Disabling JavaScript execution in the PDF reader can help mitigate such future exploits, although it does not protect against exploits in other parts of the PDF viewing software. Security experts say that JavaScript is not essential for a PDF reader, and that the security benefit that comes from disabling JavaScript outweighs any compatibility issues caused.<ref>[http://www.grc.com/sn/sn-187.txt Steve Gibson - SecurityNow Podcast]</ref> One way of avoiding PDF file exploits is to have a local or web service convert files to another format before viewing.<ref>[http://div-arena.com/pdf-cleaner PDFCleaner - PDF Exploit Sanitizer]{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref>

On March 30, 2010 security researcher Didier Stevens reported an Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader exploit that runs a malicious executable if the user allows it to launch when asked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.pcmag.com/securitywatch/2010/03/malicious_pdfs_execute_code_wi.php|title=Malicious PDFs Execute Code Without a Vulnerability|work=PCMAG}}</ref>

=== Usage restrictions and monitoring ===

PDFs may be [[encrypted]] so that a password is needed to view or edit the contents. The PDF Reference defines both 40-bit and 128-bit encryption, both making use of a complex system of [[RC4]] and [[MD5]]. The PDF Reference also defines ways that third parties can define their own encryption systems for PDF.

PDF files may also contain embedded [[digital rights management|DRM]] restrictions that provide further controls that limit copying, editing or printing. The restrictions on copying, editing, or printing depend on the reader software to obey them, so the security they provide is limited.

The PDF Reference has technical details for an end-user overview.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://createpdf.adobe.com/cgi-feeder.pl/help_security?BP=&LOC=en_US |title=Create Adobe PDF Online - Security Settings Help |publisher=Createpdf.adobe.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref> Like HTML files, PDF files may submit information to a web server. This could be used to track the [[IP address]] of the client PC, a process known as [[phoning home]]. After update 7.0.5 to Acrobat Reader, the user is notified "... via a dialogue box that the author of the file is auditing usage of the file, and be offered the option of continuing."<ref>[http://kb.adobe.com/selfservice/viewContent.do?externalId=332208&sliceId=2 New features and issues addressed in the Acrobat 7.0.5 Update (Acrobat and Adobe Reader for Windows and Mac OS)]{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref>

Through its [[Adobe LiveCycle|LiveCycle Policy Server]] product, Adobe provides a method to set security policies on specific documents. This can include requiring a user to authenticate and limiting the period during which a document can be accessed or amount of time a document can be opened while offline. Once a PDF document is tied to a policy server and a specific policy, that policy can be changed or revoked by the owner. This controls documents that are otherwise "in the wild." Each document open and close event can also be tracked by the policy server. Policy servers can be set up privately or Adobe offers a public service through Adobe Online Services. As with other forms of DRM, adherence to these policies and restrictions may or may not be enforced by the reader software being used.

=== Default display settings ===
PDF documents can contain display settings, including the page display layout and zoom level. Adobe Reader uses these settings to override the user's default settings when opening the document.<ref>{{cite web | title=Getting Familiar with Adobe Reader > Understanding Preferences | url=http://www.adobepress.com/articles/article.asp?p=412914 | accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> The free Adobe Reader cannot remove these settings.

== Content ==
A PDF file is often a combination of [[vector graphics]], text, and [[bitmap graphics]]. The basic types of content in a PDF are:
* text stored as content streams (i.e., not text)
* vector graphics for illustrations and designs that consist of shapes and lines
* raster graphics for photographs and other types of image

In later PDF revisions, a PDF document can also support links (inside document or web page), forms, JavaScript (initially available as plugin for Acrobat 3.0), or any other types of embedded contents that can be handled using plug-ins.

PDF 1.6 supports interactive 3D documents embedded in the PDF - 3D drawings can be embedded using [[U3D]] or [[PRC (file format)|PRC]] and various other data formats.<ref name="3d#1">{{cite web|url=https://www.adobe.com/manufacturing/resources/3dformats/ |title=3D supported formats |publisher=Adobe |date=2009-07-14 |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref><ref name="3d#2">{{cite web|url=https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat3d/ |title=Acrobat 3D Developer Center |publisher=Adobe |date= |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref>

Two PDF files that look similar on a computer screen may be of very different sizes. For example, a high resolution raster image takes more space than a low resolution one. Typically higher resolution is needed for printing documents than for displaying them on screen. Other things that may increase the size of a file is embedding full fonts, especially for Asiatic scripts, and storing text as graphics.

== Software ==
{{Details|List of PDF software}}
PDF viewers are generally provided free of charge, and many versions are available from a variety of sources.

There are many software options for creating PDFs, including the PDF printing capabilities built into [[Mac OS X]] and most [[Linux]] distributions, [[LibreOffice]], [[Microsoft Office 2007]] (if updated to [[Office 2007#Service Pack 2|SP2]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/953195|title=Description of 2007 Microsoft Office Suite Service Pack 2 (SP2) |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |accessdate=2009-05-09}}</ref> [[WordPerfect]] 9, [[Scribus]], numerous PDF print drivers for [[Microsoft Windows]], the [[pdfTeX]] typesetting system, the [[DocBook]] PDF tools, applications developed around [[Ghostscript]] and [[Adobe Acrobat]] itself as well as [[Adobe InDesign]], [[Adobe FrameMaker]], [[Adobe Illustrator]], [[Adobe Photoshop]]. [[Google]]'s online office suite [[Google Docs]] also allows for uploading, and saving to PDF.

[[Raster image processor]]s (RIPs) are used to convert PDF files into a [[raster graphics|raster format]] suitable for imaging onto paper and other media in printers, digital production presses and [[prepress]] in a process known as [[rasterisation]]. RIPs capable of processing PDF directly include the Adobe PDF Print Engine<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adobe.com/products/pdfprintengine/overview.html|title=Adobe PDF Print Engine|work=adobe.com}}</ref> from [[Adobe Systems]] and Jaws<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalgraphics.com/products/jaws_rip/|title=Jaws® 3.0 PDF and PostScript RIP SDK|work=globalgraphics.com}}</ref> and the [[Harlequin RIP]] from [[Global Graphics]].

=== Editing ===
{{Expand section|date=July 2010|reason=[[hybrid PDF]], a variant of [[LibreOffice]] isn't mentioned}}
There is specialized software for editing PDF files, though the choices are much more limited and often more expensive than creating and editing standard editable document formats. Version 0.46 and later of [[Inkscape]] allows PDF editing through an intermediate translation step involving [[Poppler (software)|Poppler]].

[[Serif PagePlus]] can open, edit and save existing PDF documents, as well as publishing of documents created in the package.

[[Enfocus]] PitStop Pro, a plugin for Acrobat, allows manual and automatic editing of PDF files,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enfocus.com/product.php?id=855|title=Preflight and edit PDF files in Acrobat|work=enfocus.com}}</ref> while the free Enfocus Browser makes it possible to edit the low-level structure of a PDF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enfocus.com/product.php?id=4530|title=Enfocus product overview - online store|work=enfocus.com}}</ref>

=== Annotation ===
{{See also|Comparison of notetaking software}}
[[Adobe Acrobat]] is one example of proprietary software that allows the user to annotate, highlight, and add notes to already created PDF files. One UNIX application available as [[free software]] (under the [[GNU General Public License]]) is [[PDFedit]]. Another GPL-licensed application native to the unix environment is [[Xournal]]. Xournal allows for annotating in different fonts and colours, as well as a rule for quickly underlining and highlighting lines of text or paragraphs. Xournal also has a shape recognition tool for squares, rectangles and circles. In Xournal annotations may be moved, copied and pasted. The [[freeware]] [[Foxit Reader]], available for [[Microsoft Windows]], allows annotating documents. Tracker Software's [[PDF-XChange Viewer]] allows annotations and markups without restrictions in its freeware alternative. [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[Mac OS X]]'s integrated PDF viewer, Preview, does also enable annotations as does the freeware [[Skim (software)|Skim]], with the latter supporting interaction with [[LaTeX]], SyncTeX, and PDFSync and integration with [[BibDesk]] reference management software. Freeware [[Qiqqa]] can create an annotation report that summarizes all the annotations and notes one has made across their library of PDFs.

For mobile annotation, [[iAnnotate PDF]] (from Branchfire) and [[GoodReader]] (from Aji) allow annotation of PDFs as well as exporting summaries of the annotations.

There are also [[web annotation]] systems that support annotation in pdf and other documents formats, e.g., [[A.nnotate]], [[crocodoc]], [[WebNotes]].

In cases where PDFs are expected to have all of the functionality of paper documents, ink annotation is required. Some programs that accept ink input from the mouse may not be responsive enough for handwriting input on a tablet. Existing solutions on the PC include [[PDF Annotator]] and [[Qiqqa]].

=== Other ===
Examples of PDF software as online services including [[Scribd]] for viewing and storing, [[Pdfvue]] for online editing, and [[Zamzar]] for PDF Conversion.

In 1993 the Jaws raster image processor from [[Global Graphics]] became the first shipping prepress RIP that interpreted PDF natively without conversion to another format. The company released an upgrade to their Harlequin RIP with the same capability in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalgraphics.com/products/harlequin-multi-rip |title=Harlequin MultiRIP|accessdate=2014-03-02}}</ref>

[[Agfa-Gevaert]] introduced and shipped Apogee, the first prepress workflow system based on PDF, in 1997.

Many commercial offset printers have accepted the submission of press-ready PDF files as a print source, specifically the PDF/X-1a subset and variations of the same.<ref>[http://www.prepressx.com/ Press-Ready PDF Files] "For anyone interested in having their graphic project commercially printed directly from digital files or PDFs." (last checked on 2009-02-10).</ref> The submission of press-ready PDF files are a replacement for the problematic need for receiving collected native working files.

PDF was selected as the "native" [[metafile]] format for Mac OS X, replacing the [[PICT]] format of the earlier [[Mac OS]]. The imaging model of the [[Quartz (graphics layer)|Quartz]] graphics layer is based on the model common to [[Display PostScript]] and PDF, leading to the nickname ''Display PDF''. The Preview application can display PDF files, as can version 2.0 and later of the [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] web browser. System-level support for PDF allows Mac OS X applications to create PDF documents automatically, provided they support the OS-standard printing architecture. The files are then exported in PDF 1.3 format according to the file header. When taking a screenshot under Mac OS X versions 10.0 through 10.3, the image was also captured as a PDF; later versions save screen captures as a [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] file, though this behaviour can be set back to PDF if desired.

Some desktop printers also support direct PDF printing, which can interpret PDF data without external help. Currently, all PDF capable printers also support PostScript, but most PostScript printers do not support direct PDF printing.

The [[Free Software Foundation]] once considered one of their [[High priority free software projects|high priority projects]] to be "developing a free, high-quality and fully functional set of libraries and programs that implement the PDF file format and associated technologies to the ISO 32000 standard."<ref>On 2014-04-02, a note dated 2009-02-10 referred to [http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority.html Current FSF High Priority Free Software Projects] as a source. Content of the latter page, however, changes over time.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gnupdf.org/Goals_and_Motivations |title=Goals and Motivations |authors=GNUpdf contributors| publisher=''GNUpdf'' |date=2007-11-28 |website=gnupdf.org |accessdate=2014-04-02 }}</ref> In 2011, however, the [[GNU PDF]] project was removed from the list of "high priority projects" due to the maturation of the [[Poppler (software)|Poppler library]],<ref>{{cite web|title=GNU PDF project leaves FSF High Priority Projects list; mission complete! |url=http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/gnu-pdf-project-leaves-high-priority-projects-list-mission-complete|date=2011-10-06|first=Matt|last=Lee|publisher=Free Software Foundation|website=fsf.org|accessdate=2014-04-02}}</ref> which has enjoyed wider use in applications such as [[Evince]] with the [[GNOME]] desktop environment. Poppler is based on [[Xpdf]]<ref>[http://poppler.freedesktop.org/ Poppler homepage] "Poppler is a PDF rendering library based on the xpdf-3.0 code base." (last checked on 2009-02-10)</ref><ref>[http://cgit.freedesktop.org/poppler/poppler/tree/README-XPDF Xpdf license] "Xpdf is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2 or 3." (last checked on 2012-09-23).</ref> code base. There are also commercial development libraries available as listed in [[List of PDF software]].

The [[Apache PDFBox]] project of the [[Apache Software Foundation]] is an open source Java library for working with PDF documents. PDFBox is licensed under the [[Apache License]].<ref>[http://moyism.com/the-apache-pdfbox-project/ The Apache PDFBox project]. Retrieved 2009-09-19.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Software}}{{columns-list|2|
* [[Open XML Paper Specification]]
* [[Comparison of OpenXPS and PDF]]
* [[DjVu]]
* [[List of ISO standards]]
* [[List of PDF software]]
* [[PAdES]], PDF Advanced Electronic Signature
* [[Web document]]
* [[XSL Formatting Objects]]
* [[De facto standard]]
* [[Dominant design]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite doi|10.1145/585058.585077}}
*Standards
** PDF 1.6 (ISBN 0-321-30474-8)
** PDF 1.4 (ISBN 0-201-75839-3)
** PDF 1.3 (ISBN 0-201-61588-6)

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|PDF}}
* [http://www.quora.com/PDF-file-format/How-was-the-PDF-format-created How was the PDF format created? Quora]
* [http://www.pdfa.org/ PDF Association] - The PDF Association is the industry association for software developers producing or processing PDF files.
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tips/topic_tip31.html Adobe PDF 101: Summary of PDF]
* [https://www.adobe.com/print/features/psvspdf/ Adobe: PostScript vs. PDF] – Official introductory comparison of PS, EPS vs. PDF.
* {{Wayback |date=20110424013530 |url=http://www.aiim.org/Resources/Archive/Magazine/2007-Jul-Aug/33448 |title=''PDF Standards....transitioning the PDF specification from a de facto standard to a de jure standard''}} – Information about PDF/E and PDF/UA specification for accessible documents file format (archived by [[Wayback Machine|The Wayback Machine]])
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38920 ISO 19005-1:2005] the PDF/A-1 ISO standard published by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (chargeable)
* [https://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html PDF Reference and Adobe Extensions to the PDF Specification]
* [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/PDFIntro/ Portable Document Format: An Introduction for Programmers] – Introduction to PDF vs. PostScript and PDF internals (up to v1.3)
* [http://www.planetpdf.com/enterprise/article.asp?ContentID=6519 The Camelot Paper] – the paper in which John Warnock outlined the project that created PDF
* [http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-pdf-but-were-afraid-to-ask/ Everything you wanted to know about PDF but were afraid to ask] - recording of talk by Leonard Rosenthol (Adobe Systems) at TUG 2007
* [http://www.data2type.de/en/xml-xslt-xslfo/xsl-fo/ How to produce PDF with XSL-FO]

{{Graphics file formats}}
{{Office document file formats}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Ebooks}} 

[[Category:1993 introductions]]
[[Category:Adobe Systems]]
[[Category:Graphics file formats]]
[[Category:Electronic documents]]
[[Category:Open formats]]
[[Category:Page description languages]]
[[Category:Vector graphics]]
[[Category:Office document file formats]]
[[Category:Digital press]]
[[Category:ISO standards]]

Men's Health

2015-05-26T07:22:34Z

EnCo: /* Global editions */

{{Infobox magazine
|title = Men's Health
|image_file =Cover of Men'sHealth magazine.jpg
|image_size = 210px
|image_caption = Cover of August 2012
|editor = Bill Phillips (2012-present)<ref>[http://www.adweek.com/news/press/david-zinczenko-leaves-rodale-145298 David Zinczenko Leaves Rodale]</ref>
|editor_title = Editor-In-Chief
|previous_editor =[[David Zinczenko]] (2000–2012)<ref name="writenews.com"/> [[Greg Gutfeld]] (1999–2000)<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Mike Lafavore (1988–1999)<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Mark Bricklin (1987–1988)
|staff_writer =
|frequency = Monthly
|total_circulation = 1,918,387<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp |title= eCirc for Consumer Magazines |date= February 11, 2013 |publisher= [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (North America)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]]|accessdate=February 11, 2013}}</ref>
|circulation_year = 2012
|category = [[Physical fitness|Fitness]] [[Nutrition]] [[Human sexuality|Sexuality]] [[Fashion]]
|company =
|publisher = [[Rodale Press]]
|firstdate = 1987
|country = United States
|based = [[Emmaus, Pennsylvania]]
|language = English
|website = [http://www.menshealth.com MensHealth.com]
|issn = 1054-4836
}}
'''''Men's Health''''' (''MH''), published by [[Rodale Press|Rodale Inc.]] in [[Emmaus, Pennsylvania]], United States, is the world's largest men's [[magazine]] brand,<ref name="businesswire.com">[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100402005211/en/Men%E2%80%99s-Health-Magazine-Launches-Apple-iPad#.U-j9lKONDK8/ Men’s Health Magazine Launches on the Apple iPad ]</ref> with 40 editions in 47 countries.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.rodaleinc.com/brand/mens-health |title=Men's Health |publisher=Rodale Inc |date= |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref> It is also the best-selling men's magazine on U.S. newsstands.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/fashion/03davez.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Erika | last=Kinetz | title=Who's the Man? Dave | date=3 September 2006}}</ref> Although originally started as a [[men's health]] magazine, it currently covers various men's [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] topics such as [[physical fitness|fitness]], [[nutrition]], [[fashion]], and [[human sexuality|sexuality]]. The magazine's website, MensHealth.com, averages 38 million page views a month.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==History==
Launched by Mark Bricklin in 1987 as a health-oriented service magazine, ''Men's Health'' has evolved into a lifestyle magazine for men, covering areas such as health, fitness, nutrition, relationships, travel, technology, fashion and finance. Bricklin, along with Rodale editors Larry Stains and Stefan Bechtel, initially produced three newsstand test issues. The results led Rodale to launch ''Men's Health'' as a quarterly magazine in 1988 and begin to sell subscriptions. Bricklin, who was editor-in-chief of ''Prevention'' magazine, appointed Mike Lafavore as editor of ''Men's Health'' that year. In his subsequent 12 years as editor-in-chief, Lafavore grew the circulation from 100,000 to more than 1.5 million, took the publishing frequency to 10 times a year, and expanded the magazine's brand to a number of countries, including the UK, France, Germany, Australia, South Africa, Mexico and Russia. He created the editorial formula still in use today, brought aboard [[Steven Slon]], a veteran of the service journalism category, imported [[Greg Gutfeld]] from Rodale's ''Prevention'' title and worked with longtime staff editor [[Denis Boyles]], a former ''Playboy'' contributing editor, to develop the magazine's influential and distinctive "regular guy" voice. Lafavore left ''Men's Health'' in 2000, the same year Capell's Circulation Report named the magazine "Circulation Performer of the Decade." He appointed Greg Gutfeld as his successor. After a year, Gutfeld was replaced by David Zinczenko.

{{As of|2013}} ''Men's Health'' publishes 40 foreign editions across 47 countries, up from 20 editions in 2001.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/health/diagnosis-men-s-magazines-how-much-substance-behind-the-covers.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 | work=The New York Times | first=Alex | last=Kuczynski | title=DIAGNOSIS; Men's Magazines: How Much Substance Behind the Covers? | date=24 June 2001}}</ref> The magazine does not run ads for tobacco or liquor companies;<ref name="nytimes.com"/> they also do not run ads for supplements and herbal remedies.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/24/health/diagnosis-men-s-magazines-how-much-substance-behind-the-covers.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 | work=The New York Times | title=DIAGNOSIS; Men's Magazines: How Much Substance Behind the Covers? | date=24 June 2001}}</ref>

[[David Zinczenko]] became the editor-in-chief of ''Men's Health'' in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.writenews.com/2000/072800_zinczenko_menshealth.htm |title=David Zinczenko Named Editor-in-Chief of Men's Health Magazine |publisher=Writenews.com |date=2000-07-28 |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref> Ronan Gardiner is the publisher.<ref name="rodaleinc.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rodaleinc.com/brand/mens-health |title=Men's Health |publisher=Rodale Inc |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> During this period, the magazine's circulation grew 30 percent, and ad pages grew 80 percent, from 700 pages to 1150. In 2000, the brand had 21 international editions.<ref name="writenews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.writenews.com/2000/072800_zinczenko_menshealth.htm |title=David Zinczenko Named Editor-in-Chief of Men's Health Magazine |publisher=Writenews.com |date=2000-07-28 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In 2001 the title was consistently selling 400,000 copies at newsstands and overall circulation was 1.6 million.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/18/business/cover-story-oh-how-far-a-magazine-will-go-to-stimulate-newsstand-sales.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Alex | last=Kuczynski | title=Cover Story; Oh, How Far A Magazine Will Go To Stimulate Newsstand Sales | date=18 June 2001}}</ref> In 2001, the magazine started the annual list of cities with the healthiest men based on twenty "live-long parameters, including death rates (both homicide and disease); illness rates (high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, etc.); body-mass index; fitness training; even environmental factors like number of parks, golf courses, etc."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/10/22/earlyshow/health/main526560.shtml | work=CBS News | title=Where The Buffest Boys Are | date=22 October 2002}}</ref> In 2003, the circulation was 1.7 million.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60F14FB38540C758EDDAA0894DB404482 | work=The New York Times | first=David | last=Carr | title=THE MEDIA BUSINESS; GQ Magazine Names Editor To Succeed Art Cooper | date=26 March 2003}}</ref> In 2006, the circulation was close to 1.8 million.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> As of June 2011, the circulation was 1.89 million.

''Men's Health'' magazine has been criticized for its focus on physical health, which can increase men's anxieties about their bodies,<ref>{{cite news|title=Weight Of The World|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/03/12/48hours/main278296.shtml|accessdate=March 25, 2011|newspaper=CBS News|date=May 24, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Men feel body image pressure too, study finds|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H3EyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iq0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2523,1350248&dq=men's-health+magazine+zinczenko&hl=en|accessdate=March 25, 2011|newspaper=The Island Packet|date=October 7, 2006}}</ref> making them more prone to [[eating disorders]] and [[muscle dysmorphia|compulsive over-exercising]].<ref>Baker, Peter (2000) quoted in ''The Independent'', December 5, 2000. "[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/who-needs-topless-soap-stars-when-you-have-a-great-body-627205.html Who needs topless soap stars when you have a great body?]"</ref> Says ''[[The New York Times]]'', "Since its debut in the late 1980's, the magazine has surpassed traditional men's books like Esquire and GQ by following the formula of best-selling women's magazines — by catering to men's anxieties about their bodies and sexual performance."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> ''Columbia Journalism Review'' stated the magazine "deals overwhelmingly with self-care and, in fact, exaggerates the possibilities for autonomous personal transformation." Then Editor-In-Chief Zinczenko argued that the magazine works towards "overcoming the resistance of the 86-percent male audience to health as a subject" and redefining health as "inclusive of everything that could improve a man's life. Great sex. Great food. Endorphin-boosting exercise. Looking and feeling your best. We turned health into a concept every guy would want to embrace, starting with the healthy guy on the cover."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6998073/How-healthy-is-men-s.html |title=How healthy is men's health? A shovelful of sugar helps the medicine go down. | Goliath Business News |publisher=Goliath.ecnext.com |date=2007-09-01 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref>

The magazine has also been criticized for reusing cover taglines. In response, Zinczenko explained that the majority of magazine sales—80 percent—are subscription and those covers vary from the newsstand version. Said Zinczenko, "Twenty years of ''Men's Health'' has certainly produced several lines that have proven themselves effective at newsstand, which makes up about 20 percent of our print run. We plan to keep using the most effective marketing tools to reach the largest market we possibly can."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaite.com/print/mens-health-repeated-covers-clarification/ |title=Further Clarification From Men’s Health: More On Repeated Cover Lines |publisher=Mediaite |date=2009-12-11 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In July 2010, the magazine was criticized for including tiny credit lines on the cover rather than inside as a possible quid-pro-quo for advertisers. Zinczenko explained the lines were a service to readers, saving them the need to dig for the information, and that Men's Health had been including the lines across the board for over a year, regardless of advertiser status. A spokesperson for American Society of Magazine Editors confirmed that no rules were broken and the director for print strategy at a media planning and buying firm said the mention was "too small of a plug to get brands excited."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/a-cover-credit-for-clothing/ | work=The New York Times | first=Joseph | last=Plambeck | title=A Cover Credit for Clothing | date=5 July 2010}}</ref>

In 2004, the magazine began putting celebrities and athletes on the cover, and with their shirts on—a big departure from the cover look of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.menshealth.com/mhguys/2010.html |title=2010 Men's Health Cover Models |publisher=MensHealth.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In 2004, Rodale filed suit against ''Men's Fitness'' for its redesign which makes it "a copycat version--one that is obviously intended to confuse consumers."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medialifemagazine.com/news2004/mar04/mar22/1_mon/news2monday.html |title=Monday |publisher=Medialifemagazine.com |date=2004-03-22 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In May 2006, the magazine published a limited edition color cover of [[Josh Holloway]]. In the first half of 2006, newsstand sales for Men's Health rose from 492,000 to 544,000 during a price increase from $3.95 to $4.50.<ref>{{cite web|author=Today10:15 a.m. March 25, 2011 |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/what-magazines-need-to-do-to-survive?siteid=mktw |title=What magazines need to do to survive Jon Friedman's Media Web |publisher=MarketWatch |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In 2006, the magazine and the Rodale's other properties made extensive efforts to increase online content including adding video to each section, enlisting every major section editor to blog, and adding an online ad sales director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediapost.com/publications/index.cfm?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=52395 |title=MediaPost Publications Rodale To Mesh Print, Online Ad Sales 12/12/2006 |publisher=Mediapost.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref>

In fall 2007, ''Men's Health'' launched the [[FitSchools]] initiative to combat childhood obesity. The magazine sends health, fitness, and nutrition experts to selected schools each year to remake the physical education programs and school lunch offerings. Gettys Middle School, in Easley, South Carolina, was the first FitSchool. In spring 2008, the magazine launched The FitSchools Foundation, a nonprofit organization with the mission to help end childhood obesity and get America's kids interested in healthy, active living.

The January/February "2008 The Year of You" edition became the all-time single-copy sales issue in the magazine's history with 750,650 copies.<ref>Media Industries Newsletter, May 12, 2008.</ref> Also in 2008, the magazine partnered with Google to make back issues available.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ada |first=Louisa |url=http://www.medialifemagazine.com/artman2/publish/Hereandthere/Tribune_Co_We_stood_up_to_governor.asp |title=Tribune Co.: We stood up to governor |publisher=Media Life Magazine |date=2008-12-10 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In July 2008, "Men's Health" became the first to "create the first fully interactive advertising magazine in America," where users snap a picture of an ad and an immediate promotional bounce-back will be sent to their phone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2008/04/22/3402122.htm |title=Men's Health to Publish First Fully Interactive Advertising Magazine |publisher=Tmcnet.com |date=2008-04-22 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> For its 20th Anniversary issue in November 2008, ''Men's Health'' featured an interview and photo shoot with future President-elect Barack Obama. In 2010, Obama was again featured in reference to the health-care debates of the time and his proposed health plans.<ref name="NYTA">{{Cite news|last= CLIFFORD|first=STEPHANIE|title=Rodale and the Obamas Make a Case for Health (and Health Care)|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/03/business/media/03adco.html?_r=1&hpw|accessdate=26 September 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|date=09-02-2009}}</ref> In 2011, another politician, Congressman [[Aaron Schock]] of Illinois, graced the cover baring his chest to promote fitness. The cover was released on May 9 on the Today Show with Matt Lauer where Congressman Schock encouraged people to form healthy eating and fitness habits, and join the ''Men's Health'' "[http://www.menshealth.com/fit-for-summer-challenge/ Fit for Life Summer Challenge]" to shed pounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/42955164#42955164 |title=NBCNews.com Video Player |publisher=MSNBC |date= |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref> Within minutes, the Congressman's 6-pack abs caught the attention of multiple publications and went viral.

In 2009, ''Men's Health'' published the ''Belly Off! Diet'' book, based on the popular weight-loss testimonial column in the magazine. The popular column, "Eat This, Not That!" (ETNT), also became a book series in 2007 and later developed different versions (children, supermarket, restaurant, diet book) and free iPhone applications.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ford |first=Meridith |url=http://www.ajc.com/living/content/shared-blogs/ajc/tabletalk/entries/2008/08/04/what_restaurant_1.html |title=Lifestyle |publisher=ajc.com |date=2008-08-04 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref><ref>http://www.buffalonews.com/life/health-parenting/article27874.ece, http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/22214193</ref> EatThis.MensHealth.com was the most highly trafficked section of MensHealth.com in 2009 with 1 million unique visitors and 15 million page views a month.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-f8J-ywVI6wJ:67.192.45.82/ASSETS/93A2240CD2AD43D8BB514B942605A471/29-menshealth1834.doc+%22MensHealth.com%22+%22million+page+views+a+month%22&cd=34&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us ]{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref> In September 2009, the column "Ask Jimmy the Bartender" was turned into an iPhone and iPad application.

In 2010, ''Men's Health'' became one of the first consumer magazines to enter the iPad market.<ref>Men's Health Magazine Launches on the Apple iPad « iPad News Tracker http://www.ipadnewstracker.com/2010/04/men's-health-magazine-launches-on-the-apple-ipad/</ref> The magazine's first application, "Men's Health Workouts," has maintained a position at or near the "Top 10" in the Health & Fitness category since its debut.

In 2011, David Zinczenko was replaced by Bill Phillips.

==Spin-offs==
In 2000 ''[[MH-18 (magazine)]]'', a youth-oriented version of ''Men's Health'' covering teen lifestyle, was spun off but ceased publication in November 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.getbig.com/magazine/mh18/mh18-0011.htm |title=MH-18 Magazine |publisher=Getbig.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref>

In 2004 under Zinczenko's direction, ''Men's Health'' spun off ''[[Best Life]].''<ref>{{cite web|author=Today10:15 a.m. March 25, 2011 |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/rodale-stop-publishing-best-life-in |title=Rodale to stop publishing Best Life MarketWatch First Take |publisher=MarketWatch |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> May 2009 was ''Best Life'''s last issue.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robin Shallow |url=http://www.rodaleinc.com/newsroom/rodale-ceases-publication-embest-lifeem |title=Rodale Ceases Publication of Best Life |publisher=Rodale Inc |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> ''Best Life'' was published 10 times a year and had a circulation of more than 500,000. Stephen Perrine, the former editorial creative director at ''Men's Health'', was the editor-in-chief. David Zinczenko was editorial director. In March 2008, ''Best Life'' finished #2 on Adweek's prestigious "10 under 50" Hot List, which recognizes magazines with fewer than $50 million in ad revenue.

In 2005, ''Men's Health'' spun off ''[[Women's Health (magazine)|Women's Health]]''.<ref>[http://www.sao.org/articles/womens-health-magazine-names-michele-promaulayko-editor-in-chief ]{{date=March 2011}}</ref> The test-issue team was headed by Bill Stump, a former ''Men's Health'' editor who was then the head of Rodale Inc.'s New Product Development department. Within a year the circulation was at 750,000.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/07/19/james-brady-on-media-cx_jb_0720dave.html | work=Forbes | title=Living The Good Life | date=2006-07-20}}</ref> ''Women's Health'' magazine is now published 10 times a year. In January 2009, Michele Promaulayko was named editor-in-chief of ''Women's Health.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rodaleinc.com/brand/womens-health |title=Women's Health |publisher=Rodale Inc |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In March 2008, ''Women's Health'' finished #1 on Adweek's "10 under 50" Hot List. The magazine was named #2 on Advertising Age's 2008 A List.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adage.com/images/random/0908/S2-AList-100608.pdf |title=The A List |publisher=Advertising Age |date= |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref> ''Women's Health'' has a circulation of 1.1 million.

In 2007, ''Men's Health'' spun off ''[[Men's Health Living]]'', a newsstand special which was named one of the 30 most notable launches of 2007 by [[Samir Husni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrmagazine.com/30_MostNotable_2008/MensHealthLiving.html |title=News & Views |publisher=MrMagazine.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> Samir Husni stated that ''Men's Health Living'' is a "new genre of men's magazines that cater to non-woman related issues in a man's life - that has gone unfulfilled for years: interior design and home that meets the needs of the affluent man."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrmagazine.com/7of07.html |title=News & Views |publisher=MrMagazine.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> The test issue of ''Men's Health Living'' was edited by Bill Phillips, executive editor of ''Men's Health''. The first issue sold around 200,000 copies at $4.99 each out of 375,000 sent to newsstands.<ref name="ReferenceA">Living 2.0 by Keith J Kelly, New York Post, Wednesday, 30 July 2008</ref> In January 2009, a second ''Men's Health Living'' issue was at newsstands, 450,000 copies at $5.99 each.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 2007, they also spun off ''Men's Health on Campus'' as a test with a goal for quarterly publication thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.org/research/finance_and_operations/finance_operations_trends_and_magazine_handbook/20922.aspx |title=Magazine Publishers of America - The Definitive Resource for the Magazine Industry |publisher=Magazine.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref>

In 2009, ''Men's Health'' spun off ''Children's Health'', a special issue that was part of a Rodale publishing idea to work with President and First Lady Obama to show support for the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]. The magazine published how-to stories about fitness and nutrition for children.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/03/business/media/03adco.html?hpw | work=The New York Times | first=Stephanie | last=Clifford | title=Rodale and the Obamas Make a Case for Health (and Health Care) | date=3 September 2009}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In March 1994, Advertising Age magazine named Mike Lafavore its "Editor of the Year." [March 6, 1994]. Four years later he won the International Herald Tribune Award for "International Editor of the Year" for his work on ''Men's Health'''s foreign editions. The magazine was also nominated for several National Magazine Awards, including "General Excellence" under his editorship. Since 2000, ''Men's Health'' has been nominated for 15 National Magazine Awards or "Ellies," which are administrated by [[Columbia University]]'s Graduate School of Journalism and presented by the [[American Society of Magazine Editors]] (ASME).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/searchable_database/index.aspx |title=American Society of Magazine Editors - National Magazine Awards Searchable Database |publisher=Magazine.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref>

''Men's Health'' won in the category of Personal Service in 2004, the first win for the magazine,<ref name="nytimes.com"/> and for parent company Rodale. In 2010, ''Men's Health'' took home the "General Excellence" award.<ref>{{cite web|author=Agnes Hansdorfer |url=http://www.rodaleinc.com/newsroom/imens-healthi-wins-national-magazine-award-general-excellence |title=Men's Health Wins National Magazine Award for "General Excellence" |publisher=Rodale Inc |date= |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref> Menshealth.com's ''Eat This, Not That!'' portion of their Web site took home the 2010 Digital Ellies award, also sponsored by the ASME, for best "Interactive Tool," an award honoring the outstanding use of interactive tools that enable users to create or share content, participate in communities, improve the quality of their lives or enjoy recreational activities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alvarez |first=Alex |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/awards/asme_nominations_national_geographic_new_york_atlantic_sports_illustrated_top_noms_for_digital_ellies_153765.asp |title=ASME Nominations: National Geographic, New York, Atlantic, Sports Illustrated Top Noms For Digital Ellies - FishbowlNY |publisher=Mediabistro.com |date=2010-03-03 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> In 2010, Minonline.com deemed menshealth.com's personal trainer channel, the "Best Premium Site," an award recognizing subscription sites oriented around service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minonline.com/best_of_web/2010-Best-of-the-Web-Premium-Site_14059.html |title=2010 Best of the Web: Premium Site |publisher=MinOnline |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> And in 2011, Men's Health won an Ellie in the category of "Personal Service" for an article, "I Want My Prostate Back" by Larry Stains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magazine.org/asme/about_asme/asme_press_releases/nma-2011-winners-release.aspx |title=Home | ASME |publisher=Magazine.org |date=2013-05-14 |accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref>

==Global editions==
[[File:Men's Health June 2014 from four countries.png|thumb|right|300px|June 2014 issues of Australian, German, UK and USA editions showing the use of shared content, in this case a cover image from the same photo set of [[Hugh Jackman]].]]
Although ''Men's Health'' was founded in the U.S., its international editions have made it the world's largest men's [[magazine]] brand.<ref name="ipadnewstracker.com">[http://div-arena.com/magazines-lounches-on-the-apple-ipad/ ]</ref> The magazine's worldwide monthly circulation including all editions has reached 1.85 million and over 20 million readers worldwide.<ref name="rodaleinc.com"/> ''Men's Health'' is currently published in 39 editions.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=I8gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Men's Health - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref>

International editions account for over 80% of the magazine's trade volume. In each market, local editors commission or purchase articles for their own market and share content with US and other editions. The selected articles are then translated and edited by local staffers to make them match the "well-educated informal" style of the American edition. Usually, these editions started out as translations of the US version of the magazine, but over time many non-US editions became unique, providing material more pertinent to local readers.

{{div col}}
* Australia: see [[Men's Health (Australian magazine)]]
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* China
* Croatia
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* India
* Indonesia
* Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Singapore
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom: see [[Men's Health (British magazine)|''Men's Health'' (British magazine)]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of men's magazines]]
* [[MH-18 (magazine)|''MH-18'' magazine]]
* [[Nat Mags]] (UK publisher)

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.magsdirect.com/menshealth-magazine.html Detailed article on ''Men's Health'' magazine at magsdirect.com].
*[http://maglab.org.uk/mens-health-in-context/ Academic article comparing ''Men's Health'' with women's magazines at maglab.org.uk].

{{Men's Health magazine}}
{{Rodale}}
{{50 largest US magazines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Men's Health (Magazine)}}
[[Category:Men's Health (magazine)| ]]
[[Category:American lifestyle magazines]]
[[Category:American men's magazines]]
[[Category:American monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Fitness magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1987]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Men's fashion magazines]]
[[Category:Men's websites]]
[[Category:Rodale, Inc.]]

Docudesk

2015-05-26T07:03:24Z

EnCo: /* References */

{{Infobox company
| name = Docudesk Corporation
| logo=[[Image:DocudeskLogo.png|300px|Docudesk Logo]]
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = [[Houston, Texas]] (2001)
| location_city = Plano, Texas
| location_country = United States
|industry = [[Computer software]] [[Publishing]] [[Research and development]]
| products = deskFONT deskPDF deskUNPDF PDF Essentials
| homepage = http://www.docudesk.com
}}

'''Docudesk''' offers commercial PDF software for creating and converting [[PDF|portable document format (PDF)]] files. deskPDF is used for creating PDFs from Windows applications. The professional version includes PDF merging, Office integration, & 40-bit or 128-bit encryption.<ref name="pcmag">{{Cite news

| last = Mendelson
| first = Edward
| author-link = Edward Mendelson
| title = deskPDF Professional Review
| newspaper = PC Magazine
| date = 2007-08-23
| url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2174175,00.asp}}</ref> deskUNPDF converts PDFs to output formats including [[Microsoft Word]] (.doc), [[Microsoft Excel]] (.xls), and [[HTML]].<ref name="computerworld">{{Cite news
| last = Hall
| first = Mark
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = On the Mark: Put the Internet in a box
| newspaper = Computer World
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-08
| url = http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=304416}}
</ref> deskPDF provides support for the OSI 1.6 [[Portable Document Format]] standard.

== Company ==
Docudesk is a software company founded in 2001 with headquarters in [[Plano, Texas]]. The commercial Docudesk product line currently includes utilities for creating PDFs and converting PDFs. Docudesk is leveraging its experience in PDFs with DocQ.com an online "business center" to provide secure PDF storage, sharing, publishing, digital signatures, and annotations. The goal of DocQ is to provide a single venue for securely managing important documents, such as contracts and forms, and give unprecedented control over how they are shared with clients as well as collaborators.

== Products ==
[[Image:ConversionScreen deskPDF.png|thumb|200px|left|deskPDF Conversion Screenshot]]

===deskPDF Standard===

deskPDF Standard is a PDF creation utility which uses [[PostScript]] technology and allows for creation of PDFs from any file that can be printed, and can be used by virtually any [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] program. deskPDF provides support for the OSI 1.6 [[Portable Document Format]] standard.<ref name="columbiatribune">{{Cite news
| last = May
| first = Scott A.
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Options abound for PDF work
| newspaper = Columba Daily Tribune
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-21
| url = http://columbiatribune.com/2007/Aug/20070821Busi009.asp}}

</ref>

[[Image:Screenshot deskPDF.jpg|thumb|200px|right|deskPDF Screenshot]]

===deskPDF Professional===

deskPDF Professional features Microsoft Office integration including hyperlink, table of contents, and bookmark conversion. 128 bit security includes settings for controlling the printing and modification of the PDF, as well as password protection capabilities.<ref name="PC World">{{Cite news
| last = Luhn
| first = Robert
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = 78 Ways to Make Software Do More
| newspaper = PC World
| pages =
| year = 2006
| date = 2008-07-25
| url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/126472/78_ways_to_make_software_do_more.html}}
</ref> The professional version also allows for merging PDFs, and placing stamps or a letterhead at the time of conversion.<ref name="pocketPCMag">{{Cite news
| last = Katayama
| first = Bob
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Create Professional PDF Files Quickly and Inexpensively
| newspaper = Smartphone & PocketPC Magazine
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-28
| url = http://www.pocketpcmag.com/cms/blogs/15/create_professional_pdf_files_quickly_an}}

</ref>

===deskUNPDF Standard===

deskUNPDF Standard allows for conversion of a PDF into an editable format such as .doc or .rtf. The converted document can be modified by any [[word processor]] such as [[Microsoft Word|Word]] or [[OpenOffice.org Writer|Open Office Writer.]]<ref name="Tech News World">{{Cite news
| last = Germain
| first = Jack
| title = New PDF Converter Has Office-Caliber Muscle
| newspaper = Tech News World
| date = 2008-03-13
| url = http://www.technewsworld.com/story/62099.html}}
</ref>

===deskUNPDF Professional===

In addition to PDF to Word capabilities, deskUNPDF Professional features PDF conversion to: .xls (Excel), .odt ([[Open Document]]), [[HTML]], and image formats (.bmp, .jpg, .tif & .png). Other formats include .xhtml, [[Scalable Vector Graphics|.svg]], [[XML|.xml]], [[Comma-separated values|.csv]], .txt, and .lrf,etc. ([[Sony Reader]] Format).<ref name="Blast">{{Cite news
| last = Preble
| first = Mike
| title = deskUNPDF Professional Review
| newspaper = Blast Magazine
| date = 2007-07-27
| url = http://blastmagazine.com/2007/12/deskunpdf-professional/}}

</ref>

[[Image:Screenshot deskUNPDF.png|thumb|200px|left|deskUNPDF Screenshot]]

===deskUNPDF for Mac===

deskUNPDF for Mac was released in January, 2008 and includes the same current feature set of deskUNPDF Professional for Windows. System requirements include either [[Mac OS X v10.5|OS X 10.5]] (Leopard) or [[Mac OS X v10.4|OS X 10.4]] (Tiger) operating systems. deskUNPDF for Mac version 3 was released in spring of 2009 and updated to support (Snow Leopard) or [[Mac OS X v10.6|OS X 10.6]]
<ref name = "Macnn">{{Cite news
| last = Curran
| first = Rick
| author-link =
| last2 = Hoffman
| first2 = Ilene
| author2-link =
| title = deskUNPDF for Mac 2.0
| date = 2008-05-14
| url = http://www.macnn.com/reviews/deskunpdf-for-mac-2.0.html
| accessdate = 2008-07-14}}
</ref>

===PDF Essentials Plus===

PDF Essentials combines the PDF creation of deskPDF Professional with the conversion cabilities of deskUNPDF Standard. PDF Essentials Plus includes the additional output formats available in deskUNPDF Professional. With PDF Essentials Plus, any file which can be printed can be converted to any of the formats available in deskUNPDF, such as extracting tabular data from a website into an Excel spreadsheet, converting a Word document into an [[eBook|e-book]] format (.lrf), or saving a [[PowerPoint]] presentation as HTML.<ref name="machinedesign">{{Cite news
| last = Gordon
| first = Leslie
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Converting PDFs to Almost Any Format
| date = 2/4/2008
| url = http://machinedesign.com/ContentItem/72081/SoftwareReviewConvertingPDFstoAlmostAnyFormat.aspx
| accessdate = 2008-07-14}}

</ref>

== Enterprise and Terminal Services ==

Enterprise deployments, installation customization and license management are facilitated by the [[Windows Installer|.MSI]] installers and Admin & Deployment Kit (ADK) including the deskPDF Configuration Tool (dCT).

[[Terminal Services]] and [[Citrix]] editions of deskPDF Standard, deskPDF Professional, deskUNPDF Standard, deskUNPDF Professional, PDF Essentials, & PDF Essentials Plus are available.<ref name = "SessionComputing">{{Citation
| last = Rouse
| first = Patrick C.
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Docudesk deskPDF Professional TS Review
| date = 2006-12-13
| url = http://www.sessioncomputing.com/review_deskPDF.htm
| accessdate = 2008-07-14}}
</ref> The Terminal Services versions are fully supported for [[Windows Server 2003]] and [[Windows Server 2008]].

== Support Policies ==

Technical support for Docudesk products is available free for trial users and customers through the [http://support.docudesk.com/index.php?_m=knowledgebase&_a=view Knowledge Base] and [http://support.docudesk.com/index.php Support Center].<ref name="wsj">{{cite news
| last = Boehret
| first = Katherine
| author-link = Katherine Boehret
| last2 = Mossberg
| first2 = Walter
| author2-link = Walter Mossberg
| title = Creating Documents for All to Read
| newspaper = The Wall Street Journal
| date = 2007-08-08
| url = http://solution.allthingsd.com/20070808/creating-documents-for-all-to-read/}}</ref> Upgrades are provided free for 1 year with extensions offered for a fee.

== Docudesk Labs ==

[http://labs.docudesk.com Docudesk Labs] offers technology previews and beta releases of future projects. Offerings previously featured includes [[DocQ]] - an online PDF editor.
The primary features of the beta release:
*Annotation functionality such as the typewriter tool, sticky notes, hyperlinks and drawing tools.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nirmaltv.com/2009/03/05/edit-and-annotate-pdf-files-online-with-pdfvue/
|title=PDFVue: Edit and Annotate PDF Files Online with PDFVue
}}</ref>
*Creating PDFs with fillable forms such as text fields, check boxes, radio buttons, and combo and list boxes.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.makeuseof.com/dir/pdfvue/
|title=PDFVue: Tool For Editing PDF Files Online
}}</ref>
*Sharing & collaboration on PDFs by providing a link to the hosted PDF.<ref name="lifehacker">{{Cite news
| last = Purdy
| first = Kevin
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = PDFVue Edits PDF Text and Images Online
| date = 2009-05-05
| url = http://lifehacker.com/5164746/pdfvue-edits-pdf-text-and-images-online
| accessdate = 2009-05-05}}

</ref>

The PDFVue Firefox extension redirects PDFs through PDFVue, enabling viewing and annotation from within the browser.<ref name="Cnet">{{Cite news
| last = Lowensohn
| first = Josh
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = PDFVue brings PDF viewing, editing to the browser
| date = 5/4/2009
| url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10188844-2.html
| accessdate = 5/4/2009}}</ref> In addition, with the [http://www.docudesk.com/deskPDF_with_onramp.shtml PDFVue OnRamp] local documents are automatically uploaded to PDFVue and converted to text searchable PDFs for commenting and sharing.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://labs.docudesk.com/latest-technologies/2009/3/4/pdfvue-for-firefox-override-the-annoying-adobe-pdf-plugin.html
|title=PDFVue On Ramp
}}</ref>

Notable previous releases include deskUNPDF 2.0 Professional for Mac OS X and the [http://labs.docudesk.com/latest-technologies/2007/4/26/docudesk-prs-browser-for-os-x.html Docudesk PRS Browser] which allows content management of the [[Sony Reader]] PRS-500 in [[Mac OS X]]. The free PRS Browser is released under the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL).

==See also==

*[[PDF]]
*[[PostScript]]
*[[Terminal Services]]
*[[Citrix]]
*[[Sony Reader]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
{{Citation

| last = Boehret
| first = Katherine
| author-link = Katherine Boehret
| last2 = Mossberg
| first2 = Walter
| author2-link = Walter Mossberg
| title = Creating Documents for All to Read
| newspaper = The Wall Street Journal
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-08
| url = http://solution.allthingsd.com/20070808/creating-documents-for-all-to-read/}}

{{Citation
| last = Mendelson
| first = Edward
| author-link = Edward Mendelson
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = deskPDF Professional Review
| newspaper = PC Magazine
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-23
| url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2174175,00.asp}}

{{Citation
| last = Rouse
| first = Patrick C.
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Docudesk deskPDF Professional TS Review
| date = 2006-12-13
| url = http://www.sessioncomputing.com/review_deskPDF.htm
| accessdate = 2008-07-14}}

{{Citation
| last = Luhn
| first = Robert
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = 78 Ways to Make Software Do More
| newspaper = PC World
| pages =
| year = 2006
| date = 2008-07-25
| url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/126472/78_ways_to_make_software_do_more.html}}

{{Citation
| last = Germain
| first = Jack
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = New PDF Converter Has Office-Caliber Muscle
| newspaper = Tech News World
| pages =
| date = 2008-03-13
| url = http://www.technewsworld.com/story/62099.html}}

{{Citation
| last = Evans
| first = Joel
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Convert just about anything to a PDF with deskPDF
| date = 2007-07-30
| url = http://www.geek.com/convert-just-about-anything-to-a-pdf-with-deskpdf/
| accessdate = 2008-07-14}}

{{Citation
| last = Katayama
| first = Bob
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Create Professional PDF Files Quickly and Inexpensively
| newspaper = Smartphone & PocketPC Magazine
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-28
| url = http://www.pocketpcmag.com/cms/blogs/15/create_professional_pdf_files_quickly_an}}

{{Citation
| last = Hall
| first = Mark
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = On the Mark: Put the Internet in a box
| newspaper = Computer World
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-08
| url = http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=304416}}

{{Citation
| last = May
| first = Scott A.
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Options abound for PDF work
| newspaper = Columba Daily Tribune
| pages =
| date = 2007-08-21
| url = http://www.pdfmoz.com/pdf-software/pdf-to-flipbook-converter
| format = }}

{{Citation
| last = Gordon
| first = Leslie
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Converting PDFs to Almost Any Format
| date = 2/4/2008
| url = http://machinedesign.com/ContentItem/72081/SoftwareReviewConvertingPDFstoAlmostAnyFormat.aspx
| accessdate = 2008-07-14}}

{{Citation
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| title = Protect Your Documents & Make Them Portable With PDF
| newspaper = PC Today
| pages =
| year = 4/1/2005
| url = http://www.pctoday.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2F2005%2Ft0304%2F36t04%2F36t04.asp}}

{{Citation
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| date = 8/2/2007
| url = http://thegadgetsite.blogspot.com/2007/08/deskpdf-25-professonal-edition-review.html
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{{Citation
| last = Preble
| first = Mike
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = deskUNPDF Professional Review
| newspaper = Blast Magazine
| pages =
| date = 2007-07-27
| url = http://blastmagazine.com/2007/12/deskunpdf-professional/
| format = }} {{dead link|date=July 2010}}

{{Citation
| last = Curran
| first = Rick
| author-link =
| last2 = Hoffman
| first2 = Ilene
| author2-link =
| title = deskUNPDF for Mac 2.0
| date = 2008-05-14
| url = http://www.macnn.com/reviews/deskunpdf-for-mac-2.0.html
| accessdate = 2008-07-14}}

{{Citation
| last = Lake
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| newspaper = Computer Power User
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{{Citation
| last = Babad
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| title = deskUNPDF 2.03
| date = 2008-03-19
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| accessdate = 2008-07-30}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}

{{Citation
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| title = The Best PDF Converter I’ve Been Able to Find
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| url = http://www.smallbusinessbranding.com/386/the-best-pdf-converter-ive-been-able-to-find/}}

{{Citation
| last = Purdy
| first = Kevin
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = PDFVue Edits PDF Text and Images Online
| date = 2009-05-05
| url = http://lifehacker.com/5164746/pdfvue-edits-pdf-text-and-images-online
| accessdate = 2009-05-05}}

{{Citation
| last = Lowensohn
| first = Josh
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = PDFVue brings PDF viewing, editing to the browser
| date = 5/4/2009
| url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10188844-2.html
| accessdate = 5/4/2009}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://docudesk.com/downloads.shtml Software Downloads]
*[http://docudesk.com/documentation.shtml Product Documentation]
*[http://www.docudesk.com/videos.shtml Video Tutorials]
*[http://support.docudesk.com/index.php?_m=knowledgebase&_a=view Docudesk Knowledgebase]
*[http://www.docudesk.com/download/deskPDF_Enterprise_Deployment_and_Configuration_Guide.pdf Enterprise Deployment Guide]
*[http://www.sessioncomputing.com/review_deskPDF.htm Terminal Services Deployment]
*[http://labs.docudesk.com/latest-technologies/2007/4/26/docudesk-prs-browser-for-os-x.html Docudesk PRS Browser for Mac OS X] Free Mac OS X tool for manipulating files on the Sony Reader.
*[http://www.docudesk.com/download/pervasivePDF.pdf PervasivePDF Business Overview]
*[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/search?q=pdfvue&cat=all Mozilla Plugin]

[[Category:Companies based in Houston, Texas]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:PDF software]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Texas]]