Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Flisom

2024-10-14T20:18:44Z

Endive: Orthograph, Zurich isn't written with "ü" in English

{{Infobox company
| name = Flisom AG
| logo = File:Flisom logo.png
| type = [[Aktiengesellschaft]], [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founded = 2005
| defunct = 2023
| location_city = [[Niederhasli]]
| location_country = Switzerland
}}

'''Flisom''' was a developer and manufacturer of [[photovoltaic]] (PV) [[thin film solar cell]]s located near [[Zürich|Zurich]], Switzerland, founded in 2005. The company produced high-efficiency [[Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells|CIGS thin film solar modules]] on flexible [[Polyimide|plastic foil]] using proprietary roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. It went into liquidation in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZefixWebApp |url=https://www.zefix.admin.ch/de/search/entity/list/firm/797465 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.zefix.admin.ch}}</ref>

The innovative manufacturing technology enables price competition with established c-si PV manufacturing systems at a comparatively smaller production scale. Furthermore, the lightweight, flexible, jet-black and thin solar panels potentially can bring down the overall costs for fully installed [[solar PV systems]]. This is about half the cost of conventional PV technology based on [[crystalline silicon]].<ref name=IEA-roadmap-PV-2014>{{cite web|title= Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|publisher= IEA|accessdate= 7 October 2014|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141001012612/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|archivedate= 1 October 2014|year= 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Potential applications for flexible lightweight CIGS modules include [[Building-integrated photovoltaics|building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)]], applied photovoltaics (BAPV), as well as customized solar panels for Transportation & Mobility and [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|portable rollable power systems]].<ref name="EAER-20150612">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbf.admin.ch/en/latest-news/media-information/press-communications/press-releases-2015/?tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Boid%5D=57647&tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Bview%5D=single |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready—Press Release 2015 |work=Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs |date=12 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==
Flisom AG was founded in 2005 as a spin-off company of [[ETH Zurich]], and has a long-standing research partnership with [[Empa]] – the ''Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology'', which has been developing this type of flexible solar cell to [[Solar cell efficiency#Comparison|world record efficiencies]] of 20.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/132690/---/l=1 |title=Empa signs collaboration agreement with start-up |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1/131438/---/l=2 |title=
Empa takes thin film solar cells to a new level – A new world record for solar cell efficiency |work=Empa |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> The world record for CIGS cells based in laboratory conditions has since been further increased by ZSW ({{lang-de|Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung}}) and stands at 21.7% as of July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/02/26/zsw-manz-acheive-21-conversion-efficiency-cadmium-free-cigs-solar-cell/ |title=ZSW + Manz Achieve 21% Conversion Efficiency With Cadmium-Free CIGS Solar Cell |work=CleanTechnia |date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ |title=Research Cell Efficiency Records – latest charts |work=NREL |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> Since this record was achieved on glass substrate, Flisom's research partner Empa is still the holder of the world record with 20.4% cell efficiency on a polymeric substrate.

In April 2023, Flisom sells its 15MW Zurich production facility to the US company [[Ascent Solar|Ascent Solar Technologies]], together with the licensing of the associated rights to use the intellectual property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US company acquires Flisom's thin-film solar manufacturing equipment |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/us-company-acquires-swiss-thin-film-solar-manufacturing-equipment |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref> In September 2023, the company is put into liquidation.

== Technology ==
The company's production technology is based on a [[Roll-to-roll processing|roll-to-roll manufacturing]] process of flexible solar modules, involving [[Evaporation (deposition)|deposition]] of [[thin film]]s of [[Copper indium gallium selenide|CIGS absorber material]] onto a [[polymer]] foil [[Coating|substrate]] made of [[polyimide]]. The key processes of depositing the absorber material in this manner has been proprietarily developed by the company itself. As of 2015, a 15 [[Megawatt|MW]] pilot production line is being commissioned in a new facility in [[Niederhasli]] near Zurich, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/3/158782/---/l=2 |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready to take off |date=12 June 2015 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of CIGS companies]]
* [[Solar Frontier]]
* [[Thin film solar cell]]
* [[Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151027191619/http://www.swissolar.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Tagungen/PV-Tagung_14/5.4_Flisom_Flexible_PV_from_Lab_to_Fab_U_Ruehle.pdf Flisom: Flexible PV from Lab to Fab] {{small|(presentation, U. Rühle, 4 November 2014)}}
* [http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1197/79061/---/l=2/changeLang=true/lartid=79061/orga=/type=/theme=/bestellbar=/new_abt=/uacc= Empa Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics] {{small|(webpage Empa)}}

[[Category:Thin-film cell manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sustainable energy]]
[[Category:Swiss brands]]

Flisom

2024-10-14T20:12:53Z

Endive: Undid revision 1225813159 by Solarbergamo (talk) Vandalism, the company doesn't exist anymore

{{Infobox company
| name = Flisom AG
| logo = File:Flisom logo.png
| type = [[Aktiengesellschaft]], [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founded = 2005
| defunct = 2023
| location_city = [[Niederhasli]]
| location_country = Switzerland
}}

'''Flisom''' was a developer and manufacturer of [[photovoltaic]] (PV) [[thin film solar cell]]s located near [[Zürich]], Switzerland, founded in 2005. The company produced high-efficiency [[Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells|CIGS thin film solar modules]] on flexible [[Polyimide|plastic foil]] using proprietary roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. It went into liquidation in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZefixWebApp |url=https://www.zefix.admin.ch/de/search/entity/list/firm/797465 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.zefix.admin.ch}}</ref>

The innovative manufacturing technology enables price competition with established c-si PV manufacturing systems at a comparatively smaller production scale. Furthermore, the lightweight, flexible, jet-black and thin solar panels potentially can bring down the overall costs for fully installed [[solar PV systems]]. This is about half the cost of conventional PV technology based on [[crystalline silicon]].<ref name=IEA-roadmap-PV-2014>{{cite web|title= Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|publisher= IEA|accessdate= 7 October 2014|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141001012612/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|archivedate= 1 October 2014|year= 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Potential applications for flexible lightweight CIGS modules include [[Building-integrated photovoltaics|building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)]], applied photovoltaics (BAPV), as well as customized solar panels for Transportation & Mobility and [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|portable rollable power systems]].<ref name="EAER-20150612">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbf.admin.ch/en/latest-news/media-information/press-communications/press-releases-2015/?tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Boid%5D=57647&tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Bview%5D=single |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready—Press Release 2015 |work=Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs |date=12 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==
Flisom AG was founded in 2005 as a spin-off company of [[ETH Zurich]], and has a long-standing research partnership with [[Empa]] – the ''Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology'', which has been developing this type of flexible solar cell to [[Solar cell efficiency#Comparison|world record efficiencies]] of 20.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/132690/---/l=1 |title=Empa signs collaboration agreement with start-up |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1/131438/---/l=2 |title=
Empa takes thin film solar cells to a new level – A new world record for solar cell efficiency |work=Empa |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> The world record for CIGS cells based in laboratory conditions has since been further increased by ZSW ({{lang-de|Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung}}) and stands at 21.7% as of July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/02/26/zsw-manz-acheive-21-conversion-efficiency-cadmium-free-cigs-solar-cell/ |title=ZSW + Manz Achieve 21% Conversion Efficiency With Cadmium-Free CIGS Solar Cell |work=CleanTechnia |date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ |title=Research Cell Efficiency Records – latest charts |work=NREL |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> Since this record was achieved on glass substrate, Flisom's research partner Empa is still the holder of the world record with 20.4% cell efficiency on a polymeric substrate.

In April 2023, Flisom sells its 15MW Zürich production facility to the US company [[Ascent Solar|Ascent Solar Technologies]], together with the licensing of the associated rights to use the intellectual property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US company acquires Flisom's thin-film solar manufacturing equipment |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/us-company-acquires-swiss-thin-film-solar-manufacturing-equipment |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref> In September 2023, the company is put into liquidation.

== Technology ==
The company's production technology is based on a [[Roll-to-roll processing|roll-to-roll manufacturing]] process of flexible solar modules, involving [[Evaporation (deposition)|deposition]] of [[thin film]]s of [[Copper indium gallium selenide|CIGS absorber material]] onto a [[polymer]] foil [[Coating|substrate]] made of [[polyimide]]. The key processes of depositing the absorber material in this manner has been proprietarily developed by the company itself. As of 2015, a 15 [[Megawatt|MW]] pilot production line is being commissioned in a new facility in [[Niederhasli]] near Zürich, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/3/158782/---/l=2 |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready to take off |date=12 June 2015 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of CIGS companies]]
* [[Solar Frontier]]
* [[Thin film solar cell]]
* [[Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151027191619/http://www.swissolar.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Tagungen/PV-Tagung_14/5.4_Flisom_Flexible_PV_from_Lab_to_Fab_U_Ruehle.pdf Flisom: Flexible PV from Lab to Fab] {{small|(presentation, U. Rühle, 4 November 2014)}}
* [http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1197/79061/---/l=2/changeLang=true/lartid=79061/orga=/type=/theme=/bestellbar=/new_abt=/uacc= Empa Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics] {{small|(webpage Empa)}}

[[Category:Thin-film cell manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sustainable energy]]
[[Category:Swiss brands]]

Flisom

2024-10-14T20:12:25Z

Endive: Undid revision 1225883924 by 213.55.227.228 (talk) Vandalism, linked to previous modification

{{Infobox company
| name = Flisom AG
| logo = File:Flisom logo.png
| type = [[Aktiengesellschaft]], [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founded = 2005
| defunct = 2023
| location_city = [[Niederhasli]]
| location_country = Switzerland
}}

'''Flisom''' is a developer and manufacturer of [[photovoltaic]] (PV) [[thin film solar cell]]s located near [[Zürich]], Switzerland, founded in 2005. The company produces high-efficiency [[Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells|CIGS thin film solar modules]] on flexible [[Polyimide|plastic foil]] using proprietary roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. .<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZefixWebApp |url=https://www.zefix.admin.ch/de/search/entity/list/firm/797465 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.zefix.admin.ch}}</ref>

The innovative manufacturing technology enables price competition with established c-si PV manufacturing systems at a comparatively smaller production scale. Furthermore, the lightweight, flexible, jet-black and thin solar panels potentially can bring down the overall costs for fully installed [[solar PV systems]]. This is about half the cost of conventional PV technology based on [[crystalline silicon]].<ref name=IEA-roadmap-PV-2014>{{cite web|title= Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|publisher= IEA|accessdate= 7 October 2014|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141001012612/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|archivedate= 1 October 2014|year= 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Potential applications for flexible lightweight CIGS modules include [[Building-integrated photovoltaics|building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)]], applied photovoltaics (BAPV), as well as customized solar panels for Transportation & Mobility and [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|portable rollable power systems]].<ref name="EAER-20150612">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbf.admin.ch/en/latest-news/media-information/press-communications/press-releases-2015/?tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Boid%5D=57647&tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Bview%5D=single |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready—Press Release 2015 |work=Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs |date=12 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==
Flisom AG was founded in 2005 as a spin-off company of [[ETH Zurich]], and has a long-standing research partnership with [[Empa]] – the ''Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology'', which has been developing this type of flexible solar cell to [[Solar cell efficiency#Comparison|world record efficiencies]] of 20.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/132690/---/l=1 |title=Empa signs collaboration agreement with start-up |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1/131438/---/l=2 |title=
Empa takes thin film solar cells to a new level – A new world record for solar cell efficiency |work=Empa |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> The world record for CIGS cells based in laboratory conditions has since been further increased by ZSW ({{lang-de|Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung}}) and stands at 21.7% as of July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/02/26/zsw-manz-acheive-21-conversion-efficiency-cadmium-free-cigs-solar-cell/ |title=ZSW + Manz Achieve 21% Conversion Efficiency With Cadmium-Free CIGS Solar Cell |work=CleanTechnia |date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ |title=Research Cell Efficiency Records – latest charts |work=NREL |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> Since this record was achieved on glass substrate, Flisom's research partner Empa is still the holder of the world record with 20.4% cell efficiency on a polymeric substrate.

In April 2023, Flisom sells its 15MW Zürich production facility to the US company [[Ascent Solar|Ascent Solar Technologies]], together with the licensing of the associated rights to use the intellectual property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US company acquires Flisom's thin-film solar manufacturing equipment |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/us-company-acquires-swiss-thin-film-solar-manufacturing-equipment |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

== Technology ==
The company's production technology is based on a [[Roll-to-roll processing|roll-to-roll manufacturing]] process of flexible solar modules, involving [[Evaporation (deposition)|deposition]] of [[thin film]]s of [[Copper indium gallium selenide|CIGS absorber material]] onto a [[polymer]] foil [[Coating|substrate]] made of [[polyimide]]. The key processes of depositing the absorber material in this manner has been proprietarily developed by the company itself. As of 2015, a 15 [[Megawatt|MW]] pilot production line is being commissioned in a new facility in [[Niederhasli]] near Zürich, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/3/158782/---/l=2 |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready to take off |date=12 June 2015 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of CIGS companies]]
* [[Solar Frontier]]
* [[Thin film solar cell]]
* [[Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151027191619/http://www.swissolar.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Tagungen/PV-Tagung_14/5.4_Flisom_Flexible_PV_from_Lab_to_Fab_U_Ruehle.pdf Flisom: Flexible PV from Lab to Fab] {{small|(presentation, U. Rühle, 4 November 2014)}}
* [http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1197/79061/---/l=2/changeLang=true/lartid=79061/orga=/type=/theme=/bestellbar=/new_abt=/uacc= Empa Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics] {{small|(webpage Empa)}}

[[Category:Thin-film cell manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sustainable energy]]
[[Category:Swiss brands]]

Flisom

2024-10-14T20:10:56Z

Endive: Undid revision 1225878493 by 213.55.227.228 (talk) Vandalism, the company doesn't exist anymore

{{Infobox company
| name = Flisom AG
| logo = File:Flisom logo.png
| type = [[Aktiengesellschaft]], [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founded = 2005
| defunct = 2023
| location_city = [[Niederhasli]]
| location_country = Switzerland
}}

'''Flisom''' is a developer and manufacturer of [[photovoltaic]] (PV) [[thin film solar cell]]s located near [[Zürich]], Switzerland, founded in 2005. The company produces high-efficiency [[Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells|CIGS thin film solar modules]] on flexible [[Polyimide|plastic foil]] using proprietary roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ZefixWebApp |url=https://www.zefix.admin.ch/de/search/entity/list/firm/797465 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.zefix.admin.ch}}</ref>

The innovative manufacturing technology enables price competition with established c-si PV manufacturing systems at a comparatively smaller production scale. Furthermore, the lightweight, flexible, jet-black and thin solar panels potentially can bring down the overall costs for fully installed [[solar PV systems]]. This is about half the cost of conventional PV technology based on [[crystalline silicon]].<ref name=IEA-roadmap-PV-2014>{{cite web|title= Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|publisher= IEA|accessdate= 7 October 2014|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141001012612/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf|archivedate= 1 October 2014|year= 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Potential applications for flexible lightweight CIGS modules include [[Building-integrated photovoltaics|building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)]], applied photovoltaics (BAPV), as well as customized solar panels for Transportation & Mobility and [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|portable rollable power systems]].<ref name="EAER-20150612">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbf.admin.ch/en/latest-news/media-information/press-communications/press-releases-2015/?tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Boid%5D=57647&tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Bview%5D=single |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready—Press Release 2015 |work=Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs |date=12 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==
Flisom AG was founded in 2005 as a spin-off company of [[ETH Zurich]], and has a long-standing research partnership with [[Empa]] – the ''Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology'', which has been developing this type of flexible solar cell to [[Solar cell efficiency#Comparison|world record efficiencies]] of 20.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/132690/---/l=1 |title=Empa signs collaboration agreement with start-up |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1/131438/---/l=2 |title=
Empa takes thin film solar cells to a new level – A new world record for solar cell efficiency |work=Empa |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> The world record for CIGS cells based in laboratory conditions has since been further increased by ZSW ({{lang-de|Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung}}) and stands at 21.7% as of July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/02/26/zsw-manz-acheive-21-conversion-efficiency-cadmium-free-cigs-solar-cell/ |title=ZSW + Manz Achieve 21% Conversion Efficiency With Cadmium-Free CIGS Solar Cell |work=CleanTechnia |date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ |title=Research Cell Efficiency Records – latest charts |work=NREL |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> Since this record was achieved on glass substrate, Flisom's research partner Empa is still the holder of the world record with 20.4% cell efficiency on a polymeric substrate.

In April 2023, Flisom sells its 15MW Zürich production facility to the US company [[Ascent Solar|Ascent Solar Technologies]], together with the licensing of the associated rights to use the intellectual property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US company acquires Flisom's thin-film solar manufacturing equipment |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/us-company-acquires-swiss-thin-film-solar-manufacturing-equipment |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

== Technology ==
The company's production technology is based on a [[Roll-to-roll processing|roll-to-roll manufacturing]] process of flexible solar modules, involving [[Evaporation (deposition)|deposition]] of [[thin film]]s of [[Copper indium gallium selenide|CIGS absorber material]] onto a [[polymer]] foil [[Coating|substrate]] made of [[polyimide]]. The key processes of depositing the absorber material in this manner has been proprietarily developed by the company itself. As of 2015, a 15 [[Megawatt|MW]] pilot production line is being commissioned in a new facility in [[Niederhasli]] near Zürich, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/3/158782/---/l=2 |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready to take off |date=12 June 2015 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of CIGS companies]]
* [[Solar Frontier]]
* [[Thin film solar cell]]
* [[Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151027191619/http://www.swissolar.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Tagungen/PV-Tagung_14/5.4_Flisom_Flexible_PV_from_Lab_to_Fab_U_Ruehle.pdf Flisom: Flexible PV from Lab to Fab] {{small|(presentation, U. Rühle, 4 November 2014)}}
* [http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1197/79061/---/l=2/changeLang=true/lartid=79061/orga=/type=/theme=/bestellbar=/new_abt=/uacc= Empa Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics] {{small|(webpage Empa)}}

[[Category:Thin-film cell manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sustainable energy]]
[[Category:Swiss brands]]

Henry Morgenthau Sr.

2024-10-14T20:01:23Z

Endive: /* Business career */ delete circular link

{{Short description|American diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Henry Morgenthau crop.jpg
| caption = Morgenthau, {{Circa}} 1913
| office = 4th [[United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire]]
| term_start = December 11, 1913
| term_end = February 1, 1916
| president = [[Woodrow Wilson]]
| predecessor = [[William Woodville Rockhill|William W. Rockhill]]
| successor = [[Abram I. Elkus]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|4|26}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|11|25|1856|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mannheim]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] (present-day [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]])
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| spouse = Josephine Sykes
| children = {{Plainlist|
* [[Helen Morgenthau Fox]]
* [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]]
* [[Alma Wertheim|Alma Morgenthau Wertheim]]
* Ruth Morgenthau
}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Henry Morgenthau III]] (grandson)|[[Robert M. Morgenthau]] (grandson)|[[Barbara W. Tuchman]] (granddaughter)|[[Anne W. Simon]] (granddaughter)|[[Rafe Pomerance]] (great-grandson)|[[Jessica Mathews]] (great-granddaughter)}}
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[City College of New York]] [[Bachelor of Arts|(BA)]]}}
* [[Columbia Law School]] [[Bachelor of Laws|(LLB)]]
}}
| profession = Lawyer, diplomat
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 = [[Reform Judaism]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Henry Morgenthau''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔːr|ɡ|ən|t|aʊ}}; April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946) was a German-born American lawyer and businessman, best known for his role as the [[United States Ambassador to Turkey|ambassador to the Ottoman Empire]] during [[World War I]]. Morgenthau was one of the most prominent Americans who spoke about the [[Greek genocide]] and the [[Armenian genocide]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Balakian |first= Peter |author-link= Peter Balakian |title= The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response |publisher= HarperCollins |location= New York |year= 2003 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/burningtigris00pete/page/219 219–221] |title-link= The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response }}</ref> of which he stated, "I am firmly convinced that this is the greatest crime of the ages."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berlatsky |first1=Noah |title=The Armenian Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC |isbn=978-0-7377-7319-4 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoFmDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22I+am+firmly+convinced+that+this+is+the+greatest+crime+of+the+ages%22&pg=PA130}}</ref>

Morgenthau was the father of the politician [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]] His grandchildren include [[Robert M. Morgenthau]], [[District Attorney]] of [[Manhattan]] for 35 years, and [[Barbara W. Tuchman]], a historian who won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for her book ''[[The Guns of August]]''.

==Early life and education==
Morgenthau was born the ninth of 11 living children, in [[Mannheim]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] (present-day [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]), in 1856 into an [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] family. He was the son of Lazarus and Babette (Guggenheim) Morgenthau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=480672|title = Collection: Morgenthau Family Collection | the Center for Jewish History ArchivesSpace}}</ref> His father was a successful cigar manufacturer who had cigar factories at [[Mannheim]], [[Lorsch]], and [[Heppenheim]], employing as many as 1,000 people (Mannheim had a population of 21,000 during this period). His business suffered a severe financial setback during the [[American Civil War]], due to an 1862 tobacco tariff on imports, which closed German tobacco exports to the US for good.

The Morgenthau family immigrated to New York in 1866. There, despite considerable savings, his father was not able to re-establish himself in business. His development and marketing of various inventions, as well as his investments in other enterprises, failed. Lazarus Morgenthau staved off failure and stabilized his income by becoming a fundraiser for Jewish houses of worship. Henry attended [[City College of New York]], where he received his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], and later [[Columbia Law School]].

Morgenthau initially built a successful career as a lawyer. During his life he served as a leader of the [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jewish]] community in New York. <ref>{{cite book |last=Oren |first=Michael B |author-link=Michael B. Oren |url=https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren_0/page/332 |title=Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the Present |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co |year=2007 |isbn=9780393330304 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/powerfaithfantas00oren_0/page/332 332–333]}}</ref>

==Business career==
He began his career as a lawyer, but he made a substantial fortune in real estate investments.<ref>[[Peter Balakian|Balakian]]. ''[[The Burning Tigris]]'', p. 219.</ref> In 1898, he acquired 41 lots on New York's Lower East Side from William Waldorf Astor for $850,000.<ref>"Col. Astor Sells a Block," [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/12/06/108282308.pdf ''The New York Times,'' Dec. 6, 1900].</ref> A few years later, he led a syndicate that bought a swath of undeveloped land in Washington Heights around 181st Street, anticipating the construction of the first subway through the area.<ref>Clifton Hood, "The Impact of the IRT on New York City," in ''Historical American Engineering Record'', Survey Number HAER NY-122, pp. 145–206, available at https://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/The_Impact_of_the_IRT_on_New_York_City_(Hood).</ref> In 1899 he left his law practice and became president of the [[Central Realty, Bond & Trust Company]]. He was president of the Henry Morgenthau Company from 1905 to 1913.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Morgenthau {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/morgenthau |access-date=23 December 2023 |encyclopedia=encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

Morgenthau married Josephine Sykes in 1882 and they had four children: [[Helen Morgenthau Fox|Helen]], [[Alma Wertheim|Alma]], [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.|Henry Jr.]] and Ruth.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222614/http://www.henrymorgenthaupreserve.com/index.php?page=henry-morgenthau About Henry Morgenthau]. henrymorgenthaupreserve.com</ref> His daughter Helen - a noted garden writer who broadcast on radio & television and lectured on horticulture - married Mortimer J. Fox an architect, banker and landscape artist.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HELEN FOX DEAD; A GARDEN EXPERT; Writer Lectured Widely on Horticultural Topics | work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/01/14/79383239.html?pageNumber=30 |access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> His daughter Alma - an art collector and patron of the arts & music - married investment banker, art collector and philanthropist [[Maurice Wertheim]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mrs. Wertheim to Marry Paul L. Weiner Today |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraph Agency]]|date=January 24, 1934 |url= https://www.jta.org/1934/01/24/archive/mrs-wertheim-to-marry-paul-l-weiner-today }}</ref> His daughter Ruth married banker and philanthropist George Washington Naumburg<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naumburg |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/naumburg |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=George W. Naumburg Is Dead; Banker and Philanthropist, 94; He Specialized in Children's Welfare in Several Areas Assisted Refugees | work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/06/24/80031769.html?pageNumber=47 |access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> She was also a civic leader supporting the arts and music. Ruth founded Fountain House, a home in NYC to assist those with schizophrenia and men leaving jail. It was a residence that pioneered providing psychological counseling to people, and developed the novel concept of looking after the community's mental health. She was also a board member of the Manhattan School of Music, and there she established a fund to assist troubled students at the school, which still operates. In Pound Ridge, NY she co-founded the town's library and gave it an additional reading room, and then at her death, she donated the Henry Morgenthau Preserve, Pound Ridge, NY, in her father's memory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-05-18 |title=MRS. RUTH M. KNIGHT, A CIVIC LEADER, 77|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/18/archives/mrs-ruth-m-knight-a-civic-leader-77.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Henry Morgenthau Preserve |url=https://www.henrymorgenthaupreserve.org/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Henry Morgenthau Preserve}}</ref>

A nephew of Henry's, Robert E. Simon, (1877-1935) [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/09/08/93704724.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0] worked directly with Morgenthau, prior to and in his real estate business [Henry Morgenthau & Co] for fourteen years (1905-1919). But his work in real estate, with Henry & others, continued until his early death. Highlights include when Henry & Robert advised and assisted Adolph Ochs, a dear family friend of Henry's, in the purchase of Longacre Square in 1902.<ref>Meier, Andrew. ''Morgenthau: Power, Privilege, and the Rise of an American Dynasty''. pp. 76-78.</ref> The site became Times Square with a new building there for the newspaper (1903-05). <ref>{{Citation |title=One Times Square |date=2024-09-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Times_Square |access-date=2024-09-25 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=NYT's 1905 Tower history. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/realestate/a-home-for-the-headlines.html?searchResultPosition=4}}</ref> A second highlight is Robert Simon's purchase of Carnegie Hall from Louise Whitfield Carnegie in 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inline.carnegiehall.org/?c=carnegiehall&e=pnsafetynet2023&ver=v3-aspnet-3.7.0&cver=197&man=safety&t=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiehall.org%2FAbout%2FHistory%2FTimeline |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.carnegiehall.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=CARNEGIE HALL IS ABOUT TO BE SOLD, BUT WON'T CLOSE YET; Clause in Sale Contract Safeguards Concerts There for the Next Five Years. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/01/30/98815371.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=NEW LEADER RISES IN CITY REAL ESTATE; Carnegie Hall Deal Discloses Robert E. Simon as a Manipulator of Millions. PROPHET OF 57TH STREET He Foretold Fifteen Years Ago the Great Developments Which Are Now Accomplished Facts. NEW LEADER RISES IN CITY REAL ESTATE |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/02/01/104165092.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>Ownership was retained until Lincoln Center's Philharmonic /Avery Fisher/ now David Geffen Hall construction was agreed upon and soon opened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=New York Philharmonic {{!}} History, Conductors, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/New-York-Philharmonic |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rich |first=Alan |date=September 7, 1962 |page=33 |title=Philharmonic Hall Opens Today And With It a New Era for City |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/09/23/93836109.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=[[The New York Times]]|language=en |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Coupled with those changes, were the NY Philharmonic's transferred location to the new hall (1962).
<references group="New York Times, September 7, 1962, Page 33. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/09/23/93836109.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0" />
So, Robert E. Simon Jr. then sold Carnegie Hall in 1960. He substantially reduced the price of the Carnegie Hall sale, [by $500,000] to help Issac Stern's committee and NYC purchase and save the building. <ref>The Rose Museum, Carnegie Hall. See history and clipping display on this topic.</ref> Simon then used the funds yielded to buy and construct Reston, VA - [name came from / Robert E. Simon's town] <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/realestate/communities/robert-e-simon-jr-founder-of-reston-va-dies-at-101.html</ref> Reston pioneered the inventive use of shared open space, and it explored a breaking of the mold and formulaic approach for suburban development, up to that time. Simon also substantially reduced the price of the Carnegie Hall sale, to help Issac Stern's committee and NYC purchase and save the building.

==Political career==
[[File:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. and Samuel Train Dutton and Cleveland Hoadley Dodge in 1916.jpg|thumb|Morgenthau, [[Samuel Train Dutton]] and [[Cleveland Hoadley Dodge]] in 1916]]

Morgenthau's career enabled him to contribute handsomely to President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s election campaign in 1912. He had first met Wilson in 1911 at a dinner celebrating the fourth anniversary of the founding of the [[Stephen Wise Free Synagogue|Free Synagogue society]] and the two "seem to have bonded", marking the "turning point in Morgenthau's political career".<ref>[[Peter Balakian|Balakian]]. ''[[The Burning Tigris]]'', p. 220.</ref> His role in American politics grew more pronounced in later months. Although he did not gain the chairmanship of Wilson's campaign finance committee, Morgenthau was offered the position of ambassador to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. He had hoped for a cabinet post as well, but was not successful in gaining one.

===Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire===
{{see also|Ottoman Empire–United States relations|Armenian genocide}}
[[File:AmbassadorMorgenthautelegram.jpg|thumb|A telegram written by Morgenthau to the [[State Department]] in 1915 described the massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire as a "campaign of race extermination."]]
As an early Wilson supporter, Morgenthau assumed that Wilson would appoint him to a cabinet-level position, but the new president had other plans for him. Like other prominent Jewish Americans ([[Oscar Straus (politician)|Oscar Straus]] and [[Solomon Hirsch]] before him), Morgenthau was appointed as ambassador to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Wilson's assumption that Jews somehow represented a bridge between Muslim Turks and Christian Armenians rankled Morgenthau; in reply, Wilson assured him that the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]] in Constantinople "was the point at which the interest of American Jews in the welfare of the Jews of [[Ottoman Syria|Palestine]] is focused, and it is almost indispensable that I have a Jew in that post". Though no Zionist himself, Morgenthau cared "fervidly" about the plight of his co-religionists.<ref>Oren. ''Power, Faith, and Fantasy'', p. 333.</ref> He initially rejected the position, but following a trip to Europe, and with the encouragement of his [[Streams of Zionism|pro-Zionist]] friend Rabbi [[Stephen Samuel Wise|Stephen Wise]], he reconsidered his decision and accepted Wilson's offer.<ref>[[Peter Balakian|Balakian]]. ''[[The Burning Tigris]]'', p. 222.</ref> Appointed as [[United States Ambassador to Turkey|U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire]] in 1913, he served in this position until 1916.

Although the safety of American citizens in the Ottoman Empire, mostly Christian missionaries and Jews, loomed large early in his ambassadorship, Morgenthau said that he was most preoccupied by the [[Armenian Question]].<ref>[[Peter Balakian|Balakian]]. ''[[The Burning Tigris]]'', p. 223.</ref> After the outbreak of [[World War I|war]] in 1914, the U.S. remained neutral, so the American Embassy – and by extension Morgenthau – additionally represented many of the Allies' interests in [[Constantinople]], since they had withdrawn their diplomatic missions after the beginning of hostilities. As Ottoman authorities began the [[Armenian genocide]] in 1914–1915, the American consuls residing in different parts of the Empire flooded Morgenthau's desk with reports nearly every hour,<ref>"Daily at first and then almost hourly, the reports reached Morgenthau's desk": Oren, ''Power, Faith, and Fantasy'', p. 334.</ref> documenting the massacres and deportation marches taking place. Faced with the accumulating evidence, he officially informed the U.S. government of the activities of the Ottoman government and asked Washington to intervene.<ref>Oren. ''Power, Faith, and Fantasy'', pp. 333–336.</ref>
[[File:Morgenthausstorychapter24.ogg|thumb|Audio recording of Chapter 24, "The Murder of a Nation", from ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story''.]]
[[File:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story By Henry Morgenthau.png|thumb|upright|''Morgenthau's Story'', 1918]]

The American government however, not wanting to get dragged into disputes, remained a neutral power in the conflict at the time and voiced little official reaction. Morgenthau held high-level meetings with the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to help alleviate the position of the Armenians, but the Turks waived and ignored his protestations. He famously admonished the Ottoman Interior Minister [[Talaat Pasha]], stating: "Our people will never forget these massacres."<ref>Oren. ''Power, Faith, and Fantasy'', p. 335.</ref> As the massacres continued unabated, Morgenthau and several other Americans decided to form a public fund-raising committee to assist the Armenians – the Committee on Armenian Atrocities (later renamed the [[American Committee for Relief in the Near East|Near East Relief]]) – raising over $100 million in aid, the equivalent of $1 billion today. Through his friendship with [[Adolph Ochs]], publisher of ''[[The New York Times]]'', Morgenthau also ensured that the massacres continued to receive prominent coverage. ''The New York Times'' published 145 articles in 1915 alone.<ref>Oren. ''Power, Faith, and Fantasy'', p. 336.</ref>

Exasperated with his relationship with the Ottoman government, he resigned from the ambassadorship in 1916. Looking back on that decision in his memoir ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story'', he wrote he had come to see the Ottoman Empire as "a place of horror. I had reached the end of my resources. I found intolerable my further daily association with men, however gracious and accommodating…who were still reeking with the blood of nearly a million human beings."<ref>Oren. ''Power, Faith, and Fantasy'', p. 337.</ref> He published his conversations with Ottoman leaders and his account of the Armenian genocide in ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story'', which appeared in the end of 1918.<ref>Morgenthau, Henry (1918). ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.</ref>

In June 1917 [[Felix Frankfurter]] accompanied Morgenthau, as a representative of the War Department, on a secret mission to persuade the Ottoman Empire to abandon the [[Central Powers]] in the war effort. The mission had as its stated purpose to "ameliorate the condition of the Jewish communities in Palestine".<ref>{{cite book |last= Hirsch | first = H. N. |title= The Enigma of Felix Frankfurter |publisher=Basic Books |location= New York |year= 1981 |page=53 |isbn=0-465-01979-X}}</ref> In 1918 Morgenthau gave public speeches in the United States warning that the Greeks and Assyrians were being subjected to the "same methods" of deportation and "wholesale massacre" as the Armenians, and that two million Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians had already perished.<ref name="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Travis, Hannibal. "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=950428 Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I]," ''Genocide Studies and Prevention'' 1 (December 2006): p. 327.</ref>

===Interwar period===
Following the war, there was much interest and preparation within the Jewish community for the forthcoming [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], by groups both supportive and opposed to the concept of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. In March 1919, as President Woodrow Wilson was leaving for the Conference, Morgenthau was among 31 prominent Jewish Americans to sign an anti-Zionist petition presented by U.S. Congressman [[Julius Kahn (congressman)|Julius Kahn]];<ref>[[Alfred M. Lilienthal]], ''The Zionist Connection II: What Price Peace?'' (New Brunswick, New Jersey: North American, 1982), pp. 768–769. Cited in Edward C. Corrigan, [http://www.mepc.org/journal/9012_corrigan.asp Jewish Criticism of Zionism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706092032/http://www.mepc.org/journal/9012_corrigan.asp |date=2010-07-06 }}, [[Middle East Policy Council]], ''Journal'', Winter 1990–91, Number 35</ref> he and many other prominent Jewish representatives attended the Conference. Morgenthau served as an advisor regarding Eastern Europe and the Middle East, and later worked with war-related charitable bodies, including the Relief Committee for the Middle East, the Greek Refugee Settlement Commission and the [[American Red Cross]]. In 1919, he headed the United States government fact-finding mission to Poland, which produced the [[Morgenthau Report]]. In 1933, he was the American representative at the [[Geneva Conference (1932)|Geneva Conference]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Death==
[[File:AM012-15.jpg|thumb|upright|Morgenthau on a 2015 Armenian stamp from the series "Centennial of the Armenian Genocide". In the background is the telegram (in strip form pasted onto a page) pictured [[#Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire|above]].]]
Morgenthau died in 1946 following a [[cerebral hemorrhage]], in [[New York City]], and was buried in [[Hawthorne, New York]], at the age of 90. His son [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]] was a [[Secretary of the Treasury]] from 1934 to July 1945. His daughter, Alma Wertheim, had married banker [[Maurice Wertheim]] in 1909 and was the mother of historian [[Barbara Tuchman]]. His daughter Ruth Morgenthau was married to banker George W. Naumburg (son of [[Elkan Naumburg]]), and then John Knight.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Mrs. Ruth M. Knight, a Civic Leader, 77 |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 18, 1972 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/18/archives/mrs-ruth-m-knight-a-civic-leader-77.html }}</ref>

==Selected works==
Morgenthau published several books. The [[Library of Congress]] holds some 30,000 documents from his personal papers, including:
* ''[[Ambassador Morgenthau's Story]]'' (1918). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday ([https://archive.org/details/ambassadormorge00morggoog online]).
* The ''Secrets of the Bosphorus'' (1918) ([https://archive.org/details/secretsofbosphor00morg online])
* The ''[[Morgenthau Report]]'' (October 3, 1919) concerning the plight of Jews in the [[Second Polish Republic]].
* ''All in a Lifetime'' (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co, 1925), 454 pages, 7 illustrations; featuring the ''Morgenthau Report'' ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P-UEAAAAYAAJ online, at Archive.org]).
* ''I was sent to Athens'' (1929) deals with his time working with Greek refugees ([https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6734490M/I_was_sent_to_Athens openlibrary.org])
* ''The Murder of a Nation'' (1974). With preface by W. N. Medlicott. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America.

; Diaries
* ''United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau, 1913–1916'' (2004). Compiled with an introduction by [[Ara Sarafian]]. London: Taderon Press ([[Gomidas Institute]]). {{ISBN|1-903656-40-0}}.

; Official documents
* Ara Sarafian (ed.): ''United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide. 1915–1917'' (2004). London and Princeton: Gomidas Institute. {{ISBN|1-903656-39-7}}

==Depictions==
In [[Terry George]]'s 2016 drama ''[[The Promise (2016 American film)|The Promise]]'', set in the final years of the Ottoman Empire, Morgenthau is played by [[James Cromwell]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bezdikian |first1=Hooshere |title='The Promise' Premieres in New York with Full Cast, Filmmakers, and UN Dignitaries |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2017/04/20/the-promise-nyc-premiere/ |access-date=2 October 2017 |work=The Armenian Weekly |date=20 April 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Leslie Davis (diplomat)|Leslie Davis]], American diplomat and wartime US consul to Harput
* [[Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Peter Balakian|Balakian, Peter]] (2003). ''[[The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response]]''. New York: HarperCollins.
*Meier, Andrew. ''Morgenthau: Power, Privilege, and the Rise of an American Dynasty''. New York: Random House, 2022.
*Morgenthau III, Henry (1991). ''Mostly Morgenthaus: A Family History''. New York: Ticknor & Fields.
*[[Michael B. Oren|Oren, Michael B]]. (2007). ''[[Power, Faith, and Fantasy|Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the Present]]''. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
*[[Barbara Tuchman|Tuchman, Barbara]]. "The Assimilationist Dilemma: Ambassador Morgenthau's Story," ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' 63 (May 1977).
*Summer Home in Bar Harbor, 'Mizzentop', See ''Lost Bar Harbor'', G.W. Helfrich, 1982. Bought 12/26/1925, burned down,1947. [http://www.vfthomas.com/MDI%20Cultural%20History%20Project/MDIcottages/BarHarborcottageshome.htm], [https://thedowneastdilettante.blogspot.com/2011/04/i-wonder-why-some-perils-of-research.html]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Henry Morgenthau, Sr.}}
{{Wikiquote|Henry Morgenthau, Sr.}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henry Morgenthau}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2264}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/tags/morgenthau/ Henry Morgenthau Sr.] at [[Flickr Commons]]
* {{Gutenberg | no=55343 | name=Ambassador Morgenthau's Story | author=Henry Morgenthau Sr.}}
:——. [http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/comment/morgenthau/MorgenTC.htm ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story''] at the World War I Document Archive.
:——. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071031061253/http://www.homepage-link.to/turkey/morgenthau.html ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story'']. With translations in French, German and Turkish.
{{Gutenberg | no=55421 | name=Secrets of the Bosphorus | author=Henry Morgenthau Sr.}}
* [http://www.hri.org/docs/Morgenthau ''I was sent to Athens'']. An electronic copy of Morgenthau's book on the treatment of [[Greece|Greek]] [[refugee]]s by the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1929.
* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=950428 ''Native Christians Massacred: The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I'']. Describes Ambassador Morgenthau's attempts to educate the American public about the genocide of the [[Armenian genocide|Armenians]], [[Greek genocide|Greeks]], and [[Assyrian genocide|Assyrians]] of Anatolia and Mesopotamia.

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{{succession box|title=[[United States Ambassador to Turkey]]|before=[[William Woodville Rockhill|William W. Rockhill]]|after=[[Abram I. Elkus]]|years=1913–1916}}
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{{US Ambassadors to Turkey}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgenthau, Henry Sr.}}
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[[Category:20th-century American diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
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[[Category:Morgenthau family|Henry Sr.]]
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[[Category:American anti-Zionists]]

Flisom

2024-04-16T21:48:02Z

Endive: Update, company in liquidation since 2023

{{Infobox company
| name = Flisom AG
| logo = File:Flisom logo.png
| type = [[Aktiengesellschaft]], [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founded = 2005
| defunct = 2023
| location_city = [[Niederhasli]]
| location_country = Switzerland
}}

'''Flisom''' was a developer and manufacturer of [[photovoltaic]] (PV) [[thin film solar cell]]s, located near [[Zurich]], Switzerland, founded in 2005. The company produced high-efficiency [[Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells|CIGS thin film solar modules]] on flexible [[Polyimide|plastic foil]] using proprietary roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. It went into liquidation in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZefixWebApp |url=https://www.zefix.admin.ch/de/search/entity/list/firm/797465 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.zefix.admin.ch}}</ref>

The innovative manufacturing technology enables price competition with established c-si PV manufacturing systems at a comparatively smaller production scale. Furthermore, the lightweight, flexible, jet-black and thin solar panels potentially can bring down the overall costs for fully installed [[solar PV systems]]. This is about half the cost of conventional PV technology based on [[crystalline silicon]].<ref name=IEA-roadmap-PV-2014>{{cite web
|title = Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy
|url = http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf
|publisher = IEA
|accessdate = 7 October 2014
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141001012612/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapSolarPhotovoltaicEnergy_2014edition.pdf
|archivedate = 1 October 2014
|year = 2014
|url-status = dead
|df =
}}</ref>

Potential applications for flexible lightweight CIGS modules include [[Building-integrated photovoltaics|building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)]], applied photovoltaics (BAPV), as well as customized solar panels for Transportation & Mobility and [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|portable rollable power systems]].<ref name="EAER-20150612">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbf.admin.ch/en/latest-news/media-information/press-communications/press-releases-2015/?tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Boid%5D=57647&tx_rsspicker_pi_list%5Bview%5D=single |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready—Press Release 2015 |work=Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs |date=12 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==

Flisom AG was founded in 2005 as a spin-off company of [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich|ETH Zurich]], and has a long-standing research partnership with [[Empa]] – the ''Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology'', which has been developing this type of flexible solar cell to [[Solar cell efficiency#Comparison|world record efficiencies]] of 20.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/132690/---/l=1 |title=Empa signs collaboration agreement with start-up |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1/131438/---/l=2 |title=
Empa takes thin film solar cells to a new level – A new world record for solar cell efficiency |work=Empa |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> The world record for CIGS cells based in laboratory conditions has since been further increased by ZSW ({{lang-de|Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung}}) and stands at 21.7% as of July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2015/02/26/zsw-manz-acheive-21-conversion-efficiency-cadmium-free-cigs-solar-cell/ |title=ZSW + Manz Achieve 21% Conversion Efficiency With Cadmium-Free CIGS Solar Cell |work=CleanTechnia |date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/ |title=Research Cell Efficiency Records – latest charts |work=NREL |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> Since this record was achieved on glass substrate, Flisom's research partner Empa is still the holder of the world record with 20.4% cell efficiency on a polymeric substrate.

In April 2023, Flisom sells its 15MW Zurich production facility to the US company [[Ascent Solar|Ascent Solar Technologies]], together with the licensing of the associated rights to use the intellectual property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US company acquires Flisom's thin-film solar manufacturing equipment |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/us-company-acquires-swiss-thin-film-solar-manufacturing-equipment |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref> In September 2023, the company is put into liquidation.

== Technology ==

The company's production technology is based on a [[Roll-to-roll processing|roll-to-roll manufacturing]] process of flexible solar modules, involving [[Evaporation (deposition)|deposition]] of [[thin film]]s of [[Copper indium gallium selenide|CIGS absorber material]] onto a [[polymer]] foil [[Coating|substrate]] made of [[polyimide]]. The key processes of depositing the absorber material in this manner has been proprietarily developed by the company itself. As of 2015, a 15 [[Megawatt|MW]] pilot production line is being commissioned in a new facility in [[Niederhasli]], near Zurich, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/3/158782/---/l=2 |title=With pilot plant inaugurated, Swiss PV start-up Flisom ready to take off |date=12 June 2015 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of CIGS companies]]
* [[Solar Frontier]]
* [[Thin film solar cell]]
* [[Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151027191619/http://www.swissolar.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Tagungen/PV-Tagung_14/5.4_Flisom_Flexible_PV_from_Lab_to_Fab_U_Ruehle.pdf Flisom: Flexible PV from Lab to Fab] {{small|(presentation, U. Rühle, 4 November 2014)}}
* [http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1197/79061/---/l=2/changeLang=true/lartid=79061/orga=/type=/theme=/bestellbar=/new_abt=/uacc= Empa Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics] {{small|(webpage Empa)}}

[[Category:Thin-film cell manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sustainable energy]]
[[Category:Swiss brands]]

B&M

2023-12-20T17:58:17Z

Endive: update new CEO since 2022

{{Short description|Variety retailers in the United Kingdom}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = B&M European Value Retail S.A.
| image = B&M Chatham, 15 January 2018 (01).jpg
| image_caption = A B&M store in [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]], [[Kent]], England
| logo = Official B&M Retail logo.jpg
| logo_size = 100
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{lse|BME}} [[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100]] component
| founder = Malcolm Billington
| area_served = [[United Kingdom]] [[France]]
| key_people = Peter Bamford {{small|([[chairman]])}} Alex Russo {{small|([[Chief executive officer]])}}
| industry = [[Retail]]
| products = [[Grocery]], [[variety store|variety]]
| revenue = {{decrease}}[[Pound sterling|£]]4,673 million (2022)<ref name=results>{{cite web|url=https://www.bandmretail.com/sites/bmstores/files/reports/2022/fy22-prelims-announcement.pdf|publisher=B&M|title=Annual Results 2022|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{decrease}}£610 million (2022)<ref name=results/>
| net_income = {{decrease}}£422 million (2022)<ref name=results/>
| divisions = BMStores.co.uk
| subsid = [[Heron Foods]]
| owner =
| num_employees = 35,000 (2023)<ref name="B&MCareersHome">{{cite web|title=B&M Careers - Home|url=https://careers.bmstores.co.uk/|publisher=B&M|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
| homepage = [http://www.bmstores.co.uk Retail website] [http://www.bandmretail.com Corporate website]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1978|03|14|df=yes}}
| location = [[Liverpool]], England, UK (operational)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/retailing/article4116824.ece|title=Arora brothers clean up thanks to B&M float|work=The Times|access-date=13 June 2015|last1=Hipwell|first1=Patrick Hosking}}</ref> [[Luxembourg]] (registered)
| locations = 703 (19 February 2022)
}}

'''B&M European Value Retail S.A.''', trading as '''B&M''', is a British multinational [[variety store]] chain founded in 1978 and incorporated in Luxembourg. It is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]], and is a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]].

It has 703 stores in the United Kingdom and 104 stores in France, following the acquisition of [[:fr:Babou|Babou]] stores.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discountretailconsulting.com/post/france-b-m-discount-store-replaces-babou|title=France: B&M discount store replaces Babou|website=www.discountretailconsulting.com}}</ref>

==History==
The business was founded by Malcolm Billington and Brian Mayman: the first store opened in [[Cleveleys]], England, in 1978.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.visitcleveleys.co.uk/about/town-centre/bm-bargains-started-in-cleveleys/|title=B&M Bargains – Started in Cleveleys!|publisher=Visit Cleveleys|access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> It was originally named '''Billington & Mayman''', based on the founders' names, but was soon shortened to '''B&M'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lockwood |first=Rebecca |date=2022-05-13 |title=The history of B&M from Blackpool store to bargain goods giant |url=https://www.lancs.live/whats-on/whats-on-news/history-bm-blackpool-store-bargain-23950023 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=LancsLive |language=en}}</ref> The company was the subject of a [[management buyout]], financed by Phildrew Investments, in October 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.egi.co.uk/news/phildrew-takes-on-b-m-bargains-for-13m/|title=Phildrew takes on B&M Bargains for £13m|publisher=E. G. Radius|date=18 October 1996|access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>

It was acquired by [[Simon Arora|Simon]] and [[Bobby Arora]] from Phildrew Investments in December 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.messengernewspapers.co.uk/news/14443669.Sunday_Times_Rich_List__Bargain_brother_billionaires_rank_fourth_in_North_West/|title=Sunday Times Rich List 2016: Sale bargain brother billionaires rank fourth in North West|newspaper=Messenger|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref>

In September 2006, the business saw significant growth, by acquiring the GlynWebb chain of [[Do It Yourself]] (DIY) stores and converting them into the B&M Homestore format.<ref name="glynwebb_takeover">{{cite web |author=Barry, Chris|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/business/s/222/222463_glynwebb_changes_hands_again.html |title=GlynWebb Changes Hands Again |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=5 September 2006 |access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref> The company also acquired a number of former [[Kwik Save]],<ref name="B&M acquires Kwik-save stores">{{cite web|last1=Sengun|first1=Tunc|title=B&M acquires Kwik-save stores|url=http://www.talkingretail.com/category-news/supermarket/b-and-m-bargains-buys-ex-kwik-save-stores/|website=talkingretail.com|access-date=22 June 2014|date=15 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="ex_kwiksave_stores">{{cite web |author=Staff writer |url=http://www.talkingretail.com/news/industry-news/7004-b-m-bargains-buys-ex-kwik-save-stores.html |title=B&M Bargains Buys Ex-Kwik Save Stores |work=Talking Retail |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=29 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821225733/http://www.talkingretail.com/news/industry-news/7004-b-m-bargains-buys-ex-kwik-save-stores.html |archive-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=dead |author-link=Staff writer }}</ref> [[Woolworths Group (United Kingdom)|Woolworths]],<ref name="B&M acquires Woolworth stores">{{cite web|last1=Sengun|first1=Tunc|title=B&M acquires Woolworth stores|url=http://www.retail-week.com/property/woolies-watch-what-happened-to-your-local-woolworths/5005683.article|website=retail-week.com|access-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> and Au-Naturale stores.<ref name="B&M Acquires Au Naturale stores">{{cite web|last1=Sengun|first1=Tunc|title=B&M Acquires Au Naturale stores|url=http://www.retail-week.com/sectors/general-merchandise/analysis-bm-bargains-at-a-glance/5042534.article|website=retatail-week.com|access-date=22 June 2014}}</ref>

The business moved into a new office and modern {{convert|620000|sqft|abbr=on}} [[distribution centre]] based in [[Speke]], [[Liverpool]] in 2010.<ref name=echo>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-discount-retailer-bm-bargains-3331957|title=Liverpool discount retailer B&M Bargains to create 200 jobs with new 500,000sq ft warehouse in Speke|date=10 October 2012|newspaper=Liverpool Echo|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> In May 2011, B&M also purchased a number of [[Focus DIY]] stores.<ref name="B&M acquires Focus stores">{{cite web|last1=Sengun|first1=Tunc|title=B&M acquires Focus stores|url=http://www.retail-week.com/property/locations-of-focus-stores-acquired-by-wickes-and-bm-bargains-revealed/5025690.article|website=retail-week.com|access-date=22 June 2014}}</ref>

In 2012, B&M pleaded guilty at Mansfield Magistrates Court to six fire safety offences under the [[Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005]] following a visit from Fire Protection officers of the [[Nottinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service]] to their [[Mansfield]] store in October 2011. Officers had previously visited in June 2011 and found numerous breaches of the order, including blocked fire exits. However, the failings were found to have been repeated in the revisit and the firm was fined £32,984.17.<ref name="FIRE1">{{cite web |last1=Hook |first1=Richard |title=Notts fire safety prosecution serves as warning to... |url=https://www.fire-magazine.com/notts-fire-safety-prosecution-serves-as-warning-to-firms |website=FIRE |publisher=Fire Knowledge Ltd |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107200636/https://www.fire-magazine.com/notts-fire-safety-prosecution-serves-as-warning-to-firms |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Shoreham-by-Sea]] |language=en |date=31 May 2012}}</ref>

In December 2012, [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice]], one of the world's leading [[private equity funds]], acquired a significant [[Equity (finance)|stake]] in B&M, and [[Terry Leahy|Sir Terry Leahy]] and Vindi Banga joined the [[Board of Directors]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sengun|first1=Tunc|title=Clayton Dubilier & Rice To Acquire Significant Stake in Leading UK Variety Retailer, B&M Retail|url=http://www.cdr-inc.com/news/releases/2012-12-03_cdr_to_invest_in_bm_retail.php|access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref>

In March 2014, the business acquired a majority stake in German discount retailer Jawoll and then opened a new 500,000 sq ft distribution centre in Speke, Liverpool.<ref name=echo/> In June 2014, the business was the subject of an [[initial public offering]].<ref name="B&M lists on the London Stock Exchange">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/10895099/BandM-Bargains-boosts-Londons-listing-market.html |title=B&M Bargains boosts London's listing market |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=12 June 2014 |access-date=12 January 2017|last1=Armstrong |first1=Ashley }}</ref> However, upon detailed analysis by the [[Columbia Business School]], it was found the [[IPO]] of B&M was overhyped due to an already saturated market in the UK.<ref name="gsb">{{cite book|last1=Wang|first1=Sisy|title=Graham and Doddsville|date=10 October 2014|publisher=Columbia Business School (GSB)|location=Washington|pages=22–23|edition=Fall of 2014|url=http://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/valueinvesting/sites/valueinvesting/files/Graham%20%26%20Doddsville_Issue%2022_Fall%202014.pdf|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>

In November 2014, the business opened its 400th store (in [[Stockport]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/11238097/Why-BandM-could-be-the-next-big-thing-in-British-retailing.html|title=Why B&M could be the next big thing in British retailing|date=18 November 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=10 September 2016|last1=Ruddick|first1=Graham}}</ref> and claimed to serve in excess of three million customers every week.<ref name="about">{{cite web |url=http://www.bmstores.co.uk/about-bandm-stores |title=About B&M Stores |publisher=B&M Stores |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
[[File:B&M Express, 21 Market Street, Bridgend (geograph 6682978).jpg|thumb|B&M Express in Bridgend]]
During July 2017, the company completed the acquisition of the smaller frozen food store chain [[Heron Foods]] for £152 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/08/02/bm-bargains-moves-convenience-retailing-152m-swoop-heron-foods/|title=B&M Bargains moves into convenience retailing with £152m swoop on Heron Foods|last=Armstrong|first=Ashley|date=2017-08-02|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-05|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-40805474|title=Family-run Heron Foods taken over by B&M in £152m deal|date=2 August 2017|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> In 2018 the company started a trial of converting Heron Food branches to B&M Express.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/discounters/bandm-converts-heron-foods-branches-to-bandm-express-fascia/571146.article|title=B&M converts Heron Foods branches to 'B&M Express'|work=The Grocer|date=3 September 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, B&M was fined a record £480,000 by Barkingside Magistrates’ Court for selling knives to three children under the age of 18 in test purchases at stores in [[Redbridge, London|Redbridge]] and [[Barking, London|Barking]]. The fine was reduced from £720,000 as the business pleaded guilty.<ref name="Indie3">{{cite web |last1=Owoseje |first1=Toyin |title=B&M Bargains fined £480,000 for repeatedly selling knives to east London children |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/bm-bargains-selling-knives-children-fine-knife-crime-east-london-a8550371.html |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107185110/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/bm-bargains-selling-knives-children-fine-knife-crime-east-london-a8550371.html |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Northcliffe House, London]] |language=en |date=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="BBC1">{{cite web |title=B&M fined for illegal knife sales to east London teens |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-45603915 |website=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107202210/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-45603915 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Broadcasting House, London]] |language=en |date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

As of 31 January 2018, B&M European Value Retail S.A. had issued 1,000,561,222 ordinary shares at the opening price of 10 pence.<ref name="A4R1">{{cite news |author1=B&M European Value Retail S.A. |title=Total Voting Rights |url=https://www.bandmretail.com/sites/bmstores/files/announcement-for-release-31-01-18.pdf |access-date=21 January 2021 |work=Announcement for Release |date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121134534/https://www.bandmretail.com/sites/bmstores/files/announcement-for-release-31-01-18.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2018, the company acquired French discount retailer Babou for €91.2 million,<ref>{{Cite web|title=B&M enters France with Babou acquisition - Retail Gazette|url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2018/10/bm-expands-france-babou/|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.retailgazette.co.uk}}</ref> and by the end of 2021, the Babou brand was replaced by B&M.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-12-19|date=2021-12-19|language=fr-FR|title=Discount : petits prix, offre élargie... B&M à la conquête du marché après le rachat des Babou|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/economie/consommation/discount-petits-prix-offre-elargie-bm-a-la-conquete-du-marche-apres-le-rachat-des-babou-19-12-2021-ENF7WT4FTRBVLOAFWHJQYBHOLU.php|website=leparisien.fr}}</ref>

On 4 February 2022, the company opened its 700th store at Border Retail Park in [[Wrexham]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/19898347.wrexhams-new-b-m-store-opens-tomorrow/|title=Take a SNEAK PEEK inside Wrexham's new B&M store before it opens tomorrow|website=The Leader}}</ref>

In September 2023, it was announced B&M had acquired 51 former [[Wilko]] stores from the [[Administration (law)|administrator]] for £13 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=B&M acquires 51 stores from collapsed Wilko |url=https://dailybusinessgroup.co.uk/2023/09/bm-acquires-51-stores-from-collapsed-wilko/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Daily Business |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===COVID-19 rates relief controversy===
In March 2020, as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom]], [[Rishi Sunak]], then [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], gave [[business rate]]s relief and [[furlough]] payments to businesses in the hospitality and retail sectors.<ref name="Indie1">{{cite web |last1=Chapman |first1=Ben |title=What support is the government offering to get through the coronavirus pandemic? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/coronavirus-financial-support-government-money-help-rent-bills-a9407776.html |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165919/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/coronavirus-financial-support-government-money-help-rent-bills-a9407776.html |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Northcliffe House, London]] |language=en |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="RetailGazette1">{{cite web |last1=Jahshan |first1=Elias |title=Chancellor extends one-year business rates holiday for all retailers - Retail Gazette |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/03/chancellor-extends-one-year-business-rates-holiday-for-all-retailers/ |website=Retail Gazette |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107171347/https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/03/chancellor-extends-one-year-business-rates-holiday-for-all-retailers/ |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Marylebone]] |language=en |date=18 March 2020}}</ref>
B&M was among several businesses classified as 'essential retailers' and as a result was allowed to remain open when other 'non-essential businesses had to close.<ref name="Guardian3" /><ref name="Indie2">{{cite web |last1=Chapman |first1=Ben |title=B&M Bargains boss pays himself £30m after bumper sales during lockdown |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/bm-bargains-simon-arora-dividend-results-b1783823.html |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Ltd |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107185005/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/bm-bargains-simon-arora-dividend-results-b1783823.html |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Northcliffe House, London]] |language=en |date=7 January 2021}}</ref> In November 2020, B&M and other retailers were subject to a public outcry for having not handed back payments totalling £1.8 billion intended for propping up retailers prevented from trading due to restrictions, despite making record profits.<ref name="Guardian1">{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Zoe |last2=Kollewe |first2=Julia |title=£1.8bn-plus in Covid rates relief to be handed back as B&M joins list |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/03/sainsburys-hands-back-440m-in-covid-business-rates-relief |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107171620/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/03/sainsburys-hands-back-440m-in-covid-business-rates-relief |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Kings Place, London]] |language=en |date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The retailer declared £296 million in profit and as a result issued a £250 million special dividend despite having received £38 million in business rates relief and £3.7 million in furlough payments.<ref name="Guardian1" /><ref name="Guardian2">{{cite web |last1=Pratley |first1=Nils |title=Treasury messed up over B&M's Covid rates freebie |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/nils-pratley-on-finance/2020/nov/12/treasury-b-and-m-covid-rates-freebie-shops-business-rates-relief |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107182628/https://www.theguardian.com/business/nils-pratley-on-finance/2020/nov/12/treasury-b-and-m-covid-rates-freebie-shops-business-rates-relief |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Kings Place, London]] |language=en |date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Brothers [[Simon Arora|Simon]] and [[Bobby Arora]], the CEO and trading director respectively, received a combined total of £37 million of the special dividend due to their 15% shareholding which is said to worth at least £750 million.<ref name="Guardian2" /><ref name="Guardian3">{{cite web |last1=Partridge |first1=Joanna |title=Lockdown sales boost at B&M prompts £250m special dividend |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/12/lockdown-sales-boost-at-bm-prompts-250m-special-dividend |website=The Guardian |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107183019/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/12/lockdown-sales-boost-at-bm-prompts-250m-special-dividend |archive-date=7 January 2021 |location=[[Kings Place, London]] |language=en |date=12 November 2020}}</ref> The firm agreed to pay £80 million in business rate relief it had saved, a move mirrored by major supermarkets including [[Tesco]], [[Sainsbury's]] and [[Morrisons]].<ref name="Indie2" />

==Domestic operations==
As of 2021, the company currently has 686 stores in the UK and a further 275 Heron Foods stores.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|first=Ashley|last= Armstrong|title=Early festive buying puts B&M ahead of the game|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/eary-festive-buying-puts-b-amp-m-ahead-of-the-game-8kfkfsnrv|access-date=2021-11-12|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

Over the period 2016 to 2018, the company opened another 100 stores as it reached 600 stores in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/bm-eyeing-sainsburys-and-asda-stores-a3988641.html|title=B&M eyeing Sainsbury's and Asda stores|date=13 November 2018|publisher=Evening Standard|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>

In September 2020, the company announced that it planned to open about 45 stores, offering everything from tinned and frozen meals to wallpaper and bedding plants, which has become a lockdown phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2020|title=B&M steps up expansion after lockdown sales boom|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/sep/29/bm-steps-up-expansion-after-lockdown-sales-boom|access-date=10 October 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Since September 2012, some stores have also been selling [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|National Lottery]] goods.<ref name="B&M sells National Lottery goods">{{cite web|last1=Sengun |first1=Tunc |title=B&M sells National Lottery goods |url=http://www.halfdiscount.co.uk/merchant-B-M-Stores-vouchers-deals-13142.html |website=halfdiscount.co.uk |access-date=22 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707201224/http://www.halfdiscount.co.uk/merchant-B-M-Stores-vouchers-deals-13142.html |archive-date=7 July 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Financial performance==
The financial performance has been as follows:
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto 0 auto;"
! rowspan=2 | Year ending
! rowspan=2 | [[Revenue]] (£ million)
! colspan=3 | Profit
|-
! Operating (£ million)
! Pre-tax (£ million)
! [[Operating income|Retained]] (£ million)
|-
|26 March 2022<ref name=results/>
|4,673.0
|610.0
|525.0
|422.0
|-
|27 March 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bandmretail.com/sites/bmstores/files/reports/2021/fy21-prelims-announcement.pdf|publisher=B&M|title=Annual Results 2021|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>
|4,801.4
|613.4
|525.4
|428.1
|-
|31 March 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://staticcontents.investis.com/html/b/bandmretail/annual-report-and-accounts-2020/publication/contents/media/1199628/pdfs/Full_Annual_Report_and_Accounts_2020.pdf|publisher=B&M|title=Annual Report 2020|access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>
|3,813.4
|332.8
|252.0
|80.9
|-
|31 March 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://staticcontents.investis.com/html/b/bandmretail/annual-report-and-accounts-2019/index.html#page=72|publisher=B&M|title=Annual Report 2019|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
|3,486.3
|264.4
|249.4
|202.7
|-
|31 March 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bandmretail-ar2018.html.investis.com/#page=76|publisher=B&M|title=Annual Report 2018|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>
|3,029.8
|239.8
|229.3
|185.8
|-
|25 March 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bandmretail-ar2017.html.investis.com/#page=68|title=B&M European Value Retail S.A. – Annual Report and Accounts 2017|website=bandmretail-ar2017.html.investis.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>
|2,430.7
|204.5
|182.9
|144.0
|-
| 26 March 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bandmretail.com/~/media/Files/B/BM-Stores/reports-and-presentations/financial-reports/announcement-of-2015-16-full-year-results.pdf|title=Preliminary Results 2016|publisher=B&M|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
| 2,035.3
| 174.5
| 154.5
| 125.8
|-
| 28 March 2015<ref name=ar15>{{cite web|url=http://www.bandmretail.com/~/media/Files/B/BM-Stores/agm/ar-15.pdf|title=Annual Report 2015|publisher=B&M|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref>
| 1,646.8
| 132.9
| 61.7
| 39.9
|-
| 29 March 2014 (65-week period)<ref name="companieshouse">{{cite web |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01357507/filing-history |title=B&M Retail – Companies House |publisher=Companies House |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>
| 1,509.1
| 123.5
| 123.4
| 115.9
|-
| 31 December 2012<ref name="B&M's Financial performance 31/12/2012">{{cite web|last1=Sengun|first1=Tunc|title=B&M's Financial performance 31/12/2012|url=http://www.bandmretail.com/~/media/Files/B/BM-Stores/reports-and-presentations/financial-reports/bm-retail-2012-signed-accs.pdf|website=bandmretail.com|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>
| 935.2
| 88.1
| 88.3
| 66.3
|-
| 31 December 2011<ref name="B&M's Financial performance 31/12/2012" />
| 712.6
| 52.0
| 51.7
| 38.0
|-
| 31 December 2010<ref name="2010_financial">{{cite web |author=Staff writer|url=http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/articles.aspx?page=independentarticle&ID=209801 |title=B&M Confirms Meteoric Rise as Pre-Tax Profits Hit All-Time High |work=[[The Grocer]] |date=29 May 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010|author-link = Staff writer}}</ref>
| 538.3
| 35.4
| 35.2
| 25.3
|-
| 31 December 2009<ref name="2010_financial"/>
| 426.6
| 34.0
| 33.8
| 24.5<ref>{{cite web |author=Bennett, Julia|url=http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/blackpoolnews/BM-staff-anger-over-34obscene34.6310350.jp |title=B&M Staff Anger over 'Obscene' Profit |work=[[Blackpool Gazette]] |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bmstores.co.uk B&M retail website]
* [http://www.bandmretail.com B&M corporate website]

{{UK supermarkets}}
{{varietyStores}}
{{Supermarkets in France}}
{{FTSE 100 Index constituents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:B And M}}
[[Category:1978 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in Liverpool]]
[[Category:Discount shops of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Retail companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Variety stores]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the FTSE 100 Index]]

List of foreign nationals detained in Iran

2023-12-19T21:09:02Z

Endive: /* French citizens */ update of liberated French citizens in 2023

{{Short description|List of foreign nationals detained in Iran}}
Since the [[Iran hostage crisis]], the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] has engaged in a pattern of detaining foreign nationals for extended periods.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2018 |title=America's unending hostage crisis with Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-iran-student/ |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802100332/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-iran-student/ |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Multiple citizenship|Dual nationals of Iran and another country]] are particularly vulnerable to arbitrary detention because the international [[Master Nationality Rule]] provides that "a State may not afford diplomatic protection to one of its nationals against a state whose nationality such person also possesses".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/nationalityinstructions/nisec2gensec/dualnationality?view=Binary |title=Dual Nationality |publisher=UK Home Office |access-date=16 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208214953/http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/nationalityinstructions/nisec2gensec/dualnationality?view=Binary |archive-date=8 December 2010}}</ref> According to the [[Center for Human Rights in Iran]], the Iranian government has used imprisoned dual and foreign-only nationals "as bargaining chips in its dealings with other nations."<ref name="whoare"/>

In November 2017, Reuters reported that Iran's [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC) had arrested "at least 30 dual nationals during the past two years, mostly on spying charges."<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2017 |title=Iran's Revolutionary Guards arrest more dual nationals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-arrests/exclusive-irans-revolutionary-guards-arrest-more-dual-nationals-idUSKBN1D90TB |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009234847/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-arrests/exclusive-irans-revolutionary-guards-arrest-more-dual-nationals-idUSKBN1D90TB |archive-date=9 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], "Iranian authorities have violated detainees' due process rights and carried out a pattern of politically motivated arrests."<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Iran: Targeting of Dual Citizens, Foreigners |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/26/iran-targeting-dual-citizens-foreigners |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026005218/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/26/iran-targeting-dual-citizens-foreigners |archive-date=26 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, on the sidelines of the [[Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly]], families of dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran as well former dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran launched the "Alliance of Families Against State Hostage Taking."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2019 |title=Relatives of Jailed Dual and Foreign Nationals Launch Alliance Against Iran's 'Hostage-Taking' Amid UNGA |url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2019/09/relatives-of-jailed-dual-and-foreign-nationals-launch-alliance-against-irans-hostage-taking-amid-unga/ |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016155727/https://iranhumanrights.org/2019/09/relatives-of-jailed-dual-and-foreign-nationals-launch-alliance-against-irans-hostage-taking-amid-unga/ |archive-date=16 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2019 |title=Families of prisoners held in Iran accuse Tehran of 'hostage taking,' ask for global action |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/families-relatives-held-iran-accuse-tehran-hostage-taking-ask-global-n1058561 |agency=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014090633/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/families-relatives-held-iran-accuse-tehran-hostage-taking-ask-global-n1058561 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2019 |title=Families of Hostages in Iran Launch Alliance at UN |url=https://en.iranwire.com/en/features/6326 |agency=IranWire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016163413/https://en.iranwire.com/en/features/6326 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2023, [[France]] called for the release of seven nationals, who were held in [[Iran]]. One of the detainees, Fariba Adelkhak was arrested in June 2019, along with her colleague [[Roland Marchal]]. While Marchal was released in 2020, but Fraiban Adelkhak remained in prison amid mounting political tensions in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/middle-east-matters/20230125-france-demands-immediate-release-of-seven-french-citizens-held-in-iran|title=France demands 'immediate release' of seven French citizens held in Iran|accessdate=25 January 2023|website=France 24|date=25 January 2023 }}</ref>

This list of current and former detainees in Iran excludes people abducted in other countries and brought into the country.

== Current foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran ==
{{static row numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers"
! Name
! Detained
! Citizenship
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Nazak|Afshar}}
| {{Dts|12 March 2016}}
| France
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=12 March 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/>
|-
|Shahab Dalili
| {{Dts|20 March 2016}}
| U.S. permanent resident
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=20 March 2016}}
|cooperating with a hostile government
|U.S. permanent resident
|<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 8, 2022 |title=My Husband Shahab Dalili is a Hostage Too: Retired Sea Captain and US Resident's Wife Breaks Silence |url=https://iranwire.com/en/prisoners/102861-my-husband-shahab-dalili-is-a-hostage-of-iran-too-retired-sea-captains-wife-breaks-silence/ |publisher=IranWire |location= |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Ahmad Reza|Jalali}}
| {{Dts|24 April 2016}}
| Sweden
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=24 April 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/01/ahmadreza-jalali-iranian-swedish-disaster-relief-expert/ |title=Iranian-Swedish Disaster Medicine Expert Held in Iran Jail for Nine Months, on Hunger Strike Since Dec. 25 |date=12 January 2017 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027023636/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/01/ahmadreza-jalali-iranian-swedish-disaster-relief-expert/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2018 |title=Sweden grants citizenship to academic facing Iran death sentence |url=https://www.thelocal.se/20180217/sweden-grants-citizenship-to-academic-facing-iran-death-sentence |work=The Local SE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702041532/https://www.thelocal.se/20180217/sweden-grants-citizenship-to-academic-facing-iran-death-sentence |archive-date=2 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Abdolrasoul|Dorri-Esfahani}}
| {{Dts|August 2016}}
| Canada
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=August 2016|start={{TODAY}}}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=August 2016|start={{TODAY}}}}
| In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.
|
| align="center" |<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=1 October 2019 |title=Iran's jailed dual nationals and their uncertain fate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41974185 |agency=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015135334/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41974185 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Afshin|Sheikholeslami Vatani}}
| {{Dts|27 June 2020}}
| U.S. permanent resident
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=27 June 2020}}
|
| Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020.
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://kurdistanhumanrights.net/en/a-kurdish-civil-rights-activist-arrested-in-sanandaj/ |title=Iran: Kurdish environmental activist Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani arrested |date=29 June 2020 |publisher=Kurdistan Human Rights Network }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jamshid|Sharmahd}}
| {{Dts|July 2020}}
| Germany
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=28 July 2020}}
|
| U.S. permanent resident. Sentenced to death February 2023.
| align="center" | <ref name=jpost1>{{Cite web |title='Death sentence certain' for German-Iranian journalist |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-712881 |access-date=2022-07-25 |date=2022-07-25|website=Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Nahid|Taghavi}}
| {{Dts|16 October 2020}}
| Germany
|
|
|
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite news |author= |title=German-Iranian women's rights activist detained in Tehran |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-iranian-womens-rights-activist-detained-in-tehran/a-55377452 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=8 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Mehran|Raoof|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|16 October 2020}}
| UK
|
|
|
| align="center" | <ref name="amnesty-raoof">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/3743/2021/en/ |title=Iran: British-Iranian labour activist detained: Mehran Raoof |last= |first= |date=23 February 2021 |website= |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
|-
|| {{Sortname|Johan|Floderus}}
| {{Dts|17 April 2022}}
| Sweden
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=17 April 2022|start={{TODAY}}}}"| {{Digit_time_between|end=17 April 2022|start={{TODAY}}}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="nyt_20230904"/>
|}

== U.S. citizens ==
{{See|Iran–United States relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"

! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Masoud Jamali |Ashtiani}}
| {{Dts|20 May 2012}}
| {{Tba|20 May 2013}}
| {{Digit_time_between|end=20 May 2012|start=20 May 2013}}
|propaganda against the regime
|41 days in solidarity confinement
| {{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=March 2023}}

|-
| {{Sortname|Emad|Shargi}}
| {{Dts|30 November 2020}}
| {{Tba|18 September 2023}}
| {{Digit_time_between|end=30 November 2020|start=18 September 2023}}
|Espionage / Spying
| Member of [[September 2023 Iran–United States prisoner release|<ref name=reuters-20230918/>]] in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. Had been sentenced to 10 years in January 2021. Had previously been cleared in December 2019. (Iranian national who also holds US citizenship.)
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Luce|first=Dan De|date=2021-01-17|title=Iran jailed another American, jeopardizing Biden's plans for diplomacy|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/iran-jails-u-s-businessman-possibly-jeopardizing-biden-s-plans-n1254551|archive-url=|archive-date=|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Coleman|first=Justine|date=2021-01-17|title=Iran convicts American businessman on spying charge: report|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/534666-iran-convicts-american-businessman-on-spying-charge-report|access-date=2021-01-20|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref><ref name=reuters-20230918>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/how-iran-us-clinched-rare-detainee-swap-funds-release-2023-09-18/ |title=How Iran and the US reached the prisoner swap deal |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |publisher=Reuters |url-access=limited |date=18 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Michael|White|Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)}}
| {{Dts|July 2018}}
| {{Dts| 19 March 2020}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=July 2018|start={{TODAY}}}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=July 2018|start={{TODAY}}}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Morad|Tahbaz}}
| {{Dts|January 2018}}
| {{Tba|18 September 2023}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=January 2018|start=18 September 2023}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=January 2018|start=18 September 2023}}
| Conspiring with America
| Member of [[September 2023 Iran–United States prisoner release|group of 5 released in Sept 2023]] in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US and UK citizenship.)
| align="center" |<ref name="environmentalists">{{cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Environmentalists Detained in Crackdown Denied Legal Counsel Amid Claims Some Were 'Jewish Spies' |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/03/environmentalists-detained-in-crackdown-denied-legal-counsel-amid-claims-some-were-jewish-spies/ |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015192701/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/03/environmentalists-detained-in-crackdown-denied-legal-counsel-amid-claims-some-were-jewish-spies/ |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=gulf/><ref name=reuters-20230918/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Xiyue|Wang|Xiyue Wang}}
| {{Dts|8 August 2016}}
| {{Dts|7 December 2019}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=7 December 2019|end=8 August 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran sentences Princeton graduate student to 10 years for espionage, report says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/iran-sentences-princeton-graduate-student-to-10-years-for-espionage-report-says/2017/07/16/664320c4-6a46-11e7-abbc-a53480672286_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 July 2017|access-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317092701/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/iran-sentences-princeton-graduate-student-to-10-years-for-espionage-report-says/2017/07/16/664320c4-6a46-11e7-abbc-a53480672286_story.html|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Gholamreza (Reza) "Robin"|Shahini}}
| {{Dts|11 July 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 March 2017}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 March 2017|end=11 July 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/04/iranian-american-initially-sentenced-to-18-years-prison-released-on-bail-during-appeal/ |title=Iranian-American Initially Sentenced to 18 Years Prison Released on Bail During Appeal |date=4 April 2017 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012000204/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/04/iranian-american-initially-sentenced-to-18-years-prison-released-on-bail-during-appeal/ |archive-date=12 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Karan|Vafadari}}
| {{Dts|20 July 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 July 2018}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 July 2018|end=20 July 2016}}
|
| Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.
| align="center" |<ref name="vafadari1">{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/03/new-charges-against-imprisoned-iranian-american/ |title=Grave and Baseless New Charges Against Imprisoned Iranian-American and Wife |date=10 March 2017 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012000503/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/03/new-charges-against-imprisoned-iranian-american/ |archive-date=12 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vafadari2">{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/07/iranian-american-and-us-permanent-resident-released-on-bail-from-irans-evin-prison/ |title=Iranian American and US Permanent Resident Released on Bail From Iran's Evin Prison |date=24 July 2018 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224131012/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/07/iranian-american-and-us-permanent-resident-released-on-bail-from-irans-evin-prison/ |archive-date=24 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=gulf></ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Baquer|Namazi|}}
| {{Dts|22 February 2016}}
| {{Dts|1 October 2022}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=22 February 2016}}
|
| Released during the [[Mahsa Amini protests]]
| align="center" | <ref name="namazi">{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2016/10/siamak-namazi-irgc/ |title=Revolutionary Guards Mark Anniversary of Dual National Siamak Namazi's Arrest With Propaganda Video |date=17 October 2016 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009233510/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2016/10/siamak-namazi-irgc/ |archive-date=9 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At Least 92 Killed In Iran Crackdown On Anti-Hijab Protesters: NGO |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-92-killed-in-iran-crackdown-on-anti-hijab-protesters-ngo-3397192 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Siamak|Namazi|}}
| {{Dts|13 October 2015}}
| {{Tba|18 September 2023}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=18 September 2023|end=15 October 2015}}
| spying
| Member of [[September 2023 Iran–United States prisoner release|group of 5 released in Sept 2023]] in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US citizenship.)
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/4558 |title=UN Urged to Take Immediate Action on Namazis |date=25 April 2017 |agency=IranWire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320052142/https://iranwire.com/en/features/4558 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At Least 92 Killed In Iran Crackdown On Anti-Hijab Protesters: NGO |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-92-killed-in-iran-crackdown-on-anti-hijab-protesters-ngo-3397192 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=gulf> {{cite news |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=22 February 2023 |title=17 Western passport-holders are now in Iran detention |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/17-western-passport-holders-are-now-in-iran-detention-1.94008100#}}</ref><ref name=reuters-20230918/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Nosratollah|Khosravi-Roodsari|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|May 2015}}
| {{Dts|16 January 2016}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=May 2015|start=16 January 2016}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=May 2015|start=16 January 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2016 |title=Who is Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari? The Story of the Fourth American Prisoner |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/1600 |work=IranWire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015191751/https://iranwire.com/en/features/1600 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Matthew|Trevithick}}
| {{Dts|7 December 2015}}
| {{Dts|16 January 2016}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=15 January 2016|end=7 December 2015}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=Hingham man recalls 41-day ordeal in Iranian captivity |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/01/28/student-from-hingham-speaks-about-his-ordeal-iranian-prison/WnAXL1LJtMgQKrB2m6oJiM/story.html |work=Boston Globe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015190853/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/01/28/student-from-hingham-speaks-about-his-ordeal-iranian-prison/WnAXL1LJtMgQKrB2m6oJiM/story.html |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jason|Rezaian}}
| {{Dts|22 July 2014}}
| {{Dts|16 January 2016}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 January 2016|end=22 July 2014}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=30 July 2014 |title=Iran urged to release detained Washington Post journalist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/iran-washington-post-journalist-jason-rezaian |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604224035/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/iran-washington-post-journalist-jason-rezaian |archive-date=4 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="swap">{{cite news |date=16 January 2016 |title=5 Americans released by Iran, 4 as part of prisoner swap |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/16/middleeast/iran-jason-rezaian-prisoners-freed/index.html |agency=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905074219/https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/16/middleeast/iran-jason-rezaian-prisoners-freed/index.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Saeed|Abedini}}
| {{Dts|28 July 2012}}
| {{Dts|16 January 2016}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 January 2016|end=18 July 2012}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="swap"/><ref>{{cite news |date=28 April 2015 |title=Iranian prison guards threaten to extend sentence for U.S. pastor, wife claims |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iranian-prison-guards-threaten-to-extend-sentence-for-u-s-pastor-wife-claims |agency=Fox News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010000955/https://www.foxnews.com/world/iranian-prison-guards-threaten-to-extend-sentence-for-u-s-pastor-wife-claims |archive-date=10 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Afsaneh|Azadeh}}
| {{Dts|13 May 2012}}
| {{Dts|September 2012}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=13 May 2012|start=September 2012}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=13 May 2012|start=September 2012}}
|
| Azadeh was released from detention to house arrest from September 2012 – November 2012. She was not permitted to leave the country until May 2013.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=27 May 2018 |title=The Mysterious Tale of a Powerful American Businessman, Three Sanctioned Iranians and an Imprisonment in Tehran |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/05/27/the-mysterious-tale-of-a-powerful-american-businessman-an-emirati-sheikhdom-three-sanctioned-iranians-and-an-imprisonment-in-tehran-218405 |work=Politico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019181642/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/05/27/the-mysterious-tale-of-a-powerful-american-businessman-an-emirati-sheikhdom-three-sanctioned-iranians-and-an-imprisonment-in-tehran-218405 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Amir|Hekmati}}
| {{Dts|29 August 2011}}
| {{Dts|16 January 2016}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 January 2016|end=29 August 2011}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="swap"/><ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2013 |title=Jailed in Iran: The story of ex-Marine Amir Hekmati |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/america-tonight-blog/2013/9/24/jailed-in-iran-thestoryofexmarineamirhekmati.html |agency=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005010815/http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/america-tonight-blog/2013/9/24/jailed-in-iran-thestoryofexmarineamirhekmati.html |archive-date=5 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Joshua|Fattal|2009–11 detention of American hikers by Iran}}
| {{Dts|31 July 2009}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2011}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 September 2011|end=31 July 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| {{Sortname|Shane|Bauer}}
| {{Dts|31 July 2009}}
| {{Dts|21 September 2011}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 September 2011|end=31 July 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| {{Sortname|Sarah|Shourd|2009–11 detention of American hikers by Iran}}
| {{Dts|31 July 2009}}
| {{Dts|14 September 2010}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=14 September 2010|end=31 July 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| {{Sortname|Roxana|Saberi}}
| {{Dts|31 January 2009}}
| {{Dts|11 May 2009}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=11 May 2009|end=31 January 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2010 |title=Roxana Saberi: Caught 'Between Two Worlds' |url=https://www.wbur.org/npr/125311683/story.php |agency=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012002248/https://www.wbur.org/npr/125311683/story.php |archive-date=12 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Esha|Momeni}}
| {{Dts|15 October 2008}}
| {{Dts|10 November 2008}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=10 November 2008|end=15 October 2008}}
|
| Momeni was released on bail in November 2008 but she was not permitted to leave Iran until August 2009.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=CSUN grad student Esha Momeni, formerly imprisoned in Iran, returns to Los Angeles |url=https://sundial.csun.edu/11853/news/csun-grad-student-esha-momeni-formerly-imprisoned-in-iran-returns-to-los-angeles/ |work=The Sundial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019183210/https://sundial.csun.edu/11853/news/csun-grad-student-esha-momeni-formerly-imprisoned-in-iran-returns-to-los-angeles/ |archive-date=2019-10-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Reza|Taghavi}}
| {{Dts|May 2008}}
| {{Dts|16 October 2010}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=May 2008|start=16 October 2010}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=May 2008|start=16 October 2010}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2010 |title=U.S. Businessman Freed From Iran After 29 Months Behind Bars |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-businessman-reza-taghavi-freed-iran-prison-29/story?id=11901100 |agency=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525072245/http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-businessman-reza-taghavi-freed-iran-prison-29/story?id=11901100 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Nik|Moradi}}
| {{Dts|31 October 2007}}
| {{Dts|15 April 2008}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=15 April 2008|end=31 October 2007}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2015 |title=Iranian Torture Victim Gets $20M in Damages |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/iranian-torture-victim-gets-20m-in-damages/ |agency=Courthouse News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020181201/https://www.courthousenews.com/iranian-torture-victim-gets-20m-in-damages/ |archive-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Kian|Tajbakhsh}}
| {{Dts|11 May 2007}}
| {{Dts|19 September 2007}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=25 September 2007|end=8 May 2007}}
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| {{Sortname|Ali|Shakeri}}
| {{Dts|8 May 2007}}
| {{Dts|25 September 2007}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=25 September 2007|end=8 May 2007}}
|
|
| align="center" |
|-
| {{Sortname|Haleh|Esfandiari}}
| {{Dts|8 May 2007}}
| {{Dts|21 August 2007}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 August 2007|end=8 May 2007}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Tehran Jails Iranian American Scholar After Long House Arrest |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/08/AR2007050801276.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 May 2007 |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131091453/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/08/AR2007050801276.html |archive-date=31 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Iran frees detained US academic |agency= BBC |date= 21 August 2007 |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6956946.stm |access-date= 10 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191010003757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6956946.stm |archive-date= 10 October 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
|{{Sortname|Robert|Levinson|Disappearance of Robert Levinson}} (alleged)
|{{Dts|9 March 2007}}
| Presumed dead 25 March 2020
|data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|start=1 November 2010|end=9 March 2007}}"| >{{Digit_time_between|start=1 November 2010|end=9 March 2007}} (alleged)
|
| U.S. agent working for the [[CIA]] who disappeared on [[Kish Island]]. Proof of life in captivity in an unknown location was received in November 2010, but Iran has never acknowledged his arrest or detention; he was presumed dead in March 2020.
|<ref name="USIP"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Dariush|Zahedi}}
| {{Dts|10 July 2003}}
| {{Dts|9 November 2003}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=9 November 2003|end=10 July 2003}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Iran-frees-Berkeley-lecturer-Teacher-had-been-2549217.php |title=Iran frees Berkeley lecturer / Teacher had been held on spy charges |date=10 November 2003 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021162352/https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Iran-frees-Berkeley-lecturer-Teacher-had-been-2549217.php |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Daniel|Baumann}}
| {{Dts|10 January 1997}}
| {{Dts|16 March 1997}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 March 1997|end=10 January 1997}}
|
| Dual U.S.-Swiss citizen. Arrested with South African Stuart Timm.
| align="center" |<ref name="rns"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Gerald|Seib}}
| {{Dts|31 January 1987}}
| {{Dts|4 February 1987}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=4 February 1987|end=31 January 1987}}
|
| ''Wall Street Journal'' reporter who had been visiting Iran with a group of journalists.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title='Gerald Seib Day' Held For Reporter Detained In Iran |url=https://apnews.com/3d6dbb5ace86a7f7cc7aa97db2f680ce |work=AP News |date=14 February 1987 |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020183820/https://apnews.com/3d6dbb5ace86a7f7cc7aa97db2f680ce |archive-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jon|Pattis}}
| {{Dts|16 June 1986}}
| {{Dts|October 1991}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=16 June 1986|start=October 1991}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=16 June 1986|start=October 1991}}
| Sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1987 for espionage.
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 1987 |title=South Carolina Woman Reassured About Imprisoned Brother |url=https://www.apnews.com/ad1b9100c24ca927c9aadd9e76910183 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022020541/https://www.apnews.com/ad1b9100c24ca927c9aadd9e76910183 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 1991 |title=Engineer Freed by Iran Returns to U.S. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-08-mn-192-story.html |agency=AP |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111212334/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-08-mn-192-story.html |archive-date=11 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|David|Rabhan}}
| {{Dts|1980}}
| {{Dts|6 August 1990}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=1980|start=6 August 1990}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=1980|start=6 August 1990}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 1990 |title=American Freed from Tehran Prison |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/09/15/american-freed-from-tehran-prison/71259316-78c3-45c1-89d4-7336bfd3caf4/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022013631/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/09/15/american-freed-from-tehran-prison/71259316-78c3-45c1-89d4-7336bfd3caf4/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== U.S. permanent residents ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Afshin|Sheikholeslami Vatani}}
| {{Dts|27 June 2020}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=27 June 2020}}
|
| Released on bail in February 2019 but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran and then arrested again in 2020.
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://kurdistanhumanrights.net/en/a-kurdish-civil-rights-activist-arrested-in-sanandaj/ |title=Iran: Kurdish environmental activist Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani arrested |date=29 June 2020 |publisher=Kurdistan Human Rights Network }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Afarin|Neyssari}}
| {{Dts|20 July 2016}}
| {{Dts|21 July 2018}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 July 2018|end=20 July 2016}}
|
| Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran.
| align="center" |<ref name="vafadari1"/><ref name="vafadari2"/>
|-
|Shahab Dalili
| {{Dts|20 March 2016}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=20 March 2016}}
|cooperating with a hostile government
|U.S. permanent resident
|<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 8, 2022 |title=My Husband Shahab Dalili is a Hostage Too: Retired Sea Captain and US Resident's Wife Breaks Silence |url=https://iranwire.com/en/prisoners/102861-my-husband-shahab-dalili-is-a-hostage-of-iran-too-retired-sea-captains-wife-breaks-silence/ |publisher=IranWire |location= |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jamshid Sharmahd]]
| {{Dts|1 August 2020}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=1 August 2020}}
|journalistic activity criticizing the Islamic regime for 16 years
|German citizen and U.S. permanent resident. Jimmy was kidnapped on a business trip to India and taken to iran. He has spent the entire detention at an unknown location, in solitary confinement and after what [[Amnesty International]] calls a sham trial condemned to death.
|<ref>{{cite news |date=April 3, 2023 |title=Iran: Further information: Tortured German-Iranian sentenced to death: Jamshid Sharmahd |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/6642/2023/en/ |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 8, 2022 |title=US envoy meets family of German-Iranian sentenced to death in Iran |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/26/middleeast/us-envoy-iran-jamshid-sharmahd-intl-hnk/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
|}

=== Iran hostage crisis detainees (1979 - 1981) ===
{{See|Iran hostage crisis}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Notes
|-
| {{Sortname|Cynthia|Dwyer|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|5 May 1980}}
| {{Dts|10 February 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=10 February 1981|end=5 May 1980}}
| Civilian. Freelance writer convicted on trumped-up charges of espionage and other crimes<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2016 |title=Cynthia Dwyer, '53rd hostage' of U.S. crisis with Iran, dies at 84 |url=https://buffalonews.com/2016/02/15/cynthia-dwyer-53rd-hostage-of-u-s-crisis-with-iran-dies-at-84/ |work=The Buffalo News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115205109/https://buffalonews.com/2016/02/15/cynthia-dwyer-53rd-hostage-of-u-s-crisis-with-iran-dies-at-84/ |archive-date=15 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Mohi|Sobhani|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|6 September 1980}}
| {{Dts|4 February 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=4 February 1981|end=6 September 1980}}
| Civilian<ref>{{cite news |date=5 February 1981 |title=Iran Frees One American and Has Hearing for Another |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/05/world/iran-frees-one-american-and-has-hearing-for-another.html |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020182724/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/05/world/iran-frees-one-american-and-has-hearing-for-another.html |archive-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Thomas L.|Ahern, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Clair Cortland|Barnes|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|William E.|Belk|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Robert O.|Blucker|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Donald J.|Cooke|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|William J.|Daugherty|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Robert|Englemann|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|William |Gallegos|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Bruce W.|German|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Duane L.|Gillette|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Alan B.|Golacinski|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|John E.|Graves|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Joseph M.|Hall|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Kevin J.|Hermening|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Donald R.|Hohman|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Leland J.|Holland|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Michael|Howland|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Charles A.|Jones, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Malcolm K.|Kalp|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Moorhead C.|Kennedy, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|William F.|Keough, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Steven W.|Kirtley|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Kathryn L.|Koob|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Frederick Lee|Kupke|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Bruce|Laingen}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Steven|Lauterbach|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Gary E.|Lee|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Paul Edward|Lewis|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|John|Limbert}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|John D.|McKeel, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Michael J.|Metrinko|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Jerry J.|Miele|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Michael E. |Moeller|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Bert C.|Moore|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Richard|Morefield|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Paul M.|Needham, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Robert C.|Ode|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Gregory A.|Persinger|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Jerry|Plotkin|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
| Civilian
|-
| {{Sortname|Regis|Ragan|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|David M.|Roeder|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Barry M.|Rosen|Barry Rosen}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|William B.|Royer, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Thomas E.|Schaefer|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Charles W.|Scott|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Donald A.|Sharer|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Rodney V.|Sickmann|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Joseph|Subic, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Elizabeth Ann|Swift|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Victor L.|Tomseth}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Phillip R.|Ward|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 January 1981}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=21 January 1981|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Richard|Queen}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|11 July 1980}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=11 July 1980|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Wesley|Williams|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Joan|Walsh|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|David|Walker|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Joseph|Vincent|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Terri|Tedford|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Neal|Robinson|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Lloyd|Rollins|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Elizabeth|Montagne|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Lillian|Johnson|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|James|Hughes|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|20 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=20 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Kathy|Gross|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|19 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=19 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Ladell|Maples|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|19 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=19 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|-
| {{Sortname|William|Quarles|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|4 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|19 November 1979}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=19 November 1979|end=4 November 1979}}
|
|}

==British citizens==
{{see|Iran–United Kingdom relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Mehran|Raoof|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|16 October 2020}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=16 October 2020}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="amnesty-raoof"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Kameel|Ahmady}}
| {{Dts|11 August 2019}}
| {{Dts|17 November 2019}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=11 August 2019}}
|
| Released on bail. Fled the Regime<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/03/academic-jailed-in-iran-pulls-off-daring-escape-back-to-britain-kameel-ahmady |title="Academic jailed in Iran pulls off daring escape back to Britain" |date =3 February 2021 |website= [[The Guardian]]|access-date =3 February 2021}}</ref>
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/><ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2019 |title=Iran releases detained British-Iranian academic on bail |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-releases-detained-british-iranian-academic-on-bail/ |agency=AFP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221131907/https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-releases-detained-british-iranian-academic-on-bail/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Abbas|Edalat}}
| {{Dts|15 April 2018}}
| {{Dts|December 2018}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=15 April 2018|start=December 2018}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=15 April 2018|start=December 2018}}
|
|
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Morad|Tahbaz}}
| {{Dts|January 2018}}
| {{Tba|18 September 2023}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=January 2018|start=18 September 2023}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=January 2018|start=18 September 2023}}
| Conspiring with America
| Member of [[September 2023 Iran–United States prisoner release|group of 5 released in Sept 2023]] in exchange for 5 U.S. prisoners and unfreezing of $6 billion in Iranian assets. (Iranian national who also holds US and UK citizenship.)
| align="center" |<ref name="whoare">{{cite news |date=16 March 2022 |title=Who Are the Dual and Foreign Nationals Imprisoned in Iran? |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/05/who-are-the-dual-nationals-imprisoned-in-iran/ |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015204537/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/05/who-are-the-dual-nationals-imprisoned-in-iran/ |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }} Updated regularly.</ref><ref name=reuters-20230918/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Anoush|Ashoori}}
| {{Dts|August 2017}}
| {{Dts|16 March 2022}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=August 2017|start={{TODAY}}}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=August 2017|start={{TODAY}}}}
| Convicted of spying for Israel's [[Mossad]] and sentenced to 12 years in prison.
|
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Nazanin|Zaghari-Ratcliffe|Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe}}
| {{Dts|3 April 2016}}
| {{Dts|17 March 2020}} (parole within 300 metres of house) {{Dts|16 March 2022}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 March 2022|end=3 April 2016}} (part parole)
| Sentenced to 5 years for ‘plotting to topple the Iranian government’.
| Iran (birth)/UK (2013) dual citizen
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/4068/2016/en/ |title=Iran: British-Iranian charity worker detained: Nazanin Zaghari Ratcliffe |date=20 May 2016 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010024430/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/4068/2016/en/ |archive-date=10 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Times">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/nazanin-zaghari-ratcliffe-freed-by-iran-in-mass-prisoner-release-z6hlv9fdr |title=Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe freed for two weeks by Iran |work=[[The Times]] |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="indefinite">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/world/europe/iran-uk-nazanin-zaghari-ratcliffe.html |title=Iran Extends Temporary Release of British-Iranian Woman |last=Peltier |first=Elian |website=New York Times |date=20 May 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Kamal|Foroughi}}
| {{Dts|5 May 2011}}
| {{Dts|1 April 2020}}
| 3284
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=29 January 2016 |title=Health of Elderly Prisoner Remains at Risk |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1333422016ENGLISH.pdf |agency=Amnesty International |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510141752/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1333422016ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Ghoncheh|Ghavami}}
| {{Dts|20 June 2014}}
| {{Dts|23 November 2014}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=23 November 2014|end=20 June 2014}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="Free Ghoncheh: jailed for wanting to watch volleyball">{{cite web |title=Ghoncheh Ghavami, in prison in Iran for wanting to watch volleyball |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/ghoncheh-ghavami-prison-iran-volleyball-protest |publisher=Amnesty International UK |access-date=2019-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010003101/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/ghoncheh-ghavami-prison-iran-volleyball-protest |archive-date=2019-10-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Roya|Saberi Negad Nobakht}}
| {{Dts|October 2013}}
| {{Dts|25 August 2017}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=October 2013|start=25 August 2017}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=October 2013|start=25 August 2017}}
|
|Subject to travel ban after release. Unclear if she has been permitted to depart Iran.
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/><ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=UK-Iranian Roya Nobakht Released After 5 Years in Prison Over Facebook Posts |url=http://jimmywalesfoundation.org/uk-iranian-roya-nobakht-released-after-5-years-in-prison-over-facebook-posts/ |publisher=Jimmy Wales Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014014719/http://jimmywalesfoundation.org/uk-iranian-roya-nobakht-released-after-5-years-in-prison-over-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Andrew|Barber|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|21 June 2010}}
| {{Dts|18 August 2010}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=18 August 2010|end=21 June 2010}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2010 |title=Tourist jailed for taking sunrise photo |url=https://www.couriermail.com.au/travel/travel-news/tourist-jailed-for-taking-sunrise-photo/news-story/b6c25e698e48192d51cd79708ef368a9?sv=1bb9555ff2d6ff858a4cea163533ec43 |agency=NewsCore }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Iason|Athanasiadis|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|17 June 2009}}
| {{Dts|5 July 2009}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=5 July 2009|end=17 June 2009}}
|
| Also holds Greek citizenship.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nieman.harvard.edu/news/2009/07/iason-athanasiadis-is-released-in-tehran/ |title=Iason Athanasiadis is Released in Tehran |date=5 July 2009 |publisher=Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110001641/https://nieman.harvard.edu/news/2009/07/iason-athanasiadis-is-released-in-tehran/ |archive-date=10 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 July 2009 |title=Accused of spying: journalist Iason Athanasiadis tells of his time in Iranian jail |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/5805673/Accused-of-spying-journalist-Iason-Athanasiadis-tells-of-his-time-in-Iranian-jail.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725001505/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/5805673/Accused-of-spying-journalist-Iason-Athanasiadis-tells-of-his-time-in-Iranian-jail.html |archive-date=25 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Roger|Cooper|Roger Cooper (British businessman)}}
| {{Dts|7 December 1985}}
| {{Dts|1 April 1991}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=1 April 1991|end=7 December 1985}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=2 April 1991 |title=Iran Frees British Businessman Held Five Years on Spying Charges |url=https://www.apnews.com/f9808341ee4eeb12f92f25620a78840c |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023193351/https://www.apnews.com/f9808341ee4eeb12f92f25620a78840c |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Frank|Skinner|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|27 April 1981}}
| {{Dts|13 April 1982}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=13 April 1982|end=27 April 1981}}
| Flight engineer for Iran Air held without charge.
|
| align="center" |<ref name="upi1982"/><ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 1982 |title=Iran Frees Briton |url=https://www.apnews.com/f9808341ee4eeb12f92f25620a78840c |work=The Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023193351/https://www.apnews.com/f9808341ee4eeb12f92f25620a78840c |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Andrew|Pyke|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|27 August 1980}}
| {{Dts|28 January 1982}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=28 January 1982|end=27 August 1980}}
| British businessman who worked for Dutch-Iranian helicopter firm, accused of spying but was never charged.
|
| align="center" |<ref name="upi1982">{{cite news |date=2 April 1991 |title=A British businessman jailed in Iran for 520 days |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/02/05/A-British-businessman-jailed-in-Iran-for-520-days/4939381733200/ |work=AP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115181807/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/02/05/A-British-businessman-jailed-in-Iran-for-520-days/4939381733200/ |archive-date=15 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== List of British permanent residents ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Aras|Amiri}}
| {{Dts|14 March 2018}}
| {{Dts|16 August 2021}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=14 March 2018}}
| Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying.
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/6172 |title=Jailed Student Appeals to Head of the Judiciary |date=15 July 2019 |publisher=IranWire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015011016/https://iranwire.com/en/features/6172 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
| {{Sortname|Ana|Diamond}}
| {{Dts|10 January 2016}}
| {{Dts|January 2018}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=10 January 2016 |start=August 2016}}"| {{Digit_time_between|end=10 January 2016|start=January 2018}}
| Arbitrary detention, falsely accused of espionage for "[[MI6]], [[CIA]], [[Mossad]], and others."
| UK Permanent Resident at the time of arrest, as well as British naturalisation application in place.
Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from [[Evin prison]] on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges and travel ban lifted in 2018.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/student-held-in-same-iranian-prison-as-nazanin-zaghari-ratcliffe-says-she-was-psychologically-tortured |title=Student held in same Iranian prison as Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe says she was psychologically tortured |date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Channel 4 News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014103211/https://www.channel4.com/news/student-held-in-same-iranian-prison-as-nazanin-zaghari-ratcliffe-says-she-was-psychologically-tortured |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2019 |title='There are countless Nazanins': Student reveals psychological torture in Iran prison on charges of spying for UK |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/26/countless-nazanins-student-reveals-psychological-torture-iran/ |work=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014103210/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/26/countless-nazanins-student-reveals-psychological-torture-iran/ |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Canadian citizens==
{{see|Canada–Iran relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Kavous|Seyed-Emami}}
| {{Dts|24 January 2018}}
| 8 February 2018
| {{Digit_time_between|start=8 February 2018|end=24 January 2018}}
|
| Died in custody under suspicious circumstances. Authorities say he committed suicide.
| align="center" | <ref name="environmentalists"/><ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2019 |title=Canadian woman held in Iran after husband died now home safe: Freeland |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canadian-woman-held-in-iran-after-husband-died-now-home-safe-freeland-1.4634767 |agency=The Canadian Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194750/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canadian-woman-held-in-iran-after-husband-died-now-home-safe-freeland-1.4634767 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Abdolrasoul|Dorri-Esfahani}}
| {{Dts|August 2016}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=August 2016|start={{TODAY}}}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=August 2016|start={{TODAY}}}}
| In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison.
|
| align="center" |<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=1 October 2019 |title=Iran's jailed dual nationals and their uncertain fate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41974185 |agency=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015135334/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41974185 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Homa|Hoodfar}}
| {{Dts|6 June 2016}}
| {{Dts|26 September 2016}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=26 September 2016|end=6 June 2016}}
| Undisclosed "security" charges
| Before arrest, had been prevented from leaving country from March 2016.
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2016/10/homa-hoodfar-2/ |title=Iran Says It Released Homa Hoodfar for 'Humanitarian' Reasons |date=3 October 2016 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015003747/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2016/10/homa-hoodfar-2/ |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Maziar|Bahari}}
| {{Dts|21 June 2009}}
| {{Dts|17 October 2009}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=17 October 2009|end=21 June 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=3 June 2011 |title='Then They Came For' Journalist Maziar Bahari |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/06/03/136862056/then-they-came-for-journalist-maziar-bahari |agency=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015185339/https://www.npr.org/2011/06/03/136862056/then-they-came-for-journalist-maziar-bahari |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Hossein|Derakhshan}}
| {{Dts|1 November 2008}}
| {{Dts|19 November 2014}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=19 November 2014|end=1 November 2008}}
| Sentenced to 19.5 years on "several national security, obscenity and religious insult charges in connection with his online activism."
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pen-international.org/news/iran-blogger-hossein-derakhshan-released |title=Iran: Blogger Hossein Derakhshan released |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=PEN International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024015807/https://pen-international.org/news/iran-blogger-hossein-derakhshan-released |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Hamid|Ghassemi-Shall}}
| {{Dts|24 May 2008}}
| {{Dts|23 September 2013}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=23 September 2013|end=24 May 2008}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.ca/our-work/good-news/hamid-ghassemi-shall-has-been-released |title=Hamid Ghassemi-Shall has been released! |date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Amnesty International Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015002803/https://www.amnesty.ca/our-work/good-news/hamid-ghassemi-shall-has-been-released |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Zahra|Kazemi}}
| {{Dts|23 June 2003}}
| {{Dts|10 July 2003}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=10 July 2003|end=23 June 2003}}
|
| Died in custody as a result of [[torture]].
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranhrdc.org/en/wp-content/uploads/reports_en/Impunity_in_Iran_Nov06_355066791.pdf |title=Impunity in Iran: The Death of Photojournalist Zahra Kazemi |date=November 2006 |publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010174420/https://iranhrdc.org/en/wp-content/uploads/reports_en/Impunity_in_Iran_Nov06_355066791.pdf |archive-date=2019-10-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Ramin|Jahanbegloo}}
| {{Dts|27 April 2006}}
| {{Dts|30 August 2006}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=30 August 2006|end=27 April 2006}}
| Plotting a "[[velvet revolution]]"
|
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2014 |title='I Am Not a Spy. I Am a Philosopher' |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/I-Am-Not-a-Spy-I-Am-a/149089 |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015004837/https://www.chronicle.com/article/I-Am-Not-a-Spy-I-Am-a/149089 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Philip|Engs}}
| 3 December 1986
| {{Dts|8 February 1987}}
| 67
| Manager of oil services company, held in solitary confinement and interrogated at Evin Prison on ““Suspicion of espionage”’, never formally charged, and then released unharmed.
| Concessions were made by his employer on their contract for services with NIOC while he was detained.
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 1987 |title=Canadian engineer jailed in Iran flies home |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/11/Canadian-engineer-jailed-in-Iran-flies-home/4801540018000/ |agency=UPI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022161556/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/11/Canadian-engineer-jailed-in-Iran-flies-home/4801540018000/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Canadian permanent residents ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Saeed|Malekpour}}
| {{Dts|4 October 2008}}
| ~{{Dts|August 2019}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=4 October 2008|start=August 2019}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=4 October 2008|start=August 2019}}
|
| Escaped Iran while on furlough from prison.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.genevasummit.org/maryam-malekpour-speaks-at-2018-geneva-summit/ |title=Maryam Malekpour Speaks at 2018 Geneva Summit |date=20 February 2018 |publisher=Geneva Summit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012011240/https://www.genevasummit.org/maryam-malekpour-speaks-at-2018-geneva-summit/ |archive-date=12 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2019 |title=Iranian-born Canadian resident returns after 11 years in notorious prison in Tehran |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-iranian-born-canadian-resident-returns-after-11-years-in-notorious-2/ |agency=The Canadian Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806174002/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-iranian-born-canadian-resident-returns-after-11-years-in-notorious-2/ |archive-date=6 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Australian citizens==
{{see|Australia–Iran relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[Arrest of Jolie King and Mark Firkin|Jolie King]]
| ~{{Dts|1 July 2019}}
| ~{{Dts|5 October 2019}}
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start=5 October 2019|end=1 July 2019}}
|
| Also holds British citizenship.
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |date=5 October 2019 |title=Australian Couple Detained in Iran Are Released, Authorities Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/05/world/australia/iran-mark-firkin-jolie-king-released.html |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010092831/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/05/world/australia/iran-mark-firkin-jolie-king-released.html |archive-date=10 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Arrest of Jolie King and Mark Firkin|Mark Firkin]]
| ~{{Dts|1 July 2019}}
| ~{{Dts|5 October 2019}}
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start=5 October 2019|end=1 July 2019}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/><ref name="NYT"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Meimanat|Hosseini-Chavoshi}}
| {{Dts|December 2018}}
| ~{{Dts|27 January 2019}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=December 2018|start=27 January 2019}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=December 2018|start=27 January 2019}}
|
| Iranian authorities have reportedly prevented her from leaving the country.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2019 |title=Lawyer Says Australian-Based Population Expert Released From Iranian Detention |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/lawyer-says-australian-based-population-expert-released-from-detention/29734275.html |agency=RFE/RL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016153916/https://www.rferl.org/a/lawyer-says-australian-based-population-expert-released-from-detention/29734275.html |archive-date=16 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2019 |title=Australian Meimanat Hosseini Chavoshi feared to be among growing number of foreign nationals held in Iran |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-08/australian-academic-meimanat-hosseini-chavoshi-iran-detain-fears/11581890 |work=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013124526/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-08/australian-academic-meimanat-hosseini-chavoshi-iran-detain-fears/11581890 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Kylie|Moore-Gilbert}}
| {{Dts|September 2018}}
| {{Dts|November 2020}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=September 2018|start=November 2020}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=September 2018|start=November 2020}}
| Espionage
| Also holds British citizenship.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2019 |title='She's not a spy': friends shocked over academic Dr Kylie Moore-Gilbert's jailing in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/17/shes-not-a-spy-friends-shocked-over-academic-dr-kylie-moore-gilberts-jailing-in-iran |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003065829/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/17/shes-not-a-spy-friends-shocked-over-academic-dr-kylie-moore-gilberts-jailing-in-iran |archive-date=3 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 November 2020 |title=Kylie Moore-Gilbert: Lecturer 'released by Iran' in prisoner swap |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55077744|work=BBC News |access-date= 25 November 2020}}</ref>
|}

==New Zealand citizens==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Topher|Richwhite|Topher Richwhite}}
| ~{{Dts|9 July 2022}}
| ~{{Dts|27 October 2022}}
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start=27 October 2022|end=9 July 2022}}
|
| Well-known New Zealand citizen from [[Expedition Earth]].
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite news |first=Topher |last=Richwhite|date=26 October 2022 |title=Iran allows detained New Zealand social media influencers to leave |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/25/asia/new-zealanders-iran-can-leave-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Bridget|Thackwray|Bridget Thackwray}}
| ~{{Dts|9 July 2022}}
| ~{{Dts|27 October 2022}}
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start=27 October 2022|end=9 July 2022}}
|
| Well-known New Zealand citizen from [[Expedition Earth]].
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |first=Bridget |last=Thackwray|date=27 October 2022 |title=New Zealand Instagram couple 'relieved' after leaving Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63408505 |work=BBC }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Lebanese citizens==
{{further|Iran–Lebanon relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Nizar|Zakka|Nizar Zakka}}
| {{Dts|15 September 2015}}
| {{Dts|11 June 2019}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=11 July 2019|end=15 September 2015}}
|
| Permanent resident of the U.S. at time of arrest.
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP">{{cite web |url=http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2016/jul/25/dual-nationals-and-foreigners-held-iran |title=Dual Nationals and Foreigners Held in Iran| last1 = Nadae | first1 = Garrett
| last2 = Cappuccino | first2 = Nicholas
| last3 = Azar-Chehr| first3 = Maana
| last4 = Caves | first4 = John
|publisher=U.S. Institute of Peace|website=The Iran Primer|date=22 February 2022|orig-date=Original date 25 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009234840/http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2016/jul/25/dual-nationals-and-foreigners-held-iran |archive-date=9 October 2019 |url-status=live}} Updated as required.</ref>
|-
|}

== French citizens ==
{{Further|France–Iran relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Fariba|Adelkhah}}
| ~{{Dts|5 June 2019}}
| ~October 2023
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start=October 2023|end=5 June 2019}}
|
| align="center" |
|<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2019 |title=Arrest and detention of Dr. Fariba Adelkhah |url=https://mesana.org/advocacy/committee-on-academic-freedom/2019/07/22/arrest-and-detention-of-dr.-fariba-adelkhah |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015203037/https://mesana.org/advocacy/committee-on-academic-freedom/2019/07/22/arrest-and-detention-of-dr.-fariba-adelkhah |archive-date=15 October 2019 |publisher=Middle East Studies Association of North America}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20 |title=De retour à Sciences Po, Fariba Adelkhah appelle à la défense de la liberté académique |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/10/20/de-retour-a-sciences-po-fariba-adelkhah-appelle-a-la-defense-de-la-liberte-academique_6195663_3210.html |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Nazak|Afshar}}
| {{Dts|12 March 2016}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=12 March 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP" />
|-
| {{Sortname|Benjamin|Brière}}
| ~{{Dts|May 2020}}
| {{Dts|12 May 2023}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=26 May 2020}}
| spying and propaganda, for flying a drone in an unauthorised area and making social media posts concerning Iranian law
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |first=Hannah |last=Somerville|date=30 May 2021 |title=Family pleads with Macron for help as French tourist Benjamin Briere charged with spying in Iran |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/30/family-pleads-with-macron-for-help-as-french-tourist-benjamin-briere-charged-with-spying-i |work=Euronews |agency=AP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530145052/https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/30/family-pleads-with-macron-for-help-as-french-tourist-benjamin-briere-charged-with-spying-i |archive-date=30 May 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Libération de deux Français détenus en Iran : Benjamin Brière est "soulagé" mais "très affaibli", selon sa famille |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/iran/liberation-de-deux-francais-detenus-en-iran-benjamin-briere-est-soulage-mais-tres-affaibli-selon-sa-famille_5823224.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Nelly|Erin-Cambervelle|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|21 October 2018}}
| ~{{Dts|21 February 2019}}
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start=21 February 2019|end=21 October 2018}}
| "signing an [[illegal mining]] contract and carrying out an unauthorized trip"
| Erin-Cambervelle is a businesswoman from the French Caribbean island of Martinique.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2019 |title=Iran Frees French Businesswoman Detained For Four Months |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-frees-erin-cambervelle-french-businesswoman-detained-four-months/29788098.html |agency=RFE/RL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016151950/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-frees-erin-cambervelle-french-businesswoman-detained-four-months/29788098.html |archive-date=16 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Stéphane|Lherbier}}
| {{Dts|29 November 2005}}
| {{Dts|25 February 2007}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=25 February 2007|end=29 November 2005}}
|
| Detained with German Donald Klein.
| align="center" | <ref name="fishermen">{{cite news |date=17 July 2007 |title=Trapped in Iran's dark legal labyrinth |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-17-fg-fisherman17-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023200538/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-17-fg-fisherman17-story.html |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Roland|Marchal}}
| ~{{Dts|June 2019}}
| {{Dts|20 March 2020}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=June 2019|start={{TODAY}}}}" | ~{{Digit_time_between|end=June 2019|start={{TODAY}}}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=France demands Iran release two French nationals held since June |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/16/france-demands-iran-release-two-french-nationals-held-since/ |work=The Daily Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019172245/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/16/france-demands-iran-release-two-french-nationals-held-since/ |archive-date=19 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Bernard Phelan
|3 October 2022
|{{Dts|12 May 2023}}
|221
|Providing information to an enemy country
|French-Irish. Sentenced to 6.5 years in February 2023. Had previously been sentenced to 3.5 years, and told he would be pardoned.
|<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=8 March 2023 |title=Irish man 'held hostage' in Iran sentenced to 6 ½ years, family say |publisher=Irish Times |location= |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2023/03/08/irish-man-held-hostage-in-iran-sentenced-to-6-years-family-say |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
| {{Sortname|Clotilde|Reiss}}
| {{Dts|1 July 2009}}
| {{Dts|16 May 2010}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 May 2010|end=1 July 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |
|}

=== French permanent residents ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Ruhollah|Zam}}
| ~{{Dts|11 October 2019}}
| {{Tba|''Executed''}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=11 October 2019|start={{TODAY}}}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=11 October 2019|start={{TODAY}}}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/iran/events/article/iran-situation-of-ruhollah-zam-q-a-from-the-press-briefing-16-oct-19 |title=Iran - Situation of Ruhollah Zam - Q&A |date=16 October 2019 |publisher=France Diplomatie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017201144/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/iran/events/article/iran-situation-of-ruhollah-zam-q-a-from-the-press-briefing-16-oct-19 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==German citizens==
{{further|Germany–Iran relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Helmut|Szimkus|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|January 1989}}
| {{Dts|14 June 1994}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=1989|start=14 June 1994}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=1989|start=14 June 1994}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 1994 |title=Bonn seeks pardon for German sentenced to death by Iran |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/01/05/Bonn-seeks-pardon-for-German-sentenced-to-death-by-Iran/3177757746000/ |agency=UPI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204150420/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/01/05/Bonn-seeks-pardon-for-German-sentenced-to-death-by-Iran/3177757746000/ |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mousavian |first=Hossein |date=2008 |title=Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |publisher=Routledge |pages=88–89 |isbn=9781134062201 }}</ref>
|-

| {{Sortname|Helmut|Hofer|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|September 1997}}
| {{Dts|January 2000}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=January 2000|end=September 1997}}
| Initially sentenced to death for having illicit sexual relations with an Iranian woman.
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=18 March 1999 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-03-18-9903180153-story.html |work=Chicago Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023195626/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-03-18-9903180153-story.html |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2011 |title=Hofer arrives home |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/613250.stm |agency=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023195625/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/613250.stm |archive-date=23 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Donald|Klein|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|29 November 2005}}
| {{Dts|12 March 2007}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=12 March 2007|end=29 November 2005}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="fishermen"/><ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2007 |title=German Fisherman Freed From Iranian Jail |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-fisherman-freed-from-iranian-jail/a-2381465 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024014949/https://www.dw.com/en/german-fisherman-freed-from-iranian-jail/a-2381465 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Marcus|Hellwig}}
| {{Dts|10 October 2010}}
| {{Dts|19 February 2011}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=19 February 2011|end=10 October 2010}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="Iran frees two German reporters">{{cite news |date=19 February 2011 |title=Iran frees two German reporters |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20110219/33219 |work=The Local DE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015015222/https://www.thelocal.de/20110219/33219 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jens|Koch}}
| {{Dts|10 October 2010}}
| {{Dts|19 February 2011}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=19 February 2011|end=10 October 2010}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="Iran frees two German reporters"/>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jamshid|Sharmahd}}
| {{Dts|July 2020}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|end=1 August 2020|start=today}}
|Journalistic activity criticizing the Islamic regime for 16 years
|German citizen and US national. [[Jamshid Sharmahd|Jimmy]] was kidnapped on a business trip to India and taken to Iran. He has spent the entire detention at an unknown location, in solitary confinement and after what [[Amnesty International]] calls a sham trial condemned to death.
| <ref name=jpost1>{{Cite web |title='Death sentence certain' for German-Iranian journalist |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-712881 |access-date=2022-07-25 |date=2022-07-25|website=Jerusalem Post |language=en}}</ref><ref name=AmnestyInternational>{{Cite web |title=Iran: Further information: Tortured German-Iranian sentenced to death: Jamshid Sharmahd |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/6642/2023/en/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |date=2023-04-03|website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Nahid|Taghavi}}
| {{Dts|12 October 2020}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|end=12 October 2020|start=today}}
|
|on 4 June 2023, Marges Mohammadi (also detained in Iran) wrote on Instagram that Taghavi's [[state of health]] is so bad that her life is in danger.<ref>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/mitgefangene-zustand-von-inhaftierter-deutsch-iranerin-lebensbedrohlich-18941709.html ''Zustand von inhaftierter Deutsch-Iranerin lebensbedrohlich'']</ref>
| <ref>{{cite news |author= |title=German-Iranian women's rights activist detained in Tehran |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-iranian-womens-rights-activist-detained-in-tehran/a-55377452 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=8 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Austrian citizens==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Massud|Mossaheb}}
| {{Dts|January 2019}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=January 2019}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 2019 |title=Österreicher seit sechs Monaten im Iran in Haft |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000106865248/oesterreicher-seit-sechs-monaten-im-iran-in-haft |work=Der Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801161703/https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000106865248/oesterreicher-seit-sechs-monaten-im-iran-in-haft |archive-date=1 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Kamran|Ghaderi}}
| {{Dts|2 January 2016}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=2 January 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="USIP"/>
|}

==Russian citizens==
{{further|Iran–Russia relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Yulia|Yuzik}}
| {{Dts|2 October 2019}}
| {{Dts|10 October 2019}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=10 October 2019|end=2 October 2019}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2019 |title=Iran frees Russian journalist 'accused of working for Israel' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iran-frees-russian-journalist-accused-working-israel-191010064504553.html |agency=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010192534/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/iran-frees-russian-journalist-accused-working-israel-191010064504553.html |archive-date=10 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Dutch citizens==
{{further|Iran–Netherlands relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|{{Sortname|Sabri|Hassanpour}}
|{{Dts|19 April 2016}}
|May 2018
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran: Dutch-Iranian prisoner denied heart surgery: Sabri Hassanpour|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/6153/2017/en/|date=21 April 2016|publisher=Amnesty International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319161402/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/6153/2017/en/|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Iraanse Nederlander Sabri Hassanpour vrijgelaten in Iran|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2229961-iraanse-nederlander-sabri-hassanpour-vrijgelaten-in-iran.html|date=2018-05-01|website=NOS|language=nl|trans-title=Iranian-Dutch Sabri Hassanpour Released in Iran|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319041057/https://nos.nl/artikel/2229961-iraanse-nederlander-sabri-hassanpour-vrijgelaten-in-iran.html|archive-date=2020-03-19|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Zahra|Bahrami}}
| {{Dts|27 December 2009}}
| -
| {{Digit_time_between|start=29 January 2011|end=27 December 2009}}
| Arrested while participating in the 2009 [[Ashura protests]]. Charged with the capital crime of drug trafficking. Executed by hanging on 29 January 2011.
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2011/01/zahra_bahrami_daughter_jan_29/ |title=Distraught, Bahrami's Daughter Demands: 'How is it possible that she was executed?!' |date=30 January 2011 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720003527/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2011/01/zahra_bahrami_daughter_jan_29/ |archive-date=20 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Swedish citizens==
{{further|Iran–Sweden relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Johan|Floderus}}
| {{Dts|17 April 2023}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=17 April 2023}}
|
|
| align="center" | <ref name="nyt_20230904">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/04/world/europe/iran-sweden-prisoners-johan-floderus.html|title=Johan Floderus, E.U. Official From Sweden, Is Imprisoned in Iran|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-access=registration|date=4 September 2023|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Ahmad Reza|Jalali}}
| {{Dts|24 April 2016}}
| {{Tba|''In detention''}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start={{TODAY}}|end=24 April 2016}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/01/ahmadreza-jalali-iranian-swedish-disaster-relief-expert/ |title=Iranian-Swedish Disaster Medicine Expert Held in Iran Jail for Nine Months, on Hunger Strike Since Dec. 25 |date=12 January 2017 |publisher=Center for Human Rights in Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027023636/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/01/ahmadreza-jalali-iranian-swedish-disaster-relief-expert/ |archive-date=27 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2018 |title=Sweden grants citizenship to academic facing Iran death sentence |url=https://www.thelocal.se/20180217/sweden-grants-citizenship-to-academic-facing-iran-death-sentence |work=The Local SE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702041532/https://www.thelocal.se/20180217/sweden-grants-citizenship-to-academic-facing-iran-death-sentence |archive-date=2 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Habib|Chaab}}
| ~{{Dts|October 2020}}
| ~{{Tba|''Executed''}}
| ~{{Digit_time_between|start=6 May 2023 |end=October 2020}}
|
| Death sentence upheld by Iranian supreme court March 2023.
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran confirms death sentence for Swedish-Iranian dissident |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230312-iran-confirms-death-sentence-for-swedish-iranian-dissident-1 |access-date=2023-03-23 |date=2022-03-12|website=France24 Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Stefan|Johansson|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|26 February 2006}}
| {{Dts|16 April 2007}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 April 2007|end=26 February 2006}}
| Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
|
| align="center" |<ref name="swedes">{{cite news |date=16 April 2007 |title=Iran frees 2 Swedes held for spying |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/18136777/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/iran-frees-swedes-imprisoned-spying/#.XbynKEZKhPY |agency=AP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127161102/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/18136777/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/iran-frees-swedes-imprisoned-spying/#.XbynKEZKhPY |archive-date=27 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Jari|Hjortmar|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|26 February 2006}}
| {{Dts|16 April 2007}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=16 April 2007|end=26 February 2006}}
| Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
|
| align="center" |<ref name="swedes"/>
|}

==Finnish citizens==
{{further|Finland–Iran relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Ana|Diamond}}
| {{Dts|10 January 2016}}
| {{Dts|January 2018}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=10 January 2016 |start=August 2016}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=10 January 2016|start=January 2018}}
| Arbitrary detention, later falsely accused of espionage for "[[MI6]], [[CIA]], [[Mossad]], and others."
| UK Permanent Resident at the time of arrest, as well as British naturalisation application in place.
Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from [[Evin prison]] on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges in 2017 and travel ban lifted in May 2018.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/student-held-in-same-iranian-prison-as-nazanin-zaghari-ratcliffe-says-she-was-psychologically-tortured |title=Student held in same Iranian prison as Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe says she was psychologically tortured |date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Channel 4 News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014103211/https://www.channel4.com/news/student-held-in-same-iranian-prison-as-nazanin-zaghari-ratcliffe-says-she-was-psychologically-tortured |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2019 |title='There are countless Nazanins': Student reveals psychological torture in Iran prison on charges of spying for UK |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/26/countless-nazanins-student-reveals-psychological-torture-iran/ |work=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014103210/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/26/countless-nazanins-student-reveals-psychological-torture-iran/ |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Belgian citizens==
{{further|Belgium–Iran relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Olivier|Vandecasteele}}
| {{Dts|February 2022}}
| {{Tba|''Released on 26 May 2023''}}
| data-sort-value="{{Digit_time_between|end=February 2022|start={{TODAY}}}}"| ~{{Digit_time_between|end=February 2022|start={{TODAY}}}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=14 December 2022 |title=Olivier Vandecasteele: Iran jails Belgian aid worker for 28 years - family |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63973683 |publisher=BBC |location= |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Diego|Mathieu|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|16 September 2009}}
| {{Dts|8 December 2009}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=8 December 2009|end=16 September 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2010 |title=Les trois Belges arrêtés en Iran reviennent sur leur mésaventure |url=https://www.7sur7.be/belgique/les-trois-belges-arretes-en-iran-reviennent-sur-leur-mesaventure~a9938e60/ |language=fr |agency=7sur7 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Vincent|Boon Falleur|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|5 September 2009}}
| {{Dts|8 December 2009}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=8 December 2009|end=5 September 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="cnn-belgium">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/26/iran.hikers.belgians/index.html |title=Freed Belgians cite fears for U.S. hikers in Iran |date=26 January 2010 |agency=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307083521/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/01/26/iran.hikers.belgians/index.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Sortname|Idesbald|van den Bosch|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|5 September 2009}}
| {{Dts|8 December 2009}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=8 December 2009|end=5 September 2009}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="cnn-belgium"/>
|}

==Armenian citizens==
{{further|Armenia–Iran relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Silva|Harotonian}}
| {{Dts|26 June 2008}}
| {{Dts|10 March 2009}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=10 March 2009|end=26 June 2008}}
| Convicted of promoting a "soft" revolution in Iran on January 19, 2009, and sentenced to 3 years in prison.
| At the time of her arrest, Harotonian was an administrative officer for a maternal and child health project in Tehran for [[International Research & Exchanges Board]] (IREX), a U.S. government-funded organization.
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2010/03/29/silva-harotonian-released-from-iranian-prison/ |title=Silva Harotonian Released from Iranian Prison |date=29 March 2010 |work=The Armenian Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020180507/https://armenianweekly.com/2010/03/29/silva-harotonian-released-from-iranian-prison/ |archive-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== South African citizens ==
{{Further|Iran–South Africa relations}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Detained
! Released
! Days in detention
! Reason for detention
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| {{Sortname|Stuart|Timm|nolink=1}}
| {{Dts|10 January 1997}}
| {{Dts|17 February 1997}}
| {{Digit_time_between|start=17 February 1997|end=10 January 1997}}
|
|
| align="center" |<ref name="rns">{{cite news |url=https://religionnews.com/1997/03/27/rns-daily-digest1292/ |title=Swiss-American missionary released from Iranian prison |date=27 March 1997 |agency=Religion News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021165643/https://religionnews.com/1997/03/27/rns-daily-digest1292/ |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Iranian nationality law]]
* [[Hostage diplomacy]]
* [[Human rights in Iran]]
* [[Lebanon hostage crisis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2016/jul/25/dual-nationals-and-foreigners-held-iran "Dual Nationals and Foreigners Held in Iran"] ([[United States Institute of Peace]])
* [https://iranhumanrights.org/2018/05/who-are-the-dual-nationals-imprisoned-in-iran/ "Who Are the Dual and Foreign Nationals Imprisoned in Iran?"] ([[Center for Human Rights in Iran]])

[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Iran]]
[[Category:Lists of prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Iran]]

Benjamin Brière

2023-12-19T20:42:43Z

Endive: Improved text & source about his release

{{Short description|French tourist imprisoned in Iran}}

'''Benjamin Brière''', (born 1985 or 1986<ref name=against>{{Cite web|title=Benjamin Brière|url=https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/people/benjamin-briere|website=United Against Nuclear Iran |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>), is a French traveller and [[blogger]] who was arrested by the [[Iran]]ian authorities in May 2020 after flying a [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] near the border of Iran with [[Turkmenistan]]. After being held on charges of spying and propaganda, he was sentenced in January 2022 to eight years and eight months in prison.

Brière is from [[Lyon]].<ref name=Monde>{{cite news |agency=AFP |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/01/25/le-francais-benjamin-briere-condamne-en-iran-a-huit-ans-de-prison-pour-espionnage_6110920_3210.html |title=Le Français Benjamin Brière condamné en Iran à huit ans de prison pour 'espionnage' |trans-title=Frenchman Benjamin Brière sentenced in Iran to eight years in prison for 'spying' |newspaper=Le Monde |date=25 January 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |language=fr }}</ref> In 2018 he began a van trip,<ref name=against/> documented on [[Instagram]], which had taken him through Finland, Turkey and Montenegro. In May 2020 he was in Iran, and after flying a [[Helicam]] in the desert near the Turkmenistan border,<ref name=Jaz>{{Cite news |title=French national jailed in Iran since 2020 goes on hunger strike |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/27/french-national-jailed-spying-iran-since-2020-hunger-strike |website=Aljazeera |date=27 December 2021 |access-date=21 February 2022 }}</ref> was arrested on 26 May by security forces on charges of photography in a prohibited area, use of a recreational drone in a natural park, and posting on social media questioning Iranian laws that mandate the [[hijab]] for women. He was placed in custody in [[Vakilabad prison]] in [[Mashhad]],<ref name=AP>{{Cite news |author=Hannah Somerville |agency=AP |title=Family pleads with Macron for help as French tourist Benjamin Briere charged with spying in Iran|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/30/family-pleads-with-macron-for-help-as-french-tourist-benjamin-briere-charged-with-spying-i|website=Euronews |date=30 May 2021 |access-date=21 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name=Fr24>{{Cite news |author=Pauline Rouquette |title=Loved ones fear for Frenchman detained in Iran for 'spying'|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20220108-it-s-wrongful-imprisonment-loved-ones-fear-for-frenchman-detained-in-iran-for-spying|website=France 24 |date=8 January 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> on a spying charge; on the first anniversary of his detention, in May 2021, a propaganda charge was added.<ref name=AP/> His lawyer said that charges of alcoholism and "corruption on earth" had been dropped after investigation.<ref name=against/><ref name=AP/> In December 2021, after his case had still not been referred to a court and he had been denied permission to speak with his family at Christmas and New Year's, Brière began a [[hunger strike]];<ref name=Jaz/><ref name=Fr24/> in early January 2022, a demonstration in solidarity with him was held in the [[Place du Trocadéro]] in Paris.<ref name=Fr24/>

On 25 January 2022, Brière was tried behind closed doors by the [[Islamic Revolutionary Court|revolutionary court]] in Mashhad and sentenced to 8 years on the spying charge, with an additional 8 months on the propaganda charge.<ref name=against/><ref name=Monde/><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-60091592 |title=Benjamin Brière: French tourist jailed in Iran on spying charges |publisher=BBC News |date=25 January 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 }}</ref> According to his lawyer, Brière had not been informed of an additional charge of "cooperation with states hostile to Iran", of which he was also found guilty.<ref>{{cite news |author=Georges Malbrunot |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/iran-le-francais-benjamin-briere-condamne-a-8-ans-de-prison-pour-espionnage-20220125 |title=En pleines négociations sur le nucléaire, l'Iran condamne sévèrement le Français Benjamin Brière |trans-title=Amid nuclear negotiations, Iran imposes severe judgement on Frenchman Benjamin Brière |newspaper=Le Figaro |date=25 January 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |language=fr }}</ref> He was released on May 12 2023, together with the other French citizen Bernard Phelan<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Libération de deux Français détenus en Iran : Benjamin Brière est "soulagé" mais "très affaibli", selon sa famille |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/iran/liberation-de-deux-francais-detenus-en-iran-benjamin-briere-est-soulage-mais-tres-affaibli-selon-sa-famille_5823224.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref>.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.instagram.com/call.it.living Benjamin Brière on Instagram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Briere, Benjamin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:French people imprisoned in Iran]]
[[Category:French male bloggers]]

Tapir-class landing ship

2022-04-08T11:48:24Z

Endive: /* History */ Precisions about Orsk's recent activity

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Short description|Class of Soviet/Russian landing ships}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
| sclass = 2
}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = NikoraiFil'chenkov2007Sevastopol.jpg
| Ship caption = ''Nikolai Fil'chenkov'' in [[Sevastopol]]
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
| Name =
| Builders =
| Operators = *{{navy|Soviet Union}}
*{{navy|Russia}}
*{{navy|Ukraine}}
| Class before =
| Class after = {{sclass|Ivan Gren|landing ship|4}}
| Subclasses =
| Cost =
| Built range = 1964–1975
| In service range =
| In commission range = 1965–present
| Total ships building =
| Total ships planned = 15
| Total ships completed = 14
| Total ships cancelled = 1
| Total ships active = 3
| Total ships laid up =
| Total ships lost = 1
| Total ships retired = 10
| Total ships preserved =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class =
| Ship type = [[Landing Ship Tank]]
| Ship tonnage =
| Ship displacement = *3,400 tons standard
*4,360–4,700 tons full load
| Ship tons burthen =
| Ship length = {{convert|112.8|m|ft}}–{{convert|113.1|m|ft}} long
| Ship beam = {{convert|15.3|m|ft}}–{{convert|15.6|m|ft}} beam
| Ship height =
| Ship draught =
| Ship draft =
| Ship depth =
| Ship hold depth =
| Ship decks =
| Ship deck clearance =
| Ship ramps =
| Ship ice class =
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion = 2 diesels, 2 shafts, {{convert|9,000|bhp|abbr=on}}
| Ship sail plan =
| Ship speed = 16-{{convert|18|kn|km/h}}
| Ship range =
| Ship endurance =
| Ship test depth =
| Ship boats =
| Ship capacity = 1,000 tons
| Ship troops = 300–425 troops and, 20 tanks or 40 AFVs or 1,000 tons
| Ship complement =
| Ship crew = 55
| Ship time to activate =
| Ship sensors =
| Ship EW =
| Ship armament = '''Missiles:''' 1 × 122 mm [[BM-21 Grad#Soviet Union and Russia|naval Grad]] bombardment rocket launcher in some, 3 × [[SA-N-5]] [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] positions in some.<ref name="GSN">{{cite book |last=Polmar |first=Norman |date=1991 |title=Guide to the Soviet Navy |edition=5th |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |page=219 |isbn=978-0-87021-241-3 |author-link=Norman Polmar}}</ref>
'''Guns:''' 1 dual 57 mm/70 cal DP, 2 dual 25 mm AA in some.<ref name="GSN" />
| Ship armour =
| Ship armor =
| Ship aircraft =
| Ship aircraft facilities =
| Ship notes =
}}
|}
'''Project 1171 (Tapir-class) landing ship''' ([[NATO reporting name]]: '''Alligator''') is a class of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] / [[Russia]]n general purpose, beachable [[amphibious warfare ship]]s (Soviet classification: large landing ship, {{lang-ru|БДК, большой десантный корабль}}).

==History==

In Soviet post-World War II analysis of amphibious operations, the recommendation was made that the Soviet Navy should start building dedicated amphibious ships. Among the first ships, launching in 1967, was the {{sclass2|Polnocny|landing ship|4}} of medium landing ships, whose 900-ton vessels could transport six tanks and 180 troops.

[[File:Saratov2007Sevastopol.jpg|''Saratov'' in Sevastopol, 2007|thumb|left]]A newer type of amphibious warship followed in the late 1950s, a true [[Landing Ship, Tank|landing ship tank]] (LST) that was named Project 1171 and also called ''Tapir''. Labelled "Large Landing Ship", its displacement was 4,360 tons full load and could transport up to 313 troops and 20 tanks. Additional vehicles could be stored on the upper deck. [[NATO]] gave these ships the code name "Alligator", and several subtypes were created.

The design of Project 1171 was initiated in 1959 by the Navy, while a similar dual-purpose Project 1173 was ordered by the civilian Ministry of Shipping. Eventually both designs were merged under the Project 1171 umbrella, and the resulting vessel was a compromise between military (speed, [[survivability]]) and civil (fuel economy) objectives. The design team produced four different configurations; the Navy selected the most powerful and fastest option, which was also the least fuel-efficient, while the civil Ministry of Shipping withdrew from the project completely. All production ships were made for the Navy and never operated on shipping lines.<ref name=EN>{{Cite web |url=http://ship.bsu.by/ship/102137 |title=1171 Tapir |website=Encyclopedia of Ships |language=ru}}</ref>

A total of 14 vessels were completed between 1964 and 1975; all were retired between 1992 and 1995.<ref name="EN"/>[[File:Порт Бердянська 24 Березня 2022.jpg|''Saratov'' on fire after March 2022 attack, with [[Ropucha-class_landing_ship|Ropucha-class]] ''Caesar Kunikov'' and ''Novocherkassk'' steaming out of port of Berdyansk after the attack|thumb|left]]As of September 2008, two vessels, currently named ''Orsk'' and ''Saratov'', were in active service with the 197th Brigade of Landing Ships in the Russian [[Black Sea Fleet]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/1171.htm |title=Alligator Class – Project 1171 Tapir class Alligator |website=Global Security.org}}</ref> As of March 2014, ''Saratov'' and ''Nikolay Filchenkov'' were in service with the 197th Brigade of Landing Ships in the Black Sea Fleet, ''Nikolay Vilkov'' was in service with the 100th Brigade of Landing Ships in the Russian [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]], and ''Orsk'' was inactive and undergoing refits.<ref name="Warfare.be">{{cite web |url=http://warfare.be/db/catid/272/linkid/2096/title/1171-tapir-/alligator-class-large-landing-ships/ |title=1171 Tapir/Alligator class large landing ships |first=Eugene |last=Yanko |date=1997 |publisher=Warfare.be |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

''Saratov'' (BDK-65) was launched in July 1964, commissioned in 1966 as ''Voronezhsky Komsomolets''. As a lead ship of a formation, it lacked the habitable troop compartments installed on other ships of the class. ''Saratov'' was stationed in [[Donuzlav]] (Black Sea Fleet) until the Union collapsed and then remained mothballed in [[Odessa]] until 1994. The ship was reported in active operations in 2000 and later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kchf.ru/ship/desant/saratov.htm |title=Большой десантный корабль "Саратов" |trans-title=Large landing ship "Saratov" |website=kchf.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

From 2013 on, ''Nikolai Fil'chenkov'' and ''Saratov'' were used to transport military equipment from Novorossiysk to [[Tartus]] in Syria, during an intervention in the [[Syrian civil war]], along with {{sclass2|Ropucha|landing ship|0}} ships.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kubiak |first=Krzysztof |date=2017 |title=Syryjski ekspres |magazine=Raport-WTO |number=4 |issn=1429-270X |page=48 |language=pl}}</ref>

''Orsk'' (BDK-69) was launched and commissioned in 1968 as ''Nikolay Obekov''. It served a total of 11 campaigns in the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] oceans and the Mediterranean. Later, under the Russian flag, it carried troops and materials to [[Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslavia]], [[Adjaria]], and [[Abkhazia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kchf.ru/ship/desant/orsk.htm |title=Большой десантный корабль "Орск" |trans-title=Large landing ship "Orsk" |website=kchf.ru |language=ru}}</ref> In 2018 the vessel was seen transporting Russian equipment to Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmYH9u6guq4 |title=-YouTube |website=YouTube |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123140938/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmYH9u6guq4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022 it appeared on 21 March in Russian TV reports unloading military equipment in the Russian-occupied Ukrainian port [[Berdiansk]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=Assessing Russia’s first major naval loss of the war in Ukraine {{!}} Navy Lookout |url=https://www.navylookout.com/assessing-russias-first-major-naval-loss-of-the-war-in-ukraine/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.navylookout.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, which led to initial confusion when its sister ship ''Saratov'' was destroyed three days later at the same place.

During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Berdiansk]], ''Saratov'' was reported as destroyed by a Ukrainian attack on 24 March 2022 while in the harbour of Russian-occupied Ukrainian port Berdiansk.<ref name=BBC_2022-03-24>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60859337 |title=Russian warship destroyed in occupied port of Berdyansk, says Ukraine |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 }}</ref> Video showed a large fire, smoke, and explosions, with one explosion engulfing the bow of the ship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mcilkenny |first1=Stephen |title=Ukraine conflict: Large Russian ship, the Orsk, destroyed by Ukrainian military – reports |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/ukraine-conflict-large-russian-ship-the-orsk-destroyed-by-ukrainian-military-reports-3624749 |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=The Scotsman |date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Hannah |title=Russian Navy Ship Destroyed After Propaganda Footage Gave Away Its Location |pages=1 |work=UNILAD|date=24 March 2022 |url=https://www.unilad.co.uk/news/russian-navy-ship-destroyed-after-propaganda-footage-revealed-location-20220324}}</ref> The ship was originally reported as having been ''Orsk'', but the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces]] later reported that ''Saratov'' had been destroyed, and two [[Ropucha-class_landing_ship|Ropucha-class]] ships, {{ship|Russian ship|Caesar Kunikov||2}} and {{ship|Russian landing ship|Novocherkassk||2}} damaged.<ref>{{Cite news |title=General Staff update: Not Orsk but Saratov landing ship destroyed at Berdiansk Port |author= |website=UKRINFORM (Ukraine) |date=25 March 2022 |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3439345-general-staff-update-not-orsk-but-saratov-landing-ship-destroyed-at-berdiansk-port.html}}</ref>

== Ships of class ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Type
!In service
!Status
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Saratov|BDK-65 Saratov]]''
| rowspan="4" |1171
|18 August 1966
|Sunk on 24 March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
|-
|''BDK-6''
|30 December 1966
|Decommissioned on 19 March 1992, scrapped in 1995
|-
|''BDK-13''
|30 September 1967
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''BDK-62''
|29 December 1967
|Decommissioned on 1 December 1997
|-
|''BDK-66 Sergey Lazo''
| rowspan="2" |1171/II
|27 September 1968
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Orsk|BDK-69 Orsk]]''
|31 December 1968
|In service
|-
|''BDK-77''
| rowspan="6" |1171/III
|30 September 1969
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''Doneckiy Shakhter''
|31 December 1969
|Decommissioned on 10 April 2002
|-
|''BDK-100 Krasnaya Presnya''
|30 September 1970
|Decommissioned on 30 June 1993, sold to commercial service, sunk in 1995
|-
|''BDK-104 Ilya Azarov''
|10 June 1971
|Acquired by [[Ukraine]] on 10 January 1996, in service as U762 ''Rivne''<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIVNE tank landing ship (1971/1996) |url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/ukraine/ukr_ls_rivne.htm |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.navypedia.org}}</ref>
|-
|''Alexandr Tortcev''
|31 December 1971
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''Petr Ilyichev''
|29 December 1972
|Decommissioned on 30 June 1993
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Nikolay Vilkov|Nikolay Vilkov]]''
| rowspan="3" |1171/IV
|30 July 1974
|In service
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Nikolay Filchenkov|Nikolay Filchenkov]]''
|30 December 1975
|In service
|-
|''Nikolay Golubkov''
| -
|Never completed
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of active Russian Navy ships]]
*[[List of ships of the Soviet Navy]]
*[[List of ships of Russia by project number]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Voronezhskiy Komsomolets class landing ship}}
* [http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1171.htm All Alligator Class Landing Ships – Complete Ship List]

{{Soviet and Russian ships after 1945}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alligator Class Landing Ship}}
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessel classes]]
[[Category:Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Soviet Navy]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Russian Navy]]
[[Category:Alligator-class landing ships|*]]

Tapir-class landing ship

2022-04-08T11:31:03Z

Endive: /* Ships of class */ correction ID number of Saratov

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Short description|Class of Soviet/Russian landing ships}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
| sclass = 2
}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = NikoraiFil'chenkov2007Sevastopol.jpg
| Ship caption = ''Nikolai Fil'chenkov'' in [[Sevastopol]]
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
| Name =
| Builders =
| Operators = *{{navy|Soviet Union}}
*{{navy|Russia}}
*{{navy|Ukraine}}
| Class before =
| Class after = {{sclass|Ivan Gren|landing ship|4}}
| Subclasses =
| Cost =
| Built range = 1964–1975
| In service range =
| In commission range = 1965–present
| Total ships building =
| Total ships planned = 15
| Total ships completed = 14
| Total ships cancelled = 1
| Total ships active = 3
| Total ships laid up =
| Total ships lost = 1
| Total ships retired = 10
| Total ships preserved =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class =
| Ship type = [[Landing Ship Tank]]
| Ship tonnage =
| Ship displacement = *3,400 tons standard
*4,360–4,700 tons full load
| Ship tons burthen =
| Ship length = {{convert|112.8|m|ft}}–{{convert|113.1|m|ft}} long
| Ship beam = {{convert|15.3|m|ft}}–{{convert|15.6|m|ft}} beam
| Ship height =
| Ship draught =
| Ship draft =
| Ship depth =
| Ship hold depth =
| Ship decks =
| Ship deck clearance =
| Ship ramps =
| Ship ice class =
| Ship power =
| Ship propulsion = 2 diesels, 2 shafts, {{convert|9,000|bhp|abbr=on}}
| Ship sail plan =
| Ship speed = 16-{{convert|18|kn|km/h}}
| Ship range =
| Ship endurance =
| Ship test depth =
| Ship boats =
| Ship capacity = 1,000 tons
| Ship troops = 300–425 troops and, 20 tanks or 40 AFVs or 1,000 tons
| Ship complement =
| Ship crew = 55
| Ship time to activate =
| Ship sensors =
| Ship EW =
| Ship armament = '''Missiles:''' 1 × 122 mm [[BM-21 Grad#Soviet Union and Russia|naval Grad]] bombardment rocket launcher in some, 3 × [[SA-N-5]] [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] positions in some.<ref name="GSN">{{cite book |last=Polmar |first=Norman |date=1991 |title=Guide to the Soviet Navy |edition=5th |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |page=219 |isbn=978-0-87021-241-3 |author-link=Norman Polmar}}</ref>
'''Guns:''' 1 dual 57 mm/70 cal DP, 2 dual 25 mm AA in some.<ref name="GSN" />
| Ship armour =
| Ship armor =
| Ship aircraft =
| Ship aircraft facilities =
| Ship notes =
}}
|}
'''Project 1171 (Tapir-class) landing ship''' ([[NATO reporting name]]: '''Alligator''') is a class of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] / [[Russia]]n general purpose, beachable [[amphibious warfare ship]]s (Soviet classification: large landing ship, {{lang-ru|БДК, большой десантный корабль}}).

==History==

In Soviet post-World War II analysis of amphibious operations, the recommendation was made that the Soviet Navy should start building dedicated amphibious ships. Among the first ships, launching in 1967, was the {{sclass2|Polnocny|landing ship|4}} of medium landing ships, whose 900-ton vessels could transport six tanks and 180 troops.

[[File:Saratov2007Sevastopol.jpg|''Saratov'' in Sevastopol, 2007|thumb|left]]A newer type of amphibious warship followed in the late 1950s, a true [[Landing Ship, Tank|landing ship tank]] (LST) that was named Project 1171 and also called ''Tapir''. Labelled "Large Landing Ship", its displacement was 4,360 tons full load and could transport up to 313 troops and 20 tanks. Additional vehicles could be stored on the upper deck. [[NATO]] gave these ships the code name "Alligator", and several subtypes were created.

The design of Project 1171 was initiated in 1959 by the Navy, while a similar dual-purpose Project 1173 was ordered by the civilian Ministry of Shipping. Eventually both designs were merged under the Project 1171 umbrella, and the resulting vessel was a compromise between military (speed, [[survivability]]) and civil (fuel economy) objectives. The design team produced four different configurations; the Navy selected the most powerful and fastest option, which was also the least fuel-efficient, while the civil Ministry of Shipping withdrew from the project completely. All production ships were made for the Navy and never operated on shipping lines.<ref name=EN>{{Cite web |url=http://ship.bsu.by/ship/102137 |title=1171 Tapir |website=Encyclopedia of Ships |language=ru}}</ref>

A total of 14 vessels were completed between 1964 and 1975; all were retired between 1992 and 1995.<ref name="EN"/>[[File:Порт Бердянська 24 Березня 2022.jpg|''Saratov'' on fire after March 2022 attack, with [[Ropucha-class_landing_ship|Ropucha-class]] ''Caesar Kunikov'' and ''Novocherkassk'' steaming out of port of Berdyansk after the attack|thumb|left]]As of September 2008, two vessels, currently named ''Orsk'' and ''Saratov'', were in active service with the 197th Brigade of Landing Ships in the Russian [[Black Sea Fleet]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/1171.htm |title=Alligator Class – Project 1171 Tapir class Alligator |website=Global Security.org}}</ref> As of March 2014, ''Saratov'' and ''Nikolay Filchenkov'' were in service with the 197th Brigade of Landing Ships in the Black Sea Fleet, ''Nikolay Vilkov'' was in service with the 100th Brigade of Landing Ships in the Russian [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]], and ''Orsk'' was inactive and undergoing refits.<ref name="Warfare.be">{{cite web |url=http://warfare.be/db/catid/272/linkid/2096/title/1171-tapir-/alligator-class-large-landing-ships/ |title=1171 Tapir/Alligator class large landing ships |first=Eugene |last=Yanko |date=1997 |publisher=Warfare.be |access-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

''Saratov'' (BDK-65) was launched in July 1964, commissioned in 1966 as ''Voronezhsky Komsomolets''. As a lead ship of a formation, it lacked the habitable troop compartments installed on other ships of the class. ''Saratov'' was stationed in [[Donuzlav]] (Black Sea Fleet) until the Union collapsed and then remained mothballed in [[Odessa]] until 1994. The ship was reported in active operations in 2000 and later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kchf.ru/ship/desant/saratov.htm |title=Большой десантный корабль "Саратов" |trans-title=Large landing ship "Saratov" |website=kchf.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

From 2013 on, ''Nikolai Fil'chenkov'' and ''Saratov'' were used to transport military equipment from Novorossiysk to [[Tartus]] in Syria, during an intervention in the [[Syrian civil war]], along with {{sclass2|Ropucha|landing ship|0}} ships.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kubiak |first=Krzysztof |date=2017 |title=Syryjski ekspres |magazine=Raport-WTO |number=4 |issn=1429-270X |page=48 |language=pl}}</ref>

''Orsk'' (BDK-69) was launched and commissioned in 1968 as ''Nikolay Obekov''. It served a total of 11 campaigns in the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] oceans and the Mediterranean. Later, under the Russian flag, it carried troops and materials to [[Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslavia]], [[Adjaria]], and [[Abkhazia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kchf.ru/ship/desant/orsk.htm |title=Большой десантный корабль "Орск" |trans-title=Large landing ship "Orsk" |website=kchf.ru |language=ru}}</ref> In 2018 the vessel was seen transporting Russian equipment to Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmYH9u6guq4 |title=-YouTube |website=YouTube |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123140938/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmYH9u6guq4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Berdiansk]], ''Saratov'' was reported as destroyed by a Ukrainian attack on 24 March 2022 while in the harbour of Russian-occupied Ukrainian port [[Berdyansk]].<ref name=BBC_2022-03-24>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60859337 |title=Russian warship destroyed in occupied port of Berdyansk, says Ukraine |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 }}</ref> Video showed a large fire, smoke, and explosions, with one explosion engulfing the bow of the ship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mcilkenny |first1=Stephen |title=Ukraine conflict: Large Russian ship, the Orsk, destroyed by Ukrainian military – reports |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/ukraine-conflict-large-russian-ship-the-orsk-destroyed-by-ukrainian-military-reports-3624749 |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=The Scotsman |date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Hannah |title=Russian Navy Ship Destroyed After Propaganda Footage Gave Away Its Location |pages=1 |work=UNILAD|date=24 March 2022 |url=https://www.unilad.co.uk/news/russian-navy-ship-destroyed-after-propaganda-footage-revealed-location-20220324}}</ref> The ship was originally reported as having been ''Orsk'', but the [[General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces]] later reported that ''Saratov'' had been destroyed, and two [[Ropucha-class_landing_ship|Ropucha-class]] ships, {{ship|Russian ship|Caesar Kunikov||2}} and {{ship|Russian landing ship|Novocherkassk||2}} damaged.<ref>{{Cite news |title=General Staff update: Not Orsk but Saratov landing ship destroyed at Berdiansk Port |author= |website=UKRINFORM (Ukraine) |date=25 March 2022 |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3439345-general-staff-update-not-orsk-but-saratov-landing-ship-destroyed-at-berdiansk-port.html}}</ref>

== Ships of class ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Type
!In service
!Status
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Saratov|BDK-65 Saratov]]''
| rowspan="4" |1171
|18 August 1966
|Sunk on 24 March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
|-
|''BDK-6''
|30 December 1966
|Decommissioned on 19 March 1992, scrapped in 1995
|-
|''BDK-13''
|30 September 1967
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''BDK-62''
|29 December 1967
|Decommissioned on 1 December 1997
|-
|''BDK-66 Sergey Lazo''
| rowspan="2" |1171/II
|27 September 1968
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Orsk|BDK-69 Orsk]]''
|31 December 1968
|In service
|-
|''BDK-77''
| rowspan="6" |1171/III
|30 September 1969
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''Doneckiy Shakhter''
|31 December 1969
|Decommissioned on 10 April 2002
|-
|''BDK-100 Krasnaya Presnya''
|30 September 1970
|Decommissioned on 30 June 1993, sold to commercial service, sunk in 1995
|-
|''BDK-104 Ilya Azarov''
|10 June 1971
|Acquired by [[Ukraine]] on 10 January 1996, in service as U762 ''Rivne''<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIVNE tank landing ship (1971/1996) |url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/ukraine/ukr_ls_rivne.htm |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.navypedia.org}}</ref>
|-
|''Alexandr Tortcev''
|31 December 1971
|Decommissioned on 5 July 1994
|-
|''Petr Ilyichev''
|29 December 1972
|Decommissioned on 30 June 1993
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Nikolay Vilkov|Nikolay Vilkov]]''
| rowspan="3" |1171/IV
|30 July 1974
|In service
|-
|''[[Russian landing ship Nikolay Filchenkov|Nikolay Filchenkov]]''
|30 December 1975
|In service
|-
|''Nikolay Golubkov''
| -
|Never completed
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of active Russian Navy ships]]
*[[List of ships of the Soviet Navy]]
*[[List of ships of Russia by project number]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Voronezhskiy Komsomolets class landing ship}}
* [http://russianships.info/eng/warships/project_1171.htm All Alligator Class Landing Ships – Complete Ship List]

{{Soviet and Russian ships after 1945}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alligator Class Landing Ship}}
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessel classes]]
[[Category:Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Soviet Navy]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Russian Navy]]
[[Category:Alligator-class landing ships|*]]

List of Roman theatres

2022-02-16T22:30:44Z

Endive: correction cities of Lixus theatre

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

[[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatres]] built during the Roman period may be found all over the [[Roman Empire]]. Some were older theatres that were re-worked.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List
|- valign=top
! class="unsortable" style="width:13%;"|Name
! style="width:13%;"|City (Roman name)
! style="width:13%;"|City (modern name)
! style="width:10%;"|Country
! style="width:10%;"|Coordinates
! style="width:7%;"|Diameter (of the cavea)
! style="width:30%;"|Notes References
! class="unsortable" style="width:4%;"| Photographs
|-
| Theatre at Apollonia
| [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]]
| Pojani
| [[Albania]]
| {{coord|40|43|0|N|19|28|0|E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Apollonia}}
| {{convert|51.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/189.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Buthrotum
| [[Buthrotum]]
| [[Butrint]]
| [[Albania]]
| {{coord| 39.745690 |N| 20.020518 |E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Buthrotum}}
| {{convert|24|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117211819/http://www.theatrum.de/190.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatri i Butrintit.jpg|150px|Theater at Buthrotum]]
|-
| South-west theatre at Byllis
| [[Byllis]]
|
| [[Albania]]
| {{coord|40.5403|N|19.7375|E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=South-west theatre at Byllis}}
| {{convert|80.5|m|ft}}
| Pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/192.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Byllis_Theater.jpg|150px|South-west theatre at Byllis]]
|-
| Theatre at Hadrianopolis
| [[Dropull|Hadrianopolis]]
| [[Dropull|Sofratikë]]
| [[Albania]]
| {{coord| 39.996392 | N | 20.224705 |E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Hadrianopolis}}
| {{convert|58|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/194.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Sofratika.jpg|150px|Theater at Hadrianopolis]]
|-
| Theatre at Oricum
| [[Oricum]]
| [[Orikum]]
| [[Albania]]
| {{coord|40.319142|N|19.429726|E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Oricum}}
| {{convert|34|m|ft}}
| pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/197.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Oricum - Monumental Fontana 01.jpg|150px|Theatre at Oricum]]
|-
| Theatre at Phoinike
| [[Phoenice]]
| [[Finiq]]
| [[Albania]]
| {{coord| 39.913490 | N | 20.056434 |E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Phoinike}}
|
| Possibly pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/198.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro di Phoinike.jpg|150px|Theatre at Phoinike]]
|-
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Roman theatre of Guelma|fr|3=Théâtre romain de Guelma}}
| [[Calama (Numidia)|Calama]]
| [[Guelma]]
| [[Algeria]]
| {{coord|36|28|N|7|26|E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Guelma}}
| {{convert|58|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/calama.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Theatre romain Calama. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|150px|Theatre at Guelma]]
|-
| Theatre at Cuicul
| [[Cuicul (Djémila)|Cuicul]]
| Djémila
| [[Algeria]]
| {{coord|36|19|N|5|44|E|type:landmark_region:DZ|name=Theatre at Cuicul}}
| {{convert|62|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/cuicul.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Theatre - Djemila (Cuicul) جميلة - سطيف - panoramio.jpg|150px|Theatre at Cuicul]]
|-
| Theatre at Hippo Regius
| [[Hippo Regius]]
| [[Annaba]]
| [[Algeria]]
| {{coord|36|54|N|7|46|E|type:landmark_region:DZ|name=Theatre at Hippo Regius}}
| {{convert|100|m|ft}}
| Position approximate; [http://www.theatrum.de/hippone.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Iol Caesarea
| Iol Caesarea
| [[Cherchell]]
| [[Algeria]]
| {{coord|36|36|36|N|2|11|48|E|type:landmark_region:DZ|name=Theatre at Iol Caesarea}}
| {{convert|130|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/iol.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Amphithéâtre Cherchell.JPG|150px|Theatre at Iol Caesarea]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre (Bregenz)|Theatre at Bregenz]]
| Brigantium
| [[Vorarlberg]]
| [[Austria]]
| {{coord|47|30|1.66|N|9|44|52.36|E|name=Theatre at Bregenz}}
| {{convert|50|m|ft}}
| [https://www.theatrum.de/3040.html] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Bregenz-Roman theater-01ASD.jpg|150px|Bregenz-Roman theater-01ASD]]
|-
| Theatre at Carnuntum
| Castrum Legionarium
| [[Petronell-Carnuntum]]
| [[Austria]]
| {{coord|48|7|0|N|16|52|0|E|name=Theatre at Carnuntum}}
| {{convert|40|m|ft}}
| [https://www.theatrum.de/1092.html] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Amphitheater carnuntum.JPG|150px|]]
|-
| Theatre at Virunum
| Claudium Virunum
| [[Zollfeld]]
| [[Austria]]
| {{coord|46|41|49.5|N|14|22|09.6|E|type:landmark_region:AT|name=Theatre at Virunum}}
| {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| [https://theatrum.de/1093.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Maria Saal Zollfeld Virunum Arena Nordteil 22092006 01.jpg|150px|Maria Saal Zollfeld Virunum Arena Nordteil 22092006 01]]
|-
| Theatre at Artaxata
| [[Artaxata]]
| Artaschat
| [[Armenia]]
| {{coord|39|52|55|N |44|33|56|E|type:landmark_region:AM|name=Theatre at Artaxata}}
|
| [https://www.theatrum.de/970.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Blicquy
|
| [[:fr:Blicquy|Blicquy]]
| [[Belgium]]
| {{coord|50|35| N |3|41|E|type:landmark_region:BE|name=Theatre at Blicquy}}
| {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/212.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Plan détaillé du théâtre de la « Ville d'Anderlecht » à Blicquy.jpg|150px|Theatre at Blicquy]]
|-
| Theatre at Fontaine-Valmont
|
| [[:fr:Fontaine-Valmont|Fontaine-Valmont]]
| [[Belgium]]
| {{coord|50.3180| N |4.2155|E|type:landmark_region:BE|name=Theatre at Fontaine-Valmont}}
|
| [https://www.theatrum.de/213.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Kourion
| [[Curium]]
| [[Kourion]]
| [[Cyprus]]
| {{coord|34.6643| N |32.8879|E|type:landmark_region:BE|name=Theatre at Kourion}}
| {{convert|52|m|ft}}
| [https://www.theatrum.de/1099.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Chypre Kourion Theatre - panoramio.jpg|150px|Theater at Kourion]]
|-
| Theatre at Salamis
| [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]]
| Salamis
| [[Cyprus]]
| {{coord|35.1848| N |33.9025|E|type:landmark_region:BE|name=Theatre at Salamis}}
| {{convert|104|m|ft}}
| [https://www.theatrum.de/1101.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Salamis, Theater.jpg|150px|Theater at Salamis]]
|-
| Theatre at Kasnakovo
|
| [[Kasnakovo]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| {{coord|42|01|N|25|30|E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Kasnakovo}}
|
| The interpretation of the remains as a theatre is not certain; [http://www.theatrum.de/218.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Nicopolis ad Istrum
| [[Nicopolis ad Istrum]]
| Nikyup
| [[Bulgaria]]
| {{coord|43|13|02|N|25|36|40|E|type:landmark_region:AL|name=Theatre at Nicopolis ad Istrum}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/220.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Nikopolis ad Istrum-Theatre.jpg|150px|Theatre at Nicopolis ad Istrum]]
|-
| [[Roman theatre of Philippopolis]]
| [[Philippopolis (Thrace)]]
| [[Plovdiv]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| {{coord|42.14678|N|24.75094|E|type:landmark_region:BG|name=Theatre at Philippopolis}}
| {{convert|82|m|ft}}<ref>[https://antichen-stadion-plovdiv.bg/?p=45&l=2 Ancient theatre of Philippopolis]</ref>
| [http://www.theatrum.de/217.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Roman Theatre Plovdiv.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Theatre at Serdica
| [[History of Sofia|Serdica]]
| [[Sofia]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| {{coord| 42.697222 |N| 23.328333 |E|type:landmark_region:BG|name=Theatre at Serdica}}
|
| Lies under the later [[Amphitheatre of Serdica]]
|
|-
| Theatre at Augusta Trajana
| Augusta Trajana
| [[Stara Zagora]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| {{coord| 42.427169 |N| 25.624759 |E|type:landmark_region:BG|name=Theatre at Augusta Trajana}}
|
| Unusual arrangement of seating at one end of the forum
| [[File:Stara Zagora - Bulgarien Römisches Theater.JPG|150px|Stara Zagora - forum seating]]
|-
| Theatre at Vis
| [[Vis (town)#History|Issa]]
| [[Vis (town)|Vis]]
| [[Croatia]]
|
| {{convert|54.8|m|ft}}
| Position approximate; [http://www.theatrum.de/1158.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Small Theatre of Pula
| Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea
| [[Pula]]
| [[Croatia]]
| {{coord| 44.870146 |N| 13.846992 |E|type:landmark_region:HR|name=Theatre at Pula}}
| {{convert|82|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415112745/http://www.theatrum.de/1155.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Roman Theatre, Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea, Histria (10569957646).jpg|150px|Roman Theatre, Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea]]
|-
| Theatre at Salona
| [[Salona]]
| [[Solin]]
| [[Croatia]]
| {{coord| 43.535902 |N| 16.480771 |E|type:landmark_region:HR|name=Theatre at Salona}}
| {{convert|65|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415122948/http://www.theatrum.de/1160.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:The Roman Theatre with semicircular auditorium (cavea) and two tiers of seats that could accommodate 3,000 spectators, built in the mid-1st century AD, Salona, Dalmatia (12287570263).jpg|150px|The Roman Theatre at Salona]]
|-
|Theatre at Zadar
|Iadera
|[[Zadar]]
|[[Croatia]]
| {{coord|44|7|13|N|15|13|50|E|type:landmark_region:HR|name=Theatre at Zadar}}
|
|Destroyed before 1657; [http://www.theatrum.de/1157.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Great Theatre of Alexandria
| Alexandria
| [[Alexandria]]
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord| 31.194666 |N| 29.904057 |E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Great Theatre at Alexandria}}
|
| Attested only in literary sources; [http://www.theatrum.de/180.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Small Theatre of Alexandria
| Alexandria
| [[Alexandria]]
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord| 31.194666 |N| 29.904057 |E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Small Theatre at Alexandria}}
| {{convert|33|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/181.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:The ancient Roman Amphitheatre in Alexandria (2007-05-005).jpg|150px|Roman theatre in Alexandria]]
|-
| Theatre of Antinooupolis
| [[Antinooupolis]]
| El Sheikh Ibada
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord|27|49|N|30|53|E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Theatre of Antinooupolis}}
| {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/182.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Kom el-Dahab
|
| [[Kom el-Dahab]]
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord| 31.315231 |N| 31.833076 |E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Theatre at Kom el-Dahab}}
|
|
|
|-
| Theatre at Memphis
| [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]
| Memphis
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord|29|50|41|N|31|15|3|E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Theatre at Memphis}}
|
| Attested only in papyri; [http://www.theatrum.de/184.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Olympian Theatre
| [[Crocodilopolis]] / Arsinoe
| [[Medinet el Fayum]]
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord|29.308374|N|30.844105|E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Great Theatre at Alexandria}}
|
| Attested only in papyri; [http://www.theatrum.de/183.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Oxyrhynchus
| [[Oxyrhynchus]]
| el-Bahnasa
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord| 28.536725 |N| 30.652294 |E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Theatre at Oxyrhynchus}}
| {{convert|122|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/185.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Panopolis
| [[Panopolis]]
| [[Akhmim]]
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord|26|34|N|31|45|E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Theatre at Panopolis}}
|
| Attested only in papyri; [http://www.theatrum.de/186.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Pelusium
| [[Pelusium]]
|
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord| 31.042518 |N| 32.546128 |E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Theatre at Pelusium}}
|
|
|
|-
| Theatre at Ptolemais
| [[Ptolemais Hermiou]]
| Al-Mansah
| [[Egypt]]
| {{coord|26|29|N|31|48|E|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Theatre at Ptolemais}}
|
| Attested only in an inscription; [http://www.theatrum.de/187.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| [[Théâtre antique d'Arles]]
| Arelate
| [[Arles]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 43.676484 |N| 4.629784 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Arelate}}
| {{convert|102|m|ft}}
| Listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], together with [[Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments|other Roman buildings]] of the city; [http://www.theatrum.de/37.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Roman theater in Arles.jpg|150px|Ruins at the Roman theatre of Arles]]
|-
| Roman theatre at Arnières-sur-Iton
| Asinaria
| [[Arnières-sur-Iton]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 48.999616 |N| 1.110515 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Arnières-sur-Iton}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/41.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Roman theatre at Aubigné-Racan
| [[Cherré (archaeological site)|Cherré]]
| [[Aubigné-Racan]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 47.663448 |N| 0.236165 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Aubigné-Racan}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/42.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Aubigné-Racan - Site archéologique de Cherré - Le théatre (3).JPG|150px|Aubigné-Racan - Site archéologique de Cherré - Le théatre (3)]]
|-
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Théâtre romain d'Autun|fr}}
| Augustodunum
| [[Autun]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 46.952788 |N| 4.309973 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Augustodunum}}
| {{convert|148|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/956.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Théâtre romain Autun.JPG|150px|Theatre at Augustodunum]]
|-
| Roman theatre at Barzan
| Novioregum
| [[Barzan, Charente-Maritime|Barzan]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord|45.534937|N|0.868973|W|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Barzan}}
|
|
| [[File:Théâtre gallo-romain de Barzan 2015.JPG|150px|Théâtre gallo-romain de Barzan 2015]]
|-
| Roman theatre at Briga/Augusta Ambianorum
| Briga/Augusta Ambianorum
| [[Eu, Seine-Maritime|Eu]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord|50.021619|N|1.465376|E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Briga/Augusta Ambianorum}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123502/http://www.theatrum.de/76.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Briga-Amphitheatre01.JPG|150px|Theatre at Briga/Augusta Ambianorum]]
|-
| Roman theatre at Clion
| Claudiomagus
| [[Clion, Indre|Clion-sur-Indre]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord|46.946238|N|1.229881|E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Clion}}
| {{convert|85|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123502/http://www.theatrum.de/64.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| [[Ancient Theatre of Fourvière]]
| [[Lugdunum]]
| [[Lyon]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord|45.759722|N|4.819722|E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Fourvière}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123502/http://www.theatrum.de/1096.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Roman theatre in Lyon.jpg|150px|Theatre at Lugdunum]]
|-
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Théâtre antique de Lillebonne|fr}}
| Juliobona
| [[Lillebonne]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 49.517679 |N| 0.536769 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Juliobona}}
| {{convert|109|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/95.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:TheatreLillebonne.jpg|150px|name=Theatre at Juliobona]]
|-
| [[Théâtre Antique d'Orange]]
| Aurasio
| [[Orange, France|Orange]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord|44.13587|N|4.80886|E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Orange}}
| {{convert|103.63|m|ft}}
| The Théâtre Antique d'Orange is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, together with other Roman buildings of the city; [http://www.theatrum.de/121.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Theater Orange.jpg|150px|Theater Orange]]
|-
| Theater at Neung-sur-Beuvron
| Noviodunum Biturgium
| [[Neung-sur-Beuvron]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord|47.513366|N|1.81299|E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Neung-sur-Beuvron}}
| {{convert|100|m|ft}}
| No longer visible; [http://www.theatrum.de/115.html entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Ribemont-sur-Ancre
|
| [[Ribemont-sur-Ancre]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 49.964057 |N| 2.554822 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Ribemont-sur-Ancre}}
| {{convert|68|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/http://www.theatrum.de/160.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at St-Bertrand-de-Comminges
| Lugdunum Convenarum
| [[Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 43.0282057 |N| 0.5719848 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at St-Bertrand-de-Comminges}}
| {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/https://www.theatrum.de/155.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges théatre (10).JPG|150px|Lugdunum Convenarum-theatre]]
|-
| Gallo-Roman theatre at Les Bouchauds
|
| [[Saint-Cybardeaux]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord|45.7817|-0.0062 |type:landmark_region:FR|name=Gallo-Roman theatre at Les Bouchauds}}
|
|
| [[File:Saint-Cybardeaux Théâtre des Bouchauds La scène 2014.JPG|150px|Gallo-Roman theatre at Les Bouchauds]]
|-
| Theatre at St-Goussaud
|
| [[Saint-Goussaud]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 46.033456 |N| 1.568883 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Saint-Goussaud}}
| {{convert|30|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/http://www.theatrum.de/146.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:SaintGoussaud theatre.JPG |150px|Theatre at Saint-Goussaud]]
|-
| Theatre at Sanxay
| Sanxay
| [[Sanxay]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 46.494775 |N| 0.021939 |W|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Sanxay}}
| {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/http://www.theatrum.de/146.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Sanxay_Amphitheatre-1.jpg |150px|Theatre at Sanxay]]
|-
| Theatre at Soissons
| Augusta Suessionum
| [[Soissons]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 49.378390 |N| 3.322871 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Soissons}}
| {{convert|144|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/http://www.theatrum.de/143.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Vendeuil-Caply
|
| [[Vendeuil-Caply]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 49.6081 |N| 2.3007 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Vendeuil-Caply}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/http://www.theatrum.de/133.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Théâtre antique de Vendeuil-Caply 03.JPG|150px|Théâtre antique de Vendeuil-Caply]]
|-
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Théâtre antique de Vienne|fr}}
| Vienna
| [[Vienne, Isère]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 45.524877 |N| 4.878686 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Vienna}}
| {{convert|130.4|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/http://www.theatrum.de/1127.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Vue-générale.JPG|150px|Theatre at Vienne]]
|-
| Theatre at Vieux
| Aragenua
| [[Vieux, Calvados]]
| [[France]]
| {{coord| 49.107203 |N| 0.4303407 |E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Theatre at Vieux}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123227/http://www.theatrum.de/129.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Théâtre gallo-romain Vieux.jpg|150px|Théâtre gallo-romain Vieux]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre (Mainz)]]
| Mogontiacum
| [[Mainz]]
| [[Germany]]
| {{coord| 49.993117 |N| 8.278065 |E|type:landmark_region:DE|name=Theatre at Mainz}}
| {{convert|116.25|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/mainz.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Mainz Römisches Theater 2009-09-06 14.jpg|150px|Theatre at Mainz]]
|-
| [[Odeon of Herodes Atticus]]
| Athens
| [[Athens]]
| [[Greece]]
| {{coord| 37.970756 |N| 23.724444 |E|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Theatre at Athens}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/2708.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Athen Odeon Herodes Atticus BW 2017-10-09 13-12-44.jpg|150px|Theatre at Athens]]
|-
| [[Theatre of Dionysus]]
| Athens
| [[Athens]]
| [[Greece]]
| {{coord|37.97034|N|23.727784|E|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Theatre of Dionysus at Athens}}
|
| Pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/279.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Dionisov teatar u Akropolju.jpg|150px|Theatre of Dionysus at Athens]]
|-
| [[Delphi#Theatre|Theatre at Delphi]]
| Delphi
| [[Delphi]]
| [[Greece]]
| {{coord| 38.482464|N| 22.500593 |E|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Theatre at Delphi}}
| {{convert|52.5|m|ft}}
| Pre-Roman; [http://www.theatrum.de/295.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Delphi Composite.jpg|150px|Theatre at Delphi]]
|-
| Odeon of Kos
| Kos
| [[Kos]]
| [[Greece]]
| {{coord|36.8894576|N|27.2848399|E|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Odeon of Kos}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/321.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Odeon of Kos 3.jpg|150px|Kos Odeon]]
|-
|Theatre at Ekbatana
| Ekbatana
| Hamadan
| [[Iran]]
| {{coord|34.8065|N| 48.516247 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Ekbatana}}
|
| [https://www.theatrum.de/ekbatana.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|-
| Theatre at Binyamina
|
| [[Binyamina]] / Shuni
| [[Israel]]
| {{coord| 32.534731 |N| 34.948264 |E| type:landmark_region:IL|name=Theatre at Binyamina}}
| {{convert|59.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/shuni.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:PikiWiki Israel 10088 old theatre in shuni.jpg|150px|Roman theatre in Binyamina]]
|-
| Theatre at Caesarea Maritima
| [[Caesarea Maritima]]
|
| [[Israel]]
| {{coord| 32.495937 |N| 34.891199 |E| type:landmark_region:IL|name=Theatre at Caesarea Maritima}}
| {{convert|100|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123344/http://www.theatrum.de/caesarea.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Caesarea maritima BW 4.JPG|150px|Theatre at Caesarea maritima]]
|-
| Theatre at Hippos
| [[Hippos]]
|
| [[Israel]]
| {{coord| 32.779312 |N| 35.65896 |E| type:landmark_region:IL|name=Theatre at Hippos}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326225519/http://www.theatrum.de/hippos.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:אתר החפירות סוסיתא.JPG|150px|Theatre at Hippos (aerial)]]
|-
| Theatre at Beit She'an
| Scythopolis
| [[Beit She'an]]
| [[Israel]]
| {{coord| 32.501394 |N| 35.501577 |E| type:landmark_region:IL|name=Theatre at Beit She'an}}
| {{convert|109|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/854.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Israel BeitShean3 tango7174.jpg|150px|Theatre at BeitShe'an]]
|-
| Theatre at Sepphoris
| [[Sepphoris]]
| Tzippori
| [[Israel]]
| {{coord| 32.753380 |N| 35.279791 |E| type:landmark_region:IL|name=Theatre at Sepphoris}}
| {{convert|74|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326224832/http://www.theatrum.de/sepphoris.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Sepphoris (Diocaesarea), Israel (15836242404).jpg|150px|Theatre at Sepphoris]]
|-
| Theatre at Tiberias
| [[Tiberias]]
| Tveria
| [[Israel]]
| {{coord| 32.776049 |N| 35.541216 |E| type:landmark_region:IL|name=Theatre at Tiberias}}
|
| Location is approximate; [http://www.theatrum.de/tiberias.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Tiberias-2-073.jpg|150px|Theatre at Tiberias]]
|-
| Theatre at Emmatha
| Emmatha
| [[Hamat Gader]]
| [[Israel]]
| {{coord| 32.685283 |N| 35.665552 |E| type:landmark_region:PA|name=Theatre at Emmatha}}
| {{convert|26|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/hamat-gader.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:XamatGadderWa010 (4).jpg|150px|Theatre at Emmatha]]
|-
| Theatre at Albintimilium
| Albintimilium
| [[Ventimiglia]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.789373 |N| 7.625225 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Albintimilium}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1083.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro di Ventimiglia 22.jpg|150px|Teatre at Albintimilium]]
|-
| Theatre at Allifae
| [[Allifae]]
| [[Alife, Campania|Alife]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.32895002846146 |N| 14.329686303232148 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Allifae}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/2225.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Altinum
| Altinum
| [[Venice]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.550834 |N| 12.392179 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Altinum}}
|
| [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5940/577 Article in Science]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ninfo |first1=Andrea |last2=Fontana |first2=Alessandro |last3=Mozzi |first3=Paolo |last4=Ferrarese |first4=Francesco |title=The Map of Altinum, Ancestor of Venice |journal=Science |date=2009 |volume=325 |issue=5940 |pages=577–579 |doi=10.1126/science.1174206 |pmid=19644113 |bibcode=2009Sci...325..577N |s2cid=206520102 }}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Roman Theatre, Aosta]]
| Augusta Prætoria Salassorum
| [[Aosta]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.738578 |N| 7.322380 |E| type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Augusta Prætoria Salassorum}}
| {{convert|62.7|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185327/http://www.theatrum.de/554.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Aosta Teatro romano 01.jpg|150px|Theatre at Augusta Prætoria Salassorum]]
|-
| Theatre at Aquileia
| [[Aquileia]]
| [[Aquileia]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.771223 |N| 13.364646 |E| type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Aquileia}}
| {{convert|95|m|ft}}
| [http://www.fastionline.org/docs/FOLDER-it-2018-404.pdf Article] in FASTI-Online
|
|-
| Theatre at Ascoli Piceno
| [[Asculum]]
| [[Ascoli Piceno]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord|42.853751|N|13.568678|E| type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Ascoli Piceno}}
| {{convert|98|m|ft}} or {{convert|99.5|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185304/http://www.theatrum.de/557.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Centro storico, 63100 Ascoli Piceno AP, Italy - panoramio (29).jpg| 150px |Theatre at Ascoli Piceno]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre, Benevento]]
| Beneventum
| [[Benevento]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.130686 |N| 14.7719 |E| type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Beneventum}}
| {{convert|93|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/549.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro romano-Benevento (2).JPG|150px|Theatre at Beneventum]]
|-
|
| Brixia
| [[Brescia]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.539914 |N| 10.226658 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Brixia}}
| {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, [[Brescia#UNESCO World Heritage monuments|together with other buildings of the city]]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185012/http://www.theatrum.de/546.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro antico 2.JPG|150px|Theatre at Brixia]]
|-
| Theatre at Carsulae
| [[Carsulae]]
| [[San Gemini]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord|42.639338|N| 12.560103 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Carsulae}}
| {{convert|62|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/540.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Veduta di carsulae.JPG|150px|Theatre at Carsulae]]
|-
| [[Roman Theater of Catania]]
| Catana or Catani
| [[Catania]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord|37.502893615469596|N|15.083633210393993|E| type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theater at Catania}}
| {{convert|98|m|ft}}
|
| [[File:Catania roman theatre msu2017-9981.jpg|150px|Theater at Catania]]
|-
| Theatre at Corfinium
| Corfinium
| [[Corfinio]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.124150 |N| 13.842996 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Corfinium}}
| {{convert|75|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/531.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Civitas Cammunorum
| Civitas Camunnorum
| [[Cividate Camuno]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.944162 |N| 10.280654 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Civitas Cammunorum}}
| {{convert|56|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1250.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro romano - Cividate Camuno (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg|150px|Theatre at Civitas Cammunorum]]
|-
| Theatre at Faesulae
| Faesulae
| [[Fiesole]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.807805 |N| 11.293734 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Faesulae}}
| {{convert|67|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329183728/http://www.theatrum.de/519.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:TheatrumFaesolanum.jpg|150px|The Roman theatre at Fiesole]]
|-
| Theatre at Falerii Novi
| [[Falerii Novi]]
| [[Civita Castellana]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.298524 |N| 12.3600 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Falerii Novi}}
|
| Geomagnetic survey results<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verdonck |first1=Lieven |last2=Launaro |first2=Alessandro |last3=Vermeulen |first3=Frank |last4=Millett |first4=Martin |title=Ground-penetrating radar survey at Falerii Novi: a new approach to the study of Roman cities |journal=Antiquity |date=9 June 2020 |volume=94 |issue=375 |pages=705–723 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2020.82|doi-access=free }}</ref>

|
|-
| Theatre at Falerone
| Falerio
| [[Falerone]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.102364 |N| 13.500024 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Falerone}}
| {{convert|49.2|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/526.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro_romano_di_Falerio_Picenus.jpg|150px|The Roman theatre at Falerone]]
|-
| Theatre at Ferentium
| [[Ferentium]]
|
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.488469 |N| 12.132135 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Ferentium}}
| {{convert|61.93|m|ft}}
| [https://archive.today/20150423224351/http://scaviferento.unitus.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=83 Website]; [http://www.theatrum.de/523.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Ferentium 1071.jpg|150px|Ferentium 1071]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre of Florence]]
| Florentia
| [[Florence]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.769315 |N| 11.256174 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Florentia}}
| {{convert|100|m|ft}}?
| Under the [[Palazzo Vecchio]]; [http://www.theatrum.de/520.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Gabii
| Gabii
| [[Gabii]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.886637 |N| 12.716210 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Gabii}}
| {{convert|60|m|ft}}?
| [http://www.theatrum.de/518.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Iguvium
| Iguvium
| [[Gubbio]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.351962 |N| 12.572652 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Iguvium}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/512.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Gubbio10 wiki.jpg|150px|Theatre at Iguvium]]
|-
| Theatre at Interamna Nahars
| Interamna Nahars
| [[Terni]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.560953 |N| 12.644595 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Interamna Nahars}}
|
| Location is approximate; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185153/http://www.theatrum.de/510.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Interamna Lirenas
| [[Interamna Lirenas]]
| [[Pignataro Interamna]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.427687 |N| 13.753942 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Interamna Lirenas}}
|
| [https://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/Research/projects/interamna-lirenas/interamna-lirenas-theatre Excavation page]
|
|-
| Theatre at Liternum
| [[Liternum]]
| [[Giugliano in Campania]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord|40.921349 | N|14.030125| E | type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Liternum}}
|
|
|
|-
| Theatre at Luna
| [[Luni, Italy]]
| [[Luni, Italy]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 44.064917 |N| 10.020239 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Luni}}
|
|
|
|-
| Theatre at Mediolanum
| [[Mediolanum]]
| [[Milan]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.465156 |N| 9.182996 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Mediolanum}}
| {{convert|95|m|ft}}
| Under the [[Palazzo Mezzanotte]]; [http://www.theatrum.de/499.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro romano milano by Stefano Bolognini13.jpg|150px|Theatre at Mediolanum]]
|-
| Theatre at Mevania
| Mevania
| [[Bevagna]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.934715 |N| 12.610330 |E| type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Mevania}}
| {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329183927/http://www.theatrum.de/496.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Bevagna z019.jpg|150px|Theatre at Bevagna]]
|-
| Theatre at Minturnae
| [[Minturnae]]
| [[Minturno]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord|41.242464|N|13.768467|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Minturnae (Minturno)}}
| {{convert|78.3|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329183927/http://www.theatrum.de/494.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:The Roman theatre, built in the late Republican era or at the beginning of the Empire, Minturnae, Minturno, Italy (15000824292).jpg|150px|The Roman theatre at Minturnae]]
|-
| Theatre at Nora
| Nora
| [[Nora, Italy|Nora]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 38.984523 |N| 9.016578 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Nora}}
| {{convert|39|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/440.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Nora-Theater.jpg|150px|Nora-Theater]]
|-
| Theatre at Ostia
| [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]]
| [[Ostia Antica (district)|Ostia Antica]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.755926 |N| 12.291368 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Ostia}}
| {{convert|88|m|ft}}
| At the [http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/ostia/introduction/ostia.intro1.htm Ancient Theatre Archive]; [http://www.theatrum.de/439.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Theater (Ostia Antica).jpg|150px|Theatre at Ostia]]
|-
| Theatre at Praeneste
| [[Palestrina]]
| [[Palestrina#Ancient_Praeneste|Praeneste]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.840428 |N| 12.892538 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Praeneste}}
| {{convert|59|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/473.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Peltuinum
| [[Peltuinum]]
| [[Prata d'Ansidonia]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.28288 |N| 13.624048 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Peltuinum}}
|
|
| [[File:Peltuinum 18.JPG|150px|Theatre at Peltuinum]]
|-
| [[Theatre Area of Pompeii#The Large Theatre|Grand Theatre at Pompeii]]
| [[Pompeii]]
| [[Pompei]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 40.748781 |N| 14.488423 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Grand Theatre at Pompeii}}
| {{convert|60|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/858.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:S03 06 01 024 image 3121.jpg|150px|Pompeii, Italy. Bird's eye view of the large and small theatres, Pompeii. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection]]
|-
| [[Theatre Area of Pompeii#Odeon|Odeon at Pompeii]]
| [[Pompeii]]
| [[Pompei]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 40.748815 |N| 14.489035 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Odeon Theatre at Pompeii}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415131838/http://www.theatrum.de/857.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Campania Pompei3 tango7174.jpg|150px|Odeon theatre at Pompeii]]
|-
| Theatre at Ricina
| [[Ricina]]
| Villapotenza, [[Macerata]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.327956 |N| 13.424089 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Ricina}}
| {{convert|71.8|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/515.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Helvia_Recina.jpg|150px|Theatre at Ricina]]
|-
| [[Theatre of Marcellus]]
| [[Ancient Rome|Roma]]
| [[Rome]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.891667 |N| 12.479167 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre of Marcellus at Rome}}
| {{convert|129.8|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/945.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:RomaTeatroMarcello01.JPG|150px|Theatre of Marcellus]]
|-
| [[Theatre of Pompey]]
| [[Ancient Rome|Roma]]
| [[Rome]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.895291 |N| 12.473995 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre of Pompey at Rome}}
| {{convert|150|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160315090123/http://www.theatrum.de/946.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Mapancientformaurbisromae.jpg|150px|Theatre of Pompey in the Forma Urbis Romae]]
|-
| Theatre at Saepinum
| [[Saepinum]]
| Altilia
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.433333 |N| 14.616667 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Saepinum}}
| {{convert|61.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1060.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Altilia - il Teatro.JPG|150px|Theater at Saepinum]]
|-
| Theatre at Suasa
| [[Suasa]]
| [[Castelleone di Suasa]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.625165 |N| 12.984624 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Suasa}}
|
| [http://www.storia-culture-civilta.unibo.it/it/ricerca/archeologia/i-progetti-di-ricerca/missioni-archeologiche-in-italia/suasa-an/la-scoperta-del-teatro-e-il-saggio-di-scavo-2003-2004 The discovery of the theatre]
|
|-
| Theatre at Spoletium
| Spoletium
| [[Spoleto]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.733303 |N| 12.735088 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Spoletium}}
| {{convert|72.2|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/438.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Spoletoteatroromano.JPG|150px|Theatre at Spoletium]]
|-
| [[Greek Theatre of Syracuse]]
| Syracusae
| [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 37.075833 |N| 15.275000 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Syracusae}}
|
| Pre-Roman origins; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415135412/http://www.theatrum.de/1081.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro greco di Siracusa - aerea.jpg|150px|Theatre at Syracusae]]
|-
| [[Ancient theatre of Taormina]]
| Tauromenium
| [[Taormina]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 37.852222 |N| 15.292222 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Tauromenium}}
| {{convert|109|m|ft}}
| Pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/1212.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Taormina BW 2012-10-05 16-23-06.JPG|150px|Theatre at Tauromenium]]
|-
| Theatre at Interamna Praetutiana
| Interamna Praetutiana
| [[Teramo]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.658086 |N| 13.704284 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Interamna Praetutiana}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185153/http://www.theatrum.de/510.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatroromanoteramo.JPG|150px|Theatre at Interamna Praetutiana]]
|-
| Theatre at Teanum Sidicinum
| [[Teanum Sidicinum]]
| [[Teano]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.24817 |N| 14.07273 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Teanum Sidicinum}}
| {{convert|85|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185153/http://www.theatrum.de/436.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro romano di Teano 03.jpg|150px|Teatro romano di Teano 03]]
|-
| Theatre at Tergeste
| Tergeste
| [[Trieste]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.649195 |N| 13.771698 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Tergeste}}
| {{convert|64|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/433.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Trieste - Teatro Romano.jpg|150px|Theatre at Tergeste]]
|-
| Theatre at Terracina
| Tarracina
| [[Terracina]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.292110 |N| 13.249246 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Terracina}}
| {{convert|60|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/452.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File: TerracinaTeatroRomano.jpg |150px|Theatre at Terracina]]
|-
| Theatre at Tibur
| Tibur
| [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.963277 |N| 12.791800 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Tibur}}
| {{convert|65|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1056.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|[[File:Tivoli s Ercole - teatro P1120348.jpg|150px|Theater in Sanctuary of Hercules, Tivoli]]
|-
| Theatre at Todi
| Tuder
| [[Todi]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 42.782883 |N| 12.407380 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Tuder}}
| {{convert|83|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185304/http://www.theatrum.de/449.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Augusta Taurinorum
| Augusta Taurinorum
| [[Turin]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.073998 |N| 7.685764 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Augusta Taurinorum}}
| {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185304/http://www.theatrum.de/435.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro romano di torino 01.JPG|150px|Theatre at Augusta Taurinorum]]
|-
| Theatre at Tusculum
| [[Tusculum]]
| [[Monte Porzio Catone]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.79833 |N| 12.71047 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Tusculum}}
| {{convert|46|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/434.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Tusc teatro.jpg|150px|Theatre at Tusculum]]
|-
| Theatre at Urbs Salvia
| [[Archaeological Park of Urbs Salvia|Urbs Salvia]]
| [[Urbisaglia]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.198878 |N| 13.380658 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Urbs Salvia}}
| {{convert|85|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160329183849/http://www.theatrum.de/432.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Urbs_Salvia_Theatre.jpg|150px|Roman theatre at Urbs Salvia]]
|-
| Theatre at Venafro
| [[Venafrum]]
| [[Venafro]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 41.48560 |N| 14.04002 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Venafro}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160412161608/http://teatroromanovenafro.beniculturali.it/index.php?it%2F1%2Fhome Roman Theatre of Venafrum]; [http://www.theatrum.de/445.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| [[Roman theatre, Verona|Roman Theatre at Verona]]
| Verona
| [[Verona]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.447417 |N| 11.001639 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Verona}}
| {{convert|108 - 110|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1249.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:VeronaTeatroRomano5.jpg|150px|Theatre at Verona]]
|-
| [[Teatro Berga]]
| Vicetia
| [[Vicenza]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 45.543889 |N| 11.547944 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Teatro Berga}}
| {{convert|82|m|ft}}
| Mostly destroyed in the 17th century
| [[File:Teatro Berga Palladio.jpg|150px|Plan of the Teatro Berga]]
|-
| Theatre at Volterra
| Volaterrae
| [[Volterra]]
| [[Italy]]
| {{coord| 43.403611 |N| 10.86 |E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Theatre at Volterra}}
| {{convert|60 - 63|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/431.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Volterra-TheatreRomain.jpg|150px|Theatre at Volterra]]
|-
| [[Roman Theater (Amman)|Roman Theater]]
| Philadelphia
| [[Amman]]
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 31.951692 |N| 35.939306 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=Theatre at Philadelphia}}
| {{convert|102|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1112.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Roman theater of Amman 01.jpg|150px|Roman theatre at Philadelphia, Jordan]]
|-
| [[Odeon theater (Amman)|Odeon theater]]
| Philadelphia
| [[Amman]]
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 31.951692 |N| 35.939306 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=Odeon theater (Amman)}}
| {{convert|40|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1112.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Amman-Odeon(js).jpg|150px|Odeon theater at Philadelphia, Jordan]]
|-
| Theatre at Abila
| [[Abila (Decapolis)|Abila]]
| Quwaylibah
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 32.680556 |N| 35.869167 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=Theatre at Abila}}
| {{convert|73-80|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415114319/http://www.theatrum.de/1037.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| West Theatre at Gadara
| [[Gadara]]
| [[Umm Qais]]
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 32.655610 |N| 35.677995 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=West Theatre at Gadara}}
| {{convert|53|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1039.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Gadara - West Theatre 01.jpg|150px|West Roman theatre at Gadara]]
|-
| North Theatre at Gadara
| [[Gadara]]
| [[Umm Qais]]
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 32.656237 |N| 35.680130 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=North Theatre at Gadara}}
| {{convert|77|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326091341/http://www.theatrum.de/1038.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| South Theatre at Gerasa
| Gerasa
| [[Jerash]]
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 32.276789 |N| 35.889155 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=South Theatre at Gerasa}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415125011/http://www.theatrum.de/1041.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Gerasa Südtheater 08.JPG|150px|South Theatre at Gerasa]]
|-
| North Theatre at Gerasa
| Gerasa
| [[Jerash]]
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 32.282604 |N| 35.892341 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=North Theatre at Gerasa}}
| {{convert|42.3|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1040.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:20100921 gerasb12.JPG|150px|North Theatre at Gerasa]]
|-
| Theatre at Pella
| Pella
| [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]]
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 32.45 |N| 35.616667 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=Theatre at Pella}}
| {{convert|38.5|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415114316/http://www.theatrum.de/1036.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Petra (Nabatean Theater)
| [[Petra]]
|
| [[Jordan]]
| {{coord| 30.324796 |N| 35.447029 |E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=Theatre at Petra}}
| {{convert|100|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1109.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Petra - 286630893.jpg|150px|Roman theatre at Petra]]
|-
| Theatre at Leptis Magna
| [[Leptis Magna]]
| [[Khoms, Libya|Khoms]]
| [[Libya]]
| {{coord| 32.638399 |N| 14.290620 |E| type:landmark_region:LY|name=Theatre at Leptis Magna}}
| {{convert|87.6|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415122945/http://www.theatrum.de/415.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Leptis_Magna_Theatre.jpg|150px|Theatre at Leptis Magna]]
|-
| Roman Theatre at Ptolemais
| [[Ptolemais, Cyrenaica|Ptolemais]]
| [[Tolmeita]]
| [[Libya]]
| {{coord| 32.706919 |N| 20.952901 |E| type:landmark_region:LY|name=Theatre at Ptolemais}}
| {{convert|72|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/785.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Theatre at Sabratha|fr|3=Théâtre antique de Sabratha}}
| [[Sabratha]]
| [[Sabratha]]
| [[Libya]]
| {{coord| 32.805371 |N| 12.485165 |E| type:landmark_region:LY|name=Theatre at Sabratha}}
| {{convert|92.6|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/417.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Sabratha - Bühnenhaus des Theaters 2. Jh..jpg|150px|Theatre at Sabratha]]
|-
| Theatre at Gallia Belgica
| [[Echternach]]
| [[Echternach]]
| [[Luxembourg]]
|
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123026/https://www.theatrum.de/427.html Entry in Theatrum database]
|
|-
| Theatre at Ricciacum
| [[Dalheim Ricciacum|Ricciacum]]
| [[Dalheim]]
| [[Luxembourg]]
| {{coord| 49.540677 |N| 6.257048 |E| type:landmark_region:LU|name=Theatre at Ricciacum}}
| {{convert|62.5|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415123026/http://www.theatrum.de/426.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:GaRéiTh1.JPG|150px|Theatre at Ricciacum]]
|-
| Theatre at Melite
| [[Melite (ancient city)|Melite]]
| [[Mdina]]
| [[Malta]]
| {{coord| 35.885370 |N| 14.403297 |E| type:landmark_region:MT|name=Theatre at Melite}}
|
| No longer exists
|
|-
|Theater at Lixus
| [[Lixus (ancient city)|Lixus]]
| [[Larache]]
| [[Morocco]]
| {{coord| 35.75434 |N| 5.23006 |W|name=Theater at Lixus}}
| {{convert|55|m|ft}}
| [https://www.theatrum.de/1254.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|-
| Theatre at Heraclea Lyncestis
| [[Heraclea Lyncestis]]
| [[Bitola]]
| [[North Macedonia]]
| {{coord| 41.011436 |N| 21.342205 |E| type:landmark_region:MK|name=Theatre at Heraclea Lyncestis}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1108.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:2011 Bitola, Heraclea Lyncestis (30).jpg|150px|Theatre at Heraclea Lyncestis]]
|-
| Theatre at Scupi
| [[Scupi]]
| [[Skopje]]
| [[North Macedonia]]
| {{coord| 42.017180 |N| 21.393562 |E| type:landmark_region:MK|name=Theatre at Scupi}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1106.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:The Roman Theatre erected during the reign of Hadrian, 2nd century AD, Scupi, Republic of Macedonia (7453540324) (4).jpg|150px|Theatre at Scupi]]
|-
| Theatre at Stobi
| [[Stobi]]
| [[Gradsko, North Macedonia|Gradsko]]
| [[North Macedonia]]
| {{coord| 41.551502 |N| 21.974598 |E| type:landmark_region:MK|name=Theatre at Stobi}}
|c.{{convert|65|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326090833/http://www.theatrum.de/1105.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Stobi-amfiteater.jpg|150px|Theatre at Stobi]]
|-
| Theatre at Lychnidos
| Lychnidos
| [[Ohrid]]
| [[North Macedonia]]
| {{coord| 41.114624 |N| 20.793831 |E| type:landmark_region:MK|name=Theatre at Lychnidos}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160130065845/http://www.theatrum.de/1107.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Greek Theatre built in 200 BC, Lychnidos, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia FYROM (8397089179).jpg|150px|Theatre in Lychnidos, Ohrid]]
|-
| Theatre at Sebaste
| [[Samaria (ancient city)#Sebaste|Sebaste]]
| [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebastia]]
| [[Palestinian territories]]
| {{coord| 32.277192 |N| 35.190716 |E| type:landmark_region:PA|name=Theatre at Sebaste}}
| {{convert|65|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326230307/http://www.theatrum.de/samaria-sebaste.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Flavia Neapolis
| Flavia Neapolis
| [[Nablus]]
| [[Palestinian territories]]
| {{coord| 32.216389 |N| 35.262778 |E| type:landmark_region:PA|name=Theatre at Nablus}}
| {{convert|100|m|ft|disp=preunit|+ }}
| [http://www.nablusguide.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73:the-roman-ruins&catid=34:to-visit&Itemid=59&lang=en Nablus Guide]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326225524/http://www.theatrum.de/neapolis.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Roman theatre of Lisbon|pt|3=Ruínas do teatro romano de Lisboa}}
| [[Olisipo]]
| [[Lisbon]]
| [[Portugal]]
| {{coord| 38.710551 |N| 9.132468 |W| type:landmark_region:LY|name=Theatre at Lisbon}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160531183811/http://www.museuteatroromano.pt/ Website]; [http://www.theatrum.de/1259.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Lisboa - Ruínas do Teatro Romano.jpg|150px|name:Olisipo Roman theatre ruins]]
|-
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Roman Theatre of Alto da Cividade|pt|3=Teatro romano do Alto da Cividade}}
| Bracara Augusta
| [[Braga]]
| [[Portugal]]
| {{coord| 41.546697 |N| 8.430317 |W| type:landmark_region:LY|name=Theatre at Bracara}}
|
| [http://www.forum.bracarae.com/viewtopic.php?p=55601 Website]
|
|-
|Theatre at Acci
|Julia Gemela Acci
|[[Guadix]]
|[[Spain]]
| {{coord|37.302288|N|3.137887|W| type:landmark_region:LY|name=Theatre at Acci|display=}}
|20 metres (65 ft)
|[http://www.theatrum.de/2121.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|[[File:Guadix (21391689584).jpg|150x150px]]
|-
| Theatre at Acinipo
| [[Acinipo]]
|
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 36.831855 |N| 5.240466 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Acinipo}}
| {{convert|62|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415133811/http://www.theatrum.de/737.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Theater of the Roman ruins Acinipo.JPG|150px|Theater of the Roman ruins Acinipo]]
|-
| Theatre at Baelo Claudia
| [[Baelo Claudia]]
| [[Bolonia, Spain|Bolonia]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 36.090894 |N| 5.775581 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Baelo Claudia}}
| {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/741.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Baelo Claudia Teatro 12.JPG|150px|Theatre at Baelo Claudia]]
|-
| Theatre at Baetulo
| Baetulo
| [[Badalona]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 41.451972 |N| 2.245993 |E| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Baetulo}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326230432/http://www.theatrum.de/1260.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Bilbilis
| [[Bilbilis (Augusta Bilbilis)|Bilbilis]]
|
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 41.381702 |N| 1.603078 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Bilbilis}}
| {{convert|80|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/742.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Bilbilis - Teatro.jpg|150px|Theatre at Bilbilis]]
|-
| [[Roman Theater (Zaragoza)|Theatre at Caesaraugusta]]
| Caesaraugusta
| [[Zaragoza]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 41.652233 |N| 0.877608 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Caesaraugusta}}
| {{convert|106|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/743.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro Romano Cesaraugusta-vista desde arriba-2.jpg|150px|Theatre at Caesaraugusta]]
|-
| [[Roman theatre of Cartagena|Theatre of Carthago Nova]]
| Carthago Nova
| [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 37.599483 |N| 0.984133 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Carthago Nova}}
| {{convert|85|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/2119.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro Romano de Cartagena 2.jpg|150px|Theatre at Carthago Nova]]
|-
| Theatre of Carteia
| [[Carteia]]
| [[San Roque, Cádiz|San Roque]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 36.185556 |N| 5.406944 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Carteia}}
| {{convert|84|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/767.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Carteia Teatro (2).jpg|150px|Theatre at Carteia]]
|-
| [[Theatre of Clunia Sulpicia]]
| Clunia Sulpicia
| [[Clunia]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 41.783996 |N| 3.365308 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Clunia}}
| {{convert|48|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/746.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Clunia, Roman Theater, Spring 2006.jpg|150px|Theatre at Clunia]]
|-
| Theatre at Corduba
| Corduba
| [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 37.881724 |N| 4.777987 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Corduba}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/747.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Ancient Roman theater in Córdoba (5).JPG|150px|Theatre at Corduba]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre (Mérida)|Theatre of Emerita Augusta]]
| [[Emerita Augusta]]
| [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 38.915346 |N| 6.338643 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Emerita Augusta}}
| {{convert|86.63|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/740.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Merida Roman Theatre1.jpg|150px|Theatre of Emerita Augusta as viewed from the upper seats]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre (Cadiz)|Theatre at Gades]]
| Gades
| [[Cádiz]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 36.528496 |N| 6.293658 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Gades}}
| {{convert|85|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1233.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Cádiz K02.JPG|150px|Theatre at Gades]]
|-
| Theatre at Italica
| [[Italica]]
| [[Santiponce]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 37.440081 |N| 6.038731 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Italica}}
| {{convert|71|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1255.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro Itálica.JPG|150px|Theatre at Italica]]
|-
| Theatre at Malaca
| Malaca
| [[Málaga]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 36.721194 |N| 4.416879 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Malaca}}
| {{convert|62|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415104454/http://www.theatrum.de/1234.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Roman Malaga.jpg|150px|Theatre at Malaca]]
|-
| Theatre at Metellinum
| Metellinum
| [[Medellín, Spain|Medellín]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 38.966193 |N| 5.956047 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Metellinum}}
| {{convert|63|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/2120.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro Romano de Medellin.JPG|150px|Theatre at Metellinum]]
|-
| Theatre at Pollentia
| Pollentia
| [[Alcúdia]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 39.847339 |N| 3.126348 |E| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Pollentia}}
| {{convert|31|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/738.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Pollentia 17.jpg|150px|Theatre at Pollentia]]
|-
| Theatre at Regina Turdoulorum
| Regina Turdulorum
| [[Reina, Badajoz|Reina]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 38.203332 |N| 5.953483 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Regina Turdoulorum}}
| {{convert|53|m|ft}}
| [http://www.reginaturdulorum.com Website]; [http://www.theatrum.de/2117.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatro romano de Regina (3103627276).jpg|150px|Theatre at Regina Turdoulorum]]
|-
| [[Sagunto Roman theatre]]
| Saguntum
| [[Sagunto]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 39.676880 |N| 0.278109 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Saguntum}}
| {{convert|77|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/757.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Sagunto-1.jpg|150px|Theatre at Saguntum]]
|-
| Theatre at Segobriga
| [[Segobriga]]
|
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 39.884996 |N| 2.814217 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Segobriga}}
| {{convert|60|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/758.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Saelices - Segobriga 9.jpg|150px|Theatre at Segobriga]]
|-
| [[Roman theatre of Tarraco]]
| [[Tarraco (Tarragona)|Tarraco]]
| [[Tarragona]]
| [[Spain]]
| {{coord| 41.112856 |N| 1.249514 |E| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theatre at Tarraco}}
| {{convert|70.8|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/760.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Teatre Romà de Tarragona-4.JPG|150px|Theatre at Tarraco]]
|-
|Theater at Urso
| Urso
|[[Osuna]]
|[[Spain]]
| {{coord| 37.239106 |N| 5.094869 |W| type:landmark_region:ES|name=Theater at Urso}}
| {{convert|32.5|m|ft}}
|[https://www.theatrum.de/2114.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Augusta Raurica
| [[Augusta Raurica]]
| Augst
| [[Switzerland]]
| {{coord| 47.533277 |N| 7.722011 |E| type:landmark_region:CH|name=Theatre at Augusta Raurica}}
| {{convert|99.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.augustaraurica.ch/ Website]; [http://www.theatrum.de/1086.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Theater Kaiseraugst.jpg|150px|Roman theatre in Augusta Raurica]]
|-
| Theatre at Aventicum
| [[Aventicum]]
| [[Avenches]]
| [[Switzerland]]
| {{coord| 46.880000 |N| 7.049000 |E| type:landmark_region:CH|name=Theatre at Aventicum}}
| {{convert|105|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/2725.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Picswiss_VD-48-16.jpg|150px|name:Theatre at Aventicum]]
|-
| Theatre at Lenzburg
|
| {{Interlanguage link multi|Vicus Lindfeld|de}}, [[Lenzburg]]
| [[Switzerland]]
| {{coord| 47.394902 |N| 8.190897 |E| type:landmark_region:CH|name=Theatre at Lenzburg}}
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415114322/http://www.theatrum.de/1089.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:20110621 Heliflug 45.JPG|150px|20110621 Heliflug 45]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre at Apamea]]
| [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]]
|
| [[Syria]]
| {{coord| 35.416846 |N| 36.394821 |E| type:landmark_region:SY|name=Theatre at Apamea}}
| {{convert|139|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/apameia.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:ApameaTeatro01.jpg|150px|Theatre at Apamea]]
|-
| [[Roman Theatre at Bosra]]
| Bostra
| [[Bosra]]
| [[Syria]]
| {{coord| 32.517650 |N| 36.481426 |E| type:landmark_region:SY|name=Theatre at Bostra}}
| {{convert|102|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/bosra.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Sy bosra divadlo hlediste.jpg|150px|Theatre at Bostra]]
|-
| Theatre at Dionysias
| Dionysias
| [[Al-Suwayda]]
| [[Syria]]
| {{coord| 32.705776 |N| 36.565055 |E| type:landmark_region:SY|name=Theatre at Dionysias Soada}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/2419.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:As-Suwayda The Agora of Dionysias.jpg|150px|Theatre at Dionysias Soada]]
|-
| Theatre of Dura-Europus
| [[Dura-Europos]]
|
| [[Syria]]
|
| {{convert|14|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160326225216/http://www.theatrum.de/duraeuropos.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| [[Roman Theatre at Palmyra]]
| [[Palmyra]]
|
| [[Syria]]
| {{coord| 34.550768 |N| 38.268761 |E| type:landmark_region:SY|name=Theatre at Palmyra}}
| {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/palmyra.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Roman theatre of Palmyra 02.jpg|150px|The Roman Theatre at Palmyra]]
|-
| Theatre at Philippopolis
| Philippopolis
| [[Shahba]]
| [[Syria]]
| {{coord| 32.853307 |N| 36.626726 |E| type:landmark_region:SY|name=Theatre at Philippopolis}}
| {{convert|40|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/philippopolis.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Philpopolis SYRIE 016.jpg|150px|Theatre at Philippopolis]]
|-
| Theatre at Jableh
| Gabala
| [[Jableh]]
| [[Syria]]
| {{coord| 35.361872 |N| 35.924303 |E| type:landmark_region:SY|name=Theatre at Jableh}}
| {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/gabala.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Jableh 2.jpg|150px|Theatre at Jableh]]
|-
| [[Althiburos#Theater|Theatre at Althiburos]]
| [[Althiburos]]
| Althiburos
| Tunisia
| {{coord| 35.872644 |N| 8.786348 |E|type:landmark_region:TN|name=Theatre at Althiburos}}
| {{convert|57.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/892.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Dahmeni - Elkef 18.jpg| 150px |The Roman theatre at Althiburos]]
|-
| Theatre at Carthage
| [[Roman Carthage|Carthage]]
| [[Carthage (municipality)|Carthage]]
| Tunisia
| {{coord| 36.857736|N|10.329498|E|type:landmark_region:TN|name=Theatre at Carthage}}
| {{convert|105|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/897.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Théâtre romain NikyLovesMonuments.JPG|150px|The Roman theatre at [[Carthage]]]]
|-
| [[Roman theatre of Dougga|Theatre at Dougga]]
| Thugga
| [[Dougga]]
| Tunisia
| {{coord| 36.423729 |N|9.220279|E|type:landmark_region:TN|name=Theatre at Dougga}}
| {{convert|63.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/802.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:Dougga Theatre - Looking Down from the Top.jpg|150px|The Roman theatre at [[Dougga]]]]
|-
| Theatre at Alinda
| [[Alinda]]
| [[Karpuzlu]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.559123 |N| 27.825490 |E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Alinda}}
| {{convert|64.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/672.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[Image:The ruins of the early 2nd century BC theatre, Alinda, Caria, Turkey (20707156199).jpg|150px|The ruins of the early 2nd century BC theatre, [[Alinda]], Caria, Turkey (20707156199)]]
|-
| Theatre at Ancyra
| Ancyra
| [[Ankara]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 39.941745 |N| 32.860364 |E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Ancyra}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1240.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Aizanoi
| [[Aizanoi]]
| [[Çavdarhisar]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 39.207230 |N| 29.611908 |E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Aizanoi}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/723.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Theather, Aizanoi.jpg|150px|Theater, Aizanoi]]
|-
| Theatre at Aphrodisias
| [[Aphrodisias]]
| [[Geyre]], [[Aydın Province|Aydın]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.709151 |N| 28.723585 |E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Aphrodisias}}
|
| pre-Roman origins; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092110/http://theatrum.de/873.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Aphrodisias,_the_Theater-2.jpg|150px|The Roman theatre at [[Aphrodisias]]]]
|-
| Theatre at Arycanda
| [[Arycanda]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.514389 |N| 30.059931 |E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Arycanda}}
|
| [http://www.theatrum.de/706.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Arykanda Theater.jpg|150px|Theatre at Arycanda]]
|-
| Theatre at Aspendos
| [[Aspendos]]
| [[Serik]], [[Antalya Province|Antalya]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.938944 |N| 31.172296 |E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Aspendos}}
|
| One of the best preserved theatres from antiquity; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415131327/http://www.theatrum.de/703.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|[[File:Aspendos Amphitheatre.jpg|150 px|Theatre at Aspendos]]
|-
| Theatre at Caunus
| [[Caunus]]
| [[Dalyan]], [[Muğla Province|Muğla]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.825337 |N| 28.623375 |E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Caunus}}
| {{convert|72.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/666.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:KaunosTheatre.jpg|150px|Theatre at Caunus]]
|-
| Theatre at Ayaş
| [[Elaiussa Sebaste]]
| [[Ayaş, Mersin|Ayaş]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord|36.483624|N|34.173725|E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Ayaş }}
| {{convert|55|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/692.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:TheaterElaiussa2011.jpg|150px|name: Theatre at Ayaş]]
|-
| Theatre at Ephesus
| [[Ephesus]]
| [[Selçuk]], [[İzmir Province|İzmir]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.941055 |N| 27.342316 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Ephesus }}
| {{convert|140|m|ft}}
| pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/675.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Great Theatre, Ephesus.jpg|150px|Theatre at Ephesus]]
|-
| Theatre at Erythrae
| [[Erythrae]]
| [[Çeşme]], [[İzmir Province|İzmir]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 38.382950 |N| 26.480834 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Erythrae }}
|
| pre-Roman origins; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160403210547/http://theatrum.de/690.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Erythrai amphitheatre.jpg|150px|Theatre at Erythrae]]
|-
| Theatre at Euromus
| [[Euromus]]
| [[Selimiye, Milas|Selimiye]], [[Muğla Province|Muğla]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.376485 |N| 27.675151 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Euromus }}
|
| pre-Roman origins; Location approximate; [http://www.theatrum.de/1140.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Theatre at Halicarnassus
| [[Halicarnassus]]
| [[Bodrum]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.037778 |N| 27.424167 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Halicarnassus }}
|
| pre-Roman origins; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160403210454/http://theatrum.de/674.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Halicarnassus Theatre.jpg|150px|Theatre at Halicarnassus]]
|-
| Roman Theatre at Hierapolis
| [[Hierapolis]]
| [[Pamukkale]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.925000 |N| 29.125833 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Hierapolis }}
| {{convert|103|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/847.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Theatre in Hierapolis 3.jpg|150px|Theatre at Hierapolis]]
|-
| Theatre at Isaura Vetus
| [[Isauria|Isaura Vetus]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
|
|
| No longer visible; [http://www.theatrum.de/676.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Upper Theatre at Knidos
| [[Knidos]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
|
|
| pre-Roman origins; spoliated in the 19th century; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415112742/http://www.theatrum.de/843.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
| Lower Theatre at Knidos
| [[Knidos]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.685833 |N| 27.375000 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Lower Theatre at Knidos }}
| {{convert|58.5|m|ft}}
| pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/844.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Knidos - antik tiyatro.jpg|150px|Theatre at Knidos]]
|-
| West Theatre at Laodicea on the Lycus
| [[Laodicea on the Lycus]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.838742 |N| 29.107710 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=West Theatre at Laodicea on the Lycus }}
| {{convert|85|m|ft}}
|  [http://www.theatrum.de/995.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Laodikeia-Theater.jpg|150px|Western Theater at Laodicea on the Lycus]]
|-
| North theater at Laodicea on the Lycus
| [[Laodicea on the Lycus]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.837984 |N| 29.111193 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=North Theatre at Laodicea on the Lycus }}
| {{convert|116|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/994.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
|Theater at Miletus
| [[Miletus]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.530647 |N| 27.275800 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Miletus }}
| {{convert|125|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/633.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:The Theater of Miletus.jpg|150px|Theater at Miletus]]
|-
|Theatre at Myra
| [[Myra]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
|
| {{convert|110|m|ft}}
| pre-Roman origins; [http://www.theatrum.de/631.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
|Theatre at Nysa
| [[Nysa on the Maeander|Nysa]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
|
| {{convert|100 - 115|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/627.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
|Theatre at Olba
| [[Olba (ancient city)|Olba (Diocaesarea)]]
| [[Uzuncaburç]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.581223 |N| 33.926794 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Olba }}
|
| pre-Roman origins; [ Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:TheaterOlba11.jpg|150px|name:Theatre at Olba]]
|-
|Theatre at Patara
| [[Patara, Lycia|Patara]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.260222 |N| 29.314301 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Patara}}
| {{convert|84|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/1209.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:PataraTheater.JPG|150px|Theatre at Patara]]
|-
|Roman Theatre at Pergamon
| [[Pergamon]]
| [[Bergama]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 39.132500 |N| 27.184167 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Pergamon}}
| {{convert|120|m|ft}}
| No longer visible; [http://www.theatrum.de/617.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
|
|-
|Theatre at Pergamon, Asculepium
| [[Pergamon|Pergamon Asculepium]]
| [[Bergama]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 39.119167 |N| 27.165556 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Pergamon, Asculepium}}
| {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/619.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:PergamonAsklepieionHofundTheater.jpg|150px|Theatre at Pergamon, Asculepium]]
|-
|Theatre at Perge
| [[Perge]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.957764 |N| 30.850907 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Perge}}
| {{convert|113.2|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401121317/http://www.theatrum.de/616.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Antalya, PERGE.JPG|150px|Theatre at Perge]]
|-
|Theatre at Phaselis
| [[Phaselis]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.525905 |N| 30.551549 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Phaselis}}
|c.{{convert|50|m|ft}}
| [http://www.theatrum.de/611.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Phaselis theatre 02.jpg|150px|Theatre at Phaselis]]
|-
|Theatre at Phocaea
| [[Phocaea]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 38.6675 |N| 26.758056 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Phocaea}}
|
| Location is approximate; [http://www.theatrum.de/609.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Ancient theatre Foça525.jpg|150px|Theatre at Phocaea]]
|-
|Theatre at Sagalassos
| [[Sagalassos]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.678229 |N| 30.521819 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Sagalassos}}
| {{convert|97|m|ft}}
| pre-Roman origins? [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415114307/http://www.theatrum.de/2078.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Sagalassos - Theatre.jpg|150px|Theatre at Sagalassos]]
|-
| Theatre at Selge
| [[Selge]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 37.229241 |N| 31.127221 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Selge}}
| {{convert|102|m|ft}}
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215756/http://www.theatrum.de/573.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Selgetheater.jpg|150px|Theatre at Selge]]
|-
| Theatre at Side
| [[Side, Turkey|Side]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.768067 |N| 31.390699 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Side}}
| {{convert|119|m|ft}}
|[http://www.theatrum.de/599.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Side 12-1-4v-esfer.jpg|150px|Theatre at Side]]
|-
| Theatre at Telmessos
| [[Telmessos]]
| [[Fethiye]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.620944 |N| 29.105727 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Telmessos}}
|
|[http://www.theatrum.de/575.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Telmessos Theater.jpg|150px|Theatre at Telmessos]]
|-
| [[Termessos#Theatre|Theatre at Termessos]]
| [[Termessos]]
|
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 36.987738 |N| 30.467232 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Termessos}}
| {{convert|65|m|ft}}
| pre-Roman origins; [https://web.archive.org/web/20160327041829/http://theatrum.de/576.html Entry] in ''Theatrum'' database
| [[File:Termessos - Theater.jpg|150px|Theatre at Termessos]]
|-
| Theatre at Vize
| Bizye
| [[Vize]]
| [[Turkey]]
| {{coord| 41.573802 |N| 27.769380 |E| type:landmark_region:TR|name=Theatre at Vize}}
|
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160327042633/http://theatrum.de/2320.html Entry] in Theatrum Database
| [[File:Vize amphitheatre - P1020861.JPG|150px|Theatre at Vize]]
|-
| Theatre at Camolodunum
| [[Camulodunum]]
| [[Colchester]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| {{coord| 51.864844 |N| 0.857065 |E|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Theatre at Camolodunum}}
| {{convert|84.5|m|ft}}
| [http://www.cimuseums.org.uk/castle Colchester Museums official website.]
|
|-
| Theatre at Cataractonium
| [[Cataractonium]]
| [[Catterick, North Yorkshire|Catterick]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| {{coord| 54.384167 |N| 1.649722 |W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Cataractonium}}
|
| [https://www.theatrum.de/398.html Entry] in Theatrum Database
|
|-
| Theatre at Corinium Dobunnorum
| [[Corinium Dobunnorum]]
| [[Cirencester]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| {{coord| 51.718889 |N| 1.968056 |W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Theatre at Corinium Dobunnorum}}
| {{convert|58|m|ft}}
| [https://www.theatrum.de/396.html Entry] in Theatrum Database
|
|-
| Theatre at Durovernum Cantiacorum
| [[Durovernum Cantiacorum]]
| [[Canterbury]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| {{coord| 51.278611 |N| 1.081944 |E|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Theatre at Durovernum Cantiacorum}}
| {{convert|82|m|ft}}
| [https://www.theatrum.de/393.html Entry] in Theatrum Database
|
|-
| [[Roman Theatre, St Albans|Verulamium Roman Theatre]]
| [[Verulamium]]
| [[St Albans]]
| [[United Kingdom]]
| {{coord| 51.754119 |N| 0.358255 |W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Theatre at Verulamium}}
| {{convert|51 - 57|m|ft}}
| [http://www.gorhamburyestate.co.uk/The-Roman-Theatre/ Roman Theatre of Verulamium]
| [[Image:Verulamium Roman Theatre 2.jpg|150px|Verulamium Roman Theatre]]
|}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Ancient Roman theatres}}
* [[Roman architecture]]
* [[Roman amphitheatre]]
* [[Theatre of ancient Rome]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|last1=Retzleff|first1=Alexandra|title=Near Eastern Theatres in Late Antiquity|journal=Phoenix|date=2003|volume=57|issue=1/2|pages=115–138|doi=10.2307/3648491|jstor=3648491}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sear|first1=Frank|title=Roman theatres : an architectural study|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198144695}}

{{Ancient Roman architecture lists}}

[[Category:Roman theatres|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of ancient Roman buildings and structures|Theatres]]
[[Category:Lists of theatres|Roman]]

Sahara Beach

2020-12-15T11:35:26Z

Endive:

[[File:Sahara Beach.JPG|thumb|Sahara Beach near Lopar on Island Rab, Croatia]]

{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}

The '''Sahara Beach''', is a sandy beach located north of [[Lopar, Croatia|Lopar]] on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] island of [[Rab (island)|Rab]] in the northern part of the [[Croatia]]n coast.
Clothing is optional at Sahara Beach.
Due to difficult access to the beach, there are mostly few visitors, even in July and August.
You can access the beach by hiking about 40 min. from the town of Lopar. Usually quite a lot of boats are anchored in the bay.

Next to Sahara Beach you find other small beaches, some of them are nude beaches too.<ref name="beachguide">{{cite web |url=http://www.beachguide.org/beach/Croatia/Primorje-Gorski-Kotar-County/Sahara-Beach-Lopar/5/en.html |title=Sahara Beach, Island Rab |publisher=beachguide.org |accessdate=2014-03-19}}{{dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref>

The nearest town, [[Lopar, Croatia|Lopar]], is well known for its family-friendly, sandy beaches.

{{coord|44|50|27|N|14|45|4|E|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.rab-visit.com/en/what-to-do/beaches/sahara/218 Sahara - naturist beach in Lopar]
*[https://croatia.hr/en-GB/experiences/beaches/sahara-beach Sahara - the unique view of the landscape]

[[Category:Beaches of Croatia]]
[[Category:Rab]]

ET Solar

2019-05-14T15:39:11Z

Endive: /* Company history */

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Companies|date=June 2015}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2015}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = ET Solar
| logo = ET logo 2015.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Limited Corporation]]
| industry = [[Renewable energy]], [[Photovoltaic]]
| foundation = {{Start date|2005}}
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Nanjing]]
| location_country = [[China]]
| locations = United States, Chile, Germany, France, Italy, Israel, Romania, China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and Australia
| area_served =
| key_people =
| products = [[Photovoltaic module]]s, [[EPC and O&M service]]s
| production =
| services =
| revenue = $720 million (USD,2014)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 3 000
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.etsolar.com/}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| bodystyle =
}}

'''ET Solar''' is a solar cell manufacturer established in 2005. ET Solar provides a wide variety of PV modules.

== Company history ==
In 2005 ET Solar began producing solar panels. The company employs about 3000.

The PV industry professional media authority BNEF has rated ET Solar as Tier 1 solar panel manufacturer in the whole world since 2012.

After a merger and acquisition （M&A）in 2018, ET Solar becomes a government-owned company.

In 2018, ET Solar also gave the global PV market it’s new series of off-grid product and began ET Solar’s new strategy-- LIGHTING AFRICA, to develop the off-grid solar market in that continent.

== Charitable activities ==
In 2013, ET Solar officially partnered with UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) and began contributing to UNICEF's Child Welfare Demonstration Project (CWDP).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.etsolar.com}}

[[Category:Solar energy companies of China]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Nanjing]]
[[Category:Chinese companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Renewable resource companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2005]]

Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm

2017-09-11T13:14:01Z

Endive: /* History */ Add decommissioning date

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = Denmark
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|54|58|12|N|11|7|48|E|type:landmark_region:DK|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =<ref name="4cDKvindeby"/>
| country = [[Denmark]]
| location =
| status = Decommissioned
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 1991
| decommissioned = 2017
| cost = 75 million [[Danish krone]]r
| owner = [[DONG Energy]]
| operator =
| ps_units_manu_model = [[Siemens Wind Power|Bonus]]
| wind_hub_height = 35
| wind_rotor_diameter = 35
| wind_rated_speed =
| wind_farm_type =
| wind_site_area =
| wind_offshore_depth = {{cvt|4|m|ft|0}}
| wind_offshore_distance = {{cvt|2|km|0}}
| ps_units_operational = 11 x 450 kW
| ps_electrical_capacity = 4.95
| ps_electrical_cap_fac = 22.1%<ref name="Energy NumbersIII">{{cite web |url=http://energynumbers.info/capacity-factors-at-danish-offshore-wind-farms |title=Capacity factors at Danish offshore wind farms |website=energynumbers.info |date= 2017-02-14 | accessdate= 2017-03-16}}</ref>
| ps_annual_generation = 9.61
| ps_annual_gen_year = 1991 - 2016
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm''' is the first [[offshore wind power|offshore]] [[wind farm]] in the world, made in 1991.

== History ==
Elkraft began considering offshore turbines in 1987, and surveyed the waters around [[Lolland]] in 1989.<ref name=ing1989>"[http://ing.dk/artikel/elkraft-igang-med-verdens-forste-offshore-mollepark-6166 Elkraft igang med verdens første offshore møllepark]" ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 18 August 1989. Accessed: 9 February 2016.</ref>

The wind farm started in 1991 and cost an estimated 10 million €, built by SEAS and Elkraft. The electricity industry at the time generally considered offshore turbines to be ludicrous, as they were placed in salty conditions and were much smaller than central power plants.<ref name=farvel>Korsgaard Nielsen, Michael. "[http://www.business.dk/energi/farvel-til-verdens-foerste-hav-moeller Farvel til verdens første hav-møller]" ''[[Berlingske]]'', 8 February 2016</ref><ref name=guld>Korsgaard Nielsen, Michael. "[http://www.business.dk/energi/fra-energiens-originaler-til-boelgernes-gulddrenge Fra energiens originaler til bølgernes gulddrenge]" ''[[Berlingske]]'', 8 February 2016</ref> The sceptic attitude had changed 6 years later, as offshore winds drove production higher than on land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/elsektoren-positiv-over-havmoller-16707|title=Elsektoren positiv over for havmøller |date=10 April 1997|publisher=[[Ingeniøren]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/elvaerkerne-klar-til-aftale-om-havmoller-17049|title=Elværkerne klar til aftale om havmøller |date=22 May 1997|publisher=[[Ingeniøren]]}}</ref> {{asof|2015}}, global offshore wind power capacity is 11 GW, and there are plans for much more.<ref>{{cite web|title = Wind in Power: 2014 European statistics|url = http://www.ewea.org/statistics/european/|publisher = European Wind Energy Association (EWEA)|accessdate = 2014-03-16}}</ref>

A single wind turbine had been erected in Swedish waters earlier, but Vindeby was the first collection of turbines, making it the first offshore wind farm.<ref name=guld/> Four years later, the similar sized [[Tunø Knob Offshore Wind Farm|Tunø Knob wind farm]] was made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/havmoller-i-disen-12533|title=Havmøller i disen - Ingeniøren|date=10 August 1995|publisher=}}</ref><ref>ing.dk/artikel/vindmolle-fest-pa-tuno-knob-13739</ref> Tests were done to learn what to do and what not to do. Experience from Vindeby contributed to the development of cheaper ways to extract [[wind power|power]] from offshore winds.<ref name=ing1997>Andersen, Jan. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/stalfundamenter-gor-havmoller-billigere-16387 Stålfundamenter gør havmøller billigere]" ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 14 January 1997. Accessed: 9 February 2016.</ref>

The original government concession is for 25 years; from 1991 to 2016. In 2016, [[DONG Energy]] considered shutting down the wind farm, as it is well past its design life and had become uneconomical. Vindeby was the first in a long line of wind farms in a downwards cost trend.<ref name=farvel/><ref>[http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/dong-to-dismantle-vindeby-nid3279.html DONG to dismantle Vindeby] 4c</ref>

Dong Energy has completed decommissioning the wind farm in September 2017 <ref>{{cite news|url= http://renews.biz/108374/dong-completes-vindeby-removal/|title= Dong completes Vindeby removal |date= 2017-09-06 |accessdate= 2017-03-16 |language= en }}</ref>. In 25 years, Vindeby has produced a total of 243 GWh.

===Technology===
The developers contracted [[Siemens Wind Power|Bonus Energy]] to supply 11 [[wind turbine]]s (450 kW each) for the project, placed in shallow waters.<ref name="4cDKvindeby ">{{cite web | url= http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/vindeby-denmark-dk06.html | title= Vindeby | date= |publisher= 4C Offshore Limited | accessdate= 2016-02-09}}</ref> The annual power is equivalent to 2-3,000 Danish households. The turbines were modified for offshore use by sealing the towers and controlling the [[humidity]] inside with [[air conditioning]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lorc.dk/oceanwise-magazine/archive/2011-1/where-offshore-wind-was-invented |archiveurl= https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160429004328/http://www.lorc.dk/oceanwise-magazine/archive/2011-1/where-offshore-wind-was-invented |title=Where offshore wind was invented |first1=Karsten |last1=Prinds |date= 20 April 2011|publisher=[[Odense Steel Shipyard#After yard closure|LORC]] |archivedate=29 April 2016 |accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> extending the life of the machinery.<ref name="Kulturarv">Stenstrop, Georg. [http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/en_GB/vindeby-offshore-windmill-park Vindeby] ''Kulturarv''. Retrieved: 9 February 2016. [https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160423113338/http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/en_GB/vindeby-offshore-windmill-park Archive]</ref><ref name=guld/>

The area was also used for a wave plant in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-forste-kombinerede-bolge-og-vindkraftanlaeg-sosat-109868 |title=Verdens første kombinerede bølge- og vindkraftanlæg søsat |date=22 June 2010|publisher=[[Ingeniøren]]}}</ref>

==Construction==
The 11 turbines were erected in 11 days.<ref name=guld/>

==Operation==
{{asof|2015}}, the farm has produced 242 GWh.<ref name="Energy NumbersIII"/><ref name="ensStats">Spliid, Iben B. [http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/byggeri/anlaegprodtilnettet.xls Data on operating and decommissioned wind turbines (as at end of 2015)] (.xls spreadsheet) ''[[Danish Energy Agency]]'', 2016. [http://www.ens.dk/en-US/Info/FactsAndFigures/Energy_statistics_and_indicators/OverviewOfTheEnergySector/RegisterOfWindTurbines/Sider/Forside.aspx Main page] Retrieved: .</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Denmark|Weather|Renewable energy}}}}

*[[Wind power in Denmark]]
*[[List of offshore wind farms in Denmark]]
*[[List of offshore wind farms]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.business.dk/energi/vindeby-vindmoelle Comparison sketch]" ''[[Berlingske]]'', 8 February 2016


[[Category:Offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Wind farms in Denmark]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Central Denmark Region]]
[[Category:DONG Energy wind farms]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1991]]

Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm

2017-09-11T13:06:25Z

Endive: Plant now completely decommissioned (Sept 17)

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = Denmark
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|54|58|12|N|11|7|48|E|type:landmark_region:DK|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =<ref name="4cDKvindeby"/>
| country = [[Denmark]]
| location =
| status = Decommissioned
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 1991
| decommissioned = 2017
| cost = 75 million [[Danish krone]]r
| owner = [[DONG Energy]]
| operator =
| ps_units_manu_model = [[Siemens Wind Power|Bonus]]
| wind_hub_height = 35
| wind_rotor_diameter = 35
| wind_rated_speed =
| wind_farm_type =
| wind_site_area =
| wind_offshore_depth = {{cvt|4|m|ft|0}}
| wind_offshore_distance = {{cvt|2|km|0}}
| ps_units_operational = 11 x 450 kW
| ps_electrical_capacity = 4.95
| ps_electrical_cap_fac = 22.1%<ref name="Energy NumbersIII">{{cite web |url=http://energynumbers.info/capacity-factors-at-danish-offshore-wind-farms |title=Capacity factors at Danish offshore wind farms |website=energynumbers.info |date= 2017-02-14 | accessdate= 2017-03-16}}</ref>
| ps_annual_generation = 9.61
| ps_annual_gen_year = 1991 - 2016
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm''' is the first [[offshore wind power|offshore]] [[wind farm]] in the world, made in 1991.

== History ==
Elkraft began considering offshore turbines in 1987, and surveyed the waters around [[Lolland]] in 1989.<ref name=ing1989>"[http://ing.dk/artikel/elkraft-igang-med-verdens-forste-offshore-mollepark-6166 Elkraft igang med verdens første offshore møllepark]" ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 18 August 1989. Accessed: 9 February 2016.</ref>

The wind farm started in 1991 and cost an estimated 10 million €, built by SEAS and Elkraft. The electricity industry at the time generally considered offshore turbines to be ludicrous, as they were placed in salty conditions and were much smaller than central power plants.<ref name=farvel>Korsgaard Nielsen, Michael. "[http://www.business.dk/energi/farvel-til-verdens-foerste-hav-moeller Farvel til verdens første hav-møller]" ''[[Berlingske]]'', 8 February 2016</ref><ref name=guld>Korsgaard Nielsen, Michael. "[http://www.business.dk/energi/fra-energiens-originaler-til-boelgernes-gulddrenge Fra energiens originaler til bølgernes gulddrenge]" ''[[Berlingske]]'', 8 February 2016</ref> The sceptic attitude had changed 6 years later, as offshore winds drove production higher than on land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/elsektoren-positiv-over-havmoller-16707|title=Elsektoren positiv over for havmøller |date=10 April 1997|publisher=[[Ingeniøren]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/elvaerkerne-klar-til-aftale-om-havmoller-17049|title=Elværkerne klar til aftale om havmøller |date=22 May 1997|publisher=[[Ingeniøren]]}}</ref> {{asof|2015}}, global offshore wind power capacity is 11 GW, and there are plans for much more.<ref>{{cite web|title = Wind in Power: 2014 European statistics|url = http://www.ewea.org/statistics/european/|publisher = European Wind Energy Association (EWEA)|accessdate = 2014-03-16}}</ref>

A single wind turbine had been erected in Swedish waters earlier, but Vindeby was the first collection of turbines, making it the first offshore wind farm.<ref name=guld/> Four years later, the similar sized [[Tunø Knob Offshore Wind Farm|Tunø Knob wind farm]] was made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/havmoller-i-disen-12533|title=Havmøller i disen - Ingeniøren|date=10 August 1995|publisher=}}</ref><ref>ing.dk/artikel/vindmolle-fest-pa-tuno-knob-13739</ref> Tests were done to learn what to do and what not to do. Experience from Vindeby contributed to the development of cheaper ways to extract [[wind power|power]] from offshore winds.<ref name=ing1997>Andersen, Jan. "[http://ing.dk/artikel/stalfundamenter-gor-havmoller-billigere-16387 Stålfundamenter gør havmøller billigere]" ''[[Ingeniøren]]'', 14 January 1997. Accessed: 9 February 2016.</ref>

The original government concession is for 25 years; from 1991 to 2016. In 2016, [[DONG Energy]] considered shutting down the wind farm, as it is well past its design life and had become uneconomical. Vindeby was the first in a long line of wind farms in a downwards cost trend.<ref name=farvel/><ref>[http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/dong-to-dismantle-vindeby-nid3279.html DONG to dismantle Vindeby] 4c</ref>

{{Asof|March 2017}} the wind farm is under decommissioning after having produced a total of 243 GWh.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-foerste-havmoellepark-rives-ned-195517 |work= [[Ingeniøren]] |title= Verdens første havmøllepark rives ned |first= Rebekka |last= Falsing |date= 2017-03-16 |accessdate= 2017-03-16 |language= da |trans_title= World's first offshore wind farm being demolished }}</ref>

===Technology===
The developers contracted [[Siemens Wind Power|Bonus Energy]] to supply 11 [[wind turbine]]s (450 kW each) for the project, placed in shallow waters.<ref name="4cDKvindeby ">{{cite web | url= http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/vindeby-denmark-dk06.html | title= Vindeby | date= |publisher= 4C Offshore Limited | accessdate= 2016-02-09}}</ref> The annual power is equivalent to 2-3,000 Danish households. The turbines were modified for offshore use by sealing the towers and controlling the [[humidity]] inside with [[air conditioning]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lorc.dk/oceanwise-magazine/archive/2011-1/where-offshore-wind-was-invented |archiveurl= https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160429004328/http://www.lorc.dk/oceanwise-magazine/archive/2011-1/where-offshore-wind-was-invented |title=Where offshore wind was invented |first1=Karsten |last1=Prinds |date= 20 April 2011|publisher=[[Odense Steel Shipyard#After yard closure|LORC]] |archivedate=29 April 2016 |accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> extending the life of the machinery.<ref name="Kulturarv">Stenstrop, Georg. [http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/en_GB/vindeby-offshore-windmill-park Vindeby] ''Kulturarv''. Retrieved: 9 February 2016. [https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20160423113338/http://www.kulturarv.dk/1001fortaellinger/en_GB/vindeby-offshore-windmill-park Archive]</ref><ref name=guld/>

The area was also used for a wave plant in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ing.dk/artikel/verdens-forste-kombinerede-bolge-og-vindkraftanlaeg-sosat-109868 |title=Verdens første kombinerede bølge- og vindkraftanlæg søsat |date=22 June 2010|publisher=[[Ingeniøren]]}}</ref>

==Construction==
The 11 turbines were erected in 11 days.<ref name=guld/>

==Operation==
{{asof|2015}}, the farm has produced 242 GWh.<ref name="Energy NumbersIII"/><ref name="ensStats">Spliid, Iben B. [http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/byggeri/anlaegprodtilnettet.xls Data on operating and decommissioned wind turbines (as at end of 2015)] (.xls spreadsheet) ''[[Danish Energy Agency]]'', 2016. [http://www.ens.dk/en-US/Info/FactsAndFigures/Energy_statistics_and_indicators/OverviewOfTheEnergySector/RegisterOfWindTurbines/Sider/Forside.aspx Main page] Retrieved: .</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Denmark|Weather|Renewable energy}}}}

*[[Wind power in Denmark]]
*[[List of offshore wind farms in Denmark]]
*[[List of offshore wind farms]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.business.dk/energi/vindeby-vindmoelle Comparison sketch]" ''[[Berlingske]]'', 8 February 2016


[[Category:Offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Wind farms in Denmark]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Central Denmark Region]]
[[Category:DONG Energy wind farms]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1991]]

Solar Star

2017-02-18T23:36:38Z

Endive: Correct the exact power of plant: 579MWp and not 597MWp

{{Infobox power station
| name = Solar Star
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = California
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34|49|50|N|118|23|53|W|type:landmark_region:US-CA_scale:50000|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = United States
| location = [[Rosamond, California]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began = 2013
| commissioned = June 19, 2015
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [http://www.bherenewables.com/aboutus_solar.aspx BHE Renewables]
| operator =
| solar_type = PV
| solar_site_area = {{convert|13|sqkm}}
| ps_electrical_capacity = 747.3 [[Watt-peak|MWp]], 597 MW[[Watt-peak AC|AC]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_annual_generation = 1,664 [[GW·h]]
| website = {{URL|http://us.sunpower.com/utility-scale-solar-power-plants/solar-energy-projects/solar-star-projects/|us.sunpower.com}}
| extra =
}}

'''Solar Star''' is a 579-[[megawatt]] (MW[[watt-peak AC|AC]]) [[photovoltaic power station]] near [[Rosamond, California]]. When completed in June 2015, it was the [[List of photovoltaic power stations#World's largest photovoltaic power stations|world's largest solar farm]] in terms of installed capacity, using 1.7 million solar panels, made by [[SunPower]] and spread over 13 square kilometers (3,200 acres).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Solar-Star-Largest-PV-Power-Plant-in-the-World-Now-Operational |publisher=GreenTechMedia.com |title=Solar Star, Largest PV Power Plant in the World, Now Operational |date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Solar Star Projects |url=http://us.sunpower.com/utility-scale-solar-power-plants/solar-energy-projects/solar-star-projects/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Star I and II |url=http://www.mortenson.com/solar/projects/solar-star-i-and-ii}}</ref>

== Comparison to similar plants ==

Compared to other photovoltaic plants of similar size, Solar Star uses a smaller number (1.7 million) of higher efficiency arrays, mounted on single axis trackers. In contrast, the [[Desert Sunlight Solar Farm]] and the [[Topaz Solar Farm]] (550 MW each) use a larger number (roughly 9 million) of non-tracking [[cadmium telluride photovoltaics|CdTe photovoltaic modules]] rather than conventional [[crystalline silicon]] PV technology, spread over a larger area (about 25 square kilometers). Both approaches appear commercially viable.<ref>{{cite web |title=Desert Sunlight, Another 550MW Solar Farm From First Solar, Now Fully Operational|work=Greentech Media|first=Eric |last=Wesoff|date=January 14, 2015 |access-date=5 January 2017|url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/desert-sunlight-yet-another-550-mw-solar-farm-from-first-solar-now-fully-op}}</ref>

There are a number of other solar photovoltaic plants nearby:
*[[Antelope Valley Solar Ranch]] (266 MW from 3.8 million thin film panels) {{small|{{coord|34|46| |N|118|25| |W|name=Antelope Valley Solar Ranch}}}}
*Alpine Solar (66 MW AC, thin film panels)<ref>{{cite news|last=Kessler|first=Richard|title=NRG's Alpine Solar project begins operation|url=http://www.rechargenews.com/news/article1316186.ece|accessdate=5 July 2013|newspaper=ReCharge News|date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gunther|first=Edgar A. |title=NRG Alpine Solar Project Nears Completion |url=http://guntherportfolio.com/2013/01/nrg-alpine-solar-project-nears-completion/|work=GUNTHER Portfolio|date=January 9, 2013|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> {{small|{{coord|34|47|37|N|118|30|44|W|name=Alpine Solar}}}}
*[[Catalina Solar Project]] (60 MW, thin film panels) {{small|{{coord|34|56|N|118|20|W|name=Catalina Solar Project}}}}

==Production==

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:right; font-size:0.9em; width:1050px;"
|+Generation ([[MW·h]]) of Solar Star 1 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/plant/58388/?pin=ELEC.PLANT.GEN.58388-SUN-ALL.M&linechart=ELEC.PLANT.GEN.58388-SUN-ALL.M |title=Solar Star 1, Monthly |work=Electricity Data Browser |publisher=[[Energy Information Administration]] |accessdate=February 4, 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! Jan !! Feb !! Mar !! Apr !! May !! Jun !! Jul !! Aug !! Sep !! Oct !! Nov !! Dec !! Total
|-
! 2014
| || || 14,332 || 28,753 || 36,448 || 38,215 || 35,596 || 36,759 || 37,188 || 42,315 || 31,070 || 24,669
! 325,345
|-
! 2015
| 34,125 || 43,302 || 69,839 || 84,200 || 97,302 || 93,801 || 99,408 || 97,315 || 81,857 || 63,305 || 55,844 || 44,893
! 865,191
|-
! 2016
| 39,867 || 39,296 || 32,636 || 84,802 || 91,786 || 523 || 52,262 || 99,009 || 85,110 || 67,456 || 50,141 || -
| align=center|642,888
|-
! colspan=13|Total !! 1,790,122
|}

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:right; font-size:0.9em; width:1050px;"
|+Generation ([[MW·h]]) of Solar Star 2 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/plant/58389/?pin=ELEC.PLANT.GEN.58389-SUN-ALL.M&linechart=ELEC.PLANT.GEN.58389-SUN-ALL.M |title=Solar Star 2, Monthly |work=Electricity Data Browser |publisher=[[Energy Information Administration]] |accessdate=February 4, 2017}}</ref>
|-
! Year !! Jan !! Feb !! Mar !! Apr !! May !! Jun !! Jul !! Aug !! Sep !! Oct !! Nov !! Dec !! Total
|-
! 2014
| || || 14,321 || 19,610 || 30,291 || 42,338 || 44,483 || 52,767 || 52,276 || 50,675 || 40,447 || 32,848
! 380,056
|-
! 2015
| 40,769 || 50,582 || 68,531 || 77,036 || 87,210 || 83,183 || 87,909 || 85,625 || 72,530 || 55,497 || 49,895 || 39,635
! 798,402
|-
! 2016
| 34,065 || 56,385 || 53,776 || 74,427 || 89,089 || 65,376 || 95,256 || 86,438 || 73,226 || 58,390 || 45,752 || -
| align=center|732,180
|-
! colspan=13|Total !! 1,910,638
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://us.sunpower.com/sites/sunpower/files/media-library/fact-sheets/fs-solar-star-projects-factsheet.pdf Fact sheet from SunPower]

{{Photovoltaics}}
{{Solar power in the United States}}

[[Category:Solar power stations in California]]
[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in the United States]]